% Encoding: UTF-8 @PhdThesis{Baseer:2014, author = {Baseer, Najma}, title = {Spinal cord neuronal circuitry involving dorsal horn projection cells}, school = {College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow}, year = {2014}, abstract = {The spinal cord dorsal horn is involved in the processing and transmission of sensory information to the brain. There are several distinct populations of dorsal horn projection cells that constitute the major output of the spinal cord. These cells are mostly found in lamina I and are scattered throughout the deep dorsal horn. There is a population of large lamina III projection cells that expresses the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r), which is the main target for substance P released by nociceptive primary afferents. These cells are densely innervated by peptidergic nociceptive afferents and more sparsely by low-threshold myelinated afferents. In addition, they also receive selective innervation from neuropeptide Y-containing inhibitory interneurons. However, not much is known about their input from glutamatergic spinal neurons. It has already been reported that the great majority of large lamina III NK1r expressing cells project to caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) therefore in this study these cells were easily identified without retrograde tracer injection. Preliminary observations showed that these cells received contacts from preprodynorphin (PPD)-containing excitatory axons. The first part of the study tested the hypothesis that lamina III projection cells are selectively targeted by PPD-containing excitatory spinal neurons. Spinal cord sections from lumbar segments of the rat underwent immunocytochemical processing including combined confocal and electron microscopy to look for the presence of synapses at the sites of contact. The results showed that lamina III NK1r cells received numerous contacts from non-primary boutons that expressed vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2), and formed asymmetrical synapses on their dendrites and cell bodies. These synapses were significantly smaller than those formed by peptidergic afferents but provided a substantial proportion of the glutamatergic input to lamina III NK1r projection cells. Furthermore, it was observed that PPD was found to be present in ~58% of the VGLUT2 boutons that contacted these cells while a considerably smaller proportion of (5-7%) VGLUT2 boutons in laminae I-IV expressed PPD. These results indicate a highly selective targeting of the lamina III projection neurons by glutamatergic neurons that express PPD. Fine myelinated (Aδ) nociceptors are responsible for the perception of fast, well-localised pain. Very little is known about their postsynaptic targets in the spinal cord, and therefore about their roles in the neuronal circuits that process nociceptive information. In the second part of the study, Fluorogold injections were made into the lateral parabrachial region (LPb) of the rat brain on one side and cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) was injected into the sciatic nerve on the contralateral side to assess whether Aδ nociceptors provide input to lamina I projection cells. The vast majority of lamina I projection neurons belong to the spinoparabrachial tract, and these can be divided into two major groups: those that express NK1r, and those that do not. The results suggested that CTb labelled a distinct set of Aδ nociceptors, most of which lack neuropeptides. CTb-labelled Aδ afferents formed contacts on 43% of the spinoparabrachial lamina I neurons that lacked the NK1r, but on a significantly smaller proportion (26%) of NK1r projection cells. Combined confocal and electron microscopy established that the contacts were associated with synapses. Furthermore, the contact density of CTb labelled boutons was considerably higher on the NK1r- cells than on those with the NK1r. These results provide further evidence that primary afferents input to projection cells is organized in a specialized way and that both NK1r+ and NK1r- lamina I projection neurons are directly innervated by Aδ nociceptors, thus may have an important role in the perception of fast pain. Lamina I of the rat spinal cord dorsal horn contains a population of large spinoparabrachial projection neurons (giant cells) that receive numerous synapses from both excitatory (VGLUT2) and inhibitory (VGAT) interneurons. The giant cells are selectively innervated by GABAergic axons that express neuronal-nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and are thought to originate from local inhibitory interneurons. In the rat, the nNOS inhibitory cells belong to a distinct functional population that differs from other inhibitory interneurons in terms of somatostatin receptor (sst2A) expression and also in responsiveness to painful stimuli. There is a population of inhibitory interneurons that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in lamina II of mice in which GFP is under control of the prion promoter (PrP) and the great majority of these cells also express nNOS. In this part of the study, the inhibitory synaptic input from nNOS-containing GFP boutons to giant lamina I cells was investigated. The great majority of lamina I projection neurons express NK1 receptor; therefore, the possibility that lamina I NK1r-expressing projection neurons received innervation from GFP+/nNOS+ axons was also tested. Since retrograde tracing technique was not used in this part of the study, lamina I projection cells were identified based on the observations made in the previous studies in the rat. Lamina I giant cells were recognized with antibodies against glycine receptor associated protein gephyrin as well as VGLUT2 and VGAT boutons, all of which provide dense innervation to these cells while only those lamina I NK1cells were included in the sample that were large and strongly immunoreactive for NK1r. The results indicated that although GFP axons accounted for only 7-9% of the GABAergic boutons in superficial dorsal horn, they provided over 70% of the inhibitory synapses on most of the giant cells in the PrP-GFP mouse and the great majority of these boutons also contained nNOS. Moreover, a subset of large lamina I NK1r-expressing cells (18/60) received a substantial inhibitory input (> 30%) from GFP+ boutons while the majority of these neurons showed sparse (< 15%) synaptic input. Recently, it has been reported that loss of some inhibitory interneurons in mice lacking the transcription factor Bhlhb5 results in exaggerated itch, and the cells that are lost include many of those that would normally express nNOS. Therefore, in the final set of experiments was designed to test whether there is a reduction in the inhibitory synaptic input to the giant cells in Bhlhb5-/- mouse. Spinal cord sections from Bhlhb5-/- mice and the wild type littermates were processed and analysed to determine any difference in the inhibitory nNOS input to lamina I giant cells belonging to either group. The giant cells from the knockout mice showed a substantial reduction (~80%) in their inhibitory nNOS input; with a moderate reduction in their overall GABAergic input (~35%). There was a considerable increase in nNOS-/VGAT+ boutons in the Bhlhb5-/- mouse (18 ± 4.6 and 37.7 ± 8.2/100 µm of the dendrite in WT and KO, respectively), suggesting some compensation from other nNOS-negative inhibitory interneurons. These results suggest that the loss of nNOS-containing inhibitory synaptic input to lamina I projection cells may contribute to the abnormal scratching behaviour seen in the Bhlhb5-/- mouse. This raises the possibility that the giant cells and a subset of large lamina I NK1r-expressing cells are involved in perception of itch.}, crossref = {http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5596/}, keywords = {Spinal Cord, neurokinin 1 receptor, itch, pain, dynorphin}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://theses.gla.ac.uk/id/eprint/5596}, } @Article{Mathiasen:2017, author = {Mathiasen, M. L. and Dillingham, C. M. and Kinnavane, L. and Powell, A. and Aggleton, J. P.}, title = {{{A}symmetric cross-hemispheric connections link the rat anterior thalamic nuclei with the cortex and hippocampal formation}}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2017}, month = {Feb}, crossref = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452217301094}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.026}, keywords = {Contralateral; Corticothalamic; Hippocampus; Interhemispheric; Thalamocortical; Thalamus}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aarnisalo:1998, author = {Aarnisalo, A. A. and Panula, P.}, title = {Neuropeptide FF in the lateral spinal and lateral cervical nuclei: evidence of contacts on spinothalamic neurons.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {119}, number = {2}, pages = {159--165}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Neuropeptide FF (NPFF, F8Famide) is best known for its modulating effect on opioid analgesia and morphine tolerance. However, the exact mode of action of NPFF in sensory transmission is not known. We compared the distribution of NPFF-immunoreactive (ir) fibers and terminal-like thickenings with the retrograde, tracer-filled spinothalamic (ST) neurons in the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN) and lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) of rat, areas where NPFF-containing nerve terminals are abundant. We injected fluorescent latex microspheres into the ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus and more medial thalamic nuclei, which are innervated by ST neurons. We found NPFF-ir terminal-like thickenings and fibers apposing the tracer-filled neurons in the LSN and LCN. ST neurons filled with the retrograde tracer making contacts with NPFF-ir terminal-like thickenings, were found to terminate not only in the ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus but also in more medial thalamic nuclei. The highest number of tracer- filled ST neurons having NPFF-ir terminal-like thickenings and fibers in apposition were found at the cervical level. Our results suggest that NPFF-containing systems in the spinal cord of rat are not limited to the substantia gelatinosa, and the sensory functions of NPFF may be mediated at least partly through the modulation of the ST system. NPFF-ir contacts in the LSN and LCN might play an important role in the somatic sensory transmission system. This study shows evidence for the first time that the spinal NPFF-containing system may be involved in mechanisms that control sensory input to the supraspinal levels.}, doi = {10.1007/s002210050329}, institution = {Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Finland.}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Neck; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Oligopeptides, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, physiology; Spinothalamic Tracts, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9535565}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aarnisalo:1995, author = {Aarnisalo, AA and Panula, P}, title = {Neuropeptide FF-containing efferent projections from the medial hypothalamus of rat: a phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1995}, volume = {65}, pages = {175-192}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(94)00459-i}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aarnoutse:1995, author = {Aarnoutse, E. J. and {Van der Want}, J. J. and Vrensen, G. F.}, title = {Retrograde fluorescent microsphere tracing of retinal and central afferents to the nucleus of the optic tract in pigmented and albino rats.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1995}, volume = {201}, number = {2}, pages = {143--146}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The pretectal nucleus of the optic tract is involved in optokinetic nystagmus. Albino animals suffer from inverse optokinetic nystagmus, possibly due to a smaller number of ipsilateral projections. Animals with laterally placed eyes have an asymmetric nystagmus, attributed to a presumed lack of binocular cortical input to the nucleus of the optic tract. Moreover, a direct input from the ipsilateral retina is controversial. We investigated the retinal and central afferents to the nucleus of the optic tract in the rat by retrograde tracing using fluorescent latex microspheres. Ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells were observed in pigmented and also in albino rats. Projections from the visual cortex and primary visual nuclei were demonstrated.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(95)12159-5}, institution = {Department of Morphology, Graduate School for the Neurosciences, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescence; Male; Microspheres; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Nystagmus, Optokinetic, physiology; Pigmentation, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred BN; Rats, Wistar; Retina, cytology/physiology; Retinal Ganglion Cells, physiology; Visual Pathways, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(95)12159-5}, pmid = {8848238}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aas:1990, author = {J. E. Aas and P. Brodal}, title = {GABA and glycine as putative transmitters in subcortical pathways to the pontine nuclei. A combined immunocytochemical and retrograde tracing study in the cat with some observations in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1990}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {149-162}, abstract = {Using the retrograde tracers horseradish peroxidase-wheatgerm agglutinin and gold particles conjugated to wheatgerm agglutinin apo-horseradish peroxidase in combination with an antiserum against glutaraldehyde-fixed GABA, it was examined whether the pontine nuclei of the cat receive projections from GABA-like immunoreactive neurons in the brainstem, diencephalon, or deep cerebellar nuclei, contributing to the GABA-like immunoreactive fibre plexus previously demonstrated in the pontine nuclei [Brodal et al. (1988) Neuroscience 25, 27-45]. Following tracer injections that covered both the pontine nuclei and the reticular tegmental nucleus in two cats, it was found that 125 out of 1166 (10.7\%) and 29 out of 294 (9.9\%) retrogradely labelled neurons in the cerebellar nuclei were GABA-like immunoreactive. In the same two experiments only six out of 2029 (0.3\%) and 10 out of 1398 (0.7\%) retrogradely labelled neurons in the brainstem and diencephalon were GABA-like immunoreactive. Among the regions in the brainstem and diencephalon known to project to the pontine nuclei, double-labelled cells were seen in the reticular formation, the periaqueductal gray, and the nucleus praepositus hypoglossi, but not in the zona incerta or the anterior pretectal nucleus, regions that have been shown to contain glutamate decarboxylase-like immunoreactive neurons projecting to the pontine nuclei in the rat [Border et al. (1986) Brain Res. Bull. 17, 169-179]. In order to test whether this is due to species differences, the same experimental approach was used in the rat, and it was found that 54 out of 3249 (1.7\%) retrogradely labelled neurons in the brainstem and diencephalon were double-labelled. Notably, in the zona incerta 2\% of the retrogradely labelled cells were also GABA-like immunoreactive, and in the reticular formation there was a higher proportion of double-labelled cells than was found in the cat. Additional sources were identified, that may contribute to the GABA-like immunoreactive fibre plexus in the pontine nuclei of the rat. This, in conjunction with the previous finding that the pontine nuclei of the rat contain only very few putative GABAergic neurons [Border and Mihailoff (1985) Expl Brain Res. 59, 600-614; Brodal et al. (1988) Neuroscience 25, 27-45], lead to the suggestion that the GABA-like immunoreactive fibre plexus in the pontine nuclei of the rat is predominantly of extrinsic origin, possibly representing a mosaic of the terminal fields of several subcorticopontine projections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90309-r}, institution = {Anatomical Institute, University of Oslo, Norway.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, cytology/metabolism; Cats; Cerebellar Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Diencephalon, cytology/metabolism; Glycine, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Pons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1691464}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Abbott:2013, author = {Abbott, Carla J. and Choe, Tiffany E. and Lusardi, Theresa A. and Burgoyne, Claude F. and Wang, Lin and Fortune, Brad}, title = {Imaging axonal transport in the rat visual pathway.}, journal = {Biomed Opt Express}, year = {2013}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {364--386}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {A technique was developed for assaying axonal transport in retinal ganglion cells using 2 µl injections of 1\% cholera toxin b-subunit conjugated to AlexaFluor488 (CTB). In vivo retinal and post-mortem brain imaging by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and post-mortem microscopy were performed. The transport of CTB was sensitive to colchicine, which disrupts axonal microtubules. The bulk rates of transport were determined to be approximately 80-90 mm/day (anterograde) and 160 mm/day (retrograde). Results demonstrate that axonal transport of CTB can be monitored in vivo in the rodent anterior visual pathway, is dependent on intact microtubules, and occurs by active transport mechanisms.}, doi = {10.1364/BOE.4.000364}, institution = {Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute, and Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR 97232, USA.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {178418}, pmid = {23412846}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/BOE.4.000364}, } @Article{Abbott:2012, author = {Abbott, S. B. and Kanbar, R. and Bochorishvili, G. and Coates, M. B. and Stornetta, R. L. and Guyenet, P. G.}, title = {C1 neurons excite locus coeruleus and A5 noradrenergic neurons along with sympathetic outflow in rats.}, journal = {J Physiol}, year = {2012}, volume = {590}, number = {Pt 12}, pages = {2897--2915}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {C1 neurons activate sympathetic tone and stimulate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in circumstances such as pain, hypoxia or hypotension. They also innervate pontine noradrenergic cell groups, including the locus coeruleus (LC) and A5. Activation of C1 neurons reportedly inhibits LC neurons; however, because these neurons are glutamatergic and have excitatory effects elsewhere, we re-examined the effect of C1 activation on pontine noradrenergic neurons (LC and A5) using a more selective method. Using a lentivirus that expresses channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) under the control of the artificial promoter PRSx8, we restricted ChR2 expression to C1 neurons (67\%), retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons (20\%) and cholinergic neurons (13\%). The LC contained ChR2-positive terminals that formed asymmetric synapses and were immunoreactive for vesicular glutamate transporter type 2. Low-frequency photostimulation of ChR2-expressing neurons activated LC (38 of 65; 58\%) and A5 neurons (11 of 16; 69\%) and sympathetic nerve discharge. Locus coeruleus and A5 inhibition was not seen unless preceded by excitation. Locus coeruleus activation was eliminated by intracerebroventricular kynurenic acid. Stimulation of ChR2-expressing neurons at 20 Hz produced modest increases in LC and A5 neuronal discharge. In additional rats, the retrotrapezoid nucleus region was destroyed with substance P–saporin prior to lentivirus injection into the rostral ventrolateral medulla, increasing the proportion of C1 ChR2-expressing neurons (83\%). Photostimulation in these rats activated the same proportion of LC and A5 neurons as in control rats but produced no effect on sympathetic nerve discharge owing to the destruction of bulbospinal C1 neurons. In conclusion, low-frequency stimulation of C1 neurons activates pontine noradrenergic neurons and sympathetic nerve discharge, possibly via the release of glutamate from monosynaptic C1 inputs.}, doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2012.232157}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.}, keywords = {Adrenergic Neurons, physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Electroencephalography; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, physiology; Locus Coeruleus, physiology; Male; Pituitary-Adrenal System, innervation/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {jphysiol.2012.232157}, pmc = {PMC3448155}, pmid = {22526887}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.232157}, } @Article{Abdallah:2013, author = {Abdallah, Khaled and Artola, Alain and Monconduit, Lénaic and Dallel, Radhouane and Luccarini, Philippe}, title = {Bilateral descending hypothalamic projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis in rats.}, journal = {PLoS One}, year = {2013}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e73022}, abstract = {Several lines of evidence suggest that the hypothalamus is involved in trigeminal pain processing. However, the organization of descending hypothalamic projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5C) remains poorly understood. Microinjections of the retrograde tracer, fluorogold (FG), into the Sp5C, in rats, reveal that five hypothalamic nuclei project to the Sp5C: the paraventricular nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area, the perifornical hypothalamic area, the A11 nucleus and the retrochiasmatic area. Descending hypothalamic projections to the Sp5C are bilateral, except those from the paraventricular nucleus which exhibit a clear ipsilateral predominance. Moreover, the density of retrogradely FG-labeled neurons in the hypothalamus varies according to the dorso-ventral localization of the Sp5C injection site. There are much more labeled neurons after injections into the ventrolateral part of the Sp5C (where ophthalmic afferents project) than after injections into its dorsomedial or intermediate parts (where mandibular and maxillary afferents, respectively, project). These results demonstrate that the organization of descending hypothalamic projections to the spinal dorsal horn and Sp5C are different. Whereas the former are ipsilateral, the latter are bilateral. Moreover, hypothalamic projections to the Sp5C display somatotopy, suggesting that these projections are preferentially involved in the processing of meningeal and cutaneous inputs from the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve in rats. Therefore, our results suggest that the control of trigeminal and spinal dorsal horn processing of nociceptive information by hypothalamic neurons is different and raise the question of the role of bilateral, rather than unilateral, hypothalamic control.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0073022}, institution = {d, France.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {epublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {PONE-D-13-04185}, pmid = {23951340}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073022}, } @Article{Abdel-Majid:2005, author = {Raja' M Abdel-Majid and Michele L Archibald and François Tremblay and William H Baldridge}, title = {Tracer coupling of neurons in the rat retina inner nuclear layer labeled by Fluorogold.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2005}, volume = {1063}, number = {2}, pages = {114--120}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {A subpopulation of neurons in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the rat retina were labeled 9-13 weeks after application of Fluorogold (FG) to the superior colliculus. Neurobiotin injection of FG-labeled cells in the INL of flatmounted living retina revealed that these cells consisted of both displaced ganglion cells and a subset of amacrine cells. Fluorogold-labeled amacrine cells in the INL showed tracer coupling to other presumptive amacrine cells in the INL, but there was no evidence of coupling to neurons in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). As the labeling of amacrine cells by FG may be due to gap junction coupling between ganglion and amacrine cells, these data add to the evidence that tracer coupling between these cells can be unidirectional. Some of the FG-labeled displaced ganglion cells in the INL injected with Neurobiotin also showed tracer coupling to neurons in the INL or GCL.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2005.09.046}, institution = {Laboratory for Retina and Optic Nerve Research, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5.}, keywords = {Amacrine Cells, cytology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, methods; Fluorescent Dyes; Gap Junctions; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology; Stilbamidines; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Visual Pathways, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(05)01375-2}, pmid = {16263096}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.09.046}, } @Article{Abe:1978, author = {Abe, K.}, title = {A study of sensory projection from jaw muscles to the cerebral cortex in the rat.}, journal = {Jpn J Physiol}, year = {1978}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {309--322}, abstract = {The sensory projection from jaw muscles to the cerebral cortex have been studied in rats by electrophysiological and histochemical methods. Electrical stimulation of individual masticatory muscles elicited bilateral responses in the cortical areas 8, 10, 2, and 2a. The following pathway was postulated to mediate these cortical responses; impulses of muscle origin are conducted in turn to the trigeminal mesencephalic tract nucleus (TMT), the contralateral thalamic nucleus ventralis posteromedialis (VPM), the cerebral cortex and finally to the other cerebral cortex which is ipsilateral to the side of stimulation. The ipsilateral cortical response appeared about 5 msec later than the contralateral one and was abolished by sectioning the corpus callosum. By stimulating the cerebral cortex antidromically, the conduction time to the VPM was found to be as long as 6 msec. The conduction from the TMT to the contralateral VPM consumed a period of more than 10 msec. It was presumed to be multisynaptic, being based on the finding that horseradish peroxidase injected into the VPM could not be recovered in the contralateral TMT.}, doi = {10.2170/jjphysiol.28.309}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Female; Latency Period (Psychology); Masticatory Muscles, physiology; Pons, physiology; Rats; Thalamus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {713182}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Abou-Madi:1987, author = {L. Abou-Madi and P. Pontarotti and G. Tramu and A. Cupo and M. Eybalin}, title = {Coexistence of putative neuroactive substances in lateral olivocochlear neurons of rat and guinea pig.}, journal = {Hear Res}, year = {1987}, volume = {30}, number = {2-3}, pages = {135--146}, abstract = {We have used the retrograde axonal transport of Fast Blue, injected intra-cochlearly, to identify in the rat lateral superior olive (LSO) neurons which belong to the lateral olivocochlear system (LOCS). Using immunohistofluorescence technique, we have localized within Fast Blue-labeled neurons immunostainings for enkephalins (Met-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8), dynorphins (alpha-neo-endorphin, dynorphin 1-17) or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Many Fast Blue-labeled neurons did not show any immunostaining, but all the immunostained neurons found in the LSO were Fast Blue-labeled. In immunohistofluorescence colocalization experiments of two antigens, we could colocalize within the same neurons of the rat LSO immunostainings for ChAT and enkephalins and for ChAT and dynorphins. In each case, neurons only immunostained for ChAT, enkephalins or dynorphins could also be observed. A colocalization of the immunostainings for Met-enkephalin and dynorphins within neurons of the guinea pig and rat LSO was also found. However, in this case, neurons which did not show colocalization were only Met-enkephalin-immunoreactive, thus suggesting that all the dynorphins immunoreactive LSO neurons also contain enkephalins. These findings support the idea that the neurons of the LSO which contain ChAT-, enkephalin- or dynorphin-immunostainings project to the cochlea and belong to the LOCS. It can also be concluded that acetylcholine, enkephalins and dynorphins coexist within a same population of neurons of the LOCS, although other patterns of co-containment of neuroactive substances within LOCS neurons may also exist.}, doi = {10.1016/0378-5955(87)90131-6}, institution = {INSERM-U. 254, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Audition, Hôpital St Charles, Montpellier, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Axons, ultrastructure; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Cochlear Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Dynorphins, metabolism; Enkephalins, metabolism; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Neurons, ultrastructure; Neurotransmitter Agents, metabolism; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2890617}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Abrahamson:2001, author = {Abrahamson, EE and Moore, RY}, title = {The posterior hypothalamic area: chemoarchitecture and afferent connections.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2001}, volume = {889}, pages = {1-22}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03015-8}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Abrams:2005, author = {J. K. Abrams and P. L. Johnson and A. Hay-Schmidt and J. D. Mikkelsen and A. Shekhar and C. A. Lowry}, title = {Serotonergic systems associated with arousal and vigilance behaviors following administration of anxiogenic drugs.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2005}, volume = {133}, number = {4}, pages = {983--997}, abstract = {Serotonergic systems play important roles in modulating behavioral arousal, including behavioral arousal and vigilance associated with anxiety states. To further our understanding of the neural systems associated with increases in anxiety states, we investigated the effects of multiple anxiogenic drugs on topographically organized subpopulations of serotonergic neurons using double immunohistochemical staining for c-Fos and tryptophan hydroxylase combined with topographical analysis of the rat dorsal raphe nucleus (DR). Anxiogenic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties including the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine, the serotonin 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist m-chlorophenyl piperazine (mCPP), the alpha2-adrenoreceptor antagonist yohimbine, and the benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonist N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG-7142) induced increases in behavioral arousal and vigilance behaviors consistent with an increase in anxiety state. In addition, these anxiogenic drugs, excluding yohimbine, had convergent actions on an anatomically-defined subset of serotonergic neurons within the middle and caudal, dorsal subdivision of the DR. High resolution topographical analysis revealed that at the mid-rostrocaudal level, caffeine and FG-7142 had convergent effects on c-Fos expression in serotonergic neurons that were restricted to a previously undefined region, which we have named the shell region of the dorsal part of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRDSh), that overlaps the anatomical border between the dorsal part of the dorsal raphe nucleus, the ventral part of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRV), and the ventrolateral part of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRVL). Retrograde tracing methods revealed that DRDSh contains large numbers of neurons projecting to the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, a forebrain structure important for emotional appraisal and modulation of anxiety-related physiological and behavioral responses. Together these findings support the hypothesis that there is a functional topographical organization in the DR and are consistent with the hypothesis that anxiogenic drugs have selective actions on a subpopulation of serotonergic neurons projecting to a distributed central autonomic and emotional motor control system regulating anxiety states and anxiety-related physiological and behavioral responses.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.025}, institution = {Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.}, keywords = {Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists, pharmacology; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents, pharmacology; Arousal, drug effects; Behavior, Animal, drug effects; Blotting, Western, methods; Brain; Brain Mapping; Caffeine, pharmacology; Carbolines, pharmacology; Cell Count, methods; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Feeding Behavior, drug effects; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; Gene Expression Regulation, drug effects; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Piperazines, pharmacology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin Receptor Agonists, pharmacology; Serotonin, metabolism; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Time Factors; Tryptophan Hydroxylase, metabolism; Video Recording, methods; Yohimbine, pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(05)00344-1}, pmid = {15916857}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.025}, } @Article{Accorsi-Mendonca:2015, author = {Accorsi-Mendon{\c{c}}a, Daniela and Almado, Carlos E L. and Bonagamba, Leni G H. and Castania, Jaci A. and Moraes, Davi J A. and Machado, Benedito H.}, title = {Enhanced Firing in NTS Induced by Short-Term Sustained Hypoxia Is Modulated by Glia-Neuron Interaction.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2015}, volume = {35}, number = {17}, pages = {6903--6917}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Humans ascending to high altitudes are submitted to sustained hypoxia (SH), activating peripheral chemoreflex with several autonomic and respiratory responses. Here we analyzed the effect of short-term SH (24 h, FIO210\%) on the processing of cardiovascular and respiratory reflexes using an in situ preparation of rats. SH increased both the sympatho-inhibitory and bradycardiac components of baroreflex and the sympathetic and respiratory responses of peripheral chemoreflex. Electrophysiological properties and synaptic transmission in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons, the first synaptic station of afferents of baroreflexes and chemoreflexes, were evaluated using brainstem slices and whole-cell patch-clamp. The second-order NTS neurons were identified by previous application of fluorescent tracer onto carotid body for chemoreceptor afferents or onto aortic depressor nerve for baroreceptor afferents. SH increased the intrinsic excitability of NTS neurons. Delayed excitation, caused by A-type potassium current (IKA), was observed in most of NTS neurons from control rats. The IKA amplitude was higher in identified second-order NTS neurons from control than in SH rats. SH also blunted the astrocytic inhibition of IKA in NTS neurons and increased the synaptic transmission in response to afferent fibers stimulation. The frequency of spontaneous excitatory currents was also increased in neurons from SH rats, indicating that SH increased the neurotransmission by presynaptic mechanisms. Therefore, short-term SH changed the glia-neuron interaction, increasing the excitability and excitatory transmission of NTS neurons, which may contribute to the observed increase in the reflex sensitivity of baroreflex and chemoreflex in in situ preparation.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4598-14.2015}, institution = {Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.}, keywords = {4-Aminopyridine, pharmacology; Action Potentials, physiology; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Amino Acids; Animals; Anoxia, pathology; Baroreflex, drug effects; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Chemoreceptor Cells, physiology; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists, pharmacology; Heart Rate, physiology; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Neuroglia, physiology; Potassium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Pressoreceptors, drug effects; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, pathology; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {35/17/6903}, pmid = {25926465}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4598-14.2015}, } @Article{Accorsi-Mendonca:2009, author = {Daniela Accorsi-Mendonça and Leni G H Bonagamba and Ricardo M Leão and Benedito H Machado}, title = {Are L-glutamate and ATP cotransmitters of the peripheral chemoreflex in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius?}, journal = {Exp Physiol}, year = {2009}, volume = {94}, number = {1}, pages = {38--45}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Peripheral chemoreflex activation in awake rats or in the working heart-brainstem preparation (WHBP) produces sympathoexcitation, bradycardia and an increase in the frequency of phrenic nerve activity. Our focus is the neurotransmission of the sympathoexcitatory component of the chemoreflex within the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS), and recently we verified that the simultaneous antagonism of ionotropic glutamate and purinergic P(2) receptors in the NTS blocked the pressor response and increased thoracic sympathetic activity in awake rats and WHBP, respectively, in response to peripheral chemoreflex activation. These previous data suggested the involvement of ATP and L-glutamate in the NTS in the processing of the sympathoexcitatory component of the chemoreflex by unknown mechanisms. For a better understanding of these mechanisms, here we used a patch-clamp approach in brainstem slices to evaluate the characteristics of the synaptic transmission of NTS neurons sending projections to the ventral medulla, which include the premotor neurons involved in the generation of the sympathetic outflow. The NTS neurons sending projections to the ventral medulla were identified by previous microinjection of the membrane tracer dye, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), in the ventral medulla and the spontaneous (sEPSCs) and tractus solitarius (TS)-evoked excitatory postsynaptic current (TS-eEPSCs) were recorded using patch clamp. With this approach, we made the following observations on NTS neurons projecting to the ventral medulla: (i) the sEPSCs and TS-eEPSCs of DiI-labelled NTS neurons were completely abolished by 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3(1H,4H)-dione (DNQX), an antagonist of ionotropic non-NMDA glutamatergic receptors, showing that they are mediated by L-glutamate; (ii) application of ATP increased the frequency of appearance of spontaneous glutamatergic currents, reflecting an increased exocytosis of glutamatergic vesicles; and (iii) ATP decreased the peak of TS-evoked glutamatergic currents. We conclude that L-glutamate is the main neurotransmitter of spontaneous and TS-evoked synaptic activities in the NTS neurons projecting to the ventral medulla and that ATP has a dual modulatory role on this excitatory transmission, facilitating the spontaneous glutamatergic transmission and inhibiting the TS-evoked glutamatergic transmission. These data also suggest that ATP is not acting as a cotransmitter with L-glutamate, at least at the level of this subpopulation of NTS neurons studied.}, doi = {10.1113/expphysiol.2008.043653}, institution = {Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.}, keywords = {Adenosine Triphosphate, physiology; Animals; Chemoreceptor Cells, physiology; Electrophysiological Phenomena, physiology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Glutamic Acid, physiology; Male; Neurons, physiology; Neurotransmitter Agents, physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Peripheral Nervous System, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {expphysiol.2008.043653}, pmid = {18931046}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2008.043653}, } @Article{Ackerley:2006, author = {Rochelle Ackerley and Joanne Pardoe and Richard Apps}, title = {A novel site of synaptic relay for climbing fibre pathways relaying signals from the motor cortex to the cerebellar cortical C1 zone.}, journal = {J Physiol}, year = {2006}, volume = {576}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {503--518}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The climbing fibre projection from the motor cortex to the cerebellar cortical C1 zone in the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum was investigated using a combination of physiological, anatomical and neuropharmacological techniques. Electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral fore- or hindimbs or somatotopically corresponding parts of the contralateral motor cortex evoked climbing fibre field potentials at the same cerebellar recording sites. Forelimb-related responses were located in the C1 zone in the paramedian lobule or lobulus simplex and hindlimb-related responses were located in the C1 zone in the copula pyramidis. Microinjections of anterograde axonal tracer (Fluoro-Ruby or Fluoro-Emerald) were made into the fore- or hindlimb parts of the motor cortex where stimulation evoked the largest cerebellar responses. After a survival period of 7-10 days, the neuraxis was examined for anterograde labelling. No terminal labelling was ever found in the inferior olive, but labelled terminals were consistently found in a well-localized site in the dorso-medial medulla, ventral to the gracile nucleus, termed the matrix region. Pharmacological inactivation of the matrix region (2 mm caudal to the obex) selectively reduced transmission in descending (cerebro-olivocerebellar) but not ascending (spino-olivocerebellar) paths targeting fore- or hindlimb-receiving parts of the C1 zone. Transmission in spino-olivocerebellar paths was either unaffected, or in some cases increased. The identification of a novel pre-olivary relay in cerebro-olivocerebellar paths originating from fore- and hindlimb motor cortex has implications for the regulation of transmission in climbing fibre pathways during voluntary movements and motor learning.}, doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2006.114215}, institution = {Department of Physiology, school of Medical Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, UK.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Motor Activity, physiology; Motor Cortex, physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Psychomotor Performance, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {jphysiol.2006.114215}, pmid = {16887878}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.114215}, } @Article{Acosta:2001, author = {Acosta, C. G. and Fábrega, A. R. and Mascó, D. H. and López, H. S.}, title = {A sensory neuron subpopulation with unique sequential survival dependence on nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor during development.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2001}, volume = {21}, number = {22}, pages = {8873--8885}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {We characterized a subpopulation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons that were previously identified as preferential targets of enkephalins. This group, termed P-neurons after their "pear" shape, sequentially required nerve growth factor (NGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for survival in vitro during different developmental stages. Embryonic P-neurons required NGF, but not bFGF. NGF continued to promote their survival, although less potently, up to postnatal day 2 (P2). Conversely, at P5, they needed bFGF but not NGF, with either factor having similar effects at P2. This trophic switch was unique to that DRG neuronal group. In addition, neither neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) nor brain-derived neurotrophic factor influenced their survival during embryonic and postnatal stages, respectively. The expression of NGF (Trk-A) and bFGF (flg) receptors paralleled the switch in trophic requirement. No single P-neuron appeared to coexpress both Trk-A and flg. In contrast, all of them coexpressed flg and substance P, providing a specific marker of these cells. Immunosuppression of bFGF in newborn animals greatly reduced their number, suggesting that the factor was required in vivo. bFGF was present in the DRG and spinal cord, as well as in skeletal muscle, the peripheral projection site of P-neurons, as revealed by tracer DiIC(18)3. The lack of requirement of NT-3 for survival and immunoreactivity for the neurofilament of 200 kDa distinguished them from muscle proprioceptors, suggesting that they are likely to be unmyelinated muscle fibers. Collectively, their properties indicate that P-neurons constitute a distinct subpopulation of sensory neurons for which the function may be modulated by enkephalins.}, institution = {Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, INIMEC-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina.}, keywords = {Animals; Antibodies, pharmacology; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, pharmacology; Cell Count; Cell Survival, drug effects; Cells, Cultured; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/pharmacology; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation; Nerve Growth Factor, pharmacology; Neurons, Afferent, classification/cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Neurotrophin 3, pharmacology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Phenotype; Rats; Receptor, trkA, metabolism; Substance P, biosynthesis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {21/22/8873}, pmid = {11698599}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/22/8873.long}, } @Article{Acsady:1996, author = {Acsády, L. and Arabadzisz, D. and Katona, I. and Freund, T. F.}, title = {Topographic distribution of dorsal and median raphe neurons with hippocampal, septal and dual projection.}, journal = {Acta Biol Hung}, year = {1996}, volume = {47}, number = {1-4}, pages = {9--19}, abstract = {Double retrograde neuronal tracing techniques with used to determine the distribution and degree of overlap between cell population in the raphe nuclei with a projection to the medial septum and/or the hippocampus. The results of the present study showed that numerous median raphe neurons that innervated the hippocampus, sent a collateral projection to the medial septum. In contrast to that, a spatially segregated population of serotonergic neurons located caudally in the dorsal raphe nucleus projected only to the medial septum but not to the hippocampus. Our results show that the medial septum receives dual serotonergic innervation from the midbrain raphe nuclei. One projection arises from axon collaterals of neurons that contribute to the median raphe-hippocampal pathway as well. The second serotonergic input originates from the caudal part of the dorsal raphe nucleus, and innervates the medial septum, but ignores the hippocampus. These findings suggest that, in addition to the well-known serotonergic effect of the median raphe on hippocampal electrical activity, theta rhythm in the hippocampus may also be modulated by the dorsal raphe nucleus via the medial septum.}, institution = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.}, keywords = {Animals; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Serotonin, metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9124016}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Acsady:1993, author = {L. Acsády and K. Halasy and T. F. Freund}, title = {Calretinin is present in non-pyramidal cells of the rat hippocampus--III. Their inputs from the median raphe and medial septal nuclei.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1993}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {829--841}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The subcortical innervation of a recently described subpopulation of non-pyramidal neurons, containing the calcium binding protein, calretinin, was investigated in the rat hippocampus using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and double immunocytochemistry for calretinin and serotonin at the light and electron microscopic levels. Our results show that the GABAergic component of the septohippocampal pathway and the serotonergic raphe afferents establish multiple synaptic contacts with the calretinin-immunoreactive interneurons. The majority of the targets of both pathways were spine-free calretinin neurons known to innervate the dendritic region of the principal cells, but the GABAergic septal pathway was found to terminate also on the spiny neurons of stratum lucidum of the CA3 region and in the dentate hilus. The present results demonstrate that the serotonergic raphe-hippocampal and the GABAergic septohippocampal pathways are able to modulate dendritic inhibition of principal cells via calretinin-containing GABAergic interneurons.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(93)90532-k}, institution = {Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Brain, physiology; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neurons, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Raphe Nuclei, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin, analysis; Synapses, ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(93)90532-K}, pmid = {7680801}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Acsady:2000, author = {Acsády, L. and Pascual, M. and Rocamora, N. and Soriano, E. and Freund, T. F.}, title = {Nerve growth factor but not neurotrophin-3 is synthesized by hippocampal GABAergic neurons that project to the medial septum.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2000}, volume = {98}, number = {1}, pages = {23--31}, abstract = {Conventional uptake of neurotrophins takes place at axon terminals via specific receptors, and is followed by retrograde transport. Recent studies demonstrated that, with the exception of nerve growth factor, other neurotrophins may be delivered anterogradely to the region containing the receptor expressing neurons. In this study we used a triple labeling method that combines retrograde tract tracing, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to examine whether non-principal cells projecting from the hippocampus to the septum synthesize nerve growth factor. Our results show that, on average, 59\% of the horseradish peroxidase-labeled hippocamposeptal nonpyramidal neurons also display nerve growth factor messenger RNA hybridization signal. The ratio was slightly higher in the CA1 stratum oriens and the hilus of the dentate gyrus (64 and 62\%, respectively) compared to stratum oriens of the CA3 region (58\%). In addition, we demonstrated that many nerve growth factor-positive septally projecting neurons also contain the calcium-binding protein calbindin D-28K, whereas nerve growth factor-negative projecting cells mostly lack this neurochemical marker. In contrast to nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3 has never been found in hippocamposeptal cells. Hippocamposeptal GABAergic cells are reciprocally connected with the medial septum, thus they are in a key position to regulate nerve growth factor release as a function of the activity level in the septohippocampal system. Furthermore, our results raise the intriguing possibility that nerve growth factor may be transported also in an anterograde manner. Regardless of the direction of transport, the presence of nerve growth factor in hippocamposeptal cells suggests that long distance fast synaptic mechanisms and slow neurotrophin action are coupled in these neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00091-9}, institution = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 67 H-1450, Budapest, Hungary.}, keywords = {Animals; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis; Diagonal Band of Broca, cytology/metabolism; Gene Expression, physiology; Hippocampus, cytology/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; In Situ Hybridization; Interneurons, chemistry/metabolism; Nerve Growth Factor, genetics; Neural Pathways; Neurotrophin 3, genetics; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Septum of Brain, cytology/metabolism; Somatostatin, biosynthesis; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(00)00091-9}, pmid = {10858608}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Acuna-Goycolea:2000, author = {C. Acuña-Goycolea and P. Fuentealba and F. Torrealba}, title = {Anatomical substrate for separate processing of ascending and descending visceral information in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2000}, volume = {883}, number = {2}, pages = {229--232}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {We examined the possible existence of divergent visceral pathways arising from the nucleus of the solitary tract, by co-injecting axonal tracers into the parabrachial nucleus and into the ventrolateral medulla. We found that around 5\% of NTS neurons projected to both sites, and that neurons projecting to VLM were larger. This parallel organization allows a differential control of the ascending versus descending visceral pathways at an early stage of processing.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02845-6}, institution = {Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Visceral Afferents, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(00)02845-6}, pmid = {11074052}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Adams:1995, author = {N. C. Adams and G. E. Baker}, title = {Cells of the perireticular nucleus project to the developing neocortex of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {359}, number = {4}, pages = {613--626}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The perireticular nucleus is a recently described thin sheet of small cells among the fibres of the internal capsule, lying lateral to the thalamic reticular nucleus and medial to the globus pallidus (Clemence and Mitrofanis [1992]. J. Comp. Neurol. 322:167-180). During development, the perireticular nucleus is relatively large, lying in the path of the growing corticofugal and thalamocortical axons and filling the area of the internal capsule lateral to the thalamic reticular nucleus. After these axons have formed their connections, the perireticular nucleus rapidly decreases in size, leaving only a few cells in the adult (Mitrofanis [1992] J. Comp. Neurol. 320:161-181). In this study, we aimed to investigate the connections between the developing cortex and thalamus by making injections of tracer into the cortical plate. Injections of Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP), Wheat Germ Agglutinin bound to HRP (WGA-HRP) and 1'dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3 tetramethycarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) were made in vivo between embryonic day (E) 18 and adult and DiI was placed in the fixed brains of rats aged between E16 and postnatal day (P)1. Between E17 and P10, the retrograde perikaryal labelling resulting from these injections revealed a transient projection from the perireticular nucleus to the ipsilateral cortical plate. No cells were labelled in the thalamic reticular nucleus. This suggests that the perireticular nucleus must be regarded as a group of cells distinct from the thalamic reticular nucleus and having a separate role in development. Comparisons between the perireticular cells and the cells of the cortical subplate suggest that both may be playing comparable roles in early development, possibly guiding fibres towards their end stations or serving to rearrange the complex mapped projections linking the thalamus and cortex.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903590408}, institution = {Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford, England.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, embryology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Embryonic and Fetal Development, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamic Nuclei, embryology/growth /&/ development/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7499551}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903590408}, } @Article{Adelmann:1996, author = {G. Adelmann and T. Deller and M. Frotscher}, title = {Organization of identified fiber tracts in the rat fimbria-fornix: an anterograde tracing and electron microscopic study.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1996}, volume = {193}, number = {5}, pages = {481--493}, month = {May}, abstract = {The fimbria is a major route for afferent and efferent fibers of the hippocampal formation. However, little is known about the intrinsic organization of the fimbria-fornix complex. In this study, the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHAL) was used to analyze the ultrastructure and topography of identified fiber tracts within the fimbria-fornix. Septo-hippocampal fibers are loosely distributed throughout the fimbria-fornix. Commissural fibers cross the midline in the ventral hippocampal commissure and form a tight fiber bundle in the fimbria. Crossed entorhino-hippocampal fibers cross the midline in the ventral hippocampal commissure rostral to the commissural fiber bundle, and crossed entorhino-entorhinal fibers pass through the dorsal hippocampal commissure. This suggests a topographical organization of fiber tracts within the fimbria-fornix that reflects the laminar organization of the hippocampal target structure: fibers of the diffusely terminating septohippocampal projection are loosely distributed throughout the fimbria-fornix, while those projections that are known to terminate in specific laminae of the hippocampal formation (commissural projection, crossed entorhino-hippocampal projection) form fiber bundles within the fimbria and the ventral hippocampal commissure.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00185879}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Astrocytes, ultrastructure; Cerebral Cortex, chemistry/ultrastructure; Hippocampus, chemistry/ultrastructure; Injections; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Oligodendroglia, ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins, administration /&/ dosage/analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8729966}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ader:1979, author = {Adèr, J. P. and Postema, F. and Korf, J.}, title = {Contribution of the locus coeruleus to the adrenergic innervation of the rat spinal cord: a biochemical study.}, journal = {J Neural Transm}, year = {1979}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, pages = {159--173}, abstract = {The possible existence and magnitude of a noradrenergic innervation from the locus coeruleus (LC) to the spinal cord was investigated in the rat with various techniques. Horseradish peroxidase, injected into the lumbar spinal cord produced heavy labelling of presumably noradrenaline (NA)-containing neurons in the ventral region of the LC, while cells in the dorsal region of the LC were only lightly labelled. The effects of electrothermic destruction and electrical stimulation of the LC on levels of NA in various parts of the spinal cord, the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus were studied. Fourteen days after unilateral destruction of the LC there were decreases in NA levels of about 85\% in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and of about 15\% in the cervical and thoracic segments of the spinal cord (ipsilateral versus contralateral). Fourteen days after bilateral lesioning of the LC significant decreases (about 25\%) in NA levels were observed in all spinal cord segments. Unilateral stimulation in or near the LC induced decreases of NA levels in all areas of the central nervous system investigated. In this experiment the levels of NA in the spinal cord were significantly lowered in the ipsilateral cervical (16\%), thoracic (12\%) and lumbar/sacral (15\%) segments of the spinal cord. These findings together indicate that a small part (no more than 30\%) of the NA levels in the rat spinal cord are dependent upon the integrity and activity of NA-containing neurons of the predominantly ipsilaterally localized LC.}, doi = {10.1007/bf01253060}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism; Electric Stimulation; Hippocampus, metabolism; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {220381}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ader:1980, author = {J. P. Adèr and P. Room and F. Postema and J. Korf}, title = {Bilaterally diverging axon collaterals and contralateral projections from rat locus coeruleus neurons, demonstrated by fluorescent retrograde double labeling and norepinephrine metabolism.}, journal = {J Neural Transm}, year = {1980}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {207--208}, abstract = {Evans Blue (EB) and a mixture of 4'-6'-diamidino-2-phenylindol 2 HCl and primuline (DAPI-Pr), fluorescing at different wave-lengths were injected into the rat hippocampus, frontal cortex or lateral part of the thalamus. After unilateral injection either of the two substances was retrogradely transported not only to ipsilateral but also to contralateral locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. Moreover after simultaneous injections of EB and DAPI-Pr respectively into the opposite brain structures of individual animals double-labeled neurons were observed in the bilateral LC. Unilateral electrical stimulation of the LC induced significant decreases of norepinephrine and increases of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene-glycol in both the ipsi- and contralateral frontal cortex and whole forebrain, respectively. These ipsi- and contralateral alterations of the amine and its metabolite correlated highly significantly. These results indicate that several LC neurons have both contralateral and bilateral projections to the brain areas mentioned above.}, doi = {10.1007/bf01252126}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Electric Stimulation; Evans Blue; Fluorescent Dyes; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Rats; Staining and Labeling, methods; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6162001}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Adriaensen:1998, author = {Adriaensen, D. and Timmermans, J. P. and Brouns, I. and Berthoud, H. R. and Neuhuber, W. L. and Scheuermann, D. W.}, title = {Pulmonary intraepithelial vagal nodose afferent nerve terminals are confined to neuroepithelial bodies: an anterograde tracing and confocal microscopy study in adult rats.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {293}, number = {3}, pages = {395--405}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Our present understanding of the morphology of neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) in mammalian lungs is comprehensive. Several hypotheses have been put forward regarding their function but none has been proven conclusively. Microscopic data on the innervation that appears to affect the reaction of NEBs to stimuli have given rise to conflicting interpretations. The aim of this study has been to check the validity of the hypothesis that pulmonary NEBs receive an extensive vagal sensory innervation. The fluorescent neuronal tracer DiI was injected into the vagal sensory nodose ganglion and NEBs were visualized in toto by using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy on 100-micrometer-thick frozen sections of the lungs of adult rats. The most striking finding was the extensive intraepithelial terminal arborizations of DiI-labelled vagal afferents in intrapulmonary airways, apparently always co-appearing with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive NEBs. Not all NEBs received a traced nerve fibre. Intrapulmonary CGRP-containing nerve fibres, including those innervating NEBs, always appeared to belong to a nerve fibre population different from the DiI-traced fibres and hence did not arise from the nodose ganglion. Therefore, at least some of the pulmonary NEBs in adult rats are supplied with sensory nerve fibres that originate from the vagal nodose ganglion and form beaded ramifications between the NEB cells, thus providing support for the hypothesis of a receptor function for NEBs.}, doi = {10.1007/s004410051131}, institution = {Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp (RUCA), Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium. dadria@ruca.ua.ac.be}, keywords = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Carbocyanines; Epithelial Cells, physiology/ultrastructure; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Lung, innervation/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Confocal; Nerve Endings, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Nodose Ganglion, cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9716729}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Afarinesh:2015, author = {Afarinesh M-R, Behzadi G}, title = {Specific and Non-Specific Thalamocortical Afferents to the Whisker–Related Sensory Cortical Region in Rats with Congenital Hypothyroidism}, journal = {Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, year = {2015}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {355-369}, abstract = {Background & Aims: Thyroid hormones are of great importance in the development of the central nervous system. Congenital hypothyroidism may affect the reorganization of specific and non-specific thalamocortical afferents to whisker–related sensory (wS1) corticol region in rats. Methods: Congenital hypothyroidism was induced by adding propylthiouracil (PTU) (25 ppm) to the rats’ drinking water from embryonic day 16 to postnatal day 60. Pregnant rats were divided into normal and congenital hypothyroidism groups. Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into wS1 cortical area as tracer. Results: Following tracer injection, retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in the thalamic specific relay nuclus including ventral posterior medial (VPM), and in the nonspecific thalamic nuclei including centrolatral (CL), centromedial (CM), ventromedial (VM), posteromedial (PO), and reunion (Re). The number of VPM and PO labeled neurons significantly reduced in the congenital hypothyroidim group compared to the normal group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, recpectively). No significant difference was observed between the hypothyroidism group and control group in terms of the number of labeled projection neurons in CL, CM, VM, and Re nuclei. Conclusion: The present study showed that congenital hypothyroidism alters the thalamocortical projection pattern from VPM and PO thalamic nuclei to barrel cortex.}, keywords = {Congenital hypothyroidism, Barrel cortex, Whisker, Thalamocortical afferents}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://scholar.google.de/scholar_url?url=http://www.jkmu.kmu.ac.ir/en/index.php/kmus/article/viewFile/978/pdf&hl=de&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm3orklnzEbQ4Bh9BVUO2P38Ki_CUg&nossl=1&oi=scholaralrt}, } @Article{Affleck:2012, author = {Affleck, V. S. and Coote, J. H. and Pyner, S.}, title = {The projection and synaptic organisation of NTS afferent connections with presympathetic neurons, GABA and nNOS neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2012}, volume = {219}, pages = {48--61}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Elevated sympathetic nerve activity, strongly associated with cardiovascular disease, is partly generated from the presympathetic neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). The PVN-presympathetic neurons regulating cardiac and vasomotor sympathetic activity receive information about cardiovascular status from receptors in the heart and circulation. These receptors signal changes via afferent neurons terminating in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), some of which may result in excitation or inhibition of PVN-presympathetic neurons. Understanding the anatomy and neurochemistry of NTS afferent connections within the PVN could provide important clues to the impairment in homeostasis cardiovascular control associated with disease. Transynaptic labelling has shown the presence of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-containing neurons and GABA interneurons that terminate on presympathetic PVN neurons any of which may be the target for NTS afferents. So far NTS connections to these diverse neuronal pools have not been demonstrated and were investigated in this study. Anterograde (biotin dextran amine - BDA) labelling of the ascending projection from the NTS and retrograde (fluorogold - FG or cholera toxin B subunit - CTB) labelling of PVN presympathetic neurons combined with immunohistochemistry for GABA and nNOS was used to identify the terminal neuronal targets of the ascending projection from the NTS. It was shown that NTS afferent terminals are apposed to either PVN-GABA interneurons or to nitric oxide producing neurons or even directly to presympathetic neurons. Furthermore, there was evidence that some NTS axons were positive for vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGLUT2). The data provide an anatomical basis for the different functions of cardiovascular receptors that mediate their actions via the NTS-PVN pathways.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.070}, institution = {Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I, biosynthesis; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, biosynthesis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(12)00609-4}, pmid = {22698695}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.070}, } @Article{Afonso-Oramas:2014, author = {Afonso-Oramas, Domingo and Cruz-Muros, Ignacio and Castro-Hernández, Javier and Salas-Hernández, Josmar and Barroso-Chinea, Pedro and García-Hernández, Sonia and Lanciego, José L. and González-Hernández, Tomás}, title = {Striatal vessels receive phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase-rich innervation from midbrain dopaminergic neurons.}, journal = {Front Neuroanat}, year = {2014}, volume = {8}, pages = {84}, abstract = {Nowadays it is assumed that besides its roles in neuronal processing, dopamine (DA) is also involved in the regulation of cerebral blood flow. However, studies on the hemodynamic actions of DA have been mainly focused on the cerebral cortex, but the possibility that vessels in deeper brain structures receive dopaminergic axons and the origin of these axons have not been investigated. Bearing in mind the evidence of changes in the blood flow of basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease (PD), and the pivotal role of the dopaminergic mesostriatal pathway in the pathophysiology of this disease, here we studied whether striatal vessels receive inputs from midbrain dopaminergic neurons. The injection of an anterograde neuronal tracer in combination with immunohistochemistry for dopaminergic, vascular and astroglial markers, and dopaminergic lesions, revealed that midbrain dopaminergic axons are in close apposition to striatal vessels and perivascular astrocytes. These axons form dense perivascular plexuses restricted to striatal regions in rats and monkeys. Interestingly, they are intensely immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylated at Ser19 and Ser40 residues. The presence of phosphorylated TH in vessel terminals indicates they are probably the main source of basal TH activity in the striatum, and that after activation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, DA release onto vessels precedes that onto neurons. Furthermore, the relative weight of this "vascular component" within the mesostriatal pathway suggests that it plays a relevant role in the pathophysiology of PD.}, doi = {10.3389/fnana.2014.00084}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Biomedical Technologies Institute (ITB, CIBICAN) La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Spanish Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Madrid, Spain.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {epublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {25206324}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2014.00084}, } @Article{Afsharpour:1985, author = {S. Afsharpour}, title = {Topographical projections of the cerebral cortex to the subthalamic nucleus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1985}, volume = {236}, number = {1}, pages = {14--28}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Corticosubthalamic projections in the rat were investigated using the autoradiographic anterograde axonal tracing technique. After unilateral injections of tritiated amino acids in the cerebral cortex, projections to the ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus (STH) could be found arising only from the frontal agranular cortex and the zone of MI-SI overlap. Injections into granular areas of the cortex (e.g., somatosensory and visual areas) did not result in labeling in STH. Following injections in the frontal agranular cortex, labeling was present in the ipsilateral but not the contralateral STH. In general, injections that involved the lateral agranular field of frontal cortex, as defined by Donoghue and Wise ('82), resulted in a greater amount of labeling in STH than injections within the medial agranular area or the zone of MI-SI overlap. The projection from the frontal agranular areas to STH is topographically organized. The rostral part of the lateral agranular cortex projects to the lateral portion of the rostral two-thirds of STH, and the caudal part of this field projects to the ventral aspect of the middle third of STH. Injections in the rostral part of the medial agranular cortex resulted in labeling throughout the ventral two-thirds of the medial half of STH. The caudal part of the medial agranular cortex projects to the dorsolateral part of the caudal two-thirds of STH. The present results reveal projections from only the frontal agranular cortex and the zone of MI-SI overlap to STH in the rat. The cortico-STH projection is ipsilateral and terminates in a topographical manner in all parts of STH.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902360103}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Histocytochemistry; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2414329}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902360103}, } @Article{Agassandian:2002, author = {Agassandian, Khristofor and Fazan, Valeria P S. and Adanina, Valentina and Talman, William T.}, title = {Direct projections from the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii to pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons: a link to cerebrovascular regulation.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2002}, volume = {452}, number = {3}, pages = {242--254}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Peripheral or central interruption of the baroreflex or the parasympathetic innervation of cerebral vessels leads to similar changes in regulation of cerebral blood flow. Therefore, we sought to test the hypothesis that the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii, the site of termination of arterial baroreceptor nerves, projects to pontine preganglionic neurons whose stimulation elicits cerebral vasodilatation. The current study utilized both light and electron microscopic techniques to analyze anterograde tracing from the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii to preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the pons. We further used retrograde tracing from that same pontine region to the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii and evaluated the confluence of tracing from the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii to pontine preganglionic neurons labeled retrogradely from the pterygopalatine ganglia. The cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii projected to pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, but more rostral and caudal regions of nucleus tractus solitarii did not. In contrast, all three regions of nucleus tractus solitarii projected to the nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Although not projecting to pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, regions lateral, rostral, and caudal to cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii sent projections through the pons medial to the preganglionics. The study establishes the presence of a direct monosynaptic pathway from neurons in the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii to pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that project to the pterygopalatine ganglia, the source of nitroxidergic vasodilatory innervation of cerebral blood vessels. It provides evidence that activation of those preganglionic neurons can cause cerebral vasodilatation and increased cerebral blood flow. Finally, it demonstrates differential innervation of medullary and pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons by different regions of the nucleus tractus solitarii.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10372}, institution = {Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Baroreflex, physiology; Cerebrovascular Circulation, physiology; Ganglia, Autonomic, physiology; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, physiology/ultrastructure; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Pons, blood supply/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, blood supply/physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12353220}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10372}, } @Article{Agassandian:2003, author = {Agassandian, Khristofor and Fazan, Valeria P S. and Margaryan, Naira and Dragon, Deidre Nitschke and Riley, Jeffrey and Talman, William T.}, title = {A novel central pathway links arterial baroreceptors and pontine parasympathetic neurons in cerebrovascular control.}, journal = {Cell Mol Neurobiol}, year = {2003}, volume = {23}, number = {4-5}, pages = {463--478}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {1. We tested the hypothesis that arterial baroreceptor reflexes modulate cerebrovascular tone through a pathway that connects the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii with parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the pons. 2. Anesthetized rats were used in all studies. Laser flowmetry was used to measure cerebral blood flow. We assessed cerebrovascular responses to increases in arterial blood pressure in animals with lesions of baroreceptor nerves, the nucleus tractus solitarii itself, the pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, or the parasympathetic ganglionic nerves to the cerebral vessels. Similar assessments were made in animals after blockade of synthesis of nitric oxide, which is released by the parasympathetic nerves from the pterygopalatine ganglia. Finally the effects on cerebral blood flow of glutamate stimulation of pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons were evaluated. 3. We found that lesions at any one of the sites in the putative pathway or interruption of nitric oxide synthesis led to prolongation of autoregulation as mean arterial pressure was increased to levels as high as 200 mmHg. Conversely, stimulation of pontine parasympathetic preganglionic neurons led to cerebral vasodilatation. The second series of studies utilized classic anatomical tracing methods to determine at the light and electron microscopic level whether neurons in the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii, the site of termination of baroreceptor afferents, projected to the pontine preganglionic neurons. Fibers were traced with anterograde tracer from the nucleus tractus solitarii to the pons and with retrograde tracer from the pons to the nucleus tractus solitarii. Using double labeling techniques we further studied synapses made between labeled projections from the nucleus tractus solitarii and preganglionic neurons that were themselves labeled with retrograde tracer placed into the pterygopalatine ganglion. 4. These anatomical studies showed that the nucleus tractus solitarii directly projects to pontine preganglionic neurons and makes asymmetric, seemingly excitatory, synapses with those neurons. These studies provide strong evidence that arterial baroreceptors may modulate cerebral blood flow through direct connections with pontine parasympathetic neurons. Further study is needed to clarify the role this pathway plays in integrative physiology.}, institution = {Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Pathways, drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure; Baroreflex, drug effects/physiology; Blood Pressure, drug effects/physiology; Cerebral Arteries, innervation/physiology; Cerebrovascular Circulation, drug effects/physiology; Denervation; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure; Glutamic Acid, metabolism/pharmacology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nitric Oxide Synthase, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Nitric Oxide, biosynthesis; Parasympathetic Nervous System, drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure; Pons, drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure; Pressoreceptors, physiology/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {14514008}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1025059710382}, } @Article{Agassandian:2012, author = {Agassandian, K. and Shan, Z. and Raizada, M. and Sved, A. F. and Card, J. P.}, title = {C1 catecholamine neurons form local circuit synaptic connections within the rostroventrolateral medulla of rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2012}, volume = {227}, pages = {247--259}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {C1 catecholamine neurons reside within the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM), an area that plays an integral role in blood pressure regulation through reticulospinal projections to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the thoracic spinal cord. In a previous investigation we mapped the efferent projections of C1 neurons, documenting supraspinal projections to cell groups in the preautonomic network that contribute to the control of cardiovascular function. Light microscopic study also revealed putative local circuit connections within RVLM. In this investigation we tested the hypothesis that RVLM C1 neurons elaborate a local circuit synaptic network that permits communication between C1 neurons giving rise to supraspinal and reticulospinal projections. A replication defective lentivirus vector that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of a synthetic dopamine beta hydroxylase (D?H) promoter was used to label C1 neurons and their processes. Confocal fluorescence microscopy demonstrated thin varicose axons immunopositive for EGFP and tyrosine hydroxylase that formed close appositions to C1 somata and dendrites throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the C1 area. Dual-labeled electron microscopic analysis revealed axosomatic, axodendritic and axospinous synaptic contacts with C1 and non-C1 neurons with a distribution recapitulating that observed in the light microscopic analysis. Labeled boutons were large, contained light axoplasm, lucent spherical vesicles, and formed asymmetric synaptic contacts. Collectively these data demonstrate that C1 neurons form a synaptic network within the C1 area that may function to coordinate activity among projection-specific subpopulations of neurons. The data also suggest that the boundaries of RVLM should be defined on the basis of function criteria rather than the C1 phenotype of neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.049}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Catecholamines, metabolism; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Genetic Vectors, physiology; Green Fluorescent Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Net, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure; Transduction, Genetic; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(12)00969-4}, pmid = {23041757}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.049}, } @Article{Aghajanian:1977, author = {G. K. Aghajanian and R. Y. Wang}, title = {Habenular and other midbrain raphe afferents demonstrated by a modified retrograde tracing technique.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1977}, volume = {122}, number = {2}, pages = {229--242}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Afferents to th midbrain dorsal and median raphe nuclei in the rat were studied by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport method. The HRP was given by means of a modified iontophoretic delivery technique. This technique permitted an efficient and localized deposition of a high concentration of HRP into the raphe nuclei. Afferents to the raphe as determined by this method could be categorized into 2 classes; those exclusively to the raphe and those also positive for adjacent reticular formation. The most striking afferent area to the raphe, both in terms of selectivity and density, was the lateral habenula. This result is in accord with previous studies using degeneration methods which indicate an habenular projection to the raphe area. There were afferents exclusively positive for the dorsal raphe nucleus emanating from the nucleus of the solitary tract. Most other raphe afferent areas were also positive for the reticular formation (e.g;, prefrontal cortex, medial forebrain bundle, preoptic nuclei, and reticular formation). The existence of a major afferent system from the lateral habenula to the midbrain raphe is consistent with the concept of a "dorsal pathway" which might be responsible for relaying information from forebrain limbic structures to the "midbrain limbic areas".}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(77)90291-8}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Brain Stem, cytology; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Mesencephalon, cytology; Rats; Reticular Formation, cytology; Retrograde Degeneration}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(77)90291-8}, pmid = {837230}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Agster:2009, author = {Kara L Agster and Rebecca D Burwell}, title = {Cortical efferents of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices of the rat.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {2009}, volume = {19}, number = {12}, pages = {1159--1186}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {We investigated the cortical efferents of the parahippocampal region by placing injections of the anterograde tracers, Phaseolus vulgaris-leuccoagglutinin, and biotinylated dextran amine, throughout the perirhinal (PER), postrhinal (POR), and entorhinal cortices of the rat brain. The resulting density of labeled fibers was evaluated in 25 subregions of the piriform, frontal, insular, temporal, cingulate, parietal, and occipital areas. The locations of labeled terminal fibers differed substantially depending on whether the location of the injection site was in PER area 35, PER area 36, POR, or the lateral or the medial entorhinal (LEA and MEA). The differences were greater for sensory regions. For example, the POR efferents preferentially target visual and spatial regions, whereas the PER efferents target all sensory modalities. The cortical efferents of each region largely reciprocate the cortical afferents, though the degree of reciprocity varied across originating and target regions. The laminar pattern of terminal fibers was consistent with the notion that the efferents are feedback projections. The density and amount of labeled fibers also differed substantially depending on the regional location of injection sites. PER area 36 and POR give rise to a greater number of heavy projections, followed by PER area 35. LEA also gives rise to widespread cortical efferents, arising mainly from a narrow band of cortex adjacent to the PER. In contrast, the remainder of the LEA and the MEA provides only weak efferents to cortical regions. Prior work has shown that nonspatial and spatial information is transmitted to the hippocampus via the PER-LEA and POR-MEA pathways, respectively. Our findings suggest that the return projections follow the same pathways, though perhaps with less segregration.}, doi = {10.1002/hipo.20578}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Cluster Analysis; Discriminant Analysis; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Entorhinal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Male; Models, Neurological; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Neurons, cytology; Parahippocampal Gyrus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {19360714}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20578}, } @Article{Agster:2013, author = {Agster, Kara L. and Burwell, Rebecca D.}, title = {Hippocampal and subicular efferents and afferents of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices of the rat.}, journal = {Behav Brain Res}, year = {2013}, volume = {254}, pages = {50--64}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Available evidence suggests there is functional differentiation among hippocampal and parahippocampal subregions and along the dorsoventral (septotemporal) axis of the hippocampus. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the efferent and afferent connections of perirhinal areas 35 and 36, postrhinal cortex, and the lateral and medial entorhinal areas (LEA and MEA) with dorsal and ventral components of the hippocampal formation (dentate gyrus, hippocampus cornu ammonis fields, and subiculum) as well as the presubiculum, and the parasubiculum. The entorhinal connections were also characterized with respect to the LEA and MEA dentate gyrus-projecting bands. In general, the entorhinal connections with the hippocampal formation are much stronger than the perirhinal and postrhinal connections. The entorhinal cortex projects strongly to all components of the hippocampal formation, whereas the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices project weakly and only to CA1 and the subiculum. In addition, the postrhinal cortex preferentially targets the dorsal CA1 and subiculum, whereas the perirhinal cortex targets ventral subiculum. Similarly, the perirhinal cortex receives more input from ventral hippocampal formation structures and the postrhinal cortex receives more input from dorsal hippocampal structures. The LEA and the MEA medial band are more strongly interconnected with ventral hippocampal structures, whereas the MEA lateral band is more interconnected with dorsal hippocampal structures. With regard to the presubiculum and parasubiculum, the postrhinal cortex and the MEA lateral band receive stronger input from the dorsal presubiculum and caudal parasubiculum. In contrast, the LEA and MEA medial bands receive stronger input from the ventral presubiculum and rostral parasubiculum.}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.005}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0166-4328(13)00404-X}, pmid = {23872326}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.005}, } @Article{Agster:2016, author = {Agster, Kara L. and {Tom{\'{a}}s Pereira}, In{\^{e}}s and Saddoris, Michael P. and Burwell, Rebecca D.}, title = {Subcortical connections of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices of the rat. II. efferents.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {2016}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {This is the second of two studies detailing the subcortical connections of the perirhinal (PER), the postrhinal (POR) and entorhinal (EC) cortices of the rat. In the present study, we analyzed the subcortical efferents of the rat PER areas 35 and 36, POR, and the lateral and medial entorhinal areas (LEA and MEA). Anterograde tracers were injected into these five regions, and the resulting density of fiber labeling was quantified in an extensive set of subcortical structures. Density and topography of fiber labeling were quantitatively assessed in 36 subcortical areas, including olfactory structures, claustrum, amygdala nuclei, septal nuclei, basal ganglia, thalamic nuclei, and hypothalamic structures. In addition to reporting the density of labeled fibers, we incorporated a new method for quantifying the size of anterograde projections that takes into account the volume of the target subcortical structure as well as the density of fiber labeling. The PER, POR and EC displayed unique patterns of projections to subcortical areas. Interestingly, all regions examined provided strong input to the basal ganglia, although the projections arising in the PER and LEA were stronger and more widespread. PER areas 35 and 36 exhibited similar pattern of projections with some differences. PER area 36 projects more heavily to the lateral amygdala and much more heavily to thalamic nuclei including the lateral posterior nucleus, the posterior complex, and the nucleus reuniens. Area 35 projects more heavily to olfactory structures. The LEA provides the strongest and most widespread projections to subcortical structures including all those targeted by the PER as well as the medial and posterior septal nuclei. POR shows fewer subcortical projections overall, but contributes substantial input to the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. The MEA projections are even weaker. Our results suggest that the PER and LEA have greater influence over olfactory, amygdala, and septal nuclei, whereas PER area 36 and the POR have greater influence over thalamic nuclei. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1002/hipo.22600}, institution = {Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {27101786}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22600}, } @Article{Agudo:2009, author = {Agudo, Marta and Pérez-Marín, Maria C. and Sobrado-Calvo, Paloma and Lönngren, Ulrika and Salinas-Navarro, Manuel and Cánovas, Isabel and Nadal-Nicolás, Francisco M. and Miralles-Imperial, Jaime and Hallböök, Finn and Vidal-Sanz, Manuel}, title = {Immediate upregulation of proteins belonging to different branches of the apoptotic cascade in the retina after optic nerve transection and optic nerve crush.}, journal = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci}, year = {2009}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {424--431}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {To further investigate the molecular signals underlying optic nerve (ON) injury, the authors analyzed in adult control, ON-transected, and ON-crushed retinas the expression pattern and time-course regulation of the following proteins, all of which are linked to apoptosis through different pathways: Stat 1, caspase 11 (inflammation and death), cathepsins C and B (lysosomal death pathway), calpain 1 (endoplasmic reticulum stress), calreticulin (apoptosis marker), Jun (early response), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (cell cycle arrest).Adult female rats were subjected to intraorbital optic nerve transection (IONT) or intraorbital optic nerve crush (IONC). Protein from naive and ON-injured adult rat retinas was extracted at different times postlesion, and Western blotting experiments were performed. For immunohistofluorescence analyses, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were retrogradely identified with fluorogold applied to the superior colliculi 1 week before injury.Western blotting analyses revealed upregulation of all the analyzed proteins as early as 12 hours postlesion (hpl), peaking at 48 hpl, in agreement with our previous RNA study findings. Furthermore, immunohistofluorescence to radial sections showed that all but Stat 1 were expressed by the primarily injured neurons, the RGCs, as seen by colocalization with fluorogold.All analyzed proteins were upregulated in the retina after IONT or IONC as early as 12 hpl, indicating that ON injury regulates several branches of the apoptotic cascade and suggesting that commitment to death might be an earlier event than previously anticipated.}, doi = {10.1167/iovs.08-2404}, institution = {Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain. martabar@um.es}, keywords = {Animals; Apoptosis; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, metabolism; Blotting, Western; Calbindin 2; Caspases, metabolism; Cathepsin B, metabolism; Cathepsin C, metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; Nerve Crush; Optic Nerve Injuries, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon, metabolism; Retina, metabolism; Retinal Ganglion Cells, metabolism/pathology; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G, metabolism; STAT1 Transcription Factor, metabolism; Time Factors; Up-Regulation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {iovs.08-2404}, pmid = {18775855}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2404}, } @Article{Ahmed:1996a, author = {Ahmed, A. K. and Dong, K. and Setsu, T. and Yamadori, T.}, title = {Correlation between different types of retinal ganglion cells and their projection pattern in the albino rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {706}, number = {1}, pages = {163--168}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Injecting Fluoro-Gold (FG) and Evans-Blue (EB) into the right dLGN and SC in the adult albino rat, ipsilaterally projecting double-labeled retinal ganglion cells were mainly seen in the ventrotemporal crescent. They were mainly large sized cells. The ipsilaterally projecting double-labeled cells tended to have larger somata than the single- and double-labeled cells projecting to the contralateral superior colliculus and/or dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)01283-4}, institution = {First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Size; Coloring Agents; Evans Blue; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Functional Laterality, physiology; Geniculate Bodies, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retinal Ganglion Cells, physiology; Stilbamidines; Superior Colliculi, physiology; Visual Fields, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006899395012834}, pmid = {8720506}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ahmed:1995b, author = {Ahmed, A. K. and Dong, K. and Sugioka, K. and Yamadori, T.}, title = {Afferent projections to the cingulate cortex in albino rats: a study with a retrograde labeling method using fluoro-gold.}, journal = {Kobe J Med Sci}, year = {1995}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, pages = {247--255}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {We studied the neuronal populations that project their axons to the cingulate cortex in albino rats using the retrograde fluorescent dye of 4\% Fluoro-Gold injected into the anterior, middle and posterior portions of the cingulate cortex. The result showed that the following ipsilateral structures are sending fibers to these three portions: the prefrontal cortex, frontoparietal motor cortex, indusium griseum, dorsal endopiriform nucleus, lateral part of medial mammillary nucleus, nuclei of diagonal band of Broca, anterior pretectum, anterior part of caudate-putamen, hippocampal formation, anteroventral, anteromedial, lateroposterior, ventroposterior and dorsomedial thalamic nuclei. The anterior portion of the cingulate cortex receives inputs from the following ipsi- and contralateral structures: the accessory olfactory bulbs, anterior olfactory nuclei, middle and posterior portions of the cingulate cortex. The middle cingulate cortex receives fibers only from the ipsilateral dorsal part of the lateral septal nucleus in addition from the ipsi- and contralateral anterior and posterior portions of the cingulate cortex. While the posterior portion of the cingulate cortex receives separate inputs from the following ipsilateral structures: anterodorsal thalamic nucleus, temporal cortex, entorhinal cortex, areas 17 and 18, as well as from the ipsi- and contralateral anterior and middle portions of the cingulate cortex. The present study shows that the cingulate cortex receives various kinds of inputs from the other parts of the brain which are involved in emotion, memory, vision and motion, and also suggests that there are differences in afferent projections among the anterior, middle and posterior portions of the cingulate cortex.}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Gyrus Cinguli, physiology; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stilbamidines; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8869010}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ahmed:1995, author = {A. K. Ahmed and K. Dong and T. Yamadori}, title = {A retrograde double-labelling study of retinal ganglion cells that project ipsilaterally to vLGN and LPN rather than dLGN and SC, in albino rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {674}, number = {2}, pages = {275--282}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {We studied ipsilaterally projecting, double-labeled retinal ganglion cells that have bifurcating axons by retrograde fluorescent double-labeling in albino rats. Ten albino (Wistar, Japan Ceca) rats of either sex, weighing 350-400 g were used. With the rats in a state of deep anesthesia, we pressure-injected 0.02 microliter of 15\% Evans blue (EB) into the right ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN), and 4\% Fluoro-gold (FG) iontophoretically into the right posterior lateral thalamic nucleus (LP). The animals were perfused with formol-saline 48-72 h later and both the brain and eyes were exercised. The brain was sectioned coronally, and each retina was removed and mounted flat on a glass slide. Double-labeled cells were found in the ventral temporal crescent of the retina. In one animal and total number of ipsilaterally labeled cells was 566, and the percentage of double-labeled vLGN and LP projecting cells, single-labeled vLGN projecting cells, and single-labeled LP projecting cells were 29.8, 58.8 and 11.3, respectively.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)01452-n}, institution = {First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Geniculate Bodies, cytology; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retinal Ganglion Cells, physiology; Stilbamidines; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, cytology; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Visual Pathways, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(94)01452-N}, pmid = {7796107}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ahmed:1996, author = {A. K. Ahmed and N. G. Guison and T. Yamadori}, title = {A retrograde fluorescent-labeling study of direct relationship between the limbic (anterodorsal and anteroventral thalamic nuclei) and the visual system in the albino rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {729}, number = {1}, pages = {119--123}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Injecting different fluorescent tracers into the right anterodorsal (AD)/anteroventral (AV) or AD/AV and the primary visual nuclei of dorsal lateral geniculate (dLGN) or superior colliculus (SC), a direct projection from the left retina to these anterior thalamic nuclei was ascertained in the central part of ventro-nasal retinal quadrant. Single-labeled cells were of small type. No double-labeled cells were demonstrated.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(96)00283-1}, institution = {First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Geniculate Bodies, physiology; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retinal Ganglion Cells, physiology; Superior Colliculi, physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Visual Pathways, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899396002831}, pmid = {8874883}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ahmed:1995c, author = {A. K. Ahmed and K. Sugioka and K. Dong and T. Yamadori}, title = {A study of double-labeled retinal ganglion cells from the superior colliculus in the developing albino rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {85}, number = {1}, pages = {71--79}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {We studied the distribution pattern and percentage of bilaterally projecting, double-labeled retinal ganglion cells in the albino rat by the retrograde fluorescent double labeling. Forty-five albino (Wistar, Japan Clea) rats of either sex and of different stage of development ranging in age from the day of birth (Day 0) to Day 30, were used. With the rats under deep anesthesia, we pressure injected 0.02 microliter of 15\% Evans blue (EB) and 0.02 microliter of 4\% Fluoro-gold (FG) into the right and left superior colliculi, respectively; for rats older than 5 days, the volume of each tracer was 0.04 microliter. The animals were perfused with formol-saline 48 to 72 h later and the brain and eyeballs were excised and sectioned. Double-labeled cells were found over almost the entire retina, with the concentration in the lower temporal crescent in rats up to day 1; concentration gradually shifted to the ventral half between days 5 and 10. After day 15, double-labeled cells were found only in the ventral-temporal crescent of the retina, which is the pattern in the adult rats. The percentages of retinal ganglion cells that were double-labeled at days 0, 1, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 were 60.2, 51.6, 60.5, 57.6, 62.2, 60.7, 55.7, 45.2, and 39.1, respectively. After day 10, the percentage of such cells decreased steadily.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-3806(94)00191-2}, institution = {First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain, growth /&/ development; Efferent Pathways; Evans Blue, diagnostic use; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar, growth /&/ development; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology; Stilbamidines; Superior Colliculi, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0165380694001912}, pmid = {7781170}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ahmed:1995a, author = {A. K. Farid Ahmed and K. Dong and T. Yamadori}, title = {A retrograde double-labeling study of uni- and bilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells that project to the superior colliculi after unilateral eye removal at birth in the albino rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {704}, number = {2}, pages = {307--312}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {By injecting Fluoro-Gold and Evans-Blue into the right and left superior colliculi of the normal adult albino rats, bilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells were labeled in the ventrotemporal crescent accounting for 37.9\% of all the labeled cells, whereas in 0- and 5-day unilaterally enucleated rats these were found in the lower half of the retina accounting for 64.8\% and 80.6\%, respectively. Furthermore, they tended to have larger somata (type I cells).}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)01282-6}, institution = {First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Ethidium, diagnostic use; Eye Enucleation; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Microinjections; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retina, cytology; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology; Stilbamidines; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Time Factors; Visual Pathways}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(95)01282-6}, pmid = {8788927}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ahmed:2009, author = {Ahmed, Farid and MacArthur, Linda and {De Bernardi}, Maria A. and Mocchetti, Italo}, title = {Retrograde and anterograde transport of HIV protein gp120 in the nervous system.}, journal = {Brain Behav Immun}, year = {2009}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {355--364}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Neurodegeneration and gliosis are prominent pathological features of subjects with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dementia complex (HAD). In these patients, neurodegeneration occurs in uninfected neurons. In addition, these patients develop sensory neuropathy despite the antiretroviral therapy. The HIV protein gp120, which mimics some of the pathological alterations seen in HAD, is retrogradely transported in rodent neurons. However, it is still unclear whether gp120 can also be transported anterogradely and whether axonal transport can occur in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). To determine whether gp120 is transported retrogradely and/or anterogradely, we injected gp120IIIB together with the retrograde tracer fluoro-ruby (FR) or the anterograde tracer 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyamine perchlorate (DiI) into the rat superior colliculi. We discovered that gp120 is retrogradely transported with FR along a direct pathway from the superior colliculus to the retina and anterogradely transported with DiI to several areas of the occipital cortex. To determine whether gp120 is also axonally transported in the peripheral nerves, gp120 and FR were injected into the sciatic nerve. No gp120 immunoreactivity was found in the sciatic nerve or dorsal root ganglia, suggesting that gp120 axonal transport does not occur in the PNS. Gp120 axonal transport may play a role in neuronal injury. Therefore, we examined apoptosis at various time points after gp120 injection. Activated caspase-3 was evident within neurons transporting gp120. These results indicate that axonal transport of gp120 might exacerbate the pathogenesis of HIV-1.}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbi.2008.11.007}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Research Building, Room EP04 Box 571464, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Apoptosis, drug effects; Axonal Transport, drug effects; Blotting, Western; Carbocyanines; Caspase 3, metabolism; Dextrans; HIV Envelope Protein gp120, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism/pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Nerve Degeneration, chemically induced/pathology; Nervous System, drug effects/metabolism; Neural Pathways, drug effects/metabolism; Occipital Lobe, drug effects/metabolism; Peripheral Nerves, drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines; Sciatic Nerve, drug effects/metabolism; Superior Colliculi, drug effects/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0889-1591(08)00425-X}, pmid = {19111924}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2008.11.007}, } @Article{Ai:2007, author = {Ai, J. and Epstein, P. N. and Gozal, D. and Yang, B. and Wurster, R. and Cheng, Z. J.}, title = {Morphology and topography of nucleus ambiguus projections to cardiac ganglia in rats and mice.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2007}, volume = {149}, number = {4}, pages = {845--860}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Vagal efferent axons from the nucleus ambiguus (NA) innervate ganglionated plexuses in the dorsal surface of cardiac atria, which in turn, may have different functional roles in cardiac regulation. However, the morphology and topography of vagal efferent projections to these ganglionated plexuses in rats and mice have not been well delineated. In the present study, we injected the tracer 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3' tetramethylindocarbocyanine methanesulfonate (DiI) into the left NA to label vagal efferent axons and terminals in cardiac ganglia and administered Fluoro-Gold (FG) i.p. to stain cardiac ganglia. Then, we used confocal microscopy and a Neurolucida 3-D Digitization System to qualitatively and quantitatively examine the distribution and structure of cardiac ganglia, and NA efferent projections to cardiac ganglia in the whole-mounts of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and FVB mice. Our observations were: 1) Cardiac ganglia of different shapes and sizes were distributed in the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and lower pulmonary vein (LPV) regions on the dorsal surface of the atria. In each region, several ganglia formed a ganglionated plexus. The plexuses at different locations were interconnected by nerves. 2) Vagal efferent fibers ramified within cardiac ganglia, formed a complex network of axons, and innervated cardiac ganglia with very dense basket endings around individual cardiac principal neurons (PNs). 3) The percent of the PNs in cardiac ganglia which were innervated by DiI-labeled axons was 54.3+/-3.2\% in mice vs. 53.2+/-3.2\% in rats (P>0.10). 4) The density of axonal putative-synaptic varicosities on the surface of PNs was 0.15+/-0.02/microm(2) in mice vs. 0.16+/-0.02/microm(2) in rats (P>0.10). Thus, the distributions of cardiac ganglia and vagal efferent projections to cardiac ganglia in mice and rats were quite similar both qualitatively and quantitatively. Our study provides the structural foundation for future investigation of functional differentiation of ganglionated plexuses and the brain-heart circuitry in rodent models of human disease.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.062}, institution = {Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.}, keywords = {Amino Acids, metabolism; Animals; Atrioventricular Node, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, cytology/physiology; Imaging, Three-Dimensional, methods; Mice; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Nodose Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(07)00953-0}, pmid = {17942236}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.062}, } @Article{Ai:2007a, author = {Ai, Jing and Gozal, David and Li, Lihua and Wead, William B. and Chapleau, Mark W. and Wurster, Robert and Yang, Baofeng and Li, Hulun and Liu, Rugao and Cheng, Zixi}, title = {Degeneration of vagal efferent axons and terminals in cardiac ganglia of aged rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2007}, volume = {504}, number = {1}, pages = {74--88}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Baroreflex control of the heart rate is significantly reduced during aging. However, neural mechanisms that underlie such a functional reduction are not fully understood. We injected the tracer DiI into the left nucleus ambiguus (NA), then used confocal microscopy and a Neurolucida Digitization System to examine qualitatively and quantitatively vagal efferent projections to cardiac ganglia of young adult (5-6 months) and aged (24-25 months) rats (Sprague Dawley). Fluoro-Gold was injected intraperitoneally to counterstain cardiac ganglionic principal neurons (PNs). In aged, as in young rats, NA axons projected to all cardiac ganglia and formed numerous basket endings around PNs in the hearts. However, significant structural changes were found in aged rats compared with young rats. Vagal efferent axons contained abnormally swollen axonal segments and exhibited reduced or even absent synaptic-like terminals around PNs, such that the numbers of vagal fibers and basket endings around PNs were substantially reduced (P < 0.01). Furthermore, synaptic-like varicose contacts of vagal cardiac axons with PNs were significantly reduced by approximately 50\% (P < 0.01). These findings suggest that vagal efferents continue to maintain homeostatic control over the heart during aging. However, the marked morphological reorganization of vagal efferent axons and terminals in cardiac ganglia may represent the structural substrate for reduced vagal control of the heart rate and attenuated baroreflex function during aging.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21431}, institution = {Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA.}, keywords = {Aging, physiology; Animals; Baroreflex, physiology; Heart, innervation; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Nerve Degeneration, pathology; Neural Pathways, cytology/pathology; Neurons, Efferent, cytology/pathology; Nodose Ganglion, cytology/pathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vagus Nerve, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {17614301}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21431}, } @Article{Ai:2009, author = {Ai, J. and Wurster, R. D. and Harden, S. W. and Cheng, Z. J.}, title = {Vagal afferent innervation and remodeling in the aortic arch of young-adult fischer 344 rats following chronic intermittent hypoxia.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2009}, volume = {164}, number = {2}, pages = {658--666}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Previously, we have shown that chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) impairs baroreflex control of heart rate and augments aortic baroreceptor afferent function. In the present study, we examined whether CIH induces structural changes of aortic afferent axons and terminals. Young-adult Fischer 344 (F344, 4 months old) rats were exposed to room air (RA) or CIH for 35-45 days. After 14-24 days of exposure, they received tracer DiI injection into the left nodose ganglion to anterogradely label vagal afferent nerves. After surgery, animals were returned to their cages to continue RA or CIH exposure. Twenty-one days after DiI injection, the animals were sacrificed and the aortic arch was examined using confocal microscopy. In both RA and CIH rats, we found that DiI-labeled vagal afferent axons entered the wall of the aortic arch, then fanned out and branched into large receptive fields with numerous terminals (flower-sprays, end-nets and free endings). Vagal afferent axons projected much more to the anterior wall than to the posterior wall. In general, the flower-sprays, end-nets and free endings were widely and similarly distributed in the aortic arch of both groups. However, several salient differences between RA and CIH rats were found. Compared to RA control, CIH rats appeared to have larger vagal afferent receptive fields. The CIH rats had many abnormal flower-sprays, end-nets, and free endings which were intermingled and diffused into "bush-like" structures. However, the total number of flower-sprays was comparable (P>0.05). Since there was a large variance of the size of flower-sprays, we only sampled the 10 largest flower-sprays from each animal. CIH substantially increased the size of large flower-sprays (P<0.01). Numerous free endings with enlarged varicosities were identified, resembling axonal sprouting structures. Taken together, our data indicate that CIH induces significant remodeling of afferent terminal structures in the aortic arch of F344 rats. We suggest that such an enlargement of vagal afferent terminals may contribute to altered aortic baroreceptor function following CIH.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.066}, institution = {Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.}, keywords = {Aging; Animals; Anoxia, pathology/physiopathology; Aorta, Thoracic, innervation/pathology/physiopathology; Chronic Disease; Microscopy, Confocal; Neuronal Plasticity; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Neurons, Afferent, pathology/physiology; Nodose Ganglion, pathology/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Time Factors; Vagus Nerve, pathology/physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(09)01116-6}, pmid = {19580847}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.066}, } @Article{Aicher:2000a, author = {Aicher, S. A. and Goldberg, A. and Sharma, S. and Pickel, V. M.}, title = {mu-opioid receptors are present in vagal afferents and their dendritic targets in the medial nucleus tractus solitarius.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2000}, volume = {422}, number = {2}, pages = {181--190}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Ligands of the mu-opiate receptor (MOR) are known to influence many functions that involve vagal afferent input to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), including cardiopulmonary responses, gastrointestinal activity, and cortical arousal. The current study sought to determine whether a cellular substrate exists for direct modulation of vagal afferents and/or their neuronal targets in the NTS by ligands of the MOR. Anterograde tracing of vagal afferents arising from the nodose ganglion was achieved with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), and the MOR was detected by using antipeptide MOR antiserum. The medial subdivision of the intermediate NTS was examined by electron microscopy for the presence of peroxidase-labeled, BDA-containing vagal afferents and immunogold MOR labeling. MOR was present in both presynaptic axon terminals and at postsynaptic sites, primarily dendrites. In dendrites, MOR immunogold particles usually were located along extrasynaptic portions of the plasma membrane. Of 173 observed BDA-labeled vagal afferent axon terminals, 33\% contained immunogold labeling for MOR within the axon terminal. Many of these BDA-labeled terminals formed asymmetric, excitatory-type synapses with dendrites, some of which contained MOR immunogold labeling. MORs were present in 19\% of the dendrites contacted by BDA-labeled terminals but were present rarely in both the vagal afferent and its dendritic target. Together, these results suggest that MOR ligands modulate either the presynaptic release from or the postsynaptic responses to largely separate populations of vagal afferents in the intermediate NTS. These results provide a cellular substrate for direct actions of MOR ligands on primary visceral afferents and their second-order neuronal targets in NTS.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000626)422:2<181::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-g}, institution = {Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA. saaicher@med.cornell.edu}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Dendrites, metabolism/ultrastructure; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nodose Ganglion, metabolism/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Opioid, mu, metabolism; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Solitary Nucleus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Vagus Nerve, metabolism/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-G}, pmid = {10842226}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aicher:2014, author = {Aicher, Sue A. and Hegarty, Deborah M. and Hermes, Sam M.}, title = {Corneal pain activates a trigemino-parabrachial pathway in rats.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2014}, volume = {1550}, pages = {18--26}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Corneal pain is mediated by primary afferent fibers projecting to the dorsal horn of the medulla, specifically the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. In contrast to reflex responses, the conscious perception of pain requires transmission of neural activity to higher brain centers. Ascending pain transmission is mediated primarily by pathways to either the thalamus or parabrachial nuclei. We previously showed that some corneal afferent fibers preferentially contact parabrachial-projecting neurons in the rostral pole of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, but the role of these projection neurons in transmitting noxious information from the cornea has not been established. In the present study, we show that noxious stimulation of the corneal surface activates neurons in the rostral pole of the nucleus caudalis, including parabrachially projecting neurons that receive direct input from corneal afferent fibers. We used immunocytochemical detection of c-Fos protein as an index of neuronal activation after noxious ocular stimulation. Animals had previously received injections of a retrograde tracer into either thalamic or parabrachial nuclei to identify projection neurons in the trigeminal dorsal horn. Noxious stimulation of the cornea induced c-Fos in neurons sending projections to parabrachial nuclei, but not thalamic nuclei. We also confirmed that corneal afferent fibers identified with cholera toxin B preferentially target trigeminal dorsal horn neurons projecting to the parabrachial nucleus. The parabrachial region sends ascending projections to brain regions involved in emotional and homeostatic responses. Activation of the ascending parabrachial system may explain the extraordinary salience of stimulation of corneal nociceptors.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.002}, institution = {Science University, Mail code: L334, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States. Electronic address: hermess@ohsu.edu.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(14)00017-1}, pmid = {24418463}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.002}, } @Article{Aicher:2012a, author = {Aicher, S. A. and Hermes, S. M. and Hegarty, D. M.}, title = {Corneal afferents differentially target thalamic- and parabrachial-projecting neurons in spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2012}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Dorsal horn neurons send ascending projections to both thalamic nuclei and parabrachial nuclei; these pathways are thought to be critical pathways for central processing of nociceptive information. Afferents from the corneal surface of the eye mediate nociception from this tissue which is susceptible to clinically important pain syndromes. This study examined corneal afferents to the trigeminal dorsal horn and compared inputs to thalamic- and parabrachial-projecting neurons. We used anterograde tracing with cholera toxin B subunit to identify corneal afferent projections to trigeminal dorsal horn, and the retrograde tracer FluoroGold to identify projection neurons. Studies were conducted in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Our analysis was conducted at two distinct levels of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Vc) which receive corneal afferent projections. We found that corneal afferents project more densely to the rostral pole of Vc than the caudal pole. We also quantified the number of thalamic- and parabrachial-projecting neurons in the regions of Vc that receive corneal afferents. Corneal afferent inputs to both groups of projection neurons were also more abundant in the rostral pole of Vc. Finally, by comparing the frequency of corneal afferent appositions to thalamic- versus parabrachial-projecting neurons, we found that corneal afferents preferentially target parabrachial-projecting neurons in trigeminal dorsal horn. These results suggest that nociceptive pain from the cornea may be primarily mediated by a non-thalamic ascending pathway.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.033}, institution = {Science University, Mail Code: L334, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States. Electronic address: aichers@ohsu.edu.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(12)01144-X}, pmid = {23201828}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.033}, } @Article{Aicher:2012, author = {Aicher, Sue A. and Hermes, Sam M. and Whittier, Kelsey L. and Hegarty, Deborah M.}, title = {Descending projections from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) to trigeminal and spinal dorsal horns are morphologically and neurochemically distinct.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {2012}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, pages = {103--111}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) are thought to modulate nociceptive transmission via projections to spinal and trigeminal dorsal horns. The cellular substrate for this descending modulation has been studied with regard to projections to spinal dorsal horn, but studies of the projections to trigeminal dorsal horn have been less complete. In this study, we combined anterograde tracing from RVM with immunocytochemical detection of the GABAergic synthetic enzyme, GAD67, to determine if the RVM sends inhibitory projections to trigeminal dorsal horn. We also examined the neuronal targets of this projection using immunocytochemical detection of NeuN. Finally, we used electron microscopy to verify cellular targets. We compared projections to both trigeminal and spinal dorsal horns. We found that RVM projections to both trigeminal and spinal dorsal horn were directed to postsynaptic profiles in the dorsal horn, including somata and dendrites, and not to primary afferent terminals. We found that RVM projections to spinal dorsal horn were more likely to contact neuronal somata and were more likely to contain GAD67 than projections from RVM to trigeminal dorsal horn. These findings suggest that RVM neurons send predominantly GABAergic projections to spinal dorsal horn and provide direct input to postsynaptic neurons such as interneurons or ascending projection neurons. The RVM projection to trigeminal dorsal horn is more heavily targeted to dendrites and is only modestly GABAergic in nature. These anatomical features may underlie differences between trigeminal and spinal dorsal horns with regard to the degree of inhibition or facilitation evoked by RVM stimulation.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.11.002}, institution = {Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States. aichers@ohsu.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Chemistry, genetics/physiology; Gene Targeting, methods; Glutamate Decarboxylase, genetics/metabolism/physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Posterior Horn Cells, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Tracts, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Trigeminal Nerve, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0891-0618(11)00180-3}, pmid = {22119519}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.11.002}, } @Article{Aicher:1995a, author = {Aicher, S. A. and Kurucz, O. S. and Reis, D. J. and Milner, T. A.}, title = {Nucleus tractus solitarius efferent terminals synapse on neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {693}, number = {1-2}, pages = {51--63}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVL) contains neurons that are vasodepressor and are a critical component of the baroreceptor reflex pathway. While electrophysiological studies suggest that CVL neurons are intercalated in the baroreceptor pathway between the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL), there is no direct evidence for this projection. Therefore, we identified CVL neurons that project to RVL by retrogradely labelling them with wheat germ agglutinin-apo-horseradish peroxidase conjugated to colloidal gold (WAHG) injected into the RVL. Retrogradely labelled neurons were seen in previously identified vasodepressor areas of the rostral CVL that are critical for the baroreceptor reflex. Double labelling for WAHG and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry indicated that CVL neurons that project to the RVL (CVL --> RVL neurons) are distinct from the noradrenergic neurons of the A1 cell group. To establish the presence of a direct projection from the NTS to CVL --> RVL neurons, the retrograde tracer WAHG was pressure injected into the RVL and the anterograde tracer biocytin was iontophoresed into the NTS of anesthetized rats. After 4-6 h, anesthetized rats were perfused transcardially with 3.75\% acrolein in 2\% paraformaldehyde and sections through the CVL were processed for both markers. By light microscopy, numerous biocytin-labelled varicose processes overlapped neurons containing WAHG in the CVL. By electron microscopy, biocytin was found in myelinated and unmyelinated axons and in axon terminals (0.9 + 0.02 microns) that contained primarily small clear vesicles. These terminals formed predominantly asymmetric synapses on large (1.5-6.0 microns in diameter) dendrites within the CVL. Some of the post-synaptic perikarya and large dendrites contained WAHG associated with lysosomes and multivesicular bodies, indicating that they belong to neurons which project to the RVL. We conclude that CVL --> RVL neurons are (a) distinct from A1 noradrenergic cells; (b) receive direct synaptic contacts from NTS efferent terminals; (c) are potently and monosynaptically excited (asymmetric synapses) by NTS efferent terminals. These data support the hypothesis that CVL neurons are intercalated between the NTS and the RVL in the baroreceptor reflex pathway.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)00660-i}, institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Baroreflex, physiology; Catecholamines, analysis; Efferent Pathways; Gold, diagnostic use; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(95)00660-I}, pmid = {8653421}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aicher:2000, author = {S. A. Aicher and T. A. Milner and V. M. Pickel and D. J. Reis}, title = {Anatomical substrates for baroreflex sympathoinhibition in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {2000}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, pages = {107--110}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The fundamental neuronal substrates of the arterial baroreceptor reflex have been elucidated by combining anatomical, neurophysiological, and pharmacological approaches. A serial pathway between neurons located in the nuclei of the solitary tract (NTS), the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVL), and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL) plays a critical role in inhibition of sympathetic outflow following stimulation of baroreceptor afferents. In this paper, we summarize our studies using tract-tracing and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to define the potential functional sites for synaptic transmission within this circuitry. The results are discussed as they relate to the literature showing: (1) baroreceptor afferents excite second-order neurons in NTS through the release of glutamate; (2) these NTS neurons in turn send excitatory projections to neurons in the CVL; (3) GABAergic CVL neurons directly inhibit RVL sympathoexcitatory neurons; and (4) activation of this NTS-->CVL-->RVL pathway leads to disfacilitation of sympathetic preganglionic neurons by promoting withdrawal of their tonic excitatory drive, which largely arises from neurons in the RVL. Baroreceptor control may also be regulated over direct reticulospinal pathways exemplified by a newly recognized sympathoinhibitory region of the medulla, the gigantocellular depressor area. This important autonomic reflex may also be influenced by parallel, multiple, and redundant networks.}, doi = {10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00233-6}, institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA. saaicher@med.cornell.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Baroreflex, physiology; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Pressoreceptors, cytology/physiology; Rats; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0361-9230(99)00233-6}, pmid = {10709955}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aicher:1997, author = {Aicher, S. A. and Reis, D. J.}, title = {Gigantocellular vasodepressor area is tonically active and distinct from caudal ventrolateral vasodepressor area.}, journal = {Am J Physiol}, year = {1997}, volume = {272}, number = {3 Pt 2}, pages = {R731--R742}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The gigantocellular depressor area (GiDA) is a functionally defined subdivision of the medullary gigantocellular reticular formation where vasodepressor responses are evoked by glutamate microinjections (Aicher, S. A., D. J. Reis, D. A. Ruggiero, and T. A. Milner. Neuroscience 60: 761-779, 1994). The present experiments sought to determine whether the GiDA 1) tonically inhibits the sympathetic nervous system; 2) is necessary for baroreflex function; and 3) is functionally distinct from adjacent vasodepressor regions in the medullary reticular formation, including the midline raphe nuclei and the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVL). Excitotoxic lesions of the GiDA abolished the baroreflex and significantly increased sympathetic nerve activity in anesthetized rats. Equivalent injections into the midline raphe nuclei elevated sympathetic activity but did not alter baroreflex responses. Therefore, the GiDA is functionally distinct from the raphe nuclei, although both contain tonically active sympathoinhibitory neurons. Because the effects of GiDA lesions were identical to those seen after lesions of the CVL, further studies were required to demonstrate that the GiDA and CVL are functionally and anatomically distinct. First, intramedullary injections of kynurenic acid produced hypertension and blocked the baroreflex when placed in the CVL, but not when placed in the GiDA. Second, muscimol inactivation of the RVL blocked the hypertension produced by excitotoxic lesions of the CVL, but failed to block the hypertension produced by similar lesions of the GiDA. Third, CVL neurons project to the RVL but not the spinal cord, whereas GiDA neurons project to the spinal cord but not the RVL. These studies show that the CVL and GiDA are both tonically sympathoinhibitory regions, but they are distinct with regard to their functional connectivity with other autonomic regions.}, institution = {Division of Neurobiology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Aorta, innervation; Baroreflex, drug effects; Blood Pressure, drug effects; Brain Mapping; Efferent Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Glutamic Acid, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Kainic Acid, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Kynurenic Acid, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, drug effects/physiology; Microinjections; Muscimol, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Phenylephrine, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Raphe Nuclei, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology; Vasomotor System, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9087634}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/ajpregu/272/3/R731.full.pdf}, } @Article{Aicher:1995, author = {Aicher, S. A. and Reis, D. J. and Nicolae, R. and Milner, T. A.}, title = {Monosynaptic projections from the medullary gigantocellular reticular formation to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the thoracic spinal cord.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {363}, number = {4}, pages = {563--580}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Microinjection of L-glutamate into a restricted area of the medullary gigantocellular reticular formation, the gigantocellular depressor area (GiDA), lowers arterial pressure. Unlike the nuclei tractus solitarii and the caudal ventrolateral medulla, the two principle medullary vasodepressor areas, the GiDA projects directly to the spinal cord and not to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (Aicher et al. [1994] Neuroscience 60:761-779). We investigated whether neurons within GiDA directly innervate autonomic areas of the thoracic spinal cord. Fluoro-Gold injected into the thoracic spinal cord labeled neurons within functionally defined vasodepressor sites in the GiDA in the same animal. To examine the morphology of GiDA efferents to the spinal cord, the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin was iontophoresed into the GiDA, and efferent processes in the intermediolateral cell column and nucleus intercalatus spinalis were examined by electron microscopy. Labeling was confined to axons and axon terminals (n = 144) that usually contained primarily small clear vesicles, contacted large and small dendrites, and formed symmetric (inhibitory) synapses. To determine whether some of the postsynaptic targets of GiDA efferent terminals in the thoracic spinal cord were sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons, these neurons were retrogradely labeled from the adrenal gland with Fluoro-Gold in rats that had deposits of the anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), in the GiDA. Some BDA-containing terminals formed symmetric synapses with dendrites containing Fluoro-Gold. We conclude that a population of neurons in the GiDA monosynaptically innervates some sympathetic preganglionic neurons. The findings suggest the presence of a novel reticulospinal sympathoinhibitory projection originating in the GiDA.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903630405}, institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA.}, keywords = {Adrenergic Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, physiology/ultrastructure; Autonomic Pathways, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Glutamic Acid, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Histocytochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Microinjections; Microscopy, Electron; Phytohemagglutinins; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Stilbamidines; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8847418}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903630405}, } @Article{Aicher:1994, author = {S. A. Aicher and D. J. Reis and D. A. Ruggiero and T. A. Milner}, title = {Anatomical characterization of a novel reticulospinal vasodepressor area in the rat medulla oblongata.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1994}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, pages = {761--779}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Microinjection of L-glutamate into a subregion of the gigantocellular nucleus of the rat medulla oblongata significantly lowers arterial pressure. This vasodepressor area, the gigantocellular depressor area, is topographically distinct from other vasoactive areas of the medulla. We sought to determine the efferent projections of the gigantocellular depressor area and compare these to the efferent projections of sympathoexcitatory neurons within the rostral ventrolateral medulla. The anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin was deposited into sites in the gigantocellular depressor area or rostral ventrolateral medulla (pressor area) functionally defined as vasodepressor or vasopressor by microinjections of L-glutamate. Following Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin injections into the gigantocellular depressor area, labeled punctuate fibers were seen bilaterally within distinct areas of a number of autonomic regions including the nuclei of the solitary tract, subcoeruleus area, parabrachial complex, the medial medullary reticular formation of the medulla and pons, and laminae 7 and 10 of the thoracic spinal cord. Following deposits into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (pressor area), labeled fibers were seen in many of these same autonomic nuclei; however, efferents from the gigantocellular depressor area to the nucleus of the solitary tract, the parabrachial complex and the reticular formation were medial to rostral ventrolateral medulla (pressor area) efferents to these same areas. These data indicate that neurons within the gigantocellular depressor area and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (pressor area) project to autonomic nuclei throughout the central nervous system and further suggest a heterogeneity of function with regard to autonomic control both within the reticular formation and its efferent targets. In addition, these data support the view that the gigantocellular depressor area may be a novel reticulospinal sympathoinhibitory area.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(94)90503-7}, institution = {Cornell University Medical College, Division of Neurobiology, New York, NY 10021.}, keywords = {Animals; Blood Pressure, drug effects/physiology; Brain Mapping; Glutamic Acid, pharmacology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Microinjections; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Vasomotor System, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(94)90503-7}, pmid = {7936200}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aicher:1999, author = {S. A. Aicher and S. Sharma and V. M. Pickel}, title = {N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are present in vagal afferents and their dendritic targets in the nucleus tractus solitarius.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1999}, volume = {91}, number = {1}, pages = {119--132}, abstract = {N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors are present in the nodose ganglion, which contains the cell bodies of vagal afferents, and in the nucleus tractus solitarius, where these afferent fibers terminate. This suggests that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are located presynaptically on visceral vagal afferents and/or their target neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius. To test this hypothesis, we combined anterograde transport of biotinylated dextran amine, following injections into the left nodose ganglion, with electron microscopic immunogold labeling of antipeptide antiserum against the R1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in the nucleus tractus solitarius of rat brain. Within the medial nucleus tractus solitarius, the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor R1 immunoreactivity was seen in dendrites (39\% of 639 profiles), axons and axon terminals (41\%), and a few neuronal perikarya and glia. Many vagal afferent axons and terminals (40\% of 468 profiles) contained N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor R1 immunogold labeling. In addition, 42\% of the dendrites contacted by vagal afferent terminals (n = 206) contained N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor R1 immunoreactivity. In axons and dendrites, the gold particles were occasionally seen within asymmetric postsynaptic junctions or at non-synaptic sites on the plasma membrane. More commonly, however, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor R1 labeling was seen on membranes of vesicular cytoplasmic organelles, suggesting that there is abundant N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor protein available for activity-dependent mobilization to the plasmalemma. Since many vagal afferents are glutamatergic, our results implicate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in autoregulation of the presynaptic release and postsynaptic responses to glutamate at the level of the first central synapse in the nucleus tractus solitarius.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00530-2}, institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Dendrites, metabolism/ultrastructure; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neuroglia, drug effects/ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nodose Ganglion, cytology/physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, drug effects/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, drug effects/metabolism; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Vagus Nerve, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(98)00530-2}, pmid = {10336064}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aimi:1991, author = {Aimi, Y. and Fujimura, M. and Vincent, S. R. and Kimura, H.}, title = {Localization of NADPH-diaphorase-containing neurons in sensory ganglia of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {306}, number = {3}, pages = {382--392}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase activity was studied histochemically in the sensory ganglia of the rat. Supraspinally, the trigeminal ganglion possessed only a few cells positively stained for NADPH-diaphorase, while a large number of positive neurons was found in the nodose ganglion. In the dorsal root ganglia, the distribution of positive cells showed a peculiar pattern in relation to spinal levels. Very minor populations (less than 2\% of the total ganglionic cells) exhibited positive reaction in ganglia at levels ranging from the first cervical (C1) to fourth thoracic (T4) and from the second lumber (L2) through the entire sacral levels. In the middle to lower thoracic levels (from T5 to L1), however, abundant diaphorase-positive cells were observed. From these positive neurons it was possible to trace intensely stained nerve fibers. In the lower thoracic level, for example, dense positive fibers were seen in the ramus communicans. Retrograde tracing studies revealed that diaphorase-containing neurons in the lower thoracic level project at least partly to the gastric wall and the celiac ganglion. These results indicate that the diaphorase-positive ganglionic neurons in the thoracicolumbar levels may carry autonomic visceral afferent information. Double staining with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and peptide immunohistochemistry revealed that NADPH-diaphorase colocalizes with calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in many of these visceral afferent neurons.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903060303}, institution = {Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Ganglia, Spinal, chemistry/cytology; Male; NADPH Dehydrogenase, analysis; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neurons, enzymology; Neuropeptides, analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1864999}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903060303}, } @Article{Aimone:1988, author = {Aimone, L. D. and Bauer, C. A. and Gebhart, G. F.}, title = {Brain-stem relays mediating stimulation-produced antinociception from the lateral hypothalamus in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1988}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {2652--2663}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Several lines of evidence have demonstrated a role for the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in an endogenous system of descending inhibition. The present study, in rats lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital, was undertaken to examine systematically the organization in the brain stem of pathways mediating descending inhibition of the nociceptive tail flick (TF) reflex produced by focal electrical stimulation in the LH. The microinjection of lidocaine into the midbrain, dorsolateral pons, or medial medulla resulted in significant increases in stimulation thresholds in the LH for inhibition of the TF reflex (89.1, 67.4, and 73.6\%, respectively). Selective lesions of cell bodies in the midbrain or medulla by the neurotoxin ibotenic acid also produced significant increases in stimulation thresholds in the LH for inhibition of the TF reflex (31.6 and 131.6\%, respectively), thus revealing relays in the periaqueductal gray and the nucleus raphe magnus located between the LH and the lumbar spinal cord. The failure of ibotenic acid to affect LH-produced descending inhibition when microinjected into the dorsolateral pons, and the significant effect produced by lidocaine microinjected into the same area, implicates fibers of passage in the dorsolateral pons in descending inhibition of the TF reflex produced by focal electrical stimulation in the LH. The fluorescent dye Fast blue and HRP conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin were used to confirm that the area stimulated in the LH has reciprocal connections with the periaqueductal gray and nucleus raphe magnus.}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, physiology; Brain, physiology; Hot Temperature; Hypothalamus, physiology; Ibotenic Acid, pharmacology; Injections; Lidocaine, pharmacology; Male; Nociceptors, physiology; Pain; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3249250}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/8/7/2652}, } @Article{Aioun:2006, author = {Aïoun, Josiane and Rampin, Olivier}, title = {Anatomical evidence for glutamatergic transmission in primary sensory neurons and onto postganglionic neurons controlling penile erection in rats: an ultrastructural study with neuronal tracing and immunocytochemistry.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {2006}, volume = {323}, number = {3}, pages = {359--375}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {In male rats, the dorsal penile nerve (DPN) conveys sensory information from the genitals to the lumbosacral spinal segments of the spinal cord. DPN is the afferent limb of a reflex loop that supports reflexive erections, and that includes a network of spinal interneurons and autonomic and somatic motoneurons to the penis and perineal striated muscles. Autonomic efferent pathways to the penis relay in the major pelvic ganglion (MPG). Glutamate (Glu) is a likely candidate as a neurotransmitter of reflexive erections. Both AMPA and NMDA glutamatergic receptor subunits are present in the lumbosacral spinal cord, and AMPA and NMDA receptor antagonists block reflexive erections. In the present study, we used tract-tracing experiments combined with immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical techniques to ascertain the presence of Glu at two different levels of the network controlling reflexive erections. DPN afferents were localized in the dorsal horn of the lumbosacral cord and displayed the characteristics of either C-fibers or Adelta fibers. DPN terminals (some of them glutamatergic) were mainly distributed in the medial edge of the dorsal horn in the L6 spinal segment. GluR1 subunits were present in some DPN afferents, suggesting that they could be autoreceptors. DPN fibers were also present in the MPG, as were Glu terminals and GluR4 subunits. The results reveal the presence of Glu in DPN fibers and terminals and suggest that both the spinal cord and the MPG use glutamatergic transmission to control reflexive erections.}, doi = {10.1007/s00441-005-0080-5}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction et de la Prise Alimentaire, UR 1197 INRA-Bâtiment, 325-78352 Cedex, Jouy-en-Josas, France. aioun@jouy.inra.fr}, keywords = {Animals; Ganglia, Spinal, drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Lumbosacral Region; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; N-Methylaspartate, pharmacology; Nerve Fibers, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Penile Erection, drug effects/physiology; Penis, innervation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission; alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid, pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16307288}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-005-0080-5}, } @Article{Akaike:1992, author = {Akaike, T}, title = {The tectorecipient zone in the inferior olivary nucleus in the rat}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {320(3)}, pages = {398-414}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903200311}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aker:1987, author = {Aker, F. D.}, title = {Innervation of rat molar teeth: II. A quantitative analysis of primary sensory neurons innervating a mandibular molar tooth.}, journal = {Anat Rec}, year = {1987}, volume = {219}, number = {2}, pages = {186--192}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {This study was conducted to determine the source and number of primary sensory neurons (PSNs) innervating a mandibular molar tooth of a population of 15-18-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The pulpal tissue was exposed to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) pellets for 24 hours. Subsequently the animals were perfusion fixed and the following PSN structures were examined for the presence of HRP-labelled cells: trigeminal (TGs) and cervical dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and mesencephalic nucleus (MN). Only the TGs contained labelled cells and they thus were the sole source of PSN pulpal innervation. The number of TG cells was highly variable, 49-407, but most of this variability was attributable to insufficient HRP filling of the pulp chamber or leakage of HRP into periapical tissue. Selection of TGs whose respective experimental teeth demonstrated that HRP filled and was restricted to the pulp chamber revealed a narrower range of TG cells providing pulpal innervation to the first molars, 142- 288, with an average of 213. A detailed mapping of these cells indicated a somatotopic distribution within the mandibular territory of the TGs. It was concluded that these findings represent TG's contribution to the pulpal innervation of this specific population of rat first molar teeth. This suggests that from animal to animal the density of innervation may be quite variable and it is hypothesized that the sensitivity of the pulp would likewise vary. In addition, these findings may contribute to the explanation of why there is variability in the stimulus strength needed to elicit a pain response in the human dentition.}, doi = {10.1002/ar.1092190212}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Count; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Ganglia, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Mandible; Molar, innervation; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Nerve, cytology; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3688472}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092190212}, } @Article{Aker:2006, author = {Aker, Rezzan Gülhan and Ozyurt, Hazan B. and Yananli, Hasan R. and Cakmak, Yusuf Ozgür and Ozkaynakçi, Aydan E. and Sehirli, Umit and Saka, Erdinç and Cavdar, Safiye and Onat, Filiz Yilmaz}, title = {GABA(A) receptor mediated transmission in the thalamic reticular nucleus of rats with genetic absence epilepsy shows regional differences: functional implications.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2006}, volume = {1111}, number = {1}, pages = {213--221}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of local injections of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist, bicuculline, into the rostral and caudal parts of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), on the generation of spike-and-wave discharges in Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS). Spike-and-wave discharges are important in the pathophysiology of absence epilepsy and generated by the cortico-thalamo-cortical pathway, where GABA has a significant role, particularly in the TRN. Artificial cerebrospinal fluid or bicuculline was administered to rostral or caudal parts of TRN of GAERS through a stereotaxically placed guide cannula. Administration of bicuculline produced opposite effects according to the injection site. Administration into the caudal TRN produced statistically significant increases in the duration of spike-and-wave discharges, whereas injections into the rostral TRN produced significant decreases. Correspondingly, distinct patterns of afferent connections have been demonstrated with the wheat-germ-agglutinin horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) retrograde tracing method in control non-epileptic rats and GAERS for the rostral and caudal parts of the TRN. Injection of WGA-HRP tracer showed no detectable difference regarding the rostral and caudal connections between GAERS and Wistar animals. Rostral parts of TRN have thalamic and cortical connections that are primarily motor and limbic whereas for the caudal parts these connections are primarily sensory. Further, the rostral parts receive inputs from the substantia nigra pars reticularis and the ventral pallidum that the caudal part lacks. The extent to which these connectional differences may be responsible for the functional differences demonstrated by the bicucculine injections remains to be explored.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.118}, institution = {Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Istanbul 34668, Turkey.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Afferent Pathways, metabolism/physiopathology; Animals; Basal Ganglia, metabolism/physiopathology; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism/physiopathology; Disease Models, Animal; Epilepsy, Absence, genetics/metabolism/physiopathology; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; Genetic Predisposition to Disease, genetics; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, drug effects/metabolism/physiopathology; Neural Inhibition, drug effects/genetics; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, GABA-A, metabolism; Substantia Nigra, metabolism/physiopathology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/genetics; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(06)01994-9}, pmid = {16919245}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.118}, } @Article{Akesson:1994, author = {T. R. Akesson and C. Ulibarri and S. Truitt}, title = {Divergent axon collaterals originate in the estrogen receptive ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurobiol}, year = {1994}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {406--414}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) plays a crucial role in the mediation of lordosis by integrating predominantly inhibitory limbic signals with cyclic variation of ovarian steroids and sending a stimulatory output to the midbrain, especially the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Tract-tracing studies have established projections of the VMH and Golgi studies have shown these neurons to frequently give rise to axon collaterals, but the anatomical pattern of shared projections has not been explored. We have used a combination of retrograde tracers to map VMH projections to the medial division of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPNm), posterodorsal division of the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MeApd), and the PAG. Neurons with dual projections were mainly confined to the VMHvl and represented 31\%-37\% of each projection subset. Neurons simultaneously projecting to the MPNm, MeApd, and PAG represented 7\%-9\% of each projection subset. By combining tract-tracing with steroid autoradiography, we found that approximately one-quarter of each projection subset in the VMHvl concentrated 3H-estradiol. Thus, some of the VMHvl neurons that communicate a facilitatory signal to the PAG may also act to stimulate lordosis through a feedback suppression of the net inhibition formed by efferent signals from the forebrain. The even distribution of estrogen binding among projection subsets suggests a lack of compartmentalization of estrogen-regulated processes that are relevant to lordosis.}, doi = {10.1002/neu.480250406}, institution = {Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Brain Mapping; Female; Limbic System, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology; Rats; Receptors, Estrogen, metabolism/physiology; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8077966}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/neu.480250406}, } @Article{Akhter:2014, author = {Akhter, F. and Haque, T. and Sato, F. and Kato, T. and Ohara, H. and Fujio, T. and Tsutsumi, K. and Uchino, K. and Sessle, B. J. and Yoshida, A.}, title = {Projections from the dorsal peduncular cortex to the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn) and other lower brainstem areas in rats.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2014}, volume = {266}, pages = {23--37}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {This study has revealed direct projections from the dorsal peduncular cortex (DP) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPfC) to the trigeminal brainstem sensory nuclear complex and other lower brainstem areas in rats. We first examined the distribution of mPfC neurons projecting directly to the medullary dorsal horn (trigeminal subnucleus caudalis [Vc]) and trigeminal subnucleus oralis (Vo) which are known to receive direct projections from the lateral prefrontal cortex (insular cortex). After injections of the retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG) into the rostro-dorsomedial part of laminae I/II of Vc (rdm-I/II-Vc), many neurons were labeled bilaterally (with an ipsilateral predominance) in the rostrocaudal middle level of DP (mid-DP) and not in other mPfC areas. After FG injections into the lateral and caudal parts of laminae I/II of Vc, or the Vo, no neurons were labeled in the mPfC. We then examined projections from the mid-DP by using the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextranamine (BDA). After BDA injections into the mid-DP, many axons and terminals were labeled bilaterally (with an ipsilateral predominance) in the rdm-I/II-Vc, periaqueductal gray and solitary tract nucleus, and ipsilaterally in the parabrachial nucleus and trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. In addition, the connections of the mid-DP with the insular cortex were examined. Many BDA-labeled axons and terminals from the mid-DP were also found ipsilaterally in the caudalmost level of the granular and dysgranular insular cortex (GI/DI). After BDA injections into the caudalmost GI/DI, many axons and terminals were labeled ipsilaterally in the mid-DP. The projections from the mid-DP to the rdm-I/II-Vc and other brainstem nuclei suggest that mid-DP neurons may regulate intraoral and perioral sensory processing (including nociceptive processing) of rdm-I/II-Vc neurons directly or indirectly through the brainstem nuclei. The reciprocal connections between the mid-DP and caudalmost GI/DI suggest that this regulation may involve mid-DP interactions with the caudalmost GI/DI neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.046}, institution = {Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address: yoshida@dent.osaka-u.ac.jp.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(14)00067-0}, pmid = {24502921}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.046}, } @Article{Akintunde:1992, author = {A. Akintunde and D. F. Buxton}, title = {Origins and collateralization of corticospinal, corticopontine, corticorubral and corticostriatal tracts: a multiple retrograde fluorescent tracing study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1992}, volume = {586}, number = {2}, pages = {208--218}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Cerebral cells of origin for the corticospinal (CST), corticopontine (CP), corticorubral (CR) and corticostriatal (CS) fibers in the rat were identified following the simultaneous retrograde transport of propidium iodide (PI), fast blue (FB), fluorogold (FG) and diamidino yellow (DY). PI was injected into the contralateral C4 spinal cord segment while FB, FG and DY were injected into the ipsilateral medial pontine nuclei, red nucleus and striatum, respectively. Labeled pyramidal neurons projecting corticospinal axons were contralateral to injection in lamina V and ranged in size from small to large. These CST neurons occupied two distinct cortical areas. The cortical neurons of origin for the corticopontine, corticorubral and corticostriatal fibers were ipsilateral to injections. Labeled neurons were localized in cortical lamina V for the corticopontine and corticorubral fibers while corticostriate neurons were located in laminae III, V and VI. The CP, CR and CS labeled cells occupied one large cortical area which topographically included parts of the medial (AGm) and lateral (AGl) agranular cortices and the primary (SI) somatosensory cortex. Considerable overlapping of the cortical neurons of origin for the four motor fiber systems was apparent. More than 98\% of the labeled cells were single labeled while less than 2\% were double labeled. No triple or quadruple labeled neurons were observed. Hence, morphological evidence is presented that cortical motor neurons project mainly individual, rather than collateral, axons to each of the four motor associated nuclei investigated in this study. However, only a few cortical neurons projected axons simultaneously to a maximum of two nuclei involved in the motor pathways.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(92)91629-s}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849-5518.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology; Pons, chemistry; Pyramidal Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Spinal Cord, chemistry}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(92)91629-S}, pmid = {1381650}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Akintunde:1992a, author = {Akintunde, A. and Buxton, D. F.}, title = {Quadruple labeling of brain-stem neurons: a multiple retrograde fluorescent tracer study of axonal collateralization.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {1992}, volume = {45}, number = {1-2}, pages = {15--22}, abstract = {Four different fluorochromes were injected into adjacent cervical spinal cord segments, 1 unique tracer per segment. Each tracer, Fluoro-Gold, Fast Blue, Diamidino Yellow dihydrochloride and Propidium Iodide, was taken up by axonal terminals and transported intra-axonally in a retrograde direction to the cell bodies. Some, though by no means all, of these axons were stem axons with terminals in 2, 3 or 4 of the injected spinal segments. Hence as many as 4 different fluorescent tracers could be discerned simultaneously within individual neuronal somata of origin using fluorescent microscopy. These results extend the possibilities for multiple interconnection determinations within the central nervous system. Specifically, the potential for individual neurons of a nucleus to project collateral branches of a stem axon to as many as 4 different central nervous system nuclei now can be studied simultaneously using these 4 fluorescent tracers.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-0270(92)90039-g}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849-5518.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, cytology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, ultrastructure; Propidium, diagnostic use; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0165-0270(92)90039-G}, pmid = {1283430}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Akoryan:1988, author = {E. V. Akoryian and T. M. Zagorul'ko}, title = {[Differences in the sensory support of the anterior and posterior sections of the limbic cortex of the rat].}, journal = {Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol}, year = {1988}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {396--403}, abstract = {Using retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase, studies have been made on the thalamic projections in the anterior and posterior parts of the limbic cortex with special reference to exterosensory system projections (visual, auditory and somatic). Projections of the retinorecipient nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus and classic thalamic visual relays (n. geniculatus lateralis dorsalis, n. lateralis posterior, pretectum) were found in the anterior and posterior limbic cortex. There are also inputs from the thalamic relays of the auditory (n. geniculatus medialis) and somatic (n. ventralis posterior) systems in the posterior limbic cortex The data obtained indicate: 1) that sensory supply of the limbic cortex in rats may be realized via direct pathways from sensory thalamic relays; 2) that thalamic sensory supply of the anterior limbic cortex differs from that of the posterior one. In the former, projections of the thalamic relays of the visual, auditory and somatic systems were found, whereas in the posterior cortex only visual system is presented. Topographic organization of the thalamic nuclear areas sending afferents to the anterior limbic cortex differs from that of the posterior limbic cortex.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Limbic System, cytology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/physiology; Rats; Sensation, physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology}, language = {rus}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2459867}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Al-Abdulla:1998, author = {N. A. Al-Abdulla and L. J. Martin}, title = {Apoptosis of retrogradely degenerating neurons occurs in association with the accumulation of perikaryal mitochondria and oxidative damage to the nucleus.}, journal = {Am J Pathol}, year = {1998}, volume = {153}, number = {2}, pages = {447--456}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The mechanisms for neuronal apoptosis after axotomy and target deprivation in the adult central nervous system are poorly understood. We used a unilateral occipital cortex ablation model in the adult rat to test the hypothesis that apoptotic retrograde neurodegeneration in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus occurs in association with oxidative stress and mitochondrial abnormalities. Immunodetection of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, a marker for oxidative injury to DNA, demonstrated that these apoptotic neurons undergo oxidative stress. Dual immunolabeling for the retrograde tracer Fluorogold to identify projection neurons and for 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine demonstrated that apoptotic, oxidatively damaged neurons are geniculocortical projection neurons. By electron microscopy, degeneration of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus neurons evolved in association with a transient increase in mitochondria within the perikaryon of dying neurons during the transition between chromatolysis and early apoptosis. The morphological integrity of mitochondria was preserved until late in the progression of apoptosis. The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus ipsilateral to the cortical lesion had a transient increase in cytochrome c oxidase activity, and geniculocortical neurons at the transitional, early apoptotic stage accumulated cytochrome c oxidase activity. We conclude that axotomy-induced, retrograde neuronal apoptosis in the adult central nervous system occurs in association with the accumulation of functionally active mitochondria within the perikaryon and oxidative damage to nuclear DNA.}, doi = {10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65588-5}, institution = {Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2196, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Apoptosis; Axotomy; Cell Nucleus, pathology/ultrastructure; Electron Transport Complex IV, metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria, pathology/physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, enzymology/pathology/ultrastructure; Occipital Lobe, physiology; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retrograde Degeneration, pathology/physiopathology; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0002-9440(10)65588-5}, pmid = {9708805}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65588-5}, } @Article{Al-Abdulla:1998a, author = {N. A. Al-Abdulla and C. Portera-Cailliau and L. J. Martin}, title = {Occipital cortex ablation in adult rat causes retrograde neuronal death in the lateral geniculate nucleus that resembles apoptosis.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1998}, volume = {86}, number = {1}, pages = {191--209}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The mechanisms of retrograde neurodegeneration following axotomy and target deprivation in the adult central nervous system remain poorly understood. We used a unilateral occipital cortex ablation model in adult rats to test the hypothesis that retrograde neurodegeneration in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus resembles apoptosis. Using the retrograde tracer Fluorogold, combined with nuclear dyes or the terminal transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling method for detecting nuclear DNA fragmentation, apoptotic geniculocortical projection neurons were identified at approximately. six to seven days postlesion. Degeneration of dorsal lateral geniculate neurons was characterized by aberrant accumulation of perikaryal non-phosphorylated neurofilaments and, ultrastructurally, by early vacuolation and subsequent swelling of dendrites. Ultrastructural alterations in the perikaryon of dying dorsal lateral geniculate neurons included the classic chromatolytic response, with redistribution of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and dispersion of free ribosomes followed by fragmentation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as dilatation and vesiculation of the Golgi, and accumulation of intact mitochondria. Subcellular alterations evolved into classic apoptotic changes, including progressive cytoplasmic and nuclear condensation with chromatin compaction into uniformly large round clumps, while the morphological integrity of mitochondria was preserved until late in the progression of neuronal death. Cytoplasmic and then nuclear fragments budded into the surrounding neuropil and were engulfed by oligodendrocytes. We conclude that the retrograde neurodegeneration of geniculocortical neurons in adult brain results in neuronal death which has a phenotype that closely resembles apoptosis. The morphological changes that occur during this process progress from chromatolysis through consecutive stages associated with apoptosis.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00014-1}, institution = {Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Apoptosis; Axons, pathology/ultrastructure; DNA Fragmentation; Dendrites, pathology/ultrastructure; Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough, pathology/ultrastructure; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/pathology; Male; Nerve Degeneration, pathology; Neurons, cytology/pathology/ultrastructure; Occipital Lobe, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Ribosomes, pathology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(98)00014-1}, pmid = {9692754}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Albanese:1982, author = {A. Albanese and M. Bentivoglio}, title = {The organization of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic mesencephalo-cortical neurons in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1982}, volume = {238}, number = {2}, pages = {421--425}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The dopamine containing mesencephalo-cortical pathway was studied in the rat by means of a combined retrograde fluorescent tracing and catecholamine histofluorescence technique. After large injections of the fluorescent retrograde tracer, Evans blue, into the frontal cortex, many neural somata of the ventral midbrain tegmentum were retrogradely labeled; most of the retrogradely labeled neurons also showed catecholamine fluorescence. However, some labeled cells (10-15\%) did not show any catecholamine fluorescence. The present findings confirm the existence of a non-dopaminergic (DA) mesencephalo-cortical pathway and describe the topographical interrelationships between its DA and the non-DA cell bodies of origin.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(82)90117-2}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Dopamine, metabolism; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(82)90117-2}, pmid = {7093662}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Albanese:1982a, author = {A. Albanese and M. Bentivoglio}, title = {Retrograde fluorescent neuronal tracing combined with acetylcholinesterase histochemistry.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {1982}, volume = {6}, number = {1-2}, pages = {121--127}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The retrograde fluorescent tracing technique was combined with the di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) histochemical procedure for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Three fluorescent tracers (True blue, Fast blue and Evans blue) were injected into the rat striatum. After the appropriate survival time and after the administration of DFP, AChE reaction products could be observed in the fluorescent retrogradely labeled substantia nigra neurons. The fluorescent retrograde labeling and AChE brown reaction products were observed in the same cell bodies by simply turning on and off the bright-field illumination while observing with fluorescence. The sensitivity of the method appeared to be related to the length of the survival time after the tracer injection as well as after the DFP administration. This combined method allows to study the efferent connections of AChE-containing neurons in the central nervous system.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-0270(82)90022-x}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Fluorescent Dyes; Microscopy, Fluorescence, methods; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Neurons, enzymology; Rats; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0165-0270(82)90022-X}, pmid = {7121056}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Albanese:1985, author = {Albanese, A. and Castagna, M. and Altavista, M. C.}, title = {Cholinergic and non-cholinergic forebrain projections to the interpeduncular nucleus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {329}, number = {1-2}, pages = {334--339}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {A combined fluorescent retrograde tracing and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemical technique was used for the study of some forebrain projections to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). After injections of a fluorescent tracer into the IPN, the distribution of AChE-containing and of fluorescent retrogradely labeled neurons was simultaneously studied in the habenular nuclei, medial septum and diagonal band of Broca. In all these regions, the majority of retrogradely labeled neurons also contained AChE: neurons located in the habenular nuclei stained lightly or moderately for the enzyme, while neurons located in the diagonal band and medial septum displayed intense AChE staining and were classified as putatively cholinergic perikarya. In all regions, a minority of labeled neurons did not stain for AChE, and were identified as non-cholinergic neurons projecting to the IPN. The present study shows the existence of a biochemical heterogeneity in the habenulo-interpeduncular and telencephalo- interpeduncular pathways, and indicates that the latter contains putatively cholinergic as well as non-cholinergic fibers.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)90545-1}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Cholinergic Fibers; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Histocytochemistry; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3978455}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Albanese:1983, author = {A. Albanese and D. Minciacchi}, title = {Organization of the ascending projections from the ventral tegmental area: a multiple fluorescent retrograde tracer study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1983}, volume = {216}, number = {4}, pages = {406--420}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The projections from the ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) to the frontal cortex (FC), lateral septum (LS), were investigated in the rat by means of the double retrograde fluorescent tracer technique. True blue and fast blue were used in combination with nuclear yellow as retrograde tracers. After combined injections placed into two different terminal fields, many singly and some doubly labeled neurons were seen in the midbrain. In all cases the labeled cells were observed in the ipsilateral VTA, while after injections placed into the LS and Acc some fluorescent neurons were also seen in the contralateral VTA. The patterns of distribution of the labeled neurons showed a topographic organization of the VTA efferent pathways. However, some degree of overlapping was evident in the distribution of cells retrogradely labeled from different terminal fields. The number of the doubly labeled neurons varied according to the sites of combined injections, but in each experiment it never exceeded 10\% of the total number of labeled perikarya. Doubly labeled neurons were particularly numerous after combined injections placed into the FC, LS, or LH; on the contrary, very few doubly labeled cells were observed after combined injections placed into the CPu and LS or LH. The organization of the ascending VTA projections suggests that they are probably integrated into different anatomical sets.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902160406}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synaptic Transmission; Tegmentum Mesencephali, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6308073}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902160406}, } @Article{Albe-Fessard:1983, author = {Albe-Fessard, D. and Condes-Lara, M. and Sanderson, P.}, title = {The focal tonic cortical control of intralaminar thalamic neurons may involve a cortico-thalamic loop.}, journal = {Acta Morphol Hung}, year = {1983}, volume = {31}, number = {1-3}, pages = {9--26}, abstract = {The effects exerted by the cortex on thalamic neuronal activity were studied using the technique of cortical spreading depression. Glass micropipette recordings were made simultaneously in the thalamus and cortex and we found that the activity of a portion of the thalamic neurons was suppressed when the cortical spreading depression arrived at a particular and localised cortical area, which was different for different thalamic nuclei. The suppression of spontaneous activity was longer and more frequently observed for cells of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei. To determine if the action of the cortex on the intralaminar thalamic nuclei, demonstrated by these experiments, involved a monosynaptic pathway we used both electrophysiological and anatomical methods. When recording in the cortical area which we had found to control intralaminar thalamic activity we observed that, antidromic activation and also a pause of cortical cells was produced by intralaminar stimulation. When HRP was injected into the intralaminar nuclei we found retrogradely labelled cells in the same cortical area. To determine if a reciprocal connection exists we injected HRP into the same cortical area; retrogradely labelled cells were subsequently found in the intralaminar nuclei. A reciprocal cortico-thalamic connection thus appears to exist between the controlling cortical area and the intralaminar thalamic region under this control. The possibility that this loop is involved in the facilitatory descending influence exerted on intralaminar nuclei is discussed.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Cortical Spreading Depression; Electric Stimulation; Male; Neural Inhibition; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6312777}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alcaraz:2016, author = {Alcaraz, Fabien and Marchand, Alain R. and Courtand, Gilles and Coutureau, Etienne and Wolff, Mathieu}, title = {Parallel inputs from the mediodorsal thalamus to the prefrontal cortex in the Rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2016}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {There is a growing interest in determining the functional contribution of thalamic inputs to cortical functions. In the context of adaptive behaviors, identifying the precise role of the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) in particular remains difficult despite the large amount of experimental data available. A better understanding of the thalamocortical connectivity of this region may help to capture its functional role. To address this issue, the present study focused exclusively on the specific connections from the MD to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) by mean of direct comparisons of labeling produced by single and dual injections of retrograde tracers in the different subdivisions of the PFC in the Rat. We show that at least three parallel and essentially separate thalamocortical pathways originate from the MD, as follows: projections to the dorsal (1) and the ventral (2) subdivisions of the mPFC follow a mediolateral topography at the thalamic level (i.e. medial thalamic neurons target the mPFC ventrally whereas lateral thalamic neurons project dorsally), whereas a considerable innervation to the OFC (3) includes thalamic cells projecting to both the lateral and the ventral OFC subdivisions. These observations provide new insight on the functions of the MD and suggest a specific focus on each of these pathways for future functional studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1111/ejn.13316}, institution = {Université de Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33076, Bordeaux, France.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {27319754}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13316}, } @Article{Alcaraz:2015, author = {Alcaraz, Fabien and Marchand, Alain R. and Vidal, Elisa and Guillou, Alexandre and Faug{\`{e}}re, Ang{\'{e}}lique and Coutureau, Etienne and Wolff, Mathieu}, title = {Flexible Use of Predictive Cues beyond the Orbitofrontal Cortex: Role of the Submedius Thalamic Nucleus.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2015}, volume = {35}, number = {38}, pages = {13183--13193}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is known to play a crucial role in learning the consequences of specific events. However, the contribution of OFC thalamic inputs to these processes is largely unknown. Using a tract-tracing approach, we first demonstrated that the submedius nucleus (Sub) shares extensive reciprocal connections with the OFC. We then compared the effects of excitotoxic lesions of the Sub or the OFC on the ability of rats to use outcome identity to direct responding. We found that neither OFC nor Sub lesions interfered with the basic differential outcomes effect. However, more specific tests revealed that OFC rats, but not Sub rats, were disproportionally relying on the outcome, rather than on the discriminative stimulus, to guide behavior, which is consistent with the view that the OFC integrates information about predictive cues. In subsequent experiments using a Pavlovian contingency degradation procedure, we found that both OFC and Sub lesions produced a severe deficit in the ability to update Pavlovian associations. Altogether, the submedius therefore appears as a functionally relevant thalamic component in a circuit dedicated to the integration of predictive cues to guide behavior, previously conceived as essentially dependent on orbitofrontal functions. Significance statement: In the present study, we identify a largely unknown thalamic region, the submedius nucleus, as a new functionally relevant component in a circuit supporting the flexible use of predictive cues. Such abilities were previously conceived as largely dependent on the orbitofrontal cortex. Interestingly, this echoes recent findings in the field showing, in research involving an instrumental setup, an additional involvement of another thalamic nuclei, the parafascicular nucleus, when correct responding requires an element of flexibility (Bradfield et al., 2013a). Therefore, the present contribution supports the emerging view that limbic thalamic nuclei may contribute critically to adaptive responding when an element of flexibility is required after the establishment of initial learning.}, comment = {mathieu.wolff@u-bordeaux.fr}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1237-15.2015}, institution = {Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, 33076 Bordeaux, France mathieu.wolff@u-bordeaux.fr.}, keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Conditioning (Psychology), physiology; Conditioning, Operant; Cues; Dextrans, metabolism; Discrimination (Psychology); Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, toxicity; Extinction, Psychological, physiology; Male; Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus, physiology; N-Methylaspartate, toxicity; Neural Pathways, physiology; Predictive Value of Tests; Prefrontal Cortex, injuries/physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {35/38/13183}, pmid = {26400947}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1237-15.2015}, } @Article{Alden:1994, author = {Alden, M. and Besson, J. M. and Bernard, J. F.}, title = {Organization of the efferent projections from the pontine parabrachial area to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and neighboring regions: a PHA-L study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1994}, volume = {341}, number = {3}, pages = {289--314}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The organization of efferent projections from the pontine parabrachial (pPB) area to the forebrain rostral to the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) was studied in the rat by using microinjections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), into subregions of the pPB area. The present study is a follow-up of a former study (Bernard et al. [1993] J. Comp. Neurol. 329:201-229) which examines pPB projections onto the Ce. The results demonstrate that: (1) the pPB(m) region (the medial, the ventral lateral subnuclei and the waist area) diffusely projects to the lateral division (BSTL) of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), the Ce-BSTL continuum (including, the dorsal portion of substantia innominata, the ventral portion of globus pallidus, the fundus striatum, and the substriatal area) and to a lesser extent the agranular insular cortex; (2) the pPB(1) region [the central lateral (pPBcl) and the outer portion of external lateral subnuclei] densely projects to the dorsal lateral subnucleus of BST (BSTdl); only the pPBcl subnucleus projects to the median, the anteroventral and the periventricular nuclei of the preoptic hypothalamus; and (3) the remaining pPB area (the dorsal lateral, part of the external lateral and the external medial subnuclei) projects to the nucleus of horizontal limb of diagonal band but does not project onto the BST and the preoptic hypothalamus. It is suggested that the pPB(m)-BSTL "diffuse pathway" is mainly implicated in motivational and autonomic aspects of taste. The pPB(1)-BSTdl and hypothalamic "concentrated pathways" could be implicated in autonomic and nociceptive processes.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903410302}, institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux and EPHE, INSERM U 161, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology; Substantia Innominata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7515078}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903410302}, } @Article{Aldes:1988, author = {L. D. Aldes}, title = {Thalamic connectivity of rat somatic motor cortex.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1988}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {333--348}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to investigate certain organizational features regarding the connectional relationships between the somatic motor cortex (SMI) and dorsal thalamus in the rat. This was accomplished by applying microiontophoretically horseradish peroxidase and tritiated amino acids into low threshold stimulation sites within hindlimb, forelimb and face representations of the SMI as defined by intracortical microstimulation. Injections into the SMI produced labeling in distinct sets of specific and non-specific thalamic nuclei. The former included the ventrolateral (VL), ventromedial (VM), posteromedial (Pom) and posterior (Po) nuclei, and the latter included the centrolateral (CL), paracentral (PC), centromedial (CeM) and parafascicular (PF) nuclei. The densest labeling, both retrograde and anterograde, was found in the VL, and to a slightly lesser extent, in the Pom nuclei. Labeling of specific nuclei was more extensive than in non-specific groups. Thalamic-SMI projections were reciprocal in nature with the exception of the reticular thalamic nucleus (R). The ventrobasal (VB) nucleus was labeled only after injections into the SMI representations of the hindlimb and forelimb. A topographic organization between the SMI and dorsal thalamic nuclei was indicated by the varied position of label following injections into different cortical representations. Injections into the hindlimb representation resulted in labeling in the rostrodorsolateral VL, ventrolateral VM, rostrodorsomedial Pom, dorsal Po, rostrodorsolateral R, dorsolateral PF, CL and PC. In contrast, injections into the face representation resulted in labeling in the caudoventromedial VL, dorsolateral VM, caudoventrolateral Pom, ventral Po, caudoventromedial R, ventrolateral PF, the PC, CeM and ventral CL. The position of thalamic labeling following injections into the forelimb representation was intermediate between that for hindlimb and face representations. In coronal section, distinct patterns of labeling were identified in all specific thalamic nuclei following injections into each topographic region of the SMI. In the VL, labeling appeared as an obliquely-oriented, longitudinal strip or band (more C-shaped following injections of the hindlimb representation); in the VM as a horizontal strip; in the Pom as an irregular V-shaped band; and in the Po as a circular-to-ovoid cluster. No distinct patterns of labeling were discerned in non-specific nuclei. Labeling in the anterior grouping of non-specific nuclei overlapped to a large extent, but this was not the case in either the specific thalamic nuclei or the PF nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(88)90063-9}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile 36688.}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Facial Muscles, innervation/physiology; Female; Forelimb, innervation/physiology; Hindlimb, innervation/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(88)90063-9}, pmid = {2452673}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aldes:1990, author = {L. D. Aldes}, title = {Topographically organized projections from the nucleus subceruleus to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat: a light and electron microscopic study with complementary axonal transport techniques.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {302}, number = {3}, pages = {643--656}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Projections from the nucleus subceruleus (nSC) to the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) were investigated with complementary retrograde and anterograde axonal transport techniques at the light and electron microscopic level in the rat. Injections of WGA-HRP into XII resulted in labeling of neurons in and around the nSC. Labeled nSC neurons were few in number (less than 4 per 40-60 microns sections) and variable in size and shape. Most labeled nSC neurons were medium-sized (mean = 16.89 microns), fusiform, triangular, or oval, with 3-4 dendrites typically oriented dorsomedially and ventrolaterally. These neurons were found throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the nSC but were most numerous medial, dorsomedial, and ventromedial to the motor trigeminal nucleus. Others were observed rostral to the motor trigeminal nucleus and ventral to the parabrachial nuclear complex. Confirmation of retrograde results was obtained following injections of tritiated amino acids or WGA-HRP into the nSC. This resulted in labeling throughout the rostrocaudal extent of XII mainly ipsilaterally. Labeled fibers descended the brainstem in the dorsolateral and, to a lesser extent, in the ventromedial component of Probst's tract. Fibers entered XII mainly rostrally along the lateral border of the nucleus. All regions of XII were recipients of nSC afferents, but the caudoventromedial quadrant contained the greatest density of terminal labeling. Electron microscopic evaluation confirmed that nSC afferents synapsed on motoneurons in XII. Axon terminals containing WGA-HRP reaction product were found contacting dendrites and somata, but primarily the former (81.3\% versus 10.6\%). Axodendritic terminals synapsed mainly on medium-to-small sized dendrites (less than 3 microns in diameter). The majority of labeled axodendritic terminals (90.1\%) contained small, round, and clear synaptic vesicles (S-type: 20-50 nm) and were associated with an asymmetric (60.6\%), symmetric (11.4\%), or no (18\%) postsynaptic specialization. By contrast, most axosomatic terminals contained flattened vesicles (F-type) and formed a symmetric or no postsynaptic specialization (75\%). Large dense core vesicles (55-90 nm) were observed within a small proportion of all labeled axon terminals (1.3\%). The results from this study demonstrate that the nSC projects to XII, preferentially targets a specific subgrouping of protrusor motoneurons, and synapses on both somata and dendrites, although mainly on the latter. The implications of these data are discussed relative to tongue control.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903020318}, institution = {Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile 36688.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/ultrastructure; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypoglossal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/ultrastructure; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Electron; Motor Neurons, cytology/ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/ultrastructure; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, ultrastructure; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1702122}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020318}, } @Article{Aldes:1995, author = {L. D. Aldes}, title = {Subcompartmental organization of the ventral (protrusor) compartment in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {353}, number = {1}, pages = {89--108}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The extent and myotopic organization of the ventral (protrusor) compartment of the hypoglossal nucleus (nXII) in the rat is controversial. Of particular concern is the location of motoneurons that innervate the intrinsic (verticalis, transversus) as compared to extrinsic (genioglossus) tongue protrusor muscles. These issues were investigated with retrograde transport, lesion/degeneration/immunocytochemical, and classic Golgi staining techniques. Results from these experiments demonstrate the following: (1) the ventral compartment extends the entire rostrocaudal length of nXII and is organized into three longitudinally oriented subcompartments, one medial and one lateral within the boundaries of nXII, and one outside the confines of nXII, defined as the lateral accessory subcompartment; 2) the medial and lateral subcompartments contain motoneurons that innervate the intrinsic (verticalis, transversus) and extrinsic (genioglossus) tongue protrusor muscles, respectively, while the lateral accessory subcompartment innervates the geniohyoid muscle; (3) ventral subcompartments are unequal in size and vary along the rostrocaudal dimension of nXII. The medial subcompartment is largest caudally and smallest rostrally, while the converse is true for the lateral subcompartment. By contrast, the lateral accessory subcompartment is present only along the caudal one-half of nXII; (4) medial and lateral subcompartments are further organized into smaller subgroups. Medial and centromedial subgroups are discernible within the medial subcompartment, lateral and centrolateral subgroups within the lateral subcompartment. Both medial and lateral subgroups extend throughout the rostrocaudal length of nXII, whereas the centromedial and centrolateral subgroups are present only along the middle two-thirds of nXII where they form a central motoneuron band; (5) there is an inverse myotopic organization within the medial and lateral subcompartments such that proximal and distal portions of intrinsic and extrinsic protrusor muscles receive innervation from rostral and caudal motoneurons, respectively; and (6) there is a correlation between motoneuron morphology (size, shape and dendritic field domains), subcompartment localization, and myotopic specificity. Motoneurons in the medial subcompartment are small (mean = 23.08 microns), round to globular, with dendrites oriented medially, dorsomedially, dorsolaterally, and caudally, whereas lateral subcompartment motoneurons are large (mean = 29.49 microns), round to triangular, with dendrites directed mainly mediolaterally and dorsally. These data are relevant to understanding the functional organization of nXII and the motor control of the tongue. Results are further discussed relative to the convergence of multifunctional afferent systems in the ventromedial subcompartment of nXII.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903530109}, institution = {Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile 36688, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Cholera Toxin; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypoglossal Nerve, cytology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Microtubule-Associated Proteins, metabolism; Motor Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7714251}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903530109}, } @Article{Aldes:1984, author = {L. D. Aldes and T. B. Boone}, title = {Does the interstitial nucleus of cajal project to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat?}, journal = {J Neurosci Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {553--561}, abstract = {The present study sought to determine whether or not the hypoglossal nucleus receives direct afferent projections from the interstitial nucleus of Cajal. Results from anterograde and retrograde labeling experiments in the rat indicated that while projections from the interstitial nucleus of Cajal do not terminate within the hypoglossal nucleus, they do so among a small group of neurons located ventrolateral to the hypoglossal nucleus, the nucleus of Roller. These findings are discussed in relation to orolingual motor behavior.}, doi = {10.1002/jnr.490120404}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Hypoglossal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Masticatory Muscles, innervation; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Tongue, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6512886}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490120404}, } @Article{Aldes:1985, author = {L. D. Aldes and T. B. Boone}, title = {Organization of projections from the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat: an experimental light and electron microscopic study with axonal tracer techniques.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, pages = {16--29}, abstract = {The organization of projections from the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (PSN) to the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) in the rat was investigated at the light and electron microscopic level with retrograde and anterograde axonal tracer techniques. Microiontophoretic injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into XII resulted in retrograde labeling of neurons confined to the dorsal one-third of the PSN. Labeled neurons were found bilaterally, although a clear preponderance for ipsilateral distribution was evident. Most labeled neurons were found in the medial one-third and caudal two-thirds of the PSN. Labeled neurons were large (30-50 micron), round-to-pear shaped multipolar cells with dendrites oriented primarily in the mediolateral direction. At the electron microscopic level, HRP reaction product was found throughout the cytoplasm of soma and processes of PSN projection neurons. The ultrastructural characteristics of these cells included a round, centrally placed nucleus and invaginated nuclear envelope, sparse Nissl bodies, numerous free ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes and Golgi complexes. Three to four main stem dendrites gradually tapered from the cell body and numerous synaptic terminals impinged upon soma and dendrites of labeled PSN neurons. Microiontophoretic injection of tritiated amino acids or HRP into the dorsal one-third of the PSN resulted in moderately dense terminal labeling in XII bilaterally, although mainly ipsilaterally. Terminal labeling was found diffusely throughout all regions of XII. Fibers descended the brainstem in the dorsolateral reticular formation and entered XII ventrolaterally. At the electron microscopic level, boutons containing HRP reaction product were found to synapse on dendritic processes in XII. Labeled boutons were characterized by clear, spherical vesicles and an asymmetrical postsynaptic density. The significance of these results are discussed in relation to oro-lingual motor behavior.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00237661}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Hypoglossal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {4018194}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aldes:1992, author = {Aldes, L. D. and Chapman, M. E. and Chronister, R. B. and Haycock, J. W.}, title = {Sources of noradrenergic afferents to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1992}, volume = {29}, number = {6}, pages = {931--942}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The sources of noradrenergic (NA) innervation to the hypoglossal nucleus (nXII) in the rat were investigated with double-labeling histochemical/immunocytochemical and lesion/degeneration techniques. Following injection of wheat germ-agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into nXII, brain stem sections were reacted with tetramethylbenzidine, stabilized, and incubated in antiserum to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Double-labeled neurons were observed in three pontine sites bilaterally, although mainly ipsilaterally, that included the nucleus subceruleus (nSC; 68.75\%) and the A7 (21.09\%) and A5 (10.15\%) cell groups. Confirmation of the above results and identification of the course taken by descending NA-nXII projections was accomplished by lesioning the rostral pons, the nSC, or the medullary catecholamine bundle (MB), the suspected route by which NA afferents reach nXII. Quantitative estimates of the reduction of TH immunoreactivity on the lesioned compared to nonlesioned side of nXII were made densitometrically. In each case, TH immunostaining was significantly decreased (75\%) in the ipsilateral caudoventromedial district of nXII, the predominant target area of NA input. The results from this study establish that multiple NA sources in the pons project to nXII in the rat, the majority of NA-nXII afferents are derived from the nSC, and descending NA-nXII projections course in the MB. These data are discussed relative to tongue control.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(92)90168-w}, institution = {Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile 36688.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Catecholamines, analysis; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypoglossal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1282080}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aldskogius:1983, author = {Aldskogius, H. and Arvidsson, J. and Kinnman, E.}, title = {Movement of horseradish peroxidase after its entry into intact and damaged peripheral nerve axons.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {1983}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, pages = {862--866}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {After application of a solution of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) around intact sciatic nerve axons in the rat, numerous HRP-labeled neurons were found in the ipsilateral L5 dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord ventral horn. These findings indicate that HRP enters intact peripheral nerve axons, and is transported retrogradely from its site of entry to their cell bodies of origin.}, doi = {10.1016/0014-4886(83)90049-3}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Peroxidases, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sciatic Nerve, injuries/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6186517}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aldskogius:1986, author = {Aldskogius, H. and Kinnman, E. and Persson, J.}, title = {Labeling of cutaneous sensory nerve endings with axonally transported horseradish peroxidase and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate: a methodological study in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {1986}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {281--294}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Practical aspects on the use of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) to trace peripheral cutaneous nerve endings have been studied. The parameters studied included application site of the tracer, post-application survival time, tracer concentration and tracer volume. These parameters were examined in the glabrous skin of the rat hindpaw. The best results were obtained with injections of 1 microliter WGA-HRP (20 micrograms/microliter) in dorsal root ganglia innervating the examined cutaneous region and a postinjection survival time of 18-36 h. With this approach extensive and heavy labeling was achieved of epidermal nerve endings, nerve endings in Merkel cell-neurite complexes and Meissner corpuscles. Useful, but less extensive labeling of these types of peripheral nerve endings, was obtained with injections of HRP in the lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3959(87)90096-0}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cell Survival; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Lectins, diagnostic use; Neurons, Afferent, analysis/physiology; Peroxidases, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Skin, innervation; Spinal Cord, analysis; Staining and Labeling, methods; Time Factors; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2421110}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aleksandrov:1996, author = {V. G. Aleksandrov and V. A. Bagaev and A. D. Nozdrachev and S. S. Panteleev}, title = {Identification of gastric related neurones in the rat insular cortex.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1996}, volume = {216}, number = {1}, pages = {5--8}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Location peculiarities of insular neurones implicated in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility have been studied in acute experiments on rats. After microinjection of a horseradish peroxidase solution in a part of the dorsal vagal complex that receive gastric afferent inputs, retrogradely labelled cell bodies are observed in a certain area of the agranular and disgranular insular cortex. Electrical stimulation of the insular cortex area had no significant effect on heart and respiration rate but had evoked gastric tone changes. These results suggest that the insular cortex contains a specific cell group that provides direct output to the bulbar 'gastric' centre and takes part in regulation of gastrointestinal functions.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(96)12980-3}, institution = {Laboratory of cortico-visceral Physiology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Sankt-Petersburg, Russia. chi@physiology.spb.su}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiratory Mechanics, physiology; Stomach, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304394096129803}, pmid = {8892378}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alheid:2003, author = {Alheid, GF}, title = {Extended amygdala and basal forebrain}, journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci}, year = {2003}, volume = {985}, pages = {185-205}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07082.x}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alheid:1984, author = {G. F. Alheid and J. Carlsen and J. De Olmos and L. Heimer}, title = {Quantitative determination of collateral anterior olfactory nucleus projections using a fluorescent tracer with an algebraic solution to the problem of double retrograde labeling.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {292}, number = {1}, pages = {17--22}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The bilateral projections of the rat anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) were evaluated using retrograde fluorescent tracers. Competitive effects of these tracers led to severe underestimation of bilaterally projecting neurons, when double-labeled cells were counted. The underestimate was corrected using a numerical approach, which is of general utility for problems in double labeling and requires only a single tracer. With this method we estimated that approximately 63\% of AON neurons project bilaterally to the olfactory bulbs, except for the external part which projects exclusively to the contralateral olfactory bulb. No other AON neurons project only to the contralateral bulb.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90885-0}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Olfactory Bulb, anatomy /&/ histology; Olfactory Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6697205}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alheid:2002, author = {G. F. Alheid and P. A. Gray and M. C. Jiang and J. L. Feldman and D. R. McCrimmon}, title = {Parvalbumin in respiratory neurons of the ventrolateral medulla of the adult rat.}, journal = {J Neurocytol}, year = {2002}, volume = {31}, number = {8-9}, pages = {693--717}, abstract = {A column of parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons is closely associated with the location of respiratory neurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the rat. The majority (66\%) of bulbospinal neurons in the medullary ventral respiratory column (VRC) that were retrogradely labeled by tracer injections in the phrenic nucleus were also positive for parvalbumin. In contrast, only 18.8\% of VRC neurons retrogradely labeled after a tracer injection in the VRC, also expressed parvalbumin. The average cross-sectional area of VRC neurons retrogradely labeled after VRC injections was 193.8 microm2 +/- 6.6 SE. These were significantly smaller than VRC parvalbumin neurons (271.9 microm2 +/- 12.3 SE). Parvalbumin neurons were found in the Bötzinger Complex, the rostral ventral respiratory group (VRG), and the caudal VRG, areas which all contribute to the bulbospinal projection. In contrast, parvalbumin neurons were sparse or absent in the preBötzinger Complex and in the vicinity of the retrotrapezoid nucleus, areas that have few bulbospinal projections. Parvalbumin was rarely colocalized within Neurokinin-1 receptor positive (NK1R) VRC neurons, which are found in the preBötzinger complex and in the anteroventral part of the rostral VRG. Parvalbumin neurons in the Bötzinger Complex and rostral VRG help define the rostrocaudal extent of these regions. The absence of parvalbumin neurons from the intervening preBötzinger complex also helps establish the boundaries of this region. Regional boundaries described in this manner are in good agreement with earlier physiological and anatomical studies. Taken together, the distributions of parvalbumin, NK1R and bulbospinal neurons suggest that the rostral VRG may be subdivided into distinct, anterodorsal, anteroventral, and posterior subdivisions.}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Institute for Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. gfa@northwestern.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Markers; Efferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Functional Laterality, physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism; Motor Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Phrenic Nerve, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, metabolism; Respiratory Center, cytology/metabolism; Substance P, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {5142544}, pmid = {14501208}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alheid:1988, author = {Alheid, G. F. and Heimer, L.}, title = {New perspectives in basal forebrain organization of special relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders: the striatopallidal, amygdaloid, and corticopetal components of substantia innominata.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1988}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {1--39}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The basal forebrain is critically involved in functions representing the highest levels of integration. Only recently has a relatively clear anatomical picture of this important area begun to emerge. The territory that has generally been referred to as the "substantia innominata" appears to be composed of portions of three recognizable forebrain structures: the ventral striatopallidal system, the extended amygdala and the magnocellular corticopetal system. (1) Rostrally, the striatopallidal system reaches ventrally to the base of the brain. (2) Caudal to the ventral extension of the striatopallidal system elements of the centromedial amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are merged so that these two areas together with this subpallidal corridor form a large forebrain unit that might be described as an "extended amygdala". (3) Large cholinergic and non-cholinergic corticopetal neurons form a more or less continuous aggregate that is interwoven with the striatopallidal and extended amygdala systems in basal forebrain. Consideration of morphological and connectional characteristics of basal forebrain suggests that the corticopetal cell groups, together with magnocellular elements of the striatum, serve similar functional roles for the striatopallidal system, the extended amygdala, and the septal-diagonal band complex. Specifically, the output of medium spiny neurons in striatum, extended amygdala, and lateral septum are directed toward somewhat larger sparsely or moderately spiny neurons with radiating dendrites which in turn project to diencephalon and brainstem or provide either local feedback (e.g. in striatum) or distal feedback to cortex. The functional implications of this parallel processing of descending forebrain afferents are discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(88)90217-5}, institution = {Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908.}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiopathology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiopathology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiopathology; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiopathology; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiopathology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Psychotic Disorders, physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3059226}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alheid:2011, author = {Alheid, G. F. and Jiao, W. and McCrimmon, D. R.}, title = {Caudal nuclei of the rat nucleus of the solitary tract differentially innervate respiratory compartments within the ventrolateral medulla.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2011}, volume = {190}, pages = {207--227}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {A substantial array of respiratory, cardiovascular, visceral and somatic afferents are relayed via the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) to the brainstem (and forebrain). Despite some degree of overlap within the NTS, specificity is maintained in central respiratory reflexes driven by second order afferent relay neurons in the NTS. While the topographic arrangement of respiratory-related afferents targeting the NTS has been extensively investigated, their higher order brainstem targets beyond the NTS has only rarely been defined with any precision. Nonetheless, the various brainstem circuits serving blood gas homeostasis and airway protective reflexes must clearly receive a differential innervation from the NTS in order to evoke stimulus appropriate behavioral responses. Accordingly, we have examined the question of which specific NTS nuclei project to particular compartments within the ventral respiratory column (VRC) of the ventrolateral medulla. Our analyses of NTS labeling after retrograde tracer injections in the VRC and the nearby neuronal groups controlling autonomic function indicate a significant distinction between projections to the Bötzinger complex and preBötzinger complex compared to the remainder of the VRC. Specifically, the caudomedial NTS, including caudal portions of the medial solitary nucleus and the commissural division of NTS project relatively densely to the region of the retrotrapezoid nucleus and rostral ventrolateral medullary nucleus as well as to the rostral ventral respiratory group while avoiding the intervening Bötzinger and preBötzinger complexes. Area postrema appears to demonstrate a pattern of projections similar to that of caudal medial and commissural NTS nuclei. Other, less pronounced differential projections of lateral NTS nuclei to the various VRC compartments are additionally noted.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.005}, institution = {Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiratory System; Solitary Nucleus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(11)00664-6}, pmid = {21704133}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.005}, } @Article{Alibardi:1998, author = {L. Alibardi}, title = {Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus projecting to the inferior colliculus.}, journal = {Ann Anat}, year = {1998}, volume = {180}, number = {5}, pages = {415--426}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus which project to the inferior colliculus were identified after retrograde labelling of the neural tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horse radish peroxidase. After tracer injection into the Inferior Colliculus, electron microscopy and immunocytochemical localization of glycine, GABA and glutamate in retrograde labelled neurons were employed. In the acoustic root area and posterior ventral cochlear nucleus, most of the body surface of the neurons projecting to the inferior colliculus was 10-30\% covered by axo-somatic boutons and appeared as multipolar cells of type I. These large to medium size cells with sparse stacks of ergastoplasmic cisternae organized in Nissl bodies, were heavily labelled and were the main projecting neurons to the inferior colliculus. Most of these cells were glycine and GABA negative but variably glutamate positive, suggesting that they are excitatory neurons. This result suggests the absence of an inhibitory innervation of the inferior colliculus from these cells. A few retrograde labelled, large to giant neurons showed an irregular surface, sparse short stacks of ergastoplasmic reticulum, numerous microtubules, cell bodies 60-80\% covered by synaptic boutons, and they appeared as multipolar cells of type II. These cells were less strongly retrograde labelled than multipolar type I, and were occasionally glycine positive, presumably inhibitory. This suggests that at least a small caliber collateral axon stemming from these neurons can reach the inferior colliculus. Occasional glycine positive octopus cells not labelled with the tracer were also observed. The contribution of glycinergic axons to the innervation of the inferior colliculus appears therefore to by very limited. Occasional labelled cells were represented by apparently globular bushy neurons, but the weak labelling suggests that the tracer was taken up by collateral axons reaching the inferior colliculus and not by the main axon. Globular bushy cells were consistently negative for both glycine and GABA, and variably positive for glutamate. In the anteroventral cochlear nucleus, labelled multipolar type I and II showed similar immunocytological and ultrastructural characteristics to those in the posteroventral cochlear nucleus but their dimension was smaller. Cells identified as spherical bushy neurons were never retrograde labelled.}, doi = {10.1016/s0940-9602(98)80102-7}, institution = {Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Female; Glutamic Acid, analysis; Glycine, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9795692}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alibardi:1998a, author = {Alibardi, L.}, title = {Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of commissural neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Ann Anat}, year = {1998}, volume = {180}, number = {5}, pages = {427--438}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Medium to large-giant multipolar neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus were retrograde labelled after injection of the tracer Wheat Germ Agglutinin conjugated to Horse Radish Peroxidase into the contralateral cochlear nucleus. Light microscopy immunocytochemistry showed that 42.45\% of these retrograde labelled neurons, generally strongly labelled with the tracer, were markedly glycine immunopositive, and that 57.55\%, usually weakly retrograde labelled neurons, were immunonegative or weakly positive for glycine. These commissural neurons were generally GABA negative and variably immunopositive for glutamate. About 1/3rd of the commissural neurons had variably developed a rough endoplasmic reticulum whilst axo-somatic boutons covered 20-40\% of the cell body. These cells were recognized as multipolar neurons of type I. Most of them were weakly glycine positive or even negative and a few appeared glycinergic. A little less than the remaining 2/3rds of the whole commissural population in the postero-ventral cochlear nucleus presented a surface which was 65-85\% covered with synaptic boutons, among which some also appeared labelled. These cells were recognized as multipolar neurons of type II. Many microtubules and neurofilaments were present, free ribosomes being more numerous around Nissl bodies with short cisternae. A few low retrograde labelled type II were weakly or non glycinergic. A small number of large to giant neurons type II, strongly retrograde labelled, appeared to be glycine positive, consistently GABA negative and variably glutamate positive. A very small proportion of retrograde labelled neurons appeared having the characteristics of globular bushy neurons. Their weak labelling, however, suggests that they project by collaterals or thin axons to the contralateral cochlear nucleus. Spherical bushy cells in the rat anteroventral cochlear nucleus lack the nuclear capping of rough endoplasmic reticulum observed in the cat, and none was labelled after injection into the contralateral cochlear nucleus. Globular and spherical neurons were variably glutamate positive but glycine and GABA negative. In conclusion, the present study suggests that commissural neurons include a small number of strongly labelled large to giant glycinergic and presumably inhibitory type II and, less frequently type I. A large group of less heavily labelled commissural neurons of type I and II contain low levels or no glycine, which is probably used for metabolic purposes rather than as a neurotransmitter. This suggests that these neurons are presumably excitatory.}, doi = {10.1016/S0940-9602(98)80103-9}, institution = {Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica e sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy.}, keywords = {Actin Cytoskeleton, ultrastructure; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Cats; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough, ultrastructure; Female; Functional Laterality; Glutamic Acid, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Microtubules, ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Organelles, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Ribosomes, ultrastructure; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0940-9602(98)80103-9}, pmid = {9795693}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0940-9602(98)80103-9}, } @Article{Alibardi:1999, author = {L. Alibardi}, title = {Fine structure, synaptology and immunocytochemistry of large neurons in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus connected to the inferior colliculus.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1999}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, pages = {429--439}, abstract = {Neurons in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus that project to the inferior colliculus (pyramidal and giant) were retrograde labelled with wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxydase. Both cell types showed a similar ultrastructural feature, particularly the rough endoplasmic reticulum was well developed and sometimes surrounded the nucleus. The synaptological profile was similar in pyramidal and giant cells. Axo-somatic terminals covered 40-70\% of the perimeter of pyramidal cells and 35-60\% of the perimeter of giant neurons. Giant neurons featured bipolar or multipolar shape and different orientation but they possessed a similar synaptic profile. Most axo-somatic terminals contained flat and pleomorphic synaptic vesicles, some pleomorphic vesicles. Few terminals contained round vesicles. These cells were consistently immuno-negative for both glycine and GABA and variably positive for glutamate. The immunoelectron microcopic study of thin sections showed that glycine immunoreactivity was constantly present in terminals enriched with flat vesicles, which often did not show GABA immunoreactivity. Few anterograde labelled boutons containing flat vesicles were in contact with the proximal dendrites and the cell bodies of pyramidal and giant neurons. The origin of these terminals is discussed. No other cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, in particular cartwheel and tuberculo-ventral neurons, were in contact with labelled boutons. The present results suggest that descending inhibitory collicular projections are essentially directed to the large excitatory neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus.}, institution = {Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica e sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology; Female; Glycine, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi, cytology; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Neural Pathways, cytology/ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Cells, cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, pharmacokinetics; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10841440}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alibardi:2000, author = {L. Alibardi}, title = {Cytology, synaptology and immunocytochemistry of commissural neurons and their putative axonal terminals in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Ann Anat}, year = {2000}, volume = {182}, number = {3}, pages = {207--220}, month = {May}, abstract = {The first binaural integration within the auditory system responsible for sound localization depends upon commissural neurons that connect the two symmetrical cochlear nuclei. These cells in the deep polymorphic layer of the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus were identified with the electron microscope after injection of the retrograde tracer, Wheat Germ Agglutinin conjugated to Horseradish Peroxydase, into the contralateral cochlear nucleus. Commissural neurons are multipolar or bipolar with an oval to fusiform shape. Few commissural neurons, most inhibitory but also excitatory, connect most of the divisions of the rat cochlear nuclei. The most common type is a glycinergic, sometimes GABAergic, moderately large cell. Its ergastoplasm is organized into peripheral stacks of cisternae, and few axo-somatic synaptic boutons are present. Another type of commissural neuron is a medium-sized, spindle-shaped cell, glycine and GABA-negative, with sparse ergastoplasm and synaptic coverage. A giant, rare type of commissural neuron is glycine-positive and GABA-negative, with short peripheral stacks of ergastoplasmic cisternae. It is covered with synaptic boutons, many of which contain round synaptic vesicles. Another rare type of commissural neuron is a moderately large cell, oval to fusiform in shape, immunonegative for both glycine and GABA, and contacted by many axo-somatic boutons. It contains large dense mitochondria and numerous dense core vesicles of peptidergic type. Some labelled boutons, mostly inhibitory and probably derived from commissural neurons, contact pyramidal, cartwheel, giant and tuberculo-ventral neurons. The prevalent inhibition of electrical activity in a cochlear nucleus observed after stimulation of the contralateral cochlear nucleus may be due to commissural inhibitory terminals which contact excitatory neurons such as pyramidal and giant cells. Other inhibitory commissural terminals which contact inhibitory neurons such as cartwheel and tuberculo-ventral neurons, may explain the stimulation of electrical activity in the DCN after contralateral stimulation.}, doi = {10.1016/s0940-9602(00)80023-0}, institution = {Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cell Size; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Female; Glycine, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar, anatomy /&/ histology; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10836094}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alibardi:2001, author = {L. Alibardi}, title = {Fine structure and neurotransmitter cytochemistry of neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus projecting to the ipsilateral dorsal cochlear nucleus.}, journal = {Ann Anat}, year = {2001}, volume = {183}, number = {5}, pages = {459--469}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The neural tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horse radish peroxidase was injected into the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus and acoustic stria. Some labelled neurons in the ipsilateral ventral cochlear nucleus were found as a result. These neurons were studied at the ultrastructural level, and their axo-somatic synaptic profile and glycine immunoreactivity were determined. Most neurons were glycine negative and classified as type I multipolar neurons. The latter showed a different synaptic profile from that of neurons projecting to the contralateral inferior colliculus or cochlear nucleus. This suggests the presence of differing populations of multipolar cells based on their synaptic profile. Few labelled multipolar neurons of type II were found, which appeared glycine negative and, rarely, glycine positive. The latter show an ultrastructure and axo-somatic profile similar to that of glycinergic commissural neurons in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus. In particular, about one- third of boutons contained round synaptic vesicles, which are believed to contain an excitatory neurotransmitter. The ultrastructural analysis of the synaptic boutons in the cochlear nucleus confirms the presence of numerous cases of colocalization of glycine and GABA where flat and pleomorphic synaptic vesicles are mixed. The present study is in accordance with previous tract-tracing light microscopic studies which have indicated that large glycinergic neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus act as broad-band inhibitory neurons in microcircuits of the dorsal cochlear nucleus and contralateral cochlear nucleus.}, doi = {10.1016/s0940-9602(01)80204-1}, institution = {Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica sperimentale, University of Bologna, via Selmi 3, I-40126, Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, cytology; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology; Functional Laterality; Neurons, cytology; Neurotransmitter Agents, analysis; Rats; Synapses, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11677812}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alibardi:2002, author = {L. Alibardi}, title = {Putative inhibitory collicular boutons contact large neurons and their dendrites in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol}, year = {2002}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {433--446}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Within the circuits of the acoustic nuclei, the inferior colliculus sends descending (collicular) terminals to control with a feedback mechanism, part of the activity of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). It is not known whether this descending projection is prevalently excitatory or inhibitory. Using the neuronal tracer Wheat Germ Agglutinin conjugated to Horse Radish Peroxidase (WGA-HRP) the connections between the inferior colliculus and the DCN of the rat have been investigated. By far most retrograde labelled large neurons were glycine and GABA negative (pyramidal and giant neurons) and rare medium-size cells were glycine positive. The ultrastructural immunocytochemical analysis for glycine and GABA shows that mainly large, excitatory, neurons innervate the inferior colliculus. Rare medium-size glycine-positive cells with intermediate characteristics between pyramidal and cartwheel cells, seem also to project to the colliculus. Few WGA-HRP labelled boutons contact the large cells or their dendrites, have symmetric pre- and post-synaptic thickenings, contain pleomorphic and/or flat vesicles, and are labelled for GABA or glycine. Since no GABA labelled cells in both the dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus were retrograde labelled from the colliculus, the source of these intrinsic anterograde labelled boutons must be external to the cochlear nucleus. GABA positive neurons are both present in the inferior colliculus (injected with the tracer) and superior olivary complex (not injected with the tracer). This suggests that the double labelled boutons (WGA-HRP and GABA) are inhibitory GABA-ergic collicular terminals contacting the excitatory neurons of the DCN. Other few boutons or mossy fibers containing round vesicles and immunonegative for both glycine and GABA, were also seen contacting the large neurons and their dendrites in the DCN. As the round vesicles boutons may be derived from other retrograde cells of the cochlear nucleus (pyramidal and stellate cells) and those glycine positive from the glycinergic neurons in paraolivary nuclei, it is more likely that only the WGA-HRP and GABA labelled boutons are true collicular terminals.}, institution = {Department of Experimental Evolutionary Biology, University of Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it}, keywords = {Animals; Cochlear Nucleus, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Dendrites, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Glycine, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Neurons, Efferent, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12575842}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alibardi:2003, author = {Alibardi, Lorenzo}, title = {Ultrastructure and immunocytochemical characteristics of cells in the octopus cell area of the rat cochlear nucleus: comparison with multipolar cells.}, journal = {Ann Anat}, year = {2003}, volume = {185}, number = {1}, pages = {21--33}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Cells in the octopus cell area of the rat ventral cochlear nucleus have been connected to the monaural interpretation of spectral patterns of sound such as those derived from speech. This is possible by their fast onset of firing after each octopus cell and its dendrites have been contacted by many auditory fibres carrying different frequencies. The cytological characteristics that make these large cells able to perform such a function have been studied with ultrastructural immunocytochemistry for glycine, GABA and glutamate, and compared to that of other multipolar neurons of other regions of the ventral cochlear nucleus. Cells in the octopus cell area have an ultrastructure similar to large-giant D-multipolar neurons present in other areas of the cochlear nucleus, from which they differ by the presence of a larger excitatory axo-somatic synaptic input and larger mitochondria. Octopus cells are glycine and GABA negative, and glutamate positive with different degree. Large octopus cells receive more axo-somatic boutons than smaller octopus cells. Fusiform octopus cells are found sparsely within the intermediate acoustic striae. These cells are large to giant excitatory neurons (23-35 microm) with 62-85\% of their irregular perimeter covered with large axo-somatic synaptic boutons. Most boutons contain round vesicles and are glycine and GABA negative but glutamate positive. The latter excitatory boutons represent about 70\% of the input to octopus cells. Glycine positive boutons with flat and pleomorphic vesicles account for 9-10\% of the input while GABA-ergic boutons with pleomorphic vesicles represent about 20\% of the synaptic input. Other few, multipolar cells within the rat octopus cell area are surrounded by more inhibitory than excitatory terminals which contain flat and pleomorphic vesicles, a feature distinctive from that of true octopus cells. The latter resemble multipolar cells seen outside the octopus cell area that project to the contralateral inferior colliculus and cochlear nucleus. Based on this study, two types of large multipolar cells are present in the octopus cell area: 1) those that receive about 70\% of axo-somatic R boutons and stain more intensely for glutamate may correspond to pure onset neurons (Oi); 2) those with less than 33\% of R axosomatic boutons, with less immunoreactivity to glutamate and sometimes glycine positive may represent the onset chopper neurons (Oc). In the octopus cell area the first type appears more prevalent. The present study suggests that octopus cells are a special type of excitatory D-multipolar neuron confined to the octopus cell area and mainly innervated by glutamatergic cochlear nerve terminals.}, doi = {10.1016/S0940-9602(03)80003-1}, institution = {Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica sperimentale, University of Bologna, via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it}, keywords = {Animals; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology/ultrastructure; Glutamic Acid, analysis; Glycine, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Mitochondria, ultrastructure; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Rats; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0940-9602(03)80003-1}, pmid = {12597124}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0940-9602(03)80003-1}, } @Article{Alibardi:2004, author = {L. Alibardi}, title = {Mossy fibers in granule cell areas of the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus from intrinsic and extrinsic origin innervate unipolar brush cell glomeruli.}, journal = {J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol}, year = {2004}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {193--210}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Non tonotopic transmission between cochlear nuclei and other auditory and non-auditory nuclei in the brain is probably due to large axonal terminals (mossy fibers) innervating granule cell areas of cochlear nuclei. The origin of mossy fibers in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) is multiple, from other auditory or non-auditory nuclei but possibly also from intrinsic neurons. The present ultrastructural immunocytochemical study reports for the first time the presence of anterograde-labeled mossy fibers in the DCN of the rat after injection of the neural tracer WGA-HRP into 3 different nuclei. Labeled mossy fibers were seen in 9.0\% of mossy fibers detected after tracer injection into the ipsilateral anteroventral cochlear nucleus, in 7.3\% of mossy fibers after contralateral collicular injection, and 13.2\% after contralateral cochlear nucleus injection. Most (over 95\%) mossy fibers contained round vesicles, both large and small, and were likely excitatory terminals, but few showed flat-pleomorphic vesicles that contained the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine. Most of the anterograde-labeled ipsilateral mossy fibers containing small round synaptic vesicles, are probably derived from multipolar neurons within the ipsilateral anteroventral cochlear nucleus. After injections into the contralateral inferior colliculus, it was not possible to distinguish putative descending collicular mossy fibers from intrinsic mossy fibers. The latter would suggest the presence of an amplification pathway within the DCN, from collateral axons of pyramidal or stellate cells of the ipsilateral ventral cochlear nucleus to form glomeruli with granule-unipolar brush cells. After injection into the contralateral cochlear nucleus, it was not possible to distinguish between commissural mossy fibers and those derived from ipsilateral recurrent axon-terminals of commissural neurons within the DCN or the ventral cochlear nucleus. Despite this limitation, the present observations show that extrinsic or intrinsic mossy fibers reach granule cell areas in layers 2 and 3 of the DCN and form glomeruli of large or small dimension (1.5-4 microm) with unipolar brush and granule cells. These mossy fibers probably carry a fast excitatory non-tonotopic input which may influence the electrical response of granule cell areas.}, institution = {Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Cochlear Nucleus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Cytoplasmic Granules, ultrastructure; Glycine, metabolism; Inferior Colliculi, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Microvilli, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15554505}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alibardi:2006, author = {Alibardi, Lorenzo}, title = {Review: cytological characteristics of commissural and tuberculo-ventral neurons in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus.}, journal = {Hear Res}, year = {2006}, volume = {216-217}, pages = {73--80}, abstract = {The goal of the present review is to summarize the main ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characteristics for glycine and GABA in commissural (COM) and tuberculo-ventral neurons (TV) of the DCN. These neurons are localized in similar areas of the DCN multipolar but are connected to different targets. About 2/3rd of COM-neurons are large to bipolar neurons, mainly glycinergic, often GABA-ergic, with scarce ergastoplasm and axo-somatic boutons. About 1/3rd of COM-neurons are glycine and GABA-negative, and show little ergastoplasm and synaptic coverage. Occasional giant COM-neurons are glycine-positive and GABA-negative, and are covered with synaptic boutons. Other infrequent large neurons, rich in dense core vesicles, glycine- and GABA-negative, are most covered with boutons. TV-neurons are most glycinergic but 9\% are glycine-negative. They have little ergastoplasm and a developed Golgi apparatus. Axo-somatic terminals are scarce and mainly contain flat and pleomorphic vesicles, glycine and sometimes GABA (inhibitory). TV-neurons receive a lower number of boutons than COM, which contain mainly flat-pleomorphic terminals. Putative COM-inhibitory boutons contact excitatory pyramidal and giant neurons (monosynaptic inhibition). Some putative inhibitory COM-terminals contact inhibitory cartwheel and tuberculo-ventral neurons. This indicates direct disinhibition and therefore excitation in the DCN (di-three-synaptic). Putative COM-mossy fibers reach the granule areas of the DCN, including unipolar brush cell dendrites, another possible excitatory commissural pathway.}, doi = {10.1016/j.heares.2006.01.005}, institution = {Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Via Selmi 3, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy. alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it}, keywords = {Animals; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology; Glycine, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, chemistry/classification/physiology/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, classification/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0378-5955(06)00010-4}, pmid = {16510258}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2006.01.005}, } @Article{Alioto:2008, author = {Olavo Egídio Alioto and Charles Julian Lindsey and Janice Koepp and Cristofer André Caous}, title = {Sensory sciatic nerve afferent inputs to the dorsal lateral medulla in the rat.}, journal = {Auton Neurosci}, year = {2008}, volume = {140}, number = {1-2}, pages = {80--87}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Investigations show the paratrigeminal nucleus (Pa5) as an input site for sensory information from the sciatic nerve field. Functional or physical disruption of the Pa5 alters behavioral and somatosensory responses to nociceptive hindpaw stimulation or sciatic nerve electrostimulation (SNS), both contralateral to the affected structure. The nucleus, an input site for cranial and spinal nerves, known for orofacial nociceptive sensory processing, has efferent connections to structures associated with nociception and cardiorespiratory functions. This study aimed at determining the afferent sciatic pathway to dorsal lateral medulla by means of a neuronal tract-tracer (biocytin) injected in the iliac segment of the sciatic nerve. Spinal cord samples revealed bilateral labeling in the gracile and pyramidal or cuneate tracts from survival day 2 (lumbar L1/L2) to day 8 (cervical C2/C3 segments) following biocytin application. From day 10 to day 20 medulla samples showed labeling of the contralateral Pa5 to the injection site. The ipsilateral paratrigeminal nucleus showed labeling on day 10 only. The lateral reticular nucleus (LRt) showed fluorescent labeled terminal fibers on day 12 and 14, after tracer injection to contralateral sciatic nerve. Neurotracer injection into the LRt of sciatic nerve-biocytin-treated rats produced retrograde labeled neurons soma in the Pa5 in the vicinity of biocytin labeled nerve terminals. Therefore, Pa5 may be considered one of the first sites in the brain for sensory/nociceptive inputs from the sciatic nerve. Also, the findings include Pa5 and LRt in the neural pathway of the somatosympathetic pressor response to SNS and nocifensive responses to hindpaw stimulation.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/j.autneu.2008.04.006}, institution = {Department of Biophysics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Brain Mapping; Functional Laterality, physiology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/physiology; Nociceptors, cytology/physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sciatic Nerve, cytology/physiology; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S1566-0702(08)00064-7}, pmid = {18514588}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2008.04.006}, } @Article{Alisky:1994, author = {Alisky, J. M. and Tolbert, D. L.}, title = {Differential labeling of converging afferent pathways using biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin subunit B.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {1994}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, pages = {143--148}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {We report a new technique for 2-tracer anterograde labeling that permits unequivocal identification of the differentially labeled projections in the same section. One pathway is labeled with biotinylated dextran amine and is visualized as a black to dark gray diaminobenzidine (DAB)-cobalt precipitate by an avidin-biotinylated peroxidase reaction. The other pathway is labeled with cholera toxin subunit B and is visualized as a reddish-brown reaction product using DAB without cobalt as the substrate for peroxidase immunohistochemistry. To maintain serial order, sections can be processed mounted on slides without any loss of sensitivity for either tracer.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-0270(94)90122-8}, institution = {Francis and Doris Murphy Neuroanatomy Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, St. Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cholera Toxin; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Nerve Tissue, physiology; Peptide Fragments; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7526082}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alisky:1997, author = {Alisky, J. M. and Tolbert, D. L.}, title = {Quantitative analysis of converging spinal and cuneate mossy fibre afferent projections to the rat cerebellar anterior lobe.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1997}, volume = {80}, number = {2}, pages = {373--388}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The convergence/divergence of mossy fibre afferent projections to the cerebellar anterior lobe from a single lumbar segment, from adjacent or widely separated lower thoracic and lumbar segments, and finally from the lower thoracic-upper lumbar spinal cord and the brainstem cuneate nuclei was quantitatively analysed in adult rats. Spinal and cuneate mossy fibre terminals were differentially labelled with biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin subunit B, immunohistochemically identified in the same histological sections, and their spatial distributions quantitatively plotted in computer reconstructions of the unfolded anterior lobe cortex. Afferent convergence was quantified by calculating the number of biotinylated dextran amine-labelled terminals that radially overlapped with cholera toxin-labelled terminals at points on the unfolded cortical map that represented theoretical Purkinje cells. Spino- and cuneocerebellar mossy fibre terminals are organized in patches that are oriented in parasagittally-oriented stripes or transversely oriented bands. Afferent convergence was greatest following biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin injections in the same or adjacent spinal lumbar segments (60 and 52\%, respectively). When biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin were injected in a single segment differentially labelled terminals appeared randomly intermingled in common patches. There was a trend for terminals labelled from adjacent lumbar segments to be more segregated in the patches. Segmentally separated biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin spinal cord injections (four lumbar segments) resulted in clearly segregated (80\%) biotinylated dextran amine from cholera toxin-labelled terminal patches or patches with distinct divergence of the differentially labelled terminals in the patch. Cuneocerebellar terminals labelled with biotinylated dextran amine were located in patches, stripes, and bands spatially segregated from terminal patches, stripes, and bands of cholera toxin- labelled spinal afferents except at their immediate borders where some radial overlap occurred (9-22\%). These anatomical findings for a fractured somatotopy of spinal and cuneate inputs to the cerebellar anterior lobe complement neurophysiological findings for a very similar pattern of organization of cutaneous inputs to the posterior lobe, and are discussed in light of potential mechanisms for anterior lobe processing of somatosensory information.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00082-1}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, St Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cerebellum, cytology; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Nerve Endings, physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Purkinje Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452297000821}, pmid = {9284341}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Al-Khater:2008, author = {Khulood M Al-Khater and Robert Kerr and Andrew J Todd}, title = {A quantitative study of spinothalamic neurons in laminae I, III, and IV in lumbar and cervical segments of the rat spinal cord.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2008}, volume = {511}, number = {1}, pages = {1--18}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The major ascending outputs from superficial spinal dorsal horn consist of projection neurons in lamina I, together with neurons in laminae III-IV that express the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r) and have dendrites that enter the superficial laminae. Some neurons in each of these populations belong to the spinothalamic tract, which conveys nociceptive information via the thalamus to cortical areas involved in pain. A projection from the cervical superficial dorsal horn to the posterior triangular nucleus (PoT) has recently been identified. PoT is at the caudal end of the thalamus and was not included in injection sites in many previous retrograde tracing studies. We have injected various tracers (cholera toxin B subunit, Fluoro-Gold, and fluorescent latex microspheres) into the thalamus to estimate the number of spinothalamic neurons in each of these two populations, and to investigate their projection targets. Most lamina I and lamina III/IV NK1r-immunoreactive spinothalamic neurons in cervical and lumbar segments could be labeled from injections centered on PoT. Our results suggest that there are 90 lamina I spinothalamic neurons per side in C7 and 15 in L4 and that some of those in C7 only project to PoT. We found that 85\% of the lamina III/IV NK1r-immunoreactive neurons in C6 and 17\% of those in L5 belong to the spinothalamic tract, and these apparently project exclusively to the caudal thalamus, including PoT. Because PoT projects to second somatosensory and insular cortices, our results suggest that these are major targets for information conveyed by both these populations of spinothalamic neurons.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21811}, institution = {Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom. a.todd@bio.gla.ac.uk}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microspheres; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology; Spinothalamic Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {18720412}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21811}, } @Article{Al-Khater:2009, author = {Al-Khater, Khulood M. and Todd, Andrew J.}, title = {Collateral projections of neurons in laminae I, III, and IV of rat spinal cord to thalamus, periaqueductal gray matter, and lateral parabrachial area.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2009}, volume = {515}, number = {6}, pages = {629--646}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Projection neurons in lamina I, together with those in laminae III-IV that express the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r), form a major route through which nociceptive information reaches the brain. Axons of these cells innervate various targets, including thalamus, periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), and lateral parabrachial area (LPb), and many cells project to more than one target. The aims of this study were to quantify projections from cervical enlargement to PAG and LPb, to determine the proportion of spinothalamic neurons at lumbar and cervical levels that were labelled from PAG and LPb, and to investigate morphological differences between projection populations. The C7 segment contained fewer lamina I spinoparabrachial cells than L4, but a similar number of spino-PAG cells. Virtually all spinothalamic lamina I neurons at both levels were labelled from LPb and between one-third and one-half from PAG. This suggests that significant numbers project to all three targets. Spinothalamic lamina I neurons differed from those labelled only from LPb in that they were generally larger, were more often multipolar, and (in cervical enlargement) had stronger NK1r immunoreactivity. Most lamina III/IV NK1r cells at both levels projected to LPb, but few were labelled from PAG. The great majority of these cells in C7 and over one-fourth of those in L4 were spinothalamic, and at each level some projected to both thalamus and LPb. These results confirm that neurons in these laminae have extensive collateral projections and suggest that different neuronal subpopulations in lamina I have characteristic patterns of supraspinal projection.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.22081}, institution = {Neuroscience and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Biological Markers, metabolism; Carrier Proteins, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Membrane Proteins, metabolism; Neurons, cytology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, metabolism; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {19496168}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22081}, } @Article{Allegrini:2003, author = {Peter R Allegrini and Christoph Wiessner}, title = {Three-dimensional MRI of cerebral projections in rat brain in vivo after intracortical injection of MnCl2.}, journal = {NMR Biomed}, year = {2003}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {252--256}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {In this study we investigated the potential of in vivo MRI detection of axonal Mn2+ transport for tracing neuronal projections originating in the sensorimotor cortex in healthy and lesioned rat brains. Special attention was given to the potential of visualizing neuronal sprouting of central nervous system across the midline. After injecting unchelated MnCl2 into the forelimb area of sensorimotor cortex of 18 healthy and 10 lesioned rats corticofugal projections could be traced through the internal capsule to the cerebral peduncle and the pyramidal decussation. Although the neuronal tract was visible as early as 6 h after MnCl2 injection, best contrast was achieved after 24-48 h. Beside the cortico-spinal tract, the cortico-thalamic fibres were also visualized by anterograde Mn2+ transport. Cortico-striatal fibres were partially masked by the very high signal near the MnCl2 injection site but could be discerned as well. Slight, diffuse signal enhancement of cortical tissue contralateral to the MnCl2 injection site in healthy rat brains suggests interhemispheric connections or passive diffusion of Mn2+. However, enhanced fibre tract contrast connecting both hemispheres was visible 16 weeks after onset of focal photothrombotic cortical injury. In conclusion our study has shown that we were able to visualize reproducibly the main descending corticofugal projections and interhemispheric connections by non-invasive MRI after localized injection of MnCl2. The appearance of interhemispheric Mn2+-enhanced fibres after photothrombotic focal injury indicates that the method may bear potential to follow non-invasively gross plastic changes of connectivity in the brain after injury.}, doi = {10.1002/nbm.834}, institution = {Novartis Pharma AG, Preclinical Research, PO Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. peter.allegrini@pharma.novartis.com}, keywords = {Animals; Feasibility Studies; Intracranial Thrombosis, metabolism/pathology; Magnesium Chloride, administration /&/ dosage/diagnostic use/pharmacokinetics; Magnetic Resonance Imaging, methods; Male; Microinjections, methods; Motor Cortex, metabolism/pathology; Neural Pathways, metabolism/pathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Somatosensory Cortex, metabolism/pathology; Tissue Distribution}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {14648884}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nbm.834}, } @Article{Allen:2005, author = {Gregg C Allen and David J Earnest}, title = {Overlap in the distribution of TrkB immunoreactivity and retinohypothalamic tract innervation of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {2005}, volume = {376}, number = {3}, pages = {200--204}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may regulate the circadian sensitivity of the clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to light, possibly by modulating retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) input. In the present study, the anatomical distribution of the cognate receptor for BDNF, the TrkB tyrosine kinase, in RHT fibers and the SCN of rats was analyzed using combined immunohistochemical and anterograde tracing methods. Fluorescent immunostaining for the TrkB receptor was evident in fibers and cell bodies throughout the SCN. Dual labeling analysis revealed that there was substantial overlap in the distribution of TrkB immunostaining and cholera toxin subunit B (CTB)-labeling within RHT terminals and fibers projecting from the optic chiasm to the ventrolateral SCN. The present results suggest that RHT fibers may express TrkB receptors and thus provide a paracrine target for BDNF-mediated regulation of photic input to the SCN.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.076}, institution = {M University Health Science Center, 238 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, metabolism; Cholera Toxin; Circadian Rhythm, physiology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Optic Chiasm, cytology/metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, trkB, metabolism; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology/metabolism; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Visual Pathways, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(04)01471-5}, pmid = {15721221}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.076}, } @Article{Allen:1996, author = {Allen, G. V. and Barbrick, B. and Esser, M. J.}, title = {Trigeminal-parabrachial connections: possible pathway for nociception-induced cardiovascular reflex responses.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {715}, number = {1-2}, pages = {125--135}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Noxious stimulation of dental nerves elicits marked changes in cardiovascular function. In order to investigate central pathways mediating reflex changes in cardiovascular activity, immunohistochemical localization of cells expressing the immediate-early gene, c-fos, was used to identify central nervous responding to noxious electrical stimulation of mandibular, incisor tooth dentin or chemical (capsaicin) stimulation of tooth pulp in the anesthetized rat. Injections of Fluoro-Gold were made in the lateral parabrachial region to identify efferent projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Electrical and chemical stimulation produced similar patterns of Fos-positive neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus: subnuclei caudalis, interpolaris and oralis. Fos-positive neurons were most dense in laminae I and II of the dorsomedial subnucleus caudalis with fewer Fos-positive neurons located in the interpolaris and oralis subnuclei. Sham stimulation of tooth dentin and control vehicle injections into the tooth pulp resulted in either a few weakly stained or no Fos-positive neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Cell bodies double labeled with Fluro-Gold following injections into the parabrachial region and Fos-protein subsequent to electrical stimulation of incisor tooth were present in all three subnuclei of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The largest number of Fos-positive neurons with efferent projections to the lateral parabrachial region were located in subnucleus caudalis (32.2 +/- 5.3 S.E.M.) and fewer were located in the interpolaris (0.4 +/- 0.4 S.E.M.) and oralis (19.8 +/- 3.5 S.E.M.) subnuclei. The results demonstrate that nociceptive dental input received by the three subnuclei of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, particularly the subnucleus caudalis, is relayed to the lateral parabrachial nucleus.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)01580-9}, institution = {Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. gva@ac.dal.ca}, keywords = {Animals; Blood Pressure, physiology; Dentin, drug effects/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Fluorescent Dyes; Heart Rate, physiology; Hemodynamics, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiopathology; Nociceptors, physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiopathology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reflex, physiology; Stilbamidines; Stimulation, Chemical; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(95)01580-9}, pmid = {8739631}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)01580-9}, } @Article{Allen:1992, author = {G. V. Allen and D. F. Cechetto}, title = {Functional and anatomical organization of cardiovascular pressor and depressor sites in the lateral hypothalamic area: I. Descending projections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {315}, number = {3}, pages = {313--332}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The present study describes the anatomical organization of projections from functionally defined cell groups of the lateral hypothalamic area. Cardiovascular pressor and depressor sites were identified following microinjection (5-50 nl) of 0.01-1.0 M L-glutamate or D,L-homocysteate into the anesthetized rat. Subsequent injections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) or wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were made into pressor or depressor sites and their connections with the brainstem and spinal cord were traced. Decreases in blood pressure (10-45 mmHg) and heart rate (20-70 bpm) were elicited from tuberal (LHAt) and posterior (LHAp) regions of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Depressor neurons in the LHAt have descending projections to the central gray, dorsal and median raphe nuclei, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, pontine reticular formation, medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, laterodorsal tegmental region, and medullary reticular formation including the region of the lateral tegmental field, nucleus ambigous, and rostrocaudal ventral lateral medulla. In contrast, descending projections from depressor neurons in the LHAp have dense terminal fields in the rostral, middle, and commissural portions of the nucleus of the solitary tract and the lateral tegmental field as well as the ventrolateral central gray, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, and medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei. Both the LHAt and LHAp have light projections to the intermediate region of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. Increases in blood pressure (10-40 mmHg) and heart rate (20-70 bpm) were elicited almost exclusively from neurons located medial to the LHAt and LHAp in a region surrounding the fornix, termed the perifornical area (PFA). Pressor cells in the PFA have descending projections to the central gray, dorsal and median raphe nuclei, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and Barrington's nucleus as well as a light projection to the commissural portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract and the intermediate region of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. The retrograde labeling observed in the WGA-HRP studies indicates that cells in most terminal fields have reciprocal projections to the pressor and depressor regions of the LHA. The results demonstrate that groups of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus with specific cardiovascular function have differential projections to the brain stem.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903150307}, institution = {e and Aging, London, Ontario, Canada.}, keywords = {Amino Acids, pharmacology; Animals; Blood Pressure, physiology; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Heart Rate, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1740546}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903150307}, } @Article{Allen:1993, author = {G. V. Allen and D. F. Cechetto}, title = {Functional and anatomical organization of cardiovascular pressor and depressor sites in the lateral hypothalamic area. II. Ascending projections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1993}, volume = {330}, number = {3}, pages = {421--438}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Microinjections of L-glutamate or D,L-homocysteic acid were used to stimulate cell bodies in the region of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) selectively. Subsequent iontophoretic injections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin or pressure injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were made into regions containing identified pressor and depressor sites and their connections with the forebrain and cerebral cortex were traced. The results indicate that decreases in blood pressure (10-45 mm Hg) and heart rate (20-70 bpm) could be elicited from tuberal (LHAt) and posterior (LHAp) sites in the LHA and that these regions have ascending projections to the insular cortex, the ventral forebrain including the septal-diagonal band of Broca complex, the ventral palladium, substantia innominata, amygdala, and the lateral preoptic area. In contrast, increases in blood pressure (10-40 mm Hg) and heart rate (20-70 bpm) were elicited primarily from neurons located adjacent to the fornix in the perifornical area (PFA). Injections of tract tracers into this region produced terminal labeling that differed markedly from the pattern seen following injections of tracer into depressor sites in the LHA. In addition, the pattern of anterograde labeling seen following injections of tracer into the anterior PFA differed from that seen following injections of tracer into the posterior PFA. Injections of tracer into the anterior PFA resulted in dense terminal labeling in the medial preoptic area and the parvicellular paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus whereas injections into the posterior PFA resulted in dense terminal labeling in the lateral septal nucleus, nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, as well as the medial preoptic area and the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The results demonstrate that the posterolateral hypothalamus of the rat contains two regions with specific cardiovascular function and highly organized connections with diencephalic, forebrain, and cortical structures.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903300310}, institution = {Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Amino Acids, pharmacology; Animals; Blood Pressure, physiology; Brain Mapping; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7682225}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903300310}, } @Article{Allen:1994, author = {Allen, G. V. and Cechetto, D. F.}, title = {Serotoninergic and nonserotoninergic neurons in the medullary raphe system have axon collateral projections to autonomic and somatic cell groups in the medulla and spinal cord.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1994}, volume = {350}, number = {3}, pages = {357--366}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Fluorescent double retrograde-tracing studies combined with fluorescent immunostaining for serotonin were carried out to determine the potential patterns of divergence in axonal projections to autonomic and somatic motor sites from medullary raphe and parapyramidal neurons. Injections (20-60 nl) of combinations of fluorescent retrograde tracers (Fast Blue, fluoro-gold, green latex microspheres, Diamidino Yellow) were made into the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the spinal cord and the brainstem lateral tegmental field or ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord of male Wistar rats. The animals were perfused after a 7-10-day survival period, and the brains were removed, sectioned (50 microns), and immunostained for serotonin. Following injections of different retrograde-tracer substances into the IML of the thoracic cord and the ventral horn of the lumbar cord, 36\% of the neurons with axon collateral projections to the IML and the lumbar ventral horn were serotoninergic. Following injections of different retrograde-tracer substances into the IML and the lateral tegmental field, 26\% of the neurons with axon collateral projections to the IML and the lateral tegmental field were serotoninergic. Many of the medullary neurons with projections to the lateral tegmental field and the lumbar cord were located dorsal and lateral to those neurons with projections to the IML. The results indicate that serotoninergic and nonserotoninergic neurons of the midline raphe system and parapyramidal region have axon collateral branches to the IML and the lateral tegmental field or the IML and the lumbar ventral horn. These projection neurons may form the anatomical substrate for the integration of autonomic and somatic motor activity.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903500303}, institution = {Dalhousie University, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Stem, cytology; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Fluorescent Dyes; Latex; Male; Microspheres; Neurons, cytology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin, analysis; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7533797}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903500303}, } @Article{Allen:1995, author = {G. V. Allen and D. F. Cechetto}, title = {Neurotensin in the lateral hypothalamic area: origin and function.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1995}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, pages = {533--544}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The origin of neurotensin in the lateral hypothalamus was investigated by means of fluorescent retrograde tract tracing and neurotensin-like immunoreactivity. Following fluorescent retrograde tract tracing with FluoroGold combined with neurotensin immunohistochemistry in the rat brain, numerous neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons with projections to the posterior lateral hypothalamic area were identified in the central nucleus of the amygdala, perifornical area and the parabrachial nucleus. Fewer numbers of neurotensin-positive neurons with projections to the lateral hypothalamic area were observed in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral septal nucleus, medial preoptic area, peri- and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, anterior lateral hypothalamic area and dorsal raphe nucleus. In addition, the role of neurotensin in the modulation of autonomic regulatory input from the insula was investigated. The lateral hypothalamic area was surveyed for single units responding to electrical stimulation (500-900 microA, 0.5 Hz) of sites in the insular cortex from which cardiovascular pressor or depressor responses could be elicited. These units were tested for the influence of neurotensin on responses to stimulation of the insular cortex. Of 60 spontaneously firing neurons, 27 units responded to electrical stimulation of cardiovascular sites in the insula. Of the units responding to stimulation of cardiovascular sites in the insula, 14 units showed excitation only, 10 units showed excitation followed by inhibition and three units showed inhibition. Iontophoresis of 0.1-1.0 mM neurotensin (25-100 nA, pH 5.0-6.0) potentiated six of the excitatory responses and showed no effect on the inhibitory responses. In addition, nine neurons showed an increase in spontaneous activity with iontophoresis of neurotensin. Of these neurons, three were excited by insular stimulation and six did not respond. These findings indicate the likely origin of neurotensin in the lateral hypothalamic area and demonstrate that neurotensin has a role in the modulation of some of the cardiovascular regulatory input from the insular cortex.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(95)00261-g}, institution = {Neurobiology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.}, keywords = {Amygdala, chemistry/physiology; Animals; Hypothalamus, chemistry/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurotensin, analysis/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(95)00261-G}, pmid = {8552247}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Allen:1989, author = {G. V. Allen and D. A. Hopkins}, title = {Mamillary body in the rat: topography and synaptology of projections from the subicular complex, prefrontal cortex, and midbrain tegmentum.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1989}, volume = {286}, number = {3}, pages = {311--336}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The retrograde and anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) has been used to trace afferent connections of the rat mamillary body (MB) at the light and electron microscopic levels. Injections of WGA-HRP into different parts of the MB resulted in heavy retrograde labeling in the subicular complex, medial prefrontal cortex, and dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei. Injections of WGA-HRP into each of these brain regions, respectively, resulted in anterograde labeling with specific distributions and characteristic synaptic organizations in the MB. Projections from the rostrodorsal and caudoventral subiculum terminated in a topographically organized laminar fashion in the medial mamillary nucleus bilaterally, whereas afferent projections from the presubiculum and parasubiculum terminated only in the lateral mamillary nucleus. Labeled axon terminals which originated from the subicular complex were characterized by round vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic junctions with small-diameter dendrites and dendritic spines in the medial and lateral mamillary nuclei. Projections from the prefrontal cortex originated mainly in the infralimbic area and to a lesser degree in the prelimbic and anterior cingulate areas. Injections of tracer into these brain regions gave rise to dense labeling of axon terminals in the medial mamillary nucleus, pars medianus, and in the anterior dorsomedial portion of the pars medialis. The labeled terminals were characterized by round vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic junctions with small-diameter dendrites and dendritic spines. Projections from the dorsal tegmental nucleus terminated in the ipsilateral lateral mamillary nucleus, whereas afferent projections from the anterior and posterior subnuclei of the ventral tegmental nucleus terminated topographically in the medial mamillary nucleus. The ventral tegmental nucleus, pars anterior projected to the midline region of the medial nucleus and the dorsolateral and ventromedial subdivisions of the pars posterior projected to medial and lateral parts of the medial nucleus, respectively. In contrast to the synaptic morphology of subicular complex and medial prefrontal cortex axon terminals in the MB, labeled axon terminals in the MB which originated from the midbrain tegmentum were characterized by pleomorphic vesicles and formed symmetric synaptic junctions with neuronal somata and proximal dendrites as well as distal dendrites and dendritic spines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902860303}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Male; Mamillary Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, Afferent, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, ultrastructure; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2504784}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902860303}, } @Article{Allen:1990, author = {G. V. Allen and D. A. Hopkins}, title = {Topography and synaptology of mamillary body projections to the mesencephalon and pons in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {301}, number = {2}, pages = {214--231}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) was used to study the anatomical organization of descending projections from the mamillary body (MB) to the mesencephalon and pons at light and electron microscopic levels. Injections of WGA-HRP into the medial mamillary nucleus resulted in dense anterograde and retrograde labeling in the ventral tegmental nucleus, while injections in the lateral mamillary nucleus resulted in dense anterograde labeling in the dorsal tegmental nucleus pars dorsalis and dense anterograde and retrograde labeling in the pars ventralis of the dorsal tegmental nucleus. Anterogradely labeled fibers in the mamillotegmental tract diverged from the principal mamillary tract in an extensive dorsocaudally oriented swath of axons which extended to the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei, and numerous axons turned sharply ventrally and rostrally to terminate topographically in the dorsomedial nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and rostromedial pontine nuclei. The anterograde labeling in these two precerebellar relay nuclei was distributed near the midline such that projections from the lateral mamillary nucleus terminated mainly dorsomedial to the terminal fields of projections from the medial mamillary nucleus. In the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei, labeled axon terminals contained round synaptic vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic junctions primarily with small diameter dendrites and to a lesser extent with neuronal somata. A few labeled terminals contained pleomorphic vesicles and formed symmetric synaptic junctions with dendrites and neuronal somata. Labeled axon terminals were also frequently found in synaptic contact with retrogradely labeled dendrites and neuronal somata in the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei. These findings indicate that neurons in the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei are reciprocally connected with MB projection neurons. In the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and medial pontine nuclei, labeled axon terminals contained round synaptic vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic junctions primarily with small diameter dendrites. The present study demonstrates that projections from the medial and lateral nuclei of the MB are topographically organized in the mesencephalon and pons. The synaptic morphology of mamillotegmental projections suggests that they may have excitatory influences primarily on the distal dendrites of neurons in these brain regions.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903010206}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Mamillary Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Microscopy, Electron; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1702105}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903010206}, } @Article{Allen:1998, author = {G. V. Allen and D. A. Hopkins}, title = {Convergent prefrontal cortex and mamillary body projections to the medial pontine nuclei: a light and electron microscopic study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1998}, volume = {398}, number = {3}, pages = {347--358}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {To study the convergence of medial prefrontal cortex and mamillary body projections to the medial pontine nuclei, light and electron microscopic, neuroanatomical, tract-tracing experiments were performed. Injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP), biotin conjugated to dextran (BD), or rhodamine conjugated to dextran (RD) were made individually or in combinations into the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, or pons. In addition, injections of WGA-HRP into the medial prefrontal cortex and electrolytic lesions of the mamillary body were made to study the synaptology of afferent projections to the pontine nuclei. In the light microscopic studies, injections of WGA-HRP into the rostromedial pontine nuclei produced dense, retrograde labeling both in the dorsal peduncular area of the medial prefrontal cortex and in the medial mamillary nucleus, pars medialis. Injections of the anterograde tracers BD and RD into the medial prefrontal cortex and the medial mamillary nuclei, respectively, resulted in partially overlapping terminal fields in the rostromedial pontine nuclei. In the electron microscopic studies, injections of WGA-HRP into the dorsal peduncular area and electrolytic lesions of the mamillary body produced anterogradely labeled axon terminals and degenerating axon terminals that synapsed on the same dendrites or neuronal somata in the rostromedial pontine nuclei. The results demonstrate that the medial prefrontal cortex and the medial mamillary nuclei have partially overlapping projections to the rostromedial pontine nuclei and implicate precerebellar relay nuclei in the integration of limbic and/or autonomic functions mediated by convergent projections from the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980831)398:3<347::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-#}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. gva@is.dal.ca}, keywords = {Animals; Male; Mamillary Bodies, cytology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, cytology/ultrastructure; Pons, cytology/ultrastructure; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-}, pmid = {9714148}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Allen:1991, author = {G. V. Allen and C. B. Saper and K. M. Hurley and D. F. Cechetto}, title = {Organization of visceral and limbic connections in the insular cortex of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {311}, number = {1}, pages = {1--16}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to study the anatomical organization of visceral and limbic terminal fields in the insular cortex. Following injections into the ventroposterolateral parvicellular (VPLpc) and ventroposteromedial parvicellular (VPMpc) visceral relay nuclei of the thalamus, dense anterograde and retrograde labeling was present in the posterior granular and dysgranular insular cortices, respectively. The parabrachial nucleus had extensive connections with the posterior dysgranular cortex and to a lesser degree with the anterior dysgranular and granular cortices. In contrast, injections into the medial prefrontal cortex and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus resulted in dense anterograde and retrograde labeling primarily in the anterior agranular cortex, whereas injections in the amygdala resulted in axonal labeling in the agranular and dysgranular insular cortices. Injections into the lateral hypothalamic area resulted in dense anterograde and retrograde labeling mainly in the agranular and dysgranular cortices and moderate to light labeling in the granular cortex. Our results indicate that ascending visceral afferents, VPLpc, VPMpc, and parabrachial nuclei, are topographically organized in the granular and dysgranular fields of the insular cortex, whereas the agranular cortex appears to receive highly integrated limbic afferents from the infralimbic cortex and the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. Although these visceral and limbic inputs to the insular cortex are segregated for the most part into different longitudinally oriented strips of cortex, limbic input from the lateral hypothalamic area and the amygdala, which have extensive autonomic as well as limbic connections, are more diffusely distributed over the different regions of the insular cortex. This organization may subserve a role for the insular cortex in integration of autonomic response with ongoing behaviour and emotion.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903110102}, institution = {Department of Stroke and Aging, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, anatomy /&/ histology; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1719041}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903110102}, } @Article{Alloway:1999, author = {K. D. Alloway and J. Crist and J. J. Mutic and S. A. Roy}, title = {Corticostriatal projections from rat barrel cortex have an anisotropic organization that correlates with vibrissal whisking behavior.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1999}, volume = {19}, number = {24}, pages = {10908--10922}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {To elucidate the detailed organization of corticostriatal projections from rodent somatosensory cortex, the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and fluoro-ruby (FR) were injected into separate parts of the whisker "barrel" representation. In one group of rats, the two tracers were injected into different barrel columns residing in the same row; in the other group of rats, the tracers were deposited into barrel columns residing in different rows. Reconstructions of labeled axonal varicosities in the neostriatum and ventrobasal thalamus were analyzed quantitatively to compare the extent of overlapping projections to these subcortical structures. For both groups of animals, corticostriatal projections terminated in densely packed clusters that occupied curved lamellar-shaped regions along the dorsolateral edge of the neostriatum. When the tracers were injected into different whisker barrel rows, the distribution of BDA- and FR-labeled terminals in the neostriatum followed a crude somatotopic organization in which the amount of overlap was approximately the same as in the ventrobasal thalamus. When both tracers were injected into the same whisker barrel row, however, the amount of corticostriatal overlap was significantly higher than the amount of overlap observed in the ventrobasal thalamus. These results indicate that corticostriatal projections from whisker barrel cortex have an anisotropic organization that correlates with the pattern of vibrissal movements during whisking behavior.}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Brain Mapping; Male; Neostriatum, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Vibrissae, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10594072}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/24/10908.long}, } @Article{Alloway:2003, author = {Alloway, Kevin D. and Hoffer, Zachary S. and Hoover, John E.}, title = {Quantitative comparisons of corticothalamic topography within the ventrobasal complex and the posterior nucleus of the rodent thalamus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2003}, volume = {968}, number = {1}, pages = {54--68}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {To compare the topographic precision of corticothalamic projections to the ventrobasal (VB) complex and the medial part of the posterior (POm) complex, different anterograde tracers were placed in neighboring parts of the primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortical areas. The location of labeled corticothalamic terminals and their beaded varicosities were plotted, and the digital reconstructions were analyzed quantitatively to determine the extent of overlapping projections from the cortical injection sites. Among animals that received all tracer injections in SI cortex, tracer overlap in the thalamus varied according to the proximity of the cortical injection sites. Regardless of which combination of somatic representations were injected in SI, within each animal the amount of tracer overlap in POm was similar to that observed in VB, and a matched-sample statistical analysis failed to reveal significant differences in the proportion of the labeled regions that contained overlapping projections from the injected cortical sites. Among those animals in which the tracers were injected into the whisker representations of SI and SII, the amount of tracer overlap in the thalamus was not affected by the proximity of the cortical injection sites. Instead, tracer overlap appeared to be related to the degree of somatotopic correspondence. Furthermore, within each of these animals, the amount of tracer overlap in POm was similar to that found in the VB complex. These results indicate that POm has a well-defined topographic organization that is comparable to the degree of topography observed in the VB complex.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(02)04265-8}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, H109, Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, 17033-2255, Hershey, PA, USA. kda1@psu.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Brain Mapping; Dextrans, metabolism; Forelimb, innervation/metabolism; Hindlimb, innervation/metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hydrazines, metabolism; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines, metabolism; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Vibrissae, innervation/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899302042658}, pmid = {12644264}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alloway:2006, author = {Alloway, Kevin D. and Lou, Li and Nwabueze-Ogbo, Fidel and Chakrabarti, Shubhodeep}, title = {Topography of cortical projections to the dorsolateral neostriatum in rats: multiple overlapping sensorimotor pathways.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2006}, volume = {499}, number = {1}, pages = {33--48}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {In rodents, the whisker representation in primary somatosensory (SI) cortex projects to the dorsolateral neostriatum, but the location of these projections has never been characterized with respect to layer IV barrels and their intervening septa. To address this issue, we injected a retrograde tracer into the dorsolateral neostriatum and then reconstructed the location of the labeled corticostriatal neurons with respect to the cytochrome oxidase (CO)-labeled barrels in SI. When the tracer was restricted to a small focal site in the neostriatum, the retrogradely labeled neurons formed elongated strips that were parallel to the curvilinear orientation of layer IV barrel rows. After larger tracer injections, labeled neurons were distributed uniformly across layer V and were aligned with both the barrel and septal compartments. Labeled projections from the contralateral SI barrel cortex, however, were much fewer in number and were disproportionately associated with the septal compartments. A comparison of the labeling patterns in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres revealed symmetric, mirror-image distributions that extended across primary motor cortex (MI) and multiple somatosensory cortical regions, including the secondary somatosensory (SII) cortex, the parietal ventral (PV) and parietal rhinal (PR) areas, and the posteromedial (PM) region. Examination of the thalamus revealed labeled neurons in the intralaminar nuclei, in the medial part of the posterior nucleus (POm), and in the ventrobasal complex. These results indicate that the dorsolateral neostriatum integrates sensorimotor information from multiple sensorimotor representations in the thalamus and cortex.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21039}, institution = {Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Brain Mapping; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Dextrans, metabolism; Electron Transport Complex IV, metabolism; Functional Laterality; Male; Motor Cortex, cytology; Neostriatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology; Stilbamidines, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16958106}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21039}, } @Article{Alloway:2000, author = {Alloway, K. D. and Mutic, J. J. and Hoffer, Z. S. and Hoover, J. E.}, title = {Overlapping corticostriatal projections from the rodent vibrissal representations in primary and secondary somatosensory cortex.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2000}, volume = {428}, number = {4}, pages = {51--67}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {To determine whether the neostriatum receives overlapping projections from two somatosensory cortical areas, the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and fluoro-ruby (FR) were injected into the whisker representations of primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortex. Reconstructions of labeled terminals and their beaded varicosities in the neostriatum and thalamus were analyzed quantitatively to compare the extent of overlapping projections to both subcortical structures. Corticostriatal projections from focal sites in both somatosensory areas exhibited substantial amounts of divergence within the dorsolateral neostriatum. Most of the labeled terminals were concentrated in densely packed arborizations that occupied lamellar-shaped regions along the dorsolateral edge of the neostriatum. Tracer injections in both cortical areas also produced dense anterograde and retrograde labeling in the thalamus, especially in the ventrobasal complex (VB) and in the medial part of the posterior (POm) nucleus. Because these thalamic regions are topographically organized and have reciprocal connections with corresponding representations in both SI and SII, the amount of labeled overlap in the thalamus was used to indicate the degree of somatotopic correspondence at the SI and SII injection sites. We found that the proportion of overlapping projections to the neostriatum was moderately correlated with the amount of overlap observed in the thalamus. This result strongly indicates that specific sites in the dorsolateral neostriatum receive convergent projections from corresponding somatotopic representations in SI and SII, but also suggests that some of the corticostriatal divergence may reflect neostriatal integration of somatosensory information from noncorresponding representations in SI and SII.}, doi = {10.1002/1096-9861(20001009)426:1<51::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-n}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA. kda1@psu.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Dextrans, diagnostic use; Efferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Male; Mechanoreceptors, cytology/physiology; Neostriatum, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rhodamines, diagnostic use; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/physiology; Thalamus, cytology/physiology; Vibrissae, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11185904}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alloway:1998, author = {Alloway, K. D. and Mutic, J. J. and Hoover, J. E.}, title = {Divergent corticostriatal projections from a single cortical column in the somatosensory cortex of rats.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {785}, number = {2}, pages = {341--346}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {We injected biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into single vibrissal 'barrels' of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex and reconstructed the topography of labelled varicosities in the dorsolateral caudate-putamen. Plots of labelled varicosities revealed densely-packed clusters of corticostriatal arborizations along the dorsolateral edge of the caudate-putamen and sparsely-packed arborizations more medially. The medial and lateral clusters of labelled terminals were separated by regions of unlabelled neuropil and lead us to conclude that a single cortical column sends divergent projections to multiple regions of the caudate-putamen.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01363-2}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. kalloway@psuhmc.hmc.psu.edu}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Brain Mapping; Caudate Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Putamen, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Vibrissae, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(97)01363-2}, pmid = {9518681}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alloway:2008, author = {Kevin D Alloway and Michelle L Olson and Jared B Smith}, title = {Contralateral corticothalamic projections from MI whisker cortex: potential route for modulating hemispheric interactions.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2008}, volume = {510}, number = {1}, pages = {100--116}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Rat whisking behavior is characterized by high amounts of bilateral coordination in which whisker movements on both sides of the face are linked. To elucidate the neural substrate that might mediate this bilateral coordination, neuronal tracers were used to characterize the bilateral distribution of corticothalamic projections from primary motor (MI) cortex. Some rats received tracers in the MI whisker region, whereas others received tracers in the MI forepaw region. The MI whisker region projects bilaterally to the anteromedial (AM), ventromedial (VM), and ventrolateral (VL) nuclei, and to parts of the intralaminar nuclei. By contrast, the MI forepaw region sends virtually no projections to the contralateral thalamus. Consistent with these findings, bilateral injections of different tracers into the MI whisker region of each hemisphere produced tracer overlap on both sides of the thalamus. Furthermore, MI whisker projections to the contralateral thalamus terminate in close proximity to the thalamocortical neurons that project to the MI whisker region of that contralateral hemisphere. The terminal endings of the contralateral corticothalamic projections contain small synaptic varicosities and other features that resemble the modulator pathways described for other corticothalamic projection systems. In addition, tracer injections into AM, VM, and VL revealed dense clusters of labeled neurons in layer VI of the medial agranular (Agm) zone, which corresponds to the MI whisker region. These results suggest that projections from the MI whisker region to the contralateral thalamus may modulate the callosal interactions that are presumed to play a role in coordinating bilateral whisking behavior.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21782}, institution = {Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Cerebrum, physiology; Forelimb, physiology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Male; Motor Cortex, physiology; Movement, physiology; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Thalamus, physiology; Vibrissae, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {18615539}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21782}, } @InCollection{Alloway:2011, author = {Alloway, Kevin D and Smith, Jared B}, title = {Forebrain circuits controlling whisker movements}, booktitle = {Animal Models of Movement Disorders}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {2011}, pages = {139--159}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-61779-301-1_8}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alloway:2010, author = {Kevin D Alloway and Jared B Smith and Kyle J Beauchemin}, title = {Quantitative analysis of the bilateral brainstem projections from the whisker and forepaw regions in rat primary motor cortex.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2010}, volume = {518}, number = {22}, pages = {4546--4566}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The whisker region in rat primary motor (MI) cortex projects to several brainstem regions, but the relative strength of these projections has not been characterized. We recently quantified the MI projections to bilateral targets in the forebrain (Alloway et al. [2009] J Comp Neurol 515:548-564), and the present study extends those findings by quantifying the MI projections to bilateral targets in the brainstem. We found that both the whisker and forepaw regions in MI project most strongly to the basal pons and superior colliculus. While the MI forepaw region projects mainly to the ipsilateral basilar pons, the MI whisker region has significantly more connections with the contralateral side. This bilateral difference suggests that corticopontine projections from the MI whisker region may have a role in coordinating bilateral whisker movements. Anterograde tracer injections in MI did not reveal any direct projections to the facial nucleus, but retrograde tracer injections in the facial nucleus revealed some labeled neurons in MI cortex. The number of retrogradely labeled neurons in MI, however, was dwarfed by a much larger number of labeled neurons in the superior colliculus and other brainstem regions. Together, our anterograde and retrograde tracing results indicate that the superior colliculus provides the most effective route for transmitting information from MI to the facial nucleus.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.22477}, institution = {Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Dextrans, metabolism; Electric Stimulation, methods; Forelimb, physiology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Male; Microinjections, methods; Microscopy, Confocal, methods; Motor Cortex, physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines, metabolism; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Vibrissae, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {20886621}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22477}, } @Article{Alloway:2009, author = {Kevin D Alloway and Jared B Smith and Kyle J Beauchemin and Michelle L Olson}, title = {Bilateral projections from rat MI whisker cortex to the neostriatum, thalamus, and claustrum: forebrain circuits for modulating whisking behavior.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2009}, volume = {515}, number = {5}, pages = {548--564}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {In rats, whisking behavior is characterized by high-frequency synchronous movements and other stereotyped patterns of bilateral coordination that are rarely seen in the bilateral movements of the limbs. This suggests that the motor systems controlling whisker and limb movements must have qualitative or quantitative differences in their interhemispheric connections. To test this hypothesis, anterograde tracing methods were used to characterize the bilateral distribution of projections from the whisker and forepaw regions in the primary motor (MI) cortex. Unilateral tracer injections in the MI whisker or forepaw regions revealed robust projections to the corresponding MI cortical area in the contralateral hemisphere. Both MI regions project bilaterally to the neostriatum, but the corticostriatal projections from the whisker region are denser and more evenly distributed across both hemispheres than those from the MI forepaw region. The MI whisker region projects bilaterally to several nuclei in the thalamus, whereas the MI forepaw region projects almost exclusively to the ipsilateral thalamus. The MI whisker region sends dense projections to the contralateral claustrum, but those to the ipsilateral claustrum are less numerous. By contrast, the MI forepaw region sends few projections to the claustrum of either hemisphere. Bilateral deposits of different tracers in MI revealed overlapping projections to the neostriatum, thalamus, and claustrum when the whisker regions were injected, but not when the forepaw regions were injected. These results suggest that the bilateral coordination of the whiskers depends, in part, on MI projections to the contralateral neostriatum, thalamus, and claustrum.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.22073}, institution = {Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Brain Mapping, methods; Exploratory Behavior, physiology; Male; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Neostriatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Vibrissae, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {19479997}, subtitle = {@article{Schaefer:2017, title = "Convergence of Primary Sensory Cortex and Cerebellar Nuclei Pathways in the Whisker System ", journal = "Neuroscience ", volume = "", number = "", pages = " - ", year = "2017", note = "", issn = "0306-4522", doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.036", url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452217305134", author = "Carmen B. Schäfer and Freek E. Hoebeek", keywords = "Sensorimotor integration", keywords = "Cerebellar nuclei", keywords = "Barrel cortex", keywords = "Thalamus", keywords = "Extra-thalamic inhibition", keywords = "Circuit systems ", abstract = "Abstract To safely maneuver through the environment the brain needs to compare active sensory information with ongoing motor programs. This process occurs at various levels in the brain: at the lower level, i.e. in the spinal cord, reflexes are generated for the most primitive motor responses; at the intermediate level, i.e., in the brainstem, various nuclei co-process sensory- and motor-related inputs; and, at the higher level cerebellum and thalamo-cortical networks individually compute suitable commands for fine-tuned motor output. For sensorimotor processes the integrative capacities of the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum have been the topic of detailed analysis. Here, we use higher order sensorimotor integration in the whisker system as a model to evaluate the convergence pattern of primary sensory cortex projections and the cerebellar output nuclei throughout several brain nuclei. This prospective review focuses not only on the thalamus, but also incorporates extra-thalamic structures that could function as comparators of cerebellar output and sensory cortex output. Based on the literature on anatomical and physiological studies in the rodent brain and our qualitative data on the convergence of cerebellar sensory cortical projections we identify the superior colliculus as well as the zona incerta and the anterior pretectal nucleus as suitable candidates for cerebello-cortical convergence. Including these putative comparators we discuss the potential routes for sensorimotor information flow between the cerebellum and cerebral sensory cortex with a focus on the modulation of thalamic activity by extra-thalamic structures. " }}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22073}, } @Article{Alloway:2014, author = {Alloway, Kevin D. and Smith, Jared B. and Watson, Glenn D R.}, title = {Thalamostriatal projections from the medial posterior and parafascicular nuclei have distinct topographic and physiologic properties.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {2014}, volume = {111}, number = {1}, pages = {36--50}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is critical for executing sensorimotor behaviors that depend on stimulus-response (S-R) associations. In rats, the DLS receives it densest inputs from primary somatosensory (SI) cortex, but it also receives substantial input from the thalamus. Much of rat DLS is devoted to processing whisker-related information, and thalamic projections to these whisker-responsive DLS regions originate from the parafascicular (Pf) and medial posterior (POm) nuclei. To determine which thalamic nucleus is better suited for mediating S-R associations in the DLS, we compared their input-output connections and neuronal responses to repetitive whisker stimulation. Tracing experiments demonstrate that POm projects specifically to the DLS, but the Pf innervates both dorsolateral and dorsomedial parts of the striatum. The Pf nucleus is innervated by whisker-sensitive sites in the superior colliculus, and these sites also send dense projections to the zona incerta, a thalamic region that sends inhibitory projections to the POm. These data suggest that projections from POm to the DLS are suppressed by incertal inputs when the superior colliculus is activated by unexpected sensory stimuli. Simultaneous recordings with two electrodes indicate that POm neurons are more responsive and habituate significantly less than Pf neurons during repetitive whisker stimulation. Response latencies are also shorter in POm than in Pf, which is consistent with the fact that Pf receives its whisker information via synaptic relays in the superior colliculus. These findings indicate that, compared with the Pf nucleus, POm transmits somatosensory information to the DLS with a higher degree of sensory fidelity.}, doi = {10.1152/jn.00399.2013}, institution = {Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {jn.00399.2013}, pmid = {24108793}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00399.2013}, } @Article{Alloway:2004, author = {Alloway, Kevin D. and Zhang, Mengliang and Chakrabarti, Shubhodeep}, title = {Septal columns in rodent barrel cortex: functional circuits for modulating whisking behavior.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2004}, volume = {480}, number = {3}, pages = {299--309}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {In rodents, each mystacial whisker is represented in the granular layer of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex by a compact cluster of cells known as a barrel, and barrels are separated from each other by domains that are called septa. Vertical columns of neurons aligned with each barrel act as a functional assembly to process information from a "principal" whisker, but a functional role has not been identified for vertical columns of neurons that are aligned with the septa. To determine whether these septal columns provide the main source of projections to primary motor (MI) cortex, we placed retrograde tracers in MI cortex and analyzed the location of the retrogradely labeled neurons with respect to the septal and barrel compartments of SI barrel cortex. In cases in which SI barrel cortex was sectioned tangentially, retrogradely labeled neurons in the extragranular layers of SI were plotted and superimposed onto reconstructions of the layer IV barrel field. In each of these cases, most labeled neurons were located above or below the septal regions of layer IV. When SI barrel cortex was sectioned coronally, we observed multiple columns of labeled SI neurons that were vertically aligned with the septal zones of layer IV. These results indicate that columns of neurons that are vertically aligned with the septa, or septal columns, are functionally linked by virtue of their projections to MI cortex. We hypothesize that these septal columns represent an interconnected and functionally distinct circuit that transmits information to MI and other brain regions involved in motor control.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20339}, institution = {Behavioral Sciences, H109, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Exploratory Behavior, physiology; Male; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Nerve Net, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Space Perception, physiology; Vibrissae, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15515173}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20339}, } @Article{Almada:2015, author = {Almada, R. C. and Coimbra, N. C. and Brand{\~{a}}o, M. L.}, title = {Medial prefrontal cortex serotonergic and GABAergic mechanisms modulate the expression of contextual fear: intratelencephalic pathways and differential involvement of cortical subregions.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2015}, volume = {284}, pages = {988--997}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Several lines of evidence indicate that the dorsal hippocampus (dH) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regulate contextual fear conditioning. The prelimbic (PrL), infralimbic (IL) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) subregions of the mPFC likely play distinct roles in the expression of fear. Moreover, studies have highlighted the role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)- and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated mechanisms in the modulation of innate fear in the mPFC. The present study characterized dH-mPFC pathways and investigated the role of serotonergic and GABAergic mechanisms of the PrL, IL and ACC-area 1 (Cg1) in the elaboration of contextual fear conditioning using fear-potentiated startle (FPS) and freezing behavior in Rattus norvegicus. The results of neurotracing with microinjections of biotinylated dextran amine into the dH revealed a neural link of the dH with the PrL and ACC. Intra-PrL injections of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) and the GABAA receptor-selective agonist muscimol reduced contextual FPS and freezing responses. Intra-Cg1 injections of muscimol but not 8-OH-DPAT decreased FPS and freezing responses. However, neither intra-IL injections of a 5-HT1A agonist nor of a GABAA agonist affected these defensive responses. Labeled neuronal fibers from the dH reached the superficial layers of the PrL cortex and spread to the inner layers of PrL and Cg1 cortices, supporting the pharmacological findings. The present results confirmed the involvement of PrL and Cg1 in the expression of FPS and freezing responses to aversive conditions. In addition, PrL serotoninergic mechanisms play a key role in contextual fear conditioning. This study suggests that PrL, IL and Cg1 distinctively contribute to the modulation of contextual fear conditioning.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.001}, institution = {Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of the University of São Paulo, Department of Psychology, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neuroscience and Behaviour (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; NAP-USP-Neurobiology of Emotions Research Centre (NuPNE), Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: mbrandao@usp.br.}, keywords = {8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, pharmacology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Conditioning (Psychology), drug effects/physiology; Dextrans; Fear, drug effects/physiology; Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic, drug effects/physiology; GABA-A Receptor Agonists, pharmacology; Limbic Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Male; Muscimol, pharmacology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A, metabolism; Receptors, GABA-A, metabolism; Reflex, Startle, drug effects/physiology; Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists, pharmacology; Serotonin, metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(14)00939-7}, pmid = {25451298}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.001}, } @Article{Almado:2014, author = {Almado, Carlos Eduardo L and Le{\~a}o, Ricardo M and Machado, Benedito H}, title = {Intrinsic properties of rostral ventrolateral medulla presympathetic and bulbospinal respiratory neurons of juvenile rats are not affected by chronic intermittent hypoxia}, journal = {Experimental physiology}, year = {2014}, abstract = {The presympathetic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) are considered to be the source of the sympathetic activity, and there is experimental evidence that these cells present intrinsic autodepolarization. There is also evidence that an important respiratory neuronal population located in the RVLM/Bötzinger complex (BötC) corresponds to augmenting expiratory neurons (aug-E), which send projections to the phrenic nucleus in the spinal cord. However, the pacemaker activity of presympathetic neurons and the intrinsic properties of aug-E neurons had not been evaluated in brainstem slices of juvenile rats (postnatal day 35). Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is a sympathetic-mediated hypertension model, which seems to produce an associated increase in the activity of aug-E neurons. In this study, we evaluated the effects of CIH on the intrinsic properties of RVLM/BötC presympathetic and phrenic nucleus-projecting neurons (aug-E) in brainstem slices of juvenile rats (postnatal day 35). We observed that all presympathetic neurons presented spontaneous action potential firing (n = 18), which was not abolished by ionotropic receptor antagonism. In addition, exposure to 10 days of CIH produced no changes in their intrinsic passive properties, firing pattern or excitability. Most aug-E neurons presented spontaneous firing in control conditions (13 of 15 neurons), and this characteristic was preserved after blocking fast synaptic transmission (12 of 15 neurons), clearly demonstrating their intrinsic pacemaker activity. Chronic intermittent hypoxia also produced no changes in intrinsic passive properties, frequency and pattern of discharge or excitability of the aug-E neurons. The present study shows that: (i) it is possible to record the electrophysiological properties of RVLM/BötC presympathetic and aug-E neurons in brainstem slices from juvenile rats; (ii) these neurons present characteristics of intrinsic pacemakers; and (iii) their intrinsic properties were not altered by chronic intermittent hypoxia.}, doi = {10.1113/expphysiol.2013.077800}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, publisher = {Physiological Soc}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Almarestani:2007, author = {Almarestani, L. and Waters, S. M. and Krause, J. E. and Bennett, G. J. and Ribeiro-da-Silva, A.}, title = {Morphological characterization of spinal cord dorsal horn lamina I neurons projecting to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2007}, volume = {504}, number = {3}, pages = {287--297}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Many Rexed's lamina I neurons are nociceptive and project to the brain. Lamina I projection neurons can be classified as multipolar, fusiform, or pyramidal, based on cell body shape and characteristics of their proximal dendrites in the horizontal plane. There is also evidence that both multipolar and fusiform cells are nociceptive and pyramidal neurons nonnociceptive. In this investigation we identified which types of lamina I neurons belong to the spinoparabrachial tract in the rat and characterized them regarding the presence or absence of neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1r) immunoreactivity. For this, cholera toxin subunit B (CTb), conjugated to a fluorescent marker was injected unilaterally into the parabrachial nucleus. Sections were additionally stained for the detection of NK-1r immunoreactivity and were examined using fluorescence and confocal microscopy. Serial confocal optical sections and 3D reconstructions were obtained for a considerable number of neurons per animal. Using immunofluorescence, we assessed the proportion of lamina I neurons belonging to the spinoparabrachial (SPB) tract and/or expressing NK-1r. The relative distribution of neurons belonging to the SPB tract was: 38.7\% multipolar, 36.8\% fusiform, 22.7\% pyramidal, and 1.9\% unclassified. Most of the SPB neurons expressing NK-1r were either multipolar or fusiform. Pyramidal SPB neurons were seldom immunoreactive for NK-1r, an observation that provides further support to the concept that most lamina I projection neurons of the pyramidal type are nonnociceptive. In addition, our study provides further evidence that these distinct morphological types of neurons differ in their phenotypic properties, but not in their projection patterns.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21410}, institution = {Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Animals; Dendrites, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism; Pain, metabolism; Pons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, metabolism; ls, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {17640051}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21410}, } @Article{Almeida:2002, author = {Armando Almeida and Angeles Cobos and Isaura Tavares and Deolinda Lima}, title = {Brain afferents to the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus: a retrograde and anterograde tracing study in the rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2002}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {81--95}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The medullary dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt) was recently shown to belong to the supraspinal pain control system; neurons within this nucleus give origin to a descending projection that increases spinal nociceptive transmission and facilitates pain perception [Almeida et al. (1999), Eur. J. Neurosci., 11, 110-122]. In the present study, the areas of the brain that may modulate the activity of DRt neurons were investigated by using of tract-tracing techniques. Injection of a retrograde tracer into the DRt resulted in labelling in multiple areas of the brain. In the contralateral orbital, prelimbic, infralimbic, insular, motor and somatosensory cortices labelling was prominent, but a smaller ipsilateral projection from these same areas was also detected. Strong labelling was also noted in the central amygdaloid nucleus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis and substantia innominata. Labelled diencephalic areas were mainly confined to the hypothalamus, namely its lateral and posterior areas as well as the paraventricular nucleus. In the mesencephalon, the periaqueductal grey, red nucleus and deep mesencephalic nucleus were strongly labelled, whereas, in the brainstem, the parabrachial nuclei, rostroventromedial medulla, nucleus tractus solitarius, spinal trigeminal nucleus, and the parvocellular, dorsal, lateral and ventral reticular nuclei were the most densely labelled regions. All deep cerebellar nuclei were labelled bilaterally. These data suggest that the DRt integrates information from the somatosensory, antinociceptive, autonomic, limbic, pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems while triggering its descending facilitating action upon the spinal nociceptive transmission.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02058.x}, institution = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal. aalmeida@ecsaude.uminho.pt}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Histological Techniques; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Pain, pathology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {2058}, pmid = {12153533}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Almeida:1997, author = {A. Almeida and D. Lima}, title = {Activation by cutaneous or visceral noxious stimulation of spinal neurons projecting to the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus in the rat: a c-fos study.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1997}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {686--695}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The involvement of spinal neurons in the transmission of cutaneous and visceral nociceptive input to the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus was studied. Rats were injected with cholera toxin subunit B in the left dorsal reticular nucleus and subjected 4 days later to noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimulation of the proximal internal aspect of the left thigh, or to chemical stimulation of the urinary bladder. Sections of spinal segments T13-L3 were processed immunocytochemically for cholera toxin subunit B and Fos protein. The percentage of double-labelled cells in the population of Fos-positive cells was higher in lamina I (1-4\%) than in deeper laminae (0-0.7\%) following all stimuli. The percentage of double-labelled cells in the population of retrogradely labelled cells was 30-53\% in lamina I and 0-5\% in laminae III-X. Visceral stimulation activated more retrogradely labelled lamina I cells than any kind of cutaneous stimulation. Pyramidal cells were activated in higher numbers than multipolar and flattened cells after thermal cutaneous or visceral stimulation, and in lower numbers than multipolar cells after mechanical stimulation. These results suggest that, in the experimental conditions used, spinal cord cells conveying noxious input to the dorsal reticular nucleus are concentrated in lamina I. They further indicate that the spinal-dorsal reticular nucleus pathway plays a major role in the transmission of nociceptive visceral input, and point to the preferential involvement of pyramidal cells in cutaneous thermal and visceral processing.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01417.x}, institution = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Porto, Portugal.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cholera Toxin, analysis/pharmacokinetics/toxicity; Hot Temperature; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Pain; Physical Stimulation; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis/biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Skin, innervation; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Urinary Bladder, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9153575}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Almeida:1995, author = {Almeida, A. and Tavares, I. and Lima, D.}, title = {Projection sites of superficial or deep dorsal horn in the dorsal reticular nucleus.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, year = {1995}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, pages = {1245--1248}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The termination sites in the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt) of axons arising from superficial or deep dorsal horn cells were analysed by anterograde tracing with biotinylated dextran (BD). Following BD injections in spinal laminae I-III or in these laminae plus the dorsal funiculus, labelled fibres and boutons were located in the dorsal most ipsilateral portion of the DRt. Injections covering laminae III-V or laminae I-V resulted in bilateral labelling of the ventral DRt and ipsilateral labelling of the dorsal DRt. These findings, together with previous data concerning the origin of DRt projections to the superficial or deep dorsal horn, suggest the occurrence of reciprocal anatomical loops connecting the dorsal or the ventral areas of both regions.}, doi = {10.1097/00001756-199506090-00004}, institution = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Alameda Hernâni Monteiro, Portugal.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Dextrans, pharmacology; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Nociceptors, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7545452}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Almeida:2000, author = {A. Almeida and I. Tavares and D. Lima}, title = {Reciprocal connections between the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus and the spinal dorsal horn in the rat.}, journal = {Eur J Pain}, year = {2000}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {373--387}, abstract = {The synaptic architecture of spinal afferents of the dorsal portion (DRtd) of the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt) is studied. After iontophoretic injections of cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) into the superficial (laminae I-II), deep (laminae IV-V) or entire (laminae I-V) dorso-ventral extent of the spinal dorsal horn at the cervico-thoracic or lumbo-sacral levels, axonal boutons of two distinct types were labelled in the DRtd. Type A boutons (82\% after cervico-thoracic injections and 92\% after lumbo-sacral injections) were roundish, small and presented few mitochondria and small, round synaptic vesicles. Type B boutons (18\% after cervico-thoracic injections and 8\% after lumbo-sacral injections) were elongated, two to three times larger, and exhibited numerous mitochondria and larger round vesicles. Both types of bouton established asymmetrical synaptic contacts with small dendritic profiles and, less frequently, with dendritic trunks and perikarya. Retrograde labelling occurred in the postsynaptic profile of 15-18\% type A boutons labelled from any injection site. Taken together with previous data on DRt-spinal synaptic contacts at the superficial dorsal horn, the present results point to the occurrence of a reciprocal excitatory loop connecting the dorsal DRt and lamina I, which may be at the basis of the DRt-mediated pain-facilitating effects described recently.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1053/eujp.2000.0193}, institution = {versity of Oporto, Porto, 4200, Portugal.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Cholera Toxin; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Posterior Horn Cells, cytology; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S1090-3801(00)90193-9}, pmid = {11124010}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/eujp.2000.0193}, } @Article{Almeida:1993, author = {A. Almeida and I. Tavares and D. Lima and A. Coimbra}, title = {Descending projections from the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus make synaptic contacts with spinal cord lamina I cells projecting to that nucleus: an electron microscopic tracer study in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1993}, volume = {55}, number = {4}, pages = {1093--1106}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {An ultrastructural study is made of the synaptic contacts occurring between structures labelled anterogradely and retrogradely in the superficial dorsal horn following injections of cholera toxin subunit B or horseradish peroxidase in the dorsal reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata of the rat. Both tracers revealed labelled axonal boutons in lamina I with round synaptic vesicles and a few large granular vesicles making asymmetrical synaptic contacts upon labelled somata and dendrites. After injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in the dorsal reticular nucleus, labelled boutons identical to those revealed by the two other tracers were presynaptic to unlabelled somata and dendrites. In addition, dorsoreticular neurons were labelled retrogradely following injections of cholera toxin subunit B into the superficial dorsal horn of the cervical enlargement. These observations show the occurrence of a reciprocal connection between dorsal reticular and lamina I neurons. Considering the putative excitatory nature of the axodendritic contacts in lamina I, a positive feedback circuit is suggested, whereby the nociceptive signals transmitted to the dorsal medullary reticular formation by marginal neurons are intensified.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(93)90323-8}, institution = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Porto, Portugal.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Cholera Toxin; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Microscopy, Electron; Neurotransmitter Agents, analysis; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Synapses, chemistry/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(93)90323-8}, pmid = {7694179}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alonso:1982, author = {A. Alonso and C. Köhler}, title = {Evidence for separate projections of hippocampal pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons to different parts of the septum in the rat brain.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1982}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {209--214}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Large (200 nl) intraseptal injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) resulted in retrograde axonal labeling of both pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons throughout all septo-temporal levels of the hippocampal formation in the rat brain. Small (50 nl) injections of HRP into the medial septum labeled cells of non-pyramidal shape in the stratum oriens and the stratum radiatum of regio inferior, stratum oriens of regio superior and the hilus of the area dentata. Small (50 nl) injections of HRP restricted to the lateral septum resulted in retrograde labeling of pyramidal cells in regio inferior and regio superior without labeling of non-pyramidal cells. These results suggest a new efferent projection system from the hippocampus consisting of non-pyramidal neurons which innervate the medial septum/diagonal band complex in the rat brain.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(82)90021-0}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, classification/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7133556}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alonso:1984, author = {A. Alonso and C. Köhler}, title = {A study of the reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport methods in the rat brain.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1984}, volume = {225}, number = {3}, pages = {327--343}, month = {May}, abstract = {The reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area (EA) was studied in the rat brain using antero- and retrograde axonal transport methods. After injections of large volumes (2 X 100 nl) of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated to wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) into the medial septum (MS) and the diagonal band of Broca (dbB), anterogradely transported HRP-WGA was found primarily in layers II and IV of the medial and lateral EA. Injections of HRP-WGA (50-100 nl) or fluorescent dyes (50-100 nl) into different parts of the retrohippocampal region resulted in labeling, by retrograde axonal transport, of cells in the MS and dbB, both ipsi- and contralateral to the injected hemisphere. The labeled cells were either small (long axis of soma: 10-15 micron), round, and oval, or medium (15-25 micron) to large (25-35 micron) of fusiform or multipolar shape. By using the method of retrograde fluorescent double labeling, the septal afferents to the EA were found to give off collaterals to other parts of the hippocampal region. A much smaller number of septal cells appeared to send bilateral projections to the EA of both hemispheres. Studies employing retrograde transport of HRP in combination with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry on the same tissue section showed that, while a large number of cells projecting to the EA contain AChE, many projecting cells are devoid of AChE reaction products. These findings suggest that the septo-entorhinal projection consists of a cholinergic as well as a noncholinergic component. The entorhinal efferents to the septum were studied after injections of HRP-WGA into different parts of the retrohippocampal region. Labeled fibers could be traced through the fimbria to their terminal fields in the intermediate parts of the lateral septal nucleus and to the most lateral aspect of the vertical limb of the dbB. The cells giving rise to this projection were situated in layer IV of the medial and layers II through V of the lateral EA. Taken together, the present findings demonstrate a close anatomical relationship between the septum and the entorhinal area, in addition to the better known connections between the septum and the Ammon's horn.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902250303}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cholinergic Fibers, enzymology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6725648}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902250303}, } @Article{Alonso:1981, author = {Alonso, G. and Assenmacher, I.}, title = {Radioautographic studies on the neurohypophysial projections of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the rat.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {1981}, volume = {219}, number = {3}, pages = {525--534}, abstract = {The distribution of labelled axonal pathways was studied after unilateral stereotaxic injection of 3H-leucine into either supraoptic (SON) or paraventricular nuclei (PVN). In addition to extrahypothalamic projections of both nuclei, the main efferents appeared to run towards the neurohypophysis, yet with a strikingly different pattern. At the neurohypophysial levels, the SO-neurohypophysial tract crossed the inner layers of the median eminence (ME) before scattering in the neural lobe. The PV-neurohypophysial pathway, by contrast, provided an exclusive innervation to the external layer of the whole neurohypophysial organ, including the median eminence, infundibular stalk and neural lobe. The functional correlates of the clear-cut anatomical distinctness between the two magnocellular neurosecretory systems are discussed.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00209991}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways; Hypothalamus, ultrastructure; Male; Median Eminence, ultrastructure; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, ultrastructure; Pituitary Gland, Posterior, innervation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Supraoptic Nucleus, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7273112}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alonso:1996, author = {Alonso, G. and Bribes, E. and Chauvet, N.}, title = {Survival and regeneration of neurons of the supraoptic nucleus following surgical transection of neurohypophysial axons depend on the existence of collateral projections of these neurons to the dorsolateral hypothalamus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {711}, number = {1-2}, pages = {34--43}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The aim of the present study was to compare the postlesional responses of vasopressin-producing (VP) and oxytocin-producing (OT) neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) to transection of neurohypophysial axons. At different times after sectioning the median eminence of adult rats, immunocytochemical staining of both types of neuronal cell bodies and axons indicated that: (1) the number of OT neurons detected within the SON was only slightly decreased as compared with controls (-20\%), whereas the number of VP neurons was severely decreased (-60\%); and (2) the large majority of axonal sprouts that regenerated into the external layer of the median eminence were OT neurohypophysial axons. The injection of a retrograde tracer into various areas surrounding the SON further showed that numerous SON neurons could be retrogradely labeled when the injection was centered in the lateral hypothalamus dorsal to the SON. The immunocytochemical identification of these retrogradely labeled neurons demonstrated that most of them were OT neurons. When animals were subjected to median eminence transection and to a unilateral surgical cut placed in the lateral hypothalamus above the SON, the survival of both OT and VP neurons was dramatically reduced in the SON ipsilateral to the hypothalamic lesion, as compared to the contralateral SON. Taken together, these data indicate that OT (and to a lesser extent VP) neurons of the SON display collateral projections towards the lateral hypothalamus that protect them from retrograde degeneration following the lesion of their neurohypophysial projections.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)01350-4}, institution = {INSERM U336 Développement, Université Montpellier II, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Count; Hypothalamus, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/immunology; Oxytocin, immunology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Regeneration, physiology; Supraoptic Nucleus, physiology; Vasopressins, immunology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(95)01350-4}, pmid = {8680872}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alonso:1986, author = {Alonso, G. and Szafarczyk, A. and Assenmacher, I.}, title = {Radioautographic evidence that axons from the area of supraoptic nuclei in the rat project to extrahypothalamic brain regions.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1986}, volume = {66}, number = {3}, pages = {251--256}, month = {May}, abstract = {The axonal efferents of neurons of the supraoptic nucleus area were studied by radioautography in the rat after discrete stereotaxic injections of [3H]leucine into this nucleus. Beside a densely labeled pathway running from the nucleus to the posterior pituitary through the internal median eminence, several of the visualized labeled axonal bundles were found to project into various extrahypothalamic regions, including the olfactory bulb, the cortex, the lateral habenula, the subcommissural organ, the amygdala, the mammillary bodies and the locus coeruleus. These results suggest that part of the vasopressin- or oxytocin-containing perikarya located in the supraoptic nucleus constitute the cells of origin of axons which also contain these peptides and which have already been shown to be present in the above extrahypothalamic areas. This also implies that, like the paraventricular nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus is also involved in central extrahypothalamic regulations.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(86)90027-3}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, analysis; Brain Mapping; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Leucine, diagnostic use/metabolism; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Supraoptic Nucleus, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3725190}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alpeeva:2009, author = {E. V. Alpeeva and I. G. Makarenko}, title = {Perinatal development of the mammillothalamic tract and innervation of the anterior thalamic nuclei.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2009}, volume = {1248}, pages = {1--13}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Axonal projections originating from the mammillary bodies represent important pathways that are essential for spatial information processing. Mammillothalamic tract is one of the main efferent projection systems of the mammillary body belonging to the limbic "Papez circuit". This study was aimed to describe the schedule of the mammillothalamic tract development in the rat using carbocyanine dye tracing. It was shown for the first time that fibers of the mammillothalamic tract being the collaterals of the mammillotegmental tract axons start bifurcating from the mammillotegmental tract on E17. The axons of the mammillothalamic tract grow simultaneously and reach the ventral region of the anterior thalamus where they form first terminal arborizations on E20-E21. Ipsilateral projections from the medial mammillary nucleus to the anteromedial and anteroventral thalamic nuclei develop from E20 to P6. Bilateral projections from the lateral mammillary nucleus to the anterodorsal thalamic nuclei develop later, on P3-P6, after the formation of the thalamic decussation of the mammillary body axons. Unique spatial and temporal pattern of the perinatal development of ascending mammillary body projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei may reflect the importance of these connections within the limbic circuitry.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.060}, institution = {Optical Research Group, Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov str., 119334 Moscow, Russian Federation.}, keywords = {Animals; Anterior Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry/embryology/growth /&/ development; Axons, ultrastructure; Carbocyanines; Efferent Pathways, embryology/growth /&/ development; Fetal Development; Immunohistochemistry; Limbic System, embryology/growth /&/ development; Mamillary Bodies, embryology/growth /&/ development; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synapsins, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(08)02628-0}, pmid = {19026995}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.060}, } @InProceedings{Al-Shamma:1991, author = {H.A. Al-Shamma and S. Numan and N.A. Bullock and G.J. De Vries}, title = {A comparison of the efferents of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdaloid nucleus}, booktitle = {Society For Neuroscience Abstracts}, year = {1991}, volume = {17}, pages = {472}, organization = {Society For Neuroscience}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Altman:1985, author = {J. Altman and S. A. Bayer}, title = {Embryonic development of the rat cerebellum. II. Translocation and regional distribution of the deep neurons.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1985}, volume = {231}, number = {1}, pages = {27-41}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {In thymidine radiograms and plastic-embedded sections, the migration of cerebellar deep neurons was traced from their germinal source to their final settling sites. The route proved to be roundabout and three developmental events could be distinguished during the process. First, between days E14 and E16, transversely oriented cells of the nuclear transitory zone move in an arc from the ventrolateral neuroepithelium of the lateral cerebellar primordium in a medial direction. Second, between days E16 and E18, the cells of the rostral component of the nuclear transitory zone assume a longitudinal orientation. We postulated that this is the period of axonogenesis, the longitudinally oriented cells issuing efferents that join the superior cerebellar peduncle ipsilaterally and the transversely oriented cells (representing the neurons of the caudal fastigial nucleus) sending decussating fibers to the uncinate fasciculus (the hook bundle of Russell). Third, between days E18 and E21, the earlier-produced superficial cells of the nuclear transitory zone and the later-produced deep cells of the cortical transitory zone (the young Purkinje cells) exchange positions. The descent of the deep neurons is in the direction of the fibers of the inferior cerebellar peduncle, which becomes distributed throughout the cerebellum on day E17. The ascent of the Purkinje cells is in the direction of the external germinal layer, which begins to spread from caudal to rostral on day E17. The three deep nuclei, the lateral (dentate), interpositus, and medial (fastigial), can be distinguished before their descent into the depth of the cerebellum, and by day E22 a small-celled and a large-celled subdivision is identifiable in each nucleus.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902310104}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Cell Movement; Cerebellar Nuclei, embryology; Cerebellum, cytology/embryology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thymidine, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3968227}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902310104}, } @Article{Altschuler:1994, author = {Altschuler, S. M. and Bao, X. and Miselis, R. R.}, title = {Dendritic architecture of hypoglossal motoneurons projecting to extrinsic tongue musculature in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1994}, volume = {342}, number = {4}, pages = {538--550}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The tracer, cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase, was used to determine the dendritic architecture and organization of hypoglossal motoneurons in the rat. In 22 animals, the tracer was injected unilaterally into either the geniohyoid, genioglossus, hyoglossus, or styloglossus muscle. Within the hypoglossal nucleus, motoneurons innervating the extrinsic tongue muscles were functionally organized. Geniohyoid and genioglossus motoneurons were located within the ventrolateral and ventromedial subnuclei, respectively, while hyoglossus and styloglossus motoneurons were located within the dorsal subnucleus. Motoneurons located in all subnuclear divisions were found to have extensive dendrites that extended laterally into the adjacent reticular formation and medially to the ependyma. Less extensive extranuclear dendritic projections were found in the dorsal vagal complex and median raphe. Prominent rostrocaudal and mediolateral dendritic bundling was evident within the ventral subnuclei and dorsal subnucleus, respectively. Dendritic projections were also found extending inter- and intrasubnuclearly with a distinct pattern for each muscle. These data suggest that the varied and extensive dendritic arborizations of hypoglossal motoneurons provide the potential for a wide range of afferent contacts for, and interactions among, motoneurons that could contribute to the modulation of their activity. Specifically, the prominent dendritic bundling may provide an anatomic substrate whereby motoneurons innervating a specific muscle receive and integrate similar afferent input and are thus modulated as a functional unit. In contrast, the extensive intermingling of both inter- and intrasubnuclear dendrites within the hypoglossal nucleus may provide a mechanism for the coordination of different muscles, acting synergistically or antagonistically to produce a tongue movement.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903420404}, institution = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.}, keywords = {Animals; Cholera Toxin; Dendrites, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypoglossal Nerve, cytology/physiology; Male; Motor Neurons, physiology; Muscles, innervation/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tongue, innervation/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8040364}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903420404}, } @Article{Altschuler:1989, author = {S. M. Altschuler and X. M. Bao and D. Bieger and D. A. Hopkins and R. R. Miselis}, title = {Viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the rat: sensory ganglia and nuclei of the solitary and spinal trigeminal tracts.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1989}, volume = {283}, number = {2}, pages = {248--268}, month = {May}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to map the viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the sensory ganglia of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves and in the subnuclei of the solitary and spinal trigeminal tracts. Therefore, in 172 rats 0.5-65 microliters of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), wheat germ agglutinin-HRP, or cholera toxin-HRP were injected into the trunks and major branches of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves as well as into the musculature and mucosa of different levels of the upper alimentary and respiratory tracts. The results demonstrate that the sensory ganglia of the IXth and Xth nerves form a fused ganglionic mass with continuous bridges of cells connecting the proximal and distal portions of the ganglionic complex. Ganglionic perikarya were labeled in crude, overlapping topographical patterns after injections of tracers into nerves and different parts of the upper alimentary tract. After injections into the soft palate, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach, anterograde labeling was differentially distributed in distinct subnuclei in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS). Palatal and pharyngeal injections resulted primarily in labeling of the interstitial and intermediate subnuclei of the NTS and in the paratrigeminal islands (PTI) and spinal trigeminal complex. Esophageal and stomach wall injections resulted in labeling primarily of the subnucleus centralis and subnucleus gelatinosus, respectively. The distribution of upper alimentary tract vagal-glossopharyngeal afferents in the medulla oblongata has two primary groups of components, i.e., a viscerotopic distribution in the NTS involved in ingestive and respiratory reflexes and a distribution coextensive with fluoride-resistant acid-phosphatase-positive regions of the PTI and spinal trigeminal nucleus presumably involved in visceral reflexes mediated by nociceptive or chemosensitive C fibers.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902830207}, institution = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cranial Nerves, physiology; Esophagus, innervation/physiology; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Pharynx, innervation/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stomach, innervation/physiology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2738198}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902830207}, } @Article{Altschuler:1991a, author = {Altschuler, S. M. and Bao, X. M. and Miselis, R. R.}, title = {Dendritic architecture of nucleus ambiguus motoneurons projecting to the upper alimentary tract in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {309}, number = {3}, pages = {402--414}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The motor innervation for palatal, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and esophageal muscles originates within the nucleus ambiguus. Although the viscerotopic organization of the upper alimentary tract in the nucleus ambiguus has been extensively studied, little information concerning the dendritic arborization of nucleus ambiguus motoneurons is available. The neural tracer cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase, which is particularly effective at revealing dendrites of retrogradely labeled neurons, was used to determine the dendritic architecture and organization of nucleus ambiguus motoneurons. In 72 rats, cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase in volumes of 1.0-18 microliters was directly applied under pressure to the musculature of various sites along the upper alimentary tract. Motoneurons innervating the soft palate, pharynx, cricothyroid muscle, and cervical esophagus were all found to have extensive dendrites that extended into the adjacent reticular formation with a distinct pattern for each muscle group. In contrast, the dendrites of motoneurons innervating the thoracic and subdiaphragmatic esophagus were confined to the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus. Dendritic bundling within the confines of the nucleus ambiguus was prominent following injection of tracer into the soft palate, pharynx, and esophagus. The bundles were primarily oriented in a rostrocaudal direction. These data suggest that the extensive extranuclear dendritic arborization of motoneurons innervating the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and cervical esophagus provide a wide ranging target for multiple central afferents that may be involved in the differential control of muscles that participate in multiple complex motor functions. The lack of extensive extranuclear dendrites of motoneurons innervating the distal esophagus suggest that they receive focused central afferents. The prominent bundling of dendrites within the nucleus ambiguus may provide for synchronization of motoneurons innervating a specific muscle and perhaps for synchronization of motoneurons innervating different muscles acting in sequence.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903090309}, institution = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cholera Toxin; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Esophagus, innervation; Horseradish Peroxidase; Laryngeal Nerves, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology; Muscle, Smooth, innervation; Palate, innervation; Pharynx, innervation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1717520}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903090309}, } @Article{Altschuler:1993, author = {S. M. Altschuler and J. Escardo and R. B. Lynn and R. R. Miselis}, title = {The central organization of the vagus nerve innervating the colon of the rat.}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, year = {1993}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, pages = {502--509}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The extent to which the vagus nerve innervates the colon remains controversial.In 29 rats the tracer cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase was injected into the cecum, the ascending, transverse, or descending colon or the rectum. For comparison, control injections were made into the stomach.For all areas of colon except the rectum, brainstem motoneuronal labeling was limited to the lateral third of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve bilaterally. In contrast, gastric injections resulted in motoneuronal labeling limited to the medial portions of the nucleus. The number of labeled motoneurons was greatest following injection of the cecum, and it significantly decreased for the more distal areas of the colon. Colonic motoneuron dendrites projected into the nucleus of the solitary tract and within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Sensory afferent terminal labeling was limited to the commissural and medial subnuclei of the nucleus of the solitary tract. For the rectum, sensory and motor labeling was limited to the spinal cord.The distribution of labeling within the vagal complex indicates that all regions of the colon, except the rectum, are innervated by the celiac and accessory celiac branches of the vagus nerve.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, institution = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Brain Stem, cytology; Cholera Toxin; Colon, innervation; Efferent Pathways; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vagus Nerve, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0016508593000563}, pmid = {8425692}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Altschuler:1991, author = {S. M. Altschuler and D. A. Ferenci and R. B. Lynn and R. R. Miselis}, title = {Representation of the cecum in the lateral dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and commissural subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii in rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {304}, number = {2}, pages = {261--274}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Motor fibers of the accessory celiac and celiac vagal branches are derived from the lateral columns of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. These branches also contain sensory fibers that terminate within the nucleus of the tractus solitarii. This study traces the innervation of the intestines by using the tracer cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase. In 53 rats, the tracer was injected into either the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, terminal ileum, cecum, or ascending colon. With all cecal injections, prominent retrograde labeling of cell bodies occurred bilaterally in the lateral columns of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve above, at, and below the level of the area postrema. Dendrites of laterally positioned neurons projected medially and rostrocaudally within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and dorsomedially into both the medial subnucleus and parts of the commissural subnucleus of the nucleus of the tractus solitarii. Sensory terminal labeling occurred in the dorsolateral commissural subnucleus at the level of the rostral area postrema and the medial commissural subnucleus caudal to the area postrema. Additionally, there was sensory terminal labeling within a small confined area of the dorsomedial zone of the nucleus of the tractus solitarii immediately adjacent to the fourth ventricle at a level just anterior to the area postrema. Stomach injections labeled motoneurons of the medial column of the entire rostrocaudal extent of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and a sensory terminal field primarily in the subnucleus gelatinosus, with less intense labeling extending caudally into the medial and ventral commissural subnuclei. Dendrites of gastric motoneurons project rostrocaudally and mediolaterally within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and dorsolaterally within the nucleus of the tractus solitarii. They are most pronounced at the level of the rostral area postrema where many dendrites course dorsolaterally terminating primarily within the subnucleus gelatinosus. Injections of the duodenum labeled a small number of the cells within the medial aspects of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Jejunal, ileal, and ascending colon injections labeled cells sparsely within the lateral aspects of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve bilaterally. No afferent terminal labeling was evident after injection of these areas of the bowel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903040209}, institution = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cecum, injuries; Cholera Toxin; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1707898}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903040209}, } @Article{Altun:2001, author = {Altun, M. and Bergman, E. and Ulfhake, B.}, title = {Retrograde labeling of primary sensory neurons with fluorescent latex microspheres: a useful tool for long term tagging of neurons.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {2001}, volume = {108}, number = {1}, pages = {19--24}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {In this study we have used fluorescent microspheres to retrogradely label primary sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Following injection into peripheral nerves, the animals were allowed to survive up to 480 days. Simple profile count indicates that there is a substantial retention of the labeling still after at least 480 days, i.e. about two-thirds of a rat's life span. Moreover, the appearance of the labeling remains quite distinct. Using established markers for axon damage of DRG neurons, we could detect a slight and transient effect of the peripheral nerve injection on the gene expression pattern. It is concluded that fluorescent microspheres represents an attractive means of tagging neurons in experiments covering long time periods.}, doi = {10.1016/s0165-0270(01)00367-3}, institution = {Experimental Neurogerontology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobelsv 12 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects/physiology; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, genetics; Cell Count; Female; Fluorescein, diagnostic use; GAP-43 Protein, genetics; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, drug effects/physiology; Microspheres; Nerve Degeneration, chemically induced/metabolism/physiopathology; Neuroanatomy, methods; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Neuropeptide Y, genetics; Peripheral Nerves, drug effects/metabolism/surgery; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165-0270(01)00367-3}, pmid = {11459614}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Alves:2014, author = {Alves, João Nuno and Muir, Elizabeth M. and Andrews, Melissa R. and Ward, Anneliese and Michelmore, Nicholas and Dasgupta, Debayan and Verhaagen, Joost and Moloney, Elizabeth B. and Keynes, Roger J. and Fawcett, James W. and Rogers, John H.}, title = {AAV vector-mediated secretion of chondroitinase provides a sensitive tracer for axonal arborisations.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {2014}, volume = {227}, pages = {107--120}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {As part of a project to express chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) in neurons of the central nervous system, we have inserted a modified ChABC gene into an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector and injected it into the vibrissal motor cortex in adult rats to determine the extent and distribution of expression of the enzyme. A similar vector for expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) was injected into the same location. For each vector, two versions with minor differences were used, giving similar results. After 4 weeks, the brains were stained to show GFP and products of chondroitinase digestion. Chondroitinase was widely expressed, and the AAV-ChABC and AAV-GFP vectors gave similar expression patterns in many respects, consistent with the known projections from the directly transduced neurons in vibrissal motor cortex and adjacent cingulate cortex. In addition, diffusion of vector to deeper neuronal populations led to labelling of remote projection fields which was much more extensive with AAV-ChABC than with AAV-GFP. The most notable of these populations are inferred to be neurons of cortical layer 6, projecting widely in the thalamus, and neurons of the anterior pole of the hippocampus, projecting through most of the hippocampus. We conclude that, whereas GFP does not label the thinnest axonal branches of some neuronal types, chondroitinase is efficiently secreted from these arborisations and enables their extent to be sensitively visualised. After 12 weeks, chondroitinase expression was undiminished.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.02.010}, institution = {Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK. Electronic address: jhr11@cam.ac.uk.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165-0270(14)00071-5}, pmid = {24583077}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.02.010}, } @Article{Amaral:1991, author = {D. G. Amaral and C. Dolorfo and P. Alvarez-Royo}, title = {Organization of CA1 projections to the subiculum: a PHA-L analysis in the rat.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {1991}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {415--435}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The organization of CA1 projections to the rat subiculum was investigated with the anterograde tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Discrete iontophoretic injections of PHA-L were placed into various transverse positions of the CA1 field at different septotemporal levels of the hippocampus. The distribution of CA1 projections was observed in dissected and extended hippocampal preparations. CA1 cells located proximally in the field, i.e., close to the CA2 field, gave rise to projections that terminated in the distal third of the subiculum, i.e., close to the presubiculum. CA1 cells located distally in the field, i.e., close to the subiculum, gave rise to projections that terminated proximally in the subiculum, i.e., just across the CA1/subiculum border. CA1 cells in the middle of the field projected to a midtransverse portion of the subiculum. The same general pattern of projections was observed at all septotemporal levels of the hippocampus. Varicose fibers from the CA1 neurons terminated among the basal dendrites of the subicular pyramidal cells, within the pyramidal cell layer, and in the deep portion of the molecular layer. In addition to the CA1 to subiculum projections, the discrete PHA-L injections provided the opportunity of examining the extent of local and associational connections within CA1. In general, associational connections in CA1 are far less extensive than in CA3. CA1 is not entirely without local connections, however. CA1 cells located close to the subicular border, for example, originated axons that first innervated the proximal subiculum and then reentered the CA1 field at the interface between stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare. In most of the experimental cases, there were collaterals located in stratum oriens of CA1 that branched from the fibers directed toward the subiculum. Thus, the basal dendrites of CA1 cells may receive associational inputs. The organization of the CA1 projections to the subiculum is discussed in relation to the organization of CA3 projections to CA1 and the differential output of transverse regions of the subiculum. The possibility is raised that information may be "channeled" through the hippocampal formation via the transverse organization of these connections and ultimately distributed to different recipients of hippocampal efferent projections.}, doi = {10.1002/hipo.450010410}, institution = {Salk Institute for Biological Studies, U.C.S.D., La Jolla.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Female; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Iontophoresis; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus, physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1727001}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450010410}, } @Article{Amaral:1985, author = {D. G. Amaral and J. Kurz}, title = {An analysis of the origins of the cholinergic and noncholinergic septal projections to the hippocampal formation of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1985}, volume = {240}, number = {1}, pages = {37--59}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {These experiments were directed at determining the proportion and distribution of cholinergic septal cells which project to the rat hippocampal formation. Injections of WGA-HRP were placed into different regions of the hippocampal formation and sections through the septal complex were processed for the simultaneous demonstration of the retrogradely transported marker and for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity. Preliminary analysis of adjacent normal series prepared either for the demonstration of ChAT or stained by the Nissl method demonstrated several distinct cell groups in the classically defined medial septal nucleus and vertical limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band. The groups of cells ranged from almost entirely ChAT-positive to entirely noncholinergic. On the basis of shape and size of the constituent cells, the ChAT-positive cells of the septal complex were divided into dorsal, intermediate, and ventral subdivisions. The proportion of retrogradely labeled cells that were also ChAT positive ranged from 22.8\% to 77.4\% in different experiments. When only the hippocampus and dentate gyrus are considered, this variation can largely be accounted for by the topographic organization of the septohippocampal projection. The medial, noncholinergic half of the medial septal nucleus projects primarily to the rostral or septal portions of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus, whereas the lateral half, in which the dorsal ChAT group is located, projects heavily to more temporal levels. Rostral portions of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus receive most of their cholinergic input from the ventral ChAT cell group which forms a major component of the vertical limb of the nucleus of the diagnoal band. While some ChAT-positive cells in the intermediate group project to the hippocampal formation, they are generally less numerous than those from the dorsal and ventral groups. However, in a control experiment in which the WGA-HRP injection was placed into the cingulate cortex overlying the rostral hippocampal formation, the intermediate ChAT group accounted for 71.2\% of the double-labeled cells.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902400104}, keywords = {Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Female; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Gyrus Cinguli, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {4056104}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902400104}, } @Article{Ambalavanar:2003, author = {Ambalavanar, Ranjinidevi and Moritani, Masayuki and Haines, Ashley and Hilton, Tia and Dessem, Dean}, title = {Chemical phenotypes of muscle and cutaneous afferent neurons in the rat trigeminal ganglion.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2003}, volume = {460}, number = {2}, pages = {167--179}, month = {May}, abstract = {Retrograde labeling was combined with cytochemistry to investigate phenotypic differences in primary afferent neurons relaying sensory information from deep and superficial craniofacial tissues. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM) immunoreactivity and isolectin IB4, and cholera toxin B (ChTB) binding were examined for trigeminal masticatory muscle and cutaneous afferent neurons. Somata labeled from muscle were larger than cutaneous afferent neurons. Muscle afferent neurons exhibited positive staining as follows: 22\% CGRP, 5\% SP, 0\% SOM; 18\% ChTB, 5\% IB4. The somata of CGRP- and SP-positive muscle afferent neurons were smaller than that of the overall muscle afferent population. Size differences were not detected between IB4- or ChTB-binding muscle afferent neurons and the total muscle afferent population. The following distribution was found for cutaneous afferent neurons: 26\% CGRP, 7\% SP, 1\% SOM, 26\% ChTB, 44\% IB4. Cutaneous afferent neurons positive for SP were smaller, while ChTB-binding cutaneous afferents were larger than the overall cutaneous afferent population. No size differences were found between cutaneous CGRP-, SOM-, or IB4-positive neurons and the total cutaneous afferent population. Target-specific differences exist for SOM and IB4. The percentage of cutaneous afferent neurons positive for SOM and IB4 exceeds that for SOM- or IB4-positive muscle afferents. The number of retrogradely labeled neurons never differed between sexes. The percentage of retrogradely labeled muscle afferent neurons that were CGRP-positive was greater in males than females. These data indicate the presence of phenotypic, target, and sex differences in trigeminal ganglion primary afferent neurons.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10655}, institution = {Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. ramba001@umaryland.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Size, physiology; Female; Male; Muscle, Skeletal, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Phenotype; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sex Characteristics; Skin, chemistry/cytology; Trigeminal Ganglion, chemistry/cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12687682}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10655}, } @Article{Ambalavanar:2007, author = {Ambalavanar, R. and Yallampalli, C. and Yallampalli, U. and Dessem, D.}, title = {Injection of adjuvant but not acidic saline into craniofacial muscle evokes nociceptive behaviors and neuropeptide expression.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2007}, volume = {149}, number = {3}, pages = {650--659}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Craniofacial muscle pain including muscular temporomandibular disorders accounts for a substantial portion of all pain perceived in the head and neck region. In spite of its high clinical prevalence, the mechanisms of chronic craniofacial muscle pain are not well understood. Injection of acidic saline into rodent hindlimb muscles produces pathologies which resemble muscular pathologies in chronic pain patients. Here we investigated whether analogous transformations occur following repeated injections of acidic saline into the rat masseter muscle. Injection of acidic saline (pH 4) into the masseter muscle transiently lowered i.m. pH to levels comparable to those reported for rodent hindlimb muscles. Nevertheless, repeated unilateral or bilateral injections of acidic saline (pH 4) into the masseter muscle failed to alter nociceptive behavioral responses as occurs in the hindlimb. Changing the pH of injected saline to pH 3.0 or 5.0 also did not evoke nocifensive behavior. Acid sensing ion channel 3 receptors, which are implicated in transformations following acidification of hindlimb muscles, were found on trigeminal ganglion muscle afferent neurons via combined neuronal tracing and immunocytochemistry. In contrast to the acidic saline, injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the masseter muscle induced mechanical allodynia for 3 weeks, thermal hyperalgesia for 1 week and an increase in the number of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive muscle afferent neurons in the trigeminal ganglion. Although pH may alter CGRP release in primary afferent neurons, the number of CGRP-muscle afferent neurons did not change following i.m. injection of acidic saline. Further, there was no change in ganglionic iCGRP levels at 1, 4 or 12 days after i.m. injection of acidic saline. While these findings extend our earlier reports that CFA-induced muscle inflammation results in behavioral and neuropeptide changes they further suggest that i.m. acidification in craniofacial muscle evokes different responses than in hindlimb muscle and imply that disparate proton sensing mechanisms underlie these discrepancies.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.058}, institution = {Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, 650 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. rambalavanar@umaryland.edu}, keywords = {Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; Animals; Behavior, Animal, drug effects; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Facial Muscles, physiology; Facial Pain, chemically induced/psychology; Hot Temperature; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Immunohistochemistry; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Masseter Muscle, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects; Neuropeptides, biosynthesis/genetics; Pain Measurement; Physical Stimulation; Radioimmunoassay; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium Chloride; Trigeminal Ganglion, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(07)00901-3}, pmid = {17928159}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.058}, } @Article{Amin:2010, author = {Amin, E. and Wright, N. and Poirier, G. L. and Thomas, K. L. and Erichsen, J. T. and Aggleton, J. P.}, title = {Selective lamina dysregulation in granular retrosplenial cortex (area 29) after anterior thalamic lesions: an in situ hybridization and trans-neuronal tracing study in rats.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2010}, volume = {169}, number = {3}, pages = {1255--1267}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {There is growing evidence that lesions of the anterior thalamic nuclei cause long-lasting intrinsic changes to retrosplenial cortex, with the potential to alter its functional properties. The present study had two goals. The first was to identify the pattern of changes in eight markers, as measured by in-situ hydridisation, in the granular retrosplenial cortex (area Rgb) following anterior thalamic lesions. The second was to use retrograde trans-neuronal tracing methods to identify the potential repercussions of intrinsic changes within granular retrosplenial cortex. In Experiment 1, adult rats received unilateral lesions of the anterior thalamic nuclei and were perfused 4 weeks later. Of the eight markers, four (c-fos, zif268, 5ht2rc, kcnab2) showed a very similar pattern of change, with decreased levels in superficial retrosplenial cortex (lamina II) in the ipsilateral hemisphere but little or no change in deeper layers (lamina V). A fifth marker (cox6b) showed a shift in activity levels in the opposite direction to the previous four markers. Three other markers (cox6a1, CD74, ncs-1) did not appear to change activity levels after surgery. The predominant pattern of change, a decrease in superficial cortical activity, points to potential alterations in plasticity and metabolism. In Experiment 2, wheat germ agglutin (WGA) was injected into the anterior thalamic nuclei in rats given different survival times, sometimes in combination with the retrograde, fluorescent tracer, Fast Blue. Dense aggregations of retrogradely labeled cells were always found in lamina VI of granular retrosplenial cortex, but additional labeled cells in lamina II were only found: (1) in WGA cases, that is never after Fast Blue injections, and (2) after longer WGA survival times (3 days). These layer II Rgb cells are likely to have been trans-neuronally labeled, revealing a pathway from lamina II of Rgb to those deeper retrosplenial cells that project directly to the anterior thalamic nuclei.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.055}, institution = {School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales CF10 3AT, UK.}, keywords = {Animals; Anterior Thalamic Nuclei, drug effects/metabolism/pathology; Biological Markers, metabolism; Cell Count; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism; Gyrus Cinguli, metabolism; In Situ Hybridization; Male; N-Methylaspartate, toxicity; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism/pathology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(10)00795-5}, pmid = {20570608}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.055}, } @Article{Ammann:1983, author = {B. Ammann and J. Gottschall and W. Zenker}, title = {Afferent projections from the rat longus capitis muscle studied by transganglionic transport of HRP.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1983}, volume = {166}, number = {2}, pages = {275-289}, abstract = {Using the method of transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) according to Mesulam (1978), the course and central terminations of the afferents from the longus capitis muscle were studied in the rat. Application of HRP to the cut muscle nerves was followed by heavy labeling of a considerable number of cell bodies of different sizes in the spinal ganglia C2 and C3. The labeled central processes follow two distinct main routes: one to the external cuneate nucleus, which is known to project ipsilaterally to the cerebellum, the other to the central cervical nucleus (CCN) of the spinal cord. The latter nucleus contains dense arborizations and terminals of muscle afferents in close relationship to medium sized cells which project contralaterally to the cerebellum. This could be shown in double labeling experiments with HRP as a tracer for primary afferents and Nuclear yellow for the cerebellar pathway. The labeled area of CCN extends from the fourth cervical segment up to the medulla oblongata where it lies laterally adjacent to the hypoglossal nucleus, though clearly separated from the latter. In the cervical part of CCN, dendrites of neck muscle motoneurons arborize within the area of afferent terminals. Besides the external cuneate and the central cervical nuclei, afferent projections were seen in lamina X, partly in close contact with the central canal, and in more lateral areas of lamina VII. In contrast to results from studies on other neck muscles, no reaction product was observed in dorsal horn laminae I-VI.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00305088}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Cerebellum, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Muscles, innervation; Neck; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6846861}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Anaya-Martinez:2006, author = {V. Anaya-Martinez and A. Martinez-Marcos and D. Martinez-Fong and J. Aceves and D. Erlij}, title = {Substantia nigra compacta neurons that innervate the reticular thalamic nucleus in the rat also project to striatum or globus pallidus: implications for abnormal motor behavior.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {143}, number = {2}, pages = {477--486}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The projections of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) to the reticular thalamic nucleus (RTn) were assessed by measuring dopamine content and counting tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH (+)) cells in rats with unilateral lesions induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), and by using a fluorescent tract-tracing technique in rats without lesions. Injection of 6-OHDA in the RTn reduced dopamine content and the number of TH (+) cells in the SNc by about 50\%. Branching of SNc was suggested by the finding that 6-OHDA deposited in the RTn significantly reduced dopamine in the striatum and globus pallidus. Moreover, injections of 6-OHDA into either the striatum or the globus pallidus significantly reduced dopamine content in the RTn. Fluorescent tracers injected into the RTn labeled TH (+) cells in the SNc. A high proportion of these TH (+) cells was double labeled when tracers were also injected into either the globus pallidus or striatum. Other experiments showed that systemic injection of apomorphine or methamphetamine induced turning behavior in rats with local deposits of 6-OHDA in either the RTn or the studied basal ganglia nuclei. The extensive dopaminergic branching suggests that the abnormal motor behavior of rats with 6-OHDA deposits in the RTn may be caused by dopaminergic denervation of more than one structure. The fact that lesion of a single dopaminergic neuron can reduce dopamine transmission in more than one structure is probably important in generating the manifestations of Parkinson's disease.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.033}, institution = {Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Cinvestav, Apartado postal 14-740, México D.F., 07000 Mexico.}, keywords = {Adrenergic Agents, pharmacology; Amphetamine, pharmacology; Animals; Behavior, Animal, drug effects/physiology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Dextrans, metabolism; Dopamine Agents, pharmacology; Dopamine, metabolism; Functional Laterality; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Motor Activity, drug effects/physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Oxidopamine, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substantia Nigra, cytology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Time Factors; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(06)01089-X}, pmid = {17008017}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.033}, } @Article{AnchietaCHorta-Junior:2008, author = {José de Anchieta C Horta-Júnior and Dolores E López and Antonio Jesús Alvarez-Morujo and Jackson C Bittencourt}, title = {Direct and indirect connections between cochlear root neurons and facial motor neurons: pathways underlying the acoustic pinna reflex in the albino rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2008}, volume = {507}, number = {5}, pages = {1763--1779}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Cochlear root neurons (CRNs) are involved in the acoustic startle reflex, which is widely used in behavioral models of sensorimotor integration. A short-latency component of this reflex, the auricular reflex, promotes pinna movements in response to unexpected loud sounds. However, the pathway involved in the auricular component of the startle reflex is not well understood. We hypothesized that the auricular reflex is mediated by direct and indirect inputs from CRNs to the motoneurons responsible for pinna movement, which are located in the medial subnucleus of the facial motor nucleus (Mot7). To assess whether there is a direct connection between CRNs and auricular motoneurons in the rat, two neuronal tracers were used in conjunction: biotinylated dextran amine, which was injected into the cochlear nerve root, and Fluoro-Gold, which was injected into the levator auris longus muscle. Under light microscopy, close appositions were observed between axon terminals of CRNs and auricular motoneurons. The presence of direct synaptic contact was confirmed at the ultrastructural level. To confirm the indirect connection, biotinylated dextran amine was injected into the auditory-responsive portion of the caudal pontine reticular nucleus, which receives direct input from CRNs. The results confirm that the caudal pontine reticular nucleus also targets the Mot7 and that its terminals are concentrated in the medial subnucleus. Therefore, it is likely that CRNs innervate auricular motoneurons both directly and indirectly, suggesting that these connections participate in the rapid auricular reflex that accompanies the acoustic startle reflex.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21625}, institution = {Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-000, Brazil.}, keywords = {Animals; Cochlear Nerve, ultrastructure; Ear Auricle, innervation; Efferent Pathways, ultrastructure; Female; Motor Cortex, ultrastructure; Motor Neurons, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reflex, Acoustic, physiology; Startle Reaction, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {18260150}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21625}, } @Article{Anderson:1977, author = {Anderson, C. D. and Pasquier, D. A. and Forbes, W. B. and Morgane, P. J.}, title = {Locus coeruleus-to-dorsal raphe input examined by electrophysiological and morphological methods.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1977}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, pages = {209--221}, abstract = {In order to examine the hypothesis that the locus coeruleus (LC) projects directly to the nucleus raphe dorsalis (DR), electrical stimulation was applied to the LC of rats while recording from single neurons in the region of the DR. Slow firing units of the DR were not influenced by the stimulation, although faster firing units in the nearby substantia grisea centralis (SGC) were. These latter cells become oscillatory in their firing rates during LC stimulation. In parallel studies a retrograde transport technique was imployed to obtain morphological evidence regarding projections to DR. Placements of horseradish peroxidase precisely in the DR resulted in very sparse labeling in the LC, although positive transport occurred to other areas. The results indicate that the LC does not project directly to slow firing DR neurons, but does influence faster firing celles in the region of the SGC, probably by complex routes. Suggestions are made for the integration of these findings with earlier fluorescence studies.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(77)90040-5}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Ventricles, cytology/physiology; Evoked Potentials; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {890505}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Anderson:1994a, author = {Anderson, C. R. and Edwards, S. L.}, title = {Intraperitoneal injections of Fluorogold reliably labels all sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {1994}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, pages = {137--141}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The ability of intraperitoneal injections of a retrograde neuronal tracer, Fluorogold, to label the entire population of sympathetic preganglionic neurones was tested with a double-labelling strategy. Animals were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with Fluorogold, while Fast Blue or subunit B of cholera toxin were injected into a peripheral autonomic ganglion or into the adrenal gland. Sympathetic preganglionic neurones were then examined for retrogradely transported tracers. In all cases, preganglionic neurones labelled with Fast Blue or cholera toxin also contained Fluorogold, indicating that i.p. injections of Fluorogold do reliably label the entire population of sympathetic preganglionic neurones.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-0270(94)90170-8}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.}, keywords = {Adrenal Glands, innervation; Adrenergic Fibers, metabolism; Amidines; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, metabolism; Cholera Toxin; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry, methods; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7823616}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Anderson:1991, author = {K. D. Anderson and A. Reiner}, title = {Immunohistochemical localization of DARPP-32 in striatal projection neurons and striatal interneurons: implications for the localization of D1-like dopamine receptors on different types of striatal neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {568}, number = {1-2}, pages = {235--243}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Immunohistochemical double-label techniques were used to study the localization of DARPP-32, a phosphoprotein that is enriched in neurons possessing members of the D1 subfamily of dopamine receptors, in several different types of striatal neurons in the rat basal ganglia. The vast majority (94.1\%) of striatonigral projection neurons (the vast majority of which contain substance P), identified by retrograde labeling with fluorogold, were observed to contain DARPP-32. Similarly, the vast majority of striatopallidal projection neurons (87.7\%), identified by immunofluorescence labeling for enkephalin (ENK), were found to label for DARPP-32. In contrast, cholinergic and neuropeptide Y-containing striatal interneurons were never observed to contain DARPP-32. These results suggest that essentially all major types of striatal medium spiny projection neurons may possess members of the D1 subfamily of dopamine receptors, but that striatal local circuit neurons do not possess members of the D1 subfamily of receptors.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)91403-n}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163.}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, cytology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Corpus Striatum, cytology; Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32; Enkephalin, Leucine, analysis; Enkephalin, Methionine, analogs /&/ derivatives/analysis; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Interneurons, cytology; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neurons, cytology; Neuropeptide Y, analysis; Phosphoproteins, analysis; Rats; Receptors, Dopamine D1; Receptors, Dopamine, analysis; Substantia Nigra, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(91)91403-N}, pmid = {1839966}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Anderson:2009, author = {Lucy A Anderson and Marco A Izquierdo and Flora M Antunes and Manuel S Malmierca}, title = {A monosynaptic pathway from dorsal cochlear nucleus to auditory cortex in rat.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, year = {2009}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {462--466}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Of the three major subdivisions of the auditory thalamus, the medial subdivision is the only one that receives a direct projection from the dorsal cochlear nucleus. Those cells in the medial auditory thalamus that receive the projection from the dorsal cochlear nucleus continue to the auditory cortex. A combination of anterograde and retrograde anatomical tracer injections made in the dorsal cochlear nucleus and the auditory cortex respectively, revealed terminal boutons which were directly apposed onto the dendrites and cell bodies of neurons in the medial auditory thalamus. The presence of a monosynaptic pathway, which transfers information from the first relay in the auditory system to the last, suggests that this pathway may rapidly convey very basic information to the auditory cortex.}, doi = {10.1097/WNR.0b013e328326f5ab}, institution = {Auditory Neurophysiology Unit, Institute for Neuroscience of 'Castilla y León', University of Salamanca, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Axons, ultrastructure; Cochlear Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Neurons, ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Synapses, ultrastructure; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {19240662}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e328326f5ab}, } @Article{Anderson:1990, author = {Anderson, W. A. and Bruni, J. E. and Kaufmann, A.}, title = {Afferent connections of the rat's supraoptic nucleus.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1990}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {191--200}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Neurons projecting to the supraoptic nucleus (SON) have been identified following stereotaxic injections of either horseradish peroxidase or fast blue into the SON region of adult rats. The subfornical organ, median preoptic nucleus, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and medial septal nucleus were the source of the largest numbers of supraoptic-projecting neurons. Several smaller projections also originate from the ipsilateral locus coeruleus, preoptic area, lateral parolfactorial area, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, lateral parabrachial nucleus and ventrolateral medulla. Several other areas appeared to project only to the region immediately dorsal to the SON: lateral septal nucleus, diagonal band of Broca, ventral tegmental nucleus, and the supramamillary nucleus. These areas may influence SON neurosecretory function by way of interneurons found immediately dorsal to SON. Additional areas were identified with retrograde fluorescent label only, and these projected to the area immediately dorsal to SON and/or to SON itself.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(90)90205-e}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Brain Mapping; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurosecretory Systems, cytology; Preoptic Area, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Subfornical Organ, cytology; Supraoptic Nucleus, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(90)90205-E}, pmid = {2322853}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Andrews:1996, author = {Andrews, T. J. and Thrasivoulou, C. and Nesbit, W. and Cowen, T.}, title = {Target-specific differences in the dendritic morphology and neuropeptide content of neurons in the rat SCG during development and aging.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1996}, volume = {368}, number = {1}, pages = {33--44}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Our purpose in this work was to investigate the role of target tissues in the regulation of dendritic morphology from sympathetic neurons during development and aging. Neurons were retrogradely labeled from three targets, the iris, the submandibular gland (SMG), and the middle cerebral artery (MCA). They were then fixed and intracellularly injected to demonstrate their dendritic arborizations. Dendritic geometry varied quantitatively in sympathetic neurons innervating different target tissues at all stages of development. Neurons innervating the iris had the largest cell bodies and most extensive dendritic arborizations, whereas the vasomotor neurons were the smallest. The number of primary dendrites, however, did not vary significantly between the different neuronal populations. The growth of dendritic arborizations during postnatal development and their atrophy in old age were not concordant in the different neuron populations we studied. Neurons innervating the MCA and the iris ceased dendritic growth early in postnatal development, whereas the dendritic complexity of neurons supplying the SMG increased well into adulthood. By contrast, dendritic atrophy was seen in aged MCA- and SMG-projecting neurons but not in those innervating the iris, suggesting, with other evidence, correlated and distinct patterns of growth and atrophy in axons and dendrites of mature sympathetic neurons projecting to different targets. Swollen dendrites and protuberances on cell soma were a prominent feature of aged neurons. In addition to the target-specific variation in neuronal morphology, we observed diversity in neurotransmitter phenotype. For example, neuropeptide Y was expressed in iridial but not SMG-projecting neurons. These results show a range of age- and target-specific differences in the dendritic morphology and neuropeptide content of sympathetic neurons that may be a result of differing trophic interactions with their target tissues.}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-L}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.}, keywords = {Aging, physiology; Animals; Autonomic Pathways, growth /&/ development/ultrastructure; Cell Size; Cerebral Arteries, growth /&/ development/innervation; Dendrites, metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Iris, growth /&/ development/innervation; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Neural Pathways, growth /&/ development/metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurons, metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Submandibular Gland, growth /&/ development/innervation; Superior Cervical Ganglion, growth /&/ development/metabolism/ultrastructure; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-L}, pmid = {8725292}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-L}, } @Article{Andrezik:1981, author = {J. A. Andrezik and V. Chan-Palay and S. L. Palay}, title = {The nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis in the rat. Demonstration of afferents by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1981}, volume = {161}, number = {4}, pages = {373--390}, abstract = {Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were placed in the middle or caudal portion of the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (PGCL) and 24 h later the entire spinal cord and brain were processed and examined for labeled neurons. Spinal afferents arise from all levels of the cord. Rexed's lamination scheme was adapted to the spinal cord of the rat and labelled neurons were localized to laminae IV, V, VII, VIII and X mainly on the side contralateral to the injection. At cervical levels, labeled neurons were consistently found bilaterally. The medial reticular nuclei of the medulla and pons contained HRP-labelled perikarya, which were concentrated most heavily in the nuclei reticularis medullae oblongatae ventralis, gigantocellularis, and pontis caudalis predominantly ipsilateral to the injection. The medial vestibular nucleus was consistently labeled. HRP-labeled perikarya were found bilaterally within the commissural portion and in the medial part of the nucleus of the solitary tract on the side of the injection. The rostral portion of the PGCL receives afferents from some secondary auditory nuclei: the ipsilateral inferior colliculus and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus bilaterally. Thus, the rostral PGCL may be involved in auditory feedback loops. The caudal raphe nuclei are a major source of afferents to the caudal PGCL. The lateral hypothalamic area, paraventricular nucleus, and zona incerta also contain labeled neurons when injections are centered in the caudal portion of the nucleus.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1007/bf00316049}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, cytology; Brain, cytology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Reticular Formation, cytology; Spinal Cord, cytology; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7247035}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Angaut:1986, author = {P. Angaut and C. Batini and J. M. Billard and H. Daniel}, title = {The cerebellorubral projection in the rat: retrograde anatomical study.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1986}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, pages = {63-68}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The cerebellorubral projections have been studied in the rat using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin conjugate. The lateral cerebellar nucleus projects to the parvocellular red nucleus (RN), the anterior (NIA) and posterior (NIP) interposed nuclei project to the magnocellular RN. Whereas the projections from the NIP are limited to the medial aspect of the RN, those from the NIA extend throughout the magnocellular RN. NIA-RN projections are topographically arranged: the medial NIA projects ventrally, the lateral NIA projects dorsally. Functionally, this differential distribution seems to fit the hindlimb-forelimb areas of origin of the rubrospinal tract.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(86)90230-2}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Lectins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Red Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3014399}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Angaut:1985, author = {Angaut, P and Cicirata, F and Serapide, F}, title = {Topographic organization of the cerebellothalamic projections in the rat. An autoradiographic study}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1985}, volume = {15}, pages = {389-401}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(85)90221-0}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Angaut:1988, author = {Angaut, P. and Cicirata, F. and Serapide, M. F.}, title = {The dentatorubral projection. An autoradiographic study in rats.}, journal = {Brain Behav Evol}, year = {1988}, volume = {30}, number = {5-6}, pages = {272--281}, abstract = {Although the dentatorubral projection is known to end specifically in the parvocellular part of the red nucleus, its topographical arrangement has never been elucidated. We therefore selectively injected the lateral cerebellar nucleus (homologous to the dentate nucleus of primates) of adult Wistar rats with tritiated leucine or proline in order to trace the dentatorubral boundaries. In all cases, the projection was found to extend rostrocaudally throughout the parvocellular red nucleus; dorsoventrally as well as mediolaterally, the fibers were distributed according to the location of the injection within the lateral cerebellar nucleus. Hence, caudal regions of the lateral nucleus send fibers dorsally at the rubral level, rostral regions project ventrally. This dorsoventral arrangement matches the segregation of the parvocellular red nucleus into a dorsal 'forelimb' region and a ventral 'hindlimb' region corresponding to its spinal efferents. In addition, only the ventral part of the lateral cerebellar nucleus, particularly the parvocellular region (subnucleus lateralis parvocellularis), projects to the lateral aspect of the parvocellular red nucleus. These results suggest a common pattern of organization of the dentatorubral and the dentatothalamic projections.}, institution = {Histologie Normale et Pathologique du Système Nerveux, INSERM U 106, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3427407}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0166432888900794}, } @Article{Angaut:1996, author = {P. Angaut and C. Compoint and C. Buisseret-Delmas and C. Batini}, title = {Synaptic connections of Purkinje cell axons with nucleocortical neurones in the cerebellar medial nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {345-348}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The cerebellar nucleocortical neurones may be part of a cortico-nucleocortical loop. It has not yet been demonstrated, however, whether they are directly afferented by Purkinje cell axons. This question has been addressed by using electron microscopic methods. WGA-HRP injections into the cerebellar vermis anterogradely labelled Purkinje cell terminals and retrogradely labelled nucleocortical neurones of the nucleus medialis. Postembedding GABA immunolabelling was used to double-labelled PC terminals and identified the GABA-immunoreactive nuclear neurones. Of the identified nucleocortical neurones, the majority were immunonegative, but a few were GABA-immunoreactive. Both types were in synaptic contact with identified Purkinje cell terminals.}, doi = {10.1016/s0168-0102(96)01116-9}, institution = {INSERM U-106, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Cerebellum, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0168010296011169}, pmid = {9004272}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Angaut:1987, author = {Angaut, P. and Sotelo, C.}, title = {The dentato-olivary projection in the rat as a presumptive GABAergic link in the olivo-cerebello-olivary loop. An ultrastructural study.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1987}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, pages = {227--231}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {It is here shown that autoradiographically labelled axon terminals of the dentato-olivary projection form a heterogeneous population. However, a majority of them constitute an even class of synapses, characterized by their small axonal size, their content in pleimorphic vesicles, and the establishment of symmetric synapses on small dendrites, about 5\% of which are linked through a gap junction. The same material, used for immunocytochemistry of GABA with the postembedding technique, discloses that a majority of boutons with cytological features similar to the dentato-olivary terminals are GABA-immunoreactive, especially those synapsing on dendrites linked by gap junctions. The cerebello-olivary projection, despite its heterogeneity, thus appears as part of the GABAergic system which governs the synaptic modulation of the electrotonic coupling between olivary neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(87)90090-5}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie, INSERM U-106, Hôpital de la Salpêtriére, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, ultrastructure; Cerebellum, analysis/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, analysis/ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, analysis/ultrastructure; Rats; Synapses, ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3441304}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Angaut:1989, author = {P. Angaut and C. Sotelo}, title = {Synaptology of the cerebello-olivary pathway. Double labelling with anterograde axonal tracing and GABA immunocytochemistry in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1989}, volume = {479}, number = {2}, pages = {361-365}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The dentato-olivary projection has been ultrastructurally studied in rats that received a wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injection in the nucleus lateralis. Ultrathin sections containing the inferior olive have been double-labelled with the GABA-immunogold method. About 97\% of the WGA-HRP labelled axon terminals are GABA-immunopositive. Most of them belong to a single type consisting of small boutons establishing symmetrical synapses on dendrites. Nevertheless, there is some morphological and neurochemical diversity among the labelled terminals, and particularly, a small contingent are GABA-immunonegative. Of the GABAergic dentato-olivary boutons, 4\% occupy a privileged position, with synaptic contacts straddling two dendritic profiles linked by gap junctions. The strategic location of these inhibitory dentato-olivary synapses suggests that they can modulate the electrotonic coupling rate between sets of inferior olivary neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)91641-7}, institution = {Histologie Normale et Pathologique du Système Nerveux, INSERM U-106, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellum, metabolism/ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, metabolism/ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(89)91641-7}, pmid = {2466540}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Angaut:1982, author = {Angaut, Puat, P. and Cicirata, F.}, title = {Cerebello-olivary projections in the rat. An autoradiographic study.}, journal = {Brain Behav Evol}, year = {1982}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {24--33}, abstract = {Projections of deep cerebellar nuclei onto the inferior olive have been studied using autoradiographic methods in adult Wistar rats: the distribution of the labelling consequent to injections of tritiated amino acids, limited to one of the cerebellar nuclei, was mapped in the inferior olive. Each of the four cerebellar deep nuclei project to a specific region of the contralateral inferior olive. Only caudal parts of the medial cerebellar nucleus send fibres to the olive, where they reach the caudal half of the medial accessory olive. Anterior and posterior interposed nuclei project to the dorsal accessory and the rostral half to the medial accessory olives, respectively. The lateral, or dentate nucleus projects to the principal olive. This projection discloses a clear-cut topological arrangement. Besides, a few dentato-olivary fibres recross the midline in the interolivary region and end in areas of the ipsilateral principal olive symmetric to the contralateral projection. These results are discussed with special consideration to comparative anatomy.}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Leucine, diagnostic use; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Proline, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tritium, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7139259}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/121612}, } @Article{Angelov:1998, author = {Angelov, D. N. and Krebs, C. and Walther, M. and Martinez-Portillo, F. J. and Gunkel, A. and Lay, C. H. and Streppel, M. and Guntinas-Lichius, O. and Stennert, E. and Neiss, W. F.}, title = {Altered expression of immune-related antigens by neuronophages does not improve neuronal survival after severe lesion of the facial nerve in rats.}, journal = {Glia}, year = {1998}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {155--171}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Injection of Fluoro-Gold (FG) into the whiskerpad muscles of rats yields a permanent retrograde labeling of motoneurons in the facial nucleus. Following subsequent resection of 10 mm of the facial nerve, one-third of the facial motoneurons die and the microglia phagocytize the dead FG-labeled neurons, take up FG, and get labeled in vivo. The resulting identification of all FG-labeled cells allows long-term comparative investigations on the behavior of neuronophages. In this study, we used two groups of rats to test whether the quantified expression of five immune-related antigens by neuronophages was related to quantified decline in neuron number (counts after immunostaining for neuron-specific enolase) 3 to 224 days after resection of the facial nerve. Rats of the first group received standard food and those of the second group, pellets containing 1,000 ppm of the calcium channel blocker nimodipine. Image analysis of the number of FG-containing cells and the number and projection area of immunopositive neuronophages in serial sections for each antigen showed that nimodipine significantly attenuated the immunostaining for CR3, MHC class I, and class II antigens (monoclonal antibodies [MAbs] OX-42, OX-18, and OX-6); enhanced the expression of monocyte-macrophage-specific antigen (MAb ED1); and did not change the expression of rat macrophage differentiation antigen (MAb ED2). The altered expressions, however, had no effect on the loss of motoneurons in the lesioned facial nucleus. We conclude that the degree of expression of immune-related antigens by neuronophages has no influence on the delayed neuronal cell death induced by permanent target deprivation.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199810)24:2<155::aid-glia1>3.3.co;2-i}, institution = {Institut I für Anatomie, Universität zu Köln, Germany. angelov.anatomie@uni-koeln.de}, keywords = {Animals; Antibody Specificity; Calcium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Cell Survival; Facial Nerve Injuries; Facial Nerve, pathology/ultrastructure; Female; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II, biosynthesis; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; Microglia, immunology/physiology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Motor Neurons, physiology; Neurons, pathology/physiology/ultrastructure; Nimodipine, pharmacology; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase, biosynthesis/immunology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tissue Fixation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-3}, pmid = {9728762}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Angelov:1996, author = {Angelov, D. N. and Neiss, W. F. and Streppel, M. and Andermahr, J. and Mader, K. and Stennert, E.}, title = {Nimodipine accelerates axonal sprouting after surgical repair of rat facial nerve.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1996}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {1041--1048}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Facial-facial anastomosis (FFA), i.e., suture of transected facial nerve, was performed in adult Wistar rats. For 10-112 d post-operation (DPO), half of the animals received standard food (placebo) and half received food pellets containing 1000 ppm nimodipine, a Ca2+ channel blocker. The time course of mimetic reinnervation between these two groups was compared by counting all retrogradely labeled motoneurons after injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the whiskerpad. In unoperated animals, injection of HRP labeled 1280 +/- 113 motoneurons. After FFA, this number dropped to zero, and the first HRP-labeled facial motoneurons reappeared in both placebo- and nimodipine-treated animals at 14 DPO. The treatment with nimodipine yielded two beneficial effects. (1) It accelerated axonal sprouting until 28 DPO. Whereas the number of HRP-labeled cells in the placebo group was 171 +/- 9 (mean +/- SD) at 16 DPO, 372 +/- 43 at 21 DPO, and 636 +/- 187 at 28 DPO, the number of sprouted motoneurons in nimodipine-treated rats was twice as high: 386 +/- 34 at 16 DPO, 620 +/- 28 at 21 DPO, and 756 +/- 257 at 28 DPO. (2) Nimodipine reduced the polyneuronal innervation of the target muscles. Whereas the number of HRP-labeled cells in the placebo group increased to 1430 +/- 36 at 56 DPO and 1600 +/- 31 at 112 DPO, the number of labeled motoneurons in nimodipine-treated rats remained almost within the normal range: 1315 +/- 31 at 56 DPO and 1354 +/- 33 at 112 DPO.}, institution = {Institut I für Anatomie, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, Germany.}, keywords = {Anastomosis, Surgical; Animals; Axons, drug effects/physiology; Calcium Channel Blockers, pharmacology/therapeutic use; Calcium, physiology; Facial Muscles, innervation; Facial Nerve Injuries; Facial Nerve, surgery; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microsurgery; Motor Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Nimodipine, pharmacology/therapeutic use; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retrograde Degeneration, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8558232}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/16/3/1041.long}, } @Article{Angelov:1999, author = {Angelov, D. N. and Skouras, E. and Guntinas-Lichius, O. and Streppel, M. and Popratiloff, A. and Walther, M. and Klein, J. and Stennert, E. and Neiss, W. F.}, title = {Contralateral trigeminal nerve lesion reduces polyneuronal muscle innervation after facial nerve repair in rats.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1999}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {1369--1378}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Functional recovery after facial nerve surgery is poor. Axotomized motoneurons (hyperexcitable upon intracellular current injections, but unable to discharge upon afferent stimulation) outgrow supernumerary branches which are misrouted towards improper muscles. We hypothesized that alterations in the trigeminal input to axotomized electrophysiologically silent facial motoneurons might improve specificity of reinnervation. To test this we compared, in the rat, behavioural, electrophysiological, and morphological parameters after transection and suture of the buccal facial nerve (buccal-buccal anastomosis, BBA) with those after BBA plus excision of the ipsi- or contralateral infraorbital nerve (ION). After BBA, the mystacial vibrissae dropped and remained motionless until 18-21 days post operation (days PO). After BBA plus ipsilateral ION excision, there was no recovery of vibrissae whisking at all. Following BBA plus contralateral ION excision, full restoration of whisking occurred at 7-10 days PO. Electromyography of whiskerpad muscles showed normal waveform and amplitude was also most rapidly restored after BBA plus contralateral ION excision. Neuron counts after retrograde tracing showed that the intact buccal nerve contained axons of the superior (91\%) and inferior (9\%) buccolabial nerves. After BBA, the superior nerve comprised 56\%, the inferior 21\%, and 23\% of the motoneurons projected within both nerves. After BBA plus ipsilateral ION excision, misdirection worsened and values changed to 48, 39 and 13\%, respectively. After BBA plus contralateral ION excision, portions improved to 69, 23 and 8\%. We conclude that, by reducing the redundant axon branching, lesion of contralateral ION provides the best conditions for recovery of vibrissae rhythmical whisking after reconstructive surgery on the facial nerve.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00545.x}, institution = {Institut I für Anatomie, Nasen-und Ohrenheilkunde, Universität zu Köln, Germany. angelov.anatomie@uni-koeln.de}, keywords = {Anastomosis, Surgical; Animals; Axotomy; Cheek, surgery; Facial Nerve, physiology; Female; Motor Neurons, physiology; Nerve Regeneration; Neuromuscular Junction, physiology; Orbit, innervation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Trigeminal Nerve, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10103132}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ankaoua:1993, author = {D. Ankaoua and R. Malach}, title = {Evidence for plasticity of intrinsic horizontal connections in area 17 of the rat.}, journal = {Isr J Med Sci}, year = {1993}, volume = {29}, number = {9}, pages = {555--569}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The potential for peripheral modification of intrinsic horizontal connections was studied in the primary visual cortex (area 17) of adult, hooded rats that underwent monocular enucleation (ME) or binocular enucleation (BE) at the day of birth. The intrinsic connections were labelled by localized tracer injections at various sites in area 17. The pattern of interhemispheric callosal connections was revealed in the same animals by extensive injections of a distinguishable tracer in the contralateral hemisphere. The results show marked and consistent changes in area 17 intrinsic connections as a result of the neonatal enucleations. Specifically, in contrast to normally reared rats in which intrinsic connections are short ranged and are organized fairly uniformly around the injection site, in ME cases intrinsic connections extend over half the width of area 17, usually targeting a second field within area 17. In BE cases, the injection sites result in the appearance of elongated tongues and patches of label that protrude in different directions from the injection site. The observed modifications of intrinsic connections are clearly related to the abnormalities induced by enucleations in the pattern of callosal connections, such that intrinsic connections tend to form either between callosally connected sites or between a-callosal sites but avoid intermixing the two. The results reveal a high level of plasticity in the developing intrinsic connections. A Hebbian rule of connectivity is proposed as the underlying process guiding the formation of horizontal intrinsic connections in area 17.}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Callosum, physiology; Eye Enucleation; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Rats; Visual Cortex, growth /&/ development/physiology; Visual Pathways, growth /&/ development/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8225945}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Antal:1984, author = {Antal, M.}, title = {Termination areas of corticobulbar and corticospinal fibres in the rat.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1984}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {647--659}, abstract = {Solution of the cobaltic lysine complex compound injected into the bulbar pyramid was taken up by pyramidal tract (PT) fibres and intraaxonally transported as far rostral as the internal capsule, and as far caudal as segment C4 of the spinal cord. With sulfide-precipitation of the cobalt and silver-intensification of the CoS, terminal branches of corticobulbar and corticospinal fibres could be shown in the following structures: In the pons the medial, ventral and the medial part of the lateral pontine nuclei are supplied with collaterals of PT fibres. The medial pontine nucleus receives contralateral PT fibres as well. The nucleus raphe magnus receives PT fibre collaterals from both sides. In the reticular formation contralateral fibres terminate in n. reticularis pontis caudalis, n. gigantocellularis, n. paramedianus, n. reticularis ventralis and dorsalis. Ipsilateral fibers terminate in the n. gigantocellularis and n. reticularis ventralis. The inferior olive receives both ipsilateral and contralateral PT fibres. All parts of the central gray substance are supplied by ipsi-and contralateral fibres which emerge from the PT at the level of the pyramidal decussation. The caudal nucleus of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminus receives a strong bundle of crossing PT fibres which terminate in the subnucleus magnocellularis. The dorsal column nuclei are virtually outlined by the numerous terminals of PT fibres. An oval area at ventrolateral aspect of the cuneate nucleus is innervated by PT fibres. The neurones of this area send their axons to the dorsal white column. In the spinal cord PT fibre terminals delineate four areas of termination. The first is the internal basilar nucleus which is the most richly supplied. The second lies lateral and ventral to this nucleus including segments of laminae V, VI, and VII. The third area extends into the ventral horn including a small zone of the ventral part of lamina VII. Thin PT fibre collaterals may establish here direct contacts with motoneurone dendrites. The fourth area includes laminae III and IV and receives individual terminal formations of thicker PT fibres. Findings which corroborate and which extend previous results are discussed. A few notes are made on the functional significance of some of these fibre connections.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Cobalt; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Pyramidal Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6526991}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Antal:1990, author = {M. Antal and T. F. Freund and P. Somogyi and R. A. McIlhinney}, title = {Simultaneous anterograde labelling of two afferent pathways to the same target area with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin conjugated to biotin or dinitrophenol.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {1990}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {1--9}, abstract = {Anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and PHA-L conjugated to either biotin or 2,4-dinitrophenol were used to simultaneously label two populations of axons converging onto the same target area. Using the rat hippocampus as a test system, the septohippocampal and contralateral hilar afferents were labelled with the tracers. Double immunohistochemical procedures and either nickel-enhanced 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction (blue-black colour) or DAB alone (brown colour) were used to produce contrasting colours for the different tracers in the same section. Both the biotinylated PHA-L and PHA-L conjugated with dinitrophenol were used successfully as anterogradely transported axonal tracers. They produced extensive axonal labelling in the hippocampal formation. Excellent double labelling could be produced with the simultaneous application of PHA-L and biotinylated PHA-L. Biotinylated PHA-L was visualized by a sequence of avidin-biotinylated peroxidase complex (ABC), biotinylated goat antiavidin and ABC again using nickel-enhanced DAB as chromogen yielding a blue-black reaction endproduct. PHA-L alone was detected by the unlabelled antibody enzyme (PAP) method using goat antibodies to PHA-L, and DAB as chromogen for the peroxidase reaction, resulting in brown axons. The combination of biotinylated PHA-L and DNP-conjugated PHA-L gave similar results, although the sensitivity of detection by the latter procedure was inferior to that obtained with the other tracers. These protocols permitted visualization of axons of different origin, together with their terminals, either in a blue-black or brown colour, and also allowed the demonstration of overlapping inputs in strata radiatum and lacunosum moleculare of the hippocampus and stratum moleculare and hilus of the dentate gyrus.}, institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford, UK.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Biotin; Dinitrophenols; Female; Hippocampus, cytology; Histological Techniques; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use/pharmacokinetics; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septal Nuclei, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1690550}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Antal:1996, author = {M. Antal and M. Petkó and E. Polgár and C. W. Heizmann and J. Storm-Mathisen}, title = {Direct evidence of an extensive GABAergic innervation of the spinal dorsal horn by fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial medulla.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1996}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {509--518}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {A long line of studies emphasizes the contribution of serotonergic fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial medulla in the control of spinal nociceptive information processing. A growing body of evidence, however, suggests that the relative contribution of serotonin to the mediation of spinal neuronal activity from the rostral ventromedial medulla may require re-evaluation. It has recently been substantiated that, in addition to the serotonergic fibres, the spinal dorsal horn receives an abundant non-serotonergic projection from the rostral ventromedial medulla. Furthermore, stimulation in the rostral ventromedial medulla could result in a powerful inhibition of nociceptive spinothalamic tract cells without any detectable serotonin release in the dorsal horn. After labelling raphe-spinal axons and axon terminals in the rat by iontophoretic injections of the anterograde axonal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the central region of the rostral ventromedial medulla (nucleus raphe magnus) and revealing GABA and glycine immunoreactivities of the labelled raphe-spinal terminals and their postsynaptic targets by postembedding immunocytochemical methods, here we demonstrate an extensive GABAergic projection from the rostral ventromedial medulla to the spinal dorsal horn. We show that the majority of the labelled raphe-spinal terminals in laminae I-IIo and IV-V contain GABA and some of the GABA-immunoreactive terminals are also immunoreactive for glycine. We also disclose that GABA-immunoreactive raphe-spinal terminals establish synaptic contacts primarily with GABA- and glycine-negative, presumably excitatory, spinal neurons, including Calbindin-D28k- as well as parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells in both laminae I-IIo and IV-V. The results suggest that volleys in fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial medulla may evoke GABA release from raphe-spinal terminals, and the released GABA, in some cases probably acting together with glycine, might play a crucial, as yet mostly unidentified, role in the inhibition of nociceptive information processing in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(96)00063-2}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University Medical School, Debrecen, Hungary.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Glycine, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Endings, physiology/ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Synapses, ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(96)00063-2}, pmid = {8783266}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Antal:1992, author = {Antal, M. and Sholomenko, G. N. and Moschovakis, A. K. and Storm-Mathisen, J. and Heizmann, C. W. and Hunziker, W.}, title = {The termination pattern and postsynaptic targets of rubrospinal fibers in the rat spinal cord: a light and electron microscopic study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {325}, number = {1}, pages = {22--37}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The spinal course, termination pattern, and postsynaptic targets of the rubrospinal tract, which is known to contribute to the initiation and execution of movements, were studied in the rat at the light and electron microscopic levels by using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) in combination with calbindin-D28k (CaBP), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glycine immunocytochemistry. After injections of PHA-L unilaterally into the red nucleus, labelled fibers and terminals were detected at cervical, thoracic, and lumbar segments of the spinal cord. Most of the descending fibers were located in the dorsolateral funiculus contralateral to the injection site, but axons descending ipsilaterally were also revealed. Rubrospinal axon terminals were predominantly found in laminae V-VI and in the dorsal part of lamina VII at all levels and on both sides of the spinal cord, but stained collaterals were also seen in the ventrolateral aspect of Clark's column and in the ventral regions of lamina VII on both sides. The proportion of axonal varicosities revealed on the ipsilateral side varied at different segments and represented 10-28\% of the total number of labelled boutons. Most of the labelled boutons were engaged in synaptic contacts with dendrites. Of the 137 rubrospinal boutons investigated, only 2 were found to establish axosomatic synaptic junctions in the lumbar spinal cord contralateral to the PHA-L injection. With the postembedding immunogold method, 80.8\% of dendrites establishing synaptic contacts with rubrospinal terminals did not show immunoreactivity for either GABA or glycine, whereas 19.2\% of them were immunoreactive for both amino acids. Rubrospinal axons made multiple contacts with CaBP-immunoreactive neurons in laminae V-VI. Synaptic contacts between rubrospinal terminals and CaBP-immunoreactive dendrites were identified at the electron microscopic level, and all CaBP-containing postsynaptic dendrites investigated were negative for both GABA and glycine. The results suggest that rubrospinal terminals establish synaptic contacts with both excitatory and inhibitory interneurons in the rat spinal cord, and a population of excitatory interneurons receiving monosynaptic rubrospinal input is located in laminae V-VI.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903250103}, institution = {Laboratory of Neural Control, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.}, keywords = {Animals; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis; Dendrites, chemistry; Glycine, analysis; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Injections; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, physiology; Tissue Embedding; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1484116}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903250103}, } @PhdThesis{Antal:2015a, author = {Antal, Zsofia}, title = {The lateralmost aspect of the superficial dorsal horn and the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN) of the lumbar spinal cord of the rat: anatomical description of neurons and electrophysiological study of their propriospinal connections}, school = {UNIVERSITY OF DEBRECEN, DOCTORAL SCHOOL OF NEUROSCIENCES}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Our findings indicate that the widespread axonal arbor of lamina I LCNs and frequent collaterals in the dorsolateral white matter designate these neurons, besides some lamina I PNs, as candidates for establishing short- and long-range, intrasegmental and intersegmental propriospinal connections. We have demonstrated the existence of these theoretical propriospinal connections, from lamina I PNs and LCNs onto other lamina I and LSN neurons, which are not frequent but some are extremely potent. The latter may be important in sustained nociceptive signaling during pathological conditions. We revealed unique axon trajectories of putative projection or propriospinal neurons in the lateral aspect of the dorsal horn and in the LSN that suggests a development different from the regular lamina I projection cells. While LSN is not present in all species the novel axon trajectories revealed in our study may help to identify cell groups with analogous function and developmental origin in other species. Our findings emphasize the importance of understanding the connectivity matrix of the superficial dorsal horn in order to decipher spinal sensory information processing.}, keywords = {spinal cord, dorsal horn, lateral spinal nucleus, dorsal horn circuitry, 3-Dreconstruction, projection neuron, local circuit neuron, axon trajectory}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {https://dea.lib.unideb.hu/dea/handle/2437/212788}, } @Article{Antal:2015, author = {Antal, Zs and Luz, L. L. and Safronov, B. V. and Antal, M. and Szücs, Peter}, title = {Neurons in the lateral part of the lumbar spinal cord show distinct novel axon trajectories and are excited by short propriospinal ascending inputs.}, journal = {Brain Struct Funct}, year = {2015}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The role of spinal dorsal horn propriospinal connections in nociceptive processing is not yet established. Recently described, rostrocaudally oriented axon collaterals of lamina I projection and local-circuit neurons (PNs and LCNs) running in the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) may serve as the anatomical substrate for intersegmental processing. Putative targets of these axons include lateral dendrites of superficial dorsal horn neurons, including PNs, and also neurons in the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN) that are thought to be important integrator units receiving, among others, visceral sensory information. Here we used an intact spinal cord preparation to study intersegmental connections within the lateral part of the superficial dorsal horn. We detected brief monosynaptic and prolonged polysynaptic excitation of lamina I and LSN neurons when stimulating individual dorsal horn neurons located caudally, even in neighboring spinal cord segments. These connections, however, were infrequent. We also revealed that some projection neurons outside the dorsal grey matter and in the LSN have distinct, previously undescribed course of their projection axon. Our findings indicate that axon collaterals of lamina I PNs and LCNs in the DLF rarely form functional connections with other lamina I and LSN neurons and that the majority of their targets are on other elements of the dorsal horn. The unique axon trajectories of neurons in the dorsolateral aspect of the spinal cord, including the LSN do not fit our present understanding of midline axon guidance and suggest that their function and development differ from the neurons inside lamina I. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the connectivity matrix of the superficial dorsal horn in order to decipher spinal sensory information processing.}, doi = {10.1007/s00429-015-1046-3}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Univerity of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {25912439}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-015-1046-3}, } @Article{Anton:1991, author = {F. Anton and P. Peppel}, title = {Central projections of trigeminal primary afferents innervating the nasal mucosa: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1991}, volume = {41}, number = {2-3}, pages = {617--628}, abstract = {The respiratory region of the nasal mucosa is innervated by the ethmoidal nerve. Chemical nociceptive stimulation of this area leads to upper airway reflexes that prevent access of noxious substances to the respiratory tract and the lungs. In the present study we examined the localization of the cell bodies of the respective primary afferent fibres within the trigeminal ganglion, as well as their central projections. In 25 rats a horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin gel was applied to the right nasal cavity. The animals were killed after 48-72 h. For visualization of the tracer the tissue was processed according to the tetramethylbenzidine method. In the trigeminal ganglion almost all labelled cell bodies were localized in a medial band immediately caudal to the entrance of the ophthalmomaxillary branch. Transganglionic projections to the trigeminal brainstem nuclear complex were only localized in the superficial laminae of the subnucleus caudalis and in the subnucleus interpolaris, areas known to be involved in processing of nociceptive information. An additional labelled terminal field was observed in the interstitial subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarius, which is involved in respiratory control. These results are in favour of the hypothesis that the ethmoidal nerve in rat constitutes the afferent limb of protective upper airway reflexes since it transmits mainly nociceptive information.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(91)90354-q}, institution = {Institut für Physiologie und Biokybernetik, Erlangen, F.R.G.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Nasal Mucosa, innervation; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Nociceptors, physiology; Odors; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(91)90354-Q}, pmid = {1714553}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Antonino-Green:2002, author = {Deborah M Antonino-Green and Jianguo Cheng and David S K Magnuson}, title = {Neurons labeled from locomotor-related ventrolateral funiculus stimulus sites in the neonatal rat spinal cord.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2002}, volume = {442}, number = {3}, pages = {226--238}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Spinal cord/brainstem preparations from 5- to 8-day-old rats, maintained in vitro, were used to determine the cells of origin and regions of termination of fibers in the superficial ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) at a site from which rhythmic locomotor-like activity can be induced. Rhythmic locomotor-like activity was recorded from lumbar ventral roots after short trains of stimuli (50 Hz for 0.5-2 seconds) delivered to the VLF. Field potential mapping revealed that single VLF stimuli elicited responses in the ipsilateral ventrolateral medulla. Tract-tracing experiments by using biocytin, pressure-injected into the VLF, showed that only a small number of brainstem neurons were labeled and these were scattered bilaterally in the ventrolateral and lateral medulla. Dense concentrations of nerve terminals were found in the lateral reticular nucleus ipsilateral to the stimulation site. Labeled spinal cord neurons included a primary population of large cells distributed bilaterally in lamina VII from T13 to L4, with peak numbers in L2 ipsilaterally and in L3 contralaterally. Intracellular recordings revealed that some L2 and L3 neurons with rhythmic responses to VLF stimulation could be activated antidromically from the VLF, with latencies of less than 1.0 msec. These observations led us to speculate that the superficial VLF carries a locomotor-related tract originating bilaterally in lumbar lamina VII and terminating in the ipsilateral medulla, including the lateral reticular nucleus. This pathway may be part of the spinoreticular or spinoreticulotectal pathway that has been described in many species, the function of which has only loosely been ascribed.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10081}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Cell Size, physiology; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Electric Stimulation, methods; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Locomotion, physiology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neural Conduction, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Reaction Time, physiology; Reticular Formation, cytology/physiology; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Spinal Nerve Roots, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {10.1002/cne.10081}, pmid = {11774338}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aoki:2002, author = {T. Aoki and T. Matsunaga and K. Misaki and Y. Watanabe and T. Terashima}, title = {Abnormal distributions of callosal commissural and corticothalamic neurons in the cerebral neocortex of Shaking Rat Kawasaki.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2002}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, pages = {427--438}, abstract = {Shaking Rat Kawasaki (SRK) is an autosomal recessive mutant rat recognized by unstable gait and tremor and by early death around the time of weaning. We previously reported that corticospinal tract neurons are malpositioned in the motor cortex of the SRK rat [Ikeda and Terashima (1997) J. Comp. Neurol. 383, 370-380]. In the present study, we examined the distribution pattern of callosal commissural (CC) and corticothalamic (CT) neurons of SRK and normal rats with the injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the contralateral hemisphere or wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated HRP into the ventral lateral thalamic nucleus. The intracortical distribution pattern of retrogradely labeled CC and CT neurons in the motor cortex of SRK rat was abnormal: CC neurons were more deeply situated and CT neurons were more superficially situated in the SRK cortex than the corresponding components in the normal cortex. Most of labeled CC and CT neurons had abnormal dendritic configurations. Statistical analysis revealed that the difference of the mean intracortical position of CC and CT neurons of the SRK was significantly different from the normal counterparts (Student's t-test, P<0.01). Taken together with previous findings, our data demonstrate that the abnormal cytoarchitecture of SRK cortex resembles the reeler cortex.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00303-2}, institution = {Division of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal, deficiency/genetics; Cell Differentiation, genetics; Cell Movement, genetics; Cell Size, genetics; Choristoma, congenital/genetics/pathology; Corpus Callosum, abnormalities/pathology/physiopathology; Dendrites, genetics/metabolism/pathology; Extracellular Matrix Proteins, deficiency/genetics; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Movement Disorders, congenital/genetics/pathology; Neocortex, abnormalities/pathology/physiopathology; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Nervous System Malformations, genetics/pathology/physiopathology; Neural Pathways, abnormalities/pathology/physiopathology; Neurons, metabolism/pathology; Rats; Rats, Mutant Strains; Serine Endopeptidases; Thalamus, abnormalities/pathology/physiopathology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452202003032}, pmid = {12204212}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aoki:2005, author = {Aoki, Yasuchika and Ohtori, Seiji and Takahashi, Kazuhisa and Ino, Hidetoshi and Douya, Hideo and Ozawa, Tomoyuki and Saito, Tomoko and Moriya, Hideshige}, title = {Expression and co-expression of VR1, CGRP, and IB4-binding glycoprotein in dorsal root ganglion neurons in rats: differences between the disc afferents and the cutaneous afferents.}, journal = {Spine (Phila Pa 1976)}, year = {2005}, volume = {30}, number = {13}, pages = {1496--1500}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The expression of vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and isolectin B4 (IB4)-binding glycoprotein in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating the lumbar disc and the plantar skin was investigated.To characterize the DRG neurons innervating lumbar discs and those innervating cutaneous tissue in rats.Small nociceptive DRG neurons are divided into nerve growth factor (NGF) sensitive and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-sensitive neurons. CGRP and IB4-binding glycoprotein are recognized as specific markers for NGF and GDNF-sensitive neurons, respectively. VR1 is localized in small DRG neurons.Using histochemical staining and retrograde tracing methods, the expression of VR1, CGRP, and IB4-binding glycoprotein in DRG neurons innervating the L5-L6 disc and the plantar skin was examined in rats.DRG neurons innervating the disc showed positive staining as: 23.4\% VR1, 54.4\% CGRP, and 1.0\% IB4-binding glycoprotein. The following distribution was found for DRG neurons innervating the skin: 35.1\% VR1, 41.1\% CGRP, and 19.5\% IB4-binding glycoprotein. Percentages of neurons positive for VR1 and IB4-binding glycoprotein were significantly lower in DRG neurons innervating the disc than in DRG neurons innervating the skin (P < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed in the percentage of neurons positive for CGRP.VR1 is less abundant in lumbar disc than in cutaneous tissue. Our data suggest that nociceptive information from the disc is transmitted mostly by NGF-sensitive neurons, while that from the cutaneous tissue is transmitted by both NGF-sensitive and GDNF-sensitive neurons.}, doi = {10.1097/01.brs.0000167532.96540.31}, institution = {Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. yasuaoki@h6.dion.ne.jp}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Markers, metabolism; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Cell Size; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Glycoproteins, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Intervertebral Disc, innervation; Lectins, metabolism; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism; Nociceptors, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Skin, innervation; TRPV Cation Channels, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {00007632-200507010-00006}, pmid = {15990662}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aoki:2004, author = {Aoki, Yasuchika and Ohtori, Seiji and Takahashi, Kazuhisa and Ino, Hidetoshi and Takahashi, Yuzuru and Chiba, Tanemichi and Moriya, Hideshige}, title = {Innervation of the lumbar intervertebral disc by nerve growth factor-dependent neurons related to inflammatory pain.}, journal = {Spine (Phila Pa 1976)}, year = {2004}, volume = {29}, number = {10}, pages = {1077--1081}, month = {May}, abstract = {We used anatomic tracers and immunoreactivity in rats to define dorsal root ganglion neuron populations innervating the lumbar discs in physiologic and inflammatory states.To investigate the percentages of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (CGRP-ir) and isolectin B4 (IB4)-binding neurons innervating lumbar discs.Small neurons are classified into two types. One contains CGRP and expresses the nerve growth factor receptor. The other binds IB4 and expresses the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor.A neurotracer, Fluoro-Gold, was applied to the L5-L6 disc in rats. Five days later, 50-microL saline (control group: n = 8) or Complete Freund's adjuvant (inflammatory group: n = 8) was applied to the disc. Seven days after the second operation, T13-L5 dorsal root ganglions were processed for double staining of CGRP and IB4.Of the Fluoro-Gold-labeled neurons, 50.1 +/- 4.6\% (mean +/- SEM) were positive for CGRP and 0.7 +/- 0.6\% positive for IB4 in the control group, while 65.6 +/- 4.7\% were positive for CGRP and 1.0 +/- 1.0\% positive for IB4 in the inflammatory group. The percentage of CGRP-ir neurons was significantly higher than that of IB4-binding neurons in both groups (P < 0.001, each). The percentage of CGRP-ir neurons in the inflammatory group was significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.05).We found that most small neurons innervating the disc were CGRP-ir. Furthermore, disc inflammation caused an increase in CGRP-ir neurons but not IB4-binding neurons, suggesting that CGRP-ir, nerve growth factor-dependent neurons are more responsible for discogenic pain.}, doi = {10.1097/00007632-200405150-00005}, institution = {Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. yasuaoki@h6.dion.ne.jp}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, analysis; Cell Size; Coloring Agents, diagnostic use; Discitis, physiopathology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Glycoproteins, analysis; Intervertebral Disc, innervation; Lectins, analysis; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Nerve Growth Factors, physiology; Neuralgia, physiopathology; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/classification/ultrastructure; Plant Lectins, diagnostic use/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor, physiology; Sciatica, physiopathology; Stilbamidines, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {00007632-200405150-00005}, pmid = {15131432}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aoki:2004b, author = {Aoki, Yasuchika and Takahashi, Yuzuru and Ohtori, Seiji and Moriya, Hideshige and Takahashi, Kazuhisa}, title = {Distribution and immunocytochemical characterization of dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating the lumbar intervertebral disc in rats: a review.}, journal = {Life Sci}, year = {2004}, volume = {74}, number = {21}, pages = {2627--2642}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Previously, it was believed that the lumbar intervertebral disc was innervated segmentally by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons via the sinuvertebral nerves. Recently, it was demonstrated using retrograde tracing methods that the lower disc (L5-L6) is innervated predominantly by upper (L1 and L2) DRG neurons via the sympathetic trunks. Furthermore, we investigated the expression of various pain-related molecules such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), isolectin B4 (IB4), P2X(3) receptor and vanniloid receptor 1 (VR1) in DRG neurons innervating the disc using a combination of immunostaining with the retrograde tracing method. This review outlines the distribution and immunocytochemical characterization of DRG neurons innervating the disc. Small nociceptive DRG neurons are classified into nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent neurons and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-dependent neurons and they can be distinguished by their reactivity for CGRP and IB4, respectively. We found that about half of the neurons innervating the disc were CGRP-immunoreactive (-ir), whilst, only 0.6\% of the DRG neurons were IB4-positive, thereby indicating that NGF-dependent neurons are the main subpopulation which transmits and modulates nociceptive information from the disc. In addition, we also demonstrated P2X(3)- and VR1-immunoreactivity in DRG neurons innervating the disc and noted that they were mainly localized in NGF-dependent neurons. It is well known that NGF has sensitizing effects on DRG neurons, with a recent study demonstratng the presence of NGF in the painful intervertebral disc. Therefore, it is suggested that NGF is involved in the generation of discogenic low back pain.}, doi = {10.1016/j.lfs.2004.01.008}, institution = {Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. yasuaoki@h6.dion.ne.jp}, keywords = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/metabolism; Glycoproteins, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Intervertebral Disc, innervation; Lectins, metabolism; Lumbar Vertebrae; Models, Neurological; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Receptors, Drug, metabolism; Receptors, Purinergic P2, metabolism; Receptors, Purinergic P2X3; Substance P, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0024320504000190}, pmid = {15041445}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.01.008}, } @Article{Aoki:2004a, author = {Aoki, Yasuchika and Takahashi, Yuzuru and Takahashi, Kazuhisa and Chiba, Tanemichi and Kurokawa, Masahiro and Ozawa, Tomoyuki and Moriya, Hideshige}, title = {Sensory innervation of the lateral portion of the lumbar intervertebral disc in rats.}, journal = {Spine J}, year = {2004}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {275--280}, abstract = {An annular tear extending to the outer one-third of the annulus is thought to be one of the causes of low back pain. However, some patients have bilateral low back symptoms, even if the annular tear is localized in the lateral disc. Because nociceptive information from the lateral disc is transmitted by the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating the lateral disc, we investigated the distribution of the DRG neurons innervating the lateral portion of the disc.To clarify the distribution and pathway of the DRG neurons innervating the lateral portion of the L5-L6 disc in rats.Using the retrograde tracing method, we studied the innervation pattern of the lateral portion of the L5-L6 intervertebral disc in rats.The retrograde transport of Fluoro-Gold (F-G; Fluorochrome, Denver, CO) was used in 22 rats. Subjects included a nontreated group (n=16) and a sympathectomized group (n=6). Seven days after the application of F-G crystals to the left lateral portion of the L5-L6 disc, bilateral T12-L6 DRGs were observed by fluorescent microscopy.In the nontreated group, of all the F-G-labeled neurons, 93.1\% were present in the left DRGs and 6.9\% were in the right DRGs. The number of labeled neurons was largest in the left L2 DRGs. In the sympathectomized group, the numbers of labeled neurons in the T13, L1 and L2 DRGs were significantly lower than the numbers in the nontreated group.Results of this study indicate that DRG neurons innervating the lateral portion of the disc are distributed mainly in the ipsilateral side but also in the contralateral side. The DRG neurons in T13, L1 and L2 innervate the lateral portion of the L5-L6 disc through the paravertebral sympathetic trunks.}, doi = {10.1016/j.spinee.2003.10.005}, institution = {.jp}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/surgery; Intervertebral Disc, innervation; Lumbar Vertebrae, innervation; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nerve Fibers, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Sympathectomy}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S1529943003005540}, pmid = {15125848}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2003.10.005}, } @Article{Aparicio:2010, author = {M-A. Aparicio and A. Viñuela and E. Saldaña}, title = {Projections from the inferior colliculus to the tectal longitudinal column in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2010}, volume = {166}, number = {2}, pages = {653--664}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {We have used the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) to study with albino rats the projections from the inferior colliculus (IC) to the tectal longitudinal column (TLC), a newly discovered nucleus that spans the midbrain tectum longitudinally, on each side of the midbrain, immediately above the periaqueductal gray matter. We studied the projections of the medial IC, which includes the classical central nucleus (CNIC) and the dorsal cortex (DCIC), and those of the lateral IC, equivalent to the classical external cortex (ECIC). Following unilateral injections of PHA-L into the medial IC, numerous terminal fibers are labeled bilaterally in the TLC. The ipsilateral projection is denser and targets the entire nucleus, whereas the contralateral projection targets significantly only the caudal half or two-thirds of the TLC. Fibers from the medial IC reach the TLC by two routes: as collaterals of axons that travel in the commissure of the IC and as collaterals of thick ipsilateral colliculogeniculate axons; the latter travel through the deep superior colliculus on their way to the TLC. Within the TLC, individual IC fibers tend to run longitudinally. The injection of PHA-L into the lateral IC indicates that this subdivision sends a weak, bilateral projection to the TLC whose trajectory, morphology and distribution are similar to those of the projection from the medial IC. These results demonstrate that all subdivisions of the IC send projections to the TLC, suggesting that the IC may be one of the main sources of auditory input to this tectal nucleus.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.074}, institution = {Laboratory for the Neurobiology of Hearing, Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, 37007-Salamanca, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tectum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(09)02164-2}, pmid = {20056139}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.074}, } @Article{Appel:1988, author = {Appel, N. M. and Elde, R. P.}, title = {The intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic spinal cord is comprised of target-specific subnuclei: evidence from retrograde transport studies and immunohistochemistry.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1988}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {1767--1775}, month = {May}, abstract = {In this study we examined the hypothesis that the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the thoracic spinal cord, the nucleus from which preganglionic sympathetic neurons originate, provides an anatomical substrate through which selective regulation of sympathetic nervous system targets is accomplished. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons of rats were retrogradely labeled by the simultaneous exposure of the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) and the adrenal medulla to Fluoro-Gold and True blue, contrasting fluorescent dyes. Retrograde labeling from these sites revealed 2 populations of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in IML whose distribution overlapped between segments T1 and T4. In regions where these 2 groups of retrogradely labeled neurons overlapped, sympathoadrenal preganglionic (SAP) neurons occupied the most lateral aspect of the nucleus. It was also determined whether individual retrogradely labeled neurons within these two groups sent axon collaterals to both the CST and adrenal medulla. Diamidino yellow, a fluorescent retrograde tracer dye that labels only nuclei, was substituted for Fluoro-Gold and used in combination with True blue to simultaneously label preganglionic sympathetic neurons projecting to either the CST or adrenal medulla. No double-labeled cell bodies were observed in spinal cords of rats treated in this manner. Thus it appeared that the efferent projections of these 2 cell populations in IML were target-specific. Immunohistochemical analysis of the relationship between nerve fibers in the IML and preganglionic sympathetic neurons was also undertaken in an attempt to classify further these 2 populations of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Equal proportions of identified CST and SAP neurons appeared to be apposed by varicosities immunoreactive for either somatostatin or serotonin. On the other hand, when the comparison was based on whether oxytocin-immunoreactive varicosities appeared to appose these 2 populations of retrogradely labeled sympathetic neurons, a highly significant difference was revealed. That is, oxytocin-immunoreactive fibers and terminals appeared to avoid SAP neurons. Thus these data support the hypothesis that an anatomical substrate exists in spinal cord IML whereby selective regulation of sympathetic nervous system targets may be mediated. Moreover, the lack of oxytocin-immunoreactive varicosities apposing SAP neurons in IML suggests that if the paraventricular nucleus innervates SAP neurons in IML, it does so via a population of neurons that do not use oxytocin as a neurotransmitter.}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.}, keywords = {Adrenal Medulla, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Animals; Biological Transport; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, immunology/metabolism/physiology; Oxytocin, immunology; Serotonin, immunology; Somatostatin, immunology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/immunology/metabolism/physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Thorax}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2896766}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/8/5/1767.long}, } @Article{Appel:1986, author = {Appel, N. M. and Wessendorf, M. W. and Elde, R. P.}, title = {Coexistence of serotonin- and substance P-like immunoreactivity in nerve fibers apposing identified sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons in rat intermediolateral cell column.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1986}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, pages = {241--246}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {In this study we examined the possibility that serotonin (5-HT) and substance P (SP) coexist in fibers and terminals afferent to sympathoadrenal preganglionic (SAP) neurons in the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the spinal cord. SAP neurons in the IML were identified by retrograde labeling with either Fast Blue or True Blue injected into the adrenal medulla of rats. A simultaneous immunofluorescent double labeling technique was used to identify both 5-HT- and SP-like immunoreactivity in single tissue sections. Labeled SAP neurons were observed which were apposed by fibers immunoreactive for either neurotransmitter, as well as SAP neurons apposed by neither 5-HT- nor SP-like immunoreactive structures. In addition, 5-HT- and SP-like immunoreactivity were observed in separate fibers apposing the same labeled neuron and coexisting in fibers and terminal appearing in apposition to labeled SAP neurons. These data suggest a complex interaction by these neurotransmitters in regulating sympathetic outflow and may provide a model for interpreting conflicting observations concerning the effects of local 5-HT administration on sympathetic nerve activity.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(86)90268-5}, keywords = {Adrenal Medulla, innervation; Adrenergic Fibers, analysis; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, analysis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Ganglia, Spinal, analysis; Male; Nerve Endings, analysis; Neurons, Afferent, analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, analysis; Staining and Labeling; Substance P, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2423925}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Appenteng:1987, author = {K. Appenteng and D. Girdlestone}, title = {Transneuronal transport of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase into trigeminal interneurones of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {258}, number = {3}, pages = {387--396}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Intramuscular injections of either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were made into the masseter muscle of rats. Both tracers labeled primary sensory neurones in the V mesencephalic nucleus, motoneurones in the V motor nucleus, and some motoneurones in the facial motor nucleus. WGA-HRP labeled additional neurones in the V main sensory nucleus and the rostral pole of the V nucleus oralis. These were classed as interneurones because they lay in areas outside those known to contain either first-order afferent or motoneurone somata. We argue that these were labeled by retrograde transport of tracer because they lay close to the V motor nucleus, and from some of them processes could be followed into the region of the V motor nucleus.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902580307}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Membrane Permeability; Horseradish Peroxidase; Interneurons, cytology; Masseter Muscle, innervation; Masticatory Muscles, innervation; Motor Neurons, cytology; Muscle Spindles; Rats; Staining and Labeling, methods; Synaptic Membranes; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2438310}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902580307}, } @Article{Applebaum:1980, author = {Applebaum, A. E. and Vance, W. H. and Coggeshall, R. E.}, title = {Segmental localization of sensory cells that innervate the bladder.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1980}, volume = {192}, number = {2}, pages = {203--209}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The present study labels the neuronal cell bodies that give rise to afferent fibers that innervate the bladder of cat and rat. The method used was the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from its injection site in the bladder to cells in various dorsal root ganglia. In the rat, the labelled cells are located in the L1-L2 and L6-S1 dorsal root ganglia. In the cat, the labelled cells are located in the L2-L5 and S1-S4 dorsal root ganglia. This confirms older clinical findings, and for the first time directly demonstrates the afferent cell bodies for the bladder. The bladder afferents are small ganglion cells in both rat and cat, and because there is a correlation between the size of axon and the cell body from which it originates, we conclude that the great majority of bladder afferents are small myelinated or unmyelinated axons. In addition, by restricting the HRP to one side of the bladder, we are able to show that some afferent cell bodies send their distal processes across the midline. These results will be useful in considerations of the neural control of bladder function.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901920202}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Cats; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Urinary Bladder, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7400394}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901920202}, } @Article{Apps:1990, author = {R. Apps}, title = {Columnar organisation of the inferior olive projection to the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {302}, number = {2}, pages = {236-254}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The organisation of the olivocerebellar projection to lobules VI, VIII, and IX of the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum was investigated in detail by using the retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase. Small, well-defined rostro-caudally orientated columns of olive cells were found to project to different parasagittal areas in the posterior lobe. A column of olive cells about 2,000 microns in rostro-caudal length in subnucleus "c" and nucleus beta of the caudal medial accessory olive (MAO) provides climbing fibre input to the most medial part of lobules VI and IX, but this projection is displaced laterally in lobule VIII by a projection from a column of cells about 600 microns in rostro-caudal length in lateral caudal MAO (subnucleus "a"). It is possible that each of these columns of olivary neurones may be further subdivided in the rostro-caudal axis so that different sections project to different medio-lateral parts of the cortex. A fine-grain ' sublobular' localisation may also exist: the projection to midline lobule VIc arises at caudal levels of the olive from a band of cells in the transition region between subnucleus "c" and nucleus beta, whilst by comparison the projection from caudal levels of the olive to lobules VIa and VIb arises from cells located more ventrally in nucleus beta. Evidence is also presented to confirm that the posterior lobe vermis in the rat extends further laterally than in other mammals and that part of it receives a projection from a column of olive cells, 1,000 microns in rostro-caudal length, in a newly defined region of caudal MAO, termed subnucleus "b1."}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903020205}, institution = {Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Microinjections; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1705266}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020205}, } @Article{Apps:2007, author = {Apps, Richard and Ruigrok, Tom J H.}, title = {A fluorescence-based double retrograde tracer strategy for charting central neuronal connections.}, journal = {Nat Protoc}, year = {2007}, volume = {2}, number = {8}, pages = {1862--1868}, abstract = {Microspheres (beads) tagged with different fluorescent markers can be used for double retrograde axonal tracing of CNS connections. They have several advantages over other double tracer techniques, including ease-of-use, high transport efficiency, distinctive cell labeling and the ability to produce well-defined injection sites. In this protocol we describe the basic procedure for their use, some common problems and how these can be overcome. The protocol, including animal surgery, preparation and delivery of tracer can be completed in approximately 0.5 d. Subsequent histological processing (excluding survival time) can be completed in 0.5-1 d.}, doi = {10.1038/nprot.2007.263}, institution = {Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. r.apps@bristol.ac.uk}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Central Nervous System, cytology; Fluorescent Dyes; Injections, methods; Microscopy, Fluorescence, methods; Neural Pathways, cytology; Perfusion; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {nprot.2007.263}, pmid = {17703196}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.263}, } @Article{Aquino:1987, author = {Aquino, D. A. and Bisby, M. A. and Ledeen, R. W.}, title = {Bidirectional transport of gangliosides, glycoproteins and neutral glycosphingolipids in the sensory neurons of rat sciatic nerve.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1987}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {1023--1029}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Bidirectional axonal transport of glycoconjugates was studied in the sensory axons of rat sciatic nerve following injection of radiolabelled precursors into L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia. After varying time intervals, gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids were isolated from anterograde and retrograde accumulation segments and radioactivity determined. Radiolabelled glycoproteins were measured in delipidated residues. These glycoconjugates were shown to undergo both anterograde and retrograde transport, accumulation occurring in roughly parallel manner for the three classes. The velocity of anterograde transport was collectively estimated at approximately 360 mm/day. Neutral glycosphingolipids, previously unknown to be axonally transported, were present in sensory axons and transported in roughly equivalent amounts as gangliosides--as judged by levels of transported radioactivity. TLC-radioautography revealed a number of molecular species in the general region of tetra- and larger glycosylceramides. Fractionation of gangliosides according to sialic acid content demonstrated the presence of mono-, di- and polysialo species at the anterograde site.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(87)90260-0}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Gangliosides, metabolism; Glycoproteins, metabolism; Glycosphingolipids, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Peripheral Nerves, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sciatic Nerve, metabolism; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2439941}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arai:1990, author = {Arai, R. and Onteniente, B. and Trembleau, A. and Landry, M. and Calas, A.}, title = {Hypothalamic galanin-immunoreactive neurons projecting to the posterior lobe of the rat pituitary: a combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {299}, number = {4}, pages = {405--420}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {To identify the galanin-immunoreactive neurons projecting to the posterior lobe of the pituitary in the rat hypothalamus, a retrograde tracer (complex of wheat germ agglutinin-enzymatically inactive horseradish peroxidase-colloidal gold) was injected into the posterior lobe of the pituitary. Sections of the hypothalamus were treated with a combination of silver enhancement of retrogradely transported tracer and immunohistochemistry of galanin. Of the total number of hypothalamic cells doubly labeled with retrograde tracing and galanin-immunostaining, 56-60\% were found in the supraoptic nucleus, 18-23\% in the retrochiasmatic nucleus, 8-10\% in the lateral magnocellular portion of the paraventricular nucleus. The ratio of (number of doubly labeled cells/number of galanin-immunoreactive cells) in each of the above regions was similar to the ratio of (number of retrogradely labeled cells/number of Nissl-stained cells) in the supraoptic nucleus. Of all retrogradely labeled cells in the hypothalamus, 51-56\% also contained galaninlike immunoreactivity.(1) galanin-immunoreactive fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary originate mainly in the supraoptic nucleus, retrochiasmatic nucleus, and lateral magnocellular portion of the paraventricular nucleus, (2) most of galanin-immunoreactive cells in these regions project to the posterior lobe of the pituitary, and (3) about half the neurons constituting the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system contain galaninlike immunoreactivity.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902990403}, institution = {Département de Cytologie, CNRS UA 1199, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Galanin; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Hypothalamus, chemistry/cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, chemistry/cytology; Peptides, analysis; Pituitary Gland, chemistry/cytology; Rats; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1700801}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902990403}, } @Article{Araki:1988, author = {M. Araki and P. L. McGeer and H. Kimura}, title = {The efferent projections of the rat lateral habenular nucleus revealed by the PHA-L anterograde tracing method.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {441}, number = {1-2}, pages = {319--330}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The efferent connections of the rat lateral habenular nucleus (LHb) were demonstrated using anterograde transport of the lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Following PHA-L injections into the LHb, neuronal somata located in the lateral two thirds of the LHb were labeled with PHA-L. Individual axonal fibers and terminal specializations were clearly visible. This permitted detailed mapping of both efferent fiber pathways and terminal distributions. Previous reports on fiber pathways were substantially confirmed and several new findings were revealed. (1) Major rostrally oriented fibers enter the medial forebrain bundle via 3 routes which initially branch from the fasciculus retroflexus: the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and ventromedial thalamic nucleus; the zona incerta and fields of Forel; and the ventral tegmental area of Tsai. (2) A major decussation to the contralateral thalamic nuclei occurs in the central medial thalamic nucleus. (3) Caudally directed fibers follow two courses: one to the deep mesencephalic nucleus, central grey, dorsal raphe nucleus and the deep layers of the superior colliculus; and the other to the median raphe nucleus, oral pontine reticular formation and raphe pontis nucleus. The present results offer more detailed information concerning the dorsal diencephalic system.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(88)91410-2}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(88)91410-2}, pmid = {2451982}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Araki:1984, author = {Araki, M. and McGeer, P. L. and McGeer, E. G.}, title = {Presumptive gamma-aminobutyric acid pathways from the midbrain to the superior colliculus studied by a combined horseradish peroxidase-gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase pharmacohistochemical method.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1984}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {433--439}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {A pharmacohistochemical method for gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase, the key enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism, has been combined with retrograde tracing by horseradish peroxidase, to a study of projections from the midbrain to the superior colliculus. The results indicate projections from the substantia nigra zona reticulata, the zona incerta and the reticular formation of the mesencephalon which are exclusively from neurons staining intensely for gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase and presumptively gamma-aminobutyric acid as their transmitter. The projection from the ventral lateral geniculate body to the superior colliculus, on the other hand, comes from cells which do not stain for gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase and therefore do probably not use gamma-aminobutyric acid as their transmitter.}, keywords = {4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase, metabolism; Animals; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Rats; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology/physiology; Synaptic Transmission; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6096762}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Araki:1984b, author = {Araki, M. and McGeer, P. L. and McGeer, E. G.}, title = {Retrograde HRP tracing combined with a pharmacohistochemical method for GABA transaminase for the identification of presumptive GABAergic projections to the habenula.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {304}, number = {2}, pages = {271--277}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {A pharmacohistochemical method for GABA-transaminase (GABA-T), the key enzyme for GABA metabolism, has been combined with retrograde tracing by horseradish peroxidase, to a study of projections to the lateral habenula. The results indicate that projections to the lateral habenula arise from both GABA-T intensive and non-GABA-T staining cells in the rostral entopeduncular nucleus and the lateral hypothalamus suggesting that these projections contain GABAergic elements, as indicated by previous work, but also involve other neurotransmitters. A few GABA-T intensive cells in the lateral preoptic area were also found to project to the lateral habenula by this double staining technique.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90330-5}, keywords = {4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase, metabolism; Animals; Histocytochemistry, methods; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neuroanatomy, methods; Rats; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(84)90330-5}, pmid = {6331587}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Araki:1985, author = {Araki, M. and McGeer, P. L. and McGeer, E. G.}, title = {Striatonigral and pallidonigral pathways studied by a combination of retrograde horseradish peroxidase tracing and a pharmacohistochemical method for gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {331}, number = {1}, pages = {17--24}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The pharmacohistochemical neuronal staining method for gamma-aminobutyric transaminase (GABA-T) combined with retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) staining was used to define more precisely the descending striatonigral and pallidonigral pathways. Previous studies have established that GABA-T intensive cells in the basal ganglia and other structures correspond with reported glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-containing cells and are therefore presumed to use GABA as their neurotransmitter. Following injection of HRP into the substantia nigra, many HRP-labeled cells were detected in the caudate-putamen and globus pallidus. Two separate groups of cells were doubly labeled for GABA-T and HRP and seemed to represent two distinct GABA-T-rich descending pathways to the substantia nigra. One component came from medium-sized cells in the lateral aspect of the globus pallidus. It represented a majority of all descending cells from that nucleus. The other came from the lateral aspect of the caudate- putamen and represented only a minority of descending cells from that structure. These data suggest that the majority of striatonigral fibers are non-GABA containing while the majority of pallidonigral fibers are GABA-containing. The precise location of the GABA-T intensive cells making up these two pathways helps to explain much confusing data in the literature on the source of descending GABA fibers to the substantia nigra.}, keywords = {4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase, metabolism; Animals; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Rats; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(85)90710-3}, pmid = {3986561}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899385907103}, } @Article{Araneda:1980a, author = {Araneda, S. and Bobillier, P. and Buda, M. and Pujol, J. F.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport following injection of [3H]serotonin in the olfactory bulb. I. Biochemical study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1980}, volume = {196}, number = {2}, pages = {405--415}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {A retrograde axonal transport from the serotonergic nerve terminals in the olfactory bulb (OB) to their parent cell bodies in the midbrain raphe nuclei has been demonstrated after stereotaxic injection of [2H]5-HT into the OB of rats pretreated with a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor: at various time intervals thereafter (4-92 h) there was a preferential accumulation of radioactivity mainly in the raphe dorsalis nucleus (RDN). Maximal accumulation occurred at 24 h. Of this radioactivity, 30-50\% was recovered as 5-HT. The accumulation was estimated to take place at two rates: a fast one (48 mm/day) and a slower one (16 mm/day). Under the same experimental conditions there was no clear evidence for a retrograde accumulation of [3H]norepinephrine in the RDN. A passive diffusion mechanism could be excluded since the diffuson of tracer towards the cerebrospinal fluid was prevented by prior mechanical obstruction of the olfactory diverticle of the lateral ventricle. Furthermore, colchicine strongly reduced (by 80\%) the radioactive accumulatin in the RDN. Destruction of serotonergic nerve terminals by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or inhibiton of 5-HT uptake by fluoxetine decreased this retrograde accumulation whereas destruction of catecholaminergic nerve terminals by 6-hydroxydopamine was without effect. Pretreatment with reserpine decreased the amount of radioactivity transported to the RDN by 40\%. In the absence of MAO inhibition pretreatment, animals still presentd 35\% of the tracer transported to the RDN. Intrabulbar injection of MAO inhibitor did not affect the accumulation rates when compared with animals which received the inhibitor by the intraperitoneal route. In conclusion, the retrograde axonal transport following [3H]5-HT injection in the serotonergic RDN-OB system occurs via an active process which depends on a colchicine-sensitive mechanism and is partially linked to a reserp ine-sensitive structure. During its transport, the amine seems to be relatively protected from metabolic inactivation.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(80)90404-7}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects; Brain Stem, metabolism; Cerebral Aqueduct, metabolism; Colchicine, pharmacology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Kinetics; Locus Coeruleus, metabolism; Male; Medial Forebrain Bundle, metabolism; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, pharmacology; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Olfactory Bulb, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, metabolism; Rats; Reserpine, pharmacology; Serotonin, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(80)90404-7}, pmid = {6156739}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Araneda:1981, author = {Araneda, S. and Font, C. and Pujol, J. F. and Bobillier, P.}, title = {Is the retrograde axonal transport of 3H-5-HT a specific process of serotoninergic neurons?}, journal = {J Physiol (Paris)}, year = {1981}, volume = {77}, number = {2-3}, pages = {233--235}, abstract = {The specificity of the retrograde axonal transport of 3H-serotonin (3H-5-HT) was radioautographically studied in the afferents to the olfactory bulb (O.B.). Injections of 3H-5-HT of different concentrations (10(-2), 10(-3), 10(-4) and 10(-5) M) were performed into the O.B. of catron pretreated rats. Following injection of 3H-5-HT (10(-2) M), a cytoplasmic perikaryal labeling was observed in the bulk of afferents to the O.B. (aminergic and non-aminergic neurons). When lower concentrations of 3H-5-HT (10(-5) M) were injected into the O.B., the retrograde labeling was only seen in the raphe dorsalis (RD) serotoninergic perikarya. The specificity of the uptake-retrograde transport of 3H-5-HT seems to depend on the selectivity of uptake by nerve terminals.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism; Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Neurons, metabolism; Olfactory Bulb, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, metabolism; Rats; Serotonin, metabolism; Tritium}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6169828}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Araneda:1983, author = {Araneda, S. and Font, C. and Pujol, J. F. and Bobillier, P.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport after radioactive hydroxyindole injections into the olfactory bulb-an autoradiographic study.}, journal = {Neurochem Int}, year = {1983}, volume = {5}, number = {6}, pages = {741--750}, abstract = {Light microscope autoradiography was used to study the retrograde transport of labelled material after injection of [(3)H]serotonin ([(3)H]5-HT), [(3)H]5-hydroxytryptophan ([(3)H]5-HTP) and [(14)C]5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ([(14)C]5-HIAA) into the olfactory bulb (OB) of rat. A perikaryal labelling was clearly visualized in the Raphe Dorsalis (RD) and the Raphe Centralis (RC) 24 h after injection of [(3)H]5-HT (but not after injection of [(3)H]5-HTP or [(14)C]5-HIAA) into the OB of rats without monoamine-oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). In the OB, the labelled cells (mitral, granular, periglomerular and tufted cells) and the varicosities (dispersed in granular, plexiform and glomerular layers) were greater in number and intensity at 8 h than at 24 h after [(3)H]5-HT (10(?3) M) injection. Five hours after injection of [(14)C]5-HIAA (10(?3) M) some mitral, granular and tufted cells were labelled in the cytoplasm, nuclei and dendrites. A few varicosities were also observed. In contrast, after [(3)H]5- HTP injection no clear labelling was visualized in axonal processes. A net autoradiographic reaction was seen, however, in the capillary walls and some granular cells. After injection of [(3)H]5-HT at various concentrations (10(?2) M to 10(?5) M) into the OB of rats pretreated with MAOI, a selectivity in the pattern of labelling in the injection site and the afferent cell bodies was found at 10(?4) M and 10(?5) M. At these concentrations, the serotoninergic RD and RC neurons were clearly labelled, but the non-serotoninergic neurons such as those originating in the Locus Coeruleus, prepiriform cortex were devoid of label. In the OB, only varicosities and fiber-like structures were reactive. In the RD cell bodies, the intensity of labelling as well as the number of labelled cells were greater at higher concentrations of injected [(3)H]5-HT and when rats were pretreated with a MAOI.}, doi = {10.1016/0197-0186(83)90100-6}, institution = {INSERM U 171, Laboratoire de Médecine Expérimentale, Université Claude Bernard, 8, avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 2, France.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0197-0186(83)90100-6}, pmid = {20488005}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Araneda:1980, author = {Araneda, S. and Gamrani, H. and Font, C. and Calas, A. and Pujol, J. F. and Bobillier, P.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport following injection of [3H]-serotonin into the olfactory bulb. II. Radioautographic study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1980}, volume = {196}, number = {2}, pages = {417--427}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Radioautography was used to study the intraneuronal distribution of [3H]-serotonin (5-HT) and/or its derivatives selectively taken up by the olfactory bulb (OB) serotonergic terminals and subsequently transported to their parent cell bodies in the midbrain raphe nuclei. This was done 24 h after injection of [3H]5-HT into the main OB of rats either pretreated or not with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. A prior mechanical obstruction of the rostral ventricular cavities prevented diffusion of the tracer towards cerebrospinal fluid. Heavily labelled nerve cell bodies were found mainly in the ipsilateral raphe dorsalis nucleus (RDN) and to a lesser extent in the raphe centralis nucleus. The radioautographic reaction often extended to dendritic processes while sparing the nucleus. A diffuse reaction was also observed but limited to the raphe area. The supraependymal 5-HT fibers were found to be free of labelling. Neither local destruction of catecholaminergic terminals with 6-OHDA, nor absence of MAO inhibition, impaired this radioautographic pattern, while destruction of serotonergic terminals with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine in OB resulted in the disappearance of labelled axonal varicosities and neurons in the OB and the RDN respectively. At the electron microscopy level, labelled cell bodies in the RDN were medium-sized (12-15 micrometers). Silver grains were localized mainly on mitochondria and, to a lesser extent, on lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum but spared the nucleus and the nucleolus. Silver grains were also found near the nuclear membrane and outside the neuronal membrane. The observation of heavy metal impregnated thick sections confirmed the preferential localization of silver grains on mitochondria with or without inhibition of MAO. These results could account for the subcellular compartments involved in the retrograde axonal transport of [3H]5-HT and its subsequent degradation and/or dendritic release.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(80)90405-9}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, metabolism; Cerebral Aqueduct, metabolism; Male; Medial Forebrain Bundle, metabolism; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria, metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Olfactory Bulb, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, metabolism; Rats; Serotonin, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(80)90405-9}, pmid = {6156740}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Araneda:1999, author = {S. Araneda and K. Gysling and A. Calas}, title = {Raphe serotonergic neurons projecting to the olfactory bulb contain galanin or somatostatin but not neurotensin.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1999}, volume = {49}, number = {3}, pages = {209--214}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Retrograde axonal transport with [3H]5-HT has been developed as a specific tracing technique to identify serotonergic projections. This method, in combination with immunocytochemistry, offers considerable advantage of specificity and sensitivity to study pathways of multitransmitter-containing neurons. In this work, we studied the presence of galanin, somatostatin, and neurotensin in serotonergic neurons of dorsal and median raphe, which project to the olfactory bulbs. After [3H]5-HT injections into the rat olfactory bulbs, double galanin-immunoreactive and [3H]5-HT radiolabelled cells were located in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral region of dorsal raphe, but they were never seen in the median raphe. In the dorsal raphe, galanin-radiolabelled neurons represented 28\% of the total number of radiolabelled cells. Double somatostatin-immunoreactive and radiolabelled neurons were located in the dorsal and median raphe. In the dorsal raphe, double somatostatin-radiolabelled neurons represented only 11\% of the radiolabelled cells and they were mainly located ventral to the aqueduct. In the median raphe, 15\% of radiolabelled cells were also immunopositive for somatostatin. In contrast, neurotensin-immunoreactive cells in the dorsal and median raphe were distributed among [3H]5-HT radiolabelled neurons but they were never radiolabelled. Our results show subpopulations of serotonergic raphe-olfactory bulb projection neurons containing either galanin or somatostatin, but not neurotensin.}, doi = {10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00055-6}, institution = {Département de Médecine Expérimentale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport, physiology; Female; Galanin, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Neurotensin, metabolism; Olfactory Bulb, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin, physiology; Somatostatin, metabolism; Stereotaxic Techniques}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0361-9230(99)00055-6}, pmid = {10435785}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Araneda:1989, author = {Araneda, S. and Magoul, R. and Calas, A.}, title = {[3H]-serotonin retrograde labelling in serotonergic fibers.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1989}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {951--958}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Autoradiography, following retrograde axonal transport with [3H]-serotonin (10(-4) M) was used to identify, selectively, the serotonergic neurons of medullary raphe that innervate the spinal cord. In combination with this technique, immunocytochemical detection of endogenous serotonin showed some raphe magnus cell bodies immunostained by 5-HT antibodies and [3H]5-HT radiolabelled. Serotonergic fibers of lateral and dorsolateral funiculus of ligated spinal cord were also characterized following retrograde axonal transport with 10(-4) M [3H]-serotonin. At the ultrastructural level, mainly myelinated, although unmyelinated labelled fibers were also identified as swollen axons. Clusters of large membranous organelles, predominantly mitochondria, some dense lamellar bodies, multivesicular bodies and lysosomes accumulated on the distal segment of the ligation. Autoradiographic reaction was always observed to be very intense and silver grains overlapped mainly mitochondria (41\%) and clusters of membranous organelles (37\%). However, smooth endoplasmic reticulum seemed to be devoid of silver grains. From our results, serotonergic myelinated spinal fibers were labelled after uptake-retrograde axonal transport with [3H]5-HT. Mitochondria and membrane organelles could convey tritiated compounds derived from [3H]-serotonin uptake towards the serotonergic cell bodies.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(89)90005-1}, institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie des Interactions Cellulaires, U.A. 339 C.N.R.S., Talence, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2477117}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Araneda:1989a, author = {Araneda, S. and Magoul, R. and Calas, A.}, title = {Tracing specific transmitter pathways in the rat CNS: combination of [3H]serotonin retrograde labelling with immunocytochemical detection of endogenous transmitters.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {1989}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {211--218}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Selective retrograde labelling with [3H]serotonin ([3H]5-HT) can be used to identify serotonergic cell bodies after specific [3H]5-HT uptake by the corresponding nerve terminals. In the present study, we demonstrate that autoradiography of this [3H]5-HT radiolabelling can be combined with immunocytochemical detection of endogenous serotonin, GABA or substance P on the same tissue section. The midbrain raphe serotonergic projections to the olfactory bulb and the spinal projections of medullary serotonergic nuclei were investigated. The specificity of retrograde labelling with [3H]5-HT was confirmed by immunoreactivity of the radiolabelled cells for serotonin, using an antiserum specific for formaldehyde-fixed serotonin. After spinal injections of [3H]5-HT, many retrogradely labelled cells in the medullary raphe were immunopositive for substance P, and a few for GABA. These results are in agreement with the available information on the co-existence of putative transmitters in the spinal projections of caudal raphe neurons. Therefore, autoradiography of [3H]5-HT retrograde labelling combined with immunocytochemistry offers a possibility to test the specificity of transmitter-selective retrograde labelling, to identify transmitter-defined neuronal interactions and to investigate the projection fields of multitransmitter containing neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-0270(89)90132-5}, institution = {Laboratoire de Cytologie, Institut des Neurosciences CNRS, Universite de Paris VI, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Central Nervous System, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism; Substance P, metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2481794}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Araneda:1991, author = {Araneda, S. and Magoul, R. and Calas, A.}, title = {[Gaba innervation of serotonergic neurones innervating the thoracic marrow of the rat. Immunocytochemical and autoradiographic combination after retrograde axonal transport with tritiated serotonin ].}, journal = {Bull Assoc Anat (Nancy)}, year = {1991}, volume = {75}, number = {229}, pages = {81--84}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Anatomical relationship between GABA terminals and serotonergic neurons that innervate the thoracic spinal cord was studied using combined methods: autoradiography following (3H) 5-HT retrograde transport and immunocytochemistry for GABA. Following (3H) 5-HT injections into the thoracic spinal cord, serotonergic neurons of raphe pallidus and magnus were specifically radiolabelled. At optic and electron microscopic levels, radiolabelled cells of raphe magnus and pallidus were in contact with GABA immunoreactive pre-synaptic nerve terminals. Some radiolabelled cell bodies were contacted by both GABA immunoreactive and immunonegative terminals. These results indicate the existence of a direct GABAergic input onto the medullary serotonergic neurons projecting to the thoracic spinal cord and suggest both GABAergic and non-GABAergic regulation of these serotonergic neurons. Thus, combination of both a specific tracing technique and immunocytochemistry offers considerable advantages of specificity and sensibility for the study of interrelationship between chemically defined neuronal pathways and/or of transmitter co-existence.}, institution = {Département de Cytologie, URA CNRS 1199, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography, methods; Axons; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, analysis; Spinal Cord, chemistry/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {fre}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1777723}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arbab:1988, author = {M. A. Arbab and T. Delgado and L. Wiklund and N. A. Svendgaard}, title = {Brain stem terminations of the trigeminal and upper spinal ganglia innervation of the cerebrovascular system: WGA-HRP transganglionic study.}, journal = {J Cereb Blood Flow Metab}, year = {1988}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {54--63}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The central projections of the nerve fibers innervating the middle cerebral and basilar arteries were investigated by transganglionic tracing of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the rat. WGA-HRP was applied to the exposed basilar and/or middle cerebral arteries. Sections of the brain, trigeminal and upper spinal ganglia were reacted with tetramethylbenzidine for detection of the tracer. The results demonstrate that trigeminal neurons that innervate the middle cerebral artery project to the trigeminal main sensory nucleus, pars oralis, and the dorsocaudal two-fifths of pars interpolaris of the trigeminal brain stem nuclear complex. Terminals were also visible in the ipsilateral nucleus motorius dorsalis nervi vagi (dmnX) and in the lateral nucleus tractus solitarius (nTs) bilaterally at the level of the obex. The ventral periaqueductal gray, including the dorsal raphe and C2 dorsal horn, were also innervated by nerve fibers from the middle cerebral artery. Ipsilateral trigeminal rhizotomy prior to WGA-HRP application over the middle cerebral artery impeded the visualization of nerve terminations throughout the brain stem. Pretreatment with capsaicin reduced the density of labeled neurons and terminals within the trigeminal ganglion and the brain stem, respectively, following WGA-HRP application over the middle cerebral artery. Basilar artery fibers terminate in the C2 dorsal horn, the cuneate nuclei, dmnX, and nTs bilaterally. A few projections were also labeled in the ventral periaqueductal gray. Unilateral upper two spinal dorsal rhizotomy prior to WGA-HRP application over the exposed basilar artery resulted in terminal labeling within the C2 dorsal horn, the cuneate nucleus, dmnX, and nTs contralateral to the rhizotomy, whereas the ipsilateral side was devoid of any labeling. Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy prior to WGA-HRP administration to the middle cerebral and basilar arteries did not alter the visualization of nerve terminations throughout the brain stem.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1038/jcbfm.1988.8}, institution = {Neurosurgical Research Department, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Basilar Artery, innervation; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Capsaicin, pharmacology; Cerebral Arteries, innervation; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2448323}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1988.8}, } @Article{Arbab:1988a, author = {Arbab, M. A. and Wiklund, L. and Delgado, T. and Svendgaard, N. A.}, title = {Stellate ganglion innervation of the vertebro-basilar arterial system demonstrated in the rat with anterograde and retrograde WGA-HRP tracing.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {445}, number = {1}, pages = {175--180}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Stellate ganglia projections to cerebral arteries have been investigated with wheatgerm-agglutinated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Injections of WGA-HRP into the stellate ganglia resulted in labelling of nerve fibres on the vertebral and basilar arteries, and their side branches. The innervation was bilateral, but with an ipsilateral predominance. After WGA-HRP application on the basilar artery, retrogradely labelled cells appeared in both stellate ganglia, but most numerously in the right ganglion (70-75\%). Failure to detect stellate projections to cerebral arteries in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-pretreated animals indicates that these fibres are of noradrenergic sympathetic character. It is suggested that the stellate fibres follow the vertebral arteries towards the basilar artery and its branches.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(88)91090-6}, institution = {Neurosurgical Research Department, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebral Arteries, innervation; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stellate Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(88)91090-6}, pmid = {2452669}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arbab:1986, author = {M. A. Arbab and L. Wiklund and N. A. Svendgaard}, title = {Origin and distribution of cerebral vascular innervation from superior cervical, trigeminal and spinal ganglia investigated with retrograde and anterograde WGA-HRP tracing in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1986}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {695--708}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Peripheral sources of cerebral vascular innervation have been investigated with retrograde and anterograde neuronal tracing of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the rat. For retrograde identification of sources of innervation, WGA-HRP was applied to the exposed basilar artery through a fine slit in the overlying meninges, and sections of brain and peripheral ganglia were reacted with tetramethylbenzidine for detection of the tracer. A high density of tetramethylbenzidine reaction product was observed around the basilar artery and in the surrounding pial tissue, but the application sites were not completely selective since some tracer always had spread into the ventral brain stem. Retrogradely labelled cell bodies were identified in the superior cervical, stellate, first and second spinal, and trigeminal ganglia, i.e. these ganglia may represent origins of basilar artery innervation. In a second series of experiments, microinjections of WGA-HRP were placed into the indicated ganglia to obtain anterograde labelling of nerve fibres on whole-mounts of the cerebral vessels. Injections into trigeminal ganglia labelled nerve fibres on the ipsilateral half of the circle of Willis, as well as the contralateral anterior cerebral artery and the rostral part of the basilar artery. The first and second spinal ganglia projected to the vertebrobasilar arteries, while the ipsilateral part of the internal carotid (outside the circle of Willis) received fibres from the second spinal ganglion. Nerve fibres originating in trigeminal and spinal ganglia were organised in bundles, and between these a sparse plexus of thin single fibres appeared. Injection of WGA-HRP into superior cervical ganglion labelled a plexus of nerve fibres on the ipsilateral circle of Willis and the (rostral) basilar artery. These experiments demonstrated the origin and distribution of sympathetic and sensory innervation to major cerebral arteries in the rat.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(86)90293-9}, keywords = {Animals; Basilar Artery, innervation; Cerebral Arteries, innervation; Circle of Willis, innervation; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology; Ganglia, Sympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3491965}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arbuthnott:1982, author = {Arbuthnott, G. and Wright, A. K.}, title = {Some non-fluorescent connections of the nigro-neostriatal dopamine neurones.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1982}, volume = {9}, number = {1-6}, pages = {367--368}, abstract = {This study of the relationships between cells identified by their catecholamine fluorescence and their less fortunate neighbours became possible with the advent of autoradiographic tracing methods. A major output from the neostriatum returns to the substantia nigra where it fills the pars reticulata. Outputs from this area of substantia nigra are present on both sides of the brain in the thalamus, in parts of parafascicular, intralaminar, and mediodorsal nuclei, and the superior colliculi in the deeper layers. Mainly unilateral pathways reach the ventromedial nucleus of thalamus and also pass under the lateral part of the colliculus to reach the region of the nucleus pendunculo-pontinus among the fibres of the brachium conjunctivum. The roles of those areas in the transmission of the output of the basal ganglia to the motor system of the animal, however, remain obscure.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(82)90147-2}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Dopamine, metabolism; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7172035}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arbuthnott:1990, author = {G. W. Arbuthnott and N. K. MacLeod and D. J. Maxwell and A. K. Wright}, title = {Distribution and synaptic contacts of the cortical terminals arising from neurons in the rat ventromedial thalamic nucleus.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1990}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {47--60}, abstract = {Injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin within the ventromedial thalamic nucleus resulted in many filled fibres in the frontal areas of rat cerebral cortex. The fibres were restricted to the upper part of layer I except in a small area of motor cortex where terminals were also found in deeper layers. Terminals were also seen in the striatum, in parts of the mesencephalic reticular formation and occasionally in the contralateral ventromedial nucleus. There is some topographical order in the projection with medial and dorsal areas well represented in medial cortex while lateral parts of ventromedial nucleus are more directly related to the cortical area that receives the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus projection. Electron microscopic examination showed the terminals in layer I of cortex making synaptic contact with dendritic spines and small dendritic profiles that showed a very dense postsynaptic specialization. Neurons in the ventromedial nucleus could be antidromically driven from electrode positions along strips of cortex which could not be easily related to any known organizational pattern in the cortex. Thalamic neurons responding antidromically to only one stimulation site were more common when the stimulation was within motor cortical areas, suggesting that in this region a more restricted pattern of termination is the rule.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90373-c}, institution = {MRC Brain Metabolism Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Edinburgh, U.K.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Electrophysiology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(90)90373-C}, pmid = {2175021}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ariano:1994, author = {M. A. Ariano and D. R. Sibley}, title = {Dopamine receptor distribution in the rat CNS: elucidation using anti-peptide antisera directed against D1A and D3 subtypes.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1994}, volume = {649}, number = {1-2}, pages = {95-110}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Anti-peptide antibodies were generated against amino acid sequences of intracellular and extracellular portions of the native proteins for the cloned rat D1A and D3 dopamine receptor subtypes in order to determine the cellular distribution of these specific forms in the brain. These polyclonal antisera exhibited high specific titers, assessed by ELISA and immunofluorescent detection of functional recombinant receptor proteins expressed in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Central nervous system (CNS) areas of the male rat were examined using standard immunofluorescent methods in fresh frozen tissues. This paradigm detected D1A-like and D3-like dopamine receptor staining primarily in larger-sized neurons throughout layers 3 and 5 of the cortex, in medium-diameter somata of the striatum, and in the densely packed cells of the olfactory tubercle and hippocampal formation. More attenuated immunoreactivity for both dopamine receptor subtypes was noted in the substantia nigra, not associated with perikarya. Differences in cellular staining patterns and intensity were evident between the D1A-like and D3-like dopamine receptor subtypes. Equivalent morphological elements exhibited dopamine receptor expression following incubation using antisera generated against either extracellular or intracellular epitopes of either the D1A or D3 native proteins. Dopamine receptor immunoreactivity could not be detected in the cerebellum at equivalent antisera dilutions used to discriminate cellular staining patterns within the forebrain. Fluorescent-labeled latex microspheres were infused into the substantia nigra terminal fields to retrogradely identify the cell bodies of the striatonigral projection system. This paradigm showed that 80\% of striatonigral neurons expressed D1A-like receptors, while 65\% demonstrated D3-like dopamine receptor staining. This distribution for the D1A-like and D3-like receptor subtypes suggests that overlap may occur in the expression of the receptors in the striatonigral neuron population. Our previous results localizing cellular D2-like receptor expression patterns in this projection system of the rat neostriatum implies that all three of these dopamine receptor subtypes may be co-expressed in this efferent system.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)91052-9}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antibody Specificity; Brain, metabolism; CHO Cells; Cricetinae; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Molecular Sequence Data; Peptides, immunology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Dopamine D1, immunology/metabolism; Receptors, Dopamine D2; Receptors, Dopamine D3; Receptors, Dopamine, immunology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(94)91052-9}, pmid = {7953659}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ariano:1983, author = {M. A. Ariano and S. K. Ufkes}, title = {Cyclic nucleotide distribution within rat striatonigral neurons.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1983}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {23--29}, month = {May}, abstract = {Adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate and guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate have differential immunohistochemical distributions within retrogradely-labeled striatonigral neurons of the rat. Adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate is localized within more than half of the striatonigral projection neurons. It is also within the cytoplasm of other neurons and oligodendroglia. Guanosine cyclic 3'-5'-monophosphate is localized within 80\% of the identified striatonigral neurons. These large percentages of cyclic nucleotide immunoreactivity within the striatonigral neurons suggest some of these efferent cells must contain both cyclic nucleotides. The immunofluorescent staining for guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate is almost identical to that reported for efferent neurotransmitter-containing neurons of the caudate nucleus. However, the large proportion of striatonigral neurons demonstrating guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate immunoreactivity precludes the association of the cyclic nucleotide with a selective neurotransmitter agent. Adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate-reactive elements are very different in staining appearance from guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate and neurotransmitter-identified somata. The number of striatonigral cells exhibiting reaction for this cyclic nucleotide does not eliminate the possibility that adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate might be preferentially co-localized with a specific neurotransmitter, such as gamma-aminobutyrate, as has been previously suggested through biochemical experimentation.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(83)90043-x}, keywords = {Animals; Caudate Nucleus, metabolism; Corpus Striatum, metabolism; Cyclic AMP, metabolism; Cyclic GMP, metabolism; Efferent Pathways, metabolism; Male; Putamen, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(83)90043-X}, pmid = {6308505}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arimatsu:2002, author = {Arimatsu, Y. and Ishida, M.}, title = {Distinct neuronal populations specified to form corticocortical and corticothalamic projections from layer VI of developing cerebral cortex.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2002}, volume = {114}, number = {4}, pages = {1033--1045}, abstract = {Layer VI of the cerebral cortex contains heterogeneous populations of pyramidal neurons whose axons project either cortically or subcortically. It has been shown that a subset of layer VI neurons expressing latexin projects ipsilaterally to other cortical areas but does not contribute to the corticothalamic projections. Taking advantage of the connectional specificity of latexin-expressing neurons, we here determine whether corticocortical and corticothalamic neurons are generated at different times, and at which stage the connectional distinction develops in corticogenesis. Our experimental findings indicate that: (1) thalamic-projecting neurons in layer VI of the rat secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) are born at embryonic day 14 or before while latexin-expressing neurons in the same layer are generated at embryonic day 15 or later; (2) axonal invasion by SII neurons into ipsilateral cortical areas and into the posterior dorsal thalamus mainly takes place early in the postnatal period; ( 3) latexin-expressing neurons never project toward the dorsal thalamus in normal development; (4) presumptive latexin-expressing neurons in the neonatal SII are able to grow into a cortical slice in vitro, but do not invade a thalamic slice even transiently; (5) thalamic-projecting neurons, on the other hand, fail to simultaneously establish connections with a cortical slice. Taken together, our findings suggest that the time frame in which presumptive corticocortical and corticothalamic neurons are generated differs, and that the two populations are restricted in connectional fate potential by the perinatal period prior to target innervation.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00201-4}, institution = {Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, 11 Minamiooya, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan. yasu@libra.ls.m-kagaku.co.jp}, keywords = {Age Factors; Animals; Antigens, analysis; Axons, chemistry; Female; Mitosis; Neural Pathways; Neurons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Organ Culture Techniques; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development; Thalamus, cytology/growth /&/ development}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452202002014}, pmid = {12379257}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arimatsu:2003, author = {Yasuyoshi Arimatsu and Mami Ishida and Takeshi Kaneko and Sachiyo Ichinose and Akira Omori}, title = {Organization and development of corticocortical associative neurons expressing the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2003}, volume = {466}, number = {2}, pages = {180--196}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The developmental mechanism that contributes to the highly organized axonal connections within the cerebral cortex is not well understood. This is partly due to the lack of molecular markers specifically expressed in corticocortical associative neurons during the period of circuit formation. We have shown previously that latexin, a carboxypeptidase A inhibitor, is expressed in intrahemispheric corticocortical neurons from the second postnatal week in the rat (Arimatsu et al. [1999] Cereb. Cortex 9:569-576). In the present study, we first demonstrate in the adult rat that the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 is coexpressed in latexin-expressing neurons located in layer V, sublayer VIa, and the white matter of the lateral sector of the neocortex, and also in latexin-negative early born neurons in sublayer VIb of the entire neocortex. Virtually all Nurr1-expressing neurons exhibit immunoreactivity for phosphate-activated glutaminase but not for gamma-aminobutyric acid, suggesting that they are glutamatergic-excitatory neurons. By combining Nurr1 immunohistochemistry and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-birthdating, we then show that Nurr1 is expressed in (early born) subplate neurons and (later born) presumptive latexin-expressing neurons from embryonic day 18 onward. Finally, by combination of Nurr1 immunohistochemistry and retrograde tracing, we show that Nurr1-expressing neurons, including those in sublayer VIb, contribute predominantly to long-range intrahemispheric corticocortical projections. These results raise the possibility that Nurr1 plays a role in the establishment and maintenance of normal corticocortical circuitry and function.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10875}, institution = {Cortical Circuits Research Unit, Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo 194-8511, Japan. yasu@libra.ls.m-kagaku.co.jp}, keywords = {Animals; DNA-Binding Proteins, biosynthesis/genetics; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, physiology; Neocortex, embryology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Neural Pathways, embryology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Transcription Factors, biosynthesis/genetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {14528447}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10875}, } @Article{Arimatsu:1999, author = {Y. Arimatsu and M. Ishida and M. Sato and M. Kojima}, title = {Corticocortical associative neurons expressing latexin: specific cortical connectivity formed in vivo and in vitro.}, journal = {Cereb Cortex}, year = {1999}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {569--576}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Latexin, a carboxypeptidase A inhibitor, is expressed in a subset of neurons in the infragranular layers of the lateral cortex in the rat. We here show that latexin-expressing neurons exhibit ultrastructural features common to cortical pyramidal neurons. We show in combined retrograde tracing and immunofluorescent experiments that latexin-expressing neurons contribute to specific corticocortical pathways. Thus, injections of the retrograde tracer fluorogold into either the primary somatosensory (SI) or the primary motor (MI) cortical area labeled many latexin-expressing neurons in the infragranular layers of the secondary somatosensory (SII) and visceral sensory (Vi) areas. In contrast, tracer injections involving the thalamus, striatum, or contralateral SII and Vi exclusively labeled latexin-nonexpressing neurons in both the SII and Vi. Finally, we show that the correct corticocortical projections can be formed in organotypic slice cultures in vitro from latexin-expressing neurons: when slices of developing SII were cocultured with those from the SI and the thalamus, latexin-immunoreactive neurons in the SII projected preferentially to their normal SI target. The specific connectivity formed in vivo and in vitro by this molecularly distinct neuronal population reveals its characteristic manner of cortical organization and provides a unique model system to analyze mechanisms underlying the formation of precise corticocortical pathways.}, doi = {10.1093/cercor/9.6.569}, institution = {Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Machida-shi, Tokyo, Japan. yasu@libra.ls.m-kagaku.co.jp}, keywords = {Age Factors; Animals; Antibodies; Antigens, analysis/immunology; Axons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Female; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Efferent, chemistry/ultrastructure; Organ Culture Techniques; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10498275}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arimatsu:1991, author = {Arimatsu, Y. and Miyamoto, M.}, title = {Survival-promoting effect of NGF on in vitro septohippocampal neurons with cholinergic and GABAergic phenotypes.}, journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {58}, number = {2}, pages = {189--201}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Recently, we demonstrated a survival-promoting effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on cultured hippocampus-projecting neurons from developing septum/diagonal band region using fluorescent latex microspheres as a retrograde neuronal marker (Arimatsu et al., 1989). In the present study, we characterized these projection neurons by combining the retrograde cell labeling and histochemical stainings for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and NGF receptor-, choline acetyltransferase- (ChAT-) and gamma-aminobutyric acid- (GABA-) immunoreactivities. The surviving microsphere-labeled neurons were, for the most part, immunoreactive for NGF receptor in the culture. A great majority (about 90\%) of the microsphere-labeled neurons showed strong AChE activity and ChAT-immunoreactivity. The number of strongly AChE-positive neurons and that of ChAT-immunoreactive neurons in the culture supplemented with NGF was much greater with than without exogenous NGF. In addition, a major part (about 70\%) of the microsphere-labeled neurons exhibited GABA-immunoreactivity in the presence of NGF. The number was also much greater than that without NGF. A considerable portion of cultured septal cholinergic neurons were shown to express GABA-immunoreactivity by a two-color immunofluorescence labeling experiment for ChAT and GABA. These findings are consistent with the assumption that NGF plays an important role in the development and organization of the cholinergic and GABAergic septohippocampal systems by supporting the neuronal survival, and raise a possibility that cholinergic and GABAergic fractions of the septohippocampal neurons may be developmentally correlated.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-3806(91)90005-4}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Cell Survival, drug effects; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Hippocampus, cytology/drug effects; Nerve Growth Factors, metabolism/pharmacology; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Phenotype; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, Cell Surface, metabolism; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor; Septum Pellucidum, cytology/drug effects; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1851468}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arimatsu:1989, author = {Y. Arimatsu and M. Miyamoto and H. Tsukui and H. Hatanaka}, title = {Nerve growth factor promotes survival of retrogradely labeled hippocampus-projecting neurons in the rat basal forebrain in vitro.}, journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res}, year = {1989}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {297--301}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the survival of neurons projecting to the hippocampus from developing medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band was studied in vitro. The neurons had previously been labeled retrogradely in vivo with fluorescent latex microspheres. The microspheres were injected bilaterally into the hippocampus of 5-day-old rats. Twenty to 24 h after the injection, cells from the basal forebrain were dissociated with papain and cultured for 3-5 days. The number of microsphere-labeled neurons in the culture with supplementation of NGF was much greater than that without NGF. The result clearly indicates a survival-promoting effect of NGF on these projection neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-3806(89)90048-5}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Survival, drug effects; Cells, Cultured; Hippocampus, cytology/drug effects; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nerve Growth Factors, pharmacology; Neurons, cytology/drug effects; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Telencephalon, cytology/drug effects}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2713985}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arluison:1994, author = {Arluison, M. and Brochier, G. and Vankova, M. and Leviel, V. and Villalobos, J. and Tramu, G.}, title = {Demonstration of peptidergic afferents to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis using local injections of colchicine. A combined immunohistochemical and retrograde tracing study.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1994}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {319--337}, abstract = {In the present study, we demonstrate the existence of numerous peptidergic afferents to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) using the retrograde transport of gold-labeled wheat germ agglutinin-apo-peroxidase (G-WGA-HRP) combined with the indirect immunoperoxidase method after intraparenchymatous injections of colchicine. At first, we show that local injections of colchicine alone into the BNST are able to induce the retrograde accumulation of peptides until the nerve cell bodies of origin, probably because of the blockade of axonal transport in nerve terminal arborizations innervating this nucleus. The actual existence of putative peptidergic afferents to the BNST indicated by the local injections of colchicine was established using: a) the retrograde transport of G-WGA-HRP from the BNST combined with immunocytochemistry after administration of colchicine at the same place, b) the anterograde "transport" of the fluorescent tracer DiI from selected nuclei of the forebrain. We demonstrate that the neurons immunoreactive for enkephalins, neurotensin, or substance P that innervate the BNST are localized mainly in the central amygdaloid nucleus, the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus ipsilateral to the injection, as well as bilaterally in the magnocellular paraventricular and perifornical regions of the hypothalamus. From these results it may be concluded that intracerebral injections of colchicine constitute a powerful tool to search for multiple peptidergic afferents to a given brain nucleus using only immunohistochemistry. The existence of these pathways, however, must be verified by other neuroanatomical methods because of the problem of nerve fibers of passage.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(94)90026-4}, institution = {Lab. de Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires, Institut des Neurosciences CNRS, Université P. et M. Curie, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Carbocyanines; Colchicine, diagnostic use; Enkephalin, Methionine, immunology/metabolism; Enkephalins, immunology/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; Ibotenic Acid, pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Neuropeptides, physiology; Neurotensin, immunology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substance P, immunology/metabolism; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, immunology/metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(94)90026-4}, pmid = {7521777}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arluison:1990, author = {M. Arluison and M. Vankova and F. Cesselin and V. Leviel}, title = {Origin of some enkephalin-containing afferents to the ventro-medial region of the globus pallidus in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1990}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {25--34}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The retrograde transport of WGA-HRP adsorbed to colloidal gold was combined with the indirect immunoperoxidase technique to study the origin of enkephalin-containing afferents to the medial and ventral regions of the globus pallidus (GP). On the injected side, the nerve cell bodies labeled retrogradely or double labeled were numerous in the central nucleus of the amygdala (ACe), scattered in the bed nucleus stria terminalis (BNST) and few in the fundus striati. In the ACe, approximately 40\% and 20\% of the retrogradely labeled perikarya were found immunoreactive for Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin, respectively, whereas they were only 30\% and 15\% in the BNST. It is concluded that the enkephalinergic afferents of the ventro-medial region of GP, which contains the basal nucleus of Meynert in the rat, are largely of limbic origin.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(90)90249-y}, institution = {M. Curie, Institut des Neurosciences CNRS (UA M99), Dept. Cytologie, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Enkephalin, Leucine, metabolism; Enkephalin, Methionine, metabolism; Enkephalins, metabolism; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stereotaxic Techniques; Substantia Innominata, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(90)90249-Y}, pmid = {2207712}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Armengol:1991a, author = {J. A. Armengol and P. Salinas}, title = {Analysis of the ipsi- and contralateral location of the neurons of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis projecting to the cerebellum and of the trajectory of their axons within the pons to the brachium pontis. An "in vivo" and "in vitro" study.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1991}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, pages = {715-724}, abstract = {Using three different retrograde tracing techniques, we analysed the broad distribution of ipsi-, contra- and bilateral NRTP neurons projecting to the cerebellum in the adult rat. The placement of the tracers into the cerebellar peduncles allowed us to determine the overall pattern of the NRTP-cerebellar projection. At the same time, the HRP "in vitro" technique permitted the study of the axonal profiles of the NRTP neurons within the pons until reaching the brachium pontis. Our observations confirm: i) A symmetrical organization of the NRTP-cerebellar projection, the number and location of ipsi- and contralateral NRTP neurons being very similar in all cases; ii) The only exception is represented by the rostralmost portions of the NRTP, in which the neurons show a cluster-complementary pattern; iii) The axons of the NRTP neurons cross the pontine midline at the dorsalmost aspect of the BPN, occupying a medial location within the brachium pontis.}, institution = {Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Cerebellar Nuclei, cytology; Cerebellum, cytology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, ultrastructure; Pons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1821418}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Armstrong:2015, author = {Armstrong, Caren and Wang, Jessica and Lee, Soo Yeun and Broderick, John and Bezaire, Marianne J. and Lee, Sang-Hun and Soltesz, Ivan}, title = {Target-Selectivity of Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons in Layer II of Medial Entorhinal Cortex in Normal and Epileptic Animals.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The medial entorhinal cortex layer II (MEClayerII ) is a brain region critical for spatial navigation and memory, and it also demonstrates a number of changes in patients with, and animal models of, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Prior studies of GABAergic microcircuitry in MEClayerII revealed that cholecystokinin-containing basket cells (CCKBCs) select their targets on the basis of the long-range projection pattern of the postsynaptic principal cell. Specifically, CCKBCs largely avoid reelin-containing principal cells that form the perforant path to the ipsilateral dentate gyrus and preferentially innervate non-perforant path forming calbindin-containing principal cells. We investigated whether parvalbumin containing basket cells (PVBCs), the other major perisomatic targeting GABAergic cell population, demonstrate similar postsynaptic target selectivity as well. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that the functional or anatomic arrangement of circuit selectivity is disrupted in MEClayerII in chronic TLE, using the repeated low-dose kainate model in rats. In control animals, we found that PVBCs innervated both principal cell populations, but also had significant selectivity for calbindin-containing principal cells in MEClayerII . However, the magnitude of this preference was smaller than for CCKBCs. In addition, axonal tracing and paired recordings showed that individual PVBCs were capable of contacting both calbindin and reelin-containing principal cells. In chronically epileptic animals, we found that the intrinsic properties of the two principal cell populations, the GABAergic perisomatic bouton numbers, and selectivity of the CCKBCs and PVBCs remained remarkably constant in MEClayerII . However, miniature IPSC frequency was decreased in epilepsy, and paired recordings revealed the presence of direct excitatory connections between principal cells in the MEClayerII in epilepsy, which is unusual in normal adult MEClayerII . Taken together, these findings advance our knowledge about the organization of perisomatic inhibition both in control and in epileptic animals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1002/hipo.22559}, institution = {Neurobiology.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {26663222}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22559}, } @Article{Armstrong:1998, author = {C. L. Armstrong and D. A. Hopkins}, title = {Neurochemical organization of paratrigeminal nucleus projections to the dorsal vagal complex in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {785}, number = {1}, pages = {49--57}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The paratrigeminal nucleus, located in the spinal trigeminal tract rostral to the obex, is important in the integration of visceral and somatosensory afferent information and may modulate autonomic function through its projections to the dorsal vagal complex. Anterograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tracers were used in conjunction with immunohistochemistry to determine the neurochemical organization of the efferent pathway from the paratrigeminal nucleus to the dorsal vagal complex in the rat. Double-labelling studies demonstrated that leu-enkephalin, 28-kDa calbindin, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase were present in neurons in the paratrigeminal nucleus that project to the dorsal vagal complex. The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that neurochemically distinct pathways from the paratrigeminal nucleus are involved in the sensory modulation of autonomic function.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01322-x}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis; Colchicine; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Enkephalin, Leucine, analysis; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Endings, physiology/ultrastructure; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Nitric Oxide Synthase, analysis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stilbamidines; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(97)01322-X}, pmid = {9526042}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Armstrong:1978, author = {D. M. Armstrong and R. F. Schild}, title = {An investigation of the cerebellar corticonuclear projections in the rat using an autoradiographic tracing method. II. Projections from the hemisphere.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1978}, volume = {141}, number = {2}, pages = {235-249}, month = {Feb}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(78)90195-6}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, cytology; Cerebellar Cortex, cytology; Cerebellar Nuclei, cytology; Male; Purkinje Cells, cytology; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(78)90195-6}, pmid = {626901}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Armstrong:1978b, author = {D. M. Armstrong and R. F. Schild}, title = {An investigation of the cerebellar cortico-nuclear projections in the rat using an autoradiographic tracing method. I. Projections from the vermis.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1978}, volume = {141}, number = {1}, pages = {1--19}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The topography of the projections from the vermis of the cerebellar cortex to the intracerebellar nuclei (excluding the vestibular complex) was newly investigated in the rat using an autoradiographic technique. The projection were strictly ipsilateral and the majority terminated in nucleus fastigus although there were small projections to the medial pole of nucleus interpositus. The only portion of fastigius which was never heavily labelled was the dorsolateral protuberance. Some rostrocaudal localisation was evident with lobules II-V projecting to rostral fastigius (Fm), lobules VI-VIII projecting mainly more caudally (Fcm and Fm) and lobule IX projecting to the caudoventral tip of fastigius. Nevertheless, even the densest portions of the terminal fields often overlapped heavily, suggesting that, in the rat, in contrast to some other species, the rostrocaudal localisation is such that individual lobules do not possess private termination fields of any extent. Such an arrangement should provide ample opportunity for integration by individual nuclear neurones of input from extensive areas of cortex. In the mediolateral plane, localisation was more evident, with the medial vermis projecting to the medial pole of fastigius and the lateral portion to lateral fastigus and less heavily to medial interpositus.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(78)90613-3}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography, methods; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Cortex, cytology; Cerebellar Nuclei, cytology; Functional Laterality; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology; Purkinje Cells, cytology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(78)90613-3}, pmid = {624066}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Armstrong:1980, author = {W. E. Armstrong and G. I. Hatton}, title = {The localization of projection neurons in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus following vascular and neurohypophysial injections of HRP.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1980}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {473--477}, abstract = {Projection neurons in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (pv) were identified using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) following injections of this tracer into the neurohypophysis or jugular vein. The objective was to determine if parvocellular pv neurons might be labelled by either injection in addition to the well known magnocellular contingent. Injections confined to the neurohypophysis resulted in the labelling of only magnocellular pv neurons, while intrajugular injections which produced spread of the HRP to the arcuate nucleus-median eminence region resulted in the labelling of both parvocellular and magnocellular pv elements. Thus parvocellular pv neurons may project to the arcuate nucleus and/or the external layer of the median eminance but not to the neurohypophysis.}, doi = {10.1016/s0361-9230(80)80018-9}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Blood-Brain Barrier; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Median Eminence, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Pituitary Gland, Posterior, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6157456}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Armstrong:1996, author = {W. E. Armstrong and M. Tian and H. Wong}, title = {Electron microscopic analysis of synaptic inputs from the median preoptic nucleus and adjacent regions to the supraoptic nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1996}, volume = {373}, number = {2}, pages = {228--239}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The median preoptic nucleus (MnPo) is critical for normal fluid balance, mediating osmotically evoked drinking and neurohypophysial hormone secretion. The influence of the MnPo on vasopressin and oxytocin release is in part through direct connections to the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus. In the present investigation the synaptic contacts between the MnPo and supraoptic neurons were investigated in rats by ultrastructural examination of terminals labeled anterogradely with the tracers Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin or biotinylated dextran. At the light microscopic level, labeled fibers within the supraoptic nucleus branched frequently, were punctuated by varicosities, and were distributed throughout the nucleus without preference for the known distributions of oxytocin and vasopressin neurons. At the ultrastructural level, synapses were associated with many of these varicosities. The ratio of labeled axodendritic to axosomatic synapses encountered was roughly consistent with a uniform innervation of dendrites and somata. The great majority of synapses were characterized by symmetrical contacts. Similar results were found for a few injections made in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, just rostral to the MnPo, and in the immediately adjacent periventricular preoptic area. Coupled with other recent anatomical and electrophysiological evidence, these results suggest there is a strong monosynaptic pathway from structures along the ventral lamina terminalis to the supraoptic nucleus.}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-5}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Medicine, Memphis 38163, USA. warmstr@nb.utmem.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Male; Microinjections; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, ultrastructure; Preoptic Area, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Supraoptic Nucleus, ultrastructure; Synapses, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-5}, pmid = {8889924}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-5}, } @Article{Armstrong:1980a, author = {Armstrong, W. E. and Warach, S. and Hatton, G. I. and McNeill, T. H.}, title = {Subnuclei in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: a cytoarchitectural, horseradish peroxidase and immunocytochemical analysis.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1980}, volume = {5}, number = {11}, pages = {1931--1958}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(80)90040-8}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Stem, cytology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, cytology; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, classification/cytology; Neurophysins, metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology; Pituitary Gland, Posterior, innervation; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(80)90040-8}, pmid = {7432630}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Armstrong-James:1988, author = {M. Armstrong-James and M. J. George}, title = {Bilateral receptive fields of cells in rat Sm1 cortex.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, pages = {155--165}, abstract = {Single cells in the primary somatosensory (Sm1) cortex were investigated for responses to bilateral hindpaw stimulation in Wistar rats anaesthetised by continuous intravenous administration of Althesin. Fifty-one percent of cells sampled (N = 134) responded to equivalent punctate mechanical stimuli delivered to both the contralateral and ipsilateral hindpaws under light anaesthesia. The distribution by cortical depth of cells with receptive fields (RFs) on both hindpaws was not significantly different from cells which had only contralateral RFs. No cell was found with a purely ipsilateral RF. For 86\% of cells tested (N = 44) the ipsilateral RF was partly or completely homologous with areas within the contralateral RF. The sizes of ipsilateral RFs were smaller on 66\% of occasions when tested against their contralateral RFs. Modal latencies to ipsilateral mechanical stimulation were longer than to contralateral stimulation (34.1 +/- 9.1 ms (S.D) cf. 26.4 +/- 7.2 ms, N = 44). Ipsilateral RFs were lost for 77\% of cells tested following a 33\% increase in anaesthetic infusion rate. Conditioning mechanical stimuli applied to the centre receptive field (CRF) on the ipsilateral hindpaw reduced or abolished a cell's responses to equivalent test stimuli applied to it's contralateral CRF with C-T intervals of 20-200 ms. Conditioning stimuli applied to the CRF contralateral to the cell reduced or abolished responses to test stimuli on the cell's ipsilateral CRF using C-T intervals of 0-900 ms. Responses in one cortex to stimulation of the ipsilateral hindpaw were unaffected by elimination of responses from the same hindpaw in the opposite contralateral Sm1 cortex, where responses had been suppressed by topical Lignocaine administration. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from hindpaw Sm1 cortex labelled many cells in homolateral thalamus, but failed to label cells in the entire forebrain contralateral to the injection site. It is concluded that direct crossed thalamo-cortical and callosal Sm1-Sm1 pathways do not contribute to the production of hindpaw ipsilateral receptive fields.}, institution = {Department of Physiology, London Hospital Medical College, U.K.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum, physiology; Foot, innervation; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neural Inhibition; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/metabolism/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3402562}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arnault:1994, author = {P. Arnault and A. Ebrahimi-Gaillard and M. Roger and K. Zilles}, title = {Electron microscopic demonstration of terminations of posterior thalamic axons on identified rubrospinal neurons in the rat.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1994}, volume = {189}, number = {5}, pages = {383--392}, month = {May}, abstract = {In the rat, the major output of the posterior thalamic nucleus (PT) ends in the ventrolateral sector of the rostral two-thirds of the red nucleus. The aim of this study is to identify the rubral cells contacted by these thalamic efferents. In a first set of experiments, an anterograde neurotracer (PHA-L) was injected into the rostral part of the red nucleus. The only structure consistently and densely labeled was the contralateral spinal cord. Therefore, in a second set of experiments, massive HRP injections were made at different cervical levels in the spinal cord in combination with either electrolytic lesion or PHA-L injection in the contralateral PT. Both anterograde and retrograde labelings obtained in the RN were examined by correlated light and electron microscopy. Our findings indicate that anterogradely degenerated or labeled axons arising from the PT form synaptic contacts on HRP-filled dendritic processes of rubrospinal neurons. The thalamo-rubral articulation is direct and seems to be mainly axo-dendritic. These results support the possible participation of the PT in the modulatory control of spinal interneurons through the rubrospinal tract.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00185433}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, C.N.R.S. U.R.A. 290, U.F.R. Sciences, Poitiers, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats, Wistar; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Red Nucleus, cytology; Spinal Cord, cytology; Thalamic Nuclei, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8092491}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arnault:1987, author = {P. Arnault and M. Roger}, title = {The connections of the peripeduncular area studied by retrograde and anterograde transport in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {258}, number = {3}, pages = {463--476}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Lying just ventral to the medial geniculate nucleus and dorsal to the cerebral peduncle, the peripeduncular area (PPA) seems to be implicated in the expression of several sexual reflexes in rodents. The aim of the present investigation was to establish the organization of the afferent and efferent projections of the rat's PPA in an attempt to provide a neural substrate corresponding to the behavioral observations. Based on both retrograde and anterograde transport methods, our results suggest that the PPA: receives its main afferent projections from the insulotemporal cortex, basal ganglia, ventromedial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei, zona incerta, inferior colliculus, intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, central gray, cuneiform nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and, projects essentially to the basal ganglia, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, central gray, cuneiform and pedunculopontine nuclei, deep layers of the superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, and dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. These findings, indicating that the PPA is connected with the auditory, motor, and limbic systems and with nonspecific diencephalic and mesencephalic centers, are in agreement with the notion that in rodents this area might play a role in the female sexual receptivity (as expressed by lordosis display or ultrasound production) or male mounting behavior.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902580313}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3584548}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902580313}, } @Article{Arnault:1990, author = {P. Arnault and M. Roger}, title = {Ventral temporal cortex in the rat: connections of secondary auditory areas Te2 and Te3.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {302}, number = {1}, pages = {110--123}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The present study in the rat deals with the hodological organization of two cytoarchitectonically distinct areas lying caudoventrally (Te2) or ventrally (Te3) to the primary auditory area (Te1). The afferent and efferent systems of connections were identified by using the properties of retrograde and anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Large tracer deposits in the ventral temporal cortex involving Te2, Te3, and the dorsal bank of the perirhinal cortex induced a dense retrograde and anterograde pattern of labeling in the following nuclei of the medial geniculate (MG) complex: caudodorsal (MGCD), dorsal (MGD), medial (MGM), suprageniculate (SG), and peripeduncular area (PPA). The ventral nucleus (MGV) was only slightly labeled in its caudal division. Several extrageniculate structures were also labeled. Retrograde cell labeling occurred in centers giving rise to ascending systems of diffuse projections: locus coeruleus ( LC), dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), and basal magnocellular nucleus (B). Slight anterograde labeling was present in the dorsal and external cortices of the inferior colliculus (IC), central gray, deep layers of the superior colliculus (SC), reticular thalamic nucleus (RT), and caudate putamen (CPU). Callosal connections were also noted with the contralateral homotopic cortex. In the cases in which there was a notable extension of the zone of diffusion of the tracer into the dorsal bank of the perirhinal cortex, a characteristic pattern of labeling in the subparafascicular, reuniens and paraventricular thalamic nuclei, mammillary complex, lateral and dorsal hypothalamic nuclei, amygdaloid complex, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, subiculum, and retrosplenial cortex was displayed. Tracer deposits restricted to Te2 induced a dense labeling of the caudal, ventrolateral MGD, lateral PPA and, to a lesser extent, MGCD. The MGM and SG were only slightly labeled. Extrageniculate afferents essentially consist of sparse projections from LC, DR, and B, whereas efferent fibers are directed to the dorsal cortex of the IC, central gray, deep SC layers, and CPU. Callosal connections were also identified. Following tracer deposits restricted to Te3, dense labeling occurred in the MGD, mostly in its medial division, in the caudal MGM, and in the PPA. The MGCD, SG, and MGV were only sparsely labeled. Extrageniculate afferents arise from LC, DR, and B, and efferents are directed to the RT and dorsal cortex of the IC. Contralateral connections with the homotopic cortical area were also noted. Te2 and Te3 share some degree of similitude in their pattern of connections with the MG complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903020109}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, C.N.R.S., URA 290, Faculté des Sciences, Poitiers, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Female; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Temporal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1707895}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020109}, } @Article{Arnold:2006, author = {Arnold, Myrtha and Mura, Anna and Langhans, Wolfgang and Geary, Nori}, title = {Gut vagal afferents are not necessary for the eating-stimulatory effect of intraperitoneally injected ghrelin in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2006}, volume = {26}, number = {43}, pages = {11052--11060}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Ghrelin is unique among gut peptides in that its plasma level increases during fasts and its administration stimulates eating. Although ghrelin physiology has been intensively studied, whether its eating-stimulatory effect arises from endocrine-neural signal transduction at peripheral or central sites remains unresolved. To address this issue, we tested the effects of subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation (SDA), the most complete and selective vagal deafferentation method available, on ghrelin-induced eating. SDA was verified with a cholecystokinin satiation test, retrograde labeling of vagal motor neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus with fluorogold, and anterograde labeling of vagal afferents in the nucleus tractus solitarius with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase. Intraperitoneal injections of 10-40 microg/kg ghrelin stimulated eating as robustly in rats with verified complete SDA as in sham-operated controls. Ghrelin also stimulated eating in rats with total subdiaphragmatic vagotomies. We also recorded the electrophysiological responses of gastric load-sensitive vagal afferent neurons to intravenous ghrelin. Ghrelin (10 nmol) phasically (0-30 s) increased activity in two of seven gastric load-sensitive fibers in the absence of gastric loads and tonically (5-30 min) increased activity in only one fiber. Ghrelin did not affect any of the eight fibers tested in the presence of 1-3 ml gastric loads. We conclude that although phasic increases in plasma ghrelin may affect the activity of a fraction of gastric load-sensitive vagal afferents, the acute eating-stimulatory effect of intraperitoneal ghrelin does not require vagal afferent signaling.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2606-06.2006}, institution = {Institute of Animal Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Eating, drug effects/physiology; Feeding Behavior, drug effects/physiology; Ghrelin; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Peptide Hormones, administration /&/ dosage/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vagus Nerve, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {26/43/11052}, pmid = {17065447}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2606-06.2006}, } @Article{Arnold:2001, author = {P. B. Arnold and C. X. Li and R. S. Waters}, title = {Thalamocortical arbors extend beyond single cortical barrels: an in vivo intracellular tracing study in rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {2001}, volume = {136}, number = {2}, pages = {152--168}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Neurons in layer IV of rat somatosensory (SI) barrel cortex receive punctate somatic input from well-defined regions of the periphery. Following peripheral deafferentation, SI neurons in deafferented cortex respond to new input from neighboring regions of the skin surface. The precise mechanism(s) through which this occurs is unknown, although corticocortical and barreloid to barrel connections have been suggested as possible substrates. Because layer-IV barrels receive a strong afferent input from ventroposterior (VP) thalamic projection neurons, any divergence in the thalamocortical (TC) projection to multiple cortical barrels could also provide an anatomical substrate for rapid cortical reorganization. We used in-vivo intracellular recording methods to record and physiologically identify neurons in rat VP and to label those neurons with an intracellular tracer. Thalamic neurons (n=117) were impaled with sharp intracellular electrodes, and the receptive field(s) and firing pattern were measured. Cells were then injected with biocytin or biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). A total of 38 labeled TC neurons were quantitatively analyzed for soma size and dendritic arborization size; quantitative analysis of TC-axon arborizations in layer IV of barrel cortex was carried out in a total of 13 TC neurons. Two different axon-arborization patterns were identified in SI cortex: direct-projecting axons (n=6) were observed to project to and arborize within a single cortical barrel as well as extend their fibers into adjacent barrels; bifurcating-type axons (n=7) were seen to bifurcate in the subcortical white matter or in layer VI and then project to multiple barrel columns, where they arborized in layer IV. Axon fibers were always observed in three or more cortical barrels (mean=5, range=3-7). The mean mediolateral extent of arborizations in layer IV for the direct-projecting and bifurcating type axons were 458 microm and 1,302 microm, respectively, and these were significantly different (t=3.78, P<0.01) . Axon-fiber length within cortical laminae was measured for each arborization pattern in relationship to the total fiber length within a cortical column. Direct-projecting axons always had greater than 50\% of their fiber length within layer IV. Bifurcating-type axons were differentially distributed within multiple columns and always had less than 50\% of their total column fiber length in layer IV. Morphological analysis of TC somata and dendrites revealed no correlation between local neuron morphology and axonal-arborization patterns. All intracellularly recorded TC neurons had similar adapting firing patterns when injected with a long-duration pulse. Our results showed that TC neurons project to multiple cortical barrels with one barrel receiving the principal input. This divergent TC projection pattern in SI cortex may provide an anatomical substrate for cortical plasticity and must be considered in any mechanism of rapid cortical reorganization.}, doi = {10.1007/s002210000570}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis 38163, USA.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cell Size, physiology; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Dextrans; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/physiology; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11206278}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aroniadou:1993, author = {V. A. Aroniadou and A. Keller}, title = {The patterns and synaptic properties of horizontal intracortical connections in the rat motor cortex.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {1993}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, pages = {1553--1569}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {1. The laminar distribution of synaptic activity in the primary motor cortex, elicited by stimulation of intracortical, horizontal afferents, was studied in young (12-17 days old) and adult rats using the in vitro brain slice preparation. Connectivity patterns were deduced from current-source density (CSD) analyses of field potential depth profiles and were confirmed by anatomic data of retrograde cell labeling after focal injections of a fluorescent tracer. 2. According to the CSD distributions, horizontal axons in layer II/III provide strong monosynaptic input to dendrites of layer II and III pyramidal cells in a distant column, and weaker monosynaptic input to layer V and VI cells by synapsing on dendritic fields at the border of layer III and V and in deep layer V. When these pathways are activated, layer II/III cells may relay excitatory activity to upper and deep layer V, as well as to other cells in layer II/III of the same column. Axons arising from layer V provide monosynaptic input to pyramidal cells in all layers of neighboring columns, by synapsing in two dendritic fields: one in the superficial layers and the other in middle layer V. Activation of these pathways may generate a disynaptic intracolumnar input from layer II/III cells to middle layer V, as well as to other cells in layer II/III. Similar patterns of synaptic activity were elicited by stimulation from 0.45 to 2 mm distal to the recorded column. There were no apparent differences between young and adult rats in the connectivity patterns revealed by the CSD analyses. 3. Tracer injections in layer III resulted in retrograde labeling of cells in layers II/III and V, at distances > 2 mm from the injection site, whereas injections in layer V resulted in retrograde labeling of cells at long distances in layer V and to a lesser extent in layer II/III. These findings indicate that neurons in layer V project, via horizontal axon collaterals, for long distances within layers III and V, whereas the horizontal axon collaterals of layer III cells are restricted, for the most part, to the superficial layers. 4. Suppression of inhibitory activity by bath application of the gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI) did not alter the pattern of the CSD distributions. All synaptic currents present in the control medium were enhanced by application of BMI, although the effect was more pronounced on the polysynaptic components.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.}, keywords = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Aging, physiology; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Female; GABA-B Receptor Antagonists; Histocytochemistry; Male; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Neural Conduction, drug effects/physiology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, drug effects; Quinoxalines, pharmacology; Rats; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Receptors, Neurotransmitter, drug effects/physiology; Synapses, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7904301}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aronin:1986, author = {N. Aronin and K. Chase and M. DiFiglia}, title = {Glutamic acid decarboxylase and enkephalin immunoreactive axon terminals in the rat neostriatum synapse with striatonigral neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {365}, number = {1}, pages = {151--158}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Synaptic interactions between striatal projection neurons and axon terminals containing immunoreactive glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) or Leu-enkephalin were examined in the rat neostriatum using a combined method of horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport from the substantia nigra and immunohistochemistry at the electron microscopic level. Results showed that numerous immunoreactive GAD and enkephalin boutons formed synapses with the cell bodies and dendrites of medium-sized striatonigral neurons. These findings demonstrate that within the neostriatum GABA and enkephalin directly influence caudate output pathways.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)90732-8}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, metabolism; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Enkephalins, metabolism; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Synapses, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3512036}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aronin:1991, author = {N. Aronin and K. Chase and R. Folsom and S. Christakos and M. DiFiglia}, title = {Immunoreactive calcium-binding protein (calbindin-D28k) in interneurons and trigeminothalamic neurons of the rat nucleus caudalis localized with peroxidase and immunogold methods.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {1991}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {106--113}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Calbindin-D28k is a highly abundant protein found in neurons in selected brain regions, including cells in sensory systems of the brainstem. Because of its capacity to bind cytosolic Ca++, calbindin-D28k is thought to contribute to the regulation of compartmental Ca++ concentrations in neurons. In this study of the rat spinal trigeminal nucleus, calbindin-D28k was localized with immunoperoxidase and immunogold methods. Results showed that immunoreactive calbindin-D28k neurons were widely distributed to all regions of the nucleus, but were particularly numerous in the substantia gelatinosa. Some trigemino-thalamic neurons that were identified by retrograde labeling of a conjugated wheat-germ agglutinin with horseradish peroxidase also contained calbindin-D28k immunoreactivity. Most of the calbindin-D28k labeling was found in cell bodies and dendrites. Axon terminals were rarely stained. More discrete labeling with a gold-conjugated second antibody showed that the predominant site of calbindin-D28k was the matrix of the cytoplasm. Gold label was also heavily associated with euchromatin within nuclei. These findings show that immunoreactive calbindin-D28k is localized to both interneurons and projecting neurons of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Many of these cells are likely to receive glutamatergic afferent inputs, which may act in part by increasing Ca++ flux into the neurons. Calbindin-D28k has a high capacity for buffering Ca++ and under some conditions may protect neurons against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. We speculate that calbindin-D28k may function to regulate calcium concentrations in spinal trigeminal neurons.}, doi = {10.1002/syn.890070204}, institution = {Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655.}, keywords = {Animals; Calcium, metabolism; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, immunology/metabolism; Caudate Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, immunology/metabolism; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Trigeminal Nerve, cytology/immunology/metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1707189}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.890070204}, } @Article{Arriaga:2015, author = {Arriaga, G. and Macopson, J. J. and Jarvis, E. D.}, title = {Transsynaptic Tracing from Peripheral Targets with Pseudorabies Virus Followed by Cholera Toxin and Biotinylated Dextran Amines Double Labeling}, journal = {J Vis Exp}, year = {2015}, volume = {103}, pages = {e50672}, abstract = {Transsynaptic tracing has become a powerful tool used to analyze central efferents that regulate peripheral targets through multi-synaptic circuits. This approach has been most extensively used in the brain by utilizing the swine pathogen pseudorabies virus (PRV)1. PRV does not infect great apes, including humans, so it is most commonly used in studies on small mammals, especially rodents. The pseudorabies strain PRV152 expresses the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter gene and only crosses functional synapses retrogradely through the hierarchical sequence of synaptic connections away from the infection site. Other PRV strains have distinct microbiological properties and may be transported in both directions (PRV-Becker and PRV-Kaplan) . This protocol will deal exclusively with PRV152. By delivering the virus at a peripheral site, such as muscle, it is possible to limit the entry of the virus into the brain through a specific set of neurons. The resulting pattern of eGFP signal throughout the brain then resolves the neurons that are connected to the initially infected cells. As the distributed nature of transsynaptic tracing with pseudorabies virus makes interpreting specific connections within an identified network difficult, we present a sensitive and reliable method employing biotinylated dextran amines (BDA) and cholera toxin subunit b (CTb) for confirming the connections between cells identified using PRV152. Immunochemical detection of BDA and CTb with peroxidase and DAB (3, 3'-diaminobenzidine) was chosen because they are effective at revealing cellular processes including distal dendrites.}, doi = {10.3791/50672}, keywords = {Neuroscience, Issue 103, pseudorabies virus, cholera toxin, biotinylated dextran amines, circuit tracing, neuroanatomy.}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jove.com/video/50672/transsynaptic-tracing-from-peripheral-targets-with-pseudorabies-virus}, } @Article{Arszovszki:2014, author = {Arszovszki, Antonia and Borhegyi, Zsolt and Klausberger, Thomas}, title = {Three axonal projection routes of individual pyramidal cells in the ventral CA1 hippocampus}, journal = {Front Neuroanat}, year = {2014}, volume = {8}, pages = {11}, doi = {10.3389/fnana.2014.00053}, institution = {Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {epublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {22514521}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arts:1992, author = {Arts, Monique P. M. and Groenewegen, Henk J.}, title = {Relationships of the Dendritic Arborizations of Ventral Striatomesencephalic Projection Neurons With Boundaries of Striatal Compartments. An In Vitro Intracellular Labelling Study in the Rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1992}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {574--588}, abstract = {We studied the relationships of the dendrites of ventral striatomesencephalic projection neurons with the compartmental structure of the ventral striatum, as revealed by enkephalin immunohistochemistry. Lightly fixed slices were employed in which Lucifer yellow was intracellularly injected into neurons that were retrogradely labelled following Fast Blue injections in the ventral tegmental area. Double immunohistochemical staining was carried out using antisera to Lucifer yellow and Leu-enkephalin. Most of the 226 injected cells were located in the core region of the nucleus accumbens. All these neurons were of the small- to medium-sized spiny type. The dendritic arborizations of over 90\% of the cells remained within the compartment in which the parent cell bodies resided. The dendrites of most of these neurons abutted the border of the compartment, whereas a smaller number of neurons had dendrites that were distant from any compartmental boundary. The dendrites of fewer than 10\% of the neurons crossed the borders of compartments. Only a few cells were injected in the shell region of the nucleus accumbens. None of these neurons extended its dendrites into the core region of the nucleus or into the territory of the clusters of small cells which characterize the shell. The present results demonstrate that the dendrites of the great majority of ventral striatomesencephalic neurons comply with the boundaries of ventral striatal enkephalin compartments. Together with the results of previous studies showing that such compartments are selectively innervated by thalamic and cortical afferents, and have outputs to different areas in the ventral mesencephalon, the present data suggest the existence of discrete channels through the ventral striatum.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1992.tb00907.x}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {ejn_04060574}, pmid = {12106343}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arvidson:1977, author = {Arvidson, B.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase from cornea to trigeminal ganglion.}, journal = {Acta Neuropathol}, year = {1977}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {49--52}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was dripped on the scarified left cornea of adult mice. Twenty-four hours later the animals were fixed by vascular perfusion and frozen sections cut from both trigeminal ganglia. After incubation for peroxidase activity labelled nerve cells were restricted to the medial ophthalmic part of the ganglion ipsilateral to HRP administration. If the scarification was omitted no neuronal labelling was observed. This labelling of the neurons is most probably the result from axonal uptake and subsequent retrograde axonal transport of the tracer. The similarity in distribution of peroxidase labelled nerve cells and the first ganglionic lesions occurring after instillation of herpes simplex virus in the cornea is pointed out.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00691276}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, metabolism; Biological Transport; Brain Mapping; Cornea, innervation; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Male; Mice; Neurons; Peroxidases, metabolism; Time Factors; Trigeminal Ganglion, metabolism; Trigeminal Nerve, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {300978}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arvidson:1979, author = {Arvidson, B.}, title = {Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in sensory and adrenergic neurons following injection into the anterior eye chamber.}, journal = {J Neurocytol}, year = {1979}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {751--764}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the anterior eye chamber of rats and mice and frozen sections from both superior cervical and trigeminal ganglia were incubated to demonstrate neurons accumulating the tracer by retrograde axonal transport. Labelled cells were observed only in ganglia ipsilateral to the HRP injection. Within the trigeminal ganglion, peroxidase-containing neurons were restricted to the medial ophthalmic area, whereas labelled cells in the superior cervical ganglion were more widely distributed. With the use of a new and more sensitive technique for the demonstration of HRP in neurons, it was possible to show retrograde transport also of small amounts of peroxidase injected into the anterior eye chamber. In addition, this technique enabled identification of the central and peripheral processes of neurons in the trigeminal ganglion and the dendrites and axons of sympathetic ganglion cells. The rate of retrograde HRP transport in rats was calculated to approximately 4--5 mm/h for both sensory and adrenergic nerves, which is consistent with previous estimates for this protein. It differs from the transport rate reported for nerve growth factor (NGF) and macromolecular toxins in sensory and adrenergic nerves of the same species. These rates were, however, obtained with a different method and in a different population of sensory neurons and are, therefore, not directly comparable. After treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine the number of HRP-labelled cells in the superior cervical ganglion was significantly reduced compared to controls. Cell counts from trigeminal ganglia showed no significant difference between controls and treated animals.}, doi = {10.1007/bf01206674}, keywords = {Animals; Anterior Chamber; Axons, metabolism; Biological Transport, drug effects; Ganglia, Sympathetic, drug effects/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Hydroxydopamines, pharmacology; Kinetics; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Rats; Trigeminal Ganglion, metabolism; Trigeminal Nerve, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {317295}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arvidson:1990, author = {Arvidson, B. and Arvidsson, J.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport of mercury in primary sensory neurons innervating the tooth pulp in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1990}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, pages = {29--32}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The pulp cavity of the first upper molar was exposed unilaterally in adult rats with a dental drill and about 1 microliter of mercuric chloride was injected into the coronal pulp. The rats were killed after 1-24 days and frozen sections from the trigeminal ganglia were subjected to silver acetate autometallography for demonstration of mercury. Mercury was found to have accumulated in neurons of the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion by retrograde axonal transport. The possible implications of this finding are discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(90)90512-8}, institution = {Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Dental Pulp, innervation; Female; Mercuric Chloride; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Ganglion, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1699174}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arvidsson:1973, author = {Arvidsson, B. and Kristensson, K. and Olsson, Y.}, title = {Vascular permeability to fluorescent protein tracer in trigeminal nerve and gasserian ganglion.}, journal = {Acta Neuropathol}, year = {1973}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {199--205}, month = {Nov}, doi = {10.1007/bf00684429}, keywords = {Animals; Capillary Permeability; Extracellular Space; Female; Fluorescence; Male; Mice; Ophthalmic Nerve, blood supply; Rabbits; Rats; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Time Factors; Trigeminal Nerve, blood supply}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {4769150}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arvidsson:1982, author = {Arvidsson, J.}, title = {Somatotopic organization of vibrissae afferents in the trigeminal sensory nuclei of the rat studied by transganglionic transport of HRP.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1982}, volume = {211}, number = {1}, pages = {84--92}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been used to study the cell bodies and central projections of neurons innervating the vibrissae in the rat. These can be grouped into five horizontal rows and one posterior vertical row. Twenty-four to 48 hours after the nerves innervating different vibrissae were exposed to HRP, the trigeminal ganglia, brainstem, and upper cervical spinal cord were fixed by perfusion and serial sections were processed according to the tetramethylbenzidine technique. The results revealed a tendency for somatotopic organization in the trigeminal ganglion of cell bodies innervating the different vibrissae. Corresponding termination areas in the trigeminal sensory nuclei showed a detailed pattern of organization replicating the peripheral organization of the vibrissae. In all trigeminal sensory nuclei the horizontal rows are represented in an inverted fashion from dorsal to ventral, i.e., the most dorsal row is represented most ventrally. In addition, the more anterior a vibrissa is located, the deeper is it represented in the rostral nonlaminated nuclei. The situation is reversed in the laminated nucleus caudalis. The posterior vertical row is represented most superficially in the rostral nonlaminated nuclei, but most deeply in the laminated nucleus caudalis. In nucleus caudalis there are also rostrocaudal differences in the representation of different vibrissae. Thus, the posterior vibrissae in a horizontal row have their main representations more caudally than the anterior vibrissae. The posterior vertical row has its main representation most caudally, in the C1 segment.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902110108}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Face, innervation; Horseradish Peroxidase; Mechanoreceptors, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6983532}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902110108}, } @Article{Arvidsson:1995, author = {Arvidsson, J. and Fundin, B. T. and Pfaller, K.}, title = {Innervation of the hard palate in the rat studied by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugates.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {351}, number = {4}, pages = {489--498}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The innervation of the rat hard palate and the bordering part of the soft palate was studied after anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) and to choleragenoid (B-HRP) in separate experiments. WGA-HRP labeling showed leakage from several types of nerve endings, whereas B-HRP did not. Both conjugates gave rise to heavy labeling of a variety of nerve endings. Intragemmal and, especially, perigemmal fibers were labeled in chemosensory corpuscles, which were most common in the medial wall of the incisive canal and in the most anterior part of the soft palate. Ruffini endings of different sizes were labeled in the incisive papilla. Other subepithelial endings forming elongated expanded profiles with medium- to large-caliber source fibers were most common in protruding parts of the palate. Labeled intraepithelial endings included Merkel endings, which were most frequent in the incisive papilla and the rugae. Other labeled profiles were medium-caliber afferents giving rise to irregular, beaded, and sometimes branched endings often located far superficially in the epithelium. Such endings were present both within and between protruding parts of the palate. Fine-caliber intraepithelial endings were labeled almost exclusively in WGA-HRP experiments.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903510402}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.}, keywords = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings; Neurons, Afferent; Palate, Soft, innervation/physiology; Palate, innervation/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Trigeminal Ganglion; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7536754}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903510402}, } @Article{Arvidsson:1988, author = {Arvidsson, J. and Johansson, K.}, title = {Changes in the central projection pattern of vibrissae innervating primary sensory neurons after peripheral nerve injury in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1988}, volume = {84}, number = {2}, pages = {120--124}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The central representation of a normal vibrissa nerve and the corresponding nerve after transection and regeneration of the infraorbital nerve has been studied by the use of transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase in the adult rat. The normal vibrissa nerve terminated in a well-defined area within nucleus caudalis and C1 dorsal horn. In contrast, the regenerated vibrissa nerve showed a widespread central termination pattern indicating a pronounced loss of somatotopic organization. These changes in somatotopic organization could contribute to an inability to correctly localize a sensory stimulus; this is a common clinical finding after peripheral nerve injury and regeneration.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(88)90394-1}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain, physiology; Denervation; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Nerve Regeneration; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Orbit, innervation; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Peripheral Nerves, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synaptic Transmission; Vibrissae, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(88)90394-1}, pmid = {2829062}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arvidsson:1990, author = {J. Arvidsson and K. Pfaller}, title = {Central projections of C4-C8 dorsal root ganglia in the rat studied by anterograde transport of WGA-HRP.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {292}, number = {3}, pages = {349--362}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Injections of WGA-HRP were made in the rat C4-C8 dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) individually to study the central projections and their relations to each other. The main dorsal horn projections from these DRGs to the dorsal horn lamina II extended for about two segments rostrally and caudally to the injected DRG, whereas the projections to laminae I, III, and IV were less restricted rostrocaudally. Comparisons of the dorsal horn projections from the DRGs investigated indicated a tendency for a somatotopic organization, which was most prominent in lamina II. Labeled central branches from the C4-8 DRGs could be traced in the dorsal column as far caudally as 12-17 segments caudal to the level of entrance. Most of these fibers appeared to end in the medial dorsal horn base, including the column of Clarke. Labeling of primary afferents in the ventral horn generally extended for at least 3-4 segments rostral and caudal to the level of the injected DRG. Projections to the central cervical nucleus were most prominent from the C4 DRG and gradually became less prominent from the more caudal DRGs. Heavy projections to the cuneate nucleus (Cun) originated from the C7 and C8 DRG, whereas those from the C4-C6 DRGs were less extensive. The Cun projections from the different DRGs appeared to overlap, and the same was true for the projections to the external cuneate nucleus. Projections to the gracile nucleus, the vestibular nuclear complex, including nucleus X, and to trigeminal sensory nuclei were seen from all DRGs investigated.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902920303}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1692849}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902920303}, } @Article{Arvidsson:1992, author = {J. Arvidsson and K. Pfaller and S. Gmeiner}, title = {The ganglionic origins and central projections of primary sensory neurons innervating the upper and lower lips in the rat.}, journal = {Somatosens Mot Res}, year = {1992}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {199--209}, abstract = {Retrograde and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to investigate the neurons innervating the upper and the lower lips and their central projections in the rat. Both the upper and the lower lips were observed to be innervated by a very large number of trigeminal sensory neurons, with their cell bodies located in the maxillary and the mandibular parts of the trigeminal ganglion, respectively. The central projections of neurons innervating the upper lip formed a long continuous column starting rostrally at midlevels of the trigeminal main sensory nucleus (5P) and extending caudally through the C1 dorsal horn, with occasional fibers reaching the C3 segment. The heaviest projections appeared in the middle portions of 5P and nucleus interpolaris (5I), as well as in the rostral part of nucleus caudalis (5C). A small but consistent projection to the solitary tract nucleus, originating from cells in the inferior vagal ganglion, was observed in the upper-lip experiments. The central projections from neurons innervating the lower lip also appeared as a long column located dorsally or dorsomedially to the projections from the upper lip. The most prominent projections from the lower lip were located in the caudal part of 5P, the middle part of 5I, and the caudal two-thirds of 5C. Sparse projections could be traced as far caudally as C4. At 5C and cervical levels, some labeling appeared contralaterally in the same location as on the ipsilateral side.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.3109/08990229209144771}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Lip, innervation; Maxillary Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Receptor Cells, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1414118}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arvidsson:1989, author = {J. Arvidsson and P. Raappana}, title = {An HRP study of the central projections from primary sensory neurons innervating the rat masseter muscle.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1989}, volume = {480}, number = {1-2}, pages = {111--118}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Retrograde and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase has been used to study the cell bodies of origin and the central projections of neurons innervating the rat masseter muscle. Labeled cell bodies were observed both in the trigeminal ganglion and in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. Major central projections from mesencephalic trigeminal neurons were traced to the supratrigeminal nucleus and to the brainstem reticular formation. Smaller projections from these neurons could be followed to the borders of the solitary tract and hypoglossal nuclei as well as to lamina V of nucleus caudalis and corresponding areas in the dorsal horn at C1-C2 spinal cord segments. Labeling from trigeminal ganglion neurons was observed close to the trigeminal tract in all subdivisions of the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex and in the dorsal horn lamina I at C1 and C2 levels.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)91573-4}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.}, keywords = {Animals; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Masseter Muscle, cytology/innervation; Masticatory Muscles, innervation; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Nerve, cytology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(89)91573-4}, pmid = {2713645}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Arvidsson:1991, author = {J. Arvidsson and F. L. Rice}, title = {Central projections of primary sensory neurons innervating different parts of the vibrissae follicles and intervibrissal skin on the mystacial pad of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {309}, number = {1}, pages = {1--16}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The cell bodies and central projections of neurons innervating the vibrissae follicles and adjacent skin in the rat were investigated by retrograde and transganglionic transport of HRP. The cell bodies of neurons innervating the vibrissa follicle via the deep vibrissa nerve (DVN) were the largest, followed by those innervating the follicle via the superficial vibrissa nerve (SVN). The smallest cell bodies were those innervating the intervibrissal skin. The DVN neurons terminated centrally as an almost uninterrupted column through the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex. The DVN projections to nucleus caudalis and C1 dorsal horn were entirely restricted to laminae III, IV, and V. Besides the projections to lamina V, the DVN projections were strictly localized somatotopically at all levels replicating the peripheral organization of the vibrissae. The SVNs projected sparsely to midlevels of the main sensory nucleus but not to nuclei oralis and interpolaris. The main SVN projections appeared in laminae I-III of nucleus caudalis. In addition, a small projection to lamina V was observed. The projections to laminae II and III were organized mediolaterally in a similar way as the DVN projections; those to laminae I and V were less restricted. The intervibrissal skin neurons projected sparsely to the caudal main sensory nucleus and to the border between nuclei oralis and interpolaris. The projections to nucleus caudalis were restricted to laminae I-III and V and were organized in a similar way as the SVN projections.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903090102}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Skin, innervation; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Vibrissae, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1716645}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903090102}, } @Article{Asamoto:2004, author = {Asamoto, Ken}, title = {[Neural circuit of the cervical sympathetic nervous system with special reference to input and output of the cervical sympathetic ganglia: relationship between spinal cord and cervical sympathetic ganglia and that between cervical sympathetic ganglia and their target organs].}, journal = {Kaibogaku Zasshi}, year = {2004}, volume = {79}, number = {1}, pages = {5--14}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Using anterograde labeling technique with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), we demonstrated the arborization pattern of a single preganglionic axon in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and stellate ganglion (STG). These axons expanded in the longitudinal direction, but not for transverse direction. Segmental relationship was identified between the spinal cord and STG, as seen between spinal cord and sympathetic ganglia in the thoraco-lumbar region, but we did not find any segmental relationship between the spinal cord and SCG. Some sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the lateral horn of the thoracic cord, especially in the intermediolateral nucleus (IML) have nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. We demonstrated that SCG neurons, which were heavily innervated by these NOS-positive neurons, tended to innervate organs that have some secretory functional tissues. Finally, we showed that the size of neuronal somata does not correlate with the size of target organs, as has been reported in previous studies. We should consider that there are other factors determining the size of neuronal somata, such as the size of dendritic field or volumes of NGF secretory from target tissues.}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic; Axons; Ganglia, Sympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Neck, innervation; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology/enzymology; Nitric Oxide Synthase, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Staining and Labeling; Stellate Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {jpn}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15101172}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Asanuma:1992, author = {C. Asanuma}, title = {Noradrenergic innervation of the thalamic reticular nucleus: a light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study in rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {319}, number = {2}, pages = {299--311}, month = {May}, abstract = {Fluoro-ruby injections in the rat locus coeruleus result in scattered chain-like arrays of varicose anterogradely labeled axons within the thalamic reticular nucleus of rats. An abundant meshwork of axons giving rise to en passant boutons is detected immunohistochemically within this thalamic nucleus by means of an antibody to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH). The density of DBH-positive axonal boutons within the reticular nucleus neuropil is greater than that found in the relay nuclei of the dorsal thalamus (with the exception of the anterior group nuclei). Single DBH-positive axons appear to contact both proximal and distal dendrites and occasionally the somata of reticular nucleus neurons. Labeled axons are seen closely juxtaposed not only to the swollen segments of the beaded reticular neuron dendrites, but to the constricted segments as well. Electron microscopic examination of DBH-positive axon terminals within the reticular nucleus neuropil indicates that many of the axonal boutons detected light microscopically participate in asymmetric synaptic contacts. The postsynaptic densities of these synapses are thicker than those of nearby symmetric synapses, but often subtend a shorter length of the postsynaptic membrane than the densities associated with other nearby asymmetric synapses. These observations indicate that the ascending noradrenergic system, in addition to influencing the dorsal thalamus and the cerebral cortex directly, is well situated to influence signal transmission through the nuclei of the dorsal thalamus indirectly via a moderately dense terminal projection upon the thalamic reticular nucleus.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903190209}, institution = {Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH Animal Center, Poolesville, Maryland 20837.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, enzymology/ultrastructure; Dextrans; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, analysis; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, physiology; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Neurons, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rhodamines; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1381728}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903190209}, } @Article{Asanuma:1988, author = {Asanuma, C. and Ohkawa, R. and Stanfield, B. B. and Cowan, W. M.}, title = {Observations on the development of certain ascending inputs to the thalamus in rats. I. Postnatal development.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {469}, number = {1-2}, pages = {159--170}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {We have studied the postnatal development of the major ascending afferents to the thalamus in postnatal rats using tetramethylbenzidine histochemistry following wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase injections into either the dorsal column nuclei, the deep cerebellar nuclei, or the inferior colliculus. By the day of birth, the efferents from each of these regions have already entered, and arborized extensively within, their appropriate thalamic relay nuclei. However, the overall distribution of each of these ascending afferent systems differs dramatically from that seen in mature rats. In neonatal rats, a substantial proportion of the ascending axons extend beyond the thalamus and often enter the internal capsule, some bypassing the thalamus altogether. In addition, some of the axons which enter and arborize within the thalamus extend beyond their appropriate terminal field into adjoining thalamic nuclei. Retrograde tracing experiments utilizing Fast blue indicate that the cells of origin of these overshooting axons are distributed similarly to the cells of origin of the definitive thalamic afferents. These early erroneous projections are all subsequently eliminated and the characteristically restricted adult distribution of each afferent system is evident by P30. These results indicate that developmental overgrowths and targeting errors of thalamic afferent fibers are not unique to the visual system (where they have been documented previously), but may be a general feature in the development of these pathways.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-3806(88)90179-4}, institution = {Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, growth /&/ development/physiology; Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology; Efferent Pathways, growth /&/ development/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamus, growth /&/ development/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2456844}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Asanuma:1990, author = {Asanuma, C. and Porter, L. L.}, title = {Light and electron microscopic evidence for a GABAergic projection from the caudal basal forebrain to the thalamic reticular nucleus in rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {302}, number = {1}, pages = {159--172}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Neurons in the magnocellular nucleus of the caudal basal forebrain extend an axonal projection which arborizes within the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. The present study addresses the ultrastructure and neurochemistry of this projection in rats. Many labeled terminals are apparent within the thalamic reticular nucleus following Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin injections into the caudal basal nucleus; anterogradely labeled axon terminals most commonly contact both somata and dendrites of reticular nucleus neurons with symmetric membrane specializations. Thus, the majority of the labeled terminals examined contrast with choline acetyltransferase positive terminals which have been previously identified as contacting dendrites and forming asymmetric synapses within this nucleus. Many of the neurons within the caudal basal nucleus which are retrogradely labeled following tracer injections into the thalamic reticular nucleus are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactive. In addition, following injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin or fluoro-ruby into the caudal basal forebrain, some of the labeled axonal swellings and boutons within the thalamic reticular nucleus also contain glutamic acid decarboxylase. These results indicate that a significant component of the projection is GABAergic. These anatomical observations suggest that the projection from the caudal basal nucleus onto the thalamic reticular nucleus could facilitate the relay of information through the dorsal thalamus by inhibiting reticular nucleus neurons, and thus, in turn, disinhibiting thalamic relay neurons.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903020112}, institution = {Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Poolesville, MD 20837.}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry/ultrastructure; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Rhodamines; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1707896}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020112}, } @InCollection{Aschoff:1982b, author = {Aschoff, Andreas and Fritz, Norbert and Illert, Michael}, title = {Axonal transport of fluorescent compounds in the brain and spinal cord of cat and rat}, booktitle = {Axoplasmic Transport in Physiology and Pathology}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {1982}, pages = {177--187}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-85714-0_24}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aschoff:1987, author = {A. Aschoff and J. Ostwald}, title = {Different origins of cochlear efferents in some bat species, rats, and guinea pigs.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {264}, number = {1}, pages = {56--72}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The origin of olivocochlear efferents was studied in the rat, the guinea pig, and the bats Rhinolophus, Rhinopoma, Tadarida, and Phylostomus by retrograde labeling with HRP and the fluorescent dye fast blue. In all species with the exception of Rhinolophus rouxi two types of cochlear efferents could be found: small neurons located in the lateral superior olive (LSO) and larger ones located bilaterally in the periolivary region. In bats and rats small olivocochlear neurons (OCN) were found only in the ipsilateral LSO. In guinea pigs some small OCN were found also in the contralateral LSO. Large OCN were found in all animals except Rhinolophus. They were organized in a horseshoelike nucleus that extended in a rostrocaudal direction and bent rostrally around the medial superior olive (MSO). This nucleus contains several periolivary nuclei described separately by other authors. In Rhinol. rouxi somata of all olivocochlear efferents are concentrated in a single nucleus between the MSO and LSO, which we therefore call the nucleus olivocochlearis. This nucleus stains for acetylcholinesterase. We consider its neurons to be similar to small OCN, because they are small, associated with the LSO, and only ipsilaterally labeled. This fits well with the fact that Rhinolophus lacks an efferent innervation of outer hair cells (Bishop: Ph.D. Thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, '86; Bruns and Schmieszek: Hear. Res. 3:27-43, '80), which are normally innervated by large OCN (Guinan et al: J. Comp. Neurol. 221:358-370, '83).}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902640106}, institution = {Department of Zoophysiology, University of Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany.}, keywords = {Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Brain Mapping; Chiroptera, anatomy /&/ histology; Cochlea, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Guinea Pigs, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3680624}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902640106}, } @Article{Aschoff:1988, author = {A. Aschoff and J. Ostwald}, title = {Distribution of cochlear efferents and olivo-collicular neurons in the brainstem of rat and guinea pig. A double labeling study with fluorescent tracers.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, pages = {241--251}, abstract = {In rat and guinea pig, cochlear efferents to the two ears were labeled simultaneously with different fluorescent tracers. It was found that in both species only few (1-3\%) olivo-cochlear neurons were double-labeled and project to both cochleae. In most periolivary regions large olivocochlear neurons (OCN) projecting to the ipsilateral and contralateral side are intermingled and form a continuous cell column between the facial nucleus and lateral lemniscus. In a second series of experiments in rat, cochlear efferents and ascending olivo-collicular neurons were labeled. Olivo-cochlear and olivo-collicular neurons are intermingled in the lateral superior olive (LSO) and in the ventromedial periolivary region. No double-labeled neurons were found that project to the cochlea and the inferior colliculus.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00247484}, institution = {Department of Zoophysiology, University of Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cell Count; Cochlea, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Guinea Pigs; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3169161}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ashwell:1992, author = {K. W. Ashwell and L. L. Zhang}, title = {Ontogeny of afferents to the fetal rat cerebellum.}, journal = {Acta Anat (Basel)}, year = {1992}, volume = {145}, number = {1}, pages = {17-23}, abstract = {Afferents to the fetal rat cerebellum have been studied in fixed tissue with the fluorescent tracer, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI). The dye was applied to the cerebellar anlage at ages from embryonic day (E) 12 to birth (P0). Central processes of vestibular ganglion cells were found to be the first identifiable afferents to the cerebellum, being present at least by E13 and perhaps as early as E12. Ipsilateral spinocerebellar fibres may be labelled from E15, vestibular nuclei (both ipsi- and contralateral) also from E15, while contralateral inferior olivary nuclei could not be retrogradely labelled until E17. Trigeminocerebellar neurons in the interpolaris subnucleus of the nucleus of the trigeminal spinal tract and neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus were not labelled until E22 and P0, respectively. Finally, contralateral pontine nuclei were retrogradely labelled from the cerebellum after birth.}, doi = {10.1159/000147336}, institution = {School of Anatomy, University of NSW, Kensington, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology; Fluorescent Dyes; Neurons, Afferent; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1414208}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aso:2014, author = {Aso, K. and Ikeuchi, M. and Izumi, M. and Sugimura, N. and Kato, T. and Ushida, T. and Tani, T.}, title = {Nociceptive phenotype of dorsal root ganglia neurons innervating the subchondral bone in rat knee joints.}, journal = {Eur J Pain}, year = {2014}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {174--181}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The subchondral bone of the distal femur is a source of pain caused by osteoarthritis (OA) or spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee. However, nociceptive phenotype of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons innervating the subchondral bone in rat knee joints has not been clarified.Retrograde labelling was used to identify afferents innervating the subchondral bone of the distal femur and the knee joint in rats. The nociceptive phenotype markers [calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), tyrosine receptor kinase A (TrkA), neurofilament 200 (NF200) and isolectin B4 (IB4)], segmental distribution and the soma size of backlabelled DRG neurons were examined. Furthermore, we evaluated the differences in nociceptive phenotype between the subchondral bone and the knee joint afferents.The majority (60\%) of the subchondral bone afferents were localized in L3 DRGs and fewer in L4 and L5, while the knee joint afferents were localized mainly in L3 and L4. The percentage of CGRP immunoreactive (IR), TrkA-IR, NF200-IR and IB4-binding neurons in the subchondral bone afferents were 50\%, 65\%, 35\% and 0\%, respectively. The percentage of CGRP-IR and TrkA-IR neurons in the subchondral bone afferents was significantly higher than that in the knee joint afferents, respectively (p < 0.05).The majority of sensory DRG neurons innervating the subchondral bone of the distal femur were CGRP-IR and TrkA-IR. It is expected that therapeutic approaches targeting CGRP and TrkA could be effective in attenuating pain from the subchondral bone in knee joints.}, doi = {10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00360.x}, institution = {Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {23821557}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00360.x}, } @Article{Astic:1986, author = {L. Astic and D. Saucier}, title = {Anatomical mapping of the neuroepithelial projection to the olfactory bulb in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1986}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {445--454}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The topographical organization of the epithelium-to-bulb projections was studied in 15-day-old rats by the retrograde tracing method using horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Injections of HRP were placed in the glomerular layer of the 4 bulbar surfaces; the location and the maximal extent of labeled epithelial areas were assessed. Results have shown an important but variable degree of overlapping of peripheral projections to the bulb. The dorsal aspect received inputs from only the anterior dorsal recess and endoturbinate II. Epithelial projections to the lateral side included the anterior dorsal recess and turbinates 1, 2-2' and II-II'. Peripheral projections converging to the medial surface were the most various; they comprised the septal wall, the posterior dorsal recess, ectoturbinate 3 and all endoturbinates. The ventral pole received afferents from the lateral recess, lower parts of the septal wall and turbinates 2-2', 3, III, IV and also recesses between these turbinates. Otherwise, three epithelial areas showed divergent projections to the bulb. Information processing via convergence and divergence of epithelium-to-bulb connections may represent differential functions in olfactory information coding.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(86)90172-3}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development; Aging; Animals; Brain Mapping; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium, physiology; Functional Laterality; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Microinjections; Nasal Cavity, innervation; Nasal Septum, innervation; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/physiology; Olfactory Bulb, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development; Olfactory Mucosa, growth /&/ development/innervation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sensory Receptor Cells, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(86)90172-3}, pmid = {3719376}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Astier:1990, author = {B. Astier and E. J. Van Bockstaele and G. Aston-Jones and V. A. Pieribone}, title = {Anatomical evidence for multiple pathways leading from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (nucleus paragigantocellularis) to the locus coeruleus in rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1990}, volume = {118}, number = {2}, pages = {141--146}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Using retrograde transport of Fluoro-Gold (FG) combined with immunofluorescence for phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), we have examined afferents to the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (nucleus paragigantocellularis; PGi) in rats sustaining lesions of the medullary adrenergic bundle (MB). In lesioned rats, very few adrenergic LC-projecting neurons persist in the PGi ipsilateral to the lesion, representing a 90\% decrease in comparison to non-lesioned animals. These results indicate that almost all adrenergic input to the LC from C1 neurons in PGi is conveyed by the MB. In contrast, the number of non-adrenergic LC afferent neurons in the PGi ipsilateral to the lesion only decreased by 48\% after such lesions. Thus, this pathway also provides non-adrenergic projections to LC from PGi, but many of these are conveyed by other route(s) as well.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(90)90612-d}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie, CNRS UMR 105, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Count; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2274260}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aston-Jones:2000, author = {Aston-Jones, G. and Card, J. P.}, title = {Use of pseudorabies virus to delineate multisynaptic circuits in brain: opportunities and limitations.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {2000}, volume = {103}, number = {1}, pages = {51--61}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Transsynaptic tracing with live virus is a powerful tool that has been used extensively to analyze central efferents that regulate peripheral targets. More recently, investigators have begun to use this new methodology with central injections to identify circuit anatomy within the brain. Although transsynaptic tracing with peripheral injection of pseudorabies virus has been extensively characterized, several methodological issues related to central application of this tracer have not been addressed. Here, we review the following issues relevant to the use of pseudorabies virus (PRV; Bartha strain) in experiments involving injection of virus into rat brain: (i) factors that determine the zone of viral uptake; (ii) uptake of pseudorabies virus by fibers of passage; (iii) viral invasion of the brain after leakage of virus into the brain ventricles; (iv) considerations for double labeling for PRV with peptides and neurotransmitters; (v) use of PRV with conventional retrograde tracers to anatomically identify relays in a multisynaptic pathway; and (vi) transport of PRV throughout the dendritic tree as a means of identifying inputs to distal dendrites. Collectively, the data demonstrate that PRV provides a powerful means of dissecting the synaptology of CNS circuitry when appropriate controls are incorporated into the experimental design. A set of recipes for various procedures are included at the end of this article.}, doi = {10.1016/s0165-0270(00)00295-8}, institution = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, VAMC, Building 15, Room 520, Woodland and University Avenues, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. gaj@mail.med.upenn.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure/virology; Brain, cytology/physiology/virology; Cerebrospinal Fluid, virology; Coloring Agents, diagnostic use; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, metabolism; Nerve Net, cytology/physiology/virology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology/virology; Neurons, cytology/physiology/virology; Pseudorabies, metabolism; Synapses, pathology/ultrastructure/virology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165-0270(00)00295-8}, pmid = {11074095}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aston-Jones:2001, author = {Aston-Jones, G. and Chen, S. and Zhu, Y. and Oshinsky, M. L.}, title = {A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal.}, journal = {Nat Neurosci}, year = {2001}, volume = {4}, number = {7}, pages = {732--738}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {An unknown aspect of behavioral state regulation is how the circadian oscillator of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates sleep and waking. In this report, we describe the necessary elements for a circuit that provides circadian regulation of arousal. Trans-synaptic retrograde tracing revealed a prominent indirect projection from the SCN to the noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus (LC), a brain arousal system. Double-labeling experiments revealed several possible links between the SCN and the LC, including the dorsomedial (DMH) and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei (PVN), as well as medial and ventrolateral pre-optic areas. Lesion studies confirmed that the DMH is a substantial relay in this circuit. Next, neurophysiology experiments revealed circadian variations in LC impulse activity. Lesions of the DMH eliminated these circadian changes in LC activity, confirming the functionality of the SCN-DMH-LC circuit. These results reveal mechanisms for regulation of circadian and sleep-waking functions.}, doi = {10.1038/89522}, institution = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, VAMC (151), University and Woodland Avenues, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. gaj@mail.med.upenn.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Arousal, physiology; Circadian Rhythm, physiology; Electrophysiology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Hypothalamus, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, physiology; Male; Microinjections; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {89522}, pmid = {11426230}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/89522}, } @Article{Aston-Jones:1999, author = {Aston-Jones, G. and Delfs, J. M. and Druhan, J. and Zhu, Y.}, title = {The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. A target site for noradrenergic actions in opiate withdrawal.}, journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci}, year = {1999}, volume = {877}, pages = {486--498}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Hyperactivity of brain norepinephrine (NE) systems has long been implicated in mechanisms of opiate withdrawal (OW). However, little is known about where elevated NE may act to promote OW. Here we report that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), the densest NE target in the brain, is critical for NE actions in OW. (1) Many BNST neurons become Fos+ after OW. Pretreatment with the beta antagonist, propranolol, markedly reduces OW symptoms and the number of Fos+ cells in the BNST. (2) Numerous neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (A2 neurons) and the A1 cell group are triple labeled for tyrosine hydroxylase, a retrograde tracer from the BNST, and Fos after OW, revealing numerous NE neurons that project to the BNST from the medulla that are stimulated by OW. Fewer such triple-labeled neurons were found in the locus caeruleus. (3) Behavioral studies reveal that local microinjections of selective beta-adrenergic antagonists into the BNST attenuate OW symptoms. In particular, withdrawal-induced place aversion is abolished by bilateral microinjection of a cocktail of selective beta 1 (betaxolol) plus the beta 2 (ICI 181,555) antagonists (1.0 nmol each/0.5 microL per side) into the BNST. Similar results were obtained with neurochemically selective lesions of the ventral ascending NE bundle, the pathway for A1 and A2 projections to the BNST. Similar lesions of the dorsal NE bundle of projections from the locus caeruleus had no effect on either aversive or somatic withdrawal symptoms. Together, these results indicate that beta-receptor activation in the BNST is critical for aversive withdrawal symptoms, and that A1 and A2 neurons in the medulla are the source of this critical NE.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09284.x}, institution = {University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, VA Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA. gaj@mail.med.upenn.edu}, keywords = {Amygdala, drug effects/physiology/physiopathology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Caudate Nucleus, drug effects/physiology/physiopathology; Male; Microinjections; Morphine Dependence, physiopathology; Naloxone, pharmacology; Naltrexone, pharmacology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Norepinephrine, physiology; Oxidopamine, toxicity; Propranolol, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, physiopathology; Thalamus, drug effects/physiology/physiopathology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10415666}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aston-Jones:1986, author = {Aston-Jones, G. and Ennis, M. and Pieribone, V. A. and Nickell, W. T. and Shipley, M. T.}, title = {The brain nucleus locus coeruleus: restricted afferent control of a broad efferent network.}, journal = {Science}, year = {1986}, volume = {234}, number = {4777}, pages = {734--737}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Dense, focal injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated-horseradish peroxidase in the locus coeruleus of rats labeled afferent neurons in unexpectedly few brain regions. Major inputs emanate from only two nuclei--the paragigantocellularis and the prepositus hypoglossi, both in the rostral medulla. The dorsal cap of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and the spinal intermediate gray are possible minor afferents to locus coeruleus. Other areas reported to project to locus coeruleus (for example, amygdala, nucleus tractus solitarius, and spinal dorsal horn) did not exhibit consistent retrograde labeling. Anterograde tracing and electrophysiologic experiments confirmed the absence of input to locus coeruleus from these areas, which instead terminate in targets adjacent to locus coeruleus. These findings redefine the anatomic organization of the locus coeruleus, and have implications for hypotheses concerning the functions of this noradrenergic brain nucleus.}, doi = {10.1126/science.3775363}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Efferent Pathways; Electric Stimulation; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3775363}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aston-Jones:1991, author = {Aston-Jones, G. and Shipley, M. T. and Chouvet, G. and Ennis, M. and {van Bockstaele}, E. and Pieribone, V. and Shiekhattar, R. and Akaoka, H. and Drolet, G. and Astier, B.}, title = {Afferent regulation of locus coeruleus neurons: anatomy, physiology and pharmacology.}, journal = {Prog Brain Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {88}, pages = {47--75}, abstract = {Tract-tracing and electrophysiology studies have revealed that major inputs to the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) are found in two structures, the nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi) and the perifascicular area of the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (PrH), both located in the rostral medulla. Minor afferents to LC were found in the dorsal cap of the paraventricular hypothalamus and spinal lamina X. Recent studies have also revealed limited inputs from two areas nearby the LC, the caudal midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the ventromedial pericoerulear region. The pericoeruleus may provide a local circuit interface to LC neurons. Recent electron microscopic analyses have revealed that LC dendrites extend preferentially into the rostromedial and caudal juxtaependymal pericoerulear regions. These extracoerulear LC dendrites may receive afferents in addition to those projecting to LC proper. However, single-pulse stimulation of inputs to such dendritic regions reveals little or no effect on LC neurons. Double-labeling studies have revealed that a variety of neurotransmitters impinging on LC neurons originate in its two major afferents, PGi and PrH. The LC is innervated by PGi neurons that stain for markers of adrenalin, enkephalin or corticotropin-releasing factor. Within PrH, large proportions of LC-projecting neurons stained for GABA or met-enkephalin. Finally, in contrast to previous conclusions, the dorsal raphe does not provide the robust 5-HT innervation found in the LC. We conclude that 5-HT inputs may derive from local 5-HT neurons in the pericoerulear area. Neuropharmacology experiments revealed that the PGi provides a potent excitatory amino acid (EAA) input to the LC, acting primarily at non-NMDA receptors in the LC. Other studies indicated that this pathway mediates certain sensory responses of LC neurons. NMDA-mediated sensory responses were also revealed during local infusion of magnesium-free solutions. Finally, adrenergic inhibition of LC from PGi could also be detected in nearly every LC neuron tested when the EAA-mediated excitation is first eliminated. In contrast to PGi, the PrH potently and consistently inhibited LC neurons via a GABAergic projection acting at GABAA receptors within LC. Such PrH stimulation also potently attenuated LC sensory responses. Finally, afferents to PGi areas that also contain LC-projecting neurons were identified. Major inputs were primarily autonomic in nature, and included the caudal medullary reticular formation, the parabrachial and Kölliker-Fuse nuclei, the PAG, NTS and certain hypothalamic areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63799-1}, institution = {Department of Mental Health Sciences, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, PA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Hypothalamus, physiology; Locus Coeruleus, physiology; Neurotransmitter Agents, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology; Rats; Receptors, Neurotransmitter, drug effects/physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1687622}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aston-Jones:2004, author = {Aston-Jones, Gary and Zhu, Yan and Card, J Patrick}, title = {Numerous GABAergic afferents to locus ceruleus in the pericerulear dendritic zone: possible interneuronal pool.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2004}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2313--2321}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Most nuclei in the CNS are composed of principal neurons that project to other areas and interneurons that serve to integrate information among afferents. The noradrenergic brain nucleus locus ceruleus (LC) has appeared to be an exception to this general rule, because the LC is composed almost entirely of noradrenergic principal neurons. Here, we report that numerous small neurons in the peri-LC region become retrogradely labeled after focal injections of wheat germ agglutinin-apo (inactivated) horseradish peroxidase conjugated to colloidal gold, or pseudorabies virus (PRV), into the nuclear core of the rat LC. A substantial number of these neurons were routinely found within the dendritic field of the LC, in the area surrounding the compact cell-dense region classically defined as LC. Double labeling revealed that a large percentage of these cells stained for GABA. Ultrastructural analyses revealed axodendritic and axosomatic contacts between PRV-labeled afferents and LC neurons labeled with tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. In addition, PRV-labeled neurons or axons were immunopositive for GABA in ultrastructural localizations. Analysis of the synaptology of immunopositive profiles demonstrated that these LC afferents in the peri-LC region receive several non-LC synaptic inputs. These results indicate that a population of small GABAergic neurons in the peri-LC dendritic zone may provide interneuronal integration for LC noradrenergic neurons.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5339-03.2004}, institution = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. gaj@mail.med.upenn.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Count; Cell Nucleus, ultrastructure/virology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, cytology/metabolism; Locus Coeruleus, cytology/metabolism/virology; Male; Microinjections; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism/virology; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure/virology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, biosynthesis; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, biosynthesis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {24/9/2313}, pmid = {14999082}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5339-03.2004}, } @Article{Aszmann:2002, author = {Oskar C Aszmann and Klaus J Korak and Nina Kropf and Eric Fine and Patrick Aebischer and Manfred Frey}, title = {Simultaneous GDNF and BDNF application leads to increased motoneuron survival and improved functional outcome in an experimental model for obstetric brachial plexus lesions.}, journal = {Plast Reconstr Surg}, year = {2002}, volume = {110}, number = {4}, pages = {1066--1072}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Motoneurons of the neonate rat respond to proximal axonal injury with morphologic and functional changes and ultimately with neuronal death. Recent studies showed that both glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) reduce induced degeneration of motoneurons after axotomy and avulsion. Whether rescued motoneurons are functionally intact has been argued. In the present investigation, the authors have used a proximal crush lesion of the brachial plexus in neonatal rats as the experimental model of neuronal injury. This allowed the authors to study the effects of trophic factor administration on injured motoneurons and the relationship between motoneuron survival and extremity function. Trophic factors were locally released by small polymer implants in a low-dose slow-release mode. Six groups of 10 animals were prepared: BDNF, GDNF, GDNF/BDNF, control, sham, and normals. The number of surviving motoneurons was determined by retrograde tracer techniques using Fluorogold and Fastblue. Extremity function was quantitatively evaluated with functional muscle testing at day 56. The results of this study demonstrate that trophic factors applied separately had no effect, whereas combined trophic factor application (GDNF/BDNF group) had a dramatic rescue effect on motoneuron survival as compared with the control groups, which also effected significantly greater strength. The authors conclude that a combination of trophic factors leads to enhanced motoneuron survival, with improved voluntary function as the animal enters adulthood so that exogenous trophic support of motoneurons might have a role in the treatment of all types of severe neonatal plexopathies, maintaining the viability of motoneurons until reconstructive surgery provides them with a pathway for regeneration and endogenous trophic support.}, doi = {10.1097/01.PRS.0000020990.82332.43}, institution = {ar.aszmann@univie.ac.at}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brachial Plexus Neuropathies, drug therapy/physiopathology; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Motor Neurons, drug effects; Nerve Growth Factors, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use; Nerve Tissue Proteins, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use; Paralysis, Obstetric; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12198419}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.PRS.0000020990.82332.43}, } @Article{Aszmann:2004, author = {Aszmann, Oskar C. and Winkler, Tobias and Korak, Klaus and Lassmann, Hans and Frey, Manfred}, title = {The influence of GDNF on the timecourse and extent of motoneuron loss in the cervical spinal cord after brachial plexus injury in the neonate.}, journal = {Neurol Res}, year = {2004}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {211--217}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Injuries of the peripheral nerve in the early post-natal period are known to cause massive loss in the motoneuron pools of the spinal cord. However, the exact time frame and extent of motoneuron death in the cervical spinal cord after a brachial plexus lesion and the altered course after neuroprotection with different trophic factors is not known. In the present study, the time course of induced motoneuron death after a neonatal peripheral nerve injury and the effect of GDNF was investigated over a 4 week time period to determine the window of opportunity for possible therapeutic interventions in obstetrical plexus palsy. The brachial plexus of a total of 70 animals was explored within 12 hours after birth and divided at trunc level. The plexus was then labeled with a fluorescent tracer to identify the corresponding motoneuron pool. Two groups were prepared: Group I remained untreated to assess the natural course of induced neuronal death. Group II received GDNF immediately after the lesion. Post-operatively the animals were evaluated sequentially over 29 days. Surviving motoneurons were evaluated quantitatively counting the nucleoli. The entire brachial plexus of the rat is supplied by a total of about 4000 motoneurons. After injury the number of motoneurons steadily diminished within the first 10 days to reach a plateau of about 20\% of the original number. At this time the GDNF treated group still had 85\% (3330 +/- 247) of motoneurons viable. This further decreased so that at the termination of the experiment at day 29 there were still 2527 +/- 285 motoneurons alive. This study clearly shows that pathology after a brachial plexus injury in the newborn is not restricted to the peripheral nerve alone. In this model 64\% of motoneurons underwent apoptosis within the first week after injury, reaching a plateau after 10 days at 20\%. GDNF successfully rescued motoneurons so that after 4 weeks still 65\% were present. We conclude that GDNF leads to enhanced motoneuron survival so that exogenous trophic support of motoneurons might have a role in the treatment of all types of severe neonatal plexopathies, maintaining the viability of motoneurons until reconstructive surgery provides them with a pathway for regeneration and endogenous trophic support.}, doi = {10.1179/016164104225013789}, institution = {Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Clinics of Vienna School of Medicine, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria. oskar.aszmann@univie.ac.at}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axotomy; Brachial Plexus Neuropathies, drug therapy/pathology; Cell Count, methods; Cell Survival, drug effects/physiology; Cervical Vertebrae, drug effects/pathology; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Motor Neurons, drug effects/pathology; Nerve Growth Factors, pharmacology/therapeutic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, drug effects/pathology; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15072641}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/016164104225013789}, } @Article{Atasever:1994, author = {A. Atasever and S. Palaoğlu and A. Erbengi and H. H. Celik}, title = {Labelling of neurons in the rat superior cervical ganglion after injection of wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the contralateral ganglion: evidence of transneuronal labelling.}, journal = {J Anat}, year = {1994}, volume = {184 ( Pt 1)}, pages = {93--97}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Recent studies have shown that injection of the tracer wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of one side results in labelling of neurons in the contralateral SCG and the stellate ganglion. This study was designed to verify whether or not bilateral projections from the superior cervical ganglion to the midline structures, particularly to the pineal gland, play a role in the transport of WGA-HRP to the contralateral SCG. One group of rats received WGA-HRP injection into the right SCG (group I). Four groups of rats underwent the following operations prior to the injection of WGA-HRP into the right superior cervical ganglion: transection of the external carotid nerve (group II), transection of the internal carotid nerve (group III), transection of the external carotid nerve combined with pinealectomy (group IV), transection of both the internal and the external carotid nerves (group V). The mean number of labelled neurons in the left SCG of each group were found as follows: group I, 1516 +/- 221 (mean +/- S.D.); group II, 861 +/- 122; group III, 543 +/- 99; group IV, 562 +/- 144; group V, 220 +/- 52. The results of this study suggest that the contralateral labelling depends on the transneuronal transport of WGA-HRP through the terminal fields of innervation of the midline structures that receive bilateral projections from both SCGs.}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Carotid Body, physiology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use/pharmacokinetics; Male; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Pineal Gland, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Staining and Labeling; Superior Cervical Ganglion, cytology/metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use/pharmacokinetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7512544}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Atkins:1997, author = {M. J. Atkins and R. Apps}, title = {Somatotopical organisation within the climbing fibre projection to the paramedian lobule and copula pyramidis of the rat cerebellum.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1997}, volume = {389}, number = {2}, pages = {249-263}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The climbing fibre projection to the paramedian lobule (lobule VII) and the copula pyramidis (lobule VIII) in the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum was investigated in pentobarbitone-anaesthetised animals. Percutaneous electrical stimulation generated climbing fibre field potentials on the cerebellar surface that indicated a somatotopical organisation into five distinct cortical areas. Each area was identified by the site(s) of peripheral stimulation that evoked the largest response within that area, and from medial to lateral the cortex was subdivided as follows [principal site(s) of stimulation in parentheses with corresponding range of onset latencies]: in the paramedian lobule, area 1 (contralateral face, 17-18 ms), area 2 (ipsilateral forelimb, 10-15 ms) and area 3 (ipsi- and contralateral forelimbs, 16-26 ms and 15-30 ms, respectively); and in the copula pyramidis, area 4 (tail, 17-21 ms) and area 5 (ipsilateral hindlimb, 13-19 ms). In additional retrograde tracer experiments, small volumes of fluorescent-tagged beads were injected into each of the different areas and the location of retrogradely labelled olive cells was mapped. By comparison with other species, the results indicate that in the paramedian lobule area 1 corresponds to zone A2; area 2 corresponds, at least in part, to medial C1; and area 3 corresponds to C2; in addition, farther laterally, a C3 zone may be present. In the copula pyramidis, areas 4 and 5 correspond to subzones of medial C1. Overall, the results support the view that a general principle of cerebellar cortical organisation is a division into parasagittal zones, each characterised by its somatotopically organised climbing fibre input that arises from a specific, rostrocaudally oriented column of cells within the inferior olivary nucleus.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19971215)389:2<249::aid-cne5>3.0.co;2-1}, institution = {Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electric Stimulation, methods; Evoked Potentials; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-1}, pmid = {9416920}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Atkinson:2003, author = {L. Atkinson and T. F C Batten and E. K A Corbett and J. K. Sinfield and J. Deuchars}, title = {Subcellular localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the rat nucleus of the solitary tract in relation to vagal afferent inputs.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2003}, volume = {118}, number = {1}, pages = {115--122}, abstract = {In the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), nitric oxide (NO) modulates neuronal circuits controlling autonomic functions. A proposed source of this NO is via nitric oxide synthase (NOS) present in vagal afferent fibre terminals, which convey visceral afferent information to the NTS. Here, we first determined with electron microscopy that neuronal NOS (nNOS) is present in both presynaptic and postsynaptic structures in the NTS. To examine the relationship of nNOS to vagal afferent fibres the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine was injected into the nodose ganglion and detected in brainstem sections using peroxidase-based methods. nNOS was subsequently visualised using a pre-embedding immunogold procedure. Ultrastructural examination revealed nNOS immunoreactivity in dendrites receiving vagal afferent input. However, although nNOS-immunoreactive terminals were frequently evident in the NTS, none were vagal afferent in origin. Dual immunofluorescence also confirmed lack of co- localisation. Nevertheless, nNOS immunoreactivity was observed in vagal afferent neurone cell bodies of the nodose ganglion. To determine if these labelled cells in the nodose ganglion were indeed vagal afferent neurones nodose ganglion sections were immunostained following application of cholera toxin B subunit to the heart. Whilst some cardiac-innervating neurones were also nNOS immunoreactive, nNOS was never detected in the central terminals of these neurones. These data show that nNOS is present in the NTS in both pre- and postsynaptic structures. However, these presynaptic structures are unlikely to be of vagal afferent origin. The lack of nNOS in vagal afferent terminals in the NTS, yet the presence in some vagal afferent cell bodies, suggests it is selectively targeted to specific regions of the same neurones.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00946-6}, institution = {School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9NQ, Leeds, UK.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Compartmentation, physiology; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Dendrites, metabolism/ultrastructure; Heart, innervation/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nitrergic Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nitric Oxide Synthase, metabolism; Nitric Oxide, metabolism; Nodose Ganglion, metabolism/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Synaptic Membranes, metabolism/ultrastructure; Vagus Nerve, metabolism/ultrastructure; Visceral Afferents, metabolism/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452202009466}, pmid = {12676143}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Atkinson:1990, author = {M. E. Atkinson and C. Kenyon}, title = {Collateral branching innervation of rat molar teeth from trigeminal ganglion cells shown by double labelling with fluorescent retrograde tracers.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {508}, number = {2}, pages = {289--292}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Somatotopic projections of each maxillary molar tooth were defined by injecting individual teeth with True blue and plotting the location of fluorescent cells in sections of the trigeminal ganglia. Collateral branching was investigated by injecting True blue and Diamidino yellow into pairs of maxillary molar teeth and examining the ganglia for double labelled cells. Maxillary molar teeth project to the lateral ophthalmomaxillary region of the ipsilateral ganglion with extensive overlap of the projections from individual teeth. Double labelling with both dyes demonstrated considerable collateral branching from single trigeminal ganglion cells to the molar teeth.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)90409-5}, institution = {Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, U.K.}, keywords = {Animals; Benzofurans; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Rats; Tooth, innervation; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(90)90409-5}, pmid = {2306620}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Atoji:2005, author = {Yasuro Atoji and Dwi Liliek Kusindarta and Nao Hamazaki and Akihisa Kaneko}, title = {Innervation of the rat trachea by bilateral cholinergic projections from the nucleus ambiguus and direct motor fibers from the cervical spinal cord: a retrograde and anterograde tracer study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2005}, volume = {1031}, number = {1}, pages = {90--100}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {A tract-tracer method was employed to examine the innervation of the rat trachea. Cholera toxin beta subunit (CTB) was injected into the following locations in separate groups of rats: (1) ventral trachea, (2) lateral trachea, (3) ventral trachea after the excision of the nodose ganglion, and (4) ventral trachea after the transection of C1-C2 spinal nerves. CTB injection in the ventral trachea showed bilateral labeling of neurons in the nucleus ambiguus (NA), medial subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), and lamina IX of C1-C6. CTB injection in the lateral trachea showed significant ipsilateral predominance of neuronal labeling in the NA and lamina IX of C1-C2 segments. CTB injection in rats after the excision of the nodose ganglion revealed no labeling in the ipsilateral DMV and NA and a significant reduction of neuronal labeling in C1. CTB injection in rats after the transection of C1-C2 spinal nerves showed a significant decrease in the number of labeled neurons in ipsilateral NA, C1, and C2 and no labeling of fibers in C1-C2. The combination of retrograde fluorogold labeling and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostaining revealed that all fluorogold-labeled neurons in the NA and lamina IX of C1-C2 colocalized with ChAT. The injection of biotinylated dextran amine in NA produced labeling in axonal terminals on postganglionic neurons, but not in other regions of the trachea. Our findings indicate that the rat trachea is innervated bilaterally by cholinergic motor neurons in NA and C1-C2, while those traveling through the spinal nerves project directly to the trachea.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2004.10.032}, institution = {Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan. atozi@cc.gifu-u.ac.jp}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cervical Vertebrae; Cholera Toxin; Cholinergic Fibers, physiology; Dextrans; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Motor Neurons, physiology; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology; Stilbamidines; Trachea, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(04)01759-7}, pmid = {15621016}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.10.032}, } @Article{Aubele:2012, author = {Aubele, T. and Kritzer, M. F.}, title = {Androgen influence on prefrontal dopamine systems in adult male rats: localization of cognate intracellular receptors in medial prefrontal projections to the ventral tegmental area and effects of gonadectomy and hormone replacement on glutamate-stimulated extracellular dopamine level.}, journal = {Cereb Cortex}, year = {2012}, volume = {22}, number = {8}, pages = {1799--1812}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Although androgens are known to modulate dopamine (DA) systems and DA-dependent behaviors of the male prefrontal cortex (PFC), how this occurs remains unclear. Because relatively few ventral tegmental area (VTA) mesoprefrontal DA neurons contain intracellular androgen receptors (ARs), studies presented here combined retrograde tracing and immunolabeling for AR in male rats to determine whether projections afferent to the VTA might be more AR enriched. Results revealed PFC-to-VTA projections to be substantially AR enriched. Because these projections modulate VTA DA cell firing and PFC DA levels, influence over this pathway could be means whereby androgens modulate PFC DA. To assess the hormone sensitivity of glutamate stimulation of PFC DA tone, additional studies utilized microdialysis/reverse dialysis application of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype-selective antagonists which act locally within the PFC and tegmentally via inhibition or disinhibition of PFC-to-VTA afferents to modulate intracortical DA levels. Here, we compared the effects of these drug challenges in control, gonadectomized, and gonadectomized rats given testosterone or estradiol. This revealed complex effects of gonadectomy on antagonist-stimulated PFC DA levels that together with the anatomical data above suggest that androgen stimulation of PFC DA systems does engage glutamatergic circuitry and perhaps that of the AR-enriched glutamatergic projections from PFC-to-VTA specifically.}, doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhr258}, institution = {Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA.}, keywords = {Androgens, metabolism/pharmacology; Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dopamine, metabolism; Dopaminergic Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microdialysis; Neural Pathways, drug effects/metabolism; Orchiectomy; Prefrontal Cortex, drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Androgen, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {bhr258}, pmid = {21940701}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr258}, } @Article{Audinat:1988, author = {E. Audinat and F. Condé and F. Crépel}, title = {Cortico-cortical connections of the limbic cortex of the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, pages = {439--443}, abstract = {By means of the retrograde transport of fluorescent tracers (Fast Blue, True Blue, Fluorogold and Diamidino Yellow), the cortico-cortical connections of prelimbic, insular, anterior and posterior cingulate (retrosplenial) areas have been studied. Our results demonstrate that there are, in the cortex of the adult rat, a few cells which have branched axons with connections in the ipsilateral hemisphere (associational neurons) or in the contralateral hemisphere (callosal neurons). The callosal neurons could be separated into two categories: "double callosal" neurons which project both axon collaterals to two cortical areas of the contralateral hemisphere, and "associational-callosal" neurons which send axon collaterals to both hemispheres.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00247590}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, CNRS-UA 1121, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum, cytology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Frontal Lobe, cytology; Limbic System, cytology; Neural Pathways, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3345818}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aumann:1999, author = {Aumann, TD and Horne, MK}, title = {Ultrastructural change at rat cerebellothalamic synapses associated with volitional motor adaptation}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {409}, pages = {71-84}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990621)409:1<71::aid-cne6>3.0.co;2-c}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aumann:1996, author = {T. D. Aumann and M. K. Horne}, title = {Ramification and termination of single axons in the cerebellothalamic pathway of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1996}, volume = {376}, number = {3}, pages = {420--430}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {There is increasing speculation that individual neurones in the cerebellar nuclei are involved in the control of complex multi-joint movements rather than simple movements about a single-joint. These neurones project predominantly to the primary motor cortex after relaying in the motor thalamus. Given a) that localised regions of the motor cortex control individual muscles which generally act about single joints and b) the relatively tight topographical arrangement of thalamocortical connections, it is reasonable to hypothesise that if cerebellar output neurones control single-joint movements they are likely to project to localised areas of the motor thalamus, whereas if they project to more widespread regions they are likely to influence movements involving multiple joints. In this context, we have examined the ramifications and terminations of single anterogradely labelled axons in the cerebellothalamic pathway of the rat. A total of nine axons were traced (by using a 100 x oil objective) through serial sections from the caudal end of the thalamus to their terminations in the motor thalamus. Each of these axons gave off one or more collaterals which terminated in the intralaminar or other associated groups of thalamic nuclei, implying simultaneous activation of two functionally separate cerebellothalamic pathways. In the relay nucleus or motor thalamus, four axons formed either a single focal group of terminals or multiple groupings of terminals within a localised region, and five terminated over widespread regions including one which terminated bilaterally. These results show that a large proportion of cerebellar output neurones may be in a position to influence multi-joint or even bimanual movements.}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-4}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Cerebellum, cytology; Male; Neural Pathways; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology; Synapses, physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-4}, pmid = {8956108}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-4}, } @Article{Aumann:1996a, author = {T. D. Aumann and M. K. Horne}, title = {A comparison of the ultrastructure of synapses in the cerebello-rubral and cerebello-thalamic pathways in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1996}, volume = {211}, number = {3}, pages = {175--178}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to compare the ultrastructure of anterogradely labelled cerebellar terminals in the red nucleus (RN), ventrolateral (VL), parafascicular (PF) and central medial (CM) thalamic nuclei, as well as in the zona incerta (ZI). No differences were found in the morphology of synapses in any of the nuclei. Terminals in RN and VL were larger than those in PF, CM and ZI and synapsed proximally. In contrast, synapses in PF, CM and ZI formed mainly on distal dendrites. These findings indicate that cerebellar output neurones (a) form morphologically similar synapses (Gray's type I) on neurones in functionally different nuclei, and (b) form larger, more proximal synapses in RN and VL than in PF, CM and ZI.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(96)12757-9}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellum, ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, ultrastructure; Thalamus, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304394096127579}, pmid = {8817569}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aumann:1998, author = {T. D. Aumann and J. Ivanusic and M. K. Horne}, title = {Arborisation and termination of single motor thalamocortical axons in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1998}, volume = {396}, number = {1}, pages = {121--130}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to examine the arborisations and terminations of individual thalamocortical axons in the motor system of the rat. Small, extracellular injections of an anterograde tracer (dextran-biotin) were made into the ventrolateral (VL) or ventral posterolateral (VPL) thalamic nuclei to label thalamocortical projections. Eleven motor axons and one somatosensory axon were reconstructed through serial sections just rostral from the injection site to their terminations in sensorimotor cortex. The smallest arbor arising from a single motor axon extended approximately 0.9 mm rostrocaudal and 0.9 mm mediolateral, the largest extended 3.9 mm rostrocaudal and 1.0 mm mediolateral. In some cases, two distinct plexuses of terminals were formed by an axon. In addition, motor axons formed terminals in cortical layer V only or in layers I, III, and V. By contrast (and in keeping with previous reports), the somatosensory axon formed a single plexus of terminals in layer IV of the cortex that extended approximately 0.3 mm rostrocaudal and 0.4 mm mediolateral. It is concluded that individual motor thalamocortical neurones are in a position to influence much more widespread cortical regions than somatosensory thalamocortical neurones.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980622)396:1<121::aid-cne9>3.0.co;2-2}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. tim.aumann@med.monash.edu.au}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-2}, pmid = {9623891}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Aumann:1994, author = {T. D. Aumann and J. A. Rawson and D. I. Finkelstein and M. K. Horne}, title = {Projections from the lateral and interposed cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus of the rat: a light and electron microscopic study using single and double anterograde labelling.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1994}, volume = {349}, number = {2}, pages = {165--181}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The lateral and interposed cerebellar nuclei may have different functions in the control of movement. Efferent fibres from both nuclei project predominantly to areas of the thalamus, which in turn project to the motor cortex. In this study, single and double anterograde-tracing techniques have been used to examine and compare the pathways from the lateral and interposed nuclei to the thalamus in the rat by using both light and electron microscopy to look for evidence of organisational or structural features that may underlie the proposed functional differences between these nuclei. Terminals from the lateral nucleus were found to be located most medially in the thalamus, predominantly in the ventral lateral nucleus and the rostral pole of the posterior nuclear group. Terminals from the posterior interposed nucleus were located slightly rostral and lateral to those from the lateral nucleus, mainly around the border between the ventral lateral nucleus and the ventral posterior medial nucleus. Terminals from the anterior interposed nucleus were located slightly rostral and lateral to those from the posterior interposed nucleus, predominantly in the rostral pole of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus. Terminals from the lateral and interposed nuclei were also found in double anterograde-tracing experiments to be nonoverlapping in the regions between these main areas of termination. The structure of terminals from the lateral and interposed nuclei, however, as well as their synaptic relationship with thalamic neurones, were found to be similar. The terminals are large and form synapses with proximal dendrites of thalamic neurones. They contained round vesicles and formed multiple synaptic contacts with dendritic shafts, as well as dendritic spines. The findings indicate that information from the lateral and interposed nuclei is processed in separate regions of the thalamus but that the mode of synaptic transfer to thalamic neurones is likely to be similar for the two projections.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903490202}, institution = {Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Nuclei, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Male; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7860776}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903490202}, } @Article{Aumann:1996b, author = {T. D. Aumann and J. A. Rawson and C. Pichitpornchai and M. K. Horne}, title = {Projections from the cerebellar interposed and dorsal column nuclei to the thalamus in the rat: a double anterograde labelling study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1996}, volume = {368}, number = {4}, pages = {608--619}, month = {May}, abstract = {It is generally agreed that cerebellar and lemniscal pathways project to largely separate areas of the thalamus and influence different functional areas of the cerebral cortex. Cerebellar afferents arise from neurones in the deep cerebellar nuclei and terminate in the ventral lateral group of thalamic nuclei or the "motor thalamus," whereas lemniscal afferents arise from the dorsal column nuclei and terminate in the adjacent ventral posterior group of thalamic nuclei or "sensory thalamus." However, it remains unclear whether or not these pathways converge onto thalamic neurones in the border zone between motor and sensory thalamus. The aim of this study was to compare directly the locations of cerebellar interposed and dorsal column nuclei terminals in the rat thalamus by using a double anterograde labelling technique. Microinjections of dextran-tetramethylrhodamine and dextran-fluorescein were made into the interposed and dorsal column nuclei, and labelled terminals in the thalamus were examined in the same sections. The labelled cerebellar and lemniscal terminals were located in separate areas throughout most of the ventral lateral and ventral posterior lateral nuclei, and there was only a limited region around the rostral border between these nuclei where the two groups of terminals came in close proximity to each other. In this common projection zone, however, cerebellar and lemniscal terminals seldom intermingled, and they mostly occupied separate, discreet areas. The results show that cerebellar and lemniscal fibres do indeed project to the border zone between the sensory and cerebellar thalamic nuclei, but they show practically no overlap in this region and are likely to influence separate thalamic neurones.}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-D}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellar Nuclei, physiology; Dextrans; Fluoresceins; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Nerve Endings, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-D}, pmid = {8744447}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-D}, } @Article{Auso:2001, author = {E. Ausó and O. Cases and C. Fouquet and M. Camacho and J. V. García-Velasco and P. Gaspar and P. Berbel}, title = {Protracted expression of serotonin transporter and altered thalamocortical projections in the barrelfield of hypothyroid rats.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2001}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {1968--1980}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {In humans, thyroid hormone deficiency during development causes severe neurological diseases but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We have examined the effects of thyroid hormones on the development of somatosensory thalamocortical projections, by inducing hypothyroidism in rats by methimazole treatment at embryonic day 13 and subsequent thyroidectomy at postnatal day 6 (P6). Initial development of the thalamocortical projections and their tangential and laminar patterning were similar in normal and hypothyroid rats from birth to P4. The tangential spread of the thalamocortical arbors is reduced in hypothyroid rats after P4, paralleling the overall cortical atrophy. Anterograde tracing and single axon reconstructions indicate that thalamic afferents reached layer IV but that they had fewer and shorter branches, with a 42\% reduction in the number of boutons. The transient serotonin (5-HT) immunostaining and 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) expression were both prolonged by 5 days in hypothyroid rats. This does not reflect a delayed maturation of the thalamus because other transiently expressed genes such as the vesicular monoamine transporter and the 5-HT1B receptor are not modified. Protracted 5-HTT expression also occurred in other areas with transient expression, but no changes were observed in the raphe nuclei where the 5-HTT is expressed permanently. Thus, thyroid hormones appear to be important in regulating the extinction of the 5-HTT in nonserotoninergic neurons. The transient stabilization of 5-HT reuptake in hypothyroid rats could affect the growth of thalamic axons. Our data stress the importance of maternal and foetal thyroid hormones for the normal development of sensory systems.}, doi = {10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01815.x}, institution = {Instituto de Neurociencias, University Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Apdo. correos 18, 03550-San Juan (Alicante), Spain.}, keywords = {Aging, metabolism/pathology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Patterning, physiology; Carrier Proteins, metabolism; Cell Communication, physiology; Cell Differentiation, physiology; Female; Fetus; Hypothyroidism, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Immunohistochemistry; Membrane Glycoproteins, metabolism; Membrane Transport Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neural Pathways, growth /&/ development/metabolism/pathology; Pregnancy; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/pathology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Somatosensory Cortex, growth /&/ development/metabolism/pathology; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, growth /&/ development/metabolism/pathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {1815}, pmid = {11860492}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Austgen:2009, author = {J. R. Austgen and A. Y. Fong and C. M. Foley and P. J. Mueller and D. D. Kline and C. M. Heesch and E. M. Hasser}, title = {Expression of Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors on phenotypically different cells within the nucleus of the solitary tract in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2009}, volume = {159}, number = {2}, pages = {701--716}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are G-coupled receptors that modulate synaptic activity. Previous studies have shown that Group I mGluRs are present in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), in which many visceral afferents terminate. Microinjection of selective Group I mGluR agonists into the NTS results in a depressor response and decrease in sympathetic nerve activity. There is, however, little evidence detailing which phenotypes of neurons within the NTS express Group I mGluRs. In brainstem slices, we performed immunohistochemical localization of Group I mGluRs and either glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 kDa isoform (GAD67), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Fluoro-Gold (FG, 2\%; 15 nl) was microinjected in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) of the rat to retrogradely label NTS neurons that project to CVLM. Group I mGluRs were distributed throughout the rostral-caudal extent of the NTS and were found within most NTS subregions. The relative percentages of Group I mGluR expressing neurons colabeled with the different markers were FG (6.9+/-0.7) nNOS (5.6+/-0.9), TH (3.9+/-1.0), and GAD67 (3.1+/-1.4). The percentage of FG containing cells colabeled with Group I mGluR (13.6+/-2.0) was greater than the percent colabeled with GAD67 (3.1+/-0.5), nNOS (4.7+/-0.5), and TH (0.1+/-0.08). Cells triple labeled for FG, nNOS, and Group I mGluRs were identified in the NTS. Thus, these data provide an anatomical substrate by which Group I mGluRs could modulate activity of CVLM projecting neurons in the NTS.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.09.060}, institution = {Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Blood Pressure, drug effects; Brain Mapping; Cell Count, methods; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Heart Rate, drug effects; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, metabolism; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/drug effects; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(08)01457-7}, pmid = {19013221}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.09.060}, } @Article{Au-Young:1999, author = {Au-Young, S. M. and Shen, H. and Yang, C. R.}, title = {Medial prefrontal cortical output neurons to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and their responses to burst-patterned stimulation of the VTA: neuroanatomical and in vivo electrophysiological analyses.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {1999}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {245--255}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {During a delayed period in a delayed-response task, prefrontal cortical neurons show a change in neuronal firing rate that is dependent on a functional mesocortical dopamine input. This change in firing rate has been attributed to be part of the cellular processes underlying working memory. However, it is unclear what neural mechanisms activate mesocortical dopamine neurons to provide an optimal level of dopamine to modulate the firing of the medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) neurons. This study examined the possibility of whether mPFC neurons that project to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) might activate the ascending mesocortical dopamine neurons. To determine the locations of the mPFC-->VTA neurons, cholera toxin subunit B was microinjected into the VTA. Retrogradely labeled mPFC neurons mainly reside in the deep lamina V and VI. In vivo single unit recording in urethane-anesthetized rats were also used to determine the responses of some of these neurons to burst-patterned stimulation of the VTA. Single-pulse stimulation (1 Hz) of the VTA antidromically activated burst firing mPFC-->VTA neurons. In response to burst-patterned stimulation of the VTA, which mimicked burst firing of VTA dopamine neurons (4-10 pulses at 10-15 Hz cycled at 0.5-3 Hz), the temporal structure of spontaneous burst firing patterns of these neurons but not their mean firing rate were changed. However, the mean firing rate of the non-VTA projecting neurons (i.e., no antidromic response to VTA stimulations) was either increased or decreased by similar burst-patterned stimulation of the VTA. These data suggest that burst-patterned stimulation of the ascending VTA-->mPFC or putative mesocortical dopamine neurons might have released dopamine and/or other neuromodulators to modulate the temporal code, rather than the rate code, of mPFC-->VTA neurons. Medial PFC neurons that project elsewhere (e.g., nucleus accumbens or mediodorsal thalamus) may mediate the sustained firing rate changes during, e.g., short-term working memory.}, doi = {3.0.CO;2-D}, institution = {Department of Diagnostic Neurophysiology and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3V4 Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Dopamine, metabolism; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Kinetics; Male; Memory, physiology; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Staining and Labeling; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Ventral Tegmental Area, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-D}, pmid = {10529719}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/3.0.CO;2-D}, } @Article{Avellaneda-Chevrier:2015, author = {Avellaneda-Chevrier, Vanessa K. and Wang, Xu and Hooper, Michele L. and Chauhan, Balwantray C.}, title = {The retino-retinal projection: Tracing retinal ganglion cells projecting to the contralateral retina.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {2015}, volume = {591C}, pages = {105--109}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {We investigated the presence of a direct retino-retinal (R-R) projection between the two eyes via the optic chiasm of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in adult Long-Evans rats. We also explored the presence of collateral projections originating from these cells to the brain. In the first group of animals, right optic nerves (ONs) were orbitally transected approximately 2mm behind the globe followed by application of fluorochrome (2\% Fluorogold [FG]) to the optic nerve stump to retrogradely label the R-R projection RGCs (R-RGCs) on the contralateral side. Animals were then sacrificed after 3, 5, 7, or 21 days. Contralateral retinas were fixed, whole-mounted, and imaged for R-RGCs. In a second group of animals, RGCs were retrogradely labeled with 15\% rhodamine-β-isothiocynate (RITC) at the superior colliculi, where approximately 96\% of rat RGCs synapse. Seven days later, the right ONs were transected and 2\% FG applied to the proximal and distal ON stumps. Animals were then sacrificed after 5 days. Contralateral retinas were examined for co-labeled (RITC/FG) RGCs. Control rats underwent the same procedures excluding fluorescent tracer application. In the first group of animals, the number of R-RGCs in the contralateral eye ranged from 3 to 25 and did not depend on survival time. The second group of animals revealed evidence of co-labeled contralateral RGCs. Results suggest that a greater number of R-RGCs persist into adulthood than previously reported [M. Müller, H. Holländer, 1988]. Furthermore, the presence of co-labeled RGCs in the contralateral eye indicates that in adult rodents some R-R projections have a collateral projection to the brain, whereas previous reports had only found collateral projections in newborns.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.033}, institution = {Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Electronic address: bal@dal.ca.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(15)00139-1}, pmid = {25700948}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.033}, } @Article{Awan:1999a, author = {Awan, Khalid Latif and Rutherford, John G}, title = {The projections of the central nucleus of the amygdala to the dorsal vagal complex a light microscopic study}, journal = {Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan)}, year = {1999}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {53-61}, abstract = {This experiment was undertaken to determine and re examine the distribution of the descending projections from the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) to the dorsal vagal complex (DVC). This time it was accomplished by the anterograde and retrograde transport of wheat Germ Agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGAHRP), which was injected into the CeA using micropipettes. In no instances were injections of WGA-HRP in the amygdala confined to the CeA. However it proved that from the effective injection uptake site only the CeA and bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) projects from the higher brain centers to the dorsal medulla. The majority of efferent terminals from the CeA were observed in and around the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), into the medial sub nucleus of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTSm) and commissural nucleus of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius tractus solitarius (NTScom). in addition retrogradely labelled neurons were observed in the NTSm along its rostrocaudal extent.}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jpmi.org.pk/index.php/jpmi/article/view/660/570}, } @Article{Awan:1999b, author = {Awan, Khalid Latif and Rutherford, John G}, title = {Reciprocal connection between the dorsal vagal complex and the amygdala (and other forebrain structures) a light microscopic study}, journal = {Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan)}, year = {1999}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {63-70}, abstract = {The involvmenet of the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala (CeA) is regulating the motility and secretary activity of the stomach and in producing ulceration has been docuemnted. The purpose of this continous study is to investigate the distribution and the anatomy of the projection between the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the dorsal Vagal Complex (DVC) at the light microscopi9c level. For this objective experiment was conducted to demonstrat the distirbution of neurons in the Amygdala, and specifically in the CeA, which project to the DVC and anterograde projections from the DVC to the CeA were examined. This was accomplished by pressure injecting small volumes of an aqueous solution of wheat Germ Agglutinin Conjugated Hoseradish Peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the DVC using a micropipette, then mapping the location of retrogradely labelled neuron and throghout the restrocaudal extent of the CeA of the CeA also showed ipsilateral anterograde labelling. At the same time bilateral retrograde labelling, with an ipsilateral predominase; was present in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (Pa), zona incerta (ZI) and dorsomedial hypothalmaic the bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis (BNST) and dosomedial hypothlamaic nucleus (DM). In section rostral to the CeA, anterograde label in the lateral part of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis (BNST) and Substantia Inominata (SI) was observed ipsilaterally, while the BNST also contained retrogradely labelled neurous. The results showed that the CeA and the DVC are connected. In addition either the caudal half of the DVC projects directly to the caudal CeA or there is an inverse topographic projections from the DVC.}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jpmi.org.pk/index.php/jpmi/article/view/638/548}, } @Article{Awan:2004, author = {Awan, Khalid Latif and Rutherford, John G}, title = {Gastric Projecting Neurons of Dorsal (Motor) Nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) and their arborization}, journal = {Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan)}, year = {2004}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jpmi.org.pk/index.php/jpmi/article/view/859/768}, } @Article{Ayala:2015a, author = {Ayala, Yaneri A. and Udeh, Adanna and Dutta, Kelsey and Bishop, Deborah and Malmierca, Manuel S. and Oliver, Douglas L.}, title = {Differences in the strength of cortical and brainstem inputs to SSA and non-SSA neurons in the inferior colliculus.}, journal = {Sci Rep}, year = {2015}, volume = {5}, pages = {10383}, abstract = {In an ever changing auditory scene, change detection is an ongoing task performed by the auditory brain. Neurons in the midbrain and auditory cortex that exhibit stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) may contribute to this process. Those neurons adapt to frequent sounds while retaining their excitability to rare sounds. Here, we test whether neurons exhibiting SSA and those without are part of the same networks in the inferior colliculus (IC). We recorded the responses to frequent and rare sounds and then marked the sites of these neurons with a retrograde tracer to correlate the source of projections with the physiological response. SSA neurons were confined to the non-lemniscal subdivisions and exhibited broad receptive fields, while the non-SSA were confined to the central nucleus and displayed narrow receptive fields. SSA neurons receive strong inputs from auditory cortical areas and very poor or even absent projections from the brainstem nuclei. On the contrary, the major sources of inputs to the neurons that lacked SSA were from the brainstem nuclei. These findings demonstrate that auditory cortical inputs are biased in favor of IC synaptic domains that are populated by SSA neurons enabling them to compare top-down signals with incoming sensory information from lower areas.}, doi = {10.1038/srep10383}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3401, USA.}, keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation; Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Auditory Cortex, pathology/physiology; Brain Mapping; Brain, pathology; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Photomicrography; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {epublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {srep10383}, pmc = {PMC4438612}, pmid = {25993334}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep10383}, } @Article{Aylward:1993, author = {Aylward, R. L. and Totterdell, S.}, title = {Neurons in the ventral subiculum, amygdala and entorhinal cortex which project to the nucleus accumbens: their input from somatostatin-immunoreactive boutons.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {1993}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {31--42}, abstract = {Neurons in the hippocampus, amygdala and entorhinal cortex which project to the nucleus accumbens were labelled retrogradely following injection of horseradish peroxidase. The injections were targetted on the medial part of the nucleus accumbens, but some injection sites included the whole nucleus. Projection neurons in all three areas were found to be spiny, and from the entorhinal cortex and ventral subiculum of the hippocampus they were pyramidal neurons. Somatostatin (S28(1-12)-immunoreactive neurons were found in all parts of the three limbic areas examined. They were found to have various morphologies, but in the electron microscope all had the ultrastructural characteristics of interneurons. In the hippocampus the stratum lacunosum was found to contain the most immunoreactive fibres while most cells lay in the stratum oriens. In the amygdala the densest staining for both cells and fibres was in the central nucleus. In the entorhinal cortex somatostatin-immunoreactive fibres and cells seemed to have no preferential distribution. Examination of somatostatin-immunoreactive profiles in the electron microscope revealed that the majority of synaptic contacts were made with dendrites, many of which were spine-bearing. In the light microscope somatostatin-immunoreactive fibres could be seen to lie near the somata and proximal dendrites of neurons that projected to the nucleus accumbens. In the electron microscope it was found that somatostatin-immunoreactive boutons were in symmetrical synaptic contact with the somata and proximal dendrites of neurons in the ventral subiculum, entorhinal cortex and amygdala which project to the nucleus accumbens.}, doi = {10.1016/0891-0618(93)90005-o}, institution = {University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, Great Britain.}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Hippocampus, chemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase, chemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Limbic System, cytology; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, chemistry/ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/ultrastructure; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology; Rats; Somatostatin, analysis/immunology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, chemistry}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0891-0618(93)90005-O}, pmid = {7679909}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Azerad:1992, author = {Azérad, J. and Boucher, Y. and Pollin, B.}, title = {[Demonstration of glutamate in primary sensory trigeminal neurons innervating dental pulp in rats].}, journal = {C R Acad Sci III}, year = {1992}, volume = {314}, number = {10}, pages = {469--475}, abstract = {Primary sensory trigeminal neurons supplying the dental pulp of incisors in rats were labelled by retrograde axonal transport. Using an auto-metallographic intensification procedure, 48 hrs. after injection of wheat-germ colloidal gold in the pulp, gold particles were detected in the cytoplasm of the neurons as black granulations. Glutamate was found in 45-60\% of the neurons by submitting ganglion slices to an anti-glutamate immuno-serum revealed by immunocytochemistry. Among the neurons supplying the dental pulp of incisors by their peripheral process, 70\% are Glu+, 30\% Glu-. These observations suggest that the population of neurons supplying the dental pulp is not functionally homogeneous and that Glu- neurons use a different neurotransmitter. The coexistence of Glu+ and Glu- neurons could also indicate that glutamate expression is modulated during the life of these neurons.}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Collège de France, Paris.}, keywords = {Animals; Dental Pulp, innervation; Glutamates, analysis; Male; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Ganglion, cytology}, language = {fre}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1521166}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Azizi:1985, author = {S. A. Azizi and R. A. Burne and D. J. Woodward}, title = {The auditory corticopontocerebellar projection in the rat: inputs to the paraflocculus and midvermis. An anatomical and physiological study.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, pages = {36-49}, abstract = {This study investigated afferent projections to the cerebellum, in particular those from the auditory cerebral cortex. The parafloccular lobule of the rat cerebellum is shown to be a primary target for the auditory cortical information with the midvermal region being a receiving area from the inferior colliculus. The method of anterograde transport of tritiated amino acids was employed to determine projections of the auditory cortex to the pons. Autoradiography showed that the site of termination of efferents from the auditory cortex corresponds to the location of neurons that project to the paraflocculus. Histogram analysis of neuronal activity in halothane anesthetized rats was employed to determine the response characteristics of neurons in paraflocculus and midvermis following cortical and tectal electrical stimulation. In addition, unit recordings of parafloccular neurons in immobilized, locally anesthetized animals demonstrated general characteristics of the responses of these neurons to auditory field stimulation. Electrical stimulation of the auditory cortex evoked mixed, excitatory-inhibitory and pure inhibitory mossy fiber responses in 33\% of neurons in the paraflocculus, with no responses evident in the midvermis. Following inferior collicular stimulation, 12.6\% of the neurons in the midvermis elicited a response. Recordings from parafloccular neurons in unanesthetized, immobilized rats showed evidence for excitatory and inhibitory mossy fiber responses, following auditory field stimulation. This spectrum of basic studies establishes the existence of a pathway in which the paraflocculus is revealed as an integrating target for cortical auditory information.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00237663}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Auditory Pathways, physiology; Auditory Perception, physiology; Brain Mapping; Cerebellum, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Female; Inferior Colliculi, physiology; Pons, physiology; Purkinje Cells, physiology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {4018197}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Azizi:1981, author = {Azizi, S. A. and Mihailoff, G. A. and Burne, R. A. and Woodward, D. J.}, title = {The pontocerebellar system in the rat: an HRP study. I. Posterior vermis.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1981}, volume = {197}, number = {4}, pages = {543--548}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {This study was undertaken to determine the origin of projections from the basilar pontine nuclei (BPN) and nucleus reticularis tegmentis pontis (NRTP) to the posterior vermal lobules VI-IX of the rat cerebellum. We describe the topographical organization of this component of the pontocerebellar projection, and the congruence of the cells of origin in the basilar pons with some of the major pontine afferent systems including the corticopontine and tectopontine projections. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the midline cerebellar vermal zones of Long-Evans hooded rats. The more sensitive chromogens, tetramethyl benzidine and benzidine dihydrochloride, were used to reveal the location of labeled neurons. With injections located near the midline, groups of labeled cells were observed bilaterally within the BPN. The basic trend of the projections noted was: lobule VIa receives a nonfocal projection from nearly all subdivisions of the BPN throughout its rostrocaudal extent, as well as a substantial input from NRTP. Lobules VIb-c receive input from NRTP, the rostral pons, and from the ventral, lateral, and medial groups of cells in the middle BPN project to lobule VII, in addition to projections from limited groups of cells in the rostral BPN. Lobule VIII receives afferents from the caudal aspect of the pontine gray. Lobules IXa-receive afferents from the medial and peduncular groups in the midline BPN, whereas lobule IXc receives inputs from a medial group and a small lateral cluster of cells in the caudal aspect of the BPN. Pontine neurons projecting to the posterior vermis originate from areas which appear to receive descending inputs from visual, auditory, and somatosensory regions of the cerebral cortex. However, a large number of pontine and NRTP neurons projecting to lobules VI and VII are located within the terminal fields of tectal neurons, perhaps indicating a stronger input from the tectum rather than visual and auditory cerebral cortical regions.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901970402}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Axons, ultrastructure; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, ultrastructure; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7229127}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901970402}, } @Article{Azizi:1987, author = {S. A. Azizi and D. J. Woodward}, title = {Inferior olivary nuclear complex of the rat: morphology and comments on the principles of organization within the olivocerebellar system.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {263}, number = {4}, pages = {467-484}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {This study was undertaken (1) to provide a description of the normal morphology and anatomical interrelationships within the inferior olivary cell groups and (2) to determine the topographical organization of projections from this nuclear complex to the cerebellum. Conventional histological methods and the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and WGA-HRP in conjunction with the sensitive chromogen tetramethyl benzidine were used in this series of experiments. In common with that of other animals, the inferior olivary nucleus of the rat consists of three subdivisions: the medial accessory olive (MAO), dorsal accessory olive (DAO), and principal olive (PO). The MAO is made of several subnuclei including a, b, c, and nucleus beta. On the basis of their common connections, the smaller subnuclei, dorsal cap, ventrolateral outgrowth, and dorsomedial cell column can be considered as parts of the MAO. The DAO is made of two subdivisions or lamellae-the dorsal and ventral folds-joined together laterally to form a twisted V-shaped structure. The principal olive consists of dorsal and ventral lamellae. A point-to-point projection was determined for four areas of the cerebellum: the anterior lobe, the posterior vermis, the intermediate and the lateral cerebellum. Analysis of the details of the projection system revealed that distinct groups of cells, here referred to as lamellae, project to sagittal zones of the cerebellum. (1) The medial accessory olive appears to be composed of three lamellae: horizontal, vertical, and rostral. The horizontal lamella (elsewhere denoted as groups a and b) projects to a sagittal zone in the vermal anterior lobe. The vertical lamella (groups c, beta, dorsal cap, ventrolateral outgrowth, and dorsomedial cell column) projects to a sagittal zone in the posterior vermis and the flocculus, and the rostral lamella projects to the lateral cerebellum. (2) The dorsal accessory olive is composed of two distinct lamellae which we have previously denoted as the dorsal and ventral folds. The dorsal fold projects to the vermal anterior lobe and receives afferents from the spinal cord, whereas the ventral fold projects to a sagittal zone in the intermediate cerebellum and receives afferents primarily from dorsal column nuclei. (3) The principal olive contains the two familiar lamellae: dorsal and ventral lamellae, each of which projects to a specific sagittal strip in the lateral cerebellum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902630402}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas 75235.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellum, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2822777}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902630402}, } @Article{Azmitia:1981, author = {E. C. Azmitia}, title = {Bilateral serotonergic projections to the dorsal hippocampus of the rat: simultaneous localization of 3H-5HT and HRP after retrograde transport.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1981}, volume = {203}, number = {4}, pages = {737--743}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Horseradish peroxidase (HRP, Sigma VI, 30-70 nl of a 10-15\% solution in saline) or 3H-5HT (30 Ci/mmole, 2.5 X 10 -3 M containing 3.3 X 10(-3) M norepinephrine in saline, 50-100 nl) was injected unilaterally into the dorsal hippocampus in separate groups of rats. HRP-labeled cells were seen in the hippocampus, medial septal nucleus, nucleus of the diagonal band, supramammilary nucleus, median raphe nucleus, interfascicular portion of the dorsal raphe nucleus, and the locus coeruleus. In contrast, 3H-5HT-labeled cells were largely restricted to the raphe nuclei. In this nucleus an equal number of ipsilateral and bilateral cells were found. Occasionally, these labeled cells stretched across the midline (bridge pattern). In another series, the 3H-5HT and HRP were injected into the same hippocampus either as a mixture or sequentially. This resulted in double labeling of the median and dorsal raphe neurons. A final group of rats received injections of 3H-5HT and HRP into opposing hippocampi. Double-labeled cells accounted for 10\% of the neurons labeled. In addition, closely paired neurons composed of an HRP- and 3H-5HT-containing cell were found. In summary, the serotonergic fibers may play a key role in harmonizing the electrical activity of the hippocampi by use of bilateral projections, paired neurons with differential projections, and bridging neurons stretching across the midline but with unilateral projections.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902030410}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Female; Hippocampus, metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6173402}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902030410}, } @Article{Azmitia:1982, author = {Azmitia, E. C. and Gannon, P. J.}, title = {A light and electron microscopic analysis of the selective retrograde transport of (3H)-5-hydroxytryptamine by serotonergic neurons.}, journal = {J Histochem Cytochem}, year = {1982}, volume = {30}, number = {8}, pages = {799--804}, month = {Aug}, doi = {10.1177/30.8.6181122}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, physiology; Microscopy, Electron, methods; Neurons, physiology; Olfactory Bulb, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Serotonin, metabolism; Tritium, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6181122}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Azmitia:1978, author = {Azmitia, E. C. and Segal, M.}, title = {An autoradiographic analysis of the differential ascending projections of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1978}, volume = {179}, number = {3}, pages = {641--667}, month = {Jun}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901790311}, keywords = {5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine, pharmacology; Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Humans; Injections; Male; Nerve Fibers, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects; Proline, administration /&/ dosage/diagnostic use; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Stereotyped Behavior, drug effects}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {565370}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901790311}, } @Article{Aznar:2005, author = {Aznar, Susana and Kostova, Viktorija and Christiansen, Søren H. and Knudsen, Gitte M.}, title = {Alpha 7 nicotinic receptor subunit is present on serotonin neurons projecting to hippocampus and septum.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {2005}, volume = {55}, number = {3}, pages = {196--200}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The serotonergic transmitter system regulates hippocampal activity through its raphe projection to hippocampus and medial septum/diagonal band of Broca complex (MS/DBB), and most likely also indirectly through its interaction with the cholinergic neurotransmitter system. Nicotine, e.g., enhances hippocampal serotonin release probably through presynaptic nicotinic receptors. We investigated the possible presence of the alpha 7-nicotinic subunit on serotonergic neurons projecting to hippocampus and MS/DBB. By retrograde neuronal tracing, hippocampal serotonergic neurons were identified and with double fluorescence immunostaining and Alexa-488 bound alpha-bungarotoxin the presence of active alpha 7 receptor on their soma was determined. Most of the retrogradely labeled serotonin neurons contained the alpha 7 subunit. A low degree of colocalization between alpha-bungarotoxin and serotonin-positive neurons suggest that the alpha 7 subunit may be transported anterogradely to the serotonergic axonal terminals.}, doi = {10.1002/syn.20108}, institution = {Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. saznar@nru.dk}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Binding, Competitive, physiology; Bungarotoxins, metabolism; Diagonal Band of Broca, cytology/metabolism; Efferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hippocampus, cytology/metabolism; Hydrazines; Microspheres; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Protein Subunits, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Nicotinic, metabolism; Septum of Brain, cytology/metabolism; Serotonin, metabolism; Stilbamidines; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15635599}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.20108}, } @Article{Aznar:2004, author = {Aznar, S. and Qian, Z-X. and Knudsen, G. M.}, title = {Non-serotonergic dorsal and median raphe projection onto parvalbumin- and calbindin-containing neurons in hippocampus and septum.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2004}, volume = {124}, number = {3}, pages = {573--581}, abstract = {The median raphe nucleus is involved in controlling and maintaining hippocampal activity through its projection to inhibitory neurons in medial septum and hippocampus. It has been shown that anterogradely axonal-traced fibers originating in the median raphe nucleus project onto calbindin-containing neurons in hippocampus and parvalbumin-containing neurons in medial septum. Parallel immunohistochemistry studies showing serotonin fibers contacting calbindin- and parvalbumin-positive neurons have led to the assumption that raphe fibers projecting on these types of neurons are mainly serotonergic. However, in both dorsal and median raphe nucleus there is a large amount of non-serotonergic neurons which also are projecting neurons, indicating that a part of the raphe fibers projecting to hippocampus and septum may be non-serotonergic. Our aim was to determine whether there is a non-serotonergic projection from the raphe nucleus onto calbindin- and parvalbumin-containing neurons in hippocampus and septum. Biotin dextran amine was used as the anterograde neuronal tracer and injected into either dorsal or median raphe nucleus. By use of triple immunofluorescence-labeling we analyzed the serotonergic content of the biotin dextran amine-labeled fibers contacting parvalbumin- and calbindin-positive neurons. Surprisingly, we found a significant non-serotonergic projection from both dorsal and median raphe nuclei onto calbindin- and parvalbumin-containing interneurons in septum and hippocampus, with a preference in hippocampus for projecting onto calbindin-positive neurons. These results indicate that the raphe nuclei may exert their control on hippocampal and septal activity not only through a serotonergic projection, but also through a significant non-serotonergic pathway.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.12.020}, institution = {Neurobiology Research Unit 9201, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. saznar@nru.dk}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, metabolism; Calcium-Binding Proteins, metabolism; Dextrans; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hippocampus, cytology/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Septum of Brain, cytology/metabolism; Serotonin, metabolism; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452203009333}, pmid = {14980728}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.12.020}, } @Article{Azuma:1996, author = {Azuma, M. and Chiba, T.}, title = {Afferent projections of the infralimbic cortex (area 25) in rats: a WGA-HRP study.}, journal = {Kaibogaku Zasshi}, year = {1996}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, pages = {523--540}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The afferent connections of the infralimbic area (area 25) of the medial prefrontal cortex in rats were studied using WGA-HRP as the tracer. The present results confirm previously reported afferent connections of the infralimbic area and further reveal additional inputs from the anterior amygdaloid area, anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus, ventral reunions, lateral preoptic area, dorsal hypothalamic area, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, supramammillary nucleus and medial mammillary nucleus. Only afferent projections were found from CA1 of the hippocampus and amygdalo-piriform transition area. The results also confirm extensive afferent connections of the infralimbic cortex from the central autonomic nuclei and, together with previous results on efferent connections of the infralimbic cortex, provide further support for an essential role of this nucleus as a cortical center of the autonomic nervous system.}, institution = {Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Male; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8953850}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Baashar:2015, author = {Ahmaed Baashar and Donald Robertson and Wilhelmina H.A.M. Mulders}, title = {A novel method for selectively labelling olivocochlear collaterals in the rat}, journal = {Hearing Research}, year = {2015}, number = {0}, pages = {-}, issn = {0378-5955}, abstract = {Abstract Axons of olivocochlear neurons originate from the brainstem and project to the cochlea. A subpopulation, medial olivocochlear (MOC) neurons, also projects collateral branches to the cochlear nucleus. The precise targets of these collaterals are as yet unknown. Previous methods for labelling these collaterals include firstly, cochlear injections of retrograde tracers, but this is technically demanding and can also label afferent projections or secondly, labelling by injecting tracers into the nuclei of origin of \{MOC\} neurons. However, this latter method is non-specific because it also labels non-MOC projections. A technique was used to specifically label \{MOC\} collaterals, which involved injections of the tracer biocytin at the floor of the fourth ventricle and fixation 3 hours later. Biocytin injections resulted in labelled neurons in the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body and rostral periolivary nucleus, confirming \{MOC\} axonal labelling. Labelled neurons in dorsal cochlear nucleus indicated labelling of the dorsal acoustic stria and these injections were discarded. After selective \{MOC\} labelling, collateral branches were found to innervate granule cell regions, medial edge and core of the ventral cochlear nucleus, as well as the dorsal cochlear nucleus, in agreement with previous data. Therefore we conclude that injections at the floor of the fourth ventricle provide a simple, rapid and specific technique for labelling the majority of \{MOC\} axons and their collaterals and this technique may assist in defining the precise neuronal targets of olivocochlear collaterals in cochlear nucleus.}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2015.02.011}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378595515000647}, } @Article{Babb:1988, author = {T. L. Babb and J. K. Pretorius and W. R. Kupfer and W. J. Brown}, title = {Distribution of glutamate-decarboxylase-immunoreactive neurons and synapses in the rat and monkey hippocampus: light and electron microscopy.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1988}, volume = {278}, number = {1}, pages = {121--138}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {We have studied the distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons, axons, and synapses in the rat and monkey hippocampal formation by using glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) immunocytochemistry together with Nissl stains, electron microscopy, and double-labeled retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. The numbers of GAD-containing (putative GABA) neurons and their percentages compared to all Nissl-stained neurons were calculated throughout all the various fields and strata of the mammalian hippocampus. Although their numbers are greatest in the polymorph region of the fascia dentata (FD) and in the principal cell layers stratum pyramidale (SP) and stratum granulosum (SG), GAD immunoreactive (GAD-IR) cells are numerous in other strata that contain mostly dendrites and scattered cells. These GAD-IR (putative GABA) neurons in dendritic regions may be involved in feedforward dendritic inhibition or may directly inhibit nearby neurons. We used a postmortem delay technique, which resulted in apparent diffusion of GAD into dendrites and axons and allowed better visualization of the extensive dendritic domain of GAD-IR neurons. Computerized image analysis of GAD-IR puncta indicated that putative GABA terminals were numerous on apical and basilar dendrites of all pyramidal cells but unexpectedly highest in the monkey presubiculum. In the rat, GAD-IR neurons projected axons ipsilaterally from every region to the fascia dentata and CA1; however, commissural GAD-IR axons to the fascia dentata arose from GAD-IR neurons in only the contralateral fascia dentata and subiculum. Electron microscopy of GAD-stained hippocampus identified GAD-IR neurons with non-GAD-IR (possibly excitatory) synapses and GAD-IR terminals on somata and dendrites, 80\% being the symmetric type and 20\% the asymmetric type. In contrast, non-GAD-IR terminals were asymmetric 80\% of the time.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902780108}, institution = {Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024.}, keywords = {Animals; Glutamate Decarboxylase, analysis; Hippocampus, enzymology/ultrastructure; Macaca, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, enzymology/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3209750}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902780108}, } @Article{Babic:2004a, author = {Babic, Tanja and Ciriello, John}, title = {Medullary and spinal cord projections from cardiovascular responsive sites in the rostral ventromedial medulla.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2004}, volume = {469}, number = {3}, pages = {391--412}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVMM) is a sympathoexcitatory area. However, little is known about its efferent projections. In this study, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were used to investigate the medullary and spinal cord projections from pressor sites in RVMM. Initially, RVMM was systematically explored in urethane-anesthetized rats using microinjection of L-glutamate for sites that elicited increases in arterial pressure. A pressor area was identified that included the rostral magnocellular reticular and rostral lateral paragigantocellular reticular nuclei. In the second series of experiments, BDA or PHA-L was iontophoretically injected into RVMM pressor sites. Anterograde labeling was observed throughout the brainstem and spinal cord, bilaterally, but with an ipsilateral predominance. Dense labeling was observed within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS); the greatest density of labeling was observed in the caudal dorsolateral, medial, and ventrolateral subnuclei. Additionally, light to moderately dense labeling was found within the nucleus substantia gelatinosus and commissural nucleus. In the nucleus ambiguus/ventrolateral medullary (Amb/VLM) region, the density of labeling was greatest in caudal regions. Within Amb, most of the labeling was localized to its external formation. Anterograde labeling was also found throughout the spinal cord. In the thoracolumbar segments, dense axonal labeling was observed within the dorsolateral funiculus. These labeled axons innervated the intermediolateral nucleus and the central autonomic area. Taken together, these data suggest that RVMM neurons elicit increases in sympathetic activity by likely providing a direct excitatory input to spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons, and by a direct inhibitory input to medullary cardioinhibitory and depressor areas.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.11024}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Blood Pressure, physiology; Brain Mapping; Dextrans, metabolism; Heart Rate, physiology; Iontophoresis, methods; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Plant Proteins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, physiology; Staining and Labeling; Tissue Distribution}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {14730590}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.11024}, } @Article{Babic:2008, author = {Babic, Tanja and {de Oliveira}, Cleusa V R. and Ciriello, John}, title = {Collateral axonal projections from rostral ventromedial medullary nitric oxide synthase containing neurons to brainstem autonomic sites.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2008}, volume = {1211}, pages = {44--56}, month = {May}, abstract = {The magnocellular reticular nucleus and adjacent lateral paragigantocellular nucleus have been shown to contain a large population of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactive neurons. However, little is known about the projections of these neurons within the central nervous system. Retrograde tract-tracing techniques combined with immunohistochemistry were used in this study to investigate whether NOS neurons in this rostral ventromedial medullary (RVMM) region send collateral axonal projections to autonomic sites in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and in the nucleus ambiguus (Amb). Fluorogold and/or rhodamine labeled latex microspheres were microinjected into the NTS and Amb at sites that elicited bardycardia and/or depressor responses (l-glutamate; 0.25 M; 10 nl). After a survival period of 10-14 days, the rats were sacrificed and tissue sections of the brainstem were processed immunohistochemically for the identification of NOS containing neuronal perikarya. After unilateral injection of the tract-tracers into the NTS and Amb, retrogradely labeled neurons were observed bilaterally throughout the RVMM region. Of the number of RVMM neurons retrogradely labeled from the NTS (684+/-143), 9\% were found to be immunoreactive to NOS. Similarly, of those RVMM neurons retrogradely labeled from the Amb (963+/-207), 7\% also contained NOS immunoreactivity. Neurons with collateral axonal projections to NTS and Amb (14\% and 10\%, respectively) were observed predominantly within a region of RVMM that extended co-extensively with approximately the rostrocaudal extent of the facial nucleus. Of these double labeled neurons, 36.4+/-20 (39\%) were also found to be immunoreactive to NOS. These data indicate that the RVMM contains at least three population of NOS neurons that send axons to innervate functionally similar cardiovascular responsive sites in the NTS and Amb. Although the function of these NOS containing medullary pathways in cardiovascular control is not known, it is likely that those with collateral axonal projections represent the anatomical substrate by which the RVMM may simultaneously coordinate cardiovascular responses during physiological changes associated with respiration and/or motor movements.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.104}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Pathways, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Axons, enzymology/physiology; Brain Stem, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Heart, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/enzymology; Microinjections; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Microspheres; Neurons, enzymology/physiology; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rhodamines; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(07)02646-7}, pmid = {18423427}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.104}, } @Article{Babic:2010, author = {Babic, Tanja and Purpera, Megan N. and Banfield, Bruce W. and Berthoud, Hans-Rudolf and Morrison, Christopher D.}, title = {Innervation of skeletal muscle by leptin receptor-containing neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2010}, volume = {1345}, pages = {146--155}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {In addition to suppressing food intake, leptin reduces body adiposity by altering metabolism within peripheral tissues such as adipose tissue and muscle. Recent work indicates that leptin action within the brain is sufficient to promote glucose uptake and increase fat oxidation within skeletal muscle, and that these effects are dependent on the sympathetic nervous system. To identify neuronal circuits through which leptin impacts skeletal muscle metabolism, we used LepRb-GFP reporter mice in combination with muscle-specific injection of an mRFP-expressing pseudorabies virus (PRV), which acts as a transsynaptic retrograde tracer. Consistent with previous observations in the rat, muscle-specific PRV injection lead to labeling within multiple areas of the hypothalamus and brainstem. However, the only areas in which PRV and LepRb colocalization was detected were within the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the hypothalamic retrochiasmatic area. Within the NTS 28.5+/- 9.4\% of PRV-positive neurons contained LepRb-GFP, while in the RCH 37+/-1.7\% of PRV neurons also contained LepRb. In summary, these data clearly implicate the NTS and RCH as key sites through which brain leptin impacts skeletal muscle, and as such provide an anatomical framework within which to interpret physiological data indicating that leptin acts in the brain to influence metabolism within skeletal muscle.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.042}, institution = {Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Cell Count; Female; Genetic Vectors; Green Fluorescent Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Confocal; Muscle, Skeletal, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation/metabolism; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Photomicrography; Receptors, Leptin, genetics/metabolism; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(10)01187-X}, pmid = {20501326}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.042}, } @Article{Babic:2004, author = {Babic, Tanja and Roder, Stefanie and Ciriello, John}, title = {Direct projections from caudal ventrolateral medullary depressor sites to the subfornical organ.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2004}, volume = {1003}, number = {1-2}, pages = {113--121}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Experiments were performed in the male Wistar rat to investigate the projections from cardiovascular responsive sites in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) to the subfornical organ (SFO). Unilateral iontophoretic injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were made into either caudal VLM (CVLM) sites at which microinjection of l-glutamate (10 nl; 0.25 M) elicited decreases in mean arterial pressure or into rostral VLM (RVLM) sites at which l-glutamate microinjection elicited increases in arterial pressure. After a survival period of 7-10 days, transverse sections of the forebrain and brainstem were processed for PHA-L immunoreactivity. After injections of PHA-L into the CVLM, axonal and presumptive terminal labeling was found bilaterally throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the SFO, although most of the projections were observed within the rostral half of the nucleus. Within the SFO, labeling was found primarily in the lateral aspects of the nucleus, often in close proximity to blood vessels. In addition, CVLM injections resulted in labeling within the organum vasculosum of the laminae terminalis (OVLT) and within the ventral and dorsal components of the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) bilaterally, but with an ipsilateral predominance. In contrast, PHA-L injections into the RVLM did not result in axonal labeling in the SFO or OVLT, although a few labeled axons were found to course through the region of the ventral component of MnPO. These data have demonstrated that neurons within the cardiovascular responsive region of the CVLM send direct axonal projections to the SFO and other structures of the laminae terminalis, and suggest that the CVLM may function in the modulation of the activity of neurons of circumventricular organs to intra- and extracellular signals of body fluid balance.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2003.12.029}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1.}, keywords = {Animals; Male; Medulla Oblongata, chemistry/physiology; Neural Pathways, chemistry/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Subfornical Organ, chemistry/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899304000794}, pmid = {15019570}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2003.12.029}, } @Article{Babmindra:1976, author = {Babmindra, V. P. and Lenkov, D. N. and Tolchenova, G. A. and Imankulova, Ch S. and Bragina, T. A.}, title = {[Experience with the use of horseradish peroxidase for light and electron microscope studies of interneuronal connections].}, journal = {Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol}, year = {1976}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, pages = {101--105}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {By the method based on a retrograde axonal transport of exogenous horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the origins of afferentation of the motor cortex of adult cats, kittens and albino rats were studied. HRP-positive neurons were found by light and electron microscopy in the somatosensory cortex (C1) of the ipsilateral hemisphere and in the portions of the cortex of the contralateral hemisphere which were symmetrical to the site of injection of HRP. The disposition of neurons, marked by HRP, in the Vth layer of the motor cortex suggest that these neurons may send their axons into the bundles of comissural fibres going to the motor cortex of the opposite hemisphere. This method considerably expands possibilities of revealing the origins of afferentation of the investigated portion of the nervous system and allows more complete and reliable investigation of interneuronal connections.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Cats; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Electron; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent; Peroxidases; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {rus}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1252130}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bacon:1996, author = {S. J. Bacon and A. J. Headlam and P. L. Gabbott and A. D. Smith}, title = {Amygdala input to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the rat: a light and electron microscope study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {720}, number = {1-2}, pages = {211--219}, month = {May}, abstract = {This paper describes the termination pattern and synaptic connectivity of the pathway from the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC; areas 25, 32, and 24b) of the rat. Discrete injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were made in the BLA and detailed light microscopical observations made of the distribution of PHA-L labelled fibres and boutons in the mPFC. Labelled fibres were distributed in two tiers: predominantly within deep layer 1/layer 2 and also in layers 5/6. Fibre plexi in layers 2 and 5 were highly varicose. Electron microscopical examination of 120 labelled boutons in area 32 (60 in layer 2 and 60 in layer 5) indicated that 116 (97\%) established asymmetrical synaptic contacts with dendritic spines and 4 (3\%) were in synaptic contact with small dendritic shafts. No significant differences in target structures were found between layers 2 and 5. The results indicate that BLA input to mPFC in the rat predominantly innervates spine bearing dendrites in layers 2 and 5. This suggests that the neuronal operations of these processes are influenced by direct feedforward excitation from the BLA.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(96)00155-2}, institution = {University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Amygdala, physiology/ultrastructure; Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Phytohemagglutinins; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(96)00155-2}, pmid = {8782914}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(96)00155-2}, } @Article{Bacon:1988, author = {Bacon, S. J. and Smith, A. D.}, title = {Preganglionic sympathetic neurones innervating the rat adrenal medulla: immunocytochemical evidence of synaptic input from nerve terminals containing substance P, GABA or 5-hydroxytryptamine.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, year = {1988}, volume = {24}, number = {1-2}, pages = {97--122}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Sympathetic preganglionic neurones that innervate the adrenal medulla were identified for subsequent light and electron microscopic study by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or a conjugate of HRP and cholera B-chain. Most labelled neurones were found in the intermediolateral column, but some occurred in the intercalated nucleus and in the lateral funiculus of the thoracic spinal cord. Three morphologically distinct types of neurone were retrogradely labelled, two of which had dendrites that extended medially towards the central canal and laterally across the entire lateral funiculus. A combination of retrograde labelling with pre-embedding immunocytochemistry allowed us to demonstrate synaptic contacts between boutons immunoreactive for substance P or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and the cell bodies or proximal dendrites of sympathoadrenal neurones. The 5-HT-immunoreactive boutons appeared to be of two morphologically distinct types. Postembedding immunocytochemistry enabled us to show that sympathoadrenal neurones receive a heavy synaptic innervation from GABA-immunoreactive boutons: 32\% of a random series of boutons in synaptic contact with cell bodies were GABA-immunoreactive. Proximal dendrites and also distal dendrites within the white matter were ensheathed in synaptic boutons, 37\% of which were GABA-immunoreactive. It is concluded that sympathoadrenal neurones receive at least 4 distinct types of afferent synaptic input: from neurones containing substance P, or GABA and from two types of neurones containing 5-HT. The presence of synaptic inputs on distal dendrites that extend across the white matter adds further complexities to the control of the activity of sympathetic preganglionic neurones.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-1838(88)90140-3}, institution = {University of Oxford, Department of Pharmacology, U.K.}, keywords = {Adrenal Medulla, innervation; Animals; Ganglia, cytology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, metabolism/physiology; Neurons, classification/physiology/ultrastructure; Neurotransmitter Agents, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism; Substance P, metabolism; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology; Synapses, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2463297}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bacon:1993, author = {S. J. Bacon and A. D. Smith}, title = {A monosynaptic pathway from an identified vasomotor centre in the medial prefrontal cortex to an autonomic area in the thoracic spinal cord.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1993}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, pages = {719--728}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Chemical microstimulation (1 mM L-glutamate or 25 mM KCl) of the medial prefrontal cortex of anaesthetized rats produced falls in systolic and diastolic blood pressure of similar magnitude, without a change in heart rate. Application of the lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin by iontophoresis from an adjacent barrel of the same micropipette revealed a direct projection to the central autonomic area of the thoracic spinal cord from this vasomotor area, which is equivalent to the region called prelimbic cortex by Krettek and Price [J. comp. Neurol. (1977) 171, 157-192] or Cg3 by Paxinos and Watson [The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates (1986)]. Labelled axons descended in the dorsal corticospinal tract in the cervical spinal cord, where they displayed a few varicosities. In the thoracic spinal cord, labelled fibres occurred bilaterally in the gray matter, predominantly in the central autonomic area, where they displayed many varicosities. Electron microscope studies revealed that the anterogradely labelled varicosities in the central autonomic area were vesicle-filled boutons that formed asymmetric synaptic contacts. The synaptic targets were small dendrites or dendritic protrusions that were characterized by a high incidence of multivesicular bodies and coated vesicles. We conclude that a monosynaptic pathway that originates from a physiologically-defined vasomotor area in the medial prefrontal cortex terminates on a characteristic type of neuron in the central autonomic area of the thoracic spinal cord.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(93)90242-8}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Blood Pressure, physiology; Female; Heart Rate, physiology; Hemodynamics, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Perfusion; Phytohemagglutinins; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Synapses, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(93)90242-8}, pmid = {8332258}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bacon:1990, author = {S. J. Bacon and A. Zagon and A. D. Smith}, title = {Electron microscopic evidence of a monosynaptic pathway between cells in the caudal raphé nuclei and sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat spinal cord.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, pages = {589--602}, abstract = {Electrophysiological and anatomical studies have suggested the existence of a pathway between the caudal raphé nuclei and regions of the spinal cord containing the sympathetic preganglionic neurons. However synaptic connections between cells in the raphé nuclei and identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons have not yet been shown. We have used a combination of anterograde tracing using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), retrograde tracing using a conjugate of cholera B chain and HRP and electron microscopy to look for such a pathway in rats. When PHA-L had been injected into the regions mainly restricted to the raphé pallidus and raphé magnus, synaptic contacts were found between PHA-L containing terminals and preganglionic neurons retrogradely labelled from the adrenal medulla. Out of the 43 synaptic contacts analysed, 26 were onto somata and 14 onto dendrites. 75\% of the total appeared to have symmetric membrane specialisations, 20\% asymmetric and the remainder could not be classified. Synaptic contacts were not seen in an animal in which the PHA-L injection site involved cells in the ventral raphé obscurus and surrounding gigantocellular reticular formation. These findings provide evidence of the existence of a direct monosynaptic pathway between cells in the raphé pallidus and/or caudal raphé magnus, and identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons and give further support for a role for the caudal raphé nuclei in sympathetic autonomic regulation.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1007/bf00229327}, institution = {University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, U.K.}, keywords = {Adrenergic Fibers, metabolism/ultrastructure; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, metabolism/ultrastructure; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Phytohemagglutinins; Raphe Nuclei, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism; Spinal Cord, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2340876}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bacskai:2002, author = {Timea Bácskai and G. Székely and Clara Matesz}, title = {Ascending and descending projections of the lateral vestibular nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Acta Biol Hung}, year = {2002}, volume = {53}, number = {1-2}, pages = {7--21}, abstract = {The tracer neurobiotin was injected into the lateral vestibular nucleus in rat and the efferent fiber connections of the nucleus were studied. The labeled fibers reached the diencephalon rostrally and the sacral segments of the spinal cord caudally. In the diencephalon, the ventral posteromedial and the gustatory nuclei received the most numerous labeled fibers. In the mesencephalon, the inferior colliculus, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the nucleus of Darkschewitch, the periaqueductal gray matter and the red nucleus received large numbers of labeled fibers. In the rhombencephalon, commissural and internuclear connections originated from the lateral vestibular nucleus to all other vestibular nuclei. The medioventral (motor) part of the reticular formation was richly supplied, whereas fewer fibers were seen in the lateral (vegetative) part. In the spinal cord, the descending fibers were densely packed in the anterior funiculus and in the ventral part of the lateral funiculus. Collaterals invaded the entire gray matter from lamina IX up to lamina III; the fibers and terminals were most numerous in laminae VII and VIII. Collateral projections were rich in the cervical and lumbosacral segments, whereas they were relatively poor in the thoracic segments of the spinal cord. It was concluded that the fiber projection in the rostral direction was primarily aimed at sensory-motor centers; in the rhombencephalon and spinal cord, fibers projected onto structures subserving various motor functions.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1556/abiol.53.2002.1-2.3}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Hungary.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Vestibular Nucleus, Lateral, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12064781}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Badaue-Passos:2007, author = {Badauê-Passos, Jr, Daniel and Godino, Andrea and Johnson, Alan Kim and Vivas, Laura and Antunes-Rodrigues, José}, title = {Dorsal raphe nuclei integrate allostatic information evoked by depletion-induced sodium ingestion.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {2007}, volume = {206}, number = {1}, pages = {86--94}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Structures of the lamina terminalis (LT) sense and integrate information reflecting the state of body water and sodium content. Output from the LT projects into a neural network that regulates body fluid balance. Serotonin (5-HT) and the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) have been implicated in the inhibitory control of salt intake (i.e., sodium appetite). Signals arriving from the LT evoked by fluid depletion-induced sodium ingestion interact with this inhibitory serotonergic system. We investigated the role of neurons along the LT that directly project to the DRN. We analyzed the pattern of immunoreactivity (ir) of LT cells double-labeled for Fos (a marker of neural activity) and Fluorogold (FG; a retrograde tracer) following sodium depletion-induced sodium intake. Seven days after injection of FG into the DRN, sodium appetite was induced by furosemide injection and overnight access to only a low sodium diet (Furo-LSD) and distilled water. Twenty-four hours later, access to 0.3 M NaCl was given to depleted or sham-depleted rats and sodium intake was measured over the following 60 min. Ninety minutes after the termination of the intake test, the animals were perfused and their brains were processed for immunohistochemical detection of Fos and FG. Compared to sham-depleted animals there was a significantly greater number of Fos-/FG-ir double-labeled cells in the subfornical organ, the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and the median preoptic nucleus in rats that ingested NaCl. Projections from the LT cells may contribute to inhibitory mechanisms involving 5-HT neurons in the DRN that limit the intake of sodium and prevent excess volume expansion.}, doi = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.04.008}, institution = {Departmento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. daniel-passosjunior@uiowa.edu}, keywords = {Allostasis, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Appetite Regulation, drug effects/physiology; Cell Count; Diuretics, pharmacology; Food, Formulated; Furosemide, pharmacology; Hypothalamus, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Preoptic Area, cytology/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Satiety Response, drug effects/physiology; Sodium Chloride, Dietary, metabolism/pharmacology; Stilbamidines; Up-Regulation, drug effects/physiology; Water-Electrolyte Balance, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0014-4886(07)00162-8}, pmid = {17544397}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.04.008}, } @Article{Badia:2010, author = {Badia, Jordi and Pascual-Font, Arán and Vivó, Meritxell and Udina, Esther and Navarro, Xavier}, title = {Topographical distribution of motor fascicles in the sciatic-tibial nerve of the rat.}, journal = {Muscle Nerve}, year = {2010}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {192--201}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Knowledge of the intraneural topography of peripheral nerves may help to improve nerve repair after injuries and the selectivity of neural interfaces. We studied the fascicular pattern of motor fibers of the rat sciatic-tibial nerve. We carried out an anatomical dissection of the muscular tributaries of the tibial nerve in the leg. Immunohistochemistry against choline acetyltransferase was used to identify motor axons. Retrograde tracing allowed localization of the muscular fascicles at proximal levels of the sciatic trunk. The distribution of motor fibers in transverse section of the tibial nerve is not homogeneous; two clusters were identified, each one containing fibers of functionally related muscles. Retrograde tracing allowed for the identification of motor fascicles, each one well localized along the sciatic nerve. In the rat there is a somatotopic organization of the sciatic nerve, with muscular fascicles maintaining the same relative position along the entire nerve.}, doi = {10.1002/mus.21652}, institution = {Neuroplasticity and Regeneration Group, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra E-08193, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, metabolism; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Models, Anatomic; Motor Neurons, metabolism; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Rats; Sciatic Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {20544926}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.21652}, } @Article{Badoer:1998, author = {Badoer, E.}, title = {Neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla are not activated by hypotension.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {801}, number = {1-2}, pages = {224--227}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The retrogradely-transported tracer, rhodamine-tagged microspheres was injected into the pressor region of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) to enable detection of paraventricular neurons in the hypothalamus that project to the RVLM. The protein, Fos, was detected immunohistochemically and used to highlight neurons that were activated by hypotension (-16+/-5 mmHg) induced by diazoxide (30 mg/kg s.c.). Compared to controls, Fos production was increased by three-fold in the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus but there was no significant increase in the number of retrogradely-labelled cells that expressed Fos. The results suggest paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons projecting to the RVLM are not activated by hypotension.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00560-5}, institution = {Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton Rd., Clayton 3168, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. emilio.badoer@med.monash.edu.au}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects/physiology; Blood Pressure, drug effects; Catheterization; Cell Count; Cell Nucleus, chemistry; Diazoxide, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Hypotension, physiopathology; Injections, Subcutaneous; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Microinjections; Microspheres; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines, analysis/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(98)00560-5}, pmid = {9729400}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Badoer:1994, author = {Badoer, E. and McKinley, M. J. and Oldfield, B. J. and McAllen, R. M.}, title = {Localization of barosensitive neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla which project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1994}, volume = {657}, number = {1-2}, pages = {258--268}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {A population of depressor neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla may mediate the baroreceptor reflex. The aim of the present study was to determine the anatomical distribution of the population of neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that mediate the baroreceptor reflex. Injection of the retrogradely transported tracer, rhodamine-labelled latex beads, into the pressor area of the rostral ventrolateral medulla of rats was used to identify neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla with projections to that area. Barosensitive neurons were identified by immunohistochemical detection of the protein Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, following infusion of the pressor agent phenylephrine (10 micrograms/kg/min, i.v. for 2 h n = 5). Isotonic saline was infused into control animals (n = 4). Neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla with projections to the rostral ventrolateral medulla were located at all rostrocaudal levels examined between 1 mm caudal and 0.4 mm rostral of the obex. Compared to saline infused rats, phenylephrine infusion induced a significant increase in the proportion of those neurons that expressed Fos (14\% vs. 1\% P < 0.000.1). These barosensitive neurons were found mainly at the level of the obex, between the lateral reticular nucleus and the nucleus ambiguus. In conclusion, this study is the first to show the distribution of the population of barosensitive neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that project to the pressor region of the rostroventrolateral medulla. The results suggest there is a subpopulation of depressor neurons, confined to a small region of the rostral part of the caudal ventrolateral medulla, that are likely to be the interneurons that mediate the baroreceptor-reflex response.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)90975-x}, institution = {Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.}, keywords = {Angiotensin II, pharmacology; Animals; Biological Transport, physiology; Blood Pressure, physiology; Injections; Medulla Oblongata, chemistry/cytology/drug effects; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, chemistry/drug effects/physiology; Phenylephrine, pharmacology; Pressoreceptors, drug effects; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(94)90975-X}, pmid = {7820626}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Badoer:1998a, author = {Badoer, E. and Merolli, J.}, title = {Neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla are activated by haemorrhage.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {791}, number = {1-2}, pages = {317--320}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The retrogradely-transported tracer, rhodamine-tagged microspheres, was injected into the pressor region of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) to identify paraventricular neurons in the hypothalamus that project to the RVLM. The protein, Fos, was detected immunohistochemically and used to highlight neurons that were activated by a hypotensive haemorrhage. Compared to controls, Fos production was increased by approximately 3-fold in the paraventricular nucleus (P<0.009) and there was a significant increase in the number of retrogradely-labelled cells that expressed Fos. These represented 5\% of the retrogradely-labelled cell population. The results suggest that a small subpopulation of PVN neurons projecting to the RVLM are activated by haemorrhage and may be involved in the reflex responses initiated by that stimulus.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00140-1}, institution = {Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton Rd., Clayton 3168, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. emilio@badoer@med.monash.edu.au}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Hemorrhage, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Medulla Oblongata, chemistry/physiology; Microspheres; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neural Pathways, chemistry/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(98)00140-1}, pmid = {9593966}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Badoer:1999, author = {Badoer, E. and Ryan, A.}, title = {Effects of leptin on spinally projecting neurons in the PVN of the hypothalamus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {844}, number = {1-2}, pages = {210--215}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The study examined whether intravenous (i.v.) leptin increased Fos-production in spinally projecting neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). We combined (i) rhodamine tagged microspheres injected into the upper thoracic spinal cord and (ii) Fos (marker of neuronal activation) immunohistochemistry. Effects of recombinant murine leptin were compared to vehicle (containing lipopolysaccharide a contaminant present in the leptin solution). Following leptin, 10\% of the spinally projecting neurons contained Fos. However, vehicle elicited similar effects and there was no significant difference between the groups.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01902-2}, institution = {Rd., Clayton 3168, Melbourne, Australia. emilio9.badoer@med.monash.edu.au}, keywords = {Animals; Blood Pressure, drug effects; Heart Rate, drug effects; Injections, Intravenous; Leptin, pharmacology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, chemistry/drug effects/metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis/biosynthesis; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(99)01902-2}, pmid = {10536280}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bae:2000, author = {Y. C. Bae and H. J. Ihn and M. J. Park and O. P. Ottersen and M. Moritani and A. Yoshida and Y. Shigenaga}, title = {Identification of signal substances in synapses made between primary afferents and their associated axon terminals in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclei.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2000}, volume = {418}, number = {3}, pages = {299--309}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The relationships between primary afferent terminals (PATs) and their associated presynaptic terminals in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC) were examined with special reference to amino acid transmitters glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Primary afferent terminals anterogradely labeled from the trigeminal ganglion with the B subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CTB-HRP) were sectioned for electron microscopy. Serial sections from the principal nucleus (Vp), dorsomedial parts of the oral and interpolar nuclei (Vdm), and lamina III/IV of caudal nucleus (Vc) were immunostained for Glu and GABA by using a postembedding immunogold technique. The tracer, CTB-HRP to the trigeminal ganglion, preferentially labeled myelinated primary afferents. Sections immunostained with Glu antiserum showed that most labeled PATs were enriched with immunoreactivity (IR) for Glu. The Glu-IR PATs contained clear, round, synaptic vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic contacts with somata or dendrites. They were frequently postsynaptic to, unlabeled axon terminals filled with a mixture of clear, round, oval, and flattened vesicles (p-endings), with symmetric synaptic junctions. The frequency of synapses onto somata or primary dendrites per Glu-IR PAT was higher in the Vdm than in either the Vp or Vc lamina III/IV. The frequency of contacts of the p-endings per Glu-IR PAT was higher in the Vp than in the Vdm and Vc lamina III/IV. Sections immunostained with GABA antiserum showed that most axon terminals presynaptic to PATs were enriched with GABA in the three nuclei. The GABA-IR axon terminals and their postsynaptic PATs had a similar ultrastructural character to p-endings and their postsynaptic Glu-IR PATs, respectively. The present study suggests that primary afferent neurons with large-caliber fibers use glutamate as a neurotransmitter and are subject to presynaptic modulation by GABAergic fibers.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000313)418:3<299::aid-cne5>3.0.co;2-i}, institution = {Department of Oral Anatomy, Kyungpook University School of Dentistry, Jung-Ku Taegu, Korea. ycbae@kyungpook.ac.kr}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Sensation, physiology; Signal Transduction, physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-I}, pmid = {10701828}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bae:2003, author = {Bae, Yong Chul and Kim, Jong Pil and Choi, Byung Ju and Park, Kuk Pil and Choi, Min Ki and Moritani, Masayuki and Yoshida, Atsushi and Shigenaga, Yoshio}, title = {Synaptic organization of tooth pulp afferent terminals in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclei.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2003}, volume = {463}, number = {1}, pages = {13--24}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Previous studies provide evidence that a structure/function correlation exists in the distinct zones of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. To evaluate this relationship, we examined the ultrastructure of afferent terminals from the tooth pulp in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclei: the principalis (Vp), the dorsomedial part of oral nucleus (Vdm), and the superficial layers of caudalis (Vc), by using transganglionic transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). A total of 93 labeled boutons were serially sectioned, in which some sections were incubated with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antiserum. Almost all labeled boutons formed asymmetric contact with nonprimary dendrites, in which more than half of labeled boutons in the Vc made synapses with their spines. The labeled boutons could be divided into two types on the basis of numbers of dense-cored vesicles (DCVs) in a boutons: S-type and DCV-type. Almost all labeled boutons in the Vp and Vdm were S-type, whereas two types were distributed evenly in the Vc. In contrast to DCV-type boutons, the S-type was frequently postsynaptic to unlabeled axon terminals containing a mixture of round, oval, and flattened vesicles (p-endings) and forming symmetrical synapses. Most p-endings examined were immunoreactive to GABA. The frequency of axoaxonic contacts was higher for labeled boutons in the Vp than in the Vdm and Vc. These results suggest that the three structures of trigeminal sensory nuclei serve distinct functions in nociceptive processing.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10741}, institution = {Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 700-422, Korea. ycbae@knu.ac.kr}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Dental Pulp, innervation; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, ultrastructure; Tooth, innervation; Trigeminal Nuclei, chemistry/cytology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12811799}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10741}, } @Article{Bae:2004, author = {Bae, Yong Chul and Paik, Sang Kyoo and Park, Kuk Pil and Ma, Su Kyung and Jin, Jong Gil and Ahn, Dong Kuk and Kim, Sung Kyo and Moritani, Masayuki and Yoshida, Atsushi}, title = {Quantitative analysis of tooth pulp afferent terminals in the rat brain stem.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, year = {2004}, volume = {15}, number = {16}, pages = {2485--2489}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {This study analyzed quantitatively the ultrastructural features of tooth pulp afferent terminals and their presynaptic axonal endings (p-endings) in the trigeminal principal (Vp), dorsomedial oral (Vdm), and caudal nuclei (Vc). Mitochondrial volume, active zone area, apposed surface area, and vesicle number were highly correlated with afferent bouton volume. The afferent bouton volume varied widely in Vp, compared to that in Vdm and Vc. The values of all parameters of p-endings were within a narrow range, and were smaller than those of afferent boutons. The afferent bouton volume correlated with the number of postsynaptic dendrites and p-endings. These results suggest that pulpal afferent information is regulated in a unique manner in the each trigeminal sensory nucleus.}, doi = {10.1097/00001756-200411150-00011}, institution = {Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 188-1, 2-Ga, Samdeok-Dong, Jung-Gu, Daegu 700-412, Korea. ycbae@knu.ac.kr}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, ultrastructure; Animals; Brain Stem, ultrastructure; Cell Count; Dental Pulp, innervation; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, methods; Mitochondria, genetics/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {00001756-200411150-00011}, pmid = {15538180}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Baek:1988, author = {S. Y. Baek and M. Yamano and Y. Shiotani and M. Tohyama}, title = {Distribution and origin of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive fibers in the central amygdaloid nucleus of the rat: an immunocytochemical analysis.}, journal = {Peptides}, year = {1988}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {661--668}, abstract = {We studied the distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive (VIPLI) fibers in the central amygdaloid (AC) nucleus of the rat, using indirect immunofluorescence and the origins of such fibers using a combination of retrograde tracing with immunocytochemistry. VIPLI fibers formed a dense fiber plexus in the lateral subdivision of the AC nucleus, but other subdivisions showed little immunoreactivity. Destruction of the supramammillary (SuM) region and the adjacent lateral hypothalamus, both of which contained a group of VIPLI neurons, resulted in the marked reduction of VIPLI fibers in the ipsilateral AC nucleus, indicating that many of the fibers in the AC nucleus originate from these two areas. This assumption was supported by the finding that injection of fast blue dye into the AC nucleus labeled the VIPLI neurons in the SuM region and lateral hypothalamus.}, doi = {10.1016/0196-9781(88)90179-9}, institution = {Department of Neuroanatomy, Osaka University Medical School, Japan.}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Nerve Fibers, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, analysis/immunology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0196-9781(88)90179-9}, pmid = {2458575}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bagaev:1997, author = {Bagaev, V. A. and Makarov, F. N.}, title = {[The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and its role in innervating the digestive tract].}, journal = {Morfologiia}, year = {1997}, volume = {111}, number = {1}, pages = {7--14}, abstract = {Findings on topography of dorsal motor vagal nucleus neurons from which axons towards functionally different regions of digestive tract extend were analysed. Based on that and on the data available in literature main peculiarities of these cells topical organization were formulated. It is noted that "gastrointestinal" neurons are localised in dorsal motor nucleus as narrow stripes oriented caudo-rostrad. Stripes (or columns) of neurons from axons towards the digestive trace different parts arise do not cross. Digestive tract oral parts receive parasympathetic efferent inputs from neurons of medial and dorsomedial parts of the nucleus and caudal--from ventromedial cells of dorsal motor nucleus. Sites of maximal accumulation of initial "gastrointestinal" neurons that occupy an area within +0.5-(+)2.0 mm of functionally different regions of stomach and gut were demonstrated in cat and rat.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Digestive System, innervation; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, Efferent, cytology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {rus}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9156758}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bagaev:2006, author = {V. Bagaev and V. Aleksandrov}, title = {Visceral-related area in the rat insular cortex.}, journal = {Auton Neurosci}, year = {2006}, volume = {125}, number = {1-2}, pages = {16--21}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The insular cortex interacts with the bulbar autonomic nuclei providing autonomic manifestations accompanying several neurological and psychosomatic disorders. The aim of our study was to identify the sites within the insular cortex, which could be responsible for the gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular responses. The main methods used were microinjections of HRP into several parts of the bulbar dorsal vagal complex and microstimulation of the insular cortex. It has been found that a compact group of neurons located in the middle level of the rat insular cortex projects directly to the specific "gastric" part of the dorsal vagal complex. Retrograde labelled cell bodies were revealed in the V layer of the disgranular and agranular insular cortex. Microstimulation of the sites within the middle level of the rat insular cortex produced gastric motor responses and a decrease in inspiratory airflow without significant alteration in respiratory cycle duration. More caudal microstimulation produced an increase in respiratory airflow and decreased respiratory cycle duration. These responses were usually accompanied by changes in the level of blood pressure. It is concluded that autonomic representation in the rat insular cortex is organised in a viscerotopic manner. The inhibitory respiratory zone overlaps with the gastrointestinal control area in the middle part of the insular cortex. More caudally, the excitatory respiratory zone overlaps with the cardiovascular area. On the basis of these experimental results and the data of others authors the general scheme of autonomic representation in the rat insular cortex is discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/j.autneu.2006.01.006}, institution = {Pavlov Institute of Physiology, nab.Makarova 6, Sankt-Petersburg 199034, Russia.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology; Brain Mapping; Cardiovascular System, innervation; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Gastrointestinal Motility, physiology; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiratory Center, anatomy /&/ histology; Viscera, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S1566-0702(06)00009-9}, pmid = {16516558}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2006.01.006}, } @Article{Bagnoli:1981, author = {P. Bagnoli and A. Beaudet and M. Stella and M. Cuénod}, title = {Selective retrograde labeling of cholinergic neurons with [3H]choline.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1981}, volume = {1}, number = {7}, pages = {691--695}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Evidence is presented which is consistent with a specific retrograde labeling of cholinergic neurons following [3H]choline application in their zone of termination. [3H]Choline injection in the rat hippocampus leads to perikaryal retrograde labeling in the ipsilateral medial septal nuclease and nucleus of the diagonal band, thus delineating an established cholinergic pathway, while only diffuse presumably anterograde labeling was observed in the lateral septum, the entorhinal cortex, and the opposite hippocampus. After [3H]choline injection in the pigeon visual Wulst, only the ipsilateral thalamic relay, of all inputs, showed similar perikaryal retrograde labeling, an observation supporting the suggestion that at least some thalamo-Wulst neurons are cholinergic.}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Choline, metabolism; Columbidae; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tritium}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7346577}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/1/7/691.long}, } @Article{Bago:2002, author = {Bago, M. and Marson, L. and Dean, C.}, title = {Serotonergic projections to the rostroventrolateral medulla from midbrain and raphe nuclei.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2002}, volume = {945}, number = {2}, pages = {249--258}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Double-label fluoresence immunohistochemistry was performed to define serotonergic projections from the raphe and midbrain to the sympathoexcitatory region of the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Immunolabelling of cholera toxin B subunit retrogradely transported from the pressor region of the RVLM was combined with serotonin (5-HT) immunohistochemistry. Major sources of serotonergic input to the RVLM were shown to include the raphe obscurus, raphe pallidus and raphe magnus with a minor contribution from the ventrolateral, lateral and ventral regions of the periaqueductal gray matter, and the dorsal raphe nucleus. Serotonergic modulation of sympathoexcitatory neurons may establish patterns of sympathetic nerve activity evident in many aspects of cardiovascular regulation.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02811-1}, institution = {Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 151 Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Cell Count; Cholera Toxin; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Mesencephalon, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin, physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899302028111}, pmid = {12126887}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bai:1984, author = {Bai, L. M. and Qiu, S. H.}, title = {Afferent connections of the hippocampus in the rat.}, journal = {Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn}, year = {1984}, volume = {61}, number = {4}, pages = {235--243}, month = {Oct}, doi = {10.2535/ofaj1936.61.4_235}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Female; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Septal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6084839}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bai:1985, author = {Bai, L. M. and Qiu, S. H. and Xu, H. and Wu, H. X.}, title = {[The afferent pathway of the hippocampus on participation in acupuncture analgesia. A study of retrograde transport method].}, journal = {Zhen Ci Yan Jiu}, year = {1985}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {250--254}, keywords = {Acupuncture Therapy; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Analgesia; Animals; Female; Hippocampus, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Methods; Rats; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {chi}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3004787}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bai:2001, author = {Bai, W. Z. and Meguro, R. and Kaiya, T. and Norita, M.}, title = {Postnatal development of the retinal projection to the nucleus of the optic tract and accessory optic nuclei in the hooded rat.}, journal = {Arch Histol Cytol}, year = {2001}, volume = {64}, number = {1}, pages = {69--79}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Retinal projections to the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) and accessory optic nuclei (AON) were studied in the postnatal hooded rat after monocular injection of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) into the vitreous chamber of the eye. At all postnatal ages, retinal axons were labeled sensitively; they revealed dense projections to the contralateral, and sparse but distinct projections to the ipsilateral, NOT and AON. The CTB labeling enabled the first delineation of the complete morphology of developing retinal axons in the ipsilateral NOT and AON. From postnatal day (P) 1 to P3, axons with complex growth cones were seen, and unbranched collaterals with simple growth cones increased and extended gradually. At P6, complex growth cones disappeared while branched collaterals with simple growth cones as well as small-sized varicosities increased. By P12 (two days before eye-opening) the adult-like pattern of terminal arbors appeared. The branched collaterals with tiny, small-sized varicosities present probably represented developing synaptic boutons. At P16 (after eye opening), the pattern of terminal arbors was well developed, almost to the same extent as in the adult. By contrast, a broadly distributed, transient retinal projection around NOT and AON was gradually eliminated; it started to disappear during the first few postnatal days, and was fully retracted by the time of eye-opening time to a pattern normal for the adult.}, doi = {10.1679/aohc.64.69}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development; Brain Stem, cytology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Cholera Toxin, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Eye, cytology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Geniculate Bodies, growth /&/ development; Immunohistochemistry; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Retina, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology/metabolism; Time Factors; Visual Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11310507}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bai:2004, author = {W-Z. Bai and M. Ishida and Y. Arimatsu}, title = {Chemically defined feedback connections from infragranular layers of sensory association cortices in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2004}, volume = {123}, number = {1}, pages = {257--267}, abstract = {The primary visual (V1), auditory (AI), and somatosensory (SI) cortices are reciprocally connected with their respective sensory association cortices. In the rat, we have previously demonstrated that some of the connections arising from the secondary somatosensory (SII) and parietal insular (PA) cortices and terminating in the SI, are characterized by the expression of latexin, a candidate protein of carboxypeptidase A inhibitor. Here, by using retrograde tracing and latexin-immunohistochemistry, we show that latexin-expressing neurons in other association cortices of different sensory modalities also contribute to the feedback projections to the corresponding primary sensory cortices. These are the lateral part of the secondary visual cortex (V2L), temporal association cortex, and the dorsal and ventral (AIIv) parts of the secondary auditory belt cortex. Within sublayer VIa of the V2L, AIIv and SII, the majority of the V1-, AI- and SI-projecting neurons respectively, are latexin- immunopositive. In contrast to feedback connections, far fewer latexin-expressing neurons participate in callosal or intrahemispheric feedforward connections. The latexin-expressing neurons constitute a virtually completely different population from corticothalamic neurons within the infragranular layers. Given that latexin might participate in the modulation of neuronal activity by controlling the protease activity, latexin-expressing feedback pathways would play a unique role in the modulation of sensory perception.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.08.056}, institution = {Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, 11 Minamiooya, Machida-shi, 194-8511, Tokyo, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, chemistry/physiology; Feedback, Physiological, physiology; Female; Male; Neural Pathways, chemistry/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, chemistry/physiology; Visual Cortex, chemistry/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452203007024}, pmid = {14667460}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bailey:2006, author = {Bailey, Timothy W. and Hermes, Sam M. and Andresen, Michael C. and Aicher, Sue A.}, title = {Cranial visceral afferent pathways through the nucleus of the solitary tract to caudal ventrolateral medulla or paraventricular hypothalamus: target-specific synaptic reliability and convergence patterns.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2006}, volume = {26}, number = {46}, pages = {11893--11902}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Cranial visceral afferents activate central pathways that mediate systemic homeostatic processes. Afferent information arrives in the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and is relayed to other CNS sites for integration into autonomic responses and complex behaviors. Little is known about the organization or nature of processing within NTS. We injected fluorescent retrograde tracers into two nuclei to identify neurons that project to sites involved in autonomic regulation: the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) or paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). We found distinct differences in synaptic connections and performance in the afferent path through NTS to these neurons. Anatomical studies using confocal and electron microscopy found prominent, primary afferent synapses directly on somata and dendrites of CVLM-projecting NTS neurons identifying them as second-order neurons. In brainstem slices, afferent activation evoked large, constant latency EPSCs in CVLM-projecting NTS neurons that were consistent with the precise timing and rare failures of monosynaptic contacts on second-order neurons. In contrast, most PVN-projecting NTS neurons lacked direct afferent input and responded to afferent stimuli with highly variable, intermittently failing synaptic responses, indicating polysynaptic pathways to higher-order neurons. The afferent-evoked EPSCs in most PVN-projecting NTS neurons were smaller and unreliable but also often included multiple, convergent polysynaptic responses not observed in CVLM-projecting neurons. A few PVN-projecting NTS neurons had monosynaptic EPSC characteristics. Together, we found that cranial visceral afferent pathways are structured distinctly within NTS depending on the projection target. Such, intra-NTS pathway architecture will substantially impact performance of autonomic or neuroendocrine reflex arcs.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2044-06.2006}, institution = {Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA. bailey.ohsu@gmail.com}, keywords = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Autonomic Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Cranial Nerves, physiology/ultrastructure; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Neural Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Organ Culture Techniques; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology/ultrastructure; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology/ultrastructure; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology/ultrastructure; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Visceral Afferents, physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {26/46/11893}, pmid = {17108163}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2044-06.2006}, } @Article{Bailey:2007, author = {T. W. Bailey and S. M. Hermes and K. L. Whittier and S. A. Aicher and M. C. Andresen}, title = {A-type potassium channels differentially tune afferent pathways from rat solitary tract nucleus to caudal ventrolateral medulla or paraventricular hypothalamus.}, journal = {J Physiol}, year = {2007}, volume = {582}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {613--628}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The solitary tract nucleus (NTS) conveys visceral information to diverse central networks involved in homeostatic regulation. Although afferent information content arriving at various CNS sites varies substantially, little is known about the contribution of processing within the NTS to these differences. Using retrograde dyes to identify specific NTS projection neurons, we recently reported that solitary tract (ST) afferents directly contact NTS neurons projecting to caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) but largely only indirectly contact neurons projecting to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Since intrinsic properties impact information transmission, here we evaluated potassium channel expression and somatodendritic morphology of projection neurons and their relation to afferent information output directed to PVN or CVLM pathways. In slices, tracer-identified projection neurons were classified as directly or indirectly (polysynaptically) coupled to ST afferents by EPSC latency characteristics (directly coupled, jitter < 200 micros). In each neuron, voltage-dependent potassium currents (IK) were evaluated and, in representative neurons, biocytin-filled structures were quantified. Both CVLM- and PVN-projecting neurons had similar, tetraethylammonium-sensitive IK. However, only PVN-projecting NTS neurons displayed large transient, 4-aminopyridine-sensitive, A-type currents (IKA). PVN-projecting neurons had larger cell bodies with more elaborate dendritic morphology than CVLM-projecting neurons. ST shocks faithfully (> 75\%) triggered action potentials in CVLM-projecting neurons but spike output was uniformly low (< 20\%) in PVN-projecting neurons. Pre-conditioning hyperpolarization removed IKA inactivation and attenuated ST-evoked spike generation along PVN but not CVLM pathways. Thus, multiple differences in structure, organization, synaptic transmission and ion channel expression tune the overall fidelity of afferent signals that reach these destinations.}, doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2007.132365}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 972393098, USA. bailey.ohsu@gmail.com}, keywords = {Action Potentials; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Electric Conductivity; Electric Stimulation; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Myelin Sheath, ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, physiology; Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated, physiology; Potassium Channels, classification/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {jphysiol.2007.132365}, pmid = {17510187}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.132365}, } @Article{Baisden:1979, author = {R. H. Baisden and D. B. Hoover}, title = {Cells of origin of the hippocampal afferent projection from the nucleus reuniens thalami. A combined Golgi-HRP study in the rat.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {1979}, volume = {203}, number = {3}, pages = {387--391}, abstract = {Neurons of the nucleus reuniens thalami stained with Golgi methods are compared to cells in this nucleus labelled in retrograde fashion after hippocampal injections of horseradish peroxidase. The cellular morphology ranges from fusiform to multiangular with most cells showing radiating processes characteristic of neurons in the reticular core. Dendrites are long and relatively smooth, with a few sparsely distributed spinous processes. These cells are comparable to the cholinergic cells of the median septal/diagonal band area which also project into the hippocampal formation.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00233268}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, cytology; Dendrites, cytology; Hippocampus, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Staining and Labeling; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {93025}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Baisden:1979a, author = {Baisden, R. H. and Hoover, D. B. and Cowie, R. J.}, title = {Retrograde demonstration of hippocampal afferents from the interpeduncular and reuniens nuclei.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1979}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {105--109}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The origin of hippocampal afferent projections was studied after horseradish peroxidase injections into the hippocampal formation. Labeled cells were found in the dorsal and ventrolateral aspects of the interpeduncular nucleus and in the ipsilateral portion of the nucleus reuniens thalami. In addition, neurons containing HRP were observed in the cortical, hypothalamic and brain stem areas reported by previous investigators.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(79)90025-9}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {530459}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bajic:1999, author = {Bajic, D. and Proudfit, H. K.}, title = {Projections of neurons in the periaqueductal gray to pontine and medullary catecholamine cell groups involved in the modulation of nociception.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {405}, number = {3}, pages = {359--379}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Stimulation of neurons in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) produces antinociception that is mediated in part by noradrenergic neurons that innervate the spinal cord dorsal horn. Because norepinephrine-containing neurons are not found in the PAG, noncatecholamine neurons in the PAG must project to, and activate, spinally projecting catecholamine neurons located in the pons or medulla. The present studies determined the projections of neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to the A5, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A7 catecholamine cell groups that are known to contain spinally projecting noradrenergic neurons. The anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the ventrolateral PAG, and labeled axon terminal profiles were identified near noradrenergic neurons that were visualized by processing tissue sections for tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Highly varicose, anterogradely labeled terminal profiles were found apposed to the dendrites and somata of tyrosine-hydroxylase- immunoreactive neurons and non-tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral pontine tegmentum. These axon terminal profiles were more dense on the side ipsilateral to the BDA deposit, and both A7 and locus coeruleus neurons received a more dense innervation than did the A5 neurons. Although definitive evidence for a direct pathway from PAG neurons to spinally projecting A7 neurons requires ultrastructural studies, the results of the present studies provide presumptive evidence for direct projections from neurons in the PAG to noradrenergic A7 neurons that innervate the spinal cord dorsal horn and modulate pain perception. If neurons in the ventrolateral PAG do form synapses with noradrenergic A7 neurons, these spinally projecting catecholamine neurons may mediate part of the analgesic effect produced by systemic administration of morphine. In contrast, the projections of PAG neurons to the A5 cell group and the locus coeruleus may mediate the cardiovascular and motor effects produced by stimulation of sites in the ventrolateral PAG.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990315)405:3<359::aid-cne6>3.0.co;2-w}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Catecholamines, metabolism; Female; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Nociceptors, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/physiology; Pons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-W}, pmid = {10076931}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bajic:2013, author = {Bajic, Dusica and Proudfit, Herbert K.}, title = {Projections from the rat cuneiform nucleus to the A7, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A5 pontine noradrenergic cell groups.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {2013}, volume = {50-51}, pages = {11--20}, month = {May}, abstract = {Stimulation of neurons in the cuneiform nucleus (CnF) produces antinociception and cardiovascular responses that could be mediated, in part, by noradrenergic neurons that innervate the spinal cord dorsal horn. The present study determined the projections of neurons in the CnF to the pontine noradrenergic neurons in the A5, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A7 cell groups that are known to project to the spinal cord. Injections of the anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine in the CnF of Sasco Sprague-Dawley rats labeled axons located near noradrenergic neurons that were visualized by processing tissue sections for tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity. Anterogradely labeled axons were more dense on the side ipsilateral to the BDA deposit. Both A7 and A5 cell groups received dense projections from neurons in the CnF, whereas locus coeruleus received only a sparse projection. Highly varicose anterogradely labeled axons from the CnF were found in close apposition to dendrites and somata of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in pontine tegmentum. Although definitive evidence for direct pathways from CnF neurons to the pontine noradrenergic cell groups requires ultrastructural analysis, the results of the present studies provide presumptive evidence of direct projections from neurons in the CnF to the pontine noradrenergic neurons of the A7, locus coeruleus, and A5 cell groups. These results support the suggestion that the analgesia and cardiovascular responses produced by stimulation of neurons in the CnF may be mediated, in part, by pontine noradrenergic neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.03.001}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. dusica.bajic@childrens.harvard.edu}, keywords = {Adrenergic Neurons, cytology; Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, cytology; Mesencephalon, cytology; Neural Pathways, cytology; Pons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0891-0618(13)00027-6}, pmid = {23524296}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.03.001}, } @Article{Bajic:2000, author = {D. Bajic and H. K. Proudfit and E. J. Van Bockstaele}, title = {Periaqueductal gray neurons monosynaptically innervate extranuclear noradrenergic dendrites in the rat pericoerulear region.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2000}, volume = {427}, number = {4}, pages = {649--662}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Previous reports using light microscopy have provided anatomical evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG) innervate the medial pericoerulear dendrites of noradrenergic neurons in the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). The present study used anterograde tracing and electron microscopic analysis to provide more definitive evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral PAG form synapses with the somata or dendrites of noradrenergic LC neurons. Deposits of either biotinylated dextran amine or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the rat ventrolateral PAG labeled a moderate to high number of axons in the region of the medial pericoerulear region and Barrington's nucleus, but a relatively low number were labeled in the nuclear core of the LC. Ultrastructural analysis of anterogradely labeled terminals at the levels of the rostral (n = 233) and caudal (n = 272) subdivisions of the LC indicated that approximately 20\% of these form synapses with tyrosine hydroxylase- immunoreactive dendrites; most of these were located in the medial pericoerulear region. In rostral sections, about 12\% of these were symmetric synapses, 9\% were asymmetric synapses, and 79\% were membrane appositions without clear synaptic specializations. In caudal sections, about 30\% were symmetric synapses, 11\% were asymmetric synapses, and 59\% were appositions. In both rostral and caudal sections, 60\% of the anterogradely labeled terminals formed synapses with noncatecholamine dendrites, and 20\% formed axoaxonic synapses. These results provide direct evidence for monosynaptic projections from neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to the extranuclear dendrites of noradrenergic LC neurons. This monosynaptic pathway may mediate in part the analgesia, reduced responsiveness to external stimuli, and decreased excitability of somatic motoneurons produced by stimulation of neurons in the ventrolateral PAG.}, doi = {10.1002/1096-9861(20001127)427:4<649::aid-cne11>3.0.co;2-m}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Female; Locus Coeruleus, physiology/ultrastructure; Male; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Norepinephrine, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-M}, pmid = {11056470}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bajic:2001, author = {Bajic, D. and {Van Bockstaele}, E. J. and Proudfit, H. K.}, title = {Ultrastructural analysis of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray projections to the A7 catecholamine cell group.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2001}, volume = {104}, number = {1}, pages = {181--197}, abstract = {Stimulation of neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray produces antinociception that is mediated in part by pontine noradrenergic neurons. Previous light microscopic analysis provided suggestive evidence for a direct projection from neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray to noradrenergic neurons in the A7 cell group that innervate the spinal cord dorsal horn. Therefore, the present ultrastructural study used anterograde tracing combined with tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity to provide definitive evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray form synapses with the somata and dendrites of noradrenergic neurons of the A7 cell group. Injections of the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray of Sasco Sprague-Dawley rats yielded a dense innervation in the region of the lateral pons containing the A7 cell group. Electron microscopic analysis of anterogradely labeled terminals (n=401) in the region of the A7 cell group indicated that approximately 10\% of these formed plasmalemmal appositions to tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive dendrites with no intervening astrocytic processes. About 23\% of these were asymmetric synapses, 10\% were symmetric synapses, and 67\% did not exhibit clearly differentiated synaptic specializations. The majority of anterogradely labeled terminals (60\%) formed plasmalemmal appositions with dendrites and somata that lacked detectable tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. About 35\% of these were symmetric synapses, 9\% were asymmetric synapses and 56\% did not form synaptic specializations. Approximately 30\% of all anterogradely labeled terminals displayed features characteristic of axo-axonic synapses.The present results provide direct ultrastructural evidence to support the hypothesis that the analgesia produced by stimulation of neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray is mediated, in part, by activation of spinally projecting noradrenergic neurons in the A7 catecholamine cell group.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00052-5}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacokinetics; Catecholamines, metabolism; Dendrites, metabolism/ultrastructure; Dextrans, pharmacokinetics; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Pain, pathology/physiopathology; Periaqueductal Gray, metabolism/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins, pharmacokinetics; Pons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(01)00052-5}, pmid = {11311541}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bajic:2012, author = {Bajic, D. and {Van Bockstaele}, E. J. and Proudfit, H. K.}, title = {Ultrastructural analysis of rat ventrolateral periaqueductal gray projections to the A5 cell group.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2012}, volume = {224}, pages = {145--159}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Stimulation of neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG) produces antinociception as well as cardiovascular depressor responses that are mediated in part by pontine noradrenergic neurons. A previous report using light microscopy has described a pathway from neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to noradrenergic neurons in the A5 cell group that may mediate these effects. The present study used anterograde tracing and electron microscopic analysis to provide more definitive evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral PAG form synapses with noradrenergic and non-catecholaminergic A5 neurons in Sasco Sprague-Dawley rats. Deposits of anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine, into the rat ventrolateral PAG labeled a significant number of axons in the region of the rostral subdivision of the A5 cell group, and a relatively lower number in the caudal A5 cell group. Electron microscopic analysis of anterogradely-labeled terminals in both rostral (n=127) and caudal (n=70) regions of the A5 cell group indicated that approximately 10\% of these form synapses with noradrenergic dendrites. In rostral sections, about 31\% of these were symmetric synapses, 19\% were asymmetric synapses, and 50\% were membrane appositions without clear synaptic specializations. In caudal sections, about 22\% were symmetric synapses, and the remaining 78\% were appositions. In both rostral and caudal subdivisions of the A5, nearly 40\% of the anterogradely-labeled terminals formed synapses with non-catecholaminergic dendrites, and about 45\% formed axoaxonic synapses. These results provide direct evidence for a monosynaptic pathway from neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to noradrenergic and non-catecholaminergic neurons in the A5 cell group. Further studies should evaluate if this established monosynaptic pathway may contribute to the cardiovascular depressor effects or the analgesia produced by the activation of neurons in the ventrolateral PAG.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.021}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. dusica.bajic@childrens.harvard.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Periaqueductal Gray, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(12)00848-2}, pmid = {22917613}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.021}, } @Article{Bajo:1993, author = {V. M. Bajo and M. A. Merchán and D. E. López and E. M. Rouiller}, title = {Neuronal morphology and efferent projections of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1993}, volume = {334}, number = {2}, pages = {241--262}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DLL) is the main source of inhibitory influence in the auditory brainstem of mammals. The cytoarchitecture and connectional properties of DLL were established in the cat in contrast to the rat. The goal of the present study was to establish to what extent the anatomical properties of the rat DLL compare to those of the cat, thus providing a basis of interpretation for future functional studies in the rat, an animal model used more and more in the auditory system. DLL of the rat contains four well-differentiated neuronal types, as seen in Nissl-stained material. Type I neurons are large and multipolar with abundant cytoplasm and darkly stained Nissl substance. Type II neurons are large, bipolar and darkly stained in Nissl material. Type III neurons are medium in size and their soma is round or ovoid. Type IV neurons are small and round with scant cytoplasm; they seem to be also the least common neuronal type of the DLL. After Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin or biocytin injections in the DLL, fibers and terminals labeled by orthograde transport were observed in the corresponding region of the contralateral DLL and in the inferior colliculus, bilaterally. A few labeled fibers and terminal fields were seen in the deep layers of the superior colliculus bilaterally, as well as in the medial division of the medial geniculate body and, even more rostrally, in the posterior nucleus of the thalamus. Descending projections from DLL terminated in the periolivary regions of the ipsilateral superior olivary complex. Retrograde tracing based on injections of horseradish peroxidase in the various targets of the DLL confirmed the connections established with orthograde labeling.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903340207}, institution = {Departamento de Biología Celular y Patología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, cytology; Cats, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, cytology; Female; Geniculate Bodies, cytology; Inferior Colliculi, cytology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Neurons, cytology; Olivary Nucleus, cytology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Wistar, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8366195}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903340207}, } @Article{Bak:1977, author = {Bak, I. J. and Markham, C. H. and Cook, M. L. and Stevens, J. G.}, title = {Intraaxonal transport of Herpes simplex virus in the rat central nervous system.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1977}, volume = {136}, number = {3}, pages = {415--429}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Light and electron microscopic observation 3--4 days after microinjection of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) into the left neostriatum of rat demonstrated the following results. (1) Virus labeled nerve cells were found in the ipsilateral substantia nigra; a large number of infected neurons were in the zona compacta and some were in the zona reticulata. No virus infection was evident in the contralateral side. (2) Virus labeled neurons were found in the cortex, a greater number ipsilaterally than contralaterally, and in the dorsal raphé nuclei. Cortical microinjection of HSV led to infection of some cortical cells but no neostriatal cells. We conclude, therefore, that spread of the virus to the cortex, the substantia nigra and the dorsal raphé following neostriatal injection was by retrograde axonal transport. (3) The left neostriatum, where HSV was injected, showed a surprisingly small number of virus infected neurons. The infected neurons were mostly the large neurons; the majority of medium sized neurons were well preserved. There was massive degeneration of nerve terminals throughout the neuropil. Most of these degenerating nerve terminals are considered to be afferent fibers.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(77)90067-1}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Caudate Nucleus, microbiology/ultrastructure; Cerebral Cortex, microbiology; Corpus Striatum, microbiology; Frontal Lobe, ultrastructure; Herpes Simplex, physiopathology; Motor Activity; Neurons, microbiology; Putamen, microbiology/ultrastructure; Raphe Nuclei, ultrastructure; Rats; Simplexvirus, isolation /&/ purification; Substantia Nigra, microbiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {72587}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bak:1978, author = {Bak, I. J. and Markham, C. H. and Cook, M. L. and Stevens, J. G.}, title = {Ultrastructural and immunoperoxidase study of striatonigral neurons by means of retrograde axonal transport of herpes simplex virus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1978}, volume = {143}, number = {2}, pages = {361--368}, month = {Mar}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(78)90576-0}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Corpus Striatum, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, ultrastructure; Herpes Simplex, microbiology/pathology; Histological Techniques; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Simplexvirus, ultrastructure; Substantia Nigra, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(78)90576-0}, pmid = {75754}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Baker:1986, author = {H. Baker and R. F. Spencer}, title = {Transneuronal transport of peroxidase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) from the olfactory epithelium to the brain of the adult rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {63}, number = {3}, pages = {461--473}, abstract = {The sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium, as a consequence of their odor detection function, contact both the external environment and the central nervous system. The possibility that substances applied to the epithelium might reach the central nervous system was investigated by the intranasal application of peroxidase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP). WGA-HRP was transported through olfactory receptor axons to the glomerulus of the olfactory bulb. Reaction product was localized electron microscopically to tubulovesicular profiles and dense bodies in sensory axons. Evidence of transneuronal transport was indicated by reaction product localized in dense bodies in dendrites postsynaptic to receptor cell axons. Periglomerular, tufted and mitral cells in the olfactory bulb also were transneuronally labeled. Anterograde transneuronal labeling occurred in the olfactory tubercle, piriform cortex and surrounding the lateral olfactory tract. Retrograde transneuronal label was found in neurons of the basal forebrain with the largest number of perikarya in the lateral nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, a major source of cholinergic afferents to the olfactory bulb. These data suggest that substances, specifically those which bind to receptors, are transported from the olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal epithelium to the brain. Thus, the olfactory system may provide a route of entry for exogenous substances to the basal forebrain.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00237470}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Transport; Diencephalon, metabolism; Male; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Olfactory Bulb, metabolism/ultrastructure; Olfactory Mucosa, metabolism/ultrastructure; Olfactory Nerve, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sensory Receptor Cells, metabolism; Telencephalon, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3758265}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Baker:2001, author = {Baker, MR and Javid, M and Edgley SA}, title = {Activation of cerebellar climbing fibres to rat cerebellar posterior lobe from motor cortical output pathways}, journal = {J Physiol}, year = {2001}, volume = {536.3}, pages = {825-839}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00825.x}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Baker:1984, author = {M. L. Baker and G. J. Giesler}, title = {Anatomical studies of the spinocervical tract of the rat.}, journal = {Somatosens Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {1--18}, abstract = {The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to identify and examine the cells of origin of the spinocervical tract (SCt) in the rat. Initially, precise data on the boundaries of the rat lateral cervical nucleus (LCn) were gathered after injecting HRP into the ventrobasal thalamus. These data indicated that the LCn of the rat is restricted to a region on the extreme lateral edge of the dorsalmost portion of the lateral funiculus (DLf) within spinal segment C2. Following small iontophoretic injections of HRP that were restricted to this area, labeled SCt neurons were found in the ipsilateral nucleus proprius at all levels of the spinal cord but were most numerous in the cervical enlargement. Lesion studies indicated that the overwhelming majority of SCt axons ascend to the LCn within the DLf. In an attempt to determine whether our injection techniques labeled a significant number of cells through axons of passage, HRP injections were made in the DLf ventral to the LCn. Such injections labeled, presumably through axons of passage, cells in several areas of the spinal cord gray matter, including a large number in the contralateral marginal zone. Injections in areas immediately rostral to the LCn labeled 20\% or less of the total number of cells within the enlargements that were labeled by injections into the LCn. Thus, the majority of cells labeled by injections of HRP into the LCn were labeled through preterminal fibers or terminals themselves. The cells of origin of the SCt in the rat are similar in location to those in the cat but far fewer in number.}, keywords = {Animals; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Pain, physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6505460}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Baker:1995, author = {R. A. Baker and M. Herkenham}, title = {Arcuate nucleus neurons that project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: neuropeptidergic identity and consequences of adrenalectomy on mRNA levels in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {358}, number = {4}, pages = {518--530}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The possible role that the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus might play in mediating the increase in paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels following adrenalectomy was investigated in two series of experiments. In the first series in situ hybridization histochemistry was used to quantify levels of eight accurate nucleus neuropeptide and neurotransmitter mRNAs in neurons that potentially relay adrenal steroid feedback to the paraventricular nucleus. In the second series of experiments, arcuate neuropeptidergic projections to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus were characterized using retrograde tracing in combination with in situ hybridization histochemistry. Despite an increase in paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing hormone (60\%) and pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels (sixfold), arcuate mRNA levels for proopiomelanocortin, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, galanin, dynorphin, tyrosine hydroxylase, glutamate decarboxylase, and the glucocorticoid receptor were unchanged 14 days following adrenalectomy. Neuropeptidergic characterization of arcuatoparaventricular projections was achieved by injection of the retrograde tracer fluorogold into the paraventricular nucleus; retrogradely labeled neurons were characterized with polyclonal antisera against fluorogold in combination with oligonucleotide probes directed against neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, or somatostatin. Out of these three arcuate neuropeptide Y mRNA was contained in 18\% of the fluorogold-positive neurons in the arcuate, proopiomelanocortin mRNA was contained in 8\%, and somatostatin mRNA was contained in 6\%. Overall, the results from both experiments suggest that the arcuatoparaventricular neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, and somatostatin projections are not sensitive to a chronic (14 day) lack of adrenal steroids. These projections as well as the other arcuate neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems appear not to contribute to the persistent elevations in paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels or pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels found in 14 day adrenalectomized rats.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903580405}, institution = {Section of Functional Neuroanatomy, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.}, keywords = {Adrenal Glands, physiology; Adrenalectomy; Animals; Arcuate Nucleus, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Corticosterone, physiology; Feedback; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Neurons, chemistry/physiology; Neuropeptides, analysis; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, physiology; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7593746}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903580405}, } @Article{Bakst:1986, author = {I. Bakst and C. Avendano and J. H. Morrison and D. G. Amaral}, title = {An experimental analysis of the origins of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus of the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1986}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {1452--1462}, month = {May}, abstract = {In previous studies, fibers demonstrating somatostatin-like immunoreactivity were observed in the outer half of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in the rat and monkey. They occupy the same region as those of the perforant pathway that originates in the entorhinal cortex. Numerous somatostatin immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were also observed in the hilar region, though stained axonal profiles could not be followed from these cells into the molecular layer. In the present study, several experimental procedures were employed to determine the origin of the somatostatin-positive fibers in the molecular layer. Transection of the perforant path fibers resulted in such characteristic changes as shrinkage of the molecular layer and sprouting of AChE-positive fibers. There was no apparent decrease, however, in the density of somatostatin-positive fibers. In fact, since the stained fibers occupied a narrower band in the shrunken molecular layer, their density appeared greater. Injections of kainic acid into the hilar region produced a lesion of hilar neurons, including those positive for somatostatin. In the region of cell loss, there was a marked reduction of somatostatin-immunoreactive fibers in the ipsilateral molecular layer, with no detectable changes in the homotopic contralateral molecular layer. The distribution of AChE fibers, which presumably have an extrinsic origin, was not altered by the treatment. In a final series of experiments, the retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into the hilar region and sections were prepared for the simultaneous demonstration of the tracer and of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. Somatostatin-positive neurons demonstrating WGA-HRP reaction product were observed primarily in the ipsilateral hilar region, but a few double-labeled cells were also seen in the same area of the contralateral side. These studies indicate that a population of intrinsic neurons located in the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus projects to the outer half of the ipsilateral molecular layer. A similar, but very much smaller, projection also extends to the contralateral dentate gyrus. Taken together, these projections appear to account for much of the somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus.}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Hippocampus, immunology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunochemistry; Kainic Acid, pharmacology; Lectins, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Somatostatin, immunology; Tissue Distribution; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2872280}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/6/5/1452.long}, } @Article{Balaban:2004, author = {Balaban, Carey D.}, title = {Projections from the parabrachial nucleus to the vestibular nuclei: potential substrates for autonomic and limbic influences on vestibular responses.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2004}, volume = {996}, number = {1}, pages = {126--137}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Previous anatomical studies in rabbits and rats have shown that the superior vestibular nucleus (SVN), medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and inferior vestibular nucleus (IVN) project to the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and Kölliker-Fuse (KF) nucleus. Adult male albino rabbits and Long-Evans rats received iontophoretic injections of biotinylated dextran amine, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, Fluoro-Gold or tetramethylrhodamine dextran amine into either the vestibular nuclei or the PBN and KF nuclei. The results were similar in both rats and rabbits. Injections of retrograde tracers into the vestibular nuclei produced retrogradely labeled neurons bilaterally in caudal third of the medial, external medial, and external lateral PBN in both species, with more variable labeling in KF. Rats also had consistent bilateral (predominantly contralateral) labeling in the ventrolateral PBN. The most prominent labeling was produced from injections that included the SVN, with fewer labeled neurons observed from injections in the caudal MVN and the IVN. Anterograde transport of BDA from injections into the PBN and KF nuclei of rabbits revealed prominent projections to the SVN, dorsal aspect of the rostral MVN, caudal MVN, pars beta of the LVN and IVN. These connections appear to contain a component that is reciprocal to the vestibulo-parabrachial pathway and a non-reciprocal component to regions connected with the vestibulocerebellum and vestibulo-motor reflex pathways. These connections support the concept that a synthesis of autonomic, vestibular and limbic information is an integral property of pathways related to balance control in both the brain stem and forebrain. It is suggested that these projections may contribute broadly to both performance tradeoffs in vestibular-related pathways during variations in the behavioral context and affective state and the close association between anxiety and balance function.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2003.10.026}, institution = {Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurobiology, Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. cbalaban@pitt.edu}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Autonomic Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Brain Mapping; Dextrans, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Functional Laterality; Iontophoresis, methods; Male; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Species Specificity; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Vestibular Nuclei, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899303039106}, pmid = {14670639}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Balaban:2000, author = {Balaban, C. D. and Schuerger, R. J. and Porter, J. D.}, title = {Zonal organization of flocculo-vestibular connections in rats.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2000}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, pages = {669--682}, abstract = {Anatomical and electrophysiological evidence has contributed to the hypothesis that microzones in the mammalian flocculus are organized to reflect control of eye movements in the planes of semicircular canals. Adult male Long-Evans rats received iontophoretic injections of FluoroGold and/or tetramethylrhodamine dextran amine (10,000 molecular weight, "FluoroRuby") into the vestibular nuclei. The distribution of retrogradely labeled Purkinje cells revealed that efferent projections from the dorsal surface of the flocculus and the ventral paraflocculus to the superior vestibular nucleus, rostral medial vestibular nucleus, ventral lateral vestibular nucleus, and caudal aspect of the vestibular nuclear complex (caudal medial vestibular nucleus, inferior vestibular nucleus and nucleus prepositus hypoglossi) tended to correspond to previously identified climbing fiber zones [Ruigrok et al. (1992) J. comp. Neurol. 316, 129-150] in a manner consistent with other mammals. However, vestibular nucleus projections from the ventral surface of the flocculus did not appear to respect climbing fiber zonal boundaries. Rather, climbing fiber zones each contained interdigitated groups of Purkinje cells that project to different vestibular nuclear regions. It is suggested that this pattern of flocculus efferent organization is a specialization for controlling the activity of primary and accessory extraocular muscle pairs to confine vestibulo-ocular reflexes within semicircular canal planes when the "center of regard" is located at different eccentricities.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00232-3}, institution = {Ear Institute, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. cbalaban@pitt.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellar Cortex, cytology; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Neural Pathways; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular, physiology; Rhodamines; Stilbamidines; Vestibular Nuclei, cytology; Vestibular Nucleus, Lateral, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(00)00232-3}, pmid = {10974430}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Balcita-Pedicino:2011, author = {Judith Joyce Balcita-Pedicino and Natalia Omelchenko and Roland Bell and Susan R Sesack}, title = {The inhibitory influence of the lateral habenula on midbrain dopamine cells: ultrastructural evidence for indirect mediation via the rostromedial mesopontine tegmental nucleus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2011}, volume = {519}, number = {6}, pages = {1143--1164}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The lateral habenula (LHb) provides an important source of negative reinforcement signals to midbrain dopamine (DA) cells in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA). This profound and consistent inhibitory influence involves a disynaptic connection from glutamate neurons in the LHb to some population of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) cells that, in turn, innervates DA neurons. Previous studies demonstrated that the GABA cells intrinsic to the VTA receive insufficient synaptic input from the LHb to serve as the primary source of this intermediate connection. In this investigation, we sought ultrastructural evidence supporting the hypothesis that a newly identified region of the brainstem, the rostromedial mesopontine tegmental nucleus (RMTg), is a more likely candidate for inhibiting midbrain DA cells in response to LHb activation. Electron microscopic examination of rat brain sections containing dual immunoreactivity for an anterograde tracing agent and a phenotypic marker revealed that: 1) more than 55\% of the synapses formed by LHb axons in the RMTg were onto GABA-labeled dendrites; 2) more than 80\% of the synapses formed by RMTg axons in the VTA contacted dendrites immunoreactive for the DA synthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase; and 3) nearly all RMTg axons formed symmetric synapses and contained postembedding immunoreactivity for GABA. These findings indicate that the newly identified RMTg region is an intermediate structure in a disynaptic pathway that connects the LHb to VTA DA neurons. The results have important implications for understanding mental disorders characterized by a dysregulation of reward circuitry involving LHb and DA cell populations.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.22561}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Dopamine, metabolism; Habenula, metabolism/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mesencephalon, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tegmentum Mesencephali, metabolism/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {21344406}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22561}, } @Article{Balcita-Pedicino:2007, author = {Balcita-Pedicino, J. J. and Rinaman, L.}, title = {Noradrenergic axon terminals contact gastric preautonomic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2007}, volume = {501}, number = {4}, pages = {608--618}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Hypothalamic neural activity is modulated by viscerosensory signals that are carried in large part by noradrenergic (NA) inputs to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). The present study examined the ultrastructural relationship of NA axon varicosities with the somata and dendrites of identified gastric preautonomic PVN neurons in adult male rats. NA varicosities were visualized by immunoperoxidase labeling of dopamine beta hydroxylase (DbH), and gastric preautonomic PVN neurons were identified by immunogold labeling of pseudorabies virus (PRV) transported retrogradely and transneuronally from injection sites in the stomach wall. Among 1,136 DbH-positive varicosities identified within the parvocellular PVN in four rats, approximately 36\% formed either a close apposition or a synaptic contact with a somatic or dendritic profile. The majority of identified contacts between DbH- and PRV-positive profiles were classified as close appositions that lacked clear synaptic specializations. Approximately 65\% of identified synaptic contacts between DbH- and PRV-positive profiles were classified as symmetric (Gray's type II) synapses. DbH-positive terminals formed close appositions and synaptic contacts with dendritic and somatic compartments of PRV-positive neurons, although dendrites were contacted nearly five times more often than somata. These findings invite continued work to delineate the functional role of NA signaling pathways in conveying interoceptive signals to preautonomic PVN neurons under normal and pathophysiological conditions.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21267}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stomach, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {17278138}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21267}, } @Article{Balercia:1992, author = {G. Balercia and M. Bentivoglio and L. Kruger}, title = {Fine structural organization of the ependymal region of the paraventricular nucleus of the rat thalamus and its relation with projection neurons.}, journal = {J Neurocytol}, year = {1992}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {105--119}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The ependymal lining of the diencephalic third ventricle is known to exhibit significant variation in zonal architecture and the relations of neurites to the ventricular surface in different regions remains obscure. The present study explores the fine structural organization of the ependymal region of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus. Methodology was developed for tracing neurites of cells retrogradely labelled with horseradish peroxidase based on our recent observation that paraventricular neurons projecting to the amygdaloid complex cluster near the ventricle and emit numerous dendrites extending toward the ependymal surface. A relatively uniform population of cuboidal 'pale' ependymocytes dominates the ventricular lining of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus, although a few 'dark' ependymocytes are interspersed. The subependymal region displays a variety of glial elements. Dendrites of thalamic paraventricular projection neurons terminate in proximity to the ependymal layer from which they are generally separated by thin cytoplasmic processes of putative astrocytes, and few indent the basal portion of ependymal cells. Thin 'terminal' (i.e., serially traced) horseradish peroxidase-labelled dendrites filled with lipid and lysosome-like dense bodies were often enveloped by astrocyte membrane whorls. This feature may constitute a reactive glial response in horseradish peroxidase-labelled dendritic terminals. A distinctive arrangement of tortuous astrocyte leaflets was insinuated between the basal portion of ependymocytes in a zone exhibiting numerous caveolae, apparently isolating neurites from direct contact with the cerebrospinal fluid. These findings indicate that the ependymal region of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus is not characterized by those features of the basal third ventricle suspected to confer neuroendocrine interaction between neurons and cerebrospinal fluid. The structural arrangement between ependymocytes and thalamic paraventricular projection cells indicate a specialized relation of these neurons with the ependymal interface, but apparently not directly with the overlying cerebrospinal fluid.}, doi = {10.1007/bf01189009}, institution = {e, University of Verona, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Ventricles, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Ependyma, ultrastructure; Fluorescent Dyes; Microscopy, Electron; Neuroglia, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, ultrastructure; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1560248}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Balfour:2006, author = {M. E. Balfour and J. L. Brown and L. Yu and L. M. Coolen}, title = {Potential contributions of efferents from medial prefrontal cortex to neural activation following sexual behavior in the male rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {137}, number = {4}, pages = {1259--1276}, abstract = {The limbic system plays an important role in the regulation of sexual motivation and reward. At the core of this system is an interconnected mesocorticolimbic circuit, comprised of the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex. Previously, our laboratory showed that sexual behavior causes neural activation in the ventral tegmental area of male rats. The main goal of this study is to identify afferent inputs to ventral tegmental area neurons that may contribute to their activation during sexual behavior. Hence, the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine was injected into subregions of the rat medial prefrontal cortex, which is known to project to the ventral tegmental area. Visualization of biotinylated dextran amine-labeled axons was combined with immunostaining for sex-induced Fos expression. Quantitative analysis showed that the majority of sex-activated ventral tegmental area neurons receive putative contacts from the infralimbic and prelimbic--but not the anterior cingulate--subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex. Thus, inputs from infralimbic area and prelimbic are in an anatomical position to provide a major source of input during sexual behavior. A second goal of this study was to determine if the medial prefrontal cortex projects to sex-activated neurons in other brain regions important for sexual behavior and motivation. Infralimbic area and prelimbic area sent projections to nucleus accumbens, medial preoptic area, principal nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, basolateral amygdala, and parvocellular subparafasicular thalamic nucleus. Thus, the infralimbic and prelimbic subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex may also influence sexual behavior and motivation via brain regions other than the ventral tegmental area.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.11.013}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, 3125 Eden Avenue, ML-521, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Brain Mapping; Efferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Models, Animal; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(05)01281-9}, pmid = {16388908}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.11.013}, } @Article{Ba-M'Hamed:1996, author = {S. Ba-M'Hamed and J. C. Roy and M. Bennis and P. Poulain and H. Sequeira}, title = {Corticospinal collaterals to medullary cardiovascular nuclei in the rat: an anterograde and a retrograde double-labeling study.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1996}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {367--375}, abstract = {There is little evidence allowing the hypothesis of the existence of direct pathways from the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) to main cardiovascular medullary nuclei: the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The purpose of this study was to identify in the rat direct SMC-NTS/DMV and-RVLM projections descending through the pyramidal tract (PT) and corticospinal neurones projecting to spinal somatic centers and sending collaterals to the NTS/DMV and the RVLM. The first group of animals (N = 15) received injections of anterograde tracers into the SMC: wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxydase (WGA-HRP) or rhodamine-conjugated dextran (DR). In the second group (n = 35), retrograde tracers were injected: fluorogold (FG) into the NTS/DMV or into the RVLM and DR into the lateral thoracic cord (Th2-Th4). Anterograde transport of WGA-HRP and DR allowed corticofugal fibers to be followed inside the PT ipsilaterally to the site of cortical injection and showed bilateral labeled projections to the NTS/DMV and RVLM. After retrograde transport, bilateral FG or DR labeled cells were distributed in the SMC, mainly in the medial (AGm) and lateral (AGl) agranular cortex. After spinal and bulbar injections, double-labeled cells were distributed in same cortical areas. After injections in RVLM, 49\% of labeled cells showed a double-labeling in the frontal cortex (rostral AGm and premotor cortex) while only 24\% were observed in the posterior SMC (caudal AGl). On the contrary, when injections were done in NTS/DMV, double-labeled neurons were respectively of 11\% in the frontal cortex and 4\% in the posterior SMC. In the present work it was shown that the SMC sent direct projections to bulbar cardiovascular nuclei by means of fibers descending through the PT and corticospinal collaterals. The hypothesis which may be drawn from this study is that cortical motor areas probably program cardiovascular adjustments, preparatory or concomitant to the control of striate muscles.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neurosciences du Comportement, Dpt. de Biologie, UCA-FS Semlalia, Marrakech, Maroc.}, keywords = {Animals; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Cardiovascular System; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Histocytochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8872559}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bancila:2002, author = {Bancila, M. and Giuliano, F. and Rampin, O. and Mailly, P. and Brisorgueil, M-J. and Calas, A. and Vergé, D.}, title = {Evidence for a direct projection from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to putative serotoninergic neurons of the nucleus paragigantocellularis involved in the control of erection in rats.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2002}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {1240--1248}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {In the male rat, serotoninergic neurons of the ventrolateral medulla send direct projections onto spinal preganglionic neurons that innervate the penis. The role of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the control of penile erection is well recognized. Our aim was to demonstrate anatomical relation between paraventricular neurons and medullary serotoninergic neurons innervating the penis. In adult male rats, stereotaxic iontophoretic injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin were performed in the paraventricular nucleus. Neurons in the ventrolateral medulla were retrogradely labelled using transneuronal retrograde transport of pseudorabies virus injected in the corpus cavernosum. Sections of the ventro-lateral medulla were processed for double immunofluorescence to reveal both Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin and pseudorabies virus using specific antibodies. Sections were also processed for the simultaneous detection of pseudorabies virus and serotonin. Pseudorabies virus-infected neurons in the ventrolateral medulla were present in the nucleus paragigantocellularis, reticular formation of the medulla, raphe pallidus and raphe magnus. In the nucleus paragigantocellularis, all pseudorabies virus-infected-neurons were immunoreactive for serotonin. Some of them received Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin-labelled varicose fibres that ran along the soma of pseudorabies virus-infected neurons. Confocal microscopy suggested the presence of several close appositions between them, which were demonstrated using three-dimensional reconstruction of serial optical sections. Our results show that paraventricular neurons send direct projections in the nucleus paragigantocellularis onto neurons that innervate the penis. They suggest a possible role of the paraventricular nucleus in penile erection through the control of descending serotoninergic raphe-spinal neurons. The neurotransmitter used in this pathway remains to be determined.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02184.x}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires, CNRS UMR 7101, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Efferent Pathways; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Confocal; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Penile Erection, physiology; Penis, innervation/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin, metabolism; Staining and Labeling}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {2184}, pmid = {12405984}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Banerjee:2009, author = {Banerjee, Banani and Medda, Bidyut K. and Schmidt, Jamie and Zheng, Yue and Zhang, Zhihong and Shaker, Reza and Sengupta, Jyoti N.}, title = {Altered expression of P2X3 in vagal and spinal afferents following esophagitis in rats.}, journal = {Histochem Cell Biol}, year = {2009}, volume = {132}, number = {6}, pages = {585--597}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Purinergic P2X(3) receptors are predominantly expressed in small diameter primary afferent neurons and activation of these receptors by adenosine triphosphate is reported to play an important role in nociceptive signaling. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of P2X(3) receptors in spinal and vagal sensory neurons and esophageal tissues following esophagitis in rats. Two groups of rats were used including 7 days fundus-ligated (7D-ligated) esophagitis and sham-operated controls. Esophagitis was produced by ligating the fundus and partial obstruction of pylorus that initiated reflux of gastric contents. The sham-operated rats underwent midline incision without surgical manipulation of the stomach. Expressions of P2X(3) receptors in thoracic dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), nodose ganglia (NGs), and esophageal tissues were evaluated by RT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Esophageal neurons were identified by retrograde transport of Fast Blue from the esophagus. There were no significant differences in P2X(3) mRNA expressions in DRGs (T1-T3) and NGs between 7D-ligated and sham-operated rats. However, there was an upregulation of P2X(3) mRNA in DRGs (T6-T12) and in the esophageal muscle. At protein level, P2X(3) exhibited significant upregulation both in DRGs and in NGs of rats having chronic esophagitis. Immunohistochemical analysis exhibited a significant increase in P2X(3) and TRPV1 co-expression in DRGs and NGs in 7D-ligated rats compared to sham-operated rats. The present findings suggest that chronic esophagitis results in upregulation of P2X(3) and its co-localization with TRPV1 receptor in vagal and spinal afferents. Changes in P2X(3) expression in vagal and spinal sensory neurons may contribute to esophageal hypersensitivity following acid reflux-induced esophagitis.}, doi = {10.1007/s00418-009-0639-4}, institution = {Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. banerjee@mcw.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Esophagitis, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/metabolism; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats; Receptors, Purinergic P2, analysis/genetics; Receptors, Purinergic P2X3; Spinal Nerves, cytology/metabolism; TRPV Cation Channels, analysis/genetics; Up-Regulation; Vagus Nerve, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {19784665}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00418-009-0639-4}, } @Article{Banihashemi:2010, author = {Banihashemi, L. and Rinaman, L.}, title = {Repeated brief postnatal maternal separation enhances hypothalamic gastric autonomic circuits in juvenile rats.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2010}, volume = {165}, number = {1}, pages = {265--277}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Maternal separation of rat pups for 15 min each day over the first one to two postnatal weeks (MS15) has been shown to increase the active maternal care received by pups and to decrease their later neuroendocrine and behavioral stress reactivity compared to non-separated (NS) controls. Stress responses prominently feature altered gastric secretion and motility, and we previously reported that the developmental assembly of forebrain circuits underlying gastric autonomic control, including gastric responses to stress, is delayed by MS15 in neonatal rats [Card JP, Levitt P, Gluhovsky M, Rinaman L (2005) J Neurosci 25(40):9102-9111]. To determine how this early delay affects the later organization of central gastric autonomic circuits, the present study examined the effects of neonatal MS15 on central pre-gastric circuits assessed in post-weaning, juvenile rats. For this purpose, the retrograde transynaptic viral tracer, pseudorabies virus (PRV), was microinjected into the stomach wall of 28-30 day old male rats with an earlier developmental history of either MS15 or NS. Rats were perfused 72 h later and tissue was processed to reveal PRV-positive cells. Transynaptic PRV immunolabeling was quantified in selected preautonomic brainstem and forebrain regions, including the area postrema, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central nucleus of the amygdala, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and visceral cortices. Compared to NS controls, MS15 rats displayed a significantly greater amount of PRV labeling within the PVN, including both the dorsal cap and ventral subnuclei. There were no postnatal group differences in the amount of PRV labeling within any other brain region examined in this study. This effect of MS15 to enhance hypothalamic preautonomic circuit structure indicates a strengthening of this pathway and may provide insight into how early life experience produces differential effects on later stress reactivity, including gastric secretory and motor responses to stress.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.081}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. labst94@pitt.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, growth /&/ development/physiology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Hypothalamus, growth /&/ development/physiology; Male; Maternal Deprivation; Microinjections; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stomach, innervation; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(09)01639-X}, pmid = {19800939}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.081}, } @Article{Bankoul:1990, author = {S. Bankoul and W. L. Neuhuber}, title = {A cervical primary afferent input to vestibular nuclei as demonstrated by retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {79}, number = {2}, pages = {405--411}, abstract = {Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) was microiontophoretically injected into the vestibular nuclear complex of the rat. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found in ipsilateral spinal ganglia C2-C3 only if the injection site was in the caudal part of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN). Injections into rostral parts of the MVN, the superior, lateral and descending vestibular nuclei (SVN, LVN, DVN), the nucleus of the solitary tract (STN) and the reticular formation did not result in spinal ganglion labeling. Thus, the caudal part of the MVN appears to be the main vestibular termination site for rostral cervical primary afferents.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1007/bf00608252}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich-Irchel, Switzerland.}, keywords = {Animals; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Rats; Vestibular Nuclei, cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1691107}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bankoul:1992, author = {S. Bankoul and W. L. Neuhuber}, title = {A direct projection from the medial vestibular nucleus to the cervical spinal dorsal horn of the rat, as demonstrated by anterograde and retrograde tracing.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1992}, volume = {185}, number = {1}, pages = {77--85}, abstract = {Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were iontophoretically injected into different parts of the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) of the rat. Injections centered into the caudal part of the medial vestibular nucleus revealed a vestibulospinal projection predominantly to the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord, besides the expected projection to the intermediate zone (IZ) and ventral horn (VH). While most of the anterogradely labelled fibres could be localized in laminae III to V, some scattered fibres were also seen in laminae I and VI. Lamina II remained free of labelling. The dorsal horn (DH) area with detectable anterograde labelling showed a rostrocaudal extension from C1-C6. Injections into other parts of the VNC labelled fibres and terminals in the IZ and VH while the DH remained almost free of labelling. Additionally, fluorogold and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were pressure- or iontophoretically injected at different levels into the spinal cord to confirm the projection to the dorsal horn by means of retrograde tracing. Labelled neurons in the area of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN), from which anterograde labelling in the DH was obtained, were only detectable after fluorogold and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase injections into the cervical spinal cord, in particular its DH. This projection from the caudal medial vestibular nucleus to the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord probably enables the VNC to influence sensory processing in the DH, in addition to its well-established influence on posture and locomotion via projections to the intermediate zone and ventral horn.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1007/bf00213603}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich-Irchel, Switzerland.}, keywords = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, administration /&/ dosage; Male; Neurons, chemistry; Phytohemagglutinins, administration /&/ dosage; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology; Vestibular Nuclei, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1736687}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Banks:1992, author = {Banks, M. I. and Smith, P. H.}, title = {Intracellular recordings from neurobiotin-labeled cells in brain slices of the rat medial nucleus of the trapezoid body.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1992}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {2819--2837}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Principal cells in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) are believed to be critical components in the circuit subserving sound localization. These cells, located in the superior olivary complex, convert excitatory inputs, arriving from the contralateral cochlear nucleus by way of large somatic synapses (the calyces of Held), to inhibitory projections onto principal cells in the ipsilateral lateral superior olive (LSO). We have characterized a population of cells in the rat MNTB using intracellular recording and labeling techniques in a brain slice preparation. MNTB principal cells had spherical or ellipsoid somata that gave rise to single large-diameter dendrites, which branched extensively and often extended beyond the borders of MNTB. Commonly observed axonal projection targets included LSO, the superior paraolivary nucleus, and the medial superior olive, and occasionally the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body. The projections of individual MNTB cells showed an orderly topography that is consistent with the known tonotopic maps of the nuclei. In response to current injection, principal cells exhibited several nonlinearities, including rectification for depolarizing currents and a "sag" in the membrane potential for hyperpolarizing currents. Superthreshold depolarizing currents elicited transient firing behavior. Application of the potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine reduced or eliminated the rectification in the current-voltage relationships and caused depolarizing currents to elicit repetitive firing. Stimulation of afferent inputs elicited short-latency spikes, presumably driven by calyceal synaptic inputs; long-latency, presumably polysynaptic, EPSPs; and short- and long-latency IPSPs. The duration of synaptic events was strongly dependent on membrane potential, and this effect was probably due to the intrinsic membrane properties of the cell. In all cases tested, EPSPs were blocked by CNQX or DNQX, and IPSPs were blocked by strychnine. Two injected non-principal cells differed from principal cells in their morphologies and physiological characteristics.}, institution = {Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.}, keywords = {4-Aminopyridine, pharmacology; 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cochlear Nerve, cytology/physiology; Electric Conductivity, drug effects; Male; Membrane Potentials, drug effects; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Quinoxalines, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Strychnine, pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1351938}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/12/7/2819.long}, } @Article{Bao:2002, author = {Bao, Lan and Wang, Hui Fredrik and Cai, Hai-Jiang and Tong, Yong-Guang and Jin, Shan-Xue and Lu, Ying-Jin and Grant, Gunnar and Hökfelt, Tomas and Zhang, Xu}, title = {Peripheral axotomy induces only very limited sprouting of coarse myelinated afferents into inner lamina II of rat spinal cord.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2002}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {175--185}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Peripheral axotomy-induced sprouting of thick myelinated afferents (A-fibers) from laminae III-IV into laminae I-II of the spinal cord is a well-established hypothesis for the structural basis of neuropathic pain. However, we show here that the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), a neuronal tracer used to demonstrate the sprouting of A-fibers in several earlier studies, also labels unmyelinated afferents (C-fibers) in lamina II and thin myelinated afferents in lamina I, when applied after peripheral nerve transection. The lamina II afferents also contained vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and galanin, two neuropeptides mainly expressed in small dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and C-fibers. In an attempt to label large DRG neurons and A-fibers selectively, CTB was applied four days before axotomy (pre-injury-labelling), and sprouting was monitored after axotomy. We found that only a small number of A-fibers sprouted into inner lamina II, a region normally innervated by C-fibers, but not into outer lamina II or lamina I. Such sprouts made synaptic contact with dendrites in inner lamina II. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) was found in these sprouts in inner lamina II, an area very rich in Y1 receptor-positive processes. These results suggest that axotomy-induced sprouting from deeper to superficial layers is much less pronounced than previously assumed, in fact it is only marginal. This limited reorganization involves large NPY immunoreactive DRG neurons sprouting into the Y1 receptor-rich inner lamina II. Even if quantitatively small, it cannot be excluded that this represents a functional circuitry involved in neuropathic pain.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02080.x}, institution = {Laboratory of Sensory System, Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Crush; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, physiology/ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated, physiology/ultrastructure; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neurofilament Proteins, metabolism; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Posterior Horn Cells, physiology/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Sciatic Nerve, injuries/physiology/surgery; Spinal Nerve Roots, physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {2080}, pmid = {12169100}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Barajon:1990, author = {Barajon, I. and Vizzotto, L. and Pizzini, G. and Tredici, G.}, title = {Different neuronal types in transneuronally WGA-HRP-labeled premotor interneurons of the rat spinal cord.}, journal = {Behav Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {77--81}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Interneurons presynaptic to motoneurons were labeled by retrograde transneuronal transport of WGA-HRP. The tracer was injected either into the quadriceps muscles or into the posterior biceps muscles, thus labeling interneurons presynaptic to the quadriceps motoneurons (QINs) or interneurons presynaptic to posterior biceps motoneurons (PBINs). Statistical cluster analysis of area, perimeter, equivalent diameter and form factor of the labeled interneurons permitted the identification of 4 different types of premotor interneurons in the lumbar enlargement of the rat. Type I are small elongated interneurons which prevail in PBINs. Type II are medium-sized ellipsoidal cells prevailing in the QINs. Type 3 are small ellipsoidal neurons, slightly more frequent in PBINs. Type 4 is the smallest group and it is composed of large multipolar neurons. A different distribution of the 4 morphological neuronal types was found between the population of the QINs and the PBINs and in the laminae of ventral horn for each group.}, doi = {10.1016/0166-4328(90)90026-b}, institution = {Istituto di Anatomia, Università di Milano, Italy.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Cell Count; Horseradish Peroxidase; Interneurons, ultrastructure; Motor Neurons, ultrastructure; Muscles, innervation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0166-4328(90)90026-B}, pmid = {1693278}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Baranowski:1993, author = {Baranowski, A. P. and Priestley, J. V. and McMahon, S.}, title = {Substance P in cutaneous primary sensory neurons--a comparison of models of nerve injury that allow varying degrees of regeneration.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1993}, volume = {55}, number = {4}, pages = {1025--1036}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {We have studied changes in neuropeptide expression in four different models of nerve injury in adult rats. The models involved the cutaneous sural and saphenous nerves, and were associated with different degrees of regrowth and peripheral target reinnervation. These were: simple crush of the nerve, complete cut and self-anastomosis; cut and ligation, and cut and anastomosis of the nerve to an isolated stump of peripheral nerve. Thus, in the first two models a partial or complete reinnervation of peripheral targets was possible, while in the third and fourth it was not. The last model allowed regenerating fibres to come into contact with Schwann cells in the distal stump. We measured substance P-like immunoreactivity in the manipulated nerves (by radioimmunoassay) and the number of manipulated afferents expressing the peptide in dorsal root ganglion cells (by combined immunohistochemistry and retrograde labelling), at time points up to 12 weeks after the nerve manipulations. The retrograde labelling also allowed estimates of cell death. Two weeks after the nerve injuries, when no cell death had occurred, the nerves subjected to a cut lesion (last three models) all showed very low levels of substance P-like immunoreactivity, both in the amounts in peripheral nerve, and in the number of manipulated cell staining positively (P < 0.01). In contrast, the crush model showed no significant change in substance P levels in the nerve (P > 0.05), but a significant increase in the number of immunopositive cells (P < 0.01). Twelve weeks after the nerve manipulations, a variable degree of cell death was seen. Only 9\% of afferents in the crush model were lost (P > 0.05 compared with normal) but a 39 and 45\% loss was seen in tie and resuture models, respectively, (P < 0.05) for both, compared with normal), and a 63\% loss in the stump model (P < 0.01 compared to normal, and P < 0.05 compared to tie and resuture models). An analysis of cell size distributions indicated that cell death affected both large and small cells. At 12 weeks, the levels of substance P in the first two models (associated with peripheral reinnervation) had returned towards, but did not reach, normal (P < 0.01), whilst the stump model showed no significant recovery and the tie model was intermediate. Proportionately more manipulated cells were found to express substance P immunoreactivity in the stump model than expected after allowing for cell death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(93)90316-8}, institution = {Sherrington School of Physiology, UMDS, London, U.K.}, keywords = {Amputation Stumps; Anastomosis, Surgical; Animals; Cell Death; Disease Models, Animal; Evans Blue, diagnostic use; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Ganglia, Spinal, chemistry; Nerve Crush; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/physiology; Pain Measurement; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Peripheral Nerves, chemistry/physiology; Rats; Skin, innervation; Stilbamidines; Substance P, analysis/physiology; Sural Nerve, chemistry/injuries/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(93)90316-8}, pmid = {7694176}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Baratta:2009, author = {Michael V Baratta and Christina M Zarza and Devan M Gomez and Serge Campeau and Linda R Watkins and Steven F Maier}, title = {Selective activation of dorsal raphe nucleus-projecting neurons in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex by controllable stress.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2009}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, pages = {1111--1116}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Exposure to uncontrollable stressors produces a variety of behavioral consequences (e.g. exaggerated fear, reduced social exploration) that do not occur if the stressor is controllable. In addition, an initial experience with a controllable stressor can block the behavioral and neural responses to a later uncontrollable stressor. The serotonergic (5-HT) dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has come to be viewed as a critical structure in mediating the behavioral effects of uncontrollable stress. Recent work suggests that the buffering effects of behavioral control on the DRN-dependent behavioral outcomes of uncontrollable stress require ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFCv) activation at the time of behavioral control. The present studies were conducted to directly determine whether or not controllable stress selectively activates DRN-projecting neurons within the mPFCv. To examine this possibility in the rat, we combined retrograde tracing (fluorogold iontophoresed into the DRN) with Fos immunohistochemistry, a marker for neural activation. Exposure to controllable, relative to uncontrollable, stress increased Fos expression in fluorogold-labeled neurons in the prelimbic region (PL) of the mPFCv. Furthermore, in a separate experiment, a prior experience with controllable stress led to potentiation of Fos expression in retrogradely labeled PL neurons in response to an uncontrollable stressor 1 week later. These results suggest that the PL selectively responds to behavioral control and utilizes such information to regulate the brainstem response to ongoing and subsequent stressors.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06867.x}, institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA. baratta@mit.edu}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Electroshock; Fluorescent Dyes; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism/physiology; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, metabolism/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stress, Physiological, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {EJN6867}, pmid = {19686468}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06867.x}, } @Article{Barbaresi:2016, author = {Barbaresi, Paolo and Mens{\`{a}}, Emanuela}, title = {Connections from the rat dorsal column nuclei (DCN) to the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG).}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {2016}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Electrical stimulation of the dorsal columns (DCs; spinal cord stimulation; SCS) has been proposed to treat chronic neuropathic pain. SCS may activate a dual mechanism that would affect both the spinal cord and supraspinal levels. Stimulation of DCs or DC nuclei (DCN) in animals where neuropathic pain has been induced causes activation of brainstem centers including the periaqueductal gray (PAG), which is involved in the endogenous pain suppression system. Biotinylated dextran-amine (BDA) was iontophoretically injected into the DCN to analyze the ascending projection directed to the PAG. Separate injections into the gracile nucleus (GrN) and the cuneate nucleus (CunN) showed BDA-positive fibers terminating in different regions of the contralateral PAG. GrN-PAG afferents terminated in the caudal and middle portions of PAG-l, whereas CunN-PAG fibers terminated in the middle and rostral portions of PAG-l. Based on the DCN somatotopic map, the GrN sends information to the PAG from the contralateral hindlimb and the tail and the CunN from the contralateral forelimb, shoulder, neck and ear. This somatotopic organization is consistent with earlier electrophysiological and PAG stimulation studies. These fibers could form part of the DCs-brainstem-spinal cord loop, which may be involved in the inhibitory effects of SCS on neuropathic pain.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neures.2016.02.003}, institution = {Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/A, Torrette di Ancona, I-60020 Ancona, Italy.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0168-0102(16)00045-6}, pmid = {26902642}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2016.02.003}, } @Article{Barbaresi:1985, author = {Barbaresi, P. and Rustioni, A. and Cuénod, M.}, title = {Retrograde labeling of dorsal root ganglion neurons after injection of tritiated amino acids in the spinal cord of rats and cats.}, journal = {Somatosens Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {57--74}, abstract = {The present experiments are based upon evidence that neurons may selectively take up at their terminals, and retrogradely transport, the same chemical they use as a neurotransmitter or its analogues. In an attempt to identify dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that use glutamic acid as a neurotransmitter, [3H]D-aspartate ([3H]D-Asp) was chosen as a marker, since it is a metabolically inert amino acid known to be taken up by the same affinity mechanism as L-aspartate and L-glutamate. Adult rats and cats received injections of 50 nl to 1.5 microliter of [3H]D-Asp (500 microCi/microliter) in the dorsal horn of cervical segments (C3 to C6). At 9 to 48 hr after injection, all animals were perfused with 5\% glutaraldehyde. After sections were processed for autoradiography, the DRG neurons situated most closely to the injection site were chosen from representative cases, and the number and cross-sectional area of labeled and unlabeled perikarya with a nucleolus in the plane of the section were calculated. In rats, about 4\% of the sampled DRG neurons were autoradiographically labeled, and the mean perikaryal area of these neurons was about twice that of unlabeled perikarya. In cats, the percentage of labeled perikarya ranged between 6.5\% and 13.27\% of the sampled population. The ratio of the mean perikaryal area of labeled neurons to that of unlabeled neurons ranged between 1.6 and 2.5. In a control cat injected with [3H]proline at C7, all perikarya in the C7 DRG were autoradiographically labeled. However, with injection of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) selective retrograde labeling was observed. Quantitative data in rat showed that perikarya labeled at the C6 level after injection of this amino acid constituted about 8\% of the sample population in C6 DRG. The ratio of the size of labeled to unlabeled perikarya was 2.02. In one cat injected with [3H]GABA at caudal C3, the largest number of labeled perikarya were in C4 DRG and comprised up to 5.32\% of the sampled population. The ratio of the size of labeled to unlabeled perikarya was 1.57. The results in cases of injection with [3H]D-Asp may be interpreted as consistent with the idea that a fraction of DRG neurons use glutamate and/or aspartate as neurotransmitter(s).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.3109/07367228509144577}, keywords = {Amino Acids, metabolism; Animals; Aspartic Acid, metabolism; Autoradiography; Biological Transport; Cats; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism; Proline, metabolism; Rats; Spinal Cord, metabolism/physiology; Synaptic Transmission; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2999943}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Barbaresi:1986, author = {Barbaresi, P. and Spreafico, R. and Frassoni, C. and Rustioni, A.}, title = {GABAergic neurons are present in the dorsal column nuclei but not in the ventroposterior complex of rats.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {382}, number = {2}, pages = {305--326}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Neurons containing glutamatic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are known to exist in the spinal dorsal horn, dorsal column nuclei (DCN), n. ventralis posterior (VP), and somatosensory cortex of cats. Recent work suggested that species differences exist concerning the presence and/or density of GAD-positive neurons in VP. The present experiments demonstrate that, in contrast with carnivores and primates, the rat's VP contains virtually no GAD-positive neurons and that virtually all neurons in it project to the cortex. This conclusion is supported by the failure to find, in Golgi-impregnated material, neurons with characteristics commonly attributed to Golgi type II neurons in VP of cats. The lack of GAD-positive neurons in VP of rats contrasts also with the presence of such neurons in the DCN in the same species. As in cats, about one third of the neurons in the cuneate n. are GAD-positive; these have mostly small perikarya and they are present throughout the nucleus. It is likely that these are intrinsic neurons, i.e. non-projecting beyond the limits of the DCN since a comparable percentage of neurons are unlabeled by simultaneous injections of horseradish peroxidase in multiple targets of the DCN. Like GAD-positive neurons, neurons unlabeled by the retrograde transport of HRP have, for the most part, small perikarya. It is possible that inhibitory mechanisms necessary for basic transfer functions in VP of rats are sustained through projections to this nucleus from the n. reticularis thalami. Extrinsic source of GABAergic input to the DCN seem to be absent or very weak. From this and previous evidence it may be proposed that intrinsic inhibitory interneurons have gradually developed in VP of rabbits, carnivores, and primates in parallel with more elaborate levels of thalamic integration of somatosensation.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)91340-5}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, cytology/enzymology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Golgi Apparatus, ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immune Sera; Interneurons, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/enzymology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/enzymology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(86)91340-5}, pmid = {2428443}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Barja:1984, author = {Barja, F. and Mathison, R.}, title = {Sensory innervation of the rat portal vein and the hepatic artery.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, year = {1984}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {117--125}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Several neuroanatomical and neurophysiological experiments suggest that the hepatic portal vein is not only richly innervated with sympathetic efferents, but also it is an important source of afferent information. By combining retrograde tracing (with True Blue as a marker) and immunological techniques, the cell bodies for the substance P-containing nerves that surround the portal vein and the hepatic artery of the rat have been localized to the spinal sensory ganglia (T8-T13). Since dorsal root rhizotomy abolished all substance P immunoreactive material from nerve fibres that surround these blood vessels, and since no double-labelled cells were detected in the nodose ganglia, an exclusive spinal origin for the substance P-containing sensory nerves is suggested.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-1838(84)90050-x}, keywords = {Animals; Catecholamines, metabolism; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Hepatic Artery, innervation; Male; Portal Vein, innervation; Rats; Spinal Nerves, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Substance P, metabolism; Sympathetic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6205041}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Barkats:1998, author = {Barkats, M. and Bilang-Bleuel, A. and Buc-Caron, M. H. and Castel-Barthe, M. N. and Corti, O. and Finiels, F. and Horellou, P. and Revah, F. and Sabate, O. and Mallet, J.}, title = {Adenovirus in the brain: recent advances of gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.}, journal = {Prog Neurobiol}, year = {1998}, volume = {55}, number = {4}, pages = {333--341}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Adenovirus is an efficient vector for neuronal gene therapy due to its ability to infect post-mitotic cells, its high efficacy of cell transduction and its low pathogenicity. Recombinant adenoviruses encoding for therapeutical agents can be delivered in vivo after direct intracerebral injection into specific brain areas. They can be transported in a retrograde manner from the injection site to the projection cell bodies offering promising applications for the specific targeting of selected neuronal populations not easily accessible by direct injection, such as the motor neurons in the spinal cord. Adenoviral vectors are also efficient tools for the ex vivo gene therapy, that is, the genetical modification of cells prior to their transplantation into the nervous system. Recently, the efficacy of the adenovirus as a gene vector system has been demonstrated in several models of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD) and motor neuron diseases. In rat models of PD, adenoviruses encoding for either tyrosine hydroxylase, superoxide dismutase or glial-derived neurotrophic factor improved the survival and the functional efficacy of dopaminergic cells. Similarly, the intramuscular injection of an adenovirus encoding for neurotrophin-3 had substantial therapeutic effects in a mutant mouse model of motor neuron degenerative disease. However, although adenoviruses are highly attractive for neuronal gene transfer, they can trigger a strong inflammatory reaction leading in particular to the destruction of infected cells. The recent development of new generations of adenoviral vectors could shed light on the nature of the immune reaction caused by adenoviral vectors in the brain. The use of these new vectors, combined with that of neurospecific and regulatable promoters, should improve adenovirus gene transfer into the central nervous system.}, doi = {10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00028-8}, institution = {Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, UMR CNRS C9923, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae; Animals; Brain Diseases, therapy; Genetic Therapy, trends; Humans; Neurodegenerative Diseases, therapy}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0301-0082(98)00028-8}, pmid = {9654383}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Barker:2009, author = {Barker, Jessica R. and Thomas, Cathy F. and Behan, Mary}, title = {Serotonergic projections from the caudal raphe nuclei to the hypoglossal nucleus in male and female rats.}, journal = {Respir Physiol Neurobiol}, year = {2009}, volume = {165}, number = {2-3}, pages = {175--184}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The respiratory control system is sexually dimorphic. In many brain regions, including respiratory motor nuclei, serotonin (5HT) levels are higher in females than in males. We hypothesized that there could be sex differences in 5HT input to the hypoglossal nucleus, a region of the brainstem involved in upper airway control. Adult Fischer 344 rats were anesthetized and a retrograde transsynaptic neuroanatomical tracer, Bartha pseudorabies virus (PRV), was injected into the tongue. Sections through the medulla were reacted immunocytochemically for the presence of (i) PRV, (ii) tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH; marker of 5HT neurons), (iii) PRV combined with TPH, and (iv) 5HT. Sex hormone levels were measured in female rats and correlated with TPH immunoreactivity, as hypoglossal 5HT levels vary with the estrous cycle. The number of PRV neurons was comparable in male and female rats. The number and distribution of TPH immunoreactive neurons in the caudal raphe nuclei were similar in male and female rats. The subset of 5HT neurons that innervate hypoglossal motoneurons was also similar in male and female rats. With the exception of the ventrolateral region of the hypoglossal nucleus, 5HT immunoreactivity was similar in male and female rats. These data suggest that sex differences in 5HT modulation of hypoglossal motoneurons in male and female rats are not the result of sex differences in TPH or 5HT, but may result from differences in neurotransmitter release and reuptake, location of 5HT synaptic terminals on hypoglossal motoneurons, pre- and postsynaptic 5HT receptor expression, or the distribution of sex hormone receptors on hypoglossal or caudal raphe neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/j.resp.2008.11.008}, institution = {Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1102, United States.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Cell Count; Estradiol, blood; Estrous Cycle, physiology; Female; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Hypoglossal Nerve, cytology/physiology; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways; Progesterone, blood; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Respiratory Mechanics, physiology; Serotonin, metabolism; Sex Characteristics; Tryptophan Hydroxylase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S1569-9048(08)00320-0}, pmid = {19073285}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2008.11.008}, } @Article{Barmack:1992a, author = {Barmack, N. H. and Baughman, R. W. and Eckenstein, F. P.}, title = {Cholinergic innervation of the cerebellum of the rat by secondary vestibular afferents.}, journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci}, year = {1992}, volume = {656}, pages = {566--579}, month = {May}, abstract = {The cholinergic innervation of the cerebellar cortex of the rat was studied by immunohistochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase, radiochemical measurement of ChAT activity, and double labeling of ChAT-positive neurons with HRP injected into the cerebellum. ChAT immunohistochemistry revealed large mossy fiber rosettes as well as finely beaded terminals with different morphological characterization, laminar distribution within the cerebellar cortex, and regional differences within the cerebellum. Large "grapelike" ChAT-positive mossy fiber rosettes that were distributed primarily in the granule cell layer were concentrated, but not exclusively located, in three separate regions of the cerebellum: (1) the uvula-nodulus (lobules 9 and 10); (2) the flocculus, and (3) the anterior lobe vermis (lobules 1 and 2). Regional differences in ChAT-positive afferent terminations in the cerebellar cortex demonstrated by immunohistochemistry were confirmed by regional biochemical measurements of ChAT activity. Using ChAT immunohistochemistry in combination with HRP injections into the uvula-nodulus, we have studied the origin of the cholinergic projection. The caudal medial vestibular nucleus and to a lesser extent the nucleus prepositus hypglossus contain ChAT-positive neurons that were double labeled following HRP injections into the uvula-nodulus. We conclude that (1) there is a prominent cholinergic mossy fiber pathway to the vestibulocerebellum, (2) this pathway originates primarily in the caudal third of the medial vestibular nucleus, and (3) this cholinergic pathway likely mediates secondary vestibular information related to postural adjustment.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25236.x}, institution = {Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97209.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, enzymology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebellar Cortex, enzymology/physiology; Cerebellar Nuclei, enzymology/physiology; Cerebellum, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Organ Specificity; Rats; Vestibular Nuclei, enzymology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1376098}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Barmack:1992, author = {N. H. Barmack and R. W. Baughman and F. P. Eckenstein and H. Shojaku}, title = {Secondary vestibular cholinergic projection to the cerebellum of rabbit and rat as revealed by choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry, retrograde and orthograde tracers.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {317}, number = {3}, pages = {250-270}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Previously we have shown that four regions of the cerebellum, the uvula-nodulus, flocculus, ventral paraflocculus, and anterior lobe 1, receive extensive, but not exclusive, cholinergic mossy fiber projections. In the present experiment we have studied the origin of three of these projections in the rat and rabbit (uvula-nodulus, flocculus, ventral paraflocculus), using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry in combination with a double label, retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP). We have demonstrated that in both the rat and rabbit the caudal medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and to a lesser extent the nucleus prepositus hypoglossus (NPH) contain ChAT-positive neurons. Neurons of the caudal MVN are double-labeled following HRP injections into the uvula-nodulus. HRP injections into the uvula-nodulus also labeled less than 5\% of the neurons in the cholinergic vestibular efferent complex. Fewer ChAT-positive neurons in the MVN and some ChAT-positive neurons in the NPH are double-labeled following HRP injections into the flocculus. Almost no ChAT-positive neurons in the MVN and some ChAT-positive neurons in the NPH are double-labeled following HRP injections into the ventral paraflocculus. Injections of Phaseolus leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into the caudal MVN of both the rat and rabbit demonstrated projection patterns to the uvula-nodulus and flocculus that were qualitatively similar to those observed using ChAT immunohistochemistry. We conclude that the cholinergic mossy fiber pathway to the cerebellum in general and the uvula-nodulus in particular is likely to mediate secondary vestibular information related to postural adjustments.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903170304}, institution = {Medical Center Portland, Oregon 97209.}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, cytology/physiology; Cerebellar Cortex, cytology/physiology; Cerebellum, cytology/physiology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypoglossal Nerve, cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, cytology/physiology; Uvula, innervation; Vestibular Nuclei, metabolism/physiology; Vestibule, Labyrinth, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1577999}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903170304}, } @Article{Barmack:1993, author = {N. H. Barmack and M. Fagerson and P. Errico}, title = {Cholinergic projection to the dorsal cap of the inferior olive of the rat, rabbit, and monkey.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1993}, volume = {328}, number = {2}, pages = {263--281}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The inferior olive is divided into several subnuclei that receive specific sensory information. The caudal dorsal cap of the medial accessory subdivision of the inferior olive receives horizontal optokinetic information from the nucleus of the optic tract. The immediately subjacent beta-nucleus receives vertical vestibular information mediated by a GABAergic pathway originating from the ipsilateral descending and medial vestibular nuclei. None of the transmitters to the dorsal cap have been identified. Using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry, we have identified a cholinergic pathway that terminates exclusively in the dorsal cap of rats and monkeys. No other division of the inferior olive received a significant cholinergic innervation. In the rabbit, immunostaining for ChAT reveals a weaker and more diffuse cholinergic innervation of both the dorsal cap and the subjacent beta-nucleus. In rats and rabbits we injected iontophoretically the orthograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into the medial and descending vestibular nuclei (MVN, DVN) as well as the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH) in order to trace the possible origin of the cholinergic projection. PHA-L injections into the NPH and medial aspect of the MVN labeled terminals within the contralateral dorsal cap. PHA-L injections in the central and lateral aspects of the MVN as well as the DVN labeled the ipsilateral beta-nucleus. Pressure injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the caudal dorsal cap of the rabbit inferior olive demonstrated a predominantly contralateral projection to the dorsal cap from the lateral aspect of the NPH. However, pressure injections of HRP into the caudal dorsal cap combined with ChAT immunohistochemistry in the rabbit demonstrated that most of the neurons of the NPH that projected to the dorsal cap were not cholinergic, and that most of the ChAT-positive neurons within the NPH occupied a more ventral location than the neurons within the NPH that were retrogradely labeled from the HRP injection into the contralateral dorsal cap. In the rat, we made lesions in the MVN, DVN and NPH by injection of ibotenic acid (0.3-0.5 microliter), in an attempt to deplete the dorsal cap of the inferior olive of its cholinergic input. Lesions confined to the NPH and medial aspect of the MVN of the rat caused a loss of ChAT staining in the contralateral dorsal cap. Lesions placed more laterally within the MVN or DVN failed to deplete ChAT-positive terminals in the contralateral or ipsilateral dorsal caps. The dorsal cap of the rat and monkey receives a discrete cholinergic projection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903280208}, institution = {Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97209.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, ultrastructure; Cerebellum, chemistry/ultrastructure; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, chemistry; Haplorhini, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, chemistry/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rabbits, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Vestibular Nuclei, chemistry/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8423244}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903280208}, } @Article{Barmack:1998, author = {N. H. Barmack and B. J. Fredette and E. Mugnaini}, title = {Parasolitary nucleus: a source of GABAergic vestibular information to the inferior olive of rat and rabbit.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1998}, volume = {392}, number = {3}, pages = {352-372}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {At least two subnuclei of the inferior olive, the beta-nucleus, and the dorsomedial cell column (dmcc), contain vestibularly responsive neurons that receive a dense descending projection that uses gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as the transmitter. In contrast to the GABAergic innervation of other olivary subnuclei, the terminal boutons that terminate on neurons in the beta-nucleus and the dorsomedial cell column remain intact after cerebellectomy, ruling out both the cerebellum and the cerebellar nuclei as afferent sources. By using both immunohistochemical as well as orthograde and retrograde tracer methods, we have identified the source of the GABAergic pathway to the beta-nucleus and dmcc in both rat and rabbit. Under physiologic recording of single olivary neurons to guide electrode placement, we injected the bidirectional tracer, wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the beta-nucleus and dmcc of the inferior olive. These injections retrogradely labeled neurons in the parasolitary nucleus (Psol) near the vestibular complex. Psol neurons were identified as GABAergic with an antibody to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). In the rat, Psol neurons are small (5-7 microm in diameter) and number approximately 1,800. In the rabbit, they are slightly larger (6-9 microm in diameter) and number approximately 2,200. WGA-HRP injections in conjunction with GAD immunohistochemistry double labeled a high percentage of neurons in both the rat and rabbit Psol. Injection of the orthograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin into the area of the Psol revealed a projection from this region to both the beta-nucleus and dmcc. Subtotal electrolytic lesions of this division of the Psol caused a substantial reduction in GAD-positive synaptic terminals in both the ipsilateral beta-nucleus and dmcc. The location of these GABAergic neurons, bordering both the nucleus solitarius and caudal vestibular complex, emphasizes the importance of the Psol in the processing of both vestibular and autonomic information pertinent to postural control.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980316)392:3<352::aid-cne6>3.0.co;2-0}, institution = {R.S. Dow Neurological Sciences Institute, Legacy Good Samaritan Hospital, Portland, Oregon 97209, USA. barmackn@ohsu.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Glutamate Decarboxylase, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways; Neurons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, chemistry/cytology; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, chemistry; Rabbits; Rats; Vestibular Nuclei, chemistry/cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-0}, pmid = {9511923}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Barna:2014, author = {Barna, B. F. and Takakura, A. C. and Moreira, T. S.}, title = {Acute exercise-induced activation of Phox2b-expressing neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in rats may involve the hypothalamus.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2014}, volume = {258}, pages = {355--363}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The rat retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains neurons that have a well-defined phenotype characterized by the presence of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) mRNA and a paired-like homeobox 2b (Phox2b)-immunoreactive (ir) nucleus and the absence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). These neurons are important to chemoreception. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the chemically-coded RTN neurons (ccRTN) (Phox2b(+)/TH(-)) are activated during an acute episode of running exercise. Since most RTN neurons are excited by the activation of perifornical and lateral hypothalamus (PeF/LH), a region that regulates breathing during exercise, we also tested the hypothesis that PeF/LH projections to RTN neurons contribute to their activation during acute exercise. In adult male Wistar rats that underwent an acute episode of treadmill exercise, there was a significant increase in c-Fos immunoreactive (c-Fos-ir) in PeF/LH neurons and RTN neurons that were Phox2b(+)TH(-) (p<0.05) compared to rats that did not exercise. Also the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold that was injected into RTN was detected in c-Fos-ir PeF/LH (p<0.05). In summary, the ccRTN neurons (Phox2b(+)TH(-)) are excited by running exercise. Thus, ccRTN neurons may contribute to both the chemical drive to breath and the feed-forward control of breathing associated with exercise.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.031}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: tmoreira@icb.usp.br.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(13)00978-0}, pmid = {24286756}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.031}, } @Article{Barna:1997, author = {I. Barna and J. I. Koenig and G. B. Makara}, title = {Effects of anterolateral and posterolateral cuts around the medial hypothalamus on the immunoreactive ACTH and beta-endorphin levels in selected brain regions of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1997}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, pages = {353--357}, abstract = {To evaluate the relative weight of the ACTH-ergic and beta-endorphin-ergic pathway(s) leaving the medial hypothalamus (MH) in anterior or posterior directions immunoreactive ACTH and beta-endorphin (ir-ACTH and ir-betaE) were quantified in selected brain regions of the rat 7-8 days after placing anterolateral (ALC) or posterolateral (PLC) cut around the MH. Retrograde accumulation of both peptides was observed in the MH after ALC, but not after PLC. ALC resulted in dramatic decrease in ir-ACTH/ir-betaE concentrations in all extra-MH brain regions tested (extra-MH hypothalamus, septum, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and medulla oblongata). In contrast, ir-ACTH and ir-betaE levels decreased only in the thalamus and in the medulla oblongata after PLC. The present data indicate (a) ACTH- and betaE-like substances synthesized in the arcuate region of the hypothalamus are axonally transported to extrahypothalamic brain regions by neuronal pathways leaving the MH primarily anterolateral, anterodorsal, or anteromedial direction (even the fibers of certain posteromedial or posterolateral projections leave the MH some anterior directions); (b) the posterior ACTH-/betaE-ergic projections seem to be of minor importance except for the thalamus and the medulla oblongata where it contributes to about one-third of the peptide content. Our biochemical study provide quantitative complementary data to the detailed immunohistochemical picture of the ACTH/betaE-ergic projections in the rat brain described by Khachaturian et al.}, institution = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.}, keywords = {Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, metabolism; Amygdala, metabolism; Animals; Brain, metabolism; Hippocampus, metabolism; Hypothalamus, Middle, physiology; Hypothalamus, metabolism; Male; Medulla Oblongata, metabolism; Organ Specificity; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thalamus, metabolism; beta-Endorphin, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0361-9230(96)00298-5}, pmid = {9092876}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Baron:1991, author = {Baron, R. and Jänig, W.}, title = {Afferent and sympathetic neurons projecting into lumbar visceral nerves of the male rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {314}, number = {3}, pages = {429--436}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The cell bodies of thoracolumbar sensory and sympathetic pre- and postganglionic neurons that project to the colon and pelvic organs of the male rat were labeled retrogradely with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in order to study numbers, segmental distribution, and location of the somata of these neurons quantitatively. HRP was applied to one hypogastric nerve (HGN), to the lumbar colonic nerves (LCN) and to the intermesenteric nerve (IMN). In order to estimate the significance of the branching of one axon into both hypogastric nerves a double-labeling technique with fluorogold and HRP was used. About 2640 neurons project into the two HGN added together (800 afferent, 1320 pre-, and 520 postganglionic), 4650 neurons into the LCN (360 afferent, 0 pre- and 4290 postganglionic), and 5990 into the IMN (1500 afferent, 1250 pre-, and 3240 postganglionic). About 4190 sympathetic postganglionic prevertebral neurons innervate the colon and pelvic organs, 1900 are located in the inferior mesenteric ganglion and 2290 in ganglia of the IMN. Considering the efferent component, the HGN mainly are preganglionic and the LCN exclusively postganglionic nerves. Branching of one axon into both HGN is a rare event and quantitatively negligible (less than 3\%). Afferent neurons of all three nerves were found in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) T12-L2 with the maximum in L1 and L2. The distribution of afferent neurons projecting into the LCN is shifted slightly more rostrally compared to neurons projecting into the HGN. The IMN distribution is located in a position in between. Preganglionic neurons projecting into the IMN are located in the spinal cord segments T12-L3 with the maximum in L1 and L2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903140302}, institution = {Physiologisches Institut, Christan-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Colon, innervation; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Sympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Stilbamidines; Stomach, innervation; Sympathetic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1726105}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903140302}, } @Article{Baron:1988, author = {Baron, R. and Jänig, W. and Kollmann, W.}, title = {Sympathetic and afferent somata projecting in hindlimb nerves and the anatomical organization of the lumbar sympathetic nervous system of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1988}, volume = {275}, number = {3}, pages = {460--468}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The anatomy of the sympathetic pathways from the spinal cord to the lumbar sympathetic trunk and the inferior mesenteric ganglion was studied systematically in the rat. Details of the arrangements of white and gray rami communicantes, sympathetic trunk ganglia, the intermesenteric nerve, and the lumbar splanchnic nerves are summarized. A modified nomenclature for the segmental ganglia of the paravertebral sympathetic chain is proposed. Cell bodies of sensory and sympathetic axons projecting to the skin and skeletal muscle of the rat hindlimb were labeled retrogradely with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in order to study numbers, segmental distribution, and location of the somata of these neurons quantitatively. HRP was applied to the nerves supplying skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius-soleus, GS), hairy skin (sural, SU; saphenous, SA) and to a mixed nerve (tibial, TI). All sensory somata and 96.4\% of the sympathetic cell bodies were located ipsilaterally. Sensory somata were commonly restricted to two adjacent dorsal root ganglia (usually L3-4 for SA; L4-5 for GS, TI; L5-6 for SU). Although the sympathetic somata were more widely distributed rostrocaudally (four to six segments), their maximum was always located one or two segments more cranially than the sensory outflow, i.e., corresponding to the rami communicantes grisei. From the data, it is estimated that 420 sympathetic and 530 afferent neurons project into GS, 590 and 3,610 into SU, 920 and 3,750 into SA, and 1,070 and 5,760 into TI. These absolute neuron numbers are compared with electron microscopic fiber counts from the literature.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902750310}, institution = {Physiologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany.}, keywords = {Adrenergic Fibers, cytology/physiology; Animals; Cell Count; Hindlimb, innervation/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3225349}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902750310}, } @Article{Baron:1995, author = {Baron, R. and Jänig, W. and With, H.}, title = {Sympathetic and afferent neurones projecting into forelimb and trunk nerves and the anatomical organization of the thoracic sympathetic outflow of the rat.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, year = {1995}, volume = {53}, number = {2-3}, pages = {205--214}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The anatomy of the cervicothoracic sympathetic nerves was studied in the rat. Details of the arrangements of white and grey rami communicantes and superior cervical, middle cervical and stellate ganglia are given. Dorsal root and sympathetic ganglion neurones projecting to skin and muscle of the forelimb and trunk were labelled retrogradely with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in order to study their number, segmental distribution and location. HRP was applied to forelimb nerves supplying skeletal muscles (Ramus profundus of radial nerve, RP) or hairy skin (N. cutaneus brachii lateralis superior of axillary nerve, CB), to mixed nerves (median nerve, ME; ulnar nerve, UL; radial nerve, RA) and to segmental thoracic nerves supplying hairy skin of the back (dorsal cutaneous nerve, CD) and to mixed internal intercostal nerves (IC). All sensory and sympathetic neurones were located ipsilaterally. In the forelimb nerves sensory somata were commonly restricted to two or three adjacent dorsal root ganglia (usually C6-7 for CB; C7-8 for ME; C7-Th1 for RA and RP; C8-Th1 for UL). Nearly all of the sympathetic somata were located in the middle cervical and stellate ganglia (fusion of C6-Th3). Some 0-0.4\% lay in Th4 and Th5, none in the superior cervical ganglia. In the trunk nerves sensory somata were strictly segmentally organized. Sympathetic somata were distributed more widely over 4-5 segments with 50-55\% in the segmental ganglion and up to 41\% in the next caudal segment. From the data, it is estimated that 400 sympathetic (28\%) and 1050 afferent neurones project into CB, 1660 (29\%) and 4050 into RA, 540 (42\%) and 760 into RP, 1010 (22\%) and 3670 into ME, 880 (22\%) and 3040 into UL, 350 (25\%) and 1040 into IC and 500 (27\%) and 1370 into CD.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-1838(94)00171-f}, institution = {Klinik für Neurologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Axons, physiology; Cell Count; Forelimb, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Ganglia, Sympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sympathetic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Thorax, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7560757}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Barone:1994, author = {F. C. Barone and J. T. Cheng and M. J. Wayner}, title = {Reticular thalamic inhibitory input to lateral hypothalamic neurons: a functional and histochemical determination.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1994}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, pages = {575--582}, abstract = {Both the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and reticular thalamus (RT) have been implicated in the integration of a variety of vital functions. To determine relevant connections more specifically between cells of these two regions in the rat, functional neurophysiological and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemical techniques were utilized. Single pulse electrical stimulation of the RT modified the discharge frequency of the majority of LH neurons tested. LH neuronal responses to RT stimulation included; inhibition (66.32\%), excitation followed by inhibition (6.12\%), and excitation (7.14\%). Because RT stimulation resulted primarily in the inhibition of LH neuronal activity with a relative short mean latency of 1.87 +/- 0.23 ms, the existence of a possible direct inhibitory pathway from the RT to LH also was evaluated using HRP histochemistry. Retrogradely HPR labeled soma were identified in the RT after HRP was ejected extracellularly onto LH neurons, which exhibited a decrease in spontaneous activity in response to RT stimulation. These data demonstrate direct projections from the RT to the LH. In addition, HRP labeling of neurons and axons in the zona incerta-LH area following LH HRP ejections suggest this route as a synaptic pathway from RT to LH.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(94)90083-3}, institution = {Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Smith Kline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, cytology/physiology; Iontophoresis; Male; Microelectrodes; Neurons, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology; Rats; Reticular Formation, physiology; Thalamus, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8187000}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Barone:1995, author = {F. C. Barone and I. Zarco de Coronado and M. J. Wayner}, title = {Gastric distension modulates hypothalamic neurons via a sympathetic afferent path through the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1995}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, pages = {239--251}, abstract = {The effects of gastric distension on extracellularly recorded single neuronal activity in the lateral hypothalamuslateral preoptic area-medial forebrain bundle (LPA-LH-MFB), other areas of the hypothalamus, mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG), and other areas associated with the mesencephalic reticular formation were determined in the anesthetized rat. Gastric distension was produced by filling a gastric balloon with water using a calibrated infusion pump. Experimental conditions were based on previous studies that simulated gastric distension during fluid consumption in the rat. The effects of stomach distension using water at body temperature and room temperature were compared. Neurons in both the hypothalamus and mesencephalon were modulated by gastric distension. Hypothalamic neurons exhibited responses associated with gastric distension and exhibited interactions between distension and temperature stimulation of the stomach. Neurons in the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG) and associated reticular formation also were modulated by these gastric stimuli. When the PAG was electrically stimulated, similar responses to gastric distension and PAG stimulation were observed for hypothalamic neurons. The effects of gastric distension on hypothalamic neurons were reduced or eliminated when the PAG stimulating electrode site was destroyed by electrocoagulation. In addition, the microiontophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase at hypothalamic neuronal recording sites where gastric distension effects were observed resulted in the retrograde labeling of neurons in the PAG. These gastric stimulation-induced effects on hypothalamic and mesencephalic neuronal activity were attenuated but were not permanently eliminated by bilateral cervical vagotomy. However, these effects were significantly reduced or eliminated by bilateral transection of the cervical sympathetic chain or spinal transection at the first cervical level. Because the filling of balloons placed into the abdominal cavity close to the stomach had no similar effects on neural activity, these results can be attributed primarily to the activation of gastric mechano-and temperature-sensitive receptors. These results indicate that the effects of gastric temperature/distension stimulation under these conditions are mediated to a large degree by sympathetic afferents. The PAG is clearly involved as one of the mesencephalic relays for gastric afferent input to the hypothalamus.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(95)00096-w}, institution = {Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.}, keywords = {Adrenergic Fibers; Afferent Pathways, physiopathology; Animals; Gastric Balloon; Hypothalamus, physiopathology; Mesencephalon, physiopathology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stomach Diseases, physiopathology; Time Factors; Vagus Nerve, physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {036192309500096W}, pmid = {7496818}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Barone:1981, author = {F. C. Barone and M. J. Wayner and S. L. Scharoun and R. Guevara-Aguilar and H. U. Aguilar-Baturoni}, title = {Afferent connections to the lateral hypothalamus: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1981}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {75--88}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Horseradish peroxidase, 13\% Sigma Type VI, was administered iontophoretically to the mid lateral hypothalamus (LH) of male hooded rats. Animals were perfused intracardially on the following day and brains were removed and sliced in the coronal or sagittal planes into 30-50 micrometer sections. Sections were processed with DAB and BDH for the brown and blue reaction products and later examined by bright and dark field microscopy for the presence and location of retrogradely labeled neurons. Results indicate that a significant number of afferent connections to the LH originate in the olfactory and accumbens nuclei, pyriform cortex, olfactory tracts, magnocellular and medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic regions, stria terminalis, stria hypothalamic tract, diagonal tract of Broca, caudate-putamen and globus pallidus, internal capsule, lateral septal nuclei, lateral preoptic area and anterior medial forebrain bundle, the various amygdaloid nuclei, zona incerta, perifornical region, dorsal and ventral medial hypothalamic areas, supraoptic, paraventricular and periventricular nuclei, posterior hypothalamus and medial forebrain bundle, ventral thalamic nuclei, the fields of Forel, arcuate and mammillary nuclei, adjacent to the fasciculus retroflexus, in the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, interpeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, mesencephalic reticular formation, periaqueductal gray, locus coeruleus and parabrachial region. Results are discussed in terms of previous anatomical and neurophysiological data, probable pathways, and the function of LH neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(81)90101-5}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medial Forebrain Bundle, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Preoptic Area, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6974034}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Barrera:2006, author = {Gabe Barrera and Angelica Hernandez and Jean-Francois Poulin and Sylvie Laforest and Guy Drolet and David A Morilak}, title = {Galanin-mediated anxiolytic effect in rat central amygdala is not a result of corelease from noradrenergic terminals.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {2006}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, pages = {27--40}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Galanin is colocalized extensively with norepinephrine in brain. Although this suggests possible activity-dependent neurotransmitter interactions, the functional significance of such colocalization remains elusive. Previously, we showed that enhancing stress-activation of the noradrenergic system by yohimbine pretreatment released galanin in central amygdala, attenuating the anxiety-like behavioral response to stress on the elevated plus-maze. The present study was conducted to determine, in this context, whether galanin was indeed coreleased from noradrenergic terminals, or instead from another galanin afferent or local stress-responsive galanin neurons in the amygdala. In experiment 1, galanin-mediated anxiolytic effects on the plus-maze following yohimbine + stress were unaltered by lesioning the noradrenergic innervation of central amygdala. In experiment 2, combining immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, galanin neurons specifically activated by yohimbine + stress treatment were found only in the locus coeruleus and intraamygdalar bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, adjacent to central amygdala. In experiment 3, retrograde tracing combined with in situ hybridization revealed few if any galanin cells projecting to central amygdala in locus coeruleus or nucleus tractus solitarius, sources of noradrenergic innervation. Indeed, few retrogradely-labeled galanin neurons were observed anywhere in the brain, including a small number in the intraamygdalar bed nucleus. Together, these results suggest that stress following yohimbine may have induced galanin release from an afferent to central amygdala originating in the bed nucleus, or from local neurons in the intraamygdalar bed nucleus, but that anxiolytic effects exerted by galanin in this context of elevated noradrenergic activity were not the result of corelease from noradrenergic terminals innervating central amygdala.}, doi = {10.1002/syn.20208}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, 78229, USA.}, keywords = {Adrenergic Agents, toxicity; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists, pharmacology; Amygdala, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Autoradiography, methods; Behavior, Animal, drug effects; Cell Count, methods; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Drug Interactions; Fluoxetine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacokinetics; Galanin, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, drug effects; Immunohistochemistry, methods; In Situ Hybridization, methods; Locus Coeruleus, drug effects/physiology; Male; Maze Learning, drug effects; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Oncogene Proteins v-fos, metabolism; Oxidopamine, toxicity; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Restraint, Physical, methods; Septal Nuclei, drug effects/physiology; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Stress, Physiological, drug therapy/etiology/metabolism; Tritium, pharmacokinetics; Yohimbine, pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16237681}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.20208}, } @Article{Barrett:1994, author = {Barrett, R. T. and Bao, X. and Miselis, R. R. and Altschuler, S. M.}, title = {Brain stem localization of rodent esophageal premotor neurons revealed by transneuronal passage of pseudorabies virus.}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, year = {1994}, volume = {107}, number = {3}, pages = {728--737}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Brain stem premotor neurons control swallowing through contacts with both afferent neurons and motoneurons. The location and connectivity of premotor neurons innervating the esophagus was determined using pseudorabies virus.In 30 rats, viral injections were made into either the cervical or subdiaphragmatic esophagus, cricothyroid muscle, or stomach. After a 48-62-hour survival, brain sections were processed immunocytochemically for the virus.Neuronal labeling was limited to the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus for survivals of 48-54 hours. At 57-62-hour survivals, virus-labeled second-order neurons (premotor neurons) were localized to the central subnucleus of nucleus of the solitary tract. Injections in the cricothyroid muscle and stomach resulted in distinct patterns of motoneuronal labeling in the nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus and premotor neuronal labeling in the nucleus of the solitary tract.Virus-labeled premotor neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract occurred as a result of retrograde transport of the virus from the nucleus ambiguus because no viral antigen was present in the tractus solitarius. The esophagus is controlled by a central circuit whereby esophageal vagal afferents terminate on premotor neurons in the central subnucleus that in turn innervate esophageal motoneurons in the nucleus ambiguus.}, doi = {10.1016/0016-5085(94)90120-1}, institution = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Brain Stem, cytology/microbiology; Esophagus, cytology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, isolation /&/ purification/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology; Neurons, microbiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stem Cells, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0016508594002672}, pmid = {8076758}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Barroso-Chinea:2008, author = {Pedro Barroso-Chinea and María Castle and María S Aymerich and José L Lanciego}, title = {Expression of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 in the cells of origin of the rat thalamostriatal pathway.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {2008}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, pages = {101--107}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The present study is focused on the analysis of the vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 (VGLUT1 and VGLUT2) used by thalamic neurons giving rise to the thalamostriatal system. Instead of studying the distribution of VGLUT proteins at the level of thalamostriatal terminals, this report is focused on identifying the expression of the VGLUT mRNAs within the parent cell bodies of thalamic neurons innervating the striatum. For this purpose, we have combined dual in situ hybridization to detect both VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 mRNAs together with retrograde tracing with cholera toxin. Our results show that VGLUT2 is the only vesicular glutamate transporter expressed in thalamostriatal-projecting neurons located in the midline and intralaminar nuclei, whereas all neurons from the ventral thalamic nuclei innervating the striatum express both VGLUTs, at least at the mRNA level. Indeed, the mRNAs encoding for VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 displayed a sharp complementary subcellular distribution within neurons from the ventral thalamic nuclei giving rise to thalamostriatal projections. The differential distribution of VGLUT mRNAs lead us to conclude that the thalamostriatal pathway is a dual system, composed by a preponderant projection arising from the midline and intralaminar nuclei using VGLUT2 as the glutamate transporter, together with another important source of striatal afferents arising from neurons in the ventral thalamic relay nuclei containing both kinds of vesicular glutamate transporters.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.08.001}, institution = {Area de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA) and Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Corpus Striatum, cytology/metabolism; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Male; Midline Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; RNA, Messenger, analysis/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Staining and Labeling; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Thalamus, cytology/metabolism; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1, genetics; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, genetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0891-0618(07)00126-3}, pmid = {17826944}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.08.001}, } @Article{Barroso-Chinea:2011, author = {Barroso-Chinea, Pedro and Rico, Alberto J. and Conte-Perales, Lorena and Gómez-Bautista, Virginia and Luquin, Natasha and Sierra, Salvador and Roda, Elvira and Lanciego, José L.}, title = {Glutamatergic and cholinergic pedunculopontine neurons innervate the thalamic parafascicular nucleus in rats: changes following experimental parkinsonism.}, journal = {Brain Struct Funct}, year = {2011}, volume = {216}, number = {4}, pages = {319--330}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a basal ganglia-related structure that has recently gained renewed interest as a potential surgical target for the treatment of several aspects of Parkinson's disease. However, the underlying anatomical substrates sustaining the choice of the PPN nucleus as a surgical candidate remain poorly understood. Here, we characterized the chemical phenotypes of different subtypes of PPN efferent neurons innervating the rat parafascicular (PF) nucleus. Emphasis was placed on elucidating the impact of unilateral nigrostriatal denervation on the expression patterns of the mRNA coding the vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 (vGlut2 mRNA). We found a bilateral projection from the PPN nucleus to the PF nucleus arising from cholinergic and glutamatergic efferent neurons, with a small fraction of projection neurons co-expressing both cholinergic and glutamatergic markers. Furthermore, the unilateral nigrostriatal depletion induced a bilateral twofold increase in the expression levels of vGlut2 mRNA within the PPN nucleus. Our results support the view that heterogeneous chemical profiles account for PPN efferent neurons innervating thalamic targets. Moreover, a bilateral enhancement of glutamatergic transmission arising from the PPN nucleus occurs following unilateral dopaminergic denervation, therefore sustaining the well-known hyperactivity of the PF nucleus in parkinsonian-like conditions. In conclusion, our data suggest that the ascending projections from the PPN that reach basal ganglia-related targets could play an important role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.}, doi = {10.1007/s00429-011-0317-x}, institution = {Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA and CIBERNED), University of Navarra, Pio XII Ave 55, Edificio CIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Cholinergic Neurons, metabolism; DNA Primers, genetics; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Histological Techniques; Immunoenzyme Techniques; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, cytology; Microdissection; Neurons, Efferent, metabolism; Parkinsonian Disorders, physiopathology; Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus, cytology; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Stilbamidines; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {21499800}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-011-0317-x}, } @Article{Barrot:2000, author = {Barrot, M. and Calza, L. and Pozza, M. and {Le Moal}, M. and Piazza, P. V.}, title = {Differential calbindin-immunoreactivity in dopamine neurons projecting to the rat striatal complex.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2000}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {4578--4582}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The calcium-binding protein calbindin-D28K is an anatomical marker that has been associated with resistance to neurodegeneration and with the electrophysiological characteristics of neurons. In this study, we compared the presence of calbindin in dopamine neurons projecting to three distinct functional regions of the striatal complex: the striatum, and the core and the shell of the nucleus accumbens. After iontophoretic injections of Fluoro-Gold in the dopaminergic terminal fields, the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase and calbindin were immunohistochemically assessed in the mesencephalon. It was found that the proportion of cells expressing calbindin was highest in the dopamine cells projecting to the core (72\%), intermediate in the cells projecting to the shell (51\%) and lowest in the cells projecting to the dorsolateral striatum (2.6\%). These results do not support the idea that calbindin is a sufficient condition to confer resistance to neurodegeneration because shell-projecting neurons seem the most resistant to it. The present data also raise the question of the role of calbindin in the differences in firing characteristics among dopamine neurons projecting to the striatal complex.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2000.01349.x}, institution = {Psychobiologie des Comportements Adaptatifs, INSERM U259, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis; Corpus Striatum, cytology/physiology; Dopamine, analysis; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {ejn1349}, pmid = {11122372}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Barth:1995, author = {D. S. Barth and N. Goldberg and B. Brett and S. Di}, title = {The spatiotemporal organization of auditory, visual, and auditory-visual evoked potentials in rat cortex.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {678}, number = {1-2}, pages = {177--190}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Four placements of an 8 x 8 channel microelectrode array were used to map auditory, visual, and combined auditory-visual evoked potentials (AEP, VEP, AVEP) from a total of 256 electrode sites over a 7 x 7 mm2 area including most of somatosensory, auditory, and visual cortex in the right hemisphere of the rat. The unimodal AEP and VEP consisted of an archetypal response sequence representing a systematic spatial and temporal activation of primary and secondary sensory cortex. Spatiotemporal analysis of these waveforms indicated that they could be decomposed into a small number of spatial and temporal components; components that are related to patterns of specific and non-specific thalamocortical projections connecting the auditory and visual nuclei of the thalamus with primary and secondary auditory and visual cortex. These data suggest that the AEP and VEP complex are the cortical reflection of asynchronous activation of parallel thalamocortical projection systems. The areal distribution of the AEP and VEP also overlapped, primarily in secondary auditory and visual cortex, indicating that these regions contain populations of cells responding to either modality. Polymodal auditory-visual stimulation resulted in unique activation of two isolated populations of neurons positioned in secondary auditory and secondary visual cortex which were revealed by difference waveforms, computed by subtracting the sum of the AEP and VEP from the AVEP complex. Retrograde labeling of the polymodal zones indicated that they receive parallel thalamocortical projections primarily from non-specific auditory and visual thalamic nuclei including the medial and dorsal divisions of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGm and MGd), the suprageniculate nucleus (SGN), and the lateral posterior nucleus (LP). The polymodal zone in visual cortex also receives specific projections from the dorsal division of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd). These data conform to a general model of thalamocortical organization in which specific thalamic nuclei with a high degree of modality specificity make restricted projections to primary sensory cortex and parts of secondary sensory cortex, and association thalamic nuclei with a high degree of sensory convergence make more divergent cortical projections. Primary and secondary sensory cortex, as well as distinct zones of polysensory cortex appear to be activated in tandem via parallel thalamocortical projections. Thus, the cerebral cortex must have simultaneous access to both unimodal and polymodal sensory information.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)00182-p}, institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0345, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, physiology; Evoked Potentials, Visual, physiology; Models, Neurological; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Visual Cortex, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(95)00182-P}, pmid = {7620886}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bartlett:2000, author = {E. L. Bartlett and J. M. Stark and R. W. Guillery and P. H. Smith}, title = {Comparison of the fine structure of cortical and collicular terminals in the rat medial geniculate body.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2000}, volume = {100}, number = {4}, pages = {811--828}, abstract = {Neurons throughout the rat medial geniculate body, including the dorsal and ventral divisions, display a variety of responses to auditory stimuli. To investigate possible structural determinants of this variability, measurements of axon terminal profile area and postsynaptic dendrite diameter were made on inferior colliculus and corticothalamic terminal profiles in the medial geniculate body identified by anterograde tracer labeling following injections into the inferior colliculus or cortex. Over 90\% of the synapses observed were axodendritic, with few axosomatic synapses. Small (<0.5 microm(2)) and large (>1.0 microm(2)) collicular profiles were found throughout the medial geniculate, but were smaller on average in the dorsal division (0.49+/-0.49 microm(2)) than in the ventral division (0.70+/-0.64 microm(2)). Almost all corticothalamic profiles were small and ended on small-caliber dendrites (0.57+/-0.25 microm diameter) throughout the medial geniculate. A few very large (>2.0 microm(2)) corticothalamic profiles were found in the dorsal division and in the marginal zone of the medial geniculate. GABA immunostaining demonstrated the presence of GABAergic profiles arising from cells in the inferior colliculus. These profiles were compared with GABAergic profiles not labeled with anterograde tracer, which were presumed to be unlabeled inferior colliculus profiles or thalamic reticular nucleus profiles. The distributions of dendritic diameters postsynaptic to collicular, cortical and unlabeled GABAergic profiles were compared with dendritic diameters of intracellularly labeled medial geniculate neurons from rat brain slices. Our results demonstrate a corticothalamic projection to medial geniculate body that is similar to other sensory corticothalamic projections. However, the heterogeneous distributions of excitatory inferior collicular terminal sizes and postsynaptic dendritic diameters, along with the presence of a GABAergic inferior collicular projection to dendrites in the medial geniculate body, suggest a colliculogeniculate projection that is more complex than the ascending projections to other sensory thalamic nuclei. These findings may be useful in understanding some of the differences in the response characteristics of medial geniculate neurons in vivo.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00340-7}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin Medical School, WI, Madison, 53706, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Cortex; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cerebral Cortex, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Female; Geniculate Bodies, ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi, metabolism/ultrastructure; Injections; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Staining and Labeling; Synaptic Transmission; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452200003407}, pmid = {11036215}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Basbaum:1979, author = {Basbaum, A. I. and Fields, H. L.}, title = {The origin of descending pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord of the cat and rat: further studies on the anatomy of pain modulation.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1979}, volume = {187}, number = {3}, pages = {513--531}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {There is considerable evidence that the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) of the spinal cord contains descending pathways critical for both opiate and brainstem stimulation-produced analgesia. To obtain a comprehensive map of brainstem neurons projecting to the spinal cord via the DLF, large injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made into the lumbosacral spinal cord of cat and rat. These injections were made caudal to midthoracic lesions which spared only a single DLF or ventral quadrant (VQ); thus only those neurons whose axons descended in the spared funiculus would be labelled. Cells with descending axons in the VQ were concentrated in the medullary nucleus raphe pallidus and obscurus, nucleus retroambiguus and in various subregions of the reticular formation including the nucleus reticularis ventralis, gigantocellularis, magnocellularis, pontis caudalis and pontis oralis. Significant numbers of neurons were also found in medial and lateral vestibular nuclei and in several presumed catecholamine-containing neurons of the dorsolateral pons. In the rat, but not in the cat, considerable numbers of cells are present in the mesencephalic reticular formation just lateral to the periaqueductal gray. In both species, some cells were found in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Brainstem cells projecting in the DLF were concentrated in the nucleus raphe magnus and in the adjacent nucleus reticularis magnocellularis, ipsilateral to the spared funiculus. Significant numbers of cells were found in the dorsolateral pons, differing somewhat in their distribution from those projecting in the VQ. DLF-projecting cells were also present in the ipsilateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus and periaqueductal grey contralateral red nucleus of the midbrain and in the ipsilateral hypothalamus. Smaller projections from other sites are described. These results are discussed in terms of the differential contribution of several brainstem neuronal groups, including the serotonergic nucleus, raphe magnus, the ventromedial reticular formation of the medulla, and various catecholamine-containing neurons of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to the analgesia produced by opiates and electrical brain stimulation.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901870304}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cats; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiopathology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Pain, physiopathology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {489790}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901870304}, } @Article{Basbaum:1987, author = {Basbaum, A. I. and Menetrey, D.}, title = {Wheat germ agglutinin-apoHRP gold: a new retrograde tracer for light- and electron-microscopic single- and double-label studies.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {261}, number = {2}, pages = {306--318}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {In this report, we describe a new colloidal-gold-labelled retrograde tracer, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) conjugated to enzymatically inactive horseradish peroxidase (apoHRP). This protein gold complex (WGAapoHRP-Au) is a sensitive marker for retrograde tracing of the projections of CNS neurons at the light-microscopic (LM) level when a silver-enhancement procedure is used to detect the gold in the tracer. For electron-microscopic (EM) analysis, the silver-enhanced sections undergo a further gold-toning step. This protects against rapid oxidation and dissolution of the silver precipitate during the osmication procedure. A major advantage of WGAapoHRP-Au is that it can be used in a variety of multiple-labelling studies. When the retrograde transport of the new tracer is combined with that of the fluorescent dye, True Blue, neurons that have bifurcating axons can be readily demonstrated. Simultaneous immunofluorescent detection of the cytochemistry of the double-retrogradely labelled neurons is also possible. In contrast to a WGA-HRP gold complex, the new complex has no enzymatic activity. Thus HRP-based techniques (e.g., anterograde transport of WGA-HRP or peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry) can be performed on tissue that contains retrogradely labelled neurons marked with WGAapoHRP-Au without having to pretreat tissue so as to destroy endogenous HRP enzyme activity. At the EM level, the gold is readily distinguished from DAB immunoreaction product. This makes both LM and EM double-labelling studies possible. The great sensitivity of the new tracer, its compatibility with a variety of aldehyde fixatives, its ease of detection, and the fact that it can be simultaneously used with several fluorescent and HRP-based immunocytochemical and tracing techniques make WGAapoHRP-Au a valuable tool for LM and EM characterization of CNS cytochemistry and connectivity.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902610211}, keywords = {3,3'-Diaminobenzidine; Animals; Benzofurans; Central Nervous System, analysis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Gold; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Neuroanatomy, methods; Peroxidases; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Silver; Staining and Labeling, methods; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2442205}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902610211}, } @Article{Baseer:2014a, author = {Baseer, Najma and Al-Baloushi, Abdullah S. and Watanabe, Masahiko and Shehab, Safa A S. and Todd, Andrew J.}, title = {Selective innervation of NK1 receptor-lacking lamina I spinoparabrachial neurons by presumed nonpeptidergic Aδ nociceptors in the rat.}, journal = {Pain}, year = {2014}, volume = {155}, number = {11}, pages = {2291--2300}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Fine myelinated (Aδ) nociceptors are responsible for fast, well-localised pain, but relatively little is known about their postsynaptic targets in the spinal cord, and therefore about their roles in the neuronal circuits that process nociceptive information. Here we show that transganglionically transported cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) labels a distinct set of afferents in lamina I that are likely to correspond to Aδ nociceptors, and that most of these lack neuropeptides. The vast majority of lamina I projection neurons can be retrogradely labelled from the lateral parabrachial area, and these can be divided into 2 major groups based on expression of the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r). We show that CTb-labelled afferents form contacts on 43\% of the spinoparabrachial lamina I neurons that lack the NK1r, but on a significantly smaller proportion (26\%) of those that express the receptor. We also confirm with electron microscopy that these contacts are associated with synapses. Among the spinoparabrachial neurons that received contacts from CTb-labelled axons, contact density was considerably higher on NK1r-lacking cells than on those with the NK1r. By comparing the density of CTb contacts with those from other types of glutamatergic bouton, we estimate that nonpeptidergic Aδ nociceptors may provide over half of the excitatory synapses on some NK1r-lacking spinoparabrachial cells. These results provide further evidence that synaptic inputs to dorsal horn projection neurons are organised in a specific way. Taken together with previous studies, they suggest that both NK1r(+) and NK1r-lacking lamina I projection neurons are directly innervated by Aδ nociceptive afferents.}, doi = {10.1016/j.pain.2014.08.023}, institution = {Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Electronic address: andrew.todd@glasgow.ac.uk.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3959(14)00382-0}, pmid = {25168670}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2014.08.023}, } @Article{Baskerville:1993, author = {K. A. Baskerville and H. T. Chang and P. Herron}, title = {Topography of cholinergic afferents from the nucleus basalis of Meynert to representational areas of sensorimotor cortices in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1993}, volume = {335}, number = {4}, pages = {552--562}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {We investigated (1) the topography of projection neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) with efferents to restricted regions of the primary somatosensory (SI), the second somatosensory (SII), and the primary motor (MI) cortices in the rat; (2) the percentage of these NBM projection neurons that were cholinergic; and (3) the collateralization, if any, of single NBM neurons to different subdivisions within SI, to homotopic areas of SI and SII, and to homotopic areas of SI and MI. Retrograde single- and double-labeling techniques were used to study NBM projections to electrophysiologically identified subdivisions of SI and to homotopic representational areas of SI and SII, and of SI and MI. Choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry was done to identify cholinergic NBM neurons. Of the retrogradely labeled NBM neurons that projected to selective subdivisions of SI, SII, and MI, 89\%, 87\%, and 88\%, respectively, were cholinergic. We found a rostral-to-caudal progression of retrogradely labeled NBM neurons following a medial-to-lateral sequence of injections into subdivisions of SI. Overlapping groups of single-labeled NBM neurons were observed after injections of different tracers into adjacent subdivisions within SI or homotopic areas of SI and SII, and of SI and MI. We conclude that NBM innervation to SI, SII, and MI is mostly cholinergic in the rat, that each cortical area receives cholinergic afferents from neurons widely distributed within the NBM, and that each NBM neuron projects to a restricted cortical area without significant collateralization to adjacent subdivisions within SI or to homotopic areas of SI and SII, or SI and MI.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903350407}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Medicine, Memphis 38163.}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cholera Toxin; Fluorescent Dyes; Forelimb, innervation; Male; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, physiology; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology; Substantia Innominata, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8227535}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350407}, } @Article{Bastmeyer:1998, author = {Bastmeyer, M. and Daston, M. M. and Possel, H. and O'Leary, D. D.}, title = {Collateral branch formation related to cellular structures in the axon tract during corticopontine target recognition.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1998}, volume = {392}, number = {1}, pages = {1--18}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The corticopontine projection develops exclusively by collateral branches that form along the length of corticospinal axons days after they have passed their hindbrain target, the basilar pons. In vitro evidence suggests that the basilar pons releases a diffusible activity that initiates and directs the growth of collateral branches. This study investigates whether contact-dependent mechanisms may also influence the formation of collateral branches. By using immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, and neuronal tracing techniques, we examined the region of the axon tract, the cerebral peduncle, overlying the basilar pons for cellular structures that correlate spatially and temporally with collateral branch formation. We found that radial glia are excluded from the tract. Oligodendrocyte precursors are found only at low density. Although mature astrocytes are absent, immature astrocytes are present throughout the tract. However, our evidence does not suggest a direct role for glial cell types in collateral branch formation. In contrast, dendrites of basilar pontine neurons are transiently present in the tract during the time of collateral branch formation. Although collateral branches are observed in regions of the tract devoid of dendrites, the orientation and location of most collateral branches correlates at the light microscopic level with dendrites. Electron microscopy reveals sites of increased collateral branch formation near neuronal cell bodies or dendrites. However, cell processes, whether dendritic or otherwise, are rarely found in direct contact with collateral branch points. A common and unexpected feature is the bundles of corticopontine collateral branches, oriented transversely to their parent corticospinal axons and directed across the tract to the basilar pons. Dendrites were often apposed to or embedded within the transverse bundles. These findings suggest that dendrites are not essential for collateral branch formation but that they may enhance this process and define discrete preferred locations for collateral branch initiation and elongation within the cerebral peduncle.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980302)392:1<1::aid-cne1>3.0.co;2-6}, institution = {Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Astrocytes, physiology; Axons, physiology; Carbocyanines; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Dendrites, physiology; Female; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Neuroglia, physiology; Pons, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-6}, pmid = {9482229}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bates:1984, author = {Bates, C. A. and Killackey, H. P.}, title = {The emergence of a discretely distributed pattern of corticospinal projection neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {315}, number = {2}, pages = {265--273}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The distribution of cortical neurons which project to the spinal cord was investigated in the developing and adult rat using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following injections of HRP into the cervical spinal cord of a postnatal day 4 rat, retrogradely labeled neurons are located in layer Vb throughout the neocortex. Gradually, over the first two postnatal weeks, labeled cells can no longer be found laterally or caudally in the neocortex. By the end of the second postnatal week, cortical neurons which project to the spinal cord are located in essentially their adult positions. These consist of: (1) a dorsomedial band of cells in layer V of frontal cortex, (2) a dorsomedial band in layer Vb of posterior frontal/anterior parietal cortex, and (3) a small group of cells located laterally in an area corresponding to SII. This change in the regional distribution of cortical neurons projecting to the spinal cord is interpreted as an economically adaptive way for the cortex to interconnect highly organized sensory and motor systems.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-3806(84)90161-5}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn, growth /&/ development; Corpus Callosum, growth /&/ development; Cricetinae; Frontal Lobe, growth /&/ development; Parietal Lobe, growth /&/ development; Pyramidal Tracts, growth /&/ development; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6722590}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bates:1993, author = {C. A. Bates and D. J. Stelzner}, title = {Extension and regeneration of corticospinal axons after early spinal injury and the maintenance of corticospinal topography.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {1993}, volume = {123}, number = {1}, pages = {106--117}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {It has been established that neonatal corticospinal (CS) axons are able to grow around lesions of the spinal cord early in neonacy (Bernstein and Stelzner, J. Comp. Neurol. 221:382-400; Firkins, Bates, and Stelzner, Exp. Neurol., 120:1-15). To determine if these corticospinal axons include regenerating as well as late developing axons a double-labeling paradigm is used in which CS neurons are retrogradely labeled from the cervical spinal cord by injections of fast blue (FB) on Postnatal Day (PND) 2, 4, or 10. Two days later, the FB is aspirated along with the left dorsal funiculus and the right hemicord (CHR). As adults, the animals receive an injection of diamidino yellow (DY) or rhodamine into the spinal cord caudal to the lesion site. Thus, FB neurons are those that originally projected to the spinal cord before the lesion and which survived axotomy, DY neurons are those whose axons reached the spinal cord after the lesion, and double-labeled neurons (FB/DY) are cells which projected to the spinal cord prior to the lesion and regenerated a spinal axon postlesion. Animals FB injected on PND 2 have a widespread distribution of FB-labeled neurons in cortex, including areas outside of sensorimotor cortex. These animals also had both DY- and FB/DY-labeled cells within sensorimotor cortex, indicating that the population of axons growing caudal to neonatal spinal lesions consists of both late growing and regenerating axons. In animals FB injected on PND 10, the FB neurons were all located in sensorimotor cortex. Very few DY and no FB/DY neurons were present. We have also looked at the topography of the CS neurons which project caudal to early spinal lesions. Rat pups received a CHR on PND 0, 3, 6, or 12. As adults, horseradish peroxidase was injected into the cervical or lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord and the distribution of labeled cells in the cerebral cortex was plotted and compared to normal and lesioned adult controls. In all experimental animals, the distribution of retrogradely labeled cells was restricted to the area containing CS projection neurons in the normal animal. This is despite the fact that the number of CS projection neurons is greatly reduced from normal and the normal pathway for CS axonal outgrowth has been completely disrupted by the neonatal lesion.}, doi = {10.1006/exnr.1993.1144}, institution = {California at Irvine 92717.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Animals, Newborn, physiology; Axons, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, physiopathology/ultrastructure; Fluorescent Dyes; Nerve Regeneration; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines; Spinal Cord Injuries, physiopathology; Spinal Cord, physiopathology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0014-4886(83)71144-1}, pmid = {8405271}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1993.1144}, } @Article{Batini:1989, author = {C. Batini and C. Buisseret-Delmas and C. Compoint and H. Daniel}, title = {The GABAergic neurones of the cerebellar nuclei in the rat: projections to the cerebellar cortex.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1989}, volume = {99}, number = {3}, pages = {251-256}, month = {May}, abstract = {The presence of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the neurones of the cerebellar nucleocortical pathway is here reported. The pathway was identified by retrograde tracer and the GABA content was revealed immunohistochemically. It was found that most of the neurones giving rise to the reciprocal, non-reciprocal and symmetrical projections are indeed GABA-immunoreactive. They were observed in all the subdivisions of the nucleus medialis, of the nucleus interpositus and of the nucleus lateralis sending axons respectively to the sagittal zones A, C1-3 and D of the cerebellar cortex. The nucleus vestibularis lateralis and the related sagittal zone B were devoid of such projections.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(89)90455-2}, institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie de la motricité, URA-CNRS 185, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2471118}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Batini:1992, author = {C. Batini and C. Compoint and C. Buisseret-Delmas and H. Daniel and M. Guegan}, title = {Cerebellar nuclei and the nucleocortical projections in the rat: retrograde tracing coupled to GABA and glutamate immunohistochemistry.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {315}, number = {1}, pages = {74-84}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The amino acids GABA and glutamate (Glu) are thought to be the principal substances in the central nervous system responsible for neuronal inhibition and excitation. Their distributions among the different neurons in a defined pathway may thus be indicative of the contributions of the cells to pathway function. Examples of such neurons are those of the cerebellar nuclei which, while regulating output from the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex, are also found to project back to the cerebellar cortex. Immunohistochemical experiments were done to identify GABA and glutamate (Glu) containing cells in the adult rat cerebellar nuclei. Consecutive semithin and serial vibratome sections were incubated with antisera raised in rabbit against GABA and Glu. In semithin sections, only small neurons were intensely GABA immunoreactive (GABA-IR) (31.7\%), and the majority (80.5\%) were Glu immunoreactive (Glu-IR) of different sizes. Consistent with Glu being a metabolic precursor for GABA, 75.4\% of the GABA-IR population colocalized Glu. In vibratome sections GABA-IR neurons showed some local differences in number, whereas the Glu-IR were uniformly distributed in the three nuclei studied. Measured mean diameters for these neurons showed a distinct size difference for the GABA- and Glu-IR with little overlap. Cerebellar nuclei neurons projecting to the cortex (nucleocortical neurons, NCN) were identified by locally preinjecting the retrograde transported WGA-apoHRP-colloidal gold complex in the cerebellar cortex. Vibratome sections of these cerebellar were silver intensified for the retrograde tracer and double labeled for GABA and Glu. Of the total number of identified NCN, 8.7\% were GABA-IR (10 animals) and 47.7\% Glu-IR (5 animals). Many retrograde labeled NCN in the core of the thick sections were immunonegative for both amino acids due to poor antibody penetration, thus underestimating the proportions of cells containing GABA and Glu. The size distributions for the GABA-IR and Glu-IR NCN were similar to those measured in non-retrograde labeled nuclei in thick sections. The conclusions reached are that GABA-IR neurons of the cerebellar nuclei, including the NCN, use GABA as the presumed inhibitory neurotransmitter and that Glu-IR neurons may use Glu or another excitatory neurotransmitter.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903150106}, institution = {CNRS URA 385, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CHU Pitié-Salpetrière, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Cell Count; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Feedback; Glutamates, analysis; Glutamic Acid; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Purkinje Cells, chemistry/ultrastructure; Rats; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1371781}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903150106}, } @Article{Battaglia:1994, author = {G. Battaglia and C. Lizier and C. Colacitti and A. Princivalle and R. Spreafico}, title = {A reticuloreticular commissural pathway in the rat thalamus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1994}, volume = {347}, number = {1}, pages = {127--138}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {To further characterize the communication between the thalami of the two hemispheres, a connection linking the rostral reticular nuclei of the two thalamic sides was investigated in the rat by retrograde and anterograde tracing. The rostral reticular nucleus can be divided into a medial region, with densely packed fusiform neurons, and a lateral region, with less densely packed, polymorphic neurons. After injections of Fluorogold (FG) in the medial region, retrogradely labeled, small fusiform neurons were found in the corresponding contralateral region. The retrograde labeling data were confirmed by the anterograde-tracing experiments. Thin, beaded axons, anterogradely labeled after injection of biocytin or biotinylated dextranamine in the medial region, innervate the corresponding region in the contralateral reticular nucleus. The present data suggest the existence of a commissural pathway specifically devoted to the crosstalk between the rostral reticular nuclei of the two thalamic sides. The commissural gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic input on the GABAergic neurons of the rostral reticular nucleus could modulate the generation of sleep spindles. The reticuloreticular pathway may, moreover, synchronize the diffuse modulatory effect of the rostral reticular nucleus on nonprimary cortical areas through the bilateral projections of the nucleus to the ventromedial, intralaminar, and anterior thalamic nuclei.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903470110}, institution = {Department of Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Functional Laterality, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7798377}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903470110}, } @Article{Battaglia:1992, author = {G. Battaglia and A. Rustioni}, title = {Substance P innervation of the rat and cat thalamus. II. Cells of origin in the spinal cord.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {315}, number = {4}, pages = {473--486}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Evidence in the preceding paper suggests that fibers and terminals immunopositive for substance P (SP) in somatosensory thalamic nuclei are part of the spinothalamic tract (STT). In this paper, more direct evidence on this point is provided by immunocytochemistry for SP on the cervical spinal cord, alone or combined with the retrograde transport of colloidal gold-labeled wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to enzymatically inactive horseradish peroxidase (WGAapoHRP-Au). In cats and rats pretreated with colchicine and/or anterolateral chordotomy (to increase SP content in cell bodies), many small to large cell bodies are SP-immunopositive especially in laminae I and V, but also in more ventral laminae of the upper cervical cord. SP neurons are also present in the dorsolateral funiculus (in the lateral spinal nucleus, LSN, in rats) but not in the lateral cervical nucleus or in the internal basilar nucleus. In both species there is a considerable degree of overlap in the distribution of SP-positive neurons and that of STT neurons. SP immunocytochemistry in rats after WGAapoHRP-Au injection in the somatosensory thalamus reveals SP-positive STT neurons in LSN, in lamina I and in lamina V, and, to a lesser extent, in more ventral laminae. These results demonstrate that SP is a marker and/or neuromediator for some STT neurons. Together with the evidence discussed in the preceding paper, the results also suggest that SP-positive neurons may be involved in the transmission of nociceptive input.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903150409}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599.}, keywords = {Animals; Cats; Colchicine, pharmacology; Cordotomy; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Substance P, immunology/physiology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1373160}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903150409}, } @Article{Batten:2002, author = {Batten, Trevor F C. and Gamboa-Esteves, Filomena O. and Saha, Sikha}, title = {Evidence for peptide co-transmission in retrograde- and anterograde-labelled central nucleus of amygdala neurones projecting to NTS.}, journal = {Auton Neurosci}, year = {2002}, volume = {98}, number = {1-2}, pages = {28--32}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Synaptic terminals in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) from axons originating in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) are known to contain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivity. Here, we have investigated whether such projections contain neuropeptides as putative co-transmitters. Somata in the medial and lateral CeA that were retrogradely labelled with cholera toxin B (CTb) injected into the commissural NTS were found to be immunoreactive for GABA, somatostatin (SOM), neurotensin (NT), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Subpopulations of fibres in the NTS that were anterogradely labelled with biotin dextran amine (BDA) injected into the CeA and examined using both fluorescence and electron microscopy appeared to colocalise somatostatin, but not other neuropeptides. Their varicosities were observed in proximity to NTS neurones that were immunoreactive for the somatostatin receptor sst2A subtype, substance P (SP) NK1 receptor, and the GABAA receptor alpha3, beta1 and gamma2 subunits. This morphological evidence is consistent with the possibility of GABA-somatostatin co-transmission at synapses of some of the CeA projection neurones to NTS that might inhibit cardiovascular reflex responses in response to fear or emotion-related stimuli.}, doi = {10.1016/s1566-0702(02)00026-7}, institution = {Institute for Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK. cvstfcb@leeds.ac.uk}, keywords = {Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Cholera Toxin; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, physiology; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, physiology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S1566-0702(02)00026-7}, pmid = {12144035}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Baufreton:2009, author = {Baufreton, Jérôme and Kirkham, Erin and Atherton, Jeremy F. and Menard, Ariane and Magill, Peter J. and Bolam, J Paul and Bevan, Mark D.}, title = {Sparse but selective and potent synaptic transmission from the globus pallidus to the subthalamic nucleus.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {2009}, volume = {102}, number = {1}, pages = {532--545}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The reciprocally connected GABAergic globus pallidus (GP)-glutamatergic subthalamic nucleus (STN) network is critical for voluntary movement and an important site of dysfunction in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Although the GP is a key determinant of STN activity, correlated GP-STN activity is rare under normal conditions. Here we define fundamental features of the GP-STN connection that contribute to poorly correlated GP-STN activity. Juxtacellular labeling of single GP neurons in vivo and stereological estimation of the total number of GABAergic GP-STN synapses suggest that the GP-STN connection is surprisingly sparse: single GP neurons maximally contact only 2\% of STN neurons and single STN neurons maximally receive input from 2\% of GP neurons. However, GP-STN connectivity may be considerably more selective than even these estimates imply. Light and electron microscopic analyses revealed that single GP axons give rise to sparsely distributed terminal clusters, many of which correspond to multiple synapses with individual STN neurons. Application of the minimal stimulation technique in brain slices confirmed that STN neurons receive multisynaptic unitary inputs and that these inputs largely arise from different sets of GABAergic axons. Finally, the dynamic-clamp technique was applied to quantify the impact of GP-STN inputs on STN activity. Small fractions of GP-STN input were sufficiently powerful to inhibit and synchronize the autonomous activity of STN neurons. Together these data are consistent with the conclusion that the rarity of correlated GP-STN activity in vivo is due to the sparsity and selectivity, rather than the potency, of GP-STN synaptic connections.}, doi = {10.1152/jn.00305.2009}, institution = {Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, Il 60611, USA. jerome.baufreton@u-bordeaux2.fr}, keywords = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Cell Count, methods; Computer Simulation; Electric Stimulation; Globus Pallidus, cytology/physiology; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, methods; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Reaction Time, drug effects/physiology; Sodium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Subthalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {00305.2009}, pmid = {19458148}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00305.2009}, } @Article{Baughman:1981, author = {R. W. Baughman and C. D. Gilbert}, title = {Aspartate and glutamate as possible neurotransmitters in the visual cortex.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1981}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {427--439}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {To identify possible neurotransmitters in the visual cortex, high pressure liquid chromatography was used to measure the release of endogenous compounds from a tissue slice preparation of the visual cortex of the rat. When synaptic release was induced, either by raising the K+ concentration in the medium or by adding veratridine, of the compounds measured, marked increases (6- to 35- fold) in release rate were observed for aspartate, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This increased release was blocked either with a low Ca2+/high Mg2+ or a tetrodotoxin-containing medium. To label possible aspartate or glutamate pathways, D-[3H]aspartate and D-[3H]glutamate were injected in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), superior colliculus, and visual cortex. Following injections in the LGN, labeling was observed in the pyramidal cells in cortical layer 6 and in a diffuse band in layer 4, whereas no cortical cells were labeled after injections in the superior colliculus. When D-[3H] aspartate was injected in the cortex, the uptake again was concentrated in the layer 6 cells, but not labeled cell bodies were seen in the LGN, confirming the specificity of the uptake and retrograde filling process. Diffuse labeling was present in the LGN, however, presumably produced by anterograde filling process. Diffuse labeling was present in the LGN, however, presumably produced by anterograde transport from the layer 6 cells. These results suggest that layer 6 cells in the cortex, which are the source of the recurrent projection to the thalamus, may use aspartate or glutamate as their transmitter. Analysis of the function of the corticothalamic pathway may be facilitated by these findings.}, keywords = {Amino Acids, metabolism; Animals; Aspartic Acid, physiology; Biological Transport; Calcium, pharmacology; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Glutamates, physiology; Magnesium, pharmacology; Neurotransmitter Agents; Potassium, pharmacology; Rats; Synapses, drug effects/physiology; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology; Veratridine, pharmacology; Visual Cortex, drug effects/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6114999}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/1/4/427.long}, } @Article{Baumgartner:1997, author = {Baumgartner, B. J. and Shine, H. D.}, title = {Targeted transduction of CNS neurons with adenoviral vectors carrying neurotrophic factor genes confers neuroprotection that exceeds the transduced population.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1997}, volume = {17}, number = {17}, pages = {6504--6511}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Application of neurotrophic factors (NFs) to the cut stump of motor nerves of neonatal rats confers neuroprotection from trauma-induced neuronal death. To test whether motoneurons are capable of responding to endogenously produced NFs, facial motoneurons were genetically modified in vivo to express several NFs and then tested for their response to peripheral nerve damage. Replication-defective adenoviral vectors [Adv. Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-nf] representing three families of NFs were constructed that carried genes for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and nerve growth factor. Media from cultured cells transduced with Adv. RSV-nf contained NFs that supported the survival of cultured chick sensory neurons in the same manner as recombinant NF standards. When Adv.RSV-nf or an adenoviral vector containing the beta-galactosidase gene (Adv.RSV-beta-gal) were injected into the facial muscles of neonatal rats the vectors were retrogradely transported to the facial nucleus where the NFs or beta-gal were expressed. A fraction (approximately 10\%) of the neurons were transduced as demonstrated by reverse transcriptase-PCR, histochemistry, and immunocytochemistry. In the case of Adv.RSV-BDNF, Adv.RSV-CNTF, and Adv.RSV-GDNF, a significant portion of the facial nucleus neurons was protected, 16.5, 18.2, and 53.3\%, respectively, from death after axotomy, showing that neurons are capable of transporting the Adv. RSV-nf, expressing the recombinant NF genes, and responding to the NFs. In the case of Adv.RSV-GDNF, a greater number of facial nucleus motoneurons survived than were transduced, indicating that neighboring untransduced neurons were protected by the GDNF expressed by the transduced neurons by a paracrine mechanism.}, institution = {Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae, genetics; Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Cell Survival, drug effects; Central Nervous System, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Chick Embryo; Culture Media, Conditioned; Facial Muscles, innervation; Facial Nerve, physiology; Gene Expression; Genetic Vectors; HeLa Cells, metabolism; Humans; Nerve Growth Factors; Nerve Tissue Proteins, genetics/metabolism/pharmacology; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Neuroprotective Agents, pharmacology; Pons, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Transduction, Genetic}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9254662}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/17/17/6504.long}, } @Article{Bay:2013, author = {Bay, Hüsniye Hacıoğlu and Cavdar, Safiye}, title = {Regional connections of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {J Integr Neurosci}, year = {2013}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {201--219}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Thalamic nuclei are classified as first- and higher-order relays. The first-order relays receive their driving afferents from ascending pathways and transmit messages to cortex that cortex has not seen before. The higher-order relays receive driver messages from layer-5 cortical cells for transmission from one cortical area to another. The present study used the retrograde tracer, fluoro-gold, to define the afferents to the three regions of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, to distinguish which parts contain first- or higher-order relays. The results show that the main inputs to the medial region of the nucleus come from olfactory and visceral structures, those to the central region come from limbic structures and those to the lateral region come from motor centers of the central nervous system. The medial and central regions receive both modulatory (layer 6) and driver (layer 5) afferent inputs from the orbitofrontal and medial frontal areas of the prefrontal cortex whereas the lateral region receives no layer-5 inputs from its cortical connections. Further, the inhibitory modulation of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus shows regional differences. The medial region receives inhibitory afferents from the striatum (globus pallidus, caudate-putamen), the lateral region from the substantia nigra pars reticulata and the zona incerta, and all segments of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus receive inhibitory afferents from the thalamic reticular nucleus. The results of the present study show that each region of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus has distinct afferent connections allowing each region of mediodorsal thalamic nucleus to be considered relatively independent subnuclei that may subserve independent functions.}, doi = {10.1142/S021963521350012X}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cell Count; Functional Laterality; Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Nerve Net, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stilbamidines, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {23869861}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S021963521350012X}, } @Article{Bayat:2005, author = {Bayat, Mohammad and Hasanzadeh, Gholam Reza and BarzroodIpour, Mitra and Javadi, Maryam}, title = {The effect of low protein diet on thalamic projections of hippocampus in rat}, journal = {Neuroanatomy}, year = {2005}, volume = {4}, pages = {43--48}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.neuroanatomy.org/2005/043_048.pdf}, } @Article{Bayer:2001, author = {Bayer,L. and Eggermann, E. and Sera, M. and Saint-Mieux, B. and Machard, D. and Jones, B. and Mühlethaler, M.}, title = {Orexins (hypocretins) directly excite tuberomammillary}, journal = {Europ J Neurosci}, year = {2001}, volume = {14}, pages = {1571-1575}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bayer:1999, author = {L. Bayer and P. Y. Risold and B. Griffond and D. Fellmann}, title = {Rat diencephalic neurons producing melanin-concentrating hormone are influenced by ascending cholinergic projections.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1999}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, pages = {1087--1101}, abstract = {Innervation of diencephalic neurons producing melanin-concentrating hormone by choline acetyltransferase-containing axons was examined using double immunohistochemistry. In the rostromedial zona incerta and perifornical regions of the lateral hypothalamic area, many choline acetyltransferase-positive fibers were detected in the immediate vicinity of melanin-concentrating hormone perikarya and their proximal dendrites. Putative contact sites were less abundant in the far lateral hypothalamus, and only scattered close to the third ventricle. After injections of the retrograde tracer FluoroGold, most of these projections appeared to originate in the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei. Finally, to determine the putative effect of acetylcholine on the melanin-concentrating hormone neuron population, the cholinergic agonist carbachol was added to the medium of hypothalamic slices in culture. Using competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, carbachol was found to induce a rapid increase in the melanin-concentrating hormone messenger RNA expression. This response was abolished by both atropine, a muscarinic antagonist, and hexamethonium, a nicotinic antagonist. Thus, the bulk of these results indicates that the diencephalic melanin-concentrating hormone neurons are targeted by activating ascending cholinergic projections.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00678-2}, institution = {CNRS ESA 6025, Laboratoire d'Histologie, Embryologie, Cytogénétique, CNRS FR 51 Institut d'Etude et de Transfert de Gènes, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Besançon, France.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Cholinergic Agents, pharmacology; Cholinergic Fibers, physiology; Diencephalon, cytology/drug effects/enzymology/metabolism; Hypothalamic Hormones, biosynthesis/genetics; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Melanins, biosynthesis/genetics; Neurons, enzymology/metabolism; Pituitary Hormones, biosynthesis/genetics; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Tissue Distribution, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(98)00678-2}, pmid = {10391486}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bayer:2004, author = {Bayer, L. and Serafin, M. and Eggermann, E. and Saint-Mieux, B. and Machard, D. and Jones, B.E. and Mühlethaler, M.}, title = {Exclusive postsynaptic action of Hypocretin?Orexin on sublayer 6b cortical neurons}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2004}, volume = {24}, pages = {6760-6764}, doi = {10.1523/jneurosci.1783-04.2004}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bayless:2015, author = {Bayless, D. W. and Daniel, J. M.}, title = {Sex differences in myelin-associated protein levels within and density of projections between the orbital frontal cortex and dorsal striatum of adult rats: implications for inhibitory control.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2015}, volume = {300}, pages = {286--296}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Impulsive actions and decisions often lead to undesirable outcomes. Lesion and neuroimaging studies have revealed that the orbital frontal cortex (OFC) and dorsal striatum (dSTR) play key roles in inhibitory control. It has been proposed that greater OFC input into the dSTR reflects enhanced top-down cognitive control and less impulsive responding. We previously reported a sex difference in inhibitory control, such that female rats make fewer impulsive errors than do male rats. The goal of the present study was to investigate differences in the OFC and dSTR of young adult male and female rats. In Experiment 1, we measured levels of two myelin-associated proteins, myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), in the OFC and dSTR. Western blot data revealed that females had significantly higher levels of both MBP and PLP in the OFC but similar levels in the dSTR as compared to males. In Experiment 2, we infused the anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine ( BDA), into the OFC and measured the density of BDA in the dSTR. BDA was visualized using histochemistry followed by light microscopy imaging and densitometry analysis. Density of BDA in the dSTR was significantly greater in females as compared to males indicating that the projections from the OFC to dSTR may be greater in females as compared to males. Our results suggest a potential neuroanatomical sex difference that may contribute to the reported differences in inhibitory control levels of male and female rats.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.029}, institution = {Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA. Electronic address: jmdaniel@tulane.edu.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Blotting, Western; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Dextrans; Executive Function, physiology; Female; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Inhibition (Psychology); Male; Microscopy; Myelin Basic Protein, metabolism; Myelin Proteolipid Protein, metabolism; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Rats, Long-Evans; Sex Characteristics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(15)00471-6}, pmid = {26002313}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.029}, } @Article{Beak:2010, author = {Suk K Beak and Eun Y Hong and Hyun S Lee}, title = {Collateral projection from the forebrain and mesopontine cholinergic neurons to whisker-related, sensory and motor regions of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2010}, volume = {1336}, pages = {30--45}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The primary goal of this anatomical study was to examine in the rat whether cholinergic neurons provide axon collaterals to whisker-related, sensorimotor regions at cortical, thalamic, and brainstem levels, using a combined method of retrograde tracing and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostaining. First, when injections were made at primary sensory (S1) barrel field/primary whisker motor (M1) cortices, cholinergic neurons with dual projections were observed in the basal nucleus of Meynert (BM), mainly at middle level; the projection was almost exclusively ipsilateral (99\%+/-0.7\%, n=6). Second, following unilateral injections of tracers into ventroposteromedial (VPM) barreloids/ventrolateral (VL) thalamic nucleus, dual-projecting cells were observed in the mesopontine tegmental complex including the pedunculopontine tegmental (PTg) and laterodorsal tegmental (LDTg) nuclei, mainly at rostral to middle levels; the projection exhibited ipsilateral dominance, i.e., 67\%+/-1. 3\% (n=6) for the PTg and 64\%+/-1.2\% (n=6) for the LDTg. Finally, when injections were made at whisker-related, principal sensory trigeminal (Pr5)/facial motor (Mo7) nuclei, a relatively small number of labeled neurons were observed in the PTg and the LDTg at middle to caudal levels; within LDTg, labeled cells occupied the ventral portion of the dorsal LDTg as well as the ventral LDTg (LDTgV). This projection exhibited contralateral preponderance, i.e., 67\%+/-2.0\% (n=6) for the PTg and 69\%+/-3.2\% (n=6) for the LDTg. Taken together, the present observations demonstrated that each division of the BM, PTg, and LDTg possessed a differential functional organization with respect to its collateral projection to whisker-related sensorimotor targets, suggesting that the cholinergic projection might play a modulatory role in vibrissal sensorimotor integration, which allows the guidance of behavioral action essential for the survival of the animal.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.100}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea.}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, metabolism; Animals; Brain, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vibrissae, innervation/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(10)00763-8}, pmid = {20381464}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.100}, } @Article{Beal:1994, author = {J. A. Beal and T. N. Bice}, title = {Neurogenesis of spinothalamic and spinocerebellar tract neurons in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res}, year = {1994}, volume = {78}, number = {1}, pages = {49--56}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The temporal and spatial neurogenic patterns of spinothalamic and spinocerebellar neurons were determined in spinal cord segment L1 of the rat. Neurogenic patterns were demonstrated with [3H]thymidine administered to fetal rats during the period when neurons with supraspinal projections are known to be generated, i.e. on one of embryonic (E) days E13, E14, or E15. The animals were allowed to survive 50 to 100 days postpartum, then neurons with spinothalamic and spinocerebellar projections were retrogradely filled with fluorescent axonal tracers, Fluoro-Gold or True blue, which were pressure injected into the dorsal thalamus and cerebellum in various combinations in the same and in separate animals. Neurons labeled with each retrograde tracer and [3H]thymidine and neurons labeled with retrograde tracers alone were counted in spinal cord segment L1 in each of the animals. Spinothalamic and spinocerebellar neurons were found to be separate and distinct populations. Statistical analysis of the data showed that spinothalamic and spinocerebellar neurons also have distinctly different patterns of neurogenesis which suggest early determination in each cell line. The temporal neurogenic pattern followed a projection-distance gradient, such that spinothalamic neurons, which have longer axons than spinocerebellar neurons, completed neurogenesis prior to spinocerebellar neurons in each region of the spinal gray.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-3806(94)90008-6}, institution = {Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport 71130-3932.}, keywords = {Animals; Benzofurans; Cerebellum, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Neurons, physiology; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Stilbamidines; Thalamus, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Thymidine, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8004773}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beal:1990, author = {J. A. Beal and D. S. Knight and K. N. Nandi}, title = {Nerve cell bodies in the dorsal funiculus of the rat spinal cord.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {81}, number = {2}, pages = {372-376}, abstract = {Nerve cell bodies located within the white matter of the dorsal funiculus (DF neurons) have been previously observed but not described in detail. The present study examines the morphology, ontogeny, and projection of DF neurons utilizing Fluoro-Gold as a retrograde tracer, alone, and in combination with tritiated thymidine autoradiography in the spinal cord of the rat. DF neurons were consistently labelled in spinal segments T13 through L2 following injections of Fluoro-Gold into the cerebellum. The cell bodies of DF neurons were small to medium in size, fusiform to multipolar in shape, and were located on the side ipsilateral to the injection site. Cell counts revealed approximately five labelled cells per millimeter along the longitudinal axis. An examination of neurogenesis using tritiated thymidine combined with Fluoro-Gold showed that DF neurons have relatively late birthdates as do other spinocerebellar neurons of the dorsal horn. Retrograde axon tracing studies in the spinal cord using Fluoro-Gold showed that DF neurons project rostrally via the ipsilateral lateral funiculus. The significance of the presence of nerve cells in the dorsal funiculus is unclear, but judging from their location, ontogeny, and projection, DF neurons are probably derived from the same pool of neurons as those in the Nucleus dorsalis.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00228128}, institution = {Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport 71130-3932.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Gestational Age; Neurons, cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology; Thymidine, metabolism; Tritium}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1697810}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beart:1988, author = {P. M. Beart and L. S. Nicolopoulos and D. C. West and P. M. Headley}, title = {An excitatory amino acid projection from ventromedial hypothalamus to periaqueductal gray in the rat: autoradiographic and electrophysiological evidence.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1988}, volume = {85}, number = {2}, pages = {205--211}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The projection from ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) to periaqueductal gray (PAG) has been implicated in various physiological processes in the rat, but the neurotransmitter mediating the excitatory response in PAG has not been identified. This pathway has been studied using a combination of anatomical and electrophysiological techniques. The retrograde labelling by D-[3H]aspartate in VMH, following injections into PAG, was particularly dense, suggesting that an excitatory amino acid may be the transmitter. This postulate is strengthened since VMH-evoked synaptic responses in PAG were reduced by microelectrophoretically administered antagonists of excitatory amino acids. Receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate types appear to have a functional role in this projection.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(88)90352-7}, institution = {University of Melbourne, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.}, keywords = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Action Potentials, drug effects; Animals; Aspartic Acid, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism/pharmacology/physiology; Autoradiography; Electric Stimulation; Kainic Acid, pharmacology; Male; N-Methylaspartate; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reaction Time; Valine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2897646}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beart:1994, author = {P. M. Beart and R. J. Summers and J. A. Stephenson and M. J. Christie}, title = {Excitatory amino acid projections to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the rat: a retrograde transport study utilizing D-[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, year = {1994}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {109--122}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Afferents to the nucleus tractus solitarius utilizing excitatory amino acid transmitters were described in rat brain by autoradiography following microinfusion and retrograde transport of D-[3H]aspartate. Parallel experiments with the injection of [3H]GABA were employed to establish the transmitter-selective nature of the retrograde labelling found with D-[3H]aspartate. Following infusion of D-[3H]aspartate, perikaryal labelling was heaviest in myencephalon, where at least 16 discrete nuclei were labelled. Heaviest labelling was localized bilaterally in the trigeminal nucleus with cells extending through its subdivisions and the entire rostrocaudal axis. Intense labelling was also obtained in the inferior olive, predominantly contralaterally, and non-perikaryal labelling noted. Vestibular, reticular and raphe nuclei contained heavily labelled perikarya. In cervical spinal cord, a moderate density of labelled cells was found in dorsal horn, adjoining the central canal (lamina X) and in the central cervical nucleus, along with appreciable labelling of processes and non-perikaryal labelling. The relative density of labelled perikarya in mesencephalic nuclei was much lower than found in myencephalon, although D-[3H]aspartate produced topographic and precise labelling of a small number of cells in the periaqueductal gray, medial parabrachial nucleus and Koelliker-Fuse nucleus. Only weak labelling was found in cortex and hypothalamus. Labelled cells were not consistently observed in other regions (stria terminalis, amygdala, fastigial nucleus, locus coeruleus and rostral ventrolateral medulla) known to innervate the nucleus tractus solitarius. Lower densities of labelled perikarya were found after the microinjection of [3H]GABA, and the only regions in which a small number of cells were labelled by both D-[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA were trigeminal nucleus, reticular nuclei and raphe obscurus. An exception was the ventrolateral medulla, where [3H]GABA produced precise labelling in the nucleus ambiguus and facial nucleus consistent with previous evidence for a GABAergic pathway from this area to the nucleus tractus solitarius. Our findings confirm the selectivity of the retrograde transport of D-[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA. Overall, the transport of D-[3H]aspartate revealed a complex topographic and convergent network of afferent pathways to the nucleus tractus solitarius likely to utilize an excitatory amino acid transmitter.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-1838(94)90128-7}, institution = {University of Melbourne, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.}, keywords = {Amino Acids, physiology; Animals; Aspartic Acid, metabolism; Autoradiography; Biological Transport; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptic Transmission; Tissue Distribution; Tritium; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7844309}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beart:1990, author = {P. M. Beart and R. J. Summers and J. A. Stephenson and C. J. Cook and M. J. Christie}, title = {Excitatory amino acid projections to the periaqueductal gray in the rat: a retrograde transport study utilizing D[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1990}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {163--176}, abstract = {The afferents to the periaqueductal gray utilizing excitatory amino acid transmitters have been described in rat brain by autoradiography following microinfusion and retrograde transport of D[3H]aspartate. Parallel experiments employing injections of [3H]GABA established that the retrograde labelling found with D[3H]aspartate was transmitter-selective. Following infusion of D[3H]aspartate, perikaryal labelling was found in nine subcortical areas, particularly infralimbic and cingulate cortices, with a predominance of ipsilateral labelled perikarya. Heaviest cortical labelling was localized in perirhinal cortex, in an extensive band of cells adjoining the rhinal sulcus. The hypothalamus contained the heaviest perikaryal labelling within brain: D[3H]aspartate labelled cells in 11 hypothalamic and mammillary nuclei. Intense bilateral labelling was obtained in ventromedial hypothalamus, although the number of perikarya was lower contralaterally. D[3H]Aspartate also produced heavy ipsilateral labelling of perikarya in posterior hypothalamus. Labelling patterns in cortex and hypothalamus were precise and topographic, and [3H]GABA never labelled cells in these regions. Other telencephalic and diencephalic areas containing prominent, retrogradely labelled cells were the lateral septum, amygdala, zona incerta and lateral habenula. The relative density of labelled cells in mesencephalic areas was much lower than that found in cortex and hypothalamus, although D[3H]aspartate labelled a moderate number of perikarya in the inferior colliculus and cuneiform nucleus. A smaller number of heavily labelled cells was found in the parabrachial nuclei, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. Only occasional labelled perikarya were observed in the myencephalon. Low densities of labelled cells were found after the injection of [3H]GABA into the periaqueductal gray, and the only regions in which a small number of perikarya were labelled by both [3H]GABA and D[3H]aspartate were the dorsal raphe and parabrachial nuclei. Overall, the retrograde transport of D[3H]aspartate revealed a complex topographic and convergent network of afferent pathways to the periaqueductal gray likely to utilize an excitatory amino acid transmitter. Our findings confirm the selectivity of this neurochemical mapping technique and provide evidence that hypothalamic, habenular, subthalamic and cuneiform afferents to the periaqueductal gray utilize an acidic amino acid as their transmitter. They also confirm that corticofugal afferents to periaqueductal gray utilize an excitatory amino acid.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90310-z}, institution = {University of Melbourne, Australia.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Animals; Aspartic Acid, pharmacokinetics/physiology; Brain Mapping; Male; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, pharmacokinetics/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2325847}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beatty:2009, author = {J. A. Beatty and E. L. Sylwestrak and C. L. Cox}, title = {Two distinct populations of projection neurons in the rat lateral parafascicular thalamic nucleus and their cholinergic responsiveness.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2009}, volume = {162}, number = {1}, pages = {155--173}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The lateral parafascicular nucleus (lPf) is a member of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei, a collection of nuclei that characteristically provides widespread projections to the neocortex and basal ganglia and is associated with arousal, sensory, and motor functions. Recently, lPf neurons have been shown to possess different characteristics than other cortical-projecting thalamic relay neurons. We performed whole cell recordings from lPf neurons using an in vitro rat slice preparation and found two distinct neuronal subtypes that were differentiated by distinct morphological and physiological characteristics: diffuse and bushy. Diffuse neurons, which had been previously described, were the predominant neuronal subtype (66\%). These neurons had few, poorly-branching, extended dendrites, and rarely displayed burst-like action potential discharge, a ubiquitous feature of thalamocortical relay neurons. Interestingly, we discovered a smaller population of bushy neurons (34\%) that shared similar morphological and physiological characteristics with thalamocortical relay neurons of primary sensory thalamic nuclei. In contrast to other thalamocortical relay neurons, activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors produced a membrane hyperpolarization via activation of M(2) receptors in most lPf neurons (60\%). In a minority of lPf neurons (33\%), muscarinic agonists produced a membrane depolarization via activation of predominantly M(3) receptors. The muscarinic receptor-mediated actions were independent of lPf neuronal subtype (i.e. diffuse or bushy neurons); however the cholinergic actions were correlated with lPf neurons with different efferent targets. Retrogradely-labeled lPf neurons from frontal cortical fluorescent bead injections primarily consisted of bushy type lPf neurons (78\%), but more importantly, all of these neurons were depolarized by muscarinic agonists. On the other hand, lPf neurons labeled by striatal injections were predominantly hyperpolarized by muscarinic agonists (63\%). Our results indicate two distinct subpopulations of lPf projection neurons, and interestingly lPf neurons respond differentially to muscarinic receptor activation based on their axonal target.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.043}, institution = {Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, drug effects; Animals; Calcium, metabolism; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Corpus Striatum, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Membrane Potentials, drug effects; Muscarinic Agonists, administration /&/ dosage; Muscarinic Antagonists, administration /&/ dosage; Neural Pathways, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Potassium, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Muscarinic M2, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Receptor, Muscarinic M3, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Receptors, Muscarinic, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(09)00650-2}, pmid = {19393292}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.043}, } @Article{Beaudet:1998, author = {Beaudet, M. M. and Braas, K. M. and May, V.}, title = {Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) expression in sympathetic preganglionic projection neurons to the superior cervical ganglion.}, journal = {J Neurobiol}, year = {1998}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {325--336}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptides (PACAP27 and PACAP38) are members of the VIP/secretin/glucagon family of peptides and have diverse neuroregulatory effects in sympathoadrenal cell development and function. PACAP peptides regulate rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neuron catecholamine and neuropeptide Y content and secretion, and promote sympathoneuroblast survival through activation of specific PACAP1 receptor isoforms. In examining the potential sources of PACAP regulating the SCG, PACAP expression was identified in rat preganglionic neurons in the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the thoracic spinal cord which provide primary afferent projections to this sympathetic ganglion. Thoracic spinal cord segments (T1-4) contained approximately 17 pmol PACAP38 immunoreactivity/g tissue wet weight. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction of cDNA from microdissected thoracic spinal cord using primers specific for rat neuronal proPACAP identified proPACAP mRNA expression in the IML; the results correlated with neurons labeled for proPACAP mRNA by in situ hybridization histochemistry and implicated PACAP biosynthesis in IML neurons. To demonstrate directly proPACAP transcript expression in preganglionic projection neurons to the SCG, the ganglion was decentralized and the sympathetic trunk immersed in fluorogold to identify sympathetic preganglionic neurons by retrograde labeling. Cryosections of spinal cord segments containing preganglionic neuron fluorogold labeled neurons were processed subsequently for in situ hybridization histochemical localization of proPACAP mRNA using a digoxigenin-labeled riboprobe; IML neurons were examined for fluorogold and digoxigenin/alkaline phosphatase product dual labeling. More than half of the preganglionic projection neurons to the SCG expressed PACAP mRNA, consistent with the postulate that PACAP peptides released from a subpopulation of thoracic IML preganglionic neurons may be physiological anterograde modulators of sympathetic SCG function.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(19980905)36:3<325::aid-neu2>3.3.co;2-b}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, metabolism; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Neuropeptides, biosynthesis; Neurotransmitter Agents, biosynthesis; Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism; Superior Cervical Ganglion, cytology/metabolism; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-Y}, pmid = {9733069}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beaulieu:1996, author = {Beaulieu, J. and Champagne, D. and Drolet, G.}, title = {Enkephalin innervation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: distribution of fibers and origins of input.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {1996}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {79--92}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The opioid peptide enkephalin emerges as a major neuromodulator in the regulation and integration of the physiologic response in stressful conditions. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is a coordinating center of neuroendocrine and autonomic functions. However, the detailed distribution of the enkephalin fibers and terminals in the paraventricular nucleus and the sources of enkephalinergic innervation are not well defined. In the present study, we used immunocytochemistry for the proenkephalin-derived octapeptide met-arg6-gly7-leu8 enkephalin to determine the distribution of enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers and somata within paraventricular nucleus. Without colchicine pretreatment, enkephalinergic fibers were prominent mainly in the ventromedial part of the parvicellular subdivision of the paraventricular nucleus, appearing in coronal sections as a dense collection of short segments of enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers. In the periventricular portion of the paraventricular nucleus, enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers produced a moderate plexus of short enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers dorsoventrally oriented. With colchicine treatment, a dense cluster of enkephalin-immunoreactive cell bodies was located in the dorsomedial and the dorsal parts of the parvicellular subdivisions. These enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons were small (< 10 microns) to medium sized (10-15 microns), with round and elongated shapes. Retrograde transport of wheat germ-conjugated gold particles, WGA-apoHRP-Au, from the paraventricular nucleus, combined with immunocytochemistry for enkephalin revealed that the major sources of extrahypothalamic enkephalin afferents to the paraventricular nucleus are provided by enkephalin neurons in the lateral reticular nucleus and the paragigantocellularis reticular nucleus of the medulla (approximately 20\% of retrogradely labeled neurons within this nucleus were double labeled) and in the nucleus solitary tract (approximately 10\% of retrogradely labeled neurons within this nucleus were double labeled). Retrogradely labeled enkephalin neurons were also observed in the medial preoptic area, median preoptic nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, lateral septum and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. These enkephalinergic pathways from the medulla and the forebrain could represent an anatomical substrate underlying the opioid effects on paraventricular neurons during physiological processes, such as cardiovascular regulation, feeding or stress responses.}, doi = {10.1016/0891-0618(95)00105-0}, institution = {Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Unité de Recherche sur l'Hypertension, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Brain Stem, chemistry/cytology; Enkephalins, analysis; Hypothalamus, chemistry/cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Fibers, chemistry; Neurons, chemistry; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, chemistry/cytology; Preoptic Area, chemistry/cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Septal Nuclei, chemistry/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0891-0618(95)00105-0}, pmid = {8783038}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bechmann:1997, author = {Bechmann, I. and Nitsch, R.}, title = {Identification of phagocytic glial cells after lesion-induced anterograde degeneration using double-fluorescence labeling: combination of axonal tracing and lectin or immunostaining.}, journal = {Histochem Cell Biol}, year = {1997}, volume = {107}, number = {5}, pages = {391--397}, month = {May}, abstract = {Retrograde and anterograde degeneration have been reported to be sufficient stimuli to activate glial cells, which, in turn, are involved in phagocytosis of degenerating material. Here we describe a double-fluorescence technique which allows for direct and simultaneous visualization of both labeled incorporated axonal debris and incorporating glial cells in the course of anterograde degeneration. Stereotaxic application of small crystals of biotinylated and tetramethylrhodamine (TRITC)-conjugated dextran amine Mini Ruby into the medial entorhinal cortex resulted in a stable rhodamine fluorescence confined to fibers and terminals in the middle molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, the stratum lacunosum-moleculare, and the crossed temporo-hippocampal pathway. Subsequent stereotaxic lesion of the entorhinal cortex induced transformation of rhodamine-fluorescent fibers and terminals into small granules. Incorporation of these granules by microglial cells [labeled by fluorescein isothiocyanate ( FITC)-coupled Bandeiraea simplicifolia isolectin B4] or astrocytes (labeled by FITC-coupled glial fibrillary acidic protein antibodies) resulted in phagocytosis-dependent labeling of these non-neuronal cells, which could be identified by double-fluorescence microscopy. Electron microscopical analysis revealed that, following lesion, the tracer remained confined to entorhinal axons which were found to be incorporated by glial cells. Our data show that TRITC- and biotin-conjugated dextran amines are versatile tracers leading to Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin-like axonal staining. Lesion-induced phagocytosis of anterogradely degenerating axons by immunocytochemically identified glial cells can be directly observed by this technique on the light and electron microscopical levels.}, doi = {10.1007/s004180050125}, institution = {Humboldt University Clinic Charité, Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Biotin; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Degeneration; Neuroglia, cytology/metabolism; Phagocytes, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rhodamines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9208330}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beck:1981a, author = {Beck, C. H.}, title = {Mapping of forelimb afferents to the cuneate nuclei of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1981}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {503--516}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Stumps of rat forelimb peripheral nerves were soaked in horseradish peroxidase solution. Impregnation of the median, ulnar, radial, and musculocutaneous nerves revealed that each nerve had definite projection zones in the cuneate nuclei. The radial nerve projected quite heavily to the lateral cuneate nucleus and to a narrow band along the dorsal edge of the main cuneate nucleus. Staining of the deep radial and superficial radial nerves showed that they projected heavily to the lateral and main cuneate respectively. The ulnar and median nerves projected primarily to medial and lateral portions of the main cuneate nucleus, ventral to the terminal field of the radial nerve. The rostral and caudal portions of the main cuneate nucleus were discriminable by cytoarchitectural characteristics and by terminal fibre orientation.}, doi = {10.1016/s0361-9230(81)80025-1}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Female; Forelimb, innervation; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Muscles, innervation; Peripheral Nerves, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Skin, innervation; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7248814}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beck:1981, author = {O. Beck and G. Jonsson}, title = {In vivo formation of 5-methoxytryptamine from melatonin in rat.}, journal = {J Neurochem}, year = {1981}, volume = {36}, number = {6}, pages = {2013--2018}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Deacetylation of melatonin to 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) in vitro and in vivo was investigated in rat liver and brain tissue, using a gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric 5-MT assay method. In vitro incubation of liver but not brain (hypothalamic, Mesencephalic) slices with melatonin led to a concentration-dependent formation of small amounts of 5-MT; the conversion being 0.3--0.8\%. In vivo administration of melatonin resulted in a dose-dependent formation of 5-MT in small quantities in the liver. The time course showed a peak maximum within 0.5 h, with a rapid decline; the half-life being about 1 h. 5-MT could be detected in both the blood and the hypothalamus after in vivo injection of melatonin. The time course of 5-MT in the blood was similar to that in the liver, but 5-MT could only be detected in the hypothalamus after large doses shortly after the melatonin injection. MAO had to be inhibited both in the in vitro and in vivo experiments in order to recover 5-MT, indicating that formed 5-MT is normally rapidly metabolised by MAO. It is concluded that a small fraction of melatonin can be converted to 5-MT by deacetylation (by aryl acylamidase) in the liver in vivo, constituting a minor pathway. Such a pathway could not be demonstrated in the brain. Trace amounts of 5-MT previously reported to be present in various tissues could originate from deacetylation of melatonin in the liver and possibly some other peripheral organs known to contain the deacetylating enzyme. The present results indicate that peripherally formed 5-MT, a psychoactive compound, is unlikely to have any effect on brain function under normal circumstances.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb10827.x}, keywords = {5-Methoxytryptamine, blood/metabolism; Animals; Brain Chemistry; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Liver, analysis/metabolism; Melatonin, metabolism; Pargyline, pharmacology; Pineal Gland, analysis; Rats; Tryptamines, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6940950}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beckers:1994, author = {Beckers, H. and Klooster, J. and Vrensen, G. and Lamers, W.}, title = {Sympathetic innervation of the rat's eye and peripheral ganglia: an electron microscopic autoradiographic tracing study.}, journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol}, year = {1994}, volume = {232}, number = {1}, pages = {57--65}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The sympathetic innervation of the rat anterior eye segment and related peripheral ganglia was studied using light and electron microscopic autoradiography after anterograde tracing with 3H-leucine from the superior cervical ganglion. In the trigeminal and pterygopalatine ganglia, unmyelinated nerve fibers were labeled. Some fibers contained accumulations of small vesicles. Close apposition of these labeled sympathetic fibers with other unmyelinated fibers was common, and was also observed at sites where accumulations of vesicles were found. In the iris, ciliary body and trabeculum, numerous fibers and vesicle-containing varicosities were labeled, which all had a similar morphology. No labeling was found in the cornea. Sympathetic fibers traversing the trigeminal and pterygopalatine ganglion closely appose other unmyelinated fibers and contain clusters of vesicles without forming classical synaptic contacts. However, non-synaptic information transfer needs further investigation. The anterior eye segment, except for the cornea, is densely innervated by sympathetic nerve terminals.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00176438}, institution = {Department of Morphology, The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam.}, keywords = {Animals; Anterior Eye Segment, innervation/ultrastructure; Autoradiography; Ganglia, Sensory, ultrastructure; Ganglia, Sympathetic, ultrastructure; Male; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neural Pathways; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sympathetic Nervous System, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8119602}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beckers:1991, author = {Beckers, H. J. and Klooster, J. and Vrensen, G. F. and Lamers, W. P.}, title = {Ultrastructural identification of trigeminal nerve terminals in the pterygopalatine ganglion of rats: an anterograde tracing and immunohistochemical study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {557}, number = {1-2}, pages = {22--30}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Trigeminal nerve terminals in the rat pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) were ultrastructurally identified using anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry was used to demonstrate the presence of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in nerve terminals of the PPG. Adjacent to the rostral part of the PPG an additional minor area was described. Perikarya in this minor rostral part were more spherical and had irregular outlines. Ultrastructurally, the glial enwrapment of the nerve terminals seemed to be more loosely arranged in comparison to that in the major rostral part of the PPG. With PHA-L, numerous labelled nerve fibres and terminals were found in all parts of the PPG. The ultrastructure of these terminals was uniform, many of them showing synaptic contacts. Numerous terminals in the PPG were SP-positive, whereas only a few were CGRP-positive. Fibres stained positive for both neuropeptides. The PPG is shown to be synaptically innervated by sensory fibres arising in the trigeminal ganglion, with the strong suggestion of SP and CGRP acting as neurotransmitters. A modulatory interaction between the autonomic and sensory system, resembling an axon reflex mechanism in the peripheral nervous system is endorsed.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)90111-8}, institution = {The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Department of Morphology, Amsterdam.}, keywords = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism/physiology; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substance P, metabolism/physiology; Trigeminal Nerve, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(91)90111-8}, pmid = {1720994}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beckers:1992, author = {Beckers, H. J. and Klooster, J. and Vrensen, G. F. and Lamers, W. P.}, title = {Ultrastructural identification of trigeminal nerve endings in the rat cornea and iris.}, journal = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci}, year = {1992}, volume = {33}, number = {6}, pages = {1979--1986}, month = {May}, abstract = {Trigeminal nerve terminals in the rat cornea and iris were ultrastructurally identified using anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leukoagglutinin (PHA-L). Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry was used to demonstrate the presence and localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in cornea and iris. In the cornea and iris, nerve fibers were labelled with PHA-L throughout the stroma. Labelling was most obvious within varicosities, densely packed with mainly clear and a few granular vesicles and containing dark mitochondria. Numerous fibers in the stroma of cornea and iris were CGRP-positive. CGRP-positive staining was most intense within varicosities, containing mainly clear and incidentally granular vesicles and dark mitochondria, similar to the structures labelled with PHA-L. CGRP-positive varicosities packed with mainly clear and few granular vesicles also were demonstrated in fibers adjacent to the sphincter and dilator muscles of the iris. In the corneal epithelium, small terminals containing vesicles were CGRP-positive. Trigeminal nerve fibers innervating the rat cornea and iris contained numerous varicosities packed with vesicles. These areas are CGRP-positive, so it can be implied that CGRP is released from these varicosities as a response to triggering impulses. This agrees with the hypothesis that in addition to their afferent function, sensory fibers also exert an efferent modulating function.}, institution = {Department of Morphology, The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Cornea, innervation/metabolism/ultrastructure; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Iris, innervation/metabolism/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, metabolism/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Nerve, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1374745}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beckers:1993, author = {Beckers, H. J. and Klooster, J. and Vrensen, G. F. and Lamers, W. P.}, title = {Facial parasympathetic innervation of the rat choroid, lacrimal glands and ciliary ganglion. An ultrastructural pterygopalatine tracing and immunohistochemical study.}, journal = {Ophthalmic Res}, year = {1993}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {319--330}, abstract = {The pterygopalatine parasympathetic innervation of the rat choroid, lacrimal glands and ciliary ganglion was ultrastructurally studied by anterograde 3H-leucine tracing. Numerous unmyelinated fibers and vesicle-containing terminals were labeled in these structures. No direct synaptic contacts were found. In the choroid, similar terminals were immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). A regulatory feedback loop within the eye-related peripheral nervous system is endorsed by the present results. The finding of fibers and terminals of pterygopalatine origin in the lacrimal glands agrees with earlier studies in cats and monkeys. In the ciliary ganglion, pterygopalatine terminals most likely influence the ganglion cells by nonsynaptic release of neurotransmitters or neuromodulators including VIP.}, institution = {Department of Morphology, The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam.}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Choroid, innervation/metabolism/ultrastructure; Ciliary Body, innervation/metabolism/ultrastructure; Facial Nerve, metabolism/ultrastructure; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, metabolism/ultrastructure; Ganglia, metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lacrimal Apparatus, innervation/metabolism/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Fibers, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8259266}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beckstead:1979, author = {Beckstead, R.M.}, title = {An autoradiographic examination of corticocortical and subcortical projections of the mediodorsal-projection (prefrontal) cortex in the rat}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1979}, volume = {184(1)}, pages = {43-62}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901840104}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beckstead:1979a, author = {Beckstead, R.M. and Domesick, V.B. and Nauta, W.J.}, title = {Efferent connections of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1979}, volume = {175}, pages = {191-217}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4684-7920-1_22}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beckstead:1976, author = {R. M. Beckstead}, title = {Convergent thalamic and mesencephalic projections to the anterior medial cortex in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1976}, volume = {166}, number = {4}, pages = {403--416}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Small microelectrophoretic deposits of horseradish-peroxidase (HRP) were placed at various loci within the gray matter of the rat's anterior medial cortex. A comparison of the patterns of retrograde cell-labeling charted in 26 such cases confirmed earlier findings in fiber-degeneration studies according to which the respective thalamocortical projections of the mediodorsal (MD) and anteromedial nucleus (AM) overlap each other over a wide region of the anterior medial cortex. This region of thalamocortical convergence, extending from pregenual levels caudalward as far as the anterior border of the retrosplenial cortex, corresponds almost exactly to the cortical region from which locally deposited HRP was found to be transported so as to label cells in one or both of two mesencephalic cell groups: the ventral tegmental area (AVT) dorsal and lateral to the interpeduncular nucleus, and the medial one-quarter of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra (SNC).}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901660403}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects; Female; Hydroxydopamines, pharmacology; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent; Rats; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1270614}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901660403}, } @Article{Beckstead:1978, author = {R. M. Beckstead}, title = {Afferent connections of the entorhinal area in the rat as demonstrated by retrograde cell-labeling with horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1978}, volume = {152}, number = {2}, pages = {249--264}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The entorhinal cortex (EC) of the rat has been divided into medial (MEA) and lateral (LEA) subdivisions. In order to analyze its afferent connections, small deposits of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were placed at various loci within EC. The patterns of retrograde cell-labeling charted in 18 such cases suggested that EC is projected upon by several allocortical and subcortical structures and that there are differences in the afferent connections of the two subdivisions. Thus, although HRP injection of either division of EC led to cell-labeling in the hippocampal formation, most in ammonic field CA1 and the subiculum, several cells of the presubiculum were preferentially labeled by injection of MEA. Injections of LEA, but not those in MEA, resulted in substantial cell-labeling in the anterior piriform cortex of both hemispheres. Regardless of the location of its injection site within EC, the enzyme labeled cells in the diagonal band nucleus of Broca, amygdala and claustrum. The pattern of cell- labeling in the diagonal band nucleus extended into the ventrolaterally contiguous nucleus basalis after injection of LEA and into the dorsally contiguous medial septal nucleus after injection of MEA Whereas HRP deposits in either division of EC resulted in cell-labeling in the cortical and medial nuclei of the amygdala, only those deposits which involved LEA led to cell-labeling in the posterior part of the lateral nucleus. In the thalamus, labeled cells were found in the rostral part of the paratenial, periventricular and reuniens nuclei. Finally, at midbrain levels, numerous labeled cells appeared in the dorsal raphe nucleus, a few in the median raphe and locus coeruleus, and, only after rostral EC injection, in the ventral tegmental area.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(78)90254-8}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axons; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Peroxidases; Rats; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(78)90254-8}, pmid = {679029}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beckstead:1981, author = {R. M. Beckstead and S. B. Edwards and A. Frankfurter}, title = {A comparison of the intranigral distribution of nigrotectal neurons labeled with horseradish peroxidase in the monkey, cat, and rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1981}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, pages = {121--125}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The location of neurons in the substantia nigra's pars reticulata (SNR) that send their axons to the superior colliculus was compared in the monkey, cat, and rat using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde cell-labeling method. Although several cases of large, unilateral HRP deposits in the superior colliculus show that in all three species, the nigrotectal cells are confined, for the most part, to the rostral one-half of SNR, the following differences were noted in the precise location of the nigrotectal neurons and in the degree of bilaterality of the nigrotectal projection. In the monkey, labeled nigrotectal cells were particularly numerous in the extreme rostrolateral portion of SNR. From this region of high concentration, a progressively decreasing number of cells spreads medially in a ventral stratum immediately dorsal to the pes pedunculi. No labeled cells were found in the extreme medial part of SNR. A substantial number of HRP-positive cells were present in the contralateral SNR in a similar distribution. In the cat, labeled cells were less selectively localized in SNR's mediolateral expanse, being distributed more or less randomly in its middle portion with a scattering of cells in both medial and lateral parts of SNR. Although some cell labeling occurred in the contralateral SNR, it was less substantial than in the monkey. In the rat, the HRP-positive cells were especially concentrated throughout the mediolateral extent of a ventral stratum of SNR immediately dorsal to the pes pedunculi. Although some cells were located more dorsally, they were far fewer in number and consistently less heavily labeled. Only one or two labeled cells could be detected in the contralateral SNR of the rat. These anatomical differences suggest that the influence of the corpus striatum on the tectal control of orienting responses may vary considerably from one mammalian species to the next.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology; Cats; Horseradish Peroxidase; Macaca fascicularis; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Saimiri; Species Specificity; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Superior Colliculi, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6167690}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/1/2/121.long}, } @Article{Beckstead:1983, author = {R. M. Beckstead and A. Frankfurter}, title = {A direct projection from the retina to the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus demonstrated by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in monkey, cat and rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, pages = {261--268}, abstract = {The anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to re-examine the retinal projection to the superior colliculus in the monkey, cat and rat. By a somewhat novel application of the HRP in which the enzyme is deposited intravitreally in two or three sequential installments at 24 h intervals and by modifications that increase the sensitivity of the tetramethylbenzidine reaction procedure, we have successfully mapped the distribution of a significant number of retinal ganglion cell axons below the stratum opticum in the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus. Although the deep retinotectal axons project to the contralateral colliculus in all animals used, such axons can be followed as well, but in lesser numbers, to the ipsilateral intermediate gray layer in the cat and even more so in the monkey. The deep retinotectal axons here demonstrated may mediate the short latency responses of deep tectal neurons observed in earlier physiological studies and can no longer be considered as inconsequential to the visuo-oculomotor functions of the deep collicular layers.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00236635}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Macaca fascicularis, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Retina, anatomy /&/ histology; Saimiri, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6641887}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bedwell:2015, author = {Bedwell, Stacey A. and Billett, E Ellen and Crofts, Jonathan J. and MacDonald, Danielle M. and Tinsley, Chris J.}, title = {The topology of connections between rat prefrontal and temporal cortices.}, journal = {Front Syst Neurosci}, year = {2015}, volume = {9}, pages = {80}, abstract = {Understanding the structural organization of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is an important step toward determining its functional organization. Here we investigated the organization of PFC using different neuronal tracers. We injected retrograde (Fluoro-Gold, 100 nl) and anterograde [Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) or Fluoro-Ruby, 100 nl] tracers into sites within PFC subdivisions (prelimbic, ventral orbital, ventrolateral orbital, dorsolateral orbital) along a coronal axis within PFC. At each injection site one injection was made of the anterograde tracer and one injection was made of the retrograde tracer. The projection locations of retrogradely labeled neurons and anterogradely labeled axon terminals were then analyzed in the temporal cortex: area Te, entorhinal and perirhinal cortex. We found evidence for an ordering of both the anterograde (anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medial-lateral axes: p < 0.001) and retrograde (anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medial- lateral axes: p < 0.001) connections of PFC. We observed that anterograde and retrograde labeling in ipsilateral temporal cortex (i.e., PFC inputs and outputs) often occurred reciprocally (i.e., the same brain region, such as area 35d in perirhinal cortex, contained anterograde and retrograde labeling). However, often the same specific columnar temporal cortex regions contained only either labeling of retrograde or anterograde tracer, indicating that PFC inputs and outputs are frequently non-matched.}, doi = {10.3389/fnsys.2015.00080}, institution = {Division of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {epublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {26042005}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2015.00080}, } @Article{Bedwell:2014, author = {Bedwell, Stacey A. and Billett, E Ellen and Crofts, Jonathan J. and Tinsley, Chris J.}, title = {The topology of connections between rat prefrontal, motor and sensory cortices.}, journal = {Front Syst Neurosci}, year = {2014}, volume = {8}, pages = {177}, abstract = {The connections of prefrontal cortex (PFC) were investigated in the rat brain to determine the order and location of input and output connections to motor and somatosensory cortex. Retrograde (100 nl Fluoro-Gold) and anterograde (100 nl Biotinylated Dextran Amines, BDA; Fluorescein and Texas Red) neuronanatomical tracers were injected into the subdivisions of the PFC (prelimbic, ventral orbital, ventrolateral orbital, dorsolateral orbital) and their projections studied. We found clear evidence for organized input projections from the motor and somatosensory cortices to the PFC, with distinct areas of motor and cingulate cortex projecting in an ordered arrangement to the subdivisions of PFC. As injection location of retrograde tracer was moved from medial to lateral in PFC, we observed an ordered arrangement of projections occurring in sensory-motor cortex. There was a significant effect of retrograde injection location on the position of labelled cells occurring in sensory-motor cortex (dorsoventral, anterior-posterior and mediolateral axes p < 0.001). The arrangement of output projections from PFC also displayed a significant ordered projection to sensory-motor cortex (dorsoventral p < 0.001, anterior-posterior p = 0.002 and mediolateral axes p < 0.001). Statistical analysis also showed that the locations of input and output labels vary with respect to one another (in the dorsal-ventral and medial-lateral axes, p < 0.001). Taken together, the findings show that regions of PFC display an ordered arrangement of connections with sensory-motor cortex, with clear laminar organization of input connections. These results also show that input and output connections to PFC are not located in exactly the same sites and reveal a circuit between sensory-motor and PFC.}, doi = {10.3389/fnsys.2014.00177}, institution = {School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {epublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {25278850}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00177}, } @Article{Beek:1997, author = {E. M. Van der Beek and T. L. Horvath and V. M. Wiegant and R. Van den Hurk and R. M. Buijs}, title = {Evidence for a direct neuronal pathway from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone system: combined tracing and light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical studies.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1997}, volume = {384}, number = {4}, pages = {569--579}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The timing and occurrence of the preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in the female rodent are critically dependent on the integrity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Destruction of the SCN leads to a cessation of the ovarian cycle, whereas implantation of estrogen in ovariectomized rats results in daily LH surges. The anatomical substrate for these effects is not known. Previous studies involving lesions of the SCN have suggested the presence of a direct vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-containing pathway to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. To further investigate the direct connection between the SCN and the GnRH system, we have used tract-tracing with the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PhaL) in combination with an immunocytochemical staining for GnRH in light and electron microscopic studies. Small, unilateral PhaL deposits, especially when they were placed in the rostral ventrolateral portion of the SCN, revealed a bilateral projection to the preoptic area, where PhaL-immunoreactive fibers were regularly found in close apposition to GnRH neurons. Ultrastructural studies showed synaptic interaction of PhaL-containing fibers with GnRH-immunoreactive (IR) cell bodies, thus demonstrating a direct SCN-GnRH connection. Taken together, these data provide evidence for the existence of a monosynaptic pathway from the SCN to the GnRH system in the hypothalamus of the female rat. We suggest that this pathway may contain at least VIP as a putative transmitter and may play a role in the circadian regulation of the estrous cycle in the female rat.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970811)384:4<569::aid-cne6>3.0.co;2-0}, institution = {Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. eline.vanderbeek@alg.fmd.wau.nl}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Female; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, metabolism; Hypothalamus, ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-0}, pmid = {9259490}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Behan:1999, author = {M. Behan and L. B. Haberly}, title = {Intrinsic and efferent connections of the endopiriform nucleus in rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {408}, number = {4}, pages = {532--548}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The endopiriform nucleus is a large group of multipolar cells located deep to the piriform cortex. The function of this nucleus is unknown, but studies with animal models suggest that it plays an important role in temporal lobe epileptogenesis. To address questions concerning mechanisms of epileptogenesis and to gain insights into its normal function, efferent axons from the endopiriform nucleus were labeled by anterograde transport from small extracellular injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. Several principles of organization were derived: (1) heavy local and long intrinsic connections are present throughout the endopiriform nucleus; (2) endopiriform efferents target cortical rather than nuclear structures; (3) extensive projections from the endopiriform nucleus extend to most basal forebrain areas including the piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, insular cortex, orbital cortex, and all cortical amygdaloid areas. The perirhinal cortex, olfactory tubercle, and most subdivisions of the hippocampal formation receive light projections; (4) projections are highly distributed spatially within all target areas; (5) efferent axons from the endopiriform nucleus are unmyelinated and give rise to boutons along their entire course rather than arborizing locally; and (6) the endopiriform nucleus and piriform cortex share target areas, but efferents from the endopiriform nucleus lack the precise laminar order of those from the piriform cortex, and provide a heavy caudal to rostral pathway that is lacking in the cortex. The significance of these findings for the triggering of generalized seizures from the deep piriform region are discussed. An hypothesis for a role of the endopiriform nucleus in memory storage is presented.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990614)408:4<532::aid-cne7>3.0.co;2-s}, institution = {Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA. behanm@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axons, physiology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Histocytochemistry; Olfactory Bulb, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Olfactory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Terminology as Topic}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-S}, pmid = {10340503}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Behbehani:1988, author = {Behbehani, M.M. and Park, M.R. and Clement, M.E.}, title = {Interactions between the lateral hypothalamus and the periaqueductal gray}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1988}, volume = {8}, pages = {2780-2787}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/8/8/2780.long}, } @Article{Behzadi:1990, author = {G. Behzadi and P. Kalén and F. Parvopassu and L. Wiklund}, title = {Afferents to the median raphe nucleus of the rat: retrograde cholera toxin and wheat germ conjugated horseradish peroxidase tracing, and selective D-[3H]aspartate labelling of possible excitatory amino acid inputs.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1990}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {77--100}, abstract = {Afferents to the median-paramedian raphe nuclear complex, which contains the B8 serotonergic cell group, were investigated in the rat with neuroanatomical and transmitter-selective retrograde labelling techniques. Injection of sensitive retrograde tracers, cholera toxin genoid or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase into the median raphe resulted in labelling of neurons in a large number of brain regions. Projections from 26 of these regions are supported by available orthograde tracing data; the cingulate cortex, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, medial septum and diagonal band of Broca, ventral pallidum, medial and lateral preoptic areas, lateral hypothalamus, dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus, lateral habenula, interpeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, central (periaqueductal) gray, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus seem to represent major sources of afferents to the median-paramedian raphe complex. Retrogradely labelled cells were also observed in a number of regions for which anterograde tracing data are not available, including the perifornical hypothalamic nucleus, ventral premammillary nucleus, supramammillary and submammillothalamic nuclei and the B9 area. Possible excitatory amino acid afferents were identified with retrograde D-[3H]aspartate labelling. Microinjection of D-[3H]aspartate at a low concentration, 10(-4) M in 50 nl, resulted in retrograde labelling of a limited number of median raphe afferents. The most prominent labelling was observed in the lateral habenula and the interpeduncular nucleus, but retrogradely labelled cells were also noted in the medial and lateral preoptic areas, lateral and dorsal hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, medial parabrachial nucleus, and the pontine tegmentum. After injections of 10(-3) M D-[3H]aspartate selective labelling also appeared in more distant afferent regions, including cells in cingulate cortex, and in some regions located at shorter distances, such as the supramammillary nucleus. Injections of D-[3H]aspartate at high concentration, 10(-2) M, resulted in the appearance of weakly to moderately labelled cells in most afferent areas which were devoid of labelled cells after injections of lower concentrations, suggesting that this labelling may be non-specific. It was concluded that the median-paramedian raphe receives afferents from a large number of forebrain and hypothalamic regions, while relatively few brain stem regions project to this nuclear complex. The selectivity of retrograde labelling with D-[3H]aspartate was found to be concentration dependent, and it is suggested that the connections showing high affinity for D-[3H]aspartate may use excitatory amino acids as transmitters. Excitatory amino acid inputs from lateral habenula and interpeduncular nucleus may play predominant roles in the control of ascending serotonergic and non-serotonergic projections originating in the median and paramedian raphe nuclei.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90194-9}, institution = {Equipe de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle, Laboratoire de Physiologie Nerveuse, C.N.R.S., Gif-sur-Yvette, France.}, keywords = {Amino Acids, metabolism; Animals; Aspartic Acid, metabolism; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Cholera Toxin; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, physiology; Stereotaxic Techniques; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(90)90194-9}, pmid = {2243599}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beitz:1982, author = {A. J. Beitz}, title = {The organization of afferent projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1982}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {133--159}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The retrograde transport technique was utilized in the present study to investigate the afferent projections to the periaqueductal gray of the rat. Iontophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase were made into the periaqueductal gray of 22 experimental animals and into regions adjacent to the periaqueductal gray in 6 control animal. Utilization of the retrograde transport method permitted a quantitative analysis of the afferent projections not only to the entire periaqueductal gray, but also to each of its four intrinsic subdivisions. The largest cortical input to this midbrain region arises from areas 24 and 32 in the medial prefrontal cortex. The basal forebrain provides a significant input to the periaqueductal gray and this arises predominantly from the ipsilateral lateral and medial preoptic areas and from the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca. The hypothalamus was found to provide the largest descending input to the central gray. Numerous labeled cells occurred in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area, the posterior hypothalamic area, the anterior hypothalamic area, the perifornical nucleus and the area of the tuber cinereum. The largest mesencephalic input to the periaqueductal gray arises from the nucleus cuneiformis and the substantia nigra. The periaqueductal gray was found to have numerous intrinsic connections and contained a significant number of labeled cells both above and below the injection site in each case. Other structures containing significant label in the midbrain and isthmus region included the nucleus subcuneiformis, the ventral tegmental area, the locus coeruleus and the parabrachial nuclei. The medullary and pontine reticular reticular formation provide the largest input to the periaqueductal gray from the lower brain stem. The midline raphe magnus and superior central nucleus also supply a significant fiber projection to the central gray. Both the trigeminal complex and the spinal cord provide a minor input to this region of the midbrain. The sources of afferent projections to the periaqueductal gray are extensive and allow this midbrain region to be influenced by motor, sensory and limbic structures. In addition, evidence is provided which indicates that the four subdivisions of the central gray receive differential projections from the brain stem as well as from higher brain structures.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(82)90157-9}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology; Brain Mapping; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7078723}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beitz:1982a, author = {A. J. Beitz}, title = {The nuclei of origin of brainstem serotonergic projections to the rodent spinal trigeminal nucleus.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1982}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, pages = {223--228}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The origins of the serotonergic projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the rat were determined utilizing the combined HRP retrograde transport-immunohistochemical technique. The areas providing the greatest number of serotonergic afferent projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus are the raphe magnus, raphe obscurus, nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha, and the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis. A smaller serotonergic input to the spinal trigeminal nucleus was found to arise from the raphe pallidus, periaqueductal gray, raphe dorsalis, raphe pontis and mesencephalic reticular formation. These results indicate that the spinal trigeminal nucleus receives serotonergic input from all levels of the brainstem including the midbrain cell group B7.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(82)90297-x}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Aqueduct, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Serotonin, metabolism; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6757802}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beitz:1982c, author = {Beitz, A. J.}, title = {The sites of origin brain stem neurotensin and serotonin projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1982}, volume = {2}, number = {7}, pages = {829--842}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The combined horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport-peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical procedure was utilized in the present study to ascertain the sites of origin of serotonin and neurotensin projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus. The major serotonin inputs to the raphe magnus arise from the B-8 and B-9 groups of Dahlstrom and Fuxe (Dahlstrom, A., and K. Fuxe (1964) Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 232 62: 1-55), the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, and the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha. Neurotensinergic projections to the raphe magnus originate predominantly from the periaqueductal gray, the nucleus solitarius, the dorsal and ventral parabrachial nuclei, and the nucleus cuneiformis. The periaqueductal gray and the nucleus paragigantocellularis were found to provide both a neurotensin and a serotonin projection to this raphe nucleus. The present results indicate that several brain stem nuclei, which have been implicated previously in endogenous analgesia mechanisms, provide serotonergic and neurotensinergic input to the nucleus raphe magnus.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurotensin, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6178807}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/2/7/829.long}, } @Article{Beitz:1982e, author = {Beitz, A. J.}, title = {The nuclei of origin of brain stem enkephalin and substance P projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1982}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, pages = {2753--2768}, abstract = {The sites of origin of brain stem enkephalin and substance P projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus were studied utilizing the combined horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport-peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical technique. Several brain stem areas were found to contain both enkephalin- and substance P-like immunoreactive double labeled neurons following injection of horseradish peroxidase into the raphe magnus. Nuclei providing both enkephalin and substance P inputs to the raphe magnus include the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, the nucleus cuneiformis, the nucleus solitarius and the trigeminal subdivision of the lateral reticular nucleus. Enkephalin projections to the raphe magnus were also found to originate from the dorsal parabrachial nucleus, the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha and from an area which corresponds to the A5 group of Dahlström & Fuxe. Additional neurons containing substance P-like immunoreactivity and horseradish peroxidase reaction product were identified in the superior central raphe nucleus and the nucleus pontis oralis. The midbrain periaqueductal gray contributes very few enkephalin and substance P fibers to the raphe magnus. The nucleus raphe magnus is a key structure in the intrinsic analgesia system and it has also been implicated in other diverse and non-nociceptive functions. The present study identifies several brain stem sites which provide enkephalin and substance P input to this raphe nucleus. Several of these nuclei have been implicated in central analgesic mechanisms or in non-nociceptive autonomic functions. The present investigation raises the possibility that these brain stem regions may modulate neuronal activity in the raphe magnus via enkephalin or substance P projections and thus influence the involvement of the raphe magnus in both opiate related mechanisms of pain control and non-nociceptive functions.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(82)90098-7}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Enkephalins, metabolism; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Substance P, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(82)90098-7}, pmid = {6185878}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beitz:1989, author = {A. J. Beitz}, title = {Possible origin of glutamatergic projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray and deep layer of the superior colliculus of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1989}, volume = {23}, number = {1-2}, pages = {25--35}, abstract = {The possible origin of glutamatergic input to the rodent periaqueductal gray (PAG) was analyzed utilizing a combined retrograde transport-immunocytochemical technique. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were made into the PAG of 12 adult rats and into the deep layer of the superior colliculus in 2 rats. The brain tissue was first reacted histochemically to demonstrate the retrograde tracer and subsequently processed with immunohistochemical techniques using a recently developed monoclonal glutamate antibody. Following PAG injections, several brain areas were found to contain double-labeled neurons. The greatest number of double-labeled glutamate-like immunoreactive neurons were observed in the zona incerta, spinal trigeminal nucleus, cuneiform nucleus, cingulate cortex, cerebellar interpositus nucleus, deep mesencephalic nucleus and the PAG itself. Double-labeled neurons were also observed in several other nuclei including the pretectal nuclei, the frontal and occipital cortex, several reticular nuclei, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, and the substantia nigra. Many of the same nuclei contained double-labeled neurons following collicular injections, but in addition, double-stained cells were found in the primary visual cortex, lateral dorsal and lateral posterior thalamic nuclei, nucleus of the posterior commissure, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, dorsal column nuclei and several additional pretectal nuclei. The results of this double-labeling study raise the possibility that these nuclei may provide glutamatergic inputs to the midbrain PAG and/or superior colliculus. These putative glutamatergic afferent projections may ultimately influence the PAG's role in several important functions including antinociception, defensive mechanisms or vocalization and may also play a role in the superior collicular involvement in defensive mechanisms, in visuo-motor integration in the orienting reflex and in facilitating shifts in gaze.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(89)90159-7}, institution = {Department of Veterinary Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain, cytology/metabolism; Glutamates, metabolism; Glutamic Acid; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Superior Colliculi, cytology/metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(89)90159-7}, pmid = {2478264}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beitz:1990, author = {Beitz, A. J.}, title = {Relationship of glutamate and aspartate to the periaqueductal gray-raphe magnus projection: analysis using immunocytochemistry and microdialysis.}, journal = {J Histochem Cytochem}, year = {1990}, volume = {38}, number = {12}, pages = {1755--1765}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {This study tested the hypothesis that the excitatory amino acid transmitters glutamate and/or aspartate are associated with the periaqueductal gray (PAG)-raphe magnus (NRM) projection. Retrograde neuroanatomical tracing procedures utilizing the tracers WGA-HRP or D-[3H]-aspartate were combined with immunocytochemical localization of glutamate or aspartate to determine if glutamate and/or aspartate immunostained neurons projected to the NRM. Both glutamate- and aspartate-immunoreactive cells in the PAG were found to project to the NRM. Double labeling immunocytochemichemical procedures indicated that glutamate and aspartate are co-localized in many PAG neurons, suggesting the following possibilities: (a) one of these two amino acids may serve as a precursor to the other; (b) both amino acids may be co-released from the same PAG neuron; or (c) both amino acids are present in high levels in the perikarya for metabolic purposes. At the EM level, both glutamate- and aspartate-immunoreactive terminals were identified in the NRM, strengthening the concept that both amino acids participate in synaptic transmission in this medullary nucleus. To determine if glutamate and aspartate are in fact released from PAG-NRM axons, the PAG was stimulated chemically with homocysteic acid (HCA) and amino acids were collected from the NRM using a microdialysis probe. Microinjection of HCA, but not vehicle, into the PAG resulted in the release of both glutamate and aspartate in the nucleus raphe magnus. These data suggest that both glutamate and aspartate are released from PAG fibers terminating in the NRM and provide strong support for the hypothesis that excitatory amino acids play a neurotransmitter role in the PAG-NRM pathway.}, doi = {10.1177/38.12.1701457}, institution = {Department of Veterinary Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.}, keywords = {Animals; Aspartic Acid, analysis/metabolism; Axonal Transport; Dialysis; Glutamates, analysis/metabolism; Glutamic Acid; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, chemistry/metabolism; Neurons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Periaqueductal Gray, chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure; Raphe Nuclei, chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1701457}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beitz:1987, author = {A. J. Beitz and J. R. Clements and L. J. Ecklund and M. M. Mullett}, title = {The nuclei of origin of brainstem enkephalin and cholecystokinin projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1987}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {409--425}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The sites of origin of brain stem enkephalin and cholecystokinin projections to the rodent spinal trigeminal nucleus were studied utilizing the combined retrograde transport-peroxidase antiperoxidase immunohistochemical technique. Several brain stem areas were found to contain enkephalin-like immunoreactive double-labeled neurons following injection of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase or horseradish peroxidase into the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The largest numbers of enkephalin double-labeled neurons were identified in the nucleus pontis oralis, nucleus raphe medianis, medial vestibular nucleus and the midbrain periaqueductal gray. Enkephalin projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus were also found to originate from the nucleus solitarius, nucleus raphe pallidus, nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus raphe dorsalis, nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha and the deep mesencephalic nucleus. In contrast to the numerous sources of enkephalin input to the spinal trigeminal nucleus, cholecystokinin projections to this region were limited to four brain stem nuclei. These included the nucleus solitarius, raphe obscurus, nucleus paragigantocellularis and the ventral reticular nucleus of the medulla. The finding that only a small number of brain stem cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive neurons project to the spinal trigeminal nucleus supports the hypothesis that most of the cholecystokinin input to the spinal trigeminal nucleus arises from primary afferent trigeminal fibers. The spinal trigeminal nucleus is known to play a role in processing sensory information and in the transmission of orofacial nociception. The present study identifies several brain stem sites which provide enkephalin and/or cholecystokinin input to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Several of these nuclei have been implicated as components of the endogenous pain control system and the present results raise the possibility that they may modulate incoming orofacial nociception by releasing the endogenous opioid, enkephalin. Cholecystokinin, on the other hand, has been demonstrated in other studies to attenuate the action of opiates and thus may play an opposing role in the spinal trigeminal nucleus.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(87)90101-1}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, metabolism; Efferent Pathways, metabolism; Enkephalins, metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Mesencephalon, metabolism; Periaqueductal Gray, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, metabolism; Sincalide, metabolism; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, metabolism; Vestibular Nuclei, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(87)90101-1}, pmid = {3295585}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beitz:1986a, author = {A. J. Beitz and J. R. Clements and M. A. Mullett and L. J. Ecklund}, title = {Differential origin of brainstem serotoninergic projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray and superior colliculus of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1986}, volume = {250}, number = {4}, pages = {498--509}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Previous studies have shown that both the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the superior colliculus receive a significant serotoninergic (5-HT) innervation. In the present study the origins of these 5-HT projections to the rodent PAG and superior colliculus were analyzed by using a combined immunohistochemical-retrograde transport technique. Thirteen brainstem regions were found to contain double-labelled 5-HT-like immunoreactive neurons following HRP injections into the PAG while only four brainstem nuclei contained double-labelled neurons following superior collicular injections. After HRP deposits into the ventral PAG, the largest percentage of double-labelled neurons was identified in nucleus raphe magnus, pars alpha of the nucleus gigantocellularis, and the paragigantocellular nucleus. The dorsal PAG, on the other hand, received the largest percentage of its 5-HT projections from nuclei raphe dorsalis, raphe obscurus, raphe pontis, and raphe medianis. The 5-HT input to the superior colliculus was found to arise exclusively from nuclei raphe dorsalis, raphe medianis, and raphe pontis and from the contralateral periaqueductal gray. Raphe nuclei were found to contribute serotoninergic projections to both the PAG and the superior colliculus while reticular nuclei contributed 5-HT projections only to the PAG. Injections of the fluorescent retrograde tracers true blue and nuclear yellow were then made into the PAG and superior colliculus to ascertain if neurons located in raphe nuclei that projected to both structures provided axon collaterals to both areas. Generally, less than 10\% of raphe neurons projecting to the superior colliculus were identified as providing axon collaterals to the PAG. The present results demonstrate major quantitative and qualitative differences in the origin of 5-HT projections to the ventral PAG and superior colliculus. The origin of 5-HT input to the dorsal PAG, on the other hand, showed many similarities to the origin of 5-HT innervation of the superior colliculus. These data also indicate that approximately 35\% of raphe neurons provide nonserotoninergic projections to the PAG and superior colliculus.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902500408}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axons, classification/physiology; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Cell Count; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Microinjections; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, physiology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3760251}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902500408}, } @Article{Beitz:1988, author = {Beitz, A. J. and Ecklund, L. J.}, title = {Colocalization of fixative-modified glutamate and glutaminase but not GAD in rubrospinal neurons.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1988}, volume = {274}, number = {2}, pages = {265--279}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {In an attempt to identify putative neurotransmitters of rubrospinal neurons, immunocytochemical procedures were utilized in combination with retrograde tracing techniques in 15 adult male rats. Following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to HRP (WGA-HRP) into the spinal cord, midbrain sections were processed with a combined procedure that allowed visualization of both the retrograde tracer and one or more antigens including glutamate, glutaminase, and glutamatic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Initial colocalization studies demonstrated that glutamatelike and glutaminaselike immunoreactivities were cocontained within the same neurons. Following injections of HRP or WGA-HRP into the spinal cord approximately 53\% of retrogradely labeled neurons contained glutamate immunoreactivity. Triple-labeling experiments indicated that glutamatelike immunoreactivity was colocalized with glutaminase immunoreactivity in retrogradely labeled rubrospinal neurons. Retrogradely labeled neurons did not contain GAD immunoreactivity. Moreover, triple labeling experiments verified that glutamatelike immunoreactive retrogradely labeled cells did not cocontain GAD immunoreactivity. These studies demonstrate that glutamate and its synthesizing enzyme, glutaminase, are present in some rubrospinal neurons and raise the possibility that a component of the rubrospinal projection may be glutamatergic. GAD, on the other hand, is not present in rubrospinal neurons. This finding supports the hypothesis that GABAergic neurons play a role as interneurons in the red nucleus.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902740210}, institution = {Department of Veterinary Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.}, keywords = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Axonal Transport; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Glutamates, metabolism; Glutaminase, metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immune Sera; Male; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Red Nucleus, metabolism/physiology; Spinal Cord, metabolism/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2463289}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902740210}, } @Article{Beitz:1986, author = {A. J. Beitz and A. A. Larson and P. Monaghan and R. A. Altschuler and M. M. Mullett and J. E. Madl}, title = {Immunohistochemical localization of glutamate, glutaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in neurons of the pontine nuclei of the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1986}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {741-753}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The pontine nuclei form the key relay nuclei in the cerebropontocerebellar pathway. Although a great deal of information is available regarding the anatomy of this region, the identity of the neurotransmitter(s) contained in the neurons of the pontine gray are not known. The aim of the present investigation is to utilize immunohistochemical techniques to determine whether glutamate, a putative excitatory transmitter, and the enzymes responsible for its metabolism, are found in pontine neurons. Both glutaminase, an enzyme which converts glutamine to glutamate, and aspartate aminotransferase, an enzyme which is involved in the interconversion between glutamate and aspartate, have been proposed to be markers of neurons which use excitatory amino acids as neurotransmitters. The present study utilizes a monoclonal antibody against carbodiimide-fixed glutamate and polyclonal antisera against glutaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in conjunction with the indirect peroxidase technique or the peroxidase-labeled biotin-avidin procedure to localize glutamatergic neurons in the pontine nuclei of the rat. Numerous neurons in all subdivisions of the pontine nuclei were found to contain carbodiimide-fixed glutamate-like immunoreactivity, glutaminase-like immunoreactivity or aspartate aminotransferase-like immunoreactivity. Horseradish peroxidase was injected into the cerebellum of four rats for use with a combined retrograde transport-immunohistochemical procedure. Double-labeled neurons were observed in all subdivisions of the pontine nuclei, indicating that pontine neurons which contain glutamate-like immunoreactivity project to the cerebellum. Based on the hypothesis that increased levels of glutamate, glutaminase and aspartate aminotransferase reflect a transmitter role for glutamate, the present data raise the possibility that glutamate may be a major neurotransmitter of pontocerebellar fibers.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(86)90042-4}, keywords = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal, diagnostic use; Aspartate Aminotransferases, analysis; Axonal Transport; Biological Transport; Carbodiimides, diagnostic use; Glutamates, analysis; Glutamic Acid; Glutaminase, analysis; Male; Neurons, analysis/enzymology; Pons, analysis/cytology/enzymology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2422596}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beitz:1983, author = {A. J. Beitz and M. A. Mullett and L. L. Weiner}, title = {The periaqueductal gray projections to the rat spinal trigeminal, raphe magnus, gigantocellular pars alpha and paragigantocellular nuclei arise from separate neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {288}, number = {1-2}, pages = {307--314}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Possible collateral branches of periaqueductal gray axons which distribute to the nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha and the spinal trigeminal nucleus were analyzed with the double fluorescent retrograde tracer technique. With the exception of a small number of double-labeled neurons observed in the periaqueductal gray following injections of fluorescent dyes into the nuclei reticularis paragigantocellularis and gigantocellularis pars alpha, no double-labeled cells were found in this midbrain region following injections of tracers into various combinations of the above 4 nuclear groups. The results of this investigation indicate that these 4 brainstem nuclei are innervated predominantly by separate neuronal populations within the periaqueductal gray.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)90108-7}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology; Rats; Spinal Cord, physiology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(83)90108-7}, pmid = {6198027}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beitz:1983c, author = {Beitz, A. J. and Shepard, R. D. and Wells, W. E.}, title = {The periaqueductal gray-raphe magnus projection contains somatostatin, neurotensin and serotonin but not cholecystokinin.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {261}, number = {1}, pages = {132--137}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The retrograde transport-HRP-immunocytochemical technique was employed to ascertain if the periaqueductal gray-raphe magnus projection arises from neurons containing somatostatin, neurotensin, serotonin or cholecystokinin. Following HRP injections into the raphe magnus (NRM) double-labeled cells containing HRP reaction product and somatostatin-, neurotensin- or serotonin-like immunoreactivity were identified in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). No cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive double-labeled neurons were found in the PAG. These results indicate that the PAG-NRM pathway contains somatostatin, neurotensin and serotonin but not cholecystokinin.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)91292-1}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cholecystokinin, metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Neurotensin, metabolism; Nociceptors, anatomy /&/ histology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism; Somatostatin, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(83)91292-1}, pmid = {6132659}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beitz:1983a, author = {A. J. Beitz and W. E. Wells and R. D. Shepard}, title = {The location of brainstem neurons which project bilaterally to the spinal trigeminal nuclei as demonstrated by the double fluorescent retrograde tracer technique.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {258}, number = {2}, pages = {305--312}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Cells with possible dual projections to both spinal trigeminal nuclei were identified in the rat brainstem following separate injections of different retrogradely transported markers into the right and left spinal trigeminal nucleus. The greatest number of double-labeled cells was located in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. Several double-marked cells were also observed in the nucleus raphe magnus, the nucleus paragigantocellularis and the periaqueductal gray. These results suggest that some cells in the above brainstem nuclei may have a bilateral modulating effect on the spinal trigeminal nuclei.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)91156-3}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Functional Laterality; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6186337}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beliaev:1989, author = {Beliaev, L. V.}, title = {[Projection of the celiac plexus to the afferent centers demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport method].}, journal = {Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol}, year = {1989}, volume = {97}, number = {7}, pages = {27--32}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Using the horseradish peroxidase (HP) retrograde method for ascertaining connections of the celiac plexus of the white rat with various afferent centers, HP-marked neurocytes have been revealed in caudal nodes of the vagus nerves and in spinal nodes at the Th4-L2 level. Negative results have been obtained at investigation of the cervical spinal nodes and intramural nodes in the cat ileocecal part. Similar data are obtained, when connections of the celiac plexus with the same area of the cat gut are investigated. Therefore, the problem on interrelations of the celiac plexus with the proper afferent centers of the diaphragmatic+ nerve and the second type cells of Dogel in the cat intramural ganglia is still disputable.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Cats; Celiac Plexus, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Ileocecal Valve, innervation; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {rus}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2684099}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Belin:1979, author = {M. F. Belin and M. Aguera and M. Tappaz and A. McRae-Degueurce and P. Bobillier and J. F. Pujol}, title = {GABA-accumulating neurons in the nucleus raphe dorsalis and periaqueductal gray in the rat: a biochemical and radioautographic study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1979}, volume = {170}, number = {2}, pages = {279--297}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The possibility of a GABAergic innervation of the nucleus raphe dorsalis (NRD) has been investigated by using the following approaches: (i) the identification of the principal neuronal groups afferent to the NDR by using horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport, (ii) the determination of glutamate decarboxylase activity (GAD) in the NRD after lesioning these groups or their putative pathways, and (iii) the radioautographic identification of terminals axons and nerve cells accumulating intraventricularly injected [3H]GABA. The hypothesis of a local GABAergic network is supported by the failure to obtain important changes in GAD after lesions of NRD afferents and the presence in this nucleus of terminals, fibers and nerve cell bodies accumulating [3H]GABA. It appears that these GABA-accumulating neurons could represent a portion of aperiventricular GABAergic system in the periaqueductal gray and the pontine ventricular gray.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(79)90107-0}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, enzymology; Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, enzymology; Cerebral Aqueduct, enzymology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Pons, enzymology; Raphe Nuclei, enzymology; Rats; Serotonin, metabolism; Substantia Nigra, enzymology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(79)90107-0}, pmid = {466412}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bell:1995, author = {Bell, K. and Churchill, L. and Kalivas, P. W.}, title = {GABAergic projection from the ventral pallidum and globus pallidus to the subthalamic nucleus.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {1995}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {10--18}, month = {May}, abstract = {There exists a topographically organized projection from the globus pallidus and ventral pallidum to the subthalamic nucleus and adjacent lateral hypothalamus. The participation of GABA as a neurotransmitter in this projection was evaluated by retrograde labeling of cells in the pallidal area from an iontophoretic deposit of Fluor-Gold in the subthalamus combined with in situ hybridization for mRNA of the GABA synthetic enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). A rostrocaudal gradient in the contribution of GABA to the projection was demonstrated with a relatively small percentage of retrogradely labeled cells in the rostral ventral pallidum containing GAD mRNA (7\%) compared to the caudal globus pallidus which had over 70\% of the Fluoro-Gold containing cells double-labeled for GAD mRNA. Overall the ventral pallidum contribution to the subthalamic nucleus was less GABAergic than the portion arising from the globus pallidus (35\% vs. 61\%, respectively).}, doi = {10.1002/syn.890200103}, institution = {Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6520, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Enkephalins, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Globus Pallidus, cytology/physiology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Iontophoresis; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; RNA, Messenger, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7624824}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.890200103}, } @Article{Bellintani-Guardia:1996, author = {B. Bellintani-Guardia and M. Schweizer and H. Herbert}, title = {Analysis of projections from the cochlear nucleus to the lateral paragigantocellular reticular nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {283}, number = {3}, pages = {493--505}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Golgi-staining, retrograde and anterograde tract-tracing, and a two-color immunoperoxidase technique have been employed, at the light- and electron-microscopic levels, to analyze the auditory projections from the cochlear nucleus (CN) to the lateral paragigantocellular reticular nucleus (LPGi) in the rat. We have found that the auditory input originates predominantly in the posteroventral and cochlear root nuclei. The auditory axons terminate in the cell-poor, ventral portion of the LPGi, which is strongly invaded by beaded dendritic profiles, originating from parent cell bodies located in the dorsal half of the LPGi. Ultrastructural analysis has revealed that the anterogradely labeled auditory axons form functional synapses preferentially with dendritic shafts. These axo-dendritic contacts are apparently excitatory in nature. By means of a sequential two-color immunoperoxidase staining method, we have further characterized potential postsynaptic neurons in the LPGi. Black-stained auditory fibers intermingle with brown-stained serotonergic or adrenergic neurons. Varicose auditory axons are often closely apposed to immunoreactive dendritic profiles of serotonergic and adrenergic neurons, indicating the presence of possible synaptic contacts of auditory terminal fibers with these transmitter-classified cells. The monosynaptic auditory in- put from the CN may modulate the activity of B3 sero-tonergic and C1 adrenergic cells in the LPGi and may thus induce adaptive changes in response to acoustic stimuli.}, doi = {10.1007/s004410050560}, institution = {Tierphysiologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Auditory Pathways, chemistry/ultrastructure; Cochlear Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Serotonin, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8593678}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bellomo:1998, author = {M. Bellomo and R. Giuffrida and A. Palmeri and S. Sapienza}, title = {Excitatory amino acids as neurotransmitters of corticostriatal projections: immunocytochemical evidence in the rat.}, journal = {Arch Ital Biol}, year = {1998}, volume = {136}, number = {3}, pages = {215--223}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The retrograde transport of a tracer has been combined with peroxidase immunocytochemistry to verify whether corticostriatal (CS) neurons contain in their cell bodies high levels of glutamate (Glu) and aspartate (Asp). Injections of WGAapoHRP-Au in the caudate/putamen of adult rats produced retrograde labeling of a large number of layer V neurons of wide regions of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex; fewer labeled neurons were also found on the contralateral side. In all experiments, most CS neurons were seen in the agranular frontal cortex, in both the medial and the lateral subdivisions. Moreover, numerous retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in the cingulate cortex and in the granular parietal cortex, depending on the location of the injection site in the various experiments. The majority of CS neurons examined were immunostained using antibodies against glutaraldehyde-conjugates of Glu or Asp. Glu immunopositive neurons resulted 52-61\% of CS neurons. Asp immunopositive neurons ranged between 53\% and 62\%. In the cortical tissue where Glu and Asp antisera were visualized simultaneously, up to 96\% of the CS neurons were immunostained. The latter finding indicates that the populations of Glu and Asp immunopositive neurons are largely segregated and that virtually all cortical neurons projecting to the striatum contain high concentrations of Glu and/or Asp, thus corroborating the hypothesis that CS projections use excitatory amino acids as neurotransmitters.}, institution = {Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiologiche, Università di Catania, Italy.}, keywords = {Amino Acids, physiology; Animals; Aspartic Acid, metabolism; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/physiology; Corpus Striatum, physiology; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Gold Colloid; Immunohistochemistry; Molecular Probes; Neurons, physiology; Neurotransmitter Agents, physiology; Rats; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9645311}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beltramino:1996, author = {C. A. Beltramino and M. S. Forbes and D. J. Swanson and G. F. Alheid and L. Heimer}, title = {Amygdaloid input to transiently tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {706}, number = {1}, pages = {37--46}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Several studies have reported transient expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in a subpopulation of neurons in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis of preadolescent rats. The tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH) neurons, which are of small to medium size and often display a typical bipolar configuration, are confined to the intermediate part of the lateral bed nucleus. By the use of a combination of experimental tracer techniques and immunocytochemical methods, we have demonstrated that these neurons receive a significant number of amygdaloid afferents, which establish mostly symmetric synaptic contacts on the cell bodies and sparsely spined dendritic shafts of the TH neurons. TH neurons also receive a small number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive terminals of unspecified origin.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)01175-7}, institution = {Instituto de Investigación Medica, Córdoba, Argentina.}, keywords = {Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Cell Size; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, chemistry; Rats; Time Factors; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(95)01175-7}, pmid = {8720490}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beninato:1986, author = {M. Beninato and R. F. Spencer}, title = {A cholinergic projection to the rat superior colliculus demonstrated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1986}, volume = {253}, number = {4}, pages = {525--538}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been localized by histochemistry in the superior colliculus and in the tegmentum of the caudal midbrain and rostral pons of the rat. The pattern of AChE localization in the superior colliculus was characterized by homogeneous staining in the superficial layers and patchlike staining in the intermediate gray layer. In the tegmentum, AChE was localized in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), beginning rostrally at the caudal pole of the substantia nigra and extending caudally to the level of the parabrachial nuclei, and in the lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTN) of the central gray. The localization of AChE in these nuclei overlapped the distribution of neurons stained by immunohistochemistry using an antibody to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthesizing enzyme of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Other neighboring areas that were stained with AChE, but that did not contain ChAT-immunoreactive neurons, included the microcellular tegmental nucleus and the ventral tegmental nucleus. Neurons in the PPN and LDTN were determined to be potential sources of the cholinergic projection to the intermediate gray layer of the rat superior colliculus by double labelling with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) combined with the immunohistochemical localization of ChAT. Three populations of neurons were identified. A predominantly ipsilateral ChAT-immunoreactive population was located in the pars compacta subdivision of PPN (PPNpc). Retrograde HRP-labelled neurons in the pars dissipata subdivision of the PPN (PPNpd), located ventral to the superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) at the level of the inferior colliculus, composed a second population that was predominantly contralateral but was not ChAT immunoreactive. A third population of retrogradely labelled neurons was predominantly ipsilateral and ChAT immunoreactive and was located in the LDTN. These findings compared favorably with the full extent of the projection from this tegmental region revealed by retrograde transport of HRP from the superior colliculus when more compatible fixation and chromogen procedures were used. The results suggest that the PPN and the LDTN are two sources of the cholinergic input to the superior colliculus. Since the PPN also has extensive efferent, and afferent, connections with basal-ganglia-related structures, this cholinergic excitatory input to the superior colliculus, like the GABA-ergic inhibitory input from the substantia nigra pars reticulata, may provide the basis for an additional influence of the basal ganglia on visuomotor behavior.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902530409}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Cholinergic Fibers; Histocytochemistry; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3540040}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902530409}, } @Article{Beninato:1987, author = {M. Beninato and R. F. Spencer}, title = {A cholinergic projection to the rat substantia nigra from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1987}, volume = {412}, number = {1}, pages = {169--174}, month = {May}, abstract = {This study demonstrates the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) to be the source of a major cholinergic projection to the rat substantia nigra (SN). Neurons of the PPN were double-labeled utilizing choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry combined with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The cholinergic projection to the SN originates from neurons located in predominately the ipsilateral and rostral portions of the PPN. Other cholinergic neurons that were also retrogradely labeled with HRP were located in the caudal PPN and in the lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus. A non-cholinergic projection from this region was also identified. These findings indicate that the PPN may be topographically organized with respect to its efferent projections. In addition, this study provides evidence for an extrinsic source of acetylcholine to the basal ganglia and implicates the PPN as a source of potentially significant influence over basal ganglia function.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(87)91455-7}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Male; Mesencephalon, physiology; Parasympathetic Nervous System, physiology; Pons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Tegmentum Mesencephali, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(87)91455-7}, pmid = {3038263}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bennett:1994, author = {B. D. Bennett and J. P. Bolam}, title = {Synaptic input and output of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the neostriatum of the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1994}, volume = {62}, number = {3}, pages = {707--719}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Previous studies have demonstrated that the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin, is located within a population of GABAergic interneurons in the neostriatum of the rat. Anatomical studies have revealed that these cells receive asymmetrical synaptic input from terminals that are similar to identified cortical terminals and that they innervate neurons with the ultrastructural features of medium spiny cells. Furthermore, electrophysiological studies suggest that some GABAergic interneurons in the neostriatum receive direct excitatory input from the cortex and inhibit medium spiny cells following cortical stimulation. The main objectives of the present study were (i) to determine whether parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat receive direct synaptic input from the cortex, (ii) to determine whether parvalbumin-immunopositive axon terminals innervate identified striatal projection neurons and (iii) to chemically characterize this anatomical circuit at the fine structural level. Rats received stereotaxic injections of biocytin in the frontal cortex or injections of neurobiotin in the substantia nigra. Following an appropriate survival time, the animals were perfused and the brains were sectioned and treated to reveal the transported tracers. Sections containing the neostriatum were treated for simultaneous localization of the transported tracer and parvalbumin immunoreactivity. Tracer deposits in the cortex gave rise to massive terminal and fibre labelling in the neostriatum. Parvalbumin-immunoreactive elements located within fields of anterogradely labelled terminals were examined in the electron microscope and corticostriatal terminals were found to form asymmetrical synaptic specializations with all parts of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons that were examined. Tracer deposits in the substantia nigra produced retrograde labelling of a subpopulation of striatonigral neurons. Areas of the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens containing retrogradely labelled neurons and parvalbumin- immunoreactive structures were selected for electron microscopy. Parvalbumin-immunopositive axon terminals formed symmetrical synaptic specializations with the perikarya of retrogradely labelled medium spiny projection neurons. Postembedding immunocytochemistry for GABA revealed that parvalbumin-immunoreactive boutons in synaptic contact with medium spiny neurons were GABA-positive. These data demonstrate directly a neural circuit whereby cortical information may be passed to medium spiny cells, via GABAergic interneurons, in the form of inhibition and provide an anatomical substrate for the feed-forward inhibition that has been detected in spiny neurons in electrophysiological experiments.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(94)90471-5}, institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford, UK.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, ultrastructure; Animals; Axons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Biological Markers; Cell Size; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Corpus Striatum, cytology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Interneurons, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Neostriatum, chemistry/cytology; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Parvalbumins, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stereotaxic Techniques; Synapses, chemistry/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(94)90471-5}, pmid = {7870301}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bennett:1996, author = {Bennett, D. L. and Dmietrieva, N. and Priestley, J. V. and Clary, D. and McMahon, S. B.}, title = {trkA, CGRP and IB4 expression in retrogradely labelled cutaneous and visceral primary sensory neurones in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1996}, volume = {206}, number = {1}, pages = {33--36}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The pattern of trkA expression in relation to other neurochemical markers (CGRP and IB4) was investigated in primary sensory neurones innervating either the skin or bladder. Retrograde tracing using the fluorescent marker Fast Blue was performed followed by histochemistry. A greater proportion of visceral afferents compared with cutaneous afferents were trkA-immunoreactive (75\% and 43\%, respectively). CGRP expression correlated with trkA expression in that it was higher in visceral afferents than cutaneous afferents (69\% and 51\%, respectively). IB4 expression was negatively correlated with trkA expression, being lower in visceral afferents compared with cutaneous afferents (29\% and 43\%, respectively). The results emphasise the heterogeneity of trkA expression (and hence nerve growth factor, sensitivity) in afferents innervating different targets, and furthermore suggest that it is predominantly the CGRP-expressing population of primary afferents that express trkA.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(96)12418-6}, institution = {Division of Physiology, UMDS, St Thomas's Hospital Medical School Campus, London, UK. db70@portia.umds.ac.uk}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Markers; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, biosynthesis; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, Afferent, enzymology/metabolism; Neuropeptides, biosynthesis; Proto-Oncogene Proteins, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, biosynthesis; Receptor, trkA; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor, biosynthesis; Skin, innervation; Urinary Bladder, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304394096124186}, pmid = {8848275}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bennett:2003, author = {Bennett, Haley L. and Gustafsson, Jan Ake and Keast, Janet R.}, title = {Estrogen receptor expression in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglion cells innervating the female rat urinary bladder.}, journal = {Auton Neurosci}, year = {2003}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, pages = {90--100}, month = {May}, abstract = {We have investigated whether bladder afferent neurons are likely to be targets for circulating estrogens by mapping estrogen receptor (ER) distribution in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of adult female rats. Sensory neurons innervating either the detrusor or trigone regions were identified by application of fluorescent retrograde tracer dyes to the bladder wall. Labelled neurons were classified by their immunoreactivity for either type of ER (ERalpha or ERbeta) and further compared with subpopulations of neurons containing substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and vanilloid receptor (a marker of polymodal nociceptors). Both ER types were expressed in numerous sensory neurons of either upper lumbar (L1/L2) or lower lumbar/sacral (L6/S1) ganglia and there was almost complete coexpression of ERalpha and ERbeta. ER-positive neurons were mainly small-medium size (18-25-microm diameter), indicating that they may be nociceptors and/or supply visceral targets. Most bladder- projecting neurons expressed ERs and the majority of these also expressed neuropeptides or vanilloid receptor. Afferent neurons supplying detrusor and trigone regions had similar immunohistochemical features. About a third of the bladder-projecting neurons expressed both ER and vanilloid receptor, suggesting a mechanism by which estrogens could influence bladder pain. The prevalence of different chemical classes of ER-positive bladder-projecting neurons was reflected throughout the entire population of neurons in dorsal root ganglia of these spinal levels, suggesting that neurons supplying other pelvic visceral targets may have similar chemical profiles. These results suggest that many functional classes of sensory neurons innervating the lower urinary tract are likely to be targets for circulating estrogens, including many nociceptor neurons. The coexistence of ERalpha and ERbeta suggests a broad range of potential mechanisms by which estrogens may exert their genomic effects in this system.}, doi = {10.1016/S1566-0702(03)00044-4}, institution = {Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Sydney, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Cell Count; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, pharmacokinetics; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism; Gene Expression; Immunohistochemistry; Lumbosacral Region; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Receptors, Drug, metabolism; Receptors, Estrogen, genetics/metabolism; Substance P, metabolism; Urinary Bladder, innervation/metabolism; Urinary Tract, innervation/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S1566-0702(03)00044-4}, pmid = {12798205}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1566-0702(03)00044-4}, } @Article{Bennett-Clarke:1991, author = {C. A. Bennett-Clarke and N. L. Chiaia and R. S. Crissman and R. W. Rhoades}, title = {The source of the transient serotoninergic input to the developing visual and somatosensory cortices in rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1991}, volume = {43}, number = {1}, pages = {163--183}, abstract = {For approximately the first two weeks of life, dense serotonin immunoreactivity closely matches the pattern of thalamocortical axons innervating both the granular portion of the primary somatosensory cortex and area 17 in rodents [D'Amato et al. (1987) Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. 84, 4322-4326; Fujimiya et al. (1986) J. comp. Neurol. (1986) 246, 191-201; Rhoades et al. (1990) J. comp. Neurol. 293, 190-207]. This serotonin immunoreactivity is not contained in thalamocortical axons [Rhoades et al. (1990) 293, 190-207] but its source has never been demonstrated. In the present study, a variety of approaches were used to address this issue. The combination of electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry showed that all serotonin immunoreactivity in the developing cerebral cortex was contained in axons and that the terminals of many of these fibers made synapses with the dendrites of cortical cells. Treatment with fluoxetine, a specific inhibitor of serotonin uptake, did not result in a loss of the cortical pattern of serotonin immunoreactivity, indicating that immunoreactive fibers were not labeled solely as a result of serotonin uptake. The combination of retrograde tracing from the primary somatosensory cortex and area 17 with immunocytochemistry demonstrated numerous double-labeled cells in nucleus raphe dorsalis and the median raphe nucleus. Smaller numbers of double-labeled neurons were located in the B9 cell group and the region of the lateral midbrain tegmentum. Large electrolytic lesions that included most of the nucleus raphe dorsalis and median raphe nucleus, but which left the B9 group and more caudal serotoninergic cells undamaged, caused either a substantial reduction in density or complete disappearance of the serotonin pattern in both hemispheres. Unilateral electrolytic lesions of the medial forebrain bundle resulted in a loss of the pattern only on the side of the damage. Injection of the neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine directly into the mesencephalon either abolished or substantially reduced the density of the cortical serotonin immunoreactivity. Injections that produced substantial cell loss in the median raphe nucleus, but only minor cell loss in the nucleus raphe dorsalis had little effect upon the cortical pattern of serotonin immunoreactivity. These results indicate that the dense serotonin immunoreactivity which appears transiently in the visual and somatosensory cortices of perinatal rodents is contained in serotoninergic axons that arise from cells in the nucleus raphe dorsalis and perhaps also the median raphe nucleus.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(91)90425-n}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699.}, keywords = {5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine, pharmacology; Animals; Electron Transport Complex IV, analysis/chemistry; Fluoxetine, pharmacology; Histocytochemistry; Medial Forebrain Bundle, physiology; Mesencephalon, physiology; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Serotonin, immunology/physiology; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology; Visual Cortex, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(91)90425-N}, pmid = {1656315}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bennett-Clarke:1992, author = {C. A. Bennett-Clarke and N. L. Chiaia and M. F. Jacquin and R. W. Rhoades}, title = {Parvalbumin and calbindin immunocytochemistry reveal functionally distinct cell groups and vibrissa-related patterns in the trigeminal brainstem complex of the adult rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {320}, number = {3}, pages = {323--338}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Immunocytochemistry for calbindin (CA) and parvalbumin (PA) was combined with retrograde tracing from the thalamus, superior colliculus (SC), and cerebellum to define the ascending projections of neurons in the rat's trigeminal (V) brainstem complex that express immunoreactivity for these calcium binding proteins. Many PA-immunoreactive neurons were observed in trigeminal nucleus principalis (PrV). Many of these cells projected to thalamus and a few sent axons to SC. In ventral PrV, PA-immunoreactive neurons were arranged in a vibrissa-related pattern. A very small number of large CA-immunoreactive neurons were observed in dorsomedial PrV. None of these cells were labeled by our tracer deposits. Small neurons in V subnucleus oralis (SpO) were also immunoreactive for PA, but none were retrogradely labeled. A small percentage of the large neurons in SpO were CA-immunoreactive; many of these were retrogradely labeled by tracer injections in the thalamus and/or SC. In V subnucleus interpolaris (SpI), many small to medium sized cells were PA-positive and they were arrayed in a vibrissae-like pattern. None of these neurons were retrogradely labeled from any of the above-listed targets, but many were retrogradely labeled by tracer injections into ipsilateral PrV. SpI also contained many large CA-immunoreactive cells. Many of these projected to the thalamus and/or SC and some were also retrogradely labeled by tracer injections into ipsilateral PrV. In V subnucleus caudalis (SpC), very dark PA-immunoreactive neurons were located in the inner part of lamina II and less often in laminae I. Lightly labeled cells were located in the magnocellular laminae and formed vibrissa-related aggregates. None of these neurons were retrogradely labeled by our tracer injections. CA-immunoreactive cells were located throughout the depth of lamina II in SpC and smaller numbers were also visible in lamina I and layers III-V. A small percentage of the CA-positive cells in lamina I and in the magnocellular layers were retrogradely labeled from the thalamus. These data indicate that PA and CA antisera identify two cell populations in whisker-related regions of the V brainstem complex and that PA cells are somatotopically patterned in PrV, SpI, and SpC. These markers also distinguish two cell groups in superficial laminae of the medullary dorsal horn.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903200305}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Parvalbumins, analysis; Rats; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Vibrissae, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1377200}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903200305}, } @Article{Bennett-Clarke:1991a, author = {C. A. Bennett-Clarke and R. D. Mooney and N. L. Chiaia and R. W. Rhoades}, title = {Serotonin immunoreactive neurons are present in the superficial layers of the hamster's, but not the rat's, superior colliculus.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {85}, number = {3}, pages = {587--597}, abstract = {Immunocytochemistry for serotonin (5-HT) was carried out in both hamsters and rats in order to determine whether or not 5-HT-positive cells existed in the superior colliculus (SC) of either species. In both hamster and rat, the superficial and deep SC laminae contained dense networks of 5-HT-positive fibers. The rat's SC contained no 5-HT-positive neurons. In hamster, numerous 5-HT-immunoreactive cells were visible throughout the depth of the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS). These neurons had a variety of morphological characteristics and included marginal cells, horizontal cells, and neurons with vertically oriented dendritic trees. No 5-HT-positive neurons were found in any other portion of the hamster's SC. 5-HT-positive SC cells were observed with antisera from two different sources and they were not seen in animals that were pretreated with reserpine. Pretreatment with fluoxetine (an inhibitor of 5-HT uptake) also resulted in a disappearance of 5-HT-positive neurons in the hamster's SC. This result indicated that "serotonergic" cells in the colliculus of this species are capable of taking up, but probably not synthesizing, this indoleamine. The dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei (LGNd and LGNv, respectively) both contain numerous 5-HT-positive fibers and both of these structures receive input from the SGS. Combination of retrograde tracing with fluorogold and immunocytochemistry indicated that 5-HT-accumulating SC neurons were not the source of these fibers. Unilateral ablation of the superficial SC laminae also failed to reduce 5-HT immunoreactivity in either the LGNd or LGNv. These results are consistent with the possibility that 5-HT-accumulating cells in the hamster's SC may be interneurons that take up this transmitter after it is released by afferents to this nucleus.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00231743}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699-0008.}, keywords = {Animals; Cricetinae; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, analysis/immunology; Species Specificity; Superior Colliculi, chemistry/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1915712}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bennett-Clarke:1989, author = {C. Bennett-Clarke and R. D. Mooney and N. L. Chiaia and R. W. Rhoades}, title = {A substance P projection from the superior colliculus to the parabigeminal nucleus in the rat and hamster.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1989}, volume = {500}, number = {1-2}, pages = {1--11}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Immunocytochemical staining with antisera directed against substance P (SP) demonstrated the existence of numerous immunoreactive neurons throughout the mediolateral and rostrocaudal extents of the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) of the superior colliculus (SC) of both rat and hamster. In both of these species, very dense SP-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) was also visible in the parabigeminal nucleus. Combination of retrograde tracing with True blue or Fluorogold and immunocytochemistry demonstrated that SP-positive SC neurons projected to the parabigeminal nucleus in both hamster and rat. Retrogradely labelled and double-labelled cells were most numerous in the rostromedial portion of the SC and rare in the caudal portion of the colliculus. Destruction of the superficial layers of the SC resulted in a virtually complete loss of SPLI in the ipsilateral parabigeminal nucleus in both species. SPLI was also visible in two other targets of the superficial SC laminae: the intergeniculate leaflet and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. Ablation of the dorsal SC laminae did not reduce SPLI in either of those nuclei. Our results thus indicate that at least some tectoparabigeminal neurons in hamster and rat contain SPLI and further that the SC appears to be the sole source of SP-positive input to this nucleus.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)90293-x}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43614.}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, cytology; Rats; Substance P, metabolism; Superior Colliculi, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(89)90293-X}, pmid = {2481559}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bentivoglio:1979, author = {M. Bentivoglio and D. van der Kooy and H. G. Kuypers}, title = {The organization of the efferent projections of the substantia nigra in the rat. A retrograde fluorescent double labeling study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1979}, volume = {174}, number = {1}, pages = {1--17}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The organization of three of the efferent projections of substantia nigra has been investigated in rat by means of combined injections of two fluorescent retrograde tracers: red fluorescent Evans Blue and blue fluorescent DAPI-primuline mixture. First the distributions of the retrogradely labeled neurons in substantia nigra after injections of each of the two tracers in the striatum, thalamus and superior colliculus were compared with the distributions of the retrogradely labeled nigral neurons after HRP injections in these same structures. The findings in these sets of experiments were the same. This indicates that the two fluorescent retrograde tracers are as effective as HRP in tracing the efferent fiber connections of the substantia nigra. Subsequently the retrograde labeling of the substantia nigra neurons was studied after combined injections of the two fluorescent retrograde tracers in two of the above structures, in different combinations. In these experiments both single labeled neurons fluorescing either red or blue, as well as double labeled neurons fluorescing both red and blue were found. Double labeled neurons were present only in pars reticulata and occurred only after injections of the two tracers in thalamus and superior colliculus respectively. From this it has been concluded that in rat the various efferent projections from the substantia nigra are mainly derived from different neurons, but that at least part of the neurons which distribute fibers to superior colliculus also distributes collaterals to the thalamus.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(79)90800-x}, keywords = {Animals; Efferent Pathways, cytology; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Substantia Nigra, cytology; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Thalamus, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(79)90800-X}, pmid = {487113}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bentivoglio:1982, author = {M. Bentivoglio and H. G. Kuypers}, title = {Divergent axon collaterals from rat cerebellar nuclei to diencephalon, mesencephalon, medulla oblongata and cervical cord. A fluorescent double retrograde labeling study.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1982}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {339-356}, abstract = {The existence of divergent axon collaterals of neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei has been investigated in rat by means of the fluorescent retrograde double labeling technique. The results have led to the following conclusions. A. Many of the neurons in the lateral, the interpositus as well as the caudal half of the medial nucleus project to the diencephalon. Some of these neurons distribute divergent axon collaterals to the superior colliculus, but few neurons project only to the latter structure. B. Some of the deep cerebellar neurons located laterally, i.e. in the dorsomedial part of the lateral nucleus, as well as some others located medially, i.e. in the medial part of the interpositus nucleus and the adjoining part of the medial nucleus, distribute divergent axon collaterals to the diencephalon and the spinal cord. C. Deep cerebellar neurons located laterally: in the cell group of the dorsolateral hump (Dlh) and in the adjoining lateral part of the interpositus nucleus, as well as some other located medially, i.e. in the dorsolateral part of the median nucleus (Mdlp), distribute divergent axon collaterals to the diencephalon and to the medulla oblongata, probably primarily its medial reticular formation. However, only few of the neurons, which distribute descending collaterals to the spinal cord or the medulla oblongata, distribute ascending collaterals to the superior colliculus. D. After injections in the medulla oblongata a population of small sized single labeled neurons was encountered especially in the lateral and interpositus nuclei. On the basis of other findings in rat they were assumed to represent cerebello-olivary neurons.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00238629}, keywords = {Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7095042}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bentivoglio:1980, author = {Bentivoglio, M. and Kuypers, H. G. and Catsman-Berrevoets, C. E.}, title = {Retrograde neuronal labeling by means of Bisbenzimide and Nuclear Yellow (Hoechst S 769121). Measures to prevent diffusion of the tracers out of retrogradely labeled neurons.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1980}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {19--24}, month = {May}, abstract = {Bisbenzimide and Hoechst S 769121 (Nuclear Yellow, NY), when transported retrogradely through axons to their parent cell bodies, may migrate out of the axons and the cell bodies, as indicated by fluorescence of adjoining glial nuclei. This migration was found to take place both in vivo and in vitro during storage of the sections in water. When using the tracers in 1\% concentrations the in vivo migration may be controlled by restricting the survival time. The in vitro migration may be prevented by rapid histological processing of the material.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(80)90207-4}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology; Benzimidazoles; Bisbenzimidazole; Caudate Nucleus, physiology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes; Neurons, physiology; Putamen, physiology; Rats; Substantia Nigra, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(80)90207-4}, pmid = {6189012}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bentivoglio:1979a, author = {M. Bentivoglio and H. G. Kuypers and C. E. Catsman-Berrevoets and O. Dann}, title = {Fluorescent retrograde neuronal labeling in rat by means of substances binding specifically to adenine-thymine rich DNA.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1979}, volume = {12}, number = {2-3}, pages = {235--240}, month = {May}, abstract = {Six fluorescent substances, binding specifically to adenine-thymine rich DNA, were injected in rat caudate-putamen. This resulted in retrograde axonal transport and fluorescent retrograde labeling of neurons in center-medium parafascicular nucleus, substantia nigra and dorsal raphe. Two of these substances, i.e. "True Blue' and 'Granular Blue', give a very striking blue fluorescent retrograde neuronal labeling. Mid-thoracic spinal injections of these two substances in rat also resulted in a pronounced retrograde fluorescent labeling of neurons of the descending brainstem pathways and of neurons in the sensori-motor cortex.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(79)96068-3}, keywords = {Adenine; Animals; Brain Chemistry; DNA, analysis; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, analysis; Rats; Staining and Labeling; Thymine}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {88697}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bentivoglio:1980a, author = {Bentivoglio, M. and Kuypers, H. G. and Catsman-Berrevoets, C. E. and Loewe, H. and Dann, O.}, title = {Two new fluorescent retrograde neuronal tracers which are transported over long distances.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1980}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {25--30}, month = {May}, abstract = {Two new fluorescent retrograde neuronal tracers are reported: Nuclear Yellow (Hoechst S 769121), which mainly labels the neuronal nucleus; and Fast Blue (diamidino compound 253/50), which mainly labels the neuronal cytoplasm. Both tracers appear to be transported effectively over long distances in rat and cat.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(80)90208-6}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Axonal Transport; Benzimidazoles; Cats; Cell Nucleus, ultrastructure; Cytoplasm, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes; Neurons, physiology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(80)90208-6}, pmid = {6189013}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bentivoglio:1981, author = {M. Bentivoglio and G. Macchi and A. Albanese}, title = {The cortical projections of the thalamic intralaminar nuclei, as studied in cat and rat with the multiple fluorescent retrograde tracing technique.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1981}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {5--10}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Two retrograde fluorescent tracers were injected in two different areas of the cerebral cortex in rats and in cats. In all the experiments many single labeled cells and only some double labeled ones were seen in the thalamic intralaminar nuclei. The present results suggest that the diffusely distributed intralaminar-cortical projections mainly consist of axons of separate cells, and only to a minor extent of axon collaterals of the same cells.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(81)90417-1}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Brain Mapping; Cats; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Neuroglia, physiology; Rats; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(81)90417-1}, pmid = {6270605}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bentivoglio:1981a, author = {M. Bentivoglio and M. Molinari}, title = {Axonal branches of the same cerebellar neurons terminate bilaterally in the thalamus.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1981}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {291--296}, month = {May}, abstract = {The efferent projections of the deep cerebellar nuclei which terminate bilaterally in the thalamus were investigated in the rat by means of the retrograde fluorescent double-labeling technique. After injection of True Blue or Fast Blue in the thalamus on one side and Nuclear Yellow on the other, the deep cerebellar nuclei on both sides contained many cells single-labeled from the contralateral thalamic injection and some cells double-labeled from both thalamic injections. Double-labeled cells were more numerous in the caudal part of the medial nucleus than in the other cerebellar nuclei. The present results indicate that some cerebellar cells give origin to bilateral thalamic projections by means of axon collaterals.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(81)90013-6}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Functional Laterality; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Staining and Labeling; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6167915}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bentivoglio:1984, author = {M. Bentivoglio and M. Molinari}, title = {The interrelations between cell groups in the caudal diencephalon of the rat projecting to the striatum and to the medulla oblongata.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {57--65}, abstract = {In order to investigate the topographical relationships between the caudal diencephalic cells of origin of ascending and descending projections in the rat, one fluorescent retrograde tracer was injected into the striatum and another into the medulla oblongata. The medullary injections were mainly centered in the inferior olive. Cells labeled from the striatal injections densely filled the thalamic parafascicular nucleus. Cells labeled from the medullary injections were seen ventrally to the fasciculus retroflexus in the subparafascicular nucleus. The two populations were mixed in a small area at the ventromedial border of the fasciculus retroflexus. No double labeled cells were observed. The present results indicate that caudal diencephalic cells which ascend to the striatum are different from those descending to the medulla oblongata and that they partially overlap.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00235818}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Caudate Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Putamen, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6698148}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bentivoglio:1984a, author = {M. Bentivoglio and M. Molinari}, title = {Fluorescent retrograde triple labeling of brainstem reticular neurons.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1984}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, pages = {121--126}, month = {May}, abstract = {The present study was aimed at the anatomical identification in the rat of neurons of the lower brainstem reticular formation which give off axonal branches ascending bilaterally to more rostral structures and descending unilaterally to the spinal cord. Three fluorescent tracers were injected in one and the same animal. Fast Blue was injected in the midbrain tegmentum, in the termination areas and fiber bundles of the ascending reticular efferents; Evans blue was injected in the midbrain tegmentum on the other side; either Nuclear Yellow or Diamidino Yellow was injected in the white and gray matter of the upper cervical cord. All three populations of single-labeled cells, as well as double labeled either from the midbrain injections or from the ipsilateral injections in the mesencephalon and spinal cord, were intermingled in the medial reticular formation. Very few cells double labeled from the contralateral mesencephalon and ipsilateral spinal cord were also seen. However, the main finding of the present study was the visualization of triple-labeled cells. The latter were mainly located ipsilaterally to the injections in the spinal cord. The present results indicate that reticular cells give off divergent multiple branches descending to the ipsilateral spinal cord and ascending bilaterally to rostral centers.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(84)90428-2}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Benzimidazoles; Evans Blue; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Staining and Labeling, methods; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6204254}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bentivoglio:1986, author = {M. Bentivoglio and M. Molinari}, title = {Crossed divergent axon collaterals from cerebellar nuclei to thalamus and lateral medulla oblongata in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {362}, number = {1}, pages = {180--184}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The divergent collateralization of the ipsilateral descending limb of the brachium conjunctivum was here studied in the rat by means of fluorescent retrograde double-labeling. Tracer injections in the lateral part of the medulla oblongata were combined with injections of another tracer in the contralateral thalamus. Retrogradely single-labeled cells, as well as a relatively high number of double-labeled ones, were found in the lateral part of the interpositus and in the dorsolateral hump in the cerebellar nuclei ipsilateral to the medullary injections. The present results demonstrate that the same cerebellar cells interconnect by means of axon collaterals the ipsilateral medulla oblongata and the contralateral thalamus.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)91414-9}, keywords = {Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Axons, physiology; Benzimidazoles, diagnostic use; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Nuclei, physiology; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Thalamus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(86)91414-9}, pmid = {3753654}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bentivoglio:1991, author = {M. Bentivoglio and R. Spreafico and D. Minciacchi and G. Macchi}, title = {GABAergic interneurons and neuropil of the intralaminar thalamus: an immunohistochemical study in the rat and the cat, with notes in the monkey.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, pages = {85--95}, abstract = {Immunohistochemistry using antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was used to investigate the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus in rat, cat and monkey. Antibodies to gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) were also used in the cat. Intralaminar immunoreactive cell bodies were not detected in the rat, but were clearly present in cat and monkey. In the latter species, GABA- or GAD-immunopositive perikarya were distributed throughout the anterior intralaminar nuclei, whereas in the posterior intralaminar complex they prevailed in the lateral part of the centre median nucleus and around the fasciculus retroflexus. Measurements of the area of immunostained intralaminar cell bodies in cat and monkey indicated that they are represented by small neurons. Experiments in the cat, based on retrograde tracers injections involving large sectors of the frontal and parietal cortices and the head of the caudate nucleus, revealed that the GABA- or GAD-immunoreactive cells and the retrogradely labeled projection neurons represented two separate intralaminar cell populations, although the latter also included small cells. Considerable differences were observed in the immunoreactive GABAergic neuropil of the anterior and posterior intralaminar nuclei. Clusters of densely packed bouton-like immunoreactive elements were detected in the former structures in the rat, cat and monkey, and were especially evident in the central lateral nucleus; immunopositive varicose fibers and puncta were diffusely distributed in the posterior intralaminar structures. Taken together with data from the literature, the present findings indicate that in cat and monkey local circuit inhibitory cells regulate not only the activity of principal thalamic nuclei which project densely upon restricted cortical fields, but also of the intralaminar structures which are widely connected with the cerebral cortex and the striatum. Regional variations in the distribution of GABAergic fibers and terminals suggest major differences in the organization of inhibitory circuits and synaptic arrangements of the anterior and posterior intralaminar thalamus.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00228509}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Verona, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Cats, anatomy /&/ histology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Glutamate Decarboxylase, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, cytology; Macaca fascicularis, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1756835}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Benzinger:1983, author = {H. Benzinger and L. C. Massopust}, title = {Brain stem projections from cortical area 18 in the albino rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {1--8}, abstract = {Efferent brain stem projections from area 18 of the albino rat cortex were traced by autoradiography. Since results could have been compromised by spread of injected label to neighboring areas 17 and 29, studies of projections from these areas were used as controls. A hitherto unreported projection from area 18 to the thalamus in the region of its anterior nuclei was found, terminating in a roughly circular area including parts of the anteromedial, ventral, ventromedial and rhomboid nuclei. At this same level, a very light projection was seen in the contralateral anteromedial nucleus. More caudally the projection pattern was similar to that of area 17, with the lateral, lateral posterior, posterior and pretectal nuclei as targets. However, area 18 showed no projections to either division of lateral geniculate nucleus, projections which are commonly seen following injections in area 17. More caudally, the area 18 projection to the superior colliculus was confined to its four deepest laminae, a projection identical to that from areas 29c and 29b. Area 18 also resembled the cingulate cortex in that it sent a small projection to the dorsolateral central gray, although the routes taken to this region were slightly different. It was decided that the projections from this visual association area were, for the most part, unique to that area, although some of them resembled those from either the cingulate cortex or the primary visual area.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00238228}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Leucine, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tritium, diagnostic use; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6196222}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Berendse:1992, author = {H. W. Berendse and Y. Galis-de Graaf and H. J. Groenewegen}, title = {Topographical organization and relationship with ventral striatal compartments of prefrontal corticostriatal projections in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {316}, number = {3}, pages = {314--347}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin was used to examine the topographical organization of the projections to the striatum arising from the various cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex in the rat. The relationship of the prefrontal cortical fibres with the compartmental organization of the ventral striatum was assessed by combining PHA-L tracing and enkephalin-immunohistochemistry. The prefrontal cortex projects bilaterally with an ipsilateral predominance to the striatum, sparing only the lateral part of the caudate-putamen complex. Each of the cytoarchitectonic subfields of the prefrontal cortex has a longitudinally oriented striatal terminal field that overlaps slightly with those of adjacent prefrontal areas. The projections of the medial subdivision of the prefrontal cortex distribute to rostral and medial parts of the striatum, whereas the lateral prefrontal subdivision projects to more caudal and lateral striatal areas. The terminal fields of the orbital prefrontal areas involve midventral and ventromedial parts of the caudate-putamen complex. The projection of the ventral orbital area overlaps with that of the prelimbic area in the ventromedial part of the caudate-putamen. In the "shell" region of the nucleus accumbens, fibres arising from the prelimbic area concentrate in areas of high cell density that are weakly enkephalin-immunoreactive, whereas fibres from the infralimbic area avoid such areas. Rostrolaterally in the "core" region of the nucleus accumbens, fibres from deep layer V and layer VI of the dorsal part of the prelimbic area avoid the enkephalin-positive areas surrounding the anterior commissure and distribute in an inhomogeneous way over the intervening moderately enkephalin-immunoreactive compartment. The other prefrontal afferents show only a preference for, but are not restricted to, the latter compartment. In the border region between the nucleus accumbens and the ventromedial part of the caudate-putamen complex, patches of strong enkephalin immunoreactivity receive prefrontal cortical input from deep layer V and layer VI, whereas fibres from more superficial cortical layers project to the surrounding matrix. Individual cytoarchitectonic subfields of the prefrontal cortex thus have circumscribed terminal domains in the striatum. In combination with data on the organization of the midline and intralaminar thalamostriatal and thalamoprefrontal projections, the present results establish that the projections of the prefrontal cortical subfields converge in the striatum with those of their midline and intralaminar afferent nuclei. The present findings further demonstrate that the relationship of the prefrontal corticostriatal fibres with the neurochemical compartments of the ventral striatum can be influenced by both the areal and the laminar origin of the cortical afferents, depending on the particular ventral striatal region under consideration.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903160305}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Histocytochemistry; Limbic System, cytology/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1577988}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903160305}, } @Article{Berendse:1990, author = {H. W. Berendse and H. J. Groenewegen}, title = {Organization of the thalamostriatal projections in the rat, with special emphasis on the ventral striatum.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {299}, number = {2}, pages = {187--228}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The organization of the thalamic projections to the ventral striatum in the rat was studied by placing injections of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B in the ventral striatum and small deposits of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) in individual midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. In order to provide a complete map of the midline and intralaminar thalamostriatal projections, PHA-L injections were also made in those parts of the intralaminar nuclei that project to the dorsal striatum. The relationship of thalamic afferent fibres with the compartmental organization of the ventral striatum was assessed by combining PHA-L tracing and enkephalin immunohistochemistry. The various midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei project to longitudinally oriented striatal sectors. The paraventricular thalamic nucleus sends most of its fibres to medial parts of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle, whereas smaller contingents of fibres terminate in the lateral part of the nucleus accumbens and the most ventral, medial, and caudal parts of the caudate-putamen complex. The projections of the parataenial nucleus are directed towards central and ventral parts of the nucleus accumbens and intermediate mediolateral parts of the olfactory tubercle. The intermediodorsal nucleus projects to lateral parts of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle and to ventral parts of the caudate-putamen. The projection of the rhomboid nucleus is restricted to the rostrolateral extreme of the striatum. A diffuse projection to the ventral striatum arises from neurons ventral and caudal to the nucleus reuniens rather than from cells inside the nucleus. Fibres from the central medial nucleus terminate centrally and dorsolaterally in the rostral part of the nucleus accumbens and medially in the caudate-putamen. Successively more lateral positions in the caudate-putamen are occupied by fibres from the paracentral and central lateral nuclei, respectively. The lateral part of the parafascicular nucleus projects to the most lateral part of the caudate-putamen, whereas projections from the medial part of this nucleus terminate in the medial part of the caudate-putamen and in the dorsolateral part of the nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, a rostral to caudal gradient in a midline or intralaminar nucleus corresponds to a dorsal to ventral and rostral to caudal gradient in the striatum. In the ventral striatum, thalamic afferent fibres in the "shell" region of the nucleus accumbens avoid areas of high cell density and weak enkephalin immunoreactivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902990206}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, metabolism/physiology; Enkephalin, Leucine, metabolism; Female; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus, metabolism/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2172326}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902990206}, } @Article{Berendse:1991, author = {H. W. Berendse and H. J. Groenewegen}, title = {Restricted cortical termination fields of the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1991}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {73--102}, abstract = {The projections from the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei to the cerebral cortex were studied in the rat by means of anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. The midline and intralaminar nuclear complex taken as a whole projects to widespread, predominantly frontal, cortical areas. Each of the constituent thalamic nuclei has a restricted cortical projection field that overlaps only slightly with the projection fields of adjacent midline and intralaminar nuclei. The projections of the intralaminar nuclei cover a larger cortical area than those of the midline nuclei. The laminar distributions of fibres from individual midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei are different and include both deep and superficial cortical layers. The parataenial, paraventricular and intermediodorsal midline nuclei each project to circumscribed parts of the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampal and parahippocampal regions. In the prefrontal cortex, the projections are restricted to the medial orbital, infralimbic, ventral prelimbic and agranular insular fields, and the rostral part of the ventral anterior cingular cortex. In contrast to the other midline nuclei, the rhomboid nucleus projects to widespread cortical areas. The rostral intralaminar nuclei innervate dorsal parts of the prefrontal cortex, i.e. the dorsal parts of the prelimbic, anterior cingular and dorsal agranular insular cortical fields, the lateral and ventrolateral orbital areas, and the caudal part of the ventral anterior cingular cortex. Additional projections are aimed at the agranular fields of the motor cortex and the caudal part of the parietal cortex. The lateral part of the parafascicular nucleus sends fibres predominantly to the lateral agranular field of the motor cortex and the rostral part of the parietal cortex. The medial part of the parafascicular nucleus projects rather sparsely to the dorsal part of the prelimbic cortex, the anterior cingular cortex and the medial agranular field of the motor cortex. Individual midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei are thus in a position to directly influence circumscribed areas of the cerebral cortex. In combination with previously reported data on the organization of the midline and intralaminar thalamostriatal projections and the prefrontal corticostriatal projections the present results suggest a high degree of differentiation in the convergence of thalamic and cortical afferent fibres in the striatum. Each of the recently described parallel basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits can thus be expanded to include projections at both the cortical and striatal levels from a specific part of the midline and intralaminar nuclear complex. The distinctive laminar distributions of the fibres originating from the different nuclei emphasize the specificity of the midline and intralaminar thalamocortical projections.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(91)90151-d}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Female; Neural Pathways; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling; Stereotaxic Techniques; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(91)90151-D}, pmid = {1713657}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Berendse:1992a, author = {H. W. Berendse and H. J. Groenewegen and A. H. Lohman}, title = {Compartmental distribution of ventral striatal neurons projecting to the mesencephalon in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1992}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {2079--2103}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The ventral striatum is characterized by an intricate neurochemical compartmentation that is reflected in the distribution of most of its afferent fiber systems. In the present study, the compartmental relationships of ventral striatal neurons projecting to the mesencephalon were studied by combining tract tracing with the immunohistochemical localization of leu-enkephalin. Injections of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B were placed at various sites in the ventral mesencephalon. The anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin was injected in single compartments in the rostrolateral part of the nucleus accumbens. The projections from the ventral striatum to the dopaminergic cell groups in the ventral mesencephalon and those to the substantia nigra pars reticulata originate from distinct subpopulations of ventral striatal neurons that respect neurochemically defined compartmental boundaries. In the "shell" of the nucleus accumbens, neurons that project to the dopaminergic cell groups are located outside areas of high cell density and weak enkephalin immunoreactivity (ENK-IR). Rostrolaterally in the "core" of the nucleus accumbens, neurons inside large areas of strong ENK-IR surrounding the anterior commissure project to the dorsomedial part of the substantia nigra pars reticulata, whereas neurons outside these areas innervate the ventral tegmental area and/or the medial part of the substantia nigra pars compacta. By contrast, more caudally in the dorsal part of the nucleus accumbens and in the ventral part of the caudate-putamen, the relationships are reversed: neurons in- or outside small patches of strong ENK-IR project respectively to the pars compacta or the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra. Since the thalamic and cortical afferents of the ventral striatum are compartmentally ordered as well, the present results imply that through the ventral striatal compartments information from disparate combinations of cortical and thalamic sources may be conveyed to distinct mesencephalic targets. The component of the ventral striatomesencephalic system reaching the dopaminergic cell groups A10, A9, and A8 may modulate the dopaminergic input to virtually the entire striatum. The other component can, by way of the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra, participate in nigrothalamic and nigrotectal output pathways of the basal ganglia.}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Animals; Cholera Toxin; Corpus Striatum, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Enkephalins, metabolism; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Mesencephalon, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Red Nucleus, physiology; Substantia Nigra, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1607929}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/12/6/2079.long}, } @Article{Berendse:1988, author = {H. W. Berendse and P. Voorn and A. te Kortschot and H. J. Groenewegen}, title = {Nuclear origin of thalamic afferents of the ventral striatum determines their relation to patch/matrix configurations in enkephalin-immunoreactivity in the rat.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {1988}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {3--10}, abstract = {The relation of thalamic terminal fibers in the ventral striatum with patch and matrix compartments, as defined by enkephalin-immunohistochemistry, was studied in adjacent or double-stained sections of the rat brain by combining anterograde tracing of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and enkephalin staining. Experiments with small PHA-L injections in the dorsal thalamus show that the paraventricular thalamic nucleus projects to the medial nucleus accumbens and rather selectively to the patch compartment in more lateral parts of the nucleus. The central medial thalamic nucleus sends its fibers to more lateral parts of the nucleus accumbens and the ventral part of the caudate-putamen, where these fibers terminate in the matrix compartment.}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Corpus Striatum, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology; Enkephalins, analysis; Female; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamic Nuclei, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3077313}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Berk:1981, author = {Berk, M. L. and Finkelstein, J. A.}, title = {Afferent projections to the preoptic area and hypothalamic regions in the rat brain.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1981}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, pages = {1601--1624}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(81)90227-x}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Preoptic Area, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(81)90227-X}, pmid = {7266881}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Berk:1981a, author = {Berk, M. L. and Finkelstein, J. A.}, title = {An autoradiographic determination of the efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1981}, volume = {226}, number = {1-2}, pages = {1--13}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN) have been investigated by the use of the anterograde autoradiographic technique. The majority of the fiber connections from SCN are to hypothalamic nuclei. The dorsal and periventricular parvocellular divisions of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the medial part of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus receive dense fiber projections. Also, fibers about the medial parvocellular division of PVN. Many descending fibers course into the retrochiasmatic area and pass to the ventral and medial borders of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, as well as through the central zone of this nucleus. A few fibers at the lateral border of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus sweep dorsomedially into the posterior hypothalamic area and midbrain central gray. The major extrahypothalamic projection is to the periventricular thalamic nucleus.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(81)91079-9}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Circadian Rhythm; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Hypothalamus, Middle, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Optic Chiasm, anatomy /&/ histology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Supraoptic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(81)91079-9}, pmid = {7296282}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Berk:1982, author = {M. L. Berk and J. A. Finkelstein}, title = {Efferent connections of the lateral hypothalamic area of the rat: an autoradiographic investigation.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1982}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {511--526}, month = {May}, abstract = {The efferent projections of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) at mid-tuberal levels were examined with the autoradiographic tracing method. Connections were observed to widespread regions of the brain, from the telencephalon to the medulla. Ascending fibers course through LHA and the lateral preoptic area and lie lateral to the diagonal band of Broca. Fibers sweep dorsally into the lateral septal nucleus, cingulum bundle and medial cortex. Although sparse injections are found to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, a prominent pathway courses to the dorsal and medial parvocellular subnuclei of the paraventricular nucleus. Labeled fibers in the stria medullaris project to the lateral habenular nucleus. The central nucleus of the amygdala is encapsulated by fibers from the stria terminalis and the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. The substantia innominata, nucleus paraventricularis of the thalamus, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis also receive LHA fibers. Three descending pathways course to the brainstem: (1) periventricular system, (2) central tegmental tract (CTT), and (3) medial forebrain bundle (MFB). Periventricular fibers travel to the ventral and lateral parts of the midbrain central gray, dorsal raphe nucleus, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus of the pons. Dorsally coursing fibers of CTT enter the central tegmental field and the lateral and medial parabrachial nuclei. The intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus receive some fibers. Fibers from CTT leave the parabranchial region by descending in the ventrolateral pontine and medullary formation; some of these fibers sweep dorsomedially into the nucleus tractus solitarius, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and nucleus commissuralis. From MFB, fibers descend into the ventral tegmental area and to the border of the median raphe and raphe magnus nuclei.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(82)90009-0}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Eating; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Mamillary Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology; Median Eminence, anatomy /&/ histology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Preoptic Area, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6811106}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Berkley:1993, author = {Berkley, K. J. and Robbins, A. and Sato, Y.}, title = {Functional differences between afferent fibers in the hypogastric and pelvic nerves innervating female reproductive organs in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {1993}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, pages = {533--544}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {1. The uterus, cervix, and vaginal canal are innervated by afferent fibers in the hypogastric and pelvic nerves. Four studies compared the innervation territory and sensitivity to peripheral stimuli of the two sets of fibers in adult virgin rats. 2. Innervation territory was studied anatomically by injecting different fluorescent dyes into different parts of the reproductive, lower urinary, and lower digestive tracts and examining retrogradely labeled neurons in dorsal root ganglia. It was also studied electrophysiologically in anesthetized rats by summing potentials evoked in branches of the two nerves by electrical stimulation of different parts of the reproductive tract. 3. In both studies sensory innervation of the reproductive tract shifted from the pelvic to the hypogastric nerve (i.e., shifted entry into the spinal cord from the L6-S1 to the T13-L3 dorsal root ganglia, respectively) as the dye or stimulating electrode shifted from the vaginal entrance to the uterine horns, with fibers from both nerves densely innervating the cervix region (i.e., entering the spinal cord through both sets of ganglia). The anatomic results suggested that the regions innervated by fibers in one nerve might also be innervated by a small component of normally quiescent fibers in the other nerve. 4. Response sensitivity was studied electrophysiologically by simultaneously recording multiunit activity in branches of the hypogastric and pelvic nerves in two ways. First, in intact, anesthetized rats, activity was recorded during mechanical stimulation of the reproductive tract (distension of the vagina and uterus, probing the cervix). Second, in an in vitro organ preparation of the uterus and vagina, activity was recorded during chemical stimulation through the uterine artery with bradykinin, serotonin, NaCN, CO2, and KCl. 5. Pelvic nerve fibers were markedly more sensitive than hypogastric nerve fibers to uterine and cervical mechanostimulation. Similarly, pelvic nerve fibers were more likely to respond or responded more vigorously than hypogastric nerve fibers to all chemical stimuli (except KCl). 6. These results provide strong evidence that afferent fibers in the pelvic and hypogastric nerves of nulliparous adult rats subserve different functions in reproduction and sensation. Pelvic nerve fibers seem closely tied to sensory and behavioral processes associated with mating and conception, whereas hypogastric fibers seem closely tied to pregnancy and nociception, with fibers in both nerves serving functions during parturition.}, institution = {Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306.}, keywords = {Animals; Bradykinin, pharmacology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/physiology; Genitalia, Female, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation; Hypogastric Plexus, physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Physical Stimulation; Potassium Chloride, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin, pharmacology; Stimulation, Chemical; Uterus, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8459284}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bermejo:2003, author = {Pedro E Bermejo and Cristina E Jiménez and Cristina V Torres and Carlos Avendaño}, title = {Quantitative stereological evaluation of the gracile and cuneate nuclei and their projection neurons in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2003}, volume = {463}, number = {4}, pages = {419--433}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Stereological methods were employed to estimate the volume and neuron numbers of the rat dorsal column nuclei (DCN). These methods were applied to Nissl-stained sections from control animals and cases that received injections of horseradish peroxidase in the thalamus, the cerebellum, or the spinal cord. Additional cases received combinations of fluorescent tracers in the same structures, to examine whether some of the retrogradely labeled neurons sent collaterals to different targets. The mean volume of the DCN is 0.81 mm(3) (range 0.65-1.10 mm(3)), of which 3\%, 39\%, and 59\% correspond, respectively, to the nucleus of Bischoff (Bi), the gracile (Gr), and the cuneate (Cu) nuclei. Within Cu, the middle division (CuM) is the largest (42\%), followed by the rostral (CuR; 36\%) and caudal (CuC; 22\%) divisions. The mean total number of neurons in the DCN is 16,000 (range 12,400-19,500), of which 2.4\%, 34.0\% and 63.6\% correspond, respectively, to Bi, Gr, and Cu. Within Cu, CuM contains 48\% of all neurons, and 27\% correspond to CuR and 25\% to CuC. Interanimal variability is moderate for the whole DCN and Cu but increases when individual nuclei are considered. About 80\% of DCN neurons project to the thalamus, 3\% to the spinal cord, and 7\% to the cerebellum. Thalamic-projecting cells are more numerous in CuM and Gr (83\%), and relatively less common in Bi and CuC (72-74\%). Most of the DCN neurons projecting to the spinal cord appear in CuC and CuM. Two-thirds of the neurons projecting to the cerebellum are located in CuR, 20\% in CuM, and 15\% in Gr. A small fraction of neurons projects simultaneously to spinal cord and thalamus.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10747}, institution = {Department of Morphology, Medical School, Autónoma University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Count; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12836177}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10747}, } @Article{Bernard:1990a, author = {Bernard and Besson}, title = {Amygdaloid projections of the external parabrachial area to the forebrain: A PHA-L study with reference to the pain transmission}, journal = {Soc Neurosci Abstr}, year = {1990}, volume = {16}, pages = {705}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bernard:1987, author = {J. F. Bernard}, title = {Topographical organization of olivocerebellar and corticonuclear connections in the rat-an WGA-HRP study: I. Lobules IX, X, and the flocculus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {263}, number = {2}, pages = {241-258}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The organization of the olivocerebellar and corticonuclear relations for vermal lobules IX and X and the flocculus has been studied in the rat by using microinjections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). This axonal tracer allowed us to study simultaneously the olivocortical connections (revealed by retrograde transport) and corticonuclear connections (revealed by anterograde transport) from a single injection in the cerebellar cortex. The results indicate that four modules can be distinguished, each of which consists of a region of cerebellar cortex receiving afferents from a single small region of the inferior olive (IO) and sending efferents to one or several portions of the cerebellar nuclei and/or vestibular nuclei. The first module includes a medial part of lobule X as well as all the flocculus. It receives afferents from the dorsal cap (dc) and sends efferents to the small cell (s) zone of the dentate nucleus as well as to the medial vestibular (VM) nucleus and subnucleus y. The second module includes a medial parasagittal region located in lobules IX and X. It receives afferents from the ventrolateral outgrowth (vlo) and/or beta nucleus (vlo + beta nucleus) and sends efferents principally to the ventrolateral part of fastigial nucleus and to the superior vestibular (VS), inferior vestibular (VI), and VM nuclei. The third module includes a lateral parasagittal region in lobules IX and X. It receives afferents from the dorsomedial cell column (dmcc) of IO and sends efferents principally to the interpositus nucleus and subnucleus y. The fourth module includes the most lateral part of lobules IX and Xa. It receives afferents from the principal olive (PO) and sends efferents to the s zone of the dentate nucleus. These results are comparable to those obtained in the cat although a few differences are discussed.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902630207}, institution = {Unité de Recherches de Neurophysiologie Pharmacologique, INSERM U 161, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3667979}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902630207}, } @Article{Bernard:1993, author = {J. F. Bernard and M. Alden and J. M. Besson}, title = {The organization of the efferent projections from the pontine parabrachial area to the amygdaloid complex: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1993}, volume = {329}, number = {2}, pages = {201--229}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The organization of the efferent projections from the pontine parabrachial (pPB) area to the amygdala has been studied in the rat by using microinjections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), a sensitive and selective anterograde axonal marker, into restricted subregions of the pPB area. The results confirmed that the pPB area primarily projected onto the ipsilateral nucleus centralis of the amygdala (Ce), and to a lesser extent onto the ipsilateral posterior basolateral (BLP), anterior basomedial (BMA), and amygdaloid cortical (ACo) nuclei of the amygdala. Substantial projections were also found in the substantia innominata dorsal/ventral portion of the globus pallidus (SId/GPv), substriatal (SStr), and fondus striatal (FStr) regions which continue the amygdala rostrally. The results demonstrated that the projections of the pPB area onto the Ce were topically organized: 1) The region of the pPB area mainly including the medial subnucleus (pPBm), the waist area (pPBwa), and a thin rostral lamina of the ventral lateral subnucleus (pPBvl) projects primarily to the medial portion of the Ce (CeM). Dense projections were also found in the BLP, BMA, and ACo nuclei of the amygdala, and in the SId/GPv, SStr, and FStr rostral areas. 2) The region of the pPB mainly including the rostral portion of the central lateral subnucleus (pPBcl) and the outer-rostral portion of the external lateral subnucleus (pPBel) projects primarily to the lateral portion of the Ce (CeL). 3) The region of the pPB mainly including the dorsolateral subnucleus (pPBdl), the remaining pPBel, and the external medial (pPBem) subnuclei projects primarily to the lateral capsular portion of the Ce (CeLC) and bilaterally to its rostral portion. Dense projections were also found in the regions which extend the CeLC rostrally and in the SId/GPv, SStr, and FStr rostral areas. The possible role of each of the three parabrachio-amygdaloid pathways described is discussed. It was suggested that the pPB-CeM pathway is mainly implicated in gustatory processes; the pPB-CeL pathway is mainly implicated in visceral and chemosensitive processes; and the pPB-CeLC pathway is mainly implicated in respiratory, cardiovascular, and nociceptive processes.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903290205}, institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, INSERM U 161, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Microinjections; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Terminology as Topic}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8454730}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903290205}, } @Article{Bernard:1984, author = {J. F. Bernard and C. Buisseret-Delmas and C. Compoint and S. Laplante}, title = {Harmaline induced tremor. III. A combined simple units, horseradish peroxidase, and 2-deoxyglucose study of the olivocerebellar system in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {128-137}, abstract = {Purkinje cells were recorded extracellularly and mapped in the cerebellar cortex of the rat under tremogenic doses of harmaline. Four different types of responses were encountered, of which two were considered as being responsible for the harmaline tremor. The latter had a regular firing pattern of complex spikes at 5 to 10 Hz and were mostly found in the vermis. Their number decreased in the more lateral region of the cerebellar cortex until they eventually disappeared. Horseradish peroxidase was injected into all the areas of the cerebellar cortex containing Purkinje cells with harmaline-induced activity. Labeled neurons were in all cases traced to the medial accessory olive. The metabolic activity of the inferior olive under harmaline was measured with 2-deoxyglucose. Increased labeling was only found in the medial accessory olive. Such an increase was demonstrated as being due to a direct effect of the drug on the inferior olivary neurons, indicating that the medial accessory olive is responsible for the harmaline tremor in the rat. Our results point out that, in the rat, there is an inverse relationship between serotoninergic innervation of a region in the inferior olivary nucleus and that with harmaline sensitivity, therefore a serotoninergic mechanism hypothesis for the harmaline tremor needs further investigation.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00231139}, keywords = {Alkaloids, pharmacology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Glucose, metabolism; Harmaline, pharmacology; Neural Pathways, physiopathology; Olivary Nucleus, drug effects/physiopathology; Purkinje Cells, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Tremor, chemically induced/physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6519221}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bernard:1991, author = {Bernard, J. F. and Carroué, J. and Besson, J. M.}, title = {Efferent projections from the external parabrachial area to the forebrain: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1991}, volume = {122}, number = {2}, pages = {257--260}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Small iontophoretic applications of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were used to study the ascending efferent projections in the rat from the external parabrachial (PBe) area (i.e. external lateral (PBel) and external medial (PBem) subnuclei). It was found that fibers of the caudal two third of PBe project mainly to nucleus centralis of the amygdala (Ce) with a precise pattern: the PBel subnuclei mainly project to the caudomedial subdivision of the Ce and the PBem subnuclei mainly project to the rostrolateral subdivision of the Ce. Another dense and common projection of both subnuclei was found in the ventral pallidal area adjacent to the Ce. This study delineates and extends the terminal area of the spino(trigemino)-ponto-amygdaloid nociceptive pathway demonstrated by our previous studies.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(91)90872-q}, institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, INSERM U161, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1709264}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bernard:1995, author = {Bernard, J. F. and Dallel, R. and Raboisson, P. and Villanueva, L. and {Le Bars}, D.}, title = {Organization of the efferent projections from the spinal cervical enlargement to the parabrachial area and periaqueductal gray: a PHA-L study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {353}, number = {4}, pages = {480--505}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The organization of efferent projections from the spinal cervical enlargement to the parabrachial (PB) area and the periaqueductal gray (PAG) was studied in the rat by using microinjections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into different laminae around the C7 level. The results demonstrated two areas of cervical enlargement which project in different ways to the PB area and PAG. First, the superficial laminae (I, II) showed a very dense projection, with a clear contralateral dominance at the coronal level where the inferior colliculus merges with the pons, to a restricted "superficial" portion of the PB area, namely the lateral crescent area, the dorsal lateral, the superior lateral (PBsl), and the outer portion of the external lateral PB subnuclei. Less dense projections were observed in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) and in the ventrolateral/lateral quadrant of the caudal and mid PAG. By contrast, the labeling was weak or absent in the other PB subnuclei and the outer adjacent regions; in particular, no, or very little, labeling was found in the cuneiform nucleus. The PB area appeared to be the supraspinal target that received the densest projection from laminae I and II. Projections were less dense in the PAG and the thalamus and markedly less in other sites such as the ventrolateral medulla, the subnucleus reticularis dorsalis, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Second, the reticular portion of lamina V, the medial portion of laminae IV-VI up to X and lamina VIII, showed bilateral projections with a weak ipsilateral dominance and a high to medium density on a very restricted portion of the PB area, namely the internal lateral PB subnucleus. A lesser projection was also observed in the adjacent portion of the PBsl, the KF, and the lateral quadrant of the PAG. These results suggest that signals carried by neurons from lamina I-II converge on a restricted superficial portion of the PB area and the ventral part of the lateral quadrant of the PAG. These results are discussed in the context of the role of the spino-PB and spino-PAG pathways in nociception.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903530403}, institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, INSERM U 161, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Male; Neck; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7759612}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903530403}, } @Article{Bernard:1989, author = {Bernard, J. F. and Peschanski, M. and Besson, J. M.}, title = {Afferents and efferents of the rat cuneiformis nucleus: an anatomical study with reference to pain transmission.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1989}, volume = {490}, number = {1}, pages = {181--185}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Small iontophoretic application of wheat-germ-agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, was used to simultaneously observe, in the rat, the afferent and the efferent connections of the cuneiformis nucleus (Cnf), in the same animal. The results demonstrate that the main Cnf afferent connections originate from: (1) 6 regions of the forebrain: the nucleus centralis of the amygdala, the zona incerta, the dorsomedial, ventromedial and the lateral area of the hypothalamus and the periventricular gray matter and (2) 4 regions of the midbrain: the substantia nigra pars lateralis, the peripeduncular area, the periaqueductal gray matter and the other side Cnf. In contrast to the wealth of origins of afferent fibers, most projections of the Cnf are concentrated to the B3 area and the bordering reticular nuclei. It is proposed that the Cnf, which mostly receives afferent connections from the forebrain and the midbrain, and which in turn densely projects on the B3 area, is a relay for the modulation of pain processes.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)90449-6}, institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système nerveux, INSERM, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiopathology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Pain, physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(89)90449-6}, pmid = {2474360}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bernard:1989a, author = {Bernard, J. F. and Peschanski, M. and Besson, J. M.}, title = {A possible spino (trigemino)-ponto-amygdaloid pathway for pain.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1989}, volume = {100}, number = {1-3}, pages = {83--88}, month = {May}, abstract = {Small iontophoretic applications of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated to horseradish peroxidase have been used to simultaneously observe, in the rat, the afferent and efferent connections of small parabrachial subregions in the same animal. The results demonstrate that a restricted region centered on the external portion of the lateral parabrachial area receives numerous afferents from the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis and sends a major projection to the nucleus centralis of the amygdala. This study suggests that the external portion of the lateral parabrachial area is a relay for messages evoked by noxious stimuli in a spino (trigemino)-ponto-amygdaloid pathway.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(89)90664-2}, institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, INSERM U 161, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology/physiopathology; Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Pain, physiopathology; Pons, cytology/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiopathology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, cytology/physiopathology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2474780}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bernard:1990b, author = {Bernard, J. F. and Villanueva, L. and Carroué, J. and {Le Bars}, D.}, title = {Efferent projections from the subnucleus reticularis dorsalis (SRD): a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1990}, volume = {116}, number = {3}, pages = {257--262}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Small iontophoretic applications of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were used in rats to study the efferent projections from a restricted region in the reticular formation of the caudal medulla: the subnucleus reticularis dorsalis (SRD). It was found that fibres from SRD project mainly to the spinal cord, the oral motor nuclei, the dorsal accessory inferior olive, the giganto- and parvo-cellular nuclei of the reticular formation and the parafascicular and ventromedian nuclei of the thalamus. Together with our previous electrophysiological findings, this study suggests that the SRD could be involved both in the control of pain processing and in motor reactions elicited by noxious events.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(90)90083-l}, institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, INSERM U161, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Diencephalon, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rhombencephalon, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(90)90083-L}, pmid = {2173815}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bernard:2012, author = {René Bernard and Rüdiger W Veh}, title = {Individual neurons in the rat lateral habenular complex project mostly to the dopaminergic ventral tegmental area or to the serotonergic raphe nuclei.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2012}, volume = {520}, number = {11}, pages = {2545--2558}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The lateral habenular complex (LHb) is a bilateral epithalamic brain structure involved in the modulation of ascending monoamine systems in response to afferents from limbic regions and basal ganglia. The LHb is implicated in various biological functions, such as reward, sleep-wake cycle, feeding, pain processing, and memory formation. The modulatory role of the LHb is partially assumed by putative spontaneously active LHb neurons projecting to the dopaminergic ventral tegmental area (VTA) and to the serotonergic median (MnR) and dorsal raphe nuclei (DR). All four nuclei form a complex and coordinated network to evoke appropriate responses to reward-related stimuli. At present it is not known whether individual LHb neurons project to only one or to more than one monoaminergic nucleus. To answer this question, we made dual injections of two different retrograde tracers into the rat VTA and either DR or MnR. Tracers were visualized by immunohistochemistry. In coronal sections, the different retrogradly labeled habenular neurons were quantified and assigned to the corresponding habenular subnuclei. Our results show that 1) the distribution of neurons in the LHb projecting to the three monoamine nuclei is similar and exhibits a great overlap, 2) the vast majority of LHb projection neurons target one monoaminergic nucleus only, and 3) very few, heterogeneously distributed LHb neurons project to both dopaminergic and serotonergic nuclei. These results imply that the LHb forms both separate and interconnected circuits with each monoaminergic nucleus, permitting the LHb to modulate its output to different monoamine systems either independently or jointly. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2545-2558, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.23080}, institution = {Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité-University Medicine Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. rene.bernard@charite.de.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {22492391}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23080}, } @Article{Bernardi:1995, author = {Bernardi, P. S. and Valtschanoff, J. G. and Weinberg, R. J. and Schmidt, H. H. and Rustioni, A.}, title = {Synaptic interactions between primary afferent terminals and GABA and nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons in superficial laminae of the rat spinal cord.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1995}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {1363--1371}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The superficial laminae (I and II) of the spinal dorsal horn receive small caliber primary afferent fibers responsive to noxious stimulation, and contain local circuit neurons that modulate afferent input. Many of these neurons are GABAergic; about a third of these also synthesize nitric oxide. We identified three main morphological types of primary afferent terminals in superficial laminae after injections of a tracer selective for small caliber afferents into the sciatic nerve of rats. The relative densities of the three types varied through the dorsoventral extent of laminae I and II. Synaptic contacts of each type with GABA- and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing dendrites and axon terminals were determined by preembedding and postembedding immunocytochemistry. Nonglomerular primary afferent terminals, likely to originate from peptidergic unmyelinated fibers, were not seen in synaptic contact with either GABA- or NOS-containing neurons. Primary afferent terminals at the center of type 1 glomeruli (C1) and at the center of type 2 glomeruli (C2) are likely to originate from unmyelinated and small myelinated fibers, respectively. GABAergic terminals contacted more C2 than C1 terminals, suggesting more effective presynaptic inhibition of C2 terminals. Many GABAergic terminals were also positive for NOS, but all GABAergic terminals presynaptic to primary afferent terminals were negative for NOS. Only C2 terminals established frequent synapses with NOS-positive dendrites. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Oxidoreductases, metabolism; Animals; Male; Nerve Endings, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Neurons, metabolism; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism; Synapses, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, biosynthesis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7532703}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/15/2/1363.long}, } @Article{Bernardis:1987, author = {Bernardis, L. L. and Bellinger, L. L.}, title = {The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus revisited: 1986 update.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1987}, volume = {434}, number = {3}, pages = {321--381}, month = {Jul}, doi = {10.1016/0165-0173(87)90004-x}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Female; Hypothalamus, Middle, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3300862}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bernardis:1998, author = {Bernardis, L. L. and Bellinger, L. L.}, title = {The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus revisited: 1998 update.}, journal = {Proc Soc Exp Biol Med}, year = {1998}, volume = {218}, number = {4}, pages = {284--306}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {This article reviews data that have accumulated since the early 1970s on the role of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN) in neuroendocrine and autonomic homeostasis. Both the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) and the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) project to the DMN, which in turn projects to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), thus placing the DMN at an important nodal point of neuroendocrine/autonomic circuitries. The DMN is composed of cells and fibers containing neuropeptide Y (NPY), and the nutritional status (starvation-refeeding) is reflected in NPY levels of both VMN and DMN in Sprague-Dawley, Zucker (fa/fa), and corpulent rats (cp/cp JCR:LA). The DMN is involved in the final common pathway of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion by the PVN, sympathetic nervous system outflow to the adrenal gland, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. The DMN is also part of a "fear circuitry" regulating cardiovascular responses to stress such as myocardial blood flow and the tachycardia associated with the defense reaction. This appears to be mediated by a gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) mechanism. Although exhibiting reduced ponderal and linear growth and hypophagia and hypodipsia, the rat with DMN lesions (DMNL rat) has normal body composition, anabolic hormone levels, and intermediary metabolism, and it responds normally to numerous endocrine, nutritional, intra- and extracellular thirst and body weight-regulatory challenges. The DMNL rat shows normal efficiency of food utilization, but shows an attenuated response to the feeding-stimulatory effect of insulin. The only other lesion-induced abnormalities are hyperprolactinemia and a disrupted circadian corticosterone rhythm. The hyperprolactinemia in DMNL rats appears to be related to an attenuation of dopamine (DA). Rats with DMNL are capable of mating and can bear offspring, but there is a dramatic effect on litter size and other litter parameters that only improves when one parent is a DMNL rat. Antiaging effects produced by DMNL are evident in the prevention of age-associated microalbuminuria and kidney lesions, as well as, in prevention of the age-related decline in circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Recent evidence suggests that DMN, together with the VMN and the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus, may be part of the circuitry that is responsive to the feedback signal from adipose tissue by the hormone leptin. The above findings and others suggest that the DMN plays a diverse role in physiological regulatory processes.}, doi = {10.3181/00379727-218-44296}, institution = {VA Western New York Healthcare System, State University of New York at Buffalo 14215, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, physiology; Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Homeostasis, physiology; Humans; Neurotransmitter Agents, physiology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9714072}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bernays:1988, author = {R. L. Bernays and L. Heeb and M. Cuenod and P. Streit}, title = {Afferents to the rat red nucleus studied by means of D-[3H]aspartate, [3H]choline and non-selective tracers.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1988}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {601-619}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Following injection of horseradish peroxidase-labeled wheat germ agglutinin or of rhodamine-labeled microspheres as non-selective tracers into the rat red nucleus, the origins of the corticorubral and cerebellorubral pathways, as well as a considerable number of other brain structures including dorsal raphé nucleus, zona incerta and several hypothalamic nuclei showed retrogradely labeled perikarya. Labeling patterns obtained with horseradish peroxidase-labeled wheat germ agglutinin compared well with those observed following application of rhodamine-labeled microspheres which produced injection sites restricted to the small nucleus. In these latter cases, counterstaining with phosphine allowed a better definition of anatomical structures. After D-[3H]aspartate application, retrogradely labeled perikarya were observed in cerebral cortex (layer V), zona incerta, dorsal raphé nucleus and in several other structures also labeled by non-selective tracers. Following application of [3H]choline and using an improved autoradiographic method, perikaryal labeling was massive within nucleus interpositus, while it was absent in dorsal raphé nucleus, cerebral cortex and zona incerta. Retrograde tracing experiments with D-[3H]aspartate and [3H]choline revealed that these transmitter related compounds are selective markers for two subsets of afferents to the red nucleus. The transmitter specificity of the selective labeling with [3H]choline in the cerebellorubral pathway is supported only in part by the results obtained with other methods. The selective labeling with D-[3H]aspartate in the corticorubral pathway, on the other hand, is consistent with its transmitter specificity.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(88)90168-6}, institution = {Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich, Switzerland.}, keywords = {Animals; Aspartic Acid, diagnostic use/metabolism; Brain Mapping, methods; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Choline, diagnostic use/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Red Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3173690}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bernstein-Goral:1988, author = {H. Bernstein-Goral and M. C. Bohn}, title = {Ontogeny of adrenergic fibers in rat spinal cord in relationship to adrenal preganglionic neurons.}, journal = {J Neurosci Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {21}, number = {2-4}, pages = {333--351}, abstract = {Adrenergic neurons in the C1 cell group in the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata contain epinephrine, as well as its biosynthetic enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT). These neurons send axons to regions of the central nervous system known to regulate autonomic function, including the sympathetic preganglionic nuclei of thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord. Previous studies have shown that PNMT is expressed in neurons located in the medulla oblongata on embryonic day 14; however, the development of the projections from these cells has not been studied. With the aid of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine levels of catecholamines and immunocytochemistry to demonstrate PNMT, the ontogeny of the adrenergic bulbospinal pathway in the embryonic, postnatal, and adult rat has been studied. In addition, the relationship between PNMT-immunoreactive (IR) fibers and retrogradely labeled sympathetic preganglionic neurons projecting to adrenal medulla are described. PNMT-IR fibers were first observed in the caudal medulla oblongata and lateral funiculus of spinal cord on gestational day 15(E15). On E16, PNMT-IR fibers in the thoracic spinal cord were observed in the intermediate gray matter at the level of the lateral horn. Epinephrine was measureable in spinal cord on E20. Both the density of PNMT-IR fibers and the levels of epinephrine increased to a maximum during the second postnatal week and then declined to adult levels. These observations suggest that a period of adrenergic hyperinnervation of spinal sympathetic nuclei occurs during the neonatal period. PNMT-IR terminals in spinal cord were observed, primarily, although not exclusively, in sympathetic nuclei of thoracic cord and parasympathetic nuclei of upper sacral cord. Adrenergic fibers in the intermediolateral nucleus (IML) and the central autonomic nucleus (CAN) dorsal to the central canal were particularly dense during the second postnatal week in both midthoracic and upper sacral segments. In the neonate, a "ladder-like" pattern of PNMT-IR fiber staining was observed which represented transverse fiber bundles connecting IML with CAN and extensive longitundinal fiber bundles along the border of the funiculus in IML. At all spinal levels, adrenergic fibers were also observed adjacent to the ependyma dorsal or lateral to the central canal. The relationship between adrenal preganglionic neurons and PNMT-IR fibers in IML was examined on postnatal days 4, 15, and 60. With retrograde labeling from adrenal medulla, it was demonstrated that PNMT-IR fibers are associated with adrenal preganglionic neurons throughout postnatal development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/jnr.490210226}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, State University of New York, Stony Brook.}, keywords = {Adrenal Glands, innervation; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, metabolism/physiology; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Epinephrine, metabolism; Gestational Age; Medulla Oblongata, growth /&/ development/metabolism; Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, growth /&/ development/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3216427}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490210226}, } @Article{Berretta:1993, author = {S. Berretta and G. Bosco and G. Giaquinta and G. Smecca and V. Perciavalle}, title = {Cerebellar influences on accessory oculomotor nuclei of the rat: a neuroanatomical, immunohistochemical, and electrophysiological study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1993}, volume = {338}, number = {1}, pages = {50-66}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {With the aim to evaluate a possible neocerebellar control on eye movements, the projections from the cerebellar lateral nucleus (LN) to the accessory oculomotor nuclei (i.e., the nucleus of posterior commissure, the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal), the putative neurotransmitters subserving this pathway, and the nature of the synaptic influences exerted by these projections were studied in adult rats. We used the orthograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) to identify the mesencephalic areas where cerebellofugal fibers terminate, and retrograde labeling with the fluorescent dye fluoro-gold to estimate the incidence of cerebellar neurons projecting to the accessory oculomotor nuclei. Orthograde labeling showed that only a small contingent of cerebellofugal fibers reaches the contralateral accessory oculomotor nuclei. The retrogradely labeled cells were located primarily in the small-celled part of LN. By immunohistochemistry, we observed that all the cells retrogradely labeled from the accessory oculomotor area were also stained by using glutamate or aspartate antisera, but none of them were double-stained with a GABA antiserum. Electrical stimulation of the contralateral LN elicited changes in firing rate of a significant fraction of cells belonging to the accessory oculomotor nuclei (36.4\% in the nucleus of posterior commissure, 47.1\% in the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, and 44.6\% in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal). In 57.8\% of the cases, the responses were excitations, most of which had latencies and response characteristics compatible with a monosynaptic linkage. The remaining 42.2\% of the cases were inhibitions with latencies ranging between 5 and 22 ms. Extracellular field potential recordings within the contralateral accessory oculomotor nuclei were interpreted as arising from impulses propagating along excitatory axons projecting in a bundle from the cerebellum. Stimulation of LN area in rats following intranuclear injection of kainic acid was not capable of evoking short latency excitations, so these responses can be considered to depend on the activation of LN efferents. The LN projection on accessory oculomotor nuclei could be part of the final precise control exerted by the neocerebellum on those brain structures concerned with movements of the eyes.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903380105}, institution = {Institute of Human Physiology, University of Catania, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Cerebellum, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Eye Movements, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reaction Time; Stilbamidines; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7507941}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903380105}, } @Article{Berretta:2001, author = {Berretta, S. and Munno, D. W. and Benes, F. M.}, title = {Amygdalar activation alters the hippocampal GABA system: "partial" modelling for postmortem changes in schizophrenia.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2001}, volume = {431}, number = {2}, pages = {129--138}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Abnormalities in amygdala and hippocampus have been shown to coexist in schizophrenia (SZ). In the hippocampus, compelling evidence suggests that a disruption of GABA neurotransmission is present mainly in sectors CA4, CA3, and CA2. The amygdala sends important inputs to the hippocampus and is also believed to have a defective GABA system in schizophrenia. To explore the possibility that changes in the hippocampal GABAergic system could be related to an increased inflow of activity originating in the amygdala, a "partial" animal model has been developed. In awake, freely moving, rats a GABA(A) receptor antagonist was infused locally into the basolateral nuclear complex of the amygdala (BLn). Within 2 hours, a decreased density of both the 65- and 67-kDa isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD(65) and GAD(67)) -immunoreactive (IR) terminals was detected on neuron somata in sectors CA3 and CA2, but not in CA1, CA3, or dentate gyrus. An increase of GAD(67)-IR somata was also found in the dentate gyrus and CA4. In anterograde tracer studies, amygdalo-hippocampal projection fibers were exclusively found in CA3 and CA2, but not CA1. Taken together, these results indicate that activation of amygdalo-hippocampal afferents is associated with the induction of significant changes in the GABA system of the hippocampus, with a subregional distribution that is remarkably similar to that found in SZ. Under pathologic conditions, an excessive discharge of excitatory activity emanating from the amygdala could be capable of altering inhibitory modulation along the trisynaptic pathway. This mechanism may potentially contribute to disturbances of GABAergic function in the major psychoses. Such "partial" rodent modelling provides an important strategy for deciphering the effect of altered cortico-limbic circuits in SZ.}, doi = {10.1002/1096-9861(20010305)431:2<129::aid-cne1060>3.0.co;2-6}, institution = {Laboratory for Structural Neuroscience, Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Animals; Dentate Gyrus, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Disease Models, Animal; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Hippocampus, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Immunohistochemistry; Isoenzymes, metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Neurons, metabolism/pathology; Picrotoxin, pharmacology; Postmortem Changes; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Receptors, GABA-A, metabolism; Schizophrenia, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-6}, pmid = {11169995}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Berretta:1991, author = {S. Berretta and V. Perciavalle and R. E. Poppele}, title = {Origin of cuneate projections to the anterior and posterior lobes of the rat cerebellum.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {556}, number = {2}, pages = {297-302}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The present study was carried out to analyze the topography of projections from external cuneate nucleus to the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum and to investigate whether projections to the two lobes come from different cuneocerebellar neurons or from branching axons of the same cells. We used retrograde double-labeling techniques to estimate the incidence of cuneocerebellar neurons projecting to both anterior and posterior lobes via axon collaterals. Cells sending their axons to the lobus anterior were about twice the number of those projecting to the posterior lobe. The double-labeled cells were about 1/7 of all labeled neurons and were located mainly in the more lateral half of the nucleus. Therefore, the two lobes of the cerebellum are likely to receive common information from these cells, but different information from the separate populations of cuneocerebellar neurons that project only to one lobe or the other.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)90319-q}, institution = {Institute of Human Physiology, University of Catania, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Cerebellum, cytology/physiology; Colloids; Fluorescent Dyes; Gold; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(91)90319-Q}, pmid = {1718563}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Berretta:1991a, author = {S. Berretta and V. Perciavalle and R. E. Poppele}, title = {Origin of spinal projections to the anterior and posterior lobes of the rat cerebellum.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {305}, number = {2}, pages = {273-281}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The present study was carried out to analyze the topography of spinal projections to the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum and to investigate whether projections to the two lobes come from different spinocerebellar neurons or from branching axons of the same cells. We used orthograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) to identify the cerebellar areas where spinocerebellar axons terminate and retrograde double-labeling techniques to estimate the incidence of spinocerebellar neurons projecting to both anterior and posterior lobes via axon collaterals. Orthograde labeling confirmed that the rat, like other mammalian species, has spinocerebellar projections to two different regions of cerebellar cortex, i.e., lobules I-V of the anterior lobe and lobule VIII of the posterior lobe, with the highest incidence in lobules II, III, and VIII. We did not observe a clear difference in the distribution of afferents coming from different spinal segments to either of the two lobes. The double-labeled cells were located primarily in the lower thoracic and upper lumbar segments, almost exclusively in Clarke's column and in the dorso-lateral part of lamina 7 (in the region of the spinal border cells). It is likely that most or all of the spinocerebellar neurons in these structures project to both anterior and posterior lobes. Therefore, the two lobes of the cerebellum are likely to receive common information from these cells, but different information from the separate populations of spinocerebellar neurons that project only to one lobe or the other.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903050208}, institution = {Institute of Human Physiology, University of Catania, Italy.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1709180}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903050208}, } @Article{Berry:1986, author = {D. J. Berry and P. T. Ohara and G. Jeffery and A. R. Lieberman}, title = {Are there connections between the thalamic reticular nucleus and the brainstem reticular formation?}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1986}, volume = {243}, number = {3}, pages = {347--362}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Increasing awareness that the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) plays an important role in controlling the output of cortically projecting cells in nuclei of the dorsal thalamus has focused attention on the question of whether there exist ascending projections to the TRN from the mesencephalic or other parts of the brainstem reticular formation (BRF). We have examined this and the related question of whether the neurons of TRN project to the BRF, by anterograde and retrograde tracing experiments with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and HRP conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin. Injections of tracer were placed stereotaxically in the BRF at various depths and rostrocaudal and mediolateral coordinates, and the TRN and adjacent nuclei were examined in serial coronal sections, using tetramethylbenzidine as the principal chromogen. Retrogradely labelled cell bodies were consistently seen in hypothalamus and zona incerta but never in TRN, suggesting that, in the rat, TRN neurons do not project caudal to the thalamus. After 54 out of 60 injections, no terminal label was detected in any part of the TRN although such label was present in other parts of the thalamus, including the intralaminar nuclei, in the same sections. We therefore conclude that direct projections from the BRF to the TRN must be extremely sparse, and that those effects of BRF stimulation upon thalamocortical transmission that are mediated by the TRN (rather than by direct projections to dorsal thalamic nuclei) probably depend chiefly on indirect polysynaptic pathways.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902430306}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Iontophoresis; Lectins, diagnostic use; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Stereotaxic Techniques; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2419369}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902430306}, } @Article{Bertelli:2005, author = {Bertelli, Jayme A. and Taleb, Madjid and Mira, Jean-Claude and Ghizoni, Marcos F.}, title = {The course of aberrant reinnervation following nerve repair with fresh or denatured muscle autografts.}, journal = {J Peripher Nerv Syst}, year = {2005}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {359--368}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Denatured muscle grafts obtained by freeze thawing have been proposed to replace losses in the peripheral nerves. In the present report, we compare the performance of such grafts with fresh grafts in the rat median nerve. A long-term effect of muscle interposition on reinnervation was studied by behavioral assessment, muscle ATPase histochemistry, and retrograde labeling of motoneurons. There was no difference in grasping strength recovery between fresh and denatured 10-mm-long muscle grafts. Recovery was delayed and incomplete. Twelve months after surgery, only 50\% of the normal grasping strength was attained. Grasping recovery was not observed in the 20-mm-long graft groups. Pathway reinnervation was non-specific with a huge amount of motor fiber misdirection. A decrease in the number of misdirected motor fibers occurred with time and activity recovery. Muscle reinnervation was not specific with disturbance of the mosaic pattern and type-grouping formation. Preference of type I axons for reinnervating deeper zones was observed. Type I aberrant reinnervation was demonstrated in the muscle periphery. The mosaic distribution of type I and II muscle fibers was not stable, and readjustments were observed with time, correlating with grasping improvement. During grasping strength recovery, there was a decrease in the number of type I fibers peripherally located and an increase of those deeply disposed. A time- and activity-related recovery was associated with readjustment in the pathways and muscle fiber rearrangement. We suggest that muscle activity generates specificity.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1085-9489.2005.00048.x}, institution = {Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina Unisul, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde CCBS, Tubarão, SC, Brazil. bertelli@matrix.com.br}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Benzofurans, metabolism; Cell Count; Humans; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Median Nerve, metabolism/physiology/transplantation; Muscle Denervation, methods; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, physiology; Muscles, innervation/physiology/transplantation; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neurofilament Proteins, metabolism; Psychomotor Performance, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recovery of Function, physiology; Time Factors; Transplantation, Autologous, methods}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {JNS048}, pmid = {16279985}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1085-9489.2005.00048.x}, } @Article{Berthoud:1995, author = {Berthoud, H. R.}, title = {Anatomical demonstration of vagal input to nicotinamide acetamide dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase-positive (nitrergic) neurons in rat fundic stomach.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {358}, number = {3}, pages = {428--439}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Recent pharmacological evidence suggests that the nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) vagal inhibitory input responsible for receptive relaxation of the fundic stomach is mediated by nitric oxide-synthesizing enteric neurons. To demonstrate anatomically such direct vagal inputs to neurochemically identified enteric neurons, we utilized the nicotinamide acetamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemical reaction in conjunction with selective anterograde labeling of vagal efferents or afferents. Approximately 30\% of all myenteric neurons of the fundic myenteric plexus stained positive for NADPH diaphorase, and the principal recipient of axonal projections from NADPH diaphorase-positive neurons was the circular muscle layer. In a group of animals showing the most complete labeling of vagal efferent preganglionics with the carbocyanine dye DiA, quantitative analysis of the half of the ventral fundic wall closer to the greater curvature revealed that 46.8\% +/- 4.4\% of all myenteric neurons received some degree of vagal contacts and that 30.5\% +/- 6.6\% of such vagally contacted neurons were also NADPH diaphorase positive. In another group of rats with the most successful selective labeling of vagal afferents through DiI injections into the left nodose ganglion, analysis of select ganglia throughout the ventral fundic wall revealed that, of a total of 454 neurons with vagal afferent contacts, 34.8\% +/- 2.8\% were NADPH diaphorase positive. These findings support the view that, in the fundic stomach, some vagal preganglionic efferents terminate on nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons that, in turn, project to and relax the external smooth muscle layers. Furthermore, vagal afferent endings also contact NADPH diaphorase-positive neurons, suggesting the possibility of local axon reflexes originating from smooth muscular in-series tension receptors and terminating on nitrergic neurons of the myenteric plexus.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903580309}, institution = {Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808-4124, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, anatomy /&/ histology; Axons, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Gastric Fundus, innervation/metabolism; Male; NADPH Dehydrogenase, analysis; Nerve Endings, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, enzymology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7560296}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903580309}, } @Article{Berthoud:1996b, author = {Berthoud, H. R.}, title = {Morphological analysis of vagal input to gastrin releasing peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide containing neurons in the rat glandular stomach.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1996}, volume = {370}, number = {1}, pages = {61--70}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Vagal preganglionic efferents to the rat stomach were labeled anterogradely by injecting the fluorescent carbocyanine dye DiA into the dorsal motor nucleus in vivo. Enteric neurons were labeled in toto by intraperitioneal administration of Fluorogold, and neurochemically characterized by simultaneous single- and double-label immunocytochemistry. Single peptide immunocytochemistry revealed that in all three major areas of the stomach, about one-third of all gastrin-releasing peptide immunoreactive (GRP-IR) neurons in the myenteric plexus, received vagal contacts. Because the proportion of GRP-IR neurons was 32\% in the fundus, 23\% in the corpus, and only 8\% in the antrum, the absolute number of vagally contacted GRP-IR neurons per cm2 was also different. Double-label immunocytochemistry revealed colocalization of vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivity (VIP-IR) in 45\%, and of enkephalin immunoreactivity (ENK-IR) in about 30\%, of the GRP-IR myenteric neurons. A subpopulation of myenteric neurons colocalized GRP-IR and VIP-IR and projects almost exclusively to the gastrin cell-rich basal mucosa of the antrum and the oxyntic mucosa of the corpus. Another subpopulation containing GRP-IR, but not VIP-IR, projects mainly to the myenteric plexus itself and the external muscle layers, particularly the longitudinal muscle. A third group of neurons containing VIP-IR but not GRP-IR projects heavily to the circular muscle layer, the muscularis mucosae, and to other myenteric neurons. Vagal input to these three subpopulations seems not to be selective, in that an equal proportion of about 20 to 30\% of each group was vagally contacted. Vagal inputs to these neurochemically and topographically distinct enteric neurons provide the basis for the physiological vagal control of gastrin release, gastric acid secretion, and gastric motility.}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-J}, institution = {Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Enteric Nervous System, cytology/physiology; Gastrin-Releasing Peptide; Male; Myenteric Plexus, cytology/physiology; NADPH Dehydrogenase, analysis; Neurons, chemistry; Neuropeptides, analysis; Neurotransmitter Agents, analysis; Peptides, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stomach, innervation; Vagus Nerve, physiology; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-J}, pmid = {8797157}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-J}, } @Article{Berthoud:1991d, author = {Berthoud, H. R. and Carlson, N. R. and Powley, T. L.}, title = {Topography of efferent vagal innervation of the rat gastrointestinal tract.}, journal = {Am J Physiol}, year = {1991}, volume = {260}, number = {1 Pt 2}, pages = {R200--R207}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The gastrointestinal territories innervated by the gastric, celiac, and hepatic abdominal vagi were identified in rats with selective branch vagotomies by means of 1) anterograde tracing with the carbocyanine dye DiI injected into the dorsal motor nucleus and 2) measurement of cervical vagal stimulation-induced motility responses throughout the gut axis. Presence of DiI-labeled vagal terminals in the myenteric plexus and evoked motility responses were well correlated across the sampled gastrointestinal (GI) sites. In animals with only the two gastric branches intact, the entire stomach and the most proximal duodenum showed significant motility responses and were densely innervated, having DiI-labeled vagal terminals in almost every ganglion. The hepatic branch was found to primarily innervate the duodenum, with minor projections to the distal antral stomach and the intestines. The two celiac branches were found to almost exclusively innervate the jejunum, ileum, cecum and entire colon, and, together with the other vagal branches, the duodenum. Therefore, while there is some degree of specific innervation by the abdominal vagal branches of the oral-to-anal gut axis, which could be called "viscerotopic," the considerably overlapping innervation of the duodenum does not satisfy a viscerotopy criterion and needs further functional analysis.}, institution = {Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.}, keywords = {Animals; Carbocyanines, diagnostic use; Digestive System Physiological Phenomena; Digestive System, innervation; Electric Stimulation; Gastrointestinal Motility, physiology; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence, methods; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vagotomy; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1992820}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/ajpregu/260/1/R200.full.pdf}, } @Article{Berthoud:1991a, author = {H. R. Berthoud and E. A. Fox and T. L. Powley}, title = {Abdominal pathways and central origin of rat vagal fibers that stimulate gastric acid.}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, year = {1991}, volume = {100}, number = {3}, pages = {627--637}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The brainstem location and peripheral course of the vagal preganglionic fibers that stimulate gastric acid secretion were identified using electrical stimulation combined with retrograde (True Blue; Dr. K. G. Illing, Gross Umstadt, Germany) and anterograde (Dil; Molecular Probes) fluorescent neural tracers in rats with various selective vagotomies. Animals with only one or both gastric branch(es) spared had normal, large gastric acid responses to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral cervical vagus and showed an abundance of Dil-labeled vagal fibers and terminals in the gastric myenteric plexus. Rats with only the unpaired hepatic branch spared had a much smaller but significant gastric acid response and a few labeled vagal profiles in the antral region of the stomach. In contrast, rats with only one or both celiac branch(es) intact had neither a gastric acid response, nor evidence for Dil transport to the stomach. Retrograde transport of True Blue through the spared vagal axons to the brainstem indicated that the cell bodies of the preganglionics that send their axons through the acid-positive gastric and hepatic branches occupy the medial longitudinal columnar subnuclei of the dorsal motor nucleus. It is concluded that besides the long-recognized gastric branches, which are the major access route to the parietal cells, the hepatic branch contains a small number of fibers that most likely reach the antrum through the right gastroepiploic artery along the greater curvature and/or the right gastric artery.}, institution = {Laboratory of Regulatory Psychobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic; Benzofurans; Fluorescent Dyes; Gastric Acid, secretion; Gastric Mucosa, innervation/secretion; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0016508591000860}, pmid = {1993485}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Berthoud:1990, author = {H. R. Berthoud and A. Jedrzejewska and T. L. Powley}, title = {Simultaneous labeling of vagal innervation of the gut and afferent projections from the visceral forebrain with dil injected into the dorsal vagal complex in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {301}, number = {1}, pages = {65--79}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The vagal innervation of the different layers of the rat gastrointestinal wall was identified with the fluorescent carbocyanine dye Dil, injected into the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (dmnX). Multiple, bilateral injections were used to label all dmnX preganglionic motoneurons, and as a consequence, most of the vagal primary afferents that terminate in the adjacent nucleus of the solitary tract (nts) were also retrogradely and transganglionically labeled. With Fluorogold used to label the enteric nervous system completely and specifically, the Dil-labeled vagal profiles could be visualized and quantified in their anatomical relation to the neurons of the myenteric and submucous ganglia. In the myenteric plexus, vagal fibers and terminals were found throughout the gastrointestinal tract as far caudal as the descending colon, but there was a general decreasing proximodistal gradient in the density of vagal innervation. All parts of the gastric myenteric plexus (fundus, corpus, antrum), as well as the proximal duodenum, were extremely densely innervated, with vagal fibers and terminals in virtually every ganglion and connective. Further caudally, both the percentage of innervated myenteric ganglia and the average density of label within the ganglia rapidly decreased, with the exception of the cecum and proximal colon, where up to 65\% of the ganglia were innervated. In the gastric and duodenal submucosa very few and in the mucosa no vagal fibers and terminals were found. With both normal epifluorescence and laser scanning confocal microscopy, highly varicose or beaded terminal structures of various size and geometry could be identified. The Dil injections, which impregnated the dmnX as well as the adjacent nts, resulted in retrograde and anterograde labeling of all the previously reported forebrain connections with the dorsal vagal complex. We conclude that the myenteric plexus is the primary target of vagal innervation throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and that its innervation is more complete than previously assumed. In contrast, vagal afferent (and efferent) innervation of mucosa and submucosa seems conspicuously sparse or absent. Furthermore, the use of more focal injections of Dil offers the prospect to simultaneously identify specific subsets of vagal preganglionics and their central nervous inputs.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903010107}, institution = {Laboratory of Regulatory Psychobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain, cytology; Carbocyanines, diagnostic use; Digestive System, cytology/innervation; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Motor Neurons, ultrastructure; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, Efferent, ultrastructure; Nodose Ganglion, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling; Stereotaxic Techniques; Stilbamidines; Vagus Nerve, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1706359}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903010107}, } @Article{Berthoud:1992, author = {Berthoud, H. R. and Kressel, M. and Neuhuber, W. L.}, title = {An anterograde tracing study of the vagal innervation of rat liver, portal vein and biliary system.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1992}, volume = {186}, number = {5}, pages = {431--442}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {In order to investigate the distribution and structure of the vagal liver innervation, abdominal vagal afferents and efferents were selectively labeled by injecting WGA-HRP or Dil into the nodose ganglia, and DiA into the dorsal motor nucleus, respectively. Vagal afferent fibers produced characteristic terminal-like structures at three locations in the liver hilus: 1. Fine varicose endings preferentially surrounding, but not entering, the numerous peribiliary glands in the larger intra and extrahepatic bile ducts 2. Large, cup-shaped terminals in almost all paraganglia 3. Fine varicose endings in the portal vein adventitia. No fibers and terminals were found in the hepatic parenchyma. While about two thirds of the vagal afferent fibers that originate in the left nodose ganglion, and are contained in the hepatic branch, bypass the liver hilus area on their way to the gastroduodenal artery, a significant number (approx. 10\% of the total) of vagal afferents that do innervate the area, originates from the right nodose ganglion, and projects to the periarterial plexus of the common hepatic artery and liver pedicle most likely through the dorsal celiac branch. Varicose vagal efferent fibers were present within the fascicles of the vagal hepatic branch and fine terminal-like structures in a small fraction of the paraganglia. No efferents were found to terminate in the hepatic parenchyma or on the few neurons embedded in nerves or paraganglia. In contrast to the paucity of vagal terminals in the hepatic parenchyma, an abundance of vagal efferent and afferent fibers and terminals with distinctive distribution patterns and structural characteristics was present in esophagus and gastrointestinal tract.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1007/bf00185458}, institution = {Anatomy Institute, University of Zürich, Switzerland.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Bile Ducts, innervation; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Liver, innervation; Male; Portal Vein, innervation; Rats; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1280009}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Berthoud:1995b, author = {Berthoud, H. R. and Kressel, M. and Neuhuber, W. L.}, title = {Vagal afferent innervation of rat abdominal paraganglia as revealed by anterograde DiI-tracing and confocal microscopy.}, journal = {Acta Anat (Basel)}, year = {1995}, volume = {152}, number = {2}, pages = {127--132}, abstract = {Abdominal vagal afferent fibers were selectively labeled by injecting the fluorescent carbocyanine dye DiI into the left nodose ganglion of rats. Almost all paraganglia that were distributed along the five major abdominal vagal branches and their subbranches were found to be innervated by labeled vagal afferents. Laser scanning confocal microscopy with its single optical sectioning and three-dimensional reconstruction capabilities were used to analyze this innervation in more detail for paraganglia near the vagal hepatic branch and liver hilus. Furthermore, in double-labeling studies, it was demonstrated that a large percentage of the vagally innervated glomus cells were capable of catecholamine synthesis on the basis of their positive staining for tyrosine hydroxylase antibody. These findings support the concept of a chemoreceptive function for the abdominal paraganglia.}, doi = {10.1159/000147691}, institution = {Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Carbocyanines; Catecholamines, biosynthesis; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Nodose Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, immunology; Vagus Nerve, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7660756}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Berthoud:1995a, author = {Berthoud, H. R. and Kressel, M. and Raybould, H. E. and Neuhuber, W. L.}, title = {Vagal sensors in the rat duodenal mucosa: distribution and structure as revealed by in vivo DiI-tracing.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1995}, volume = {191}, number = {3}, pages = {203--212}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Results from functional studies point to the importance of chemoreceptive endings in the duodenum innervated by vagal afferents in the regulation of gastrointestinal functions such as gastric emptying and acid secretion, as well as in the process of satiation. In order to visualize the vagal sensory innervation of this gut segment, vagal afferents were selectively labeled in vivo by injecting the lipophilic carbocyanine dye DiI into either the left or the right nodose ganglion of young adult rats. Thick cryostat sections or whole-mounted peels of muscularis externa or submucosa of formalin-fixed tissue were analyzed with conventional and/or confocal microscopy. In the mucosa, many DiI-labeled vagal afferent fibers were found with terminal arborizations mainly between the crypts and the villous lamina propria. In both areas, vagal terminal branches came in close contact with the basal lamina, but did not appear to penetrate it so as to make direct contact with epithelial cells. Labeled vagal afferent fibers in the villous and cryptic lamina propria were found to be in intimate anatomical contact with fibrocyte-like cells that may belong to the class of interstitial cells of Cajal, and with small granular cells that might be granulocytes or histiocytes. Although our analysis was not quantitative, and considering that labeling was unilateral and not complete, it appears that the overall density of vagal afferent mucosal innervation was variable; many villi showed no evidence for innervation while other areas had quite dense networks of arborizing terminal fibers in several neighboring villi. Analysis of separate whole-mounted muscularis externa and submucosa peels revealed the presence of large bundles of labeled afferent fibers running within the myenteric plexus along the mesenteric attachment primarily in an aboral direction, with individual fibers turning towards the antimesenteric pole, and either penetrating into the submucosa or forming the characteristic intraganglionic laminar endings ( IGLEs). Although the possibility of individual fibers issuing collaterals to myenteric IGLEs and at the same time to mucosal terminals was not demonstrated, it cannot be ruled out. These anatomical findings are discussed in the context of absorptive mechanisms for the different macronutrients and the implication of enteroendocrine cells such as CCK-containing cells that may function as intestinal "taste cells".}, doi = {10.1007/bf00187819}, institution = {Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Duodenum, innervation; Female; Gastric Emptying; Intestinal Mucosa, innervation; Male; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, ultrastructure; Nodose Ganglion; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Cholecystokinin; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7771683}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Berthoud:2000, author = {Berthoud, H. R. and Neuhuber, W. L.}, title = {Functional and chemical anatomy of the afferent vagal system.}, journal = {Auton Neurosci}, year = {2000}, volume = {85}, number = {1-3}, pages = {1--17}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The results of neural tracing studies suggest that vagal afferent fibers in cervical and thoracic branches innervate the esophagus, lower airways, heart, aorta, and possibly the thymus, and via abdominal branches the entire gastrointestinal tract, liver, portal vein, billiary system, pancreas, but not the spleen. In addition, vagal afferents innervate numerous thoracic and abdominal paraganglia associated with the vagus nerves. Specific terminal structures such as flower basket terminals, intraganglionic laminar endings and intramuscular arrays have been identified in the various organs and organ compartments, suggesting functional specializations. Electrophysiological recording studies have identified mechano- and chemo-receptors, as well as temperature- and osmo-sensors. In the rat and several other species, mostly polymodal units, while in the cat more specialized units have been reported. Few details of the peripheral transduction cascades and the transmitters for signal propagation in the CNS are known. Glutamate and its various receptors are likely to play an important role at the level of primary afferent signaling to the solitary nucleus. The vagal afferent system is thus in an excellent position to detect immune-related events in the periphery and generate appropriate autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses via central reflex pathways. There is also good evidence for a role of vagal afferents in nociception, as manifested by affective-emotional responses such as increased blood pressure and tachycardia, typically associated with the perception of pain, and mediated via central reflex pathways involving the amygdala and other parts of the limbic system. The massive central projections are likely to be responsible for the antiepileptic properties of afferent vagal stimulation in humans. Furthermore, these functions are in line with a general defensive character ascribed to the vagal afferent, paraventricular system in lower vertebrates.}, doi = {10.1016/S1566-0702(00)00215-0}, institution = {Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808, USA. berthohr@pbrc.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Chemoreceptor Cells, physiology; Humans; Mechanoreceptors, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/physiology; Neurotransmitter Agents, physiology; Vagus Nerve, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Visceral Afferents, chemistry/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S1566-0702(00)00215-0}, pmid = {11189015}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1566-0702(00)00215-0}, } @Article{Berthoud:1997a, author = {Berthoud, H. R. and Patterson, L. M. and Neumann, F. and Neuhuber, W. L.}, title = {Distribution and structure of vagal afferent intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs) in the rat gastrointestinal tract.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1997}, volume = {195}, number = {2}, pages = {183--191}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs) are special terminal structures of vagal afferent fibers and have been demonstrated in the myenteric plexus of esophagus and stomach. In order to quantitatively map their presence and distribution over the entire gastrointestinal tract, including the small and large intestines, vagal afferents were anterogradely labeled in vivo by microinjections of the fluorescent carbocyanine dye DiI into the left or right nodose ganglion of adult male rats. In the most successfully labeled cases the highest density of IGLEs was found in the stomach, with about half to one-third of the myenteric ganglia receiving at least one IGLE. The proportion of myenteric ganglia innervated by IGLEs decreased in the small intestine; however, because of its large surface area this gut segment was estimated to contain the highest total number of IGLEs. Both the cecum and colon also contained significant numbers of IGLEs. In the stomach, this vagal afferent innervation by IGLEs was more or less lateralized, with less than 20\% of labeled IGLEs found on the contralateral side with respect to the injection. The left/ventral vagus contributed a larger proportion of IGLEs to the proximal duodenum, while the right/dorsal vagus contributed a larger proportion of IGLEs to the distal duodenum and jejunum. Laser scanning confocal microscopy on select specimens revealed further structural details. The parent axon typically formed two or more branches that flanked the ganglia laterally, and in turn produced numerous highly arborizing laminar terminal branches that covered one or both flat sides of the ganglion in a dome-like fashion. The similar distribution patterns and structural details suggest a uniform function for the IGLEs throughout the gastrointestinal tract, but there is as yet no clear proof for any of the hypothesized roles as specialized mechanosensors or local effector terminals.}, doi = {10.1007/s004290050037}, institution = {Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808, USA. berthohr@MHS.PBRC.EDU}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, cytology; Cell Count; Digestive System, cytology/innervation; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Myenteric Plexus, cytology; Nerve Endings, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Vagus Nerve, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9045988}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Berthoud:1997, author = {H. R. Berthoud and L. M. Patterson and A. E. Willing and K. Mueller and W. L. Neuhuber}, title = {Capsaicin-resistant vagal afferent fibers in the rat gastrointestinal tract: anatomical identification and functional integrity.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1997}, volume = {746}, number = {1-2}, pages = {195--206}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The presence and distribution of vagal fibers and terminals throughout esophagus and gastrointestinal tract that could be anterogradely labeled by nodose ganglion tracer injections was quantitatively assessed in capsaicin- and vehicle-pretreated adult rats, in order to identify the capsaicin-resistant population. Up to 90\% of the intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs), in the myenteric plexus of the esophagus, and 70-90\% in the stomach, as well as 57\% of the intramuscular endings or arrays (IMAs) in the fundic stomach survived the capsaicin treatment, while in the upper small intestine only few and in the lower small intestine, the cecum and colon, virtually no IGLEs survived capsaicin treatment. Intramucosal terminals were not assessed. Furthermore, gastric balloon distension-induced c-Fos expression in the dorsal vagal complex was not significantly decreased in capsaicin-treated rats. It is concluded that among primary vagal afferents there is a capsaicin-resistant population that primarily innervates the esophagus and upper gastrointestinal tract, and a capsaicin-sensitive population that innervates mainly the lower tract. At least vagal gastric tension-sensitive afferents also seems to be functionally intact in that they may be capable of synaptically activating second-order neurons in the brainstem.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01222-x}, institution = {Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808, USA. berthohr@mhs.pbrc.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Balloon Dilation; Capsaicin, pharmacology; Carbocyanines; Esophagus, innervation; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Nerve Fibers, chemistry/drug effects/metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/drug effects/metabolism; Nodose Ganglion, cytology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Stomach, innervation; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(96)01222-X}, pmid = {9037499}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Berthoud:1991, author = {H. R. Berthoud and T. L. Powley}, title = {Morphology and distribution of efferent vagal innervation of rat pancreas as revealed with anterograde transport of Dil.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {553}, number = {2}, pages = {336--341}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Vagal efferent innervation of the pancreas was labeled by anterograde transport of Dil injected into the dorsal motor nucleus (dmnX). While over the entire organ only 19 +/- 3 (or 8 +/- 1\%) of the 231 +/- 17 interlobular ganglia received Dil-labeled vagal fibers and terminals, the proximal duodenal lobe (or head) was significantly more densely innervated. Laser scanning confocal microscopy revealed further morphological details of the vagal terminals and their target ganglion cells. No vagal fibers or terminals were found in islets and acinar tissue.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)90846-n}, institution = {Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Carbocyanines; Efferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Sympathetic, physiology; Islets of Langerhans, cytology/innervation; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Pancreas, cytology/innervation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines; Vagus Nerve, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(91)90846-N}, pmid = {1718546}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Berthoud:1992a, author = {Berthoud, H. R. and Powley, T. L.}, title = {Vagal afferent innervation of the rat fundic stomach: morphological characterization of the gastric tension receptor.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {319}, number = {2}, pages = {261--276}, month = {May}, abstract = {Although the gastric tension receptor has been characterized behaviorally and electrophysiologically quite well, its location and structure remains elusive. Therefore, the vagal afferents to the rat fundus (forestomach or nonglandular stomach) were anterogradely labeled in vivo with injections of the carbocyanine dye Dil into the nodose ganglia, and the nerves and ganglia of the enteric nervous system were labeled in toto with intraperitoneal Fluorogold injection. Dissected layers and cryostat cross sections of the fundic wall were mounted in glycerin and analyzed by means of conventional and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Particularly in the longitudinal, and to a lesser extent in the circular, smooth muscle layers, Dil-labeled fibers and terminals were abundant. These processes, which originated from fibers coursing through the myenteric ganglia and connectives, entered either muscle coat and then ran parallel to the respective muscle fibers, often for several millimeters. They ran in close association with the Fluorogold-labeled network of interstitial cells of Cajal, upon which they appeared to form multiple spiny appositions or varicosities. In the myenteric plexus, two different types of afferent vagal structures were observed. Up to 300 highly arborizing endings forming dense accumulations of small puncta similar to the esophageal intraganglionic laminar endings (Rodrigo et al., '75 Acta Anat. 92:79-100) were found in the fundic wall ipsilateral to the injected nodose ganglion. They often covered small clusters of myenteric neurons or even single isolated ganglion cells (mean = 5.8 neurons) and tended to extend throughout the neuropil of the ganglia. In a second pattern, fine varicose fibers with less profuse arborizations innervated mainly the central regions of myenteric ganglia. Camera lucida analyses established that single vagal afferent fibers had separate collaterals in both a smooth muscle layer and the myenteric ganglia. Finally, Dil-labeled afferent vagal fibers were also found in the submucosa and mucosa. Control experiments in rats with supranodose vagotomy as well as rats with Dil injections directly in the distal cervical vagus ruled out the possibility of colabeling of afferent fibers of passage. In triple labeling experiments, in conjunction with Dil labeling of afferents and Fluorogold labeling of enteric neurons, the carbocyanine dye DiA was injected into the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus to anterogradely label the efferent vagal fibers and terminals. The different distributions and morphological characteristics of the vagal afferents and efferents could be simultaneously compared. In some instances the same myenteric ganglion was apparently innervated by an afferent laminar ending and an efferent terminal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903190206}, institution = {Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Animals; Gastric Mucosa, innervation; Male; Mechanoreceptors, ultrastructure; Muscle, Smooth, innervation; Myenteric Plexus, anatomy /&/ histology; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Nodose Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Stomach, innervation; Vagotomy; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1522247}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903190206}, } @Article{Berthoud:1993, author = {Berthoud, H. R. and Powley, T. L.}, title = {Characterization of vagal innervation to the rat celiac, suprarenal and mesenteric ganglia.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, year = {1993}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {153--169}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {In order to shed light on the controversial issue of vagal innervation of the solar plexus ganglia, vagal efferent preganglionic fibers were anterogradely labeled by injecting the fluorescent carbocyanine dye Dil into the dorsal motor nucleus (dmnX). Additionally, Fluorogold was used to label the ganglia in toto, providing a counterstain and the possibility of UV light-guided dissection of the various ganglia. Using optical sectioning of whole mounted intact ganglia by means of laser scanning confocal microscopy, a considerable number of Dil-labeled vagal terminal-like structures were found in the major ganglia (celiac, superior mesenteric and suprarenal). Additionally, vagal efferent terminals were regularly found in microganglia associated with the periarterial plexuses of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries, and in a few cases in small ganglia of the intermesenteric and renal plexuses. By using animals with prior selective vagal branch vagotomies, leaving only one (or a pair) of the three major abdominal divisions intact, it was concluded that the two celiac branches contribute the bulk of this vagal innervation, with the two gastric and the unpaired hepatic branch providing a small contribution mostly limited to the celiac ganglia. From control experiments, which involved Dil injections (1) into the dmnX in animals whose visceral afferents had been previously destroyed by capsaicin; (2) into the nodose ganglia, in order to anterogradely label vagal afferents; and (3) into the cervical vagus nerve as a control for uptake by fibers of passage, it was concluded that the identified terminal-like structures were vagal efferents and not inadvertently labeled afferents. We suggest that these vagal terminals have to be regarded either as ectopic parasympathetic junctions, or as part of a vagal mechanism for gating of sympathetic ganglionic transmission. Functionally, the parasympathetic innervation of the solar plexus may provide not only the classic vagal influence on gastrointestinal targets, but also vagal control of the adrenal glands and possibly other abdominal organs that have not been traditionally regarded as vagal targets.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-1838(93)90046-w}, institution = {Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Carbocyanines; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Sympathetic, physiology; Ganglia, physiology; Kidney, innervation; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Vagus Nerve, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8450174}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Berthoud:1996, author = {H. R. Berthoud and T. L. Powley}, title = {Interaction between parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves in prevertebral ganglia: morphological evidence for vagal efferent innervation of ganglion cells in the rat.}, journal = {Microsc Res Tech}, year = {1996}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, pages = {80--86}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Vagal efferent preganglionic neurons were anterogradely labeled by injecting either DiI or DiA, fluorescent lipophilic carbocyanine dyes, into the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus of the rat. All neurons of the peripheral nervous system (outside the blood-brain barrier) were then fluorescently counterstained in vivo by injecting Fluorogold (Fluorochrome, Inc., Englewood, CO) intraperitoneally. The upper abdominal prevertebral ganglia, including the numerous microganglia associated with the periarterial plexuses of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries, were identified and dissected in formalin-fixed tissue under ultraviolet light and stereomicroscopic guidance. In 14 of 15 animals analyzed (93\%), labeled vagal efferent fibers were found to penetrate into both the left and right celiac ganglia and the superior mesenteric ganglion, as well as into some of the associated microganglia. These projections formed varicose terminal-like structures, highly suggestive of synaptic contacts surrounding individual ganglion cells. In about half the animals, such vagal innervation was also seen in the left and right suprarenal ganglia. The specificity of vagal efferent labeling was confirmed by control experiments, which included injections in vagotomized animals and direct selective labeling of vagal afferents from the nodose ganglia. It is concluded that vagal efferent preganglionics innervate principal ganglion cells of prevertebral ganglia. These vagal contacts may either directly modulate the postganglionic outflow or else gate some or all of the potential modulatory inputs to these postganglionic neurons, thus allowing the vagal system to exert a more selective influence on sympathetic outflow. Finally, the use of laser scanning confocal microscopy and the in toto Fluorogold staining method for investigations of the peripheral nervous system are discussed.}, doi = {3.0.CO;2-W}, institution = {Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808 USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Aorta, innervation; Celiac Plexus, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Ganglia, Sympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Gold Compounds; Kidney, innervation; Male; Mesenteric Artery, Superior, innervation; Microscopy, Confocal; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Staining and Labeling, methods; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-W}, pmid = {8873061}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/3.0.CO;2-W}, } @Article{Berthoud:2005, author = {Berthoud, Hans-Rudolf and Patterson, Laurel M. and Sutton, Gregory M. and Morrison, Christopher and Zheng, Huiyuan}, title = {Orexin inputs to caudal raphé neurons involved in thermal, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal regulation.}, journal = {Histochem Cell Biol}, year = {2005}, volume = {123}, number = {2}, pages = {147--156}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Orexin-expressing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus with their wide projections throughout the brain are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, ingestive behavior, and the coordination of these behaviors in the environmental context. To further identify downstream effector targets of the orexin system, we examined in detail orexin-A innervation of the caudal raphe nuclei in the medulla, known to harbor sympathetic preganglionic motor neurons involved in thermal, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal regulation. All three components of the caudal raphe nuclei, raphe pallidus, raphe obscurus, and parapyramidal nucleus, are innervated by orexin-A-immunoreactive fibers. Using confocal microscopy, we demonstrate close anatomical appositions between varicose orexin-A immunoreactive axon profiles and sympathetic premotor neurons identified with either a transneuronal retrograde pseudorabies virus tracer injected into the interscapular brown fat pads, or with in situ hybridization of pro-TRH mRNA. Furthermore, orexin-A injected into the fourth ventricle induced c-Fos expression in the raphe pallidus and parapyramidal nucleus. These findings suggest that orexin neurons in the hypothalamus can modulate brown fat thermogenesis, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal functions by acting directly on neurons in the caudal raphe nuclei, and support the idea that orexin's simultaneous stimulation of food intake and sympathetic activity might have evolved as a mechanism to stay alert while foraging.}, doi = {10.1007/s00418-005-0761-x}, institution = {Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA. berthohr@pbrc.edu}, keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Brown, metabolism; Animals; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Gastrointestinal Tract, physiology; Gene Expression; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization, methods; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, analysis/pharmacology/physiology; Microscopy, Confocal; Neurons, chemistry/metabolism/physiology; Neuropeptides, analysis/pharmacology/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; RNA, Messenger, genetics/metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology; Thermogenesis; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone, genetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15742197}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00418-005-0761-x}, } @Article{Bester:1997, author = {Bester, H. and Besson, J. M. and Bernard, J. F.}, title = {Organization of efferent projections from the parabrachial area to the hypothalamus: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1997}, volume = {383}, number = {3}, pages = {245--281}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The organization of projections from the parabrachial (PB) area to the hypothalamus was studied in the rat by using microinjections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into subregions of the PB area. The present study is a follow-up of two former studies (Bernard et al. [1993] J. Comp. Neurol. 329:201-229; Aldén et al. [1994] J. Comp. Neurol. 341:289-314) that examined PB projections onto the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The results demonstrate that 1) the mesencephalic PB region, centered in the lateral portion of the superior lateral subnucleus projects extremely densely to almost the entire dorsomedial subdivision of the ipsilateral ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus; 2) the mesencephalic PB region, located in the medial portion of the superior lateral subnucleus and weakly overflowing into the rostralmost dorsal lateral pontine subnucleus, projects densely to the retrochiasmatic area and, to a lesser extent, to the ipsilateral ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus; 3) the PB region, including the central lateral, a portion of the superior lateral, and the outer external lateral subnuclei, projects densely to the ipsilateral median, anteroventral, and periventricular preoptic hypothalamic nuclei and projects more weakly to the dorsal border of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). No consistent projection was found in the magnocellular PVN. All of these PB regions also project diffusely to the dorsomedial area and to a small tuberal subfornical hypothalamic area. In addition, the medial half of the PB area projects consistently to the posterior lateral hypothalamus. It is suggested that these pathways may be involved in aversive-defensive behavior, in autonomic and neuroendocrine aspects of pain, and in feeding and energy metabolism regulation.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970707)383:3<245::aid-cne1>3.0.co;2-3}, institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, INSERMU-161 and EPHE F-75014, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology; Animals; Efferent Pathways; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, cytology; Male; Nociceptors, physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Pons, cytology; Preoptic Area, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, physiology; Subfornical Organ, cytology; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-3}, pmid = {9205041}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bester:1999, author = {Bester, H. and Bourgeais, L. and Villanueva, L. and Besson, J. M. and Bernard, J. F.}, title = {Differential projections to the intralaminar and gustatory thalamus from the parabrachial area: a PHA-L study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {405}, number = {4}, pages = {421--449}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The organization of projections from the parabrachial (PB) area to the ventral posterior parvicellular (VPpc) "gustatory" and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus was studied in the rat by using microinjections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), into subregions of the PB area. The present study is a follow-up of three former studies (Bernard et al. [1993] J. Comp. Neurol. 329:201-229; Aldén et al. [1994] J. Comp. Neurol. 341:289-314; Bester et al. [1997a] J. Comp. Neurol. 383:245-281) that examined PB projections onto the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the hypothalamus. Our data showed that (1) the region centered in the internal lateral PB subnucleus projects densely with a bilateral and symmetric pattern to the caudal portion of the paracentral and, to a lesser extent, to the adjacent portion of the central and parafascicular medial thalamic nuclei; (2) the mesencephalic PB region centered in the ventral lateral subnucleus and scattered neurons in the subjacent brachium conjunctivum project primarily, although diffusely, to the central medial thalamic nucleus. The third region includes two subgroups: (3a) the medial subgroup, including the medial, the waist area, and the ventral lateral subnuclei of the pontine PB area, projects bilaterally but with a weak ipsilateral predominance to the VPpc, terminals bearing large varicosities. Additionally, a diffuse projection with small varicosities spreads in the area between the two VPpc nuclei and the central medial nucleus. (3b) The lateral subgroup, centered in the external medial subnucleus, projects with a contralateral predominance in the periphery of the VPpc nuclei, most terminals being located around the dorsomedial tip. It is suggested that the PB projections to the intralaminar nucleus could be involved in cortical limbic arousal processing in relation with nociceptive, (somatic, visceral, and intraoral) and gustatory aversive stimuli. The projection with large varicosities inside the VPpc could process gustatory discrimination.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990322)405:4<421::aid-cne1>3.3.co;2-u}, institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, INSERM U-161 and EPHE, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Male; Phytohemagglutinins; Pons, physiology; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Taste, physiology; Thalamus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-2}, pmid = {10098938}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bevan:1995, author = {M. D. Bevan and J. P. Bolam}, title = {Cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamate-enriched inputs from the mesopontine tegmentum to the subthalamic nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1995}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {7105--7120}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {In order to clarify the origin and to examine the neurochemistry and synaptology of the projection from the mesopontine tegmentum (MTg) to the subthalamic nucleus (STN), rats received discrete deposits of anterograde tracers in different regions of the MTg. Anterogradely labeled fibers were examined in the light and electron microscopes. The distribution of GABA or glutamate immunoreactivity was examined by post-embedding immunocytochemistry. The anterograde tracing demonstrated that the projection to the STN arises from at least three divisions of the MTg: the area defined by the cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine region (PPN-Ch 5), the more medial and largely noncholinergic midbrain extrapyramidal area (MEA) and to a lesser extent the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg). Post-embedding immunocytochemistry revealed that there are GABA-immunopositive and immunonegative components to this projection and at least a proportion of the GABA-immunonegative component is enriched in glutamate immunoreactivity. The similarity of the morphology, trajectory and synaptology of the anterogradely labeled fibers and the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunopositive fibers supports the proposal that at least part of the projection is cholinergic. The terminals anterogradely labeled from the MTg and the ChAT-immunoreactive terminals form asymmetrical synapses with the dendrites and spines of subthalamic neurons. Both anterogradely labeled and ChAT-positive terminals make convergent synaptic contacts with GABA-immunoreactive terminals that form symmetrical synaptic contacts and are probably derived from the globus pallidus. Taken together these findings imply that the MTg sends cholinergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic projections to the STN where at least one of the functional roles is to modulate the indirect pathway of information flow through the basal ganglia that is carried via the pallidosubthalamic projection.}, institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, United Kingdom.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Glutamic Acid, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Parasympathetic Nervous System, physiology; Pons, physiology/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, chemistry/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptic Transmission; Tegmentum Mesencephali, physiology/ultrastructure; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7472465}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/15/11/7105.long}, } @Article{Bevan:1994, author = {M. D. Bevan and J. P. Bolam and A. R. Crossman}, title = {Convergent synaptic input from the neostriatum and the subthalamus onto identified nigrothalamic neurons in the rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1994}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {320--334}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The two major afferents of the substantia nigra pars reticulata are the subthalamic nucleus and the striatum. Stimulation of these afferents has opposing physiological effects on the output neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata. In order to better understand the role of these afferents in the flow of information through the basal ganglia and to better understand the ways in which they might interact, experiments have been performed to test the possibility that single-output neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata receive convergent synaptic input from the subthalamic nucleus and the neostriatum. To address this, rats received iontophoretic deposits of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in the subthalamic nucleus, injections of the anterograde tracer biocytin in the neostriatum and injections of the retrograde tracer horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat-germ agglutinin in the ventral medial nucleus of the thalamus. Following appropriate survival times the animals were perfusion-fixed and sections of the substantia nigra were processed to reveal the transported tracers and prepared for electron microscopy. Light microscopic examination revealed that the substantia nigra contained rich plexuses of anterogradely labelled subthalamic and striatal terminals, as well as many retrogradely labelled nigrothalamic neurons. The anterogradely labelled terminals were often seen apposed to the retrogradely labelled neurons. In the electron microscope the subthalamic terminals were seen to form asymmetrical synaptic contacts (subthalamic type 1) with the identified nigrothalamic neurons as well as unlabelled perikarya and both proximal and distal dendrites. In confirmation of previous findings, the striatal terminals made symmetrical synaptic contact with the nigrothalamic neurons as well as unlabelled neurons. In areas of overlap between the two classes of terminals, identified nigrothalamic neurons and unlabelled nigral neurons were found to receive convergent synaptic input from the subthalamic nucleus and the neostriatum. In addition to the anterogradely labelled subthalamic terminals that formed asymmetrical synaptic specializations, a second, much rarer class was also observed (subthalamic type 2). These terminals were much larger and formed symmetrical synapses; several lines of evidence suggest that they originated not in the subthalamic nucleus but in the globus pallidus. These terminals were found to make synaptic contacts with identified nigrothalamic neurons and non-labelled neurons and to form convergent synaptic contacts with subthalamic type 1 terminals and striatal terminals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1994.tb00275.x}, institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford, UK.}, keywords = {Animals; Male; Microinjections; Microscopy, Electron; Neostriatum, physiology; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra, cytology/physiology; Synapses, physiology; Thalamus, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8019671}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bevan:1997, author = {M. D. Bevan and N. P. Clarke and J. P. Bolam}, title = {Synaptic integration of functionally diverse pallidal information in the entopeduncular nucleus and subthalamic nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1997}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {308--324}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {To determine the principles of synaptic innervation of neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus and subthalamic nucleus by neurons of functionally distinct regions of the pallidal complex, double anterograde labeling was carried out at both light and electron microscopic levels in the rat. Deposits of the anterograde tracers Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and biotinylated dextran amine were placed in different functional domains of the pallidal complex in the same animals. The tracer deposits in the ventral pallidum and the globus pallidus gave rise to GABA-immunopositive projections to the entopeduncular nucleus, the subthalamic nucleus, and the more medial lateral hypothalamus that were largely segregated but overlapped at the interface between the two fields of projection. In these regions the proximal parts of individual neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, and subthalamic nucleus received synaptic input from terminals derived from both the ventral pallidum and the globus pallidus. Furthermore, the analysis of the afferent synaptic input to the dendrites of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus that cross functional boundaries of the nucleus defined by the pallidal inputs, revealed that terminals with the morphological and neurochemical characteristics of those derived from the pallidal complex make synaptic contact with all parts of the dendritic tree, including distal regions. It is concluded that functionally diverse information carried by the descending projections of the pallidal complex is synaptically integrated by neurons of the entopeduncular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, and subthalamic nucleus by two mechanisms. First, neurons located at the interface between functionally distinct, but topographically adjacent, projections could integrate diverse information by means of the synaptic convergence at the level of the cell body and proximal dendrites. Second, because the distal dendrites of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus receive input from the pallidum, those that extend across two distinct domains of pallidal input could also provide the morphological basis of integration.}, institution = {Medical Research Council Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit and University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford OX1 3TH, United Kingdom.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Basal Ganglia, physiology; Globus Pallidus, physiology/ultrastructure; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, physiology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8987757}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/17/1/308.long}, } @Article{Bevan:1994a, author = {M. D. Bevan and A. R. Crossman and J. P. Bolam}, title = {Neurons projecting from the entopeduncular nucleus to the thalamus receive convergent synaptic inputs from the subthalamic nucleus and the neostriatum in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1994}, volume = {659}, number = {1-2}, pages = {99--109}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The two major afferents of the entopeduncular nucleus are the subthalamic nucleus and the neostriatum, which have opposing physiological effects on entopeduncular neurons. Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that individual entopeduncular neurons that project to the thalamus receive convergent synaptic input from both the subthalamic nucleus and the neostriatum in the rat. This was achieved using double anterograde tracing combined with retrograde tracing. In the electron microscope anterogradely labelled subthalamic (Subthalamic Type 1) and neostriatal terminals were observed to form asymmetrical and symmetrical synaptic contacts respectively, with all parts of entopeduncular neurons. Labelled subthalamic and neostriatal terminals were observed in convergent synaptic contact with entopeduncular neurons, some of which were retrogradely labelled from the thalamus. A second rarer type of terminal was labelled (Subthalamic Type 2) which formed symmetrical synaptic contacts with the proximal regions of unlabelled and retrogradely labelled entopeduncular neurons. These terminals are believed to be derived from the globus pallidus. It is concluded that the topographical and synaptic organization of the so-called direct (neostriatum to entopeduncular nucleus) and indirect pathways (involving the subthalamus and the globus pallidus) is capable of mediating the inhibition and excitation of output neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus that occur following neostriatal stimulation.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)90868-0}, institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK.}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Corpus Striatum, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Thalamus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(94)90868-0}, pmid = {7529649}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bevan:1995a, author = {M. D. Bevan and C. M. Francis and J. P. Bolam}, title = {The glutamate-enriched cortical and thalamic input to neurons in the subthalamic nucleus of the rat: convergence with GABA-positive terminals.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {361}, number = {3}, pages = {491--511}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Neurons of the subthalamic nucleus play a key role in the normal physiology and the pathophysiology of the basal ganglia. In order to understand better how the activity of subthalamic neurons and hence the output of the basal ganglia are controlled, we have reexamined the topography and examined in detail the synaptology and neurochemical nature of the two major excitatory projections to the subthalamic nucleus, that from the cortex and from the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus. The approach was to use anterograde neuronal tracing and postembedding immunocytochemistry for amino acid transmitters. In confirmation of previous findings the cortical and thalamic projections were topographically organized, although the topography was more finely organized, and the projections more extensive, than previously demonstrated. Cortical and thalamic terminals made asymmetrical synaptic contacts with the dendrites and spines of subthalamic neurons. The thalamic terminals contacted larger postsynaptic targets, and therefore presumably more proximal regions of subthalamic neurons, than did the cortical terminals. Quantitative analysis of the postembedding immunolabelled sections revealed that the cortical and thalamic terminals were significantly enriched in glutamate-immunoreactivity when compared to identified gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-positive terminals, supporting physiological studies that suggest that these projections use glutamate as their neurotransmitter. In addition a small population of nonanterogradely labelled terminals that formed asymmetrical synapses and were immunopositive for GABA were identified. A larger population of terminals that formed symmetrical synapses were also immunopositive for GABA and were probably derived from the globus pallidus. The latter type of terminal was found to make convergent synaptic input with cortical or thalamic terminals on the dendrites and spines of subthalamic neurons, indicating that the "indirect pathways" by which information flows through the basal ganglia converge at the level of individual neurons in the subthalamic nucleus.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903610312}, institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom.}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, metabolism/ultrastructure; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism/ultrastructure; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamic Nuclei, metabolism/ultrastructure; Thalamus, metabolism/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8550895}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903610312}, } @Article{Bevan:1996, author = {M. D. Bevan and A. D. Smith and J. P. Bolam}, title = {The substantia nigra as a site of synaptic integration of functionally diverse information arising from the ventral pallidum and the globus pallidus in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1996}, volume = {75}, number = {1}, pages = {5--12}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Voluntary behaviour in mammals requires the integration of information from different parts of the cerebral cortex, notably the limbic, associative and sensorimotor areas, in a neural network that eventually controls the muscles. One region of the brain that has been proposed to subserve such a function are the basal ganglia which receive inputs from all cortical areas. Although information from different cortical areas passes through the basal ganglia as a series of separate parallel pathways there are several sites where integration of the diverse information could occur. In this study we the identify a neural network at the synaptic level that may underlie a powerful mechanism for the integration, within the basal ganglia, of the diverse types of information arising from the cortex. By double anterograde tracing and immunocytochemistry at both the light and electron microscopic levels, we show that individual neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata and dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta each receive multiple GABAergic synaptic inputs both from neurons in the ventral pallidum (which receive input from limbic areas via the nucleus accumbens) and from neurons in the globus pallidus (which receive input from associative and sensorimotor cortices via the neostriatum). Thus, information subserving functions such as emotion, motivation, cognition and movement converges onto basal ganglia output neurons, leading eventually to the muscles, and also on to the dopaminergic neurons which themselves subserve an integrative role by modulating the flow of information from the cortex through the basal ganglia at the level of the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(96)00377-6}, institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford, U.K.}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, physiology; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Globus Pallidus, physiology; Limbic System, physiology; Nerve Net; Nucleus Accumbens, physiology; Rats; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Synapses, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8923517}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Beyerl:1978, author = {B. D. Beyerl}, title = {Afferent projections to the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1978}, volume = {145}, number = {2}, pages = {209--223}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The afferent projections to the inferior colliculus of the rat were studied using the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following large injections of HRP into the central nucleus, cells within the cochlear nuclei, superior olivary complex and auditory cortex were stained. Within the contralateral dorsal cochlear nucleus, fusiform cells were heavily labeled. Giant cells were also labeled in deeper layers. In the contralateral ventral cochlear nucleus, virtually all major cell types were labeled, with some types being labeled in greater numbers than others. Octopus cells of posteroventral division of ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN) were never labeled. HRP-positive cells were found in ipsilateral and contralateral lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO), ipsilateral medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO), ipsilateral and contralateral lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body (LTB), ipsilateral ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VTB), and ipsilateral superior paraolivary nucleus (SPN). Pyramidal cells of layer V of auditory cortex were heavily labeled. Small injections of HRP into the central nucleus resulted in labeled cells within restricted regions of the cochlear nuclei, superior olivary complex and auditory cortex. Injections into dorsal regions of the central nucleus resulted in cells labeled in ventral regions of the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei, and in lateral regions of LSO. These regions contain neurons which are considered to have low best frequencies. Injections placed in more ventral regions of the central nucleus led to labeling of cells in more dorsal regions of the cochlear nuclei and more medial regions of LSO in agreement with the tonotopical progressions within these structures.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(78)90858-2}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Cochlear Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(78)90858-2}, pmid = {638786}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bezdudnaya:2008, author = {Bezdudnaya, Tatiana and Keller, Asaf}, title = {Laterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus: A processor of somatosensory inputs.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2008}, volume = {507}, number = {6}, pages = {1979--1989}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The laterodorsal (LD) nucleus of the thalamus has been considered a "higher order" nucleus that provides inputs to limbic cortical areas. Although its functions are largely unknown, it is often considered to be involved in spatial learning and memory. Here we provide evidence that LD is part of a hitherto unknown pathway for processing somatosensory information. Juxtacellular and extracellular recordings from LD neurons reveal that they respond to vibrissa stimulation with short latency (median = 7 ms) and large magnitude responses (median = 1.2 spikes/stimulus). Most neurons (62\%) had large receptive fields, responding to six and more individual vibrissae. Electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nucleus interpolaris (SpVi) evoked short latency responses (median = 3.8 ms) in vibrissa-responsive LD neurons. Labeling produced by anterograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tracers confirmed that LD neurons receive direct inputs from SpVi. Electrophysiological and neuroanatomical analyses revealed also that LD projects upon the cingulate and retrosplenial cortex, but has only sparse projections to the barrel cortex. These findings suggest that LD is part of a novel processing stream involved in spatial orientation and learning related to somatosensory cues.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21664}, institution = {Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.}, keywords = {Action Potentials; Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Electrophysiology; Female; Gyrus Cinguli, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Lateral Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Learning, physiology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Mechanoreceptors, physiology; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Space Perception, physiology; Staining and Labeling; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Touch, physiology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Vibrissae, innervation/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {18273888}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21664}, } @Article{Bharne:2015, author = {Bharne, Ashish P. and Borkar, Chandrashekhar D. and Subhedar, Nishikant K. and Kokare, Dadasaheb M.}, title = {Differential expression of CART in feeding and reward circuits in binge eating rat model.}, journal = {Behav Brain Res}, year = {2015}, volume = {291}, pages = {219--231}, month = {May}, abstract = {Binge eating (BE) disrupts feeding and subverts reward mechanism. Since cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) mediates satiety as well as reward, its role in BE justifies investigation. To induce BE, rats were provided restricted access to high fat sweet palatable diet (HFSPD) for a period of 4 weeks. Immunoreactivity profile of the CART elements, and accompanying neuroplastic changes were studied in satiety- and reward-regulating brain nuclei. Further, we investigated the effects of CART, CART-antibody or rimonabant on the intake of normal chow or HFSPD. Rats fed on HFSPD showed development of BE-like phenotype as reflected by significant consumption of HFSPD in short time frame, suggestive of dysregulated satiety mechanisms. At the mid-point during BE, CART-immunoreactivity was significantly increased in hypothalamic arcuate (ARC), lateral (LH), nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) and paraventricular nucleus of thalamus (PVT). However, for next 22-h post- binge time-period, the animals showed no interest in food, and low CART expression. Pre-binge treatment with rimonabant, a drug recommended for the treatment of BE, produced anorexia, increased CART expression in ARC and LH, but not in AcbSh and PVT. Higher dose of CART was required to produce anorexia in binged rats. While neuronal tracing studies confirmed CART fiber connectivity from ARC and LH to AcbSh, increase in CART and synaptophysin immunostaining in this pathway in BE rats suggested strengthening of the CART connectivity. We conclude that CART bearing ARC-LH-PVT-AcbSh reward circuit may override the satiety signaling in ARC-PVN pathway in BE rats.}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.030}, institution = {University, Nagpur 440033, India. Electronic address: kokaredada@yahoo.com.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0166-4328(15)00359-9}, pmid = {26008155}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.030}, } @Article{Bhatnagar:2000, author = {Bhatnagar, S. and Viau, V. and Chu, A. and Soriano, L. and Meijer, O. C. and Dallman, M. F.}, title = {A cholecystokinin-mediated pathway to the paraventricular thalamus is recruited in chronically stressed rats and regulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2000}, volume = {20}, number = {14}, pages = {5564--5573}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Chronic stress alters hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to acute, novel stress. After acute restraint, the posterior division of the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (pPVTh) exhibits increased numbers of Fos-expressing neurons in chronically cold-stressed rats compared with stress-naive controls. Furthermore, lesions of the PVTh augment HPA activity in response to novel restraint only in previously stressed rats, suggesting that the PVTh is inhibitory to HPA activity but that inhibition occurs only in chronically stressed rats. In this study, we further examined pPVTh functions in chronically stressed rats. We identified afferent projections to the pPVTh using injection of the retrograde tracer fluorogold. Of the sites containing fluorogold-labeled cells, neurons in the lateral parabrachial, periaqueductal gray, and dorsal raphe containing fluorogold also expressed cholecystokinin (CCK) mRNA. We then examined whether these CCKergic inputs to the pPVTh were involved in HPA responses to acute, novel restraint after chronic stress. We injected the CCK-B receptor antagonist PD 135,158 into the PVTh before restraint in control and chronically cold-stressed rats. ACTH responses to restraint stress were augmented by PD 135,158 only in chronically stressed rats but not in controls. In addition, CCK-B receptor mRNA expression in the pPVTh was not altered by chronic cold stress. We conclude that previous chronic stress specifically facilitates the release of CCK into the pPVTh in response to acute, novel stress. The CCK is probably secreted from neurons in the lateral parabrachial, the periaqueductal gray, and/or the dorsal raphe nuclei. Acting via CCK-B receptors in pPVTh, CCK then constrains facilitated ACTH responses to novel stress in chronically stressed but not naive rats. These results demonstrate clearly that chronic stress recruits a new set of pathways that modulate HPA responsiveness to a novel stress.}, institution = {Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0444, USA. bhatnags@umich.edu}, keywords = {Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, blood; Afferent Pathways, metabolism; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, metabolism; Cholecystokinin, genetics/metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, metabolism; Hypothalamus, metabolism; Limbic System, metabolism; Male; Midline Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Pituitary-Adrenal System, metabolism; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Cholecystokinin B; Receptors, Cholecystokinin, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors/genetics/metabolism; Stilbamidines; Stress, Physiological, metabolism; Time}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {20/14/5564}, pmid = {10884340}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/14/5564.long}, } @Article{Biagioni:2015, author = {Audrey Franceschi Biagioni and Rithiele Cristina de Oliveira and Ricardo de Oliveira and Juliana Almeida da Silva and Tayllon dos Anjos-Garcia and Camila Marroni Roncon and Alexandre Pinto Corrado and Hélio Zangrossi Jr. and Norberto Cysne Coimbra}, title = {5-Hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors in the dorsomedial hypothalamus connected to dorsal raphe nucleus inputs modulate defensive behaviours and mediate innate fear-induced antinociception}, journal = {European Neuropsychopharmacology}, year = {2015}, pages = {-}, issn = {0924-977X}, abstract = {Abstract The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is an important brainstem source of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-HT plays a key role in the regulation of panic attacks. The aim of the present study was to determine whether 5-HT1A receptor-containing neurons in the medial hypothalamus (MH) receive neural projections from \{DRN\} and to then determine the role of this neural substrate in defensive responses. The neurotracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was iontophoretically microinjected into the DRN, and immunohistochemical approaches were then used to identify 5HT1A receptor-labelled neurons in the MH. Moreover, the effects of pre-treatment of the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) with 8-OH-DPAT and WAY-100635, a 5-HT1A receptor agonist and antagonist, respectively, followed by local microinjections of bicuculline, a \{GABAA\} receptor antagonist, were investigated. We found that there are many projections from the \{DRN\} to the perifornical lateral hypothalamus (PeFLH) but also to \{DMH\} and ventromedial (VMH) nuclei, reaching 5HT1A receptor-labelled perikarya. \{DMH\} \{GABAA\} receptor blockade elicited defensive responses that were followed by antinociception. \{DMH\} treatment with 8-OH-DPAT decreased escape responses, which strongly suggests that the 5-HT1A receptor modulates the defensive responses. However, \{DMH\} treatment with WAY-100635 failed to alter bicuculline-induced defensive responses, suggesting that 5-HT exerts a phasic influence on 5-HT1A \{DMH\} neurons. The activation of the inhibitory 5-HT1A receptor had no effect on antinociception. However, blockade of the 5-HT1A receptor decreased fear-induced antinociception. The present data suggest that the ascending pathways from the \{DRN\} to the \{DMH\} modulate panic-like defensive behaviours and mediate antinociceptive phenomenon by recruiting 5-HT1A receptor in the MH. }, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.032}, keywords = {Panic-like behaviour}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924977X15004150}, } @Article{Biancardi:2010, author = {Vinicia Campana Biancardi and Ruy Ribeiro Campos and Javier Eduardo Stern}, title = {Altered balance of gamma-aminobutyric acidergic and glutamatergic afferent inputs in rostral ventrolateral medulla-projecting neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of renovascular hypertensive rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2010}, volume = {518}, number = {5}, pages = {567--585}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {An imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory functions has been shown to contribute to numerous pathological disorders. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that a change in hypothalamic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic inhibitory and glutamatergic excitatory synaptic functions contributes to exacerbated neurohumoral drive in prevalent cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension. However, the precise underlying mechanisms and neuronal substrates are still not fully elucidated. In the present study, we combined quantitative immunohistochemistry with neuronal tract tracing to determine whether plastic remodeling of afferent GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs into identified RVLM-projecting neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN-RVLM) contributes to an imbalanced excitatory/inhibitory function in renovascular hypertensive rats (RVH). Our results indicate that both GABAergic and glutamatergic innervation densities increased in oxytocin-positive, PVN-RVLM ( OT-PVN-RVLM) neurons in RVH rats. Despite this concomitant increase, time-dependent and compartment-specific differences in the reorganization of these inputs resulted in an altered balance of excitatory/inhibitory inputs in somatic and dendritic compartments. A net predominance of excitatory over inhibitory inputs was found in OT-PVN-RVLM proximal dendrites. Our results indicate that, along with previously described changes in neurotransmitter release probability and postsynaptic receptor function, remodeling of GABAergic and glutamatergic afferent inputs contributes as an underlying mechanism to the altered excitatory/inhibitory balance in the PVN of hypertensive rats.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.22256}, institution = {Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, 30912, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Markers, metabolism; Cardiovascular System, physiopathology; Dendrites, metabolism/ultrastructure; Disease Models, Animal; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Hypertension, Renovascular, metabolism/physiopathology; Immunohistochemistry; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Kidney, physiopathology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Oxytocin, metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reticular Formation, cytology/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {20034060}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22256}, } @Article{Bianchi:1998, author = {R. Bianchi and G. Corsetti and L. Rodella and G. Tredici and M. Gioia}, title = {Supraspinal connections and termination patterns of the parabrachial complex determined by the biocytin anterograde tract-tracing technique in the rat.}, journal = {J Anat}, year = {1998}, volume = {193 ( Pt 3)}, pages = {417--430}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {We have re-evaluated, using the anterograde tracer biocytin, supraspinal efferent projections from the parabrachial complex (PBN) to gain new information about the nature of its connections and nerve terminal patterns. We selectively injected biocytin into the 3 main regions of the nucleus (lateral PBN, medial PBN and Kölliker-Fuse nucleus). We observed distinct groups of ascending and descending fibres of different calibre from the PBN running throughout the brain and reaching many brain areas involved in the regulation of autonomic function. Here we detected labelled bouton-like terminals and fibres with en-passage varicosities. The ascending efferents from the lateral PBN mainly reached the reticular, raphe and thalamic nuclei, the zona incerta (ZI), central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and lateral area of the periaqueductal grey (PAG). Thin descending efferents reached the ventral region of the solitary tract nucleus (STN). The ascending efferents from the medial PBN were seen in the raphe nuclei, reticular nuclei, ventral and lateral areas of the PAG, thalamic nuclei, and in the medial and lateral nuclei of the amygdala. Descending efferents were seen in the STN and in some reticular nuclei. The ascending projections from the Kölliker-Fuse targeted the ventral area of PAG, CeA, ZI, lateral hypothalamic area, ventromedial thalamic nucleus and, with only a few terminals, the ipsi and contralateral reticular area. A large number of descending efferents reached STN, caudal and paragigantocellular reticular nuclei. The higher sensitivity of biocytin compared with other types of markers allowed us to determine more effectively the distribution, nature and extent of the supraspinal PBN connections. This suggested that in several nerve circuits the PBN probably plays a more important role than previously thought.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1469-7580.1998.19330417.x}, institution = {Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Italy. bianchi@med.unibs.it}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, ultrastructure; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Male; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neurons, Efferent, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9877297}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bianchi:1990, author = {R. Bianchi and G. Tredici and M. Gioia}, title = {The spinal terminals into the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat. A light and electron microscope study of the projections ascending via the ventro-lateral funiculus.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1990}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {349--358}, abstract = {Light and electron microscope studies of the terminal fields of the spinal afferents ascending in the ventrolateral quadrant of the spinal cord to the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) were carried out using silver degeneration techniques and anterograde WGA-HRP transport. At all mesencephalic levels the terminal degeneration and the labelling of the spinal fibres to the PAG were fairly dense, mainly concentrated in the outer part of the annular ring. At the electron microscope, the spinal nerve terminals were found ending almost exclusively in the neuropil, impinging on small dendritic profiles. The majority of these synaptic contacts were of the asymmetrical type and contained a prevalence of round vesicles. This study provides an accurate representation of the terminal domain of the spino-PAG afferents and gives the conclusive anatomical evidence that the fibres ascending in the ventro-lateral funiculus of the spinal cord do not simply pass through the PAG, but actually terminate in it, synapsing in the neuropil.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, institution = {Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Milan, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Mesencephalon, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Periaqueductal Gray, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2230104}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bianco:2009, author = {Bianco, Isaac H. and Wilson, Stephen W.}, title = {The habenular nuclei: a conserved asymmetric relay station in the vertebrate brain.}, journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci}, year = {2009}, volume = {364}, number = {1519}, pages = {1005--1020}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The dorsal diencephalon, or epithalamus, contains the bilaterally paired habenular nuclei and the pineal complex. The habenulae form part of the dorsal diencephalic conduction (DDC) system, a highly conserved pathway found in all vertebrates. In this review, we shall describe the neuroanatomy of the DDC, consider its physiology and behavioural involvement, and discuss examples of neural asymmetries within both habenular circuitry and the pineal complex. We will discuss studies in zebrafish, which have examined the organization and development of this circuit, uncovered how asymmetry is represented at the level of individual neurons and determined how such left-right differences arise during development.}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2008.0213}, institution = {mcb.harvard.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Depression, genetics/physiopathology; Diencephalon, physiology; Dopamine, physiology; Functional Laterality, genetics/physiology; Habenula, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Humans; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Models, Animal; Motor Activity, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Reward; Schizophrenia, genetics/physiopathology; Species Specificity; Substance-Related Disorders, genetics/physiopathology; Vertebrates, genetics/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {364/1519/1005}, pmid = {19064356}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0213}, } @Article{Biane:2016, author = {Jeremy S. Biane and Yoshio Takashima and Massimo Scanziani and James M. Conner and Mark H. Tuszynski}, title = {Thalamocortical Projections onto Behaviorally Relevant Neurons Exhibit Plasticity during Adult Motor Learning}, journal = {Neuron}, year = {2016}, pages = {-}, issn = {0896-6273}, abstract = {Summary Layer 5 neurons of the neocortex receive direct and relatively strong input from the thalamus. However, the intralaminar distribution of these inputs and their capacity for plasticity in adult animals are largely unknown. In slices of the primary motor cortex (M1), we simultaneously recorded from pairs of corticospinal neurons associated with control of distinct motor outputs: distal forelimb versus proximal forelimb. Activation of ChR2-expressing thalamocortical afferents in \{M1\} before motor learning produced equivalent responses in monosynaptic excitation of neurons controlling the distal and proximal forelimb, suggesting balanced thalamic input at baseline. Following skilled grasp training, however, thalamocortical input shifted to bias activation of corticospinal neurons associated with control of the distal forelimb. This increase was associated with a cell-specific increase in mEPSC amplitude but not presynaptic release probability. These findings demonstrate distinct and highly segregated plasticity of thalamocortical projections during adult learning. Video Abstract }, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.02.001}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627316000945}, } @Article{Biane:2015, author = {Biane, Jeremy S. and Scanziani, Massimo and Tuszynski, Mark H. and Conner, James M.}, title = {Motor cortex maturation is associated with reductions in recurrent connectivity among functional subpopulations and increases in intrinsic excitability.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2015}, volume = {35}, number = {11}, pages = {4719--4728}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Behavior is derived from the configuration of synaptic connectivity among functionally diverse neurons. Fine motor behavior is absent at birth in most mammals but gradually emerges during subsequent postnatal corticospinal system maturation; the nature of circuit development and reorganization during this period has been largely unexplored. We investigated connectivity and synaptic signaling among functionally distinct corticospinal populations in Fischer 344 rats from postnatal day 18 through 75 using retrograde tracer injections into specific spinal cord segments associated with distinct aspects of forelimb function. Primary motor cortex slices were prepared enabling simultaneous patch-clamp recordings of up to four labeled corticospinal neurons and testing of 3489 potential synaptic connections. We find that, in immature animals, local connectivity is biased toward corticospinal neurons projecting to the same spinal cord segment; this within-population connectivity significantly decreases through maturation until connection frequency is similar between neurons projecting to the same (within-population) or different (across-population) spinal segments. Concomitantly, postnatal maturation is associated with a significant reduction in synaptic efficacy over time and an increase in intrinsic neuronal excitability, altering how excitation is effectively transmitted across recurrent corticospinal networks. Collectively, the postnatal emergence of fine motor control is associated with a relative broadening of connectivity between functionally diverse cortical motor neurons and changes in synaptic properties that could enable the emergence of smaller independent networks, enabling fine motor movement. These changes in synaptic patterning and physiological function provide a basis for the increased capabilities of the mature versus developing brain.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2792-14.2015}, institution = {Departments of Neurosciences and.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Male; Motor Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development; Nerve Net, cytology/growth /&/ development; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology/growth /&/ development; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {35/11/4719}, pmid = {25788688}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2792-14.2015}, } @Article{Biasi:1994, author = {S. De Biasi and A. Amadeo and R. Spreafico and A. Rustioni}, title = {Enrichment of glutamate immunoreactivity in lemniscal terminals in the ventropostero lateral thalamic nucleus of the rat: an immunogold and WGA-HRP study.}, journal = {Anat Rec}, year = {1994}, volume = {240}, number = {1}, pages = {131--140}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The ventropostero lateral nucleus (VPL) is a thalamic somatosensory center receiving inputs from limbs and trunk; some of this input is via terminals of the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway. These fibers convey non-noxious somesthesic information.In this study the neurochemical content of lemniscal afferents in VPL of rats was investigated at the electron microscopic level by combining anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin, injected in the dorsal dorsal column nuclei, with postembedding immunogold labeling for glutamate (Glu).Anterograde labeling in VPL was detected only in myelinated axons and in large terminals containing round synaptic vesicles, interpreted as lemniscal afferents. Quantitative evaluation of gold particle density showed enrichment of Glu immunolabeling in the identified lemniscal terminals with respect to other neuronal profiles. Observation of serial sections immunoreacted for Glu demonstrated consistency of labeling, whereas in alternate sections immunoreacted for Glu and for the inhibitory amino acid GABA these two antigens were always present in distinct types of terminals.These findings are in agreement with several lines of evidence, obtained with different experimental approaches, supporting the hypothesis that Glu plays a major role in conveying sensory stimuli to the thalamus from second order neurons in the dorsal column nuclei.}, doi = {10.1002/ar.1092400114}, institution = {Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica generali, Sezione di Isotologia e Anatomia umana, Milano, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Transport; Glutamic Acid, analysis/immunology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Thalamic Nuclei, metabolism/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7810910}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092400114}, } @Article{Biasi:1994a, author = {S. De Biasi and L. Vitellaro-Zuccarello and P. Bernardi and J. G. Valtschanoff and R. J. Weinberg}, title = {Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of primary afferent terminals in the rat cuneate nucleus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1994}, volume = {347}, number = {2}, pages = {275--287}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The cuneate nucleus is a relay center for somatosensory information by receiving tactile and proprioceptive inputs from primary afferent fibers that ascend in the dorsal funiculus. The morphology, synaptic contacts, and neurochemical content of primary afferent terminals in the cuneate nucleus of rats were investigated by combining anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat-germ agglutinin or to cholera toxin (injected in cervical dorsal root ganglia) with postembedding immunogold labeling for glutamate and GABA. Both tracers gave similar results. Two types of terminals were labeled: type I terminals were irregularly shaped, had a mean area of 4.0 microns 2, synapsed on several dendrites, and were contacted by other terminals, some of which were GABA positive. Type II terminals were dome-shaped, had a mean area of 2.18 microns 2, and made synaptic contact on a single dendrite. All the anterogradely labeled terminals (interpreted as endings of primary afferents) were enriched in glutamate but not in GABA. The finding that identified primary afferent terminals are enriched in glutamate with respect to other tissue profiles strongly suggests a neurotransmitter role for glutamate in this afferent pathway to the rat cuneate nucleus.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903470209}, institution = {Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica Generali, Università di Milano, Italy.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, chemistry/ultrastructure; Animals; Male; Medulla Oblongata, chemistry/ultrastructure; Neurotransmitter Agents, analysis; Presynaptic Terminals, chemistry/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7814668}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903470209}, } @Article{Biasi:1995, author = {S. De Biasi and L. Vitellaro-Zuccarello and P. Bernardi and J. G. Valtschanoff and R. J. Weinberg}, title = {Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of terminals of postsynaptic ascending dorsal column fibers in the rat cuneate nucleus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {353}, number = {1}, pages = {109--118}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The morphology, synaptic contacts, and neurotransmitter enrichment of postsynaptic dorsal column terminals in the cuneate nucleus of rats were investigated and compared with those of identified primary afferents. For this purpose, anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase-based tracers injected in the spinal cord was combined with postembedding immunogold labeling for glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Anterogradely labeled postsynaptic dorsal column terminals were morphologically homogeneous: they were small (mean area = 1.37 microns 2) and dome-shaped, contacted single dendritic shafts or cell bodies, and were not involved in axoaxonic synapses. The majority of them were not enriched in glutamate or GABA immunoreactivity compared with other tissue components. Their morphology, size, and neurotransmitter content thus differed from that of primary afferents. These differences are consistent with distinct functional roles for the two main afferent systems ascending to the cuneate nucleus.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903530110}, institution = {Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica Generali, Università di Milano, Italy.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Animals; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Medulla Oblongata, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nerve Endings, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Spinal Cord, metabolism/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7714242}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903530110}, } @Article{Biazoli:2006, author = {Biazoli, C.E. and Goto, M. and Campos, A.M. and Canteras, N.S.}, title = {The supragenual nucleus: A putative relay station for ascending vestibular signs to head direction cells}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2006}, volume = {1094}, pages = {138-148}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.101}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bice:1997, author = {T. N. Bice and J. A. Beal}, title = {Quantitative and neurogenic analysis of neurons with supraspinal projections in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat lumbar spinal cord.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1997}, volume = {388}, number = {4}, pages = {565--574}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Dual retrograde axonal tracers, Fluoro-Gold (FG) and true blue (TB), were used in conjunction with [3H]thymidine autoradiography to determine the number and neurogenic pattern of neurons with supraspinal projections in the superficial dorsal horn (SDH), i.e., laminae I and II, in spinal segment L1 of the rat. FG was injected into rostral brain centers (dorsal thalamus and midbrain), and TB was injected into the caudal brainstem (medulla) in young adult rats previously administered [3H]thymidine in utero. Following stereological correction, each dorsal horn had an average of 1.22 neurons in lamina I and 0.24 neurons in lamina II that had supraspinal projections per 10-microm transverse section. In the SDH, 52\% of the neurons with supraspinal projections were found to project to rostral brain centers alone, 3.0\% only to the caudal brainstem, and 45\% to both areas. There was no significant difference in the percentage distribution of each of the three groups of neurons between lamina I and lamina II. Cell counts in the present study, in conjunction with previous observations in the literature, suggest that the majority of supraspinal projection neurons in the SDH fall into two groups: 1) spinomesencephalic neurons with collaterals to the medulla and 2) spinothalamic neurons with collaterals to the midbrain. The neurogenesis of supraspinal projection neurons in the SDH proceeded along an axon-length gradient, whereby neurons with the longest axons, those with projections to rostral brain centers, completed neurogenesis prior to neurons with shorter axons, those with projections only to the caudal brainstem. The generation of all SDH neurons with supraspinal projections was completed on embryonic day 14 (E14), 2 days prior to the completion of neurogenesis for SDH neurons with intraspinal projections.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19971201)388:4<565::aid-cne5>3.0.co;2-0}, institution = {Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Medical Center in Shreveport, 71130, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping; Cell Count; Embryonic and Fetal Development, physiology; Lumbosacral Region; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Mesencephalon, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology/embryology/physiology; Thalamus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-0}, pmid = {9388016}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bice:1997b, author = {Bice, T. N. and Beal, J. A.}, title = {Quantitative and neurogenic analysis of the total population and subpopulations of neurons defined by axon projection in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat lumbar spinal cord.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1997}, volume = {388}, number = {4}, pages = {550--564}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The total neuron population of the superficial dorsal horn (SDH), i.e., laminae I and II, was quantitated in Nissl preparations of spinal segment L1 in the rat. Subpopulations of the SDH, defined by axon projection, were quantitated following strategic intraspinal injections of dual retrograde tracers (Fluoro-Gold and true blue). These methods were used in conjunction with [3H]thymidine (delivered in utero) autoradiography for neurogenic pattern analysis. Following stereological correction, each dorsal horn in spinal segment L1 contained 11 neurons in lamina I and 42.6 neurons in lamina II per 10-microm transverse section. Neurons with long projections, i.e., neurons with projections rostral to spinal segment T5, were only slightly more numerous in lamina I than in lamina II. These neurons made up 34\% of the total neuron population in lamina I and 7.0\% in lamina II. Most of these neurons did not demonstrate descending connections, and many (presumed supraspinal projection neurons) did not demonstrate short, ascending, intersegmental connections. Neurons with short propriospinal projections, i.e., neurons with connections caudal to spinal segment T5, made up approximately half of the total neuron population in both lamina I and lamina II: 55\% and 52\%, respectively. Of these, 79\% had both short ascending and descending projections; the remaining 21\% had only descending projections. Neurons that were not labeled with retrograde tracers (presumed local circuit cells) represented 11\% of the neurons in lamina I and 41\% in lamina II. Neurogenesis in the SDH proceeded along an axon-length gradient, whereby neurons with the longest axons completed neurogenesis first, and those with the shortest completed neurogenesis last. The generation of both propriospinal and supraspinal projection neurons began on embryonic day 13 (E13). Nearly equal numbers of neurons in this group were generated in laminae I and II through E14. On E15, neuron production slowed in lamina I and accelerated in lamina II as local circuit neurons and the remaining propriospinal neurons were generated. Neuron production ceased simultaneously in both lamina I and lamina II on E16.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19971201)388:4<550::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-1}, institution = {Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Medical Center in Shreveport, 71130, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, physiology; Cell Count; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Lumbosacral Region; Male; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology/embryology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-1}, pmid = {9388015}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bickford:1989, author = {M. E. Bickford and W. C. Hall}, title = {Collateral projections of predorsal bundle cells of the superior colliculus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1989}, volume = {283}, number = {1}, pages = {86--106}, month = {May}, abstract = {The deep layers of the superior colliculus contain cells which are premotor in the sense that they respond prior to the onset of shifts in gaze and send axons, by way of a pathway called the predorsal bundle, to the contralateral brainstem gaze centers and cervical spinal cord. Previous studies have suggested that these cells also contribute to other efferent pathways which arise in the deep layers. The present study examines the contributions of the cells of origin of the predorsal bundle to these additional pathways as a step toward understanding their roles in gaze mechanisms. In one series of experiments, retrograde tracers were used to compare the laminar distribution of predorsal bundle cells with the distributions of the cells of origin of three other pathways: those that project to the intralaminar region of the dorsal thalamus, those that project to the contralateral superior colliculus, and those that project to the ipsilateral brainstem tegmentum. Predorsal bundle cells were found primarily in stratum griseum intermedium sublayer b. This distribution overlaps extensively with the distribution of colliculus cells that project to the intralaminar region of the thalamus. In contrast, the majority of the colliculus cells that project to either the contralateral superior colliculus or the ipsilateral brainstem tegmentum do not overlap extensively with the predorsal bundle cells; instead, they are primarily located dorsal or ventral to sublayer b of stratum griseum intermedium. In a second series of experiments, two regions were injected with different retrograde fluorescent traces in single animals in order to study the collateral projections of the cells of origin of these pathways. The results indicate that many predorsal bundle cells project to the intralaminar region of the dorsal thalamus but that only a few contribute to the tectotectal pathway. The results also indicate that few tectotectal cells contribute to the ipsilateral tectobulbar pathway.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902830108}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, cytology; Cats; Fluorescent Dyes; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Thalamus, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2732363}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902830108}, } @Article{Bickford:1992, author = {M. E. Bickford and W. C. Hall}, title = {The nigral projection to predorsal bundle cells in the superior colliculus of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {319}, number = {1}, pages = {11--33}, month = {May}, abstract = {Predorsal bundle cells give rise to the major efferent pathway from the superior colliculus to the premotor centers of the brainstem and spinal cord responsible for initiating orienting movements. The activity of predorsal bundle cells is profoundly influenced by an inhibitory pathway from substantia nigra pars reticulata that uses gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter. The present study examines the morphological basis for this influence of substantia nigra on predorsal bundle cells in the rat. In the first experiments, the laminar distributions of the nigrotectal tract terminals and the predorsal bundle cells were compared. The predorsal bundle cells were labeled by the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase from either the decussation of the predorsal bundle or the cervical spinal cord, while the terminations of the pathway from substantia nigra pars reticulata were labeled by anterograde axonal transport from the substantia nigra. Either horseradish peroxidase, wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin were used as anterograde tracers. The results showed that the distributions of both the predorsal bundle cells and the nigrotectal terminals are restricted almost entirely to the intermediate grey layer and that they overlap extensively. Predorsal bundle cells varied in size. Within the areas of maximum overlap, the majority, regardless of size, was closely apposed by nigrotectal terminals. In a second series of experiments, the synaptic contacts between nigrotectal terminals and the tectospinal component of the predorsal bundle were examined in tissue in which both the terminals and the tectospinal cells were labeled for electron microscopy. In the final experiments, the distribution and fine structure of the nigrotectal terminals were compared to those of terminals that had been labeled immunocytochemically with an antibody to glutamic acid decarboxylase, the synthesizing enzyme for GABA. The results showed that nigrotectal terminals contain large numbers of mitochondria and pleomorphic vesicles, and form synaptic contacts with the somas and proximal dendrites of tectospinal cells. These synapses have modest postsynaptic densities. In both their distribution and fine structure, these terminations resemble the glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactive terminals that contact tectospinal cells. Taken together, these results support the view that the nigrotectal tract is an important source of GABAergic input to most, if not all, predorsal bundle cells.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903190105}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1375604}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903190105}, } @Article{Bieger:1984, author = {Bieger, D.}, title = {Muscarinic activation of rhombencephalic neurones controlling oesophageal peristalsis in the rat.}, journal = {Neuropharmacology}, year = {1984}, volume = {23}, number = {12A}, pages = {1451--1464}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The role of muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms in the brainstem in the control of oesophageal peristalsis was investigated in rats anaesthetized with urethane. Primary deglutitive peristalsis, evoked by electrical stimulation of the brainstem or intravenous administration of the serotonin agonist quipazine, was abolished for periods of 1.5 to 2 h by scopolamine and atropine (0.1-0.2 microM/kg) as well as by methscopolamine (1.25-5 microM/kg). In contrast, the buccopharyngeal stage of evoked swallowing was facilitated. A deglutitive effector area was mapped in the intermediolateral portion of the solitary complex by the use of micropneumophoretic application of S-glutamate (35-350 pM) and the cholinoceptor agonists D,L-muscarine and acetylcholine (50-100 pM). Scopolamine partially antagonized single propulsive contractions of the oesophagus evoked by S-glutamate, but completely inhibited rhythmic propulsive or synchronous oesophageal contractions evoked by muscarinic agonists or acetylcholine. Injection of S-glutamate or acetylcholine into the ambiguus complex produced propulsive or non-propulsive oesophageal responses depending on location. Responses evoked by acetylcholine were potentiated by systemic administration of physostigmine, but were resistant to scopolamine; propulsive responses evoked by S-glutamate were partially inhibited by scopolamine. Injection of the retrogradely-transported fluorescent tracer bisbenzimide into the rostral ambiguus complex resulted in labelling of a discrete cell group located within the deglutitive region of the solitary complex. It is concluded that this region contains premotor elements forming part of the internuncial network organizing oesophageal peristalsis. The source of postulated cholinergic afferents to these neurones remains to be identified.}, doi = {10.1016/0028-3908(84)90088-1}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, pharmacology; Animals; Deglutition, drug effects; Electric Stimulation; Esophagus, physiology; Motor Neurons, drug effects; N-Methylscopolamine; Neurons, drug effects; Parasympatholytics, pharmacology; Peristalsis, drug effects; Physostigmine, pharmacology; Quipazine, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, Muscarinic, physiology; Scopolamine Derivatives, pharmacology; Scopolamine Hydrobromide, pharmacology; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6098853}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bieger:1987, author = {D. Bieger and D. A. Hopkins}, title = {Viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the medulla oblongata in the rat: the nucleus ambiguus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {262}, number = {4}, pages = {546--562}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The nucleus ambiguus has been reported to innervate various thoracic and abdominal viscera in addition to the musculature of the upper alimentary tract. However, the literature is contradictory as to how different regions of the nucleus ambiguus innervate specific organs. Therefore, a systematic investigation of the viscerotopic organization of the nucleus ambiguus was undertaken. In 102 rats, 0.5-10.0 microliter of HRP, WGA-HRP, cholera toxin-HRP or fluorescent tracers were injected into the IXth, Xth, and XIth cranial nerves and the major branches of the Xth as well as organs supplied by them. The results demonstrate that the nucleus ambiguus in the rat is made up of two major longitudinal divisions: a dorsal division comprised of three rostrocaudally aligned subdivisions representing the special visceral efferent component, and a ventral division comprised of at least two subdivisions representing the general visceral efferent component. The dorsal division corresponds to the nucleus ambiguus in the narrow sense and comprises a rostral esophagomotor compact formation, an intermediate pharyngolaryngomotor semicompact formation, and a caudal laryngomotor loose formation. Each of these formations displays a characteristic dendroarchitecture. The stylopharyngeal and cricothyroid motoneurons are displaced rostrad from the main pharyngeal and laryngeal motoneuronal pools. Thyropharyngeal (lower constrictor) motoneurons occupy the rostral half of the semi-compact formation and hyopharyngeal (middle constrictor) motoneurons its entire length. The ventral division of the nucleus ambiguus corresponds to the external formation, extends along the entire length of the medulla oblongata, and contains preganglionic neurons innervating the heart and supradiaphragmatic structures innervated by the glossopharyngeal and the superior laryngeal nerves.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902620408}, institution = {Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Digestive System, innervation; Esophagus, innervation; Glossopharyngeal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Pharynx, innervation; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Viscera, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3667964}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902620408}, } @Article{Bielefeldt:2003, author = {Bielefeldt, K. and Ozaki, N. and Gebhart, G. F.}, title = {Role of nerve growth factor in modulation of gastric afferent neurons in the rat.}, journal = {Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol}, year = {2003}, volume = {284}, number = {3}, pages = {G499--G507}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Recent studies demonstrated that experimental ulcers are associated with changes in the properties of voltage-sensitive sodium currents in sensory neurons. We hypothesized that nerve growth factor (NGF) contributes to these changes. Gastric ulcers were induced by acetic acid injection into the wall of the rat stomach. NGF expression was determined by ELISA and immunohistochemically. Sensory neurons were labeled by injection of a retrograde tracer into the gastric wall. Sodium currents were recorded in gastric sensory neurons from nodose and dorsal root ganglia cultured for 24 h in the presence of NGF or a neutralizing NGF antibody, respectively. Gastric ulcer formation caused a rise in NGF concentration within the gastric wall and an increase in NGF immunoreactivity. Exposure to NGF caused a significant increase in the TTX-resistant sodium current, whereas the TTX-sensitive sodium current remained unchanged. This was associated with an acceleration of the recovery from inactivation in spinal sensory neurons. Production and release of NGF in the gastric wall may contribute to sensitization of primary afferent neurons during gastric inflammation.}, doi = {10.1152/ajpgi.00356.2002}, institution = {Department of Internal Medicine, 4614 JCP, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. klaus-bielefeldt@uiowa.edu}, keywords = {Anesthetics, Local, pharmacology; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Electrophysiology; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Gastric Mucosa, pathology; Hyperalgesia, pathology/physiopathology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Growth Factor, pharmacology; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium Channels, drug effects; Stomach Ulcer, chemically induced/physiopathology; Stomach, drug effects/innervation/pathology; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {284/3/G499}, pmid = {12576306}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00356.2002}, } @Article{Bienkowski:2011, author = {Bienkowski, Michael S. and Rinaman, Linda}, title = {Immune challenge activates neural inputs to the ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.}, journal = {Physiol Behav}, year = {2011}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, pages = {257--265}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation in response to infection is an important mechanism by which the nervous system can suppress inflammation. HPA output is controlled by the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Previously, we determined that noradrenergic inputs to the PVN contribute to, but do not entirely account for, the ability of bacterial endotoxin (i.e., lipopolysacharide, LPS) to activate the HPA axis. The present study investigated LPS-induced recruitment of neural inputs to the ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vlBNST). GABAergic projections from the vlBNST inhibit PVN neurons at the apex of the HPA axis; thus, we hypothesize that LPS treatment activates inhibitory inputs to the vlBNST to thereby "disinhibit" the PVN and increase HPA output. To test this hypothesis, retrograde neural tracer was iontophoretically delivered into the vlBNST of adult male rats to retrogradely label central sources of axonal input. After one week, rats were injected i.p. with either LPS (200 μg/kg BW) or saline vehicle, and then perfused with fixative 2.5h later. Brains were processed for immunohistochemical localization of retrograde tracer and the immediate-early gene product, Fos (a marker of neural activation). Brain regions that provide inhibitory input to the vlBNST (e.g., caudal nucleus of the solitary tract, central amygdala, dorsolateral BNST) were preferentially activated by LPS, whereas sources of excitatory input (e.g., paraventricular thalamus, medial prefrontal cortex) were not activated or were activated less robustly. These results suggest that LPS treatment recruits central neural systems that actively suppress vlBNST neural activity, thereby removing a potent source of inhibitory control over the HPA axis.}, doi = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.03.006}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, drug effects; Iontophoresis, methods; Lipopolysaccharides, adverse effects; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism/physiology; Neurons, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septal Nuclei, cytology/drug effects; Stilbamidines, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0031-9384(11)00123-5}, pmid = {21402087}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.03.006}, } @Article{Bienkowski:2013, author = {Bienkowski, Michael S. and Rinaman, Linda}, title = {Common and distinct neural inputs to the medial central nucleus of the amygdala and anterior ventrolateral bed nucleus of stria terminalis in rats.}, journal = {Brain Struct Funct}, year = {2013}, volume = {218}, number = {1}, pages = {187--208}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) and lateral bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BST) are highly interconnected limbic forebrain regions that share similar connectivity with other brain regions that coordinate behavioral and physiological responses to internal and environmental stressors. Their similar connectivity is frequently referred to when describing the CEA and lateral BST together as a unified "central extended amygdala". However, the CEA and BST reportedly play distinct roles in behavioral and physiological responses associated with fear, anxiety, and social defeat, presumably due to differences in connectivity. To identify common and unique sources of input to the CEA and lateral BST, we performed dual retrograde tracing. Fluorogold and cholera toxin β were iontophoresed into the medial CEA (CEAm) and the anterior ventrolateral BST (BSTvl) of adult male rats. The anatomical distribution of tracer-labeled neurons was mapped throughout the brain. Regions with overlapping populations of CEAm- and BSTvl-projecting neurons were further examined for the presence of double-labeled neurons. Although most regions with input to the mCEA also projected to the BSTvl, and vice versa, cortical and sensory system-related regions projected more robustly to the CEAm, while motor system-related regions primarily innervated the BSTvl. The incidence of double-labeled neurons with collateralized axonal inputs to the CEAm and BSTvl was relatively small (~2 to 13\%) and varied across regions, suggesting regional differences in the degree of coordinated CEAm and BSTvl input. The demonstrated similarities and differences in inputs to CEAm and BSTvl provide new anatomical insights into the functional organization of these limbic forebrain regions.}, doi = {10.1007/s00429-012-0393-6}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {22362201}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-012-0393-6}, } @Article{Bienkowski:2013a, author = {Bienkowski, Michael S. and Wendel, Elizabeth S. and Rinaman, Linda}, title = {Organization of multisynaptic circuits within and between the medial and the central extended amygdala.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2013}, volume = {521}, number = {15}, pages = {3406--3431}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The central and medial extended amygdala comprises the central (CEA) and medial nuclei of the amygdala (MEA), respectively, together with anatomically connected regions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). To reveal direct and multisynaptic connections within the central and medial extended amygdala, monosynaptic and transneuronal viral tracing experiments were performed in adult male rats. In the first set of experiments, a cocktail of anterograde and retrograde tracers was iontophoretically delivered into the medial CEA (CEAm), anterodorsal MEA (MEAad), or posterodorsal MEA (MEApd), revealing direct, topographically organized projections between distinct amygdalar and BST subnuclei. In the second set of experiments, the retrograde transneuronal tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV) was microinjected into the CEAm or MEAad. After 48 hours of survival, there were no significant differences between monosynaptic and PRV cases in the subnuclear distribution or proportions of retrogradely labeled BST neurons. However, after 60 hours of survival, CEAm-injected cases displayed an increased proportion of labeled neurons within the anteromedial group of BST subnuclei (amgBST) and within the posterior BST, which do not directly innervate the CEA. MEApd-injected 60-hour cases displayed a significantly increased proportion of retrograde labeling in the amgBST compared with monosynaptic and 48-hour cases, whereas MEAad-injected cases displayed no proportional changes over time. Thus, multisynaptic circuits within the medial extended amygdala overlap the direct connections making up this anatomical unit, whereas the multisynaptic boundaries of the central extended amygdala extend into BST subnuclei previously identified as part of the medial extended amygdala.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.23356}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260.}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; Iontophoresis; Male; Nerve Net, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Septal Nuclei, physiology; Synapses, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {23640841}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23356}, } @Article{Bigl:1982, author = {V. Bigl and N. J. Woolf and L. L. Butcher}, title = {Cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and cingulate cortices: a combined fluorescent tracer and acetylcholinesterase analysis.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1982}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {727--749}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The morphologies, intercellular organization, and cortical projection patterns of putative cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain of the rat were examined by use of fluorescent tracer histology in combination with the pharmacohistochemical regimen for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Intensity staining AChE-containing cells projecting to frontal sensorimotor (Area 10), parietal (Area 2), and temporal (Area 4) cortices were found ipsilaterally in nucleus preopticus magnocellularis, in nucleus basalis, and in association with the substantia innominata, the ansa lenticularis, and the lateral hypothalamic area; an essentially rostrocaudal topography was observed for these projections. AChE-containing pathways to cingulate (Area 29) and visual (Area 17) cortices derived from ipsilateral somata associated with the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band, nucleus preopticus magnocellularis, rostral portions of nucleus basalis, and the substantia innominata. Neurons innervating Area 29 were generally located more rostrally than those giving rise to AChE afferents to Area 17. The vast majority of cells appeared to innervate relatively discrete areas of the cortex. Evidence for collateralization was found only in neurons projecting to visual and cingulate cortices, and these represented only 3.2\% of the cells providing AChE afferents to Areas 17 and 29. The basal forebrain AChE projection cells were typically large (greater than 25 micron in maximum cell body extent), and their somata were predominantly oval, with lesser proportions being fusiform or triangular. Many were organized in clusters, particularly in nucleus basalis.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(82)90101-0}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, physiology; Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Aging; Animals; Axonal Transport; Behavior; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Humans; Isoflurophate; Male; Mental Disorders, physiopathology; Nervous System Diseases, physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6182962}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bihari:2003, author = {Bihari, Aurelia and Hrycyshyn, A. W. and Brudzynski, Stefan M.}, title = {Role of the mesolimbic cholinergic projection to the septum in the production of 22 kHz alarm calls in rats.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {2003}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, pages = {263--274}, month = {May}, abstract = {The role of the ascending cholinergic projection from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) to septum in the production of 22 kHz ultrasonic vocalization was studied in adult rats, using behavioral-pharmacological and anatomical tracing methods. Direct application of carbachol, a muscarinic agonist, into the lateral septal region induced species-typical 22 kHz alarm calls. The septum receives cholinergic input from LDT, thus, activation with glutamate of predominantly cholinergic neurons of the LDT induced comparable 22 kHz alarm calls in the same animals. This glutamate-induced response from LDT was significantly reduced when the lateral septum was pretreated with scopolamine, a cholinergic antagonist. To investigate the localization of the cell groups projecting to septum, the fluorescent retrograde tracer, fluorogold, was pressure injected into the lateral septum and sections from these brains were also immunostained against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) to visualize cholinergic cell bodies. Several ChAT-fluorogold double-labeled cells within the boundaries of the LDT were found, while other fluorogold-labeled regions did not contain double-labeled cells. These results provide both direct and indirect evidence that at least a part of the mesolimbic ascending cholinergic projection from LDT to septum is involved in the initiation of the 22 kHz vocalization. It is concluded that the septum is an integral part of the medial cholinoceptive vocalization strip and the 22 kHz alarm vocalization is triggered from septum by the cholinergic input from the LDT.}, doi = {10.1016/s0361-9230(03)00041-8}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada N6A 5A5.}, keywords = {Acoustics; Afferent Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Behavior, Animal, drug effects/physiology; Carbachol, pharmacology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Cholinergic Agonists, pharmacology; Cholinergic Fibers, drug effects/physiology; Drug Interactions; Glutamic Acid, pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Muscarinic Antagonists, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reaction Time, drug effects; Scopolamine Hydrobromide, pharmacology; Septum of Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Sound Spectrography, methods; Stereotaxic Techniques, instrumentation; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Trace Elements, metabolism; Vocalization, Animal, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0361923003000418}, pmid = {12754088}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Billet:1999, author = {Billet, S. and Cant, N. B. and Hall, W. C.}, title = {Cholinergic projections to the visual thalamus and superior colliculus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {847}, number = {1}, pages = {121--123}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The parabrachial region of the brainstem reticular formation projects to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and to the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus. We used the retrograde axonal transport of two fluorescent labels to demonstrate that individual parabrachial cells project to both structures. The results suggest that cholinergic cells of the parabrachial region may coordinate the relay of visuosensory information to the cortex with the onset of orienting movements.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01900-9}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, analysis; Animals; Cholinergic Fibers, ultrastructure; Geniculate Bodies, chemistry/cytology; Neural Pathways, chemistry/cytology; Neurons, chemistry/cytology; Pons, chemistry/cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, chemistry/cytology; Superior Colliculi, chemistry/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(99)01900-9}, pmid = {10564743}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Billig:2004, author = {Billig, I. and Balaban, C. D.}, title = {Zonal organization of the vestibulo-cerebellum in the control of horizontal extraocular muscles using pseudorabies virus: I. Flocculus/ventral paraflocculus.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2004}, volume = {125}, number = {2}, pages = {507--520}, abstract = {Much literature has studied the relationship between the organization of neurons in the flocculus/ventral paraflocculus and vestibulo-ocular reflex pathways. Although activation of a flocculus central zone produces ipsilateral horizontal eye movement, anatomical tracing evidence in rats suggests that there may not be a simple one-to-one correspondence between flocculus/ventral paraflocculus zones and control of single extraocular muscles or coplanar pairs of antagonistic extraocular muscles. This study used the retrograde transynaptic transport of pseudorabies virus to identify the topographical organization of Purkinje cells in the flocculus/ventral paraflocculus that control the lateral rectus (LR) and medial rectus (MR) muscles in rats. A survival time of 80 h and 84 h was necessary to observe consistent transynaptically labeled cells in the flocculus/ventral paraflocculus following injections of pseudorabies virus into the MR and LR, respectively. The organization of Purkinje cells in the dorsal flocculus and ventral paraflocculus abided by the traditional boundaries, whereas the labeling pattern in the ventral flocculus showed a more complex, interdigitated arrangement. In agreement with prior studies, transynaptically labeled neurons were also observed in specific vestibular nuclear regions within the medial and superior vestibular nuclei and dorsal Y group. The distribution of labeled neurons in ipsilateral and contralateral vestibular nuclei was associated with features of ipsilateral and contralateral retrograde labeling of Purkinje cells in flocculus/ventral paraflocculus. Importantly, this study provides the first evidence of vestibulo-cerebellar zones controlling individual extraocular muscles and also overlapping distribution of neurons in flocculo-vestibular zones that influence the LR and MR motoneuron pools. This suggests that some of these neurons may be responsible for controlling both muscles.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.01.051}, institution = {Department of Otolaryngology, Eye and Ear Institute, Room 106A, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. ibillig@pitt.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cell Survival, physiology; Cerebellum, cytology/virology; Functional Laterality; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Luminescent Proteins, metabolism; Male; Motor Neurons, metabolism; Neural Pathways, physiology; Oculomotor Muscles, anatomy /&/ histology/virology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular, physiology; Time Factors; Vestibular Nuclei, cytology/virology; beta-Galactosidase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S030645220400082X}, pmid = {15062992}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.01.051}, } @Article{Billig:1995, author = {I. Billig and N. Yatim and C. Compoint and C. Buisseret-Delmas and P. Buisseret}, title = {Cerebellar afferences from the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, year = {1995}, volume = {6}, number = {17}, pages = {2293-2296}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The aim of the present study was to test for and characterize the organization of a direct projection from neurones of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vme) to the cerebellum. WGA-HRP was used as a retrograde tracer following injections in the cerebellar cortex. The extent of each injection site within the sagittal zones was determined according to corticonuclear and olivocortical connections. Retrogradely labelled neurons were observed in the caudal part of the ipsilateral Vme only following vermal injection. The Vme projections reached exclusively the ipsilateral sagittal zone X in the anterior lobe, lobule VI and lobule IX. This identification was confirmed by anterograde labelling of mossy fibre terminals following a biocytin injection restricted to the Vme.}, doi = {10.1097/00001756-199511270-00006}, institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action, CNRS/Collége de France, Paris.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Histocytochemistry; Lysine, administration /&/ dosage/analogs /&/ derivatives; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Molecular Probes, administration /&/ dosage; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, administration /&/ dosage}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8747139}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Billig:2007, author = {Billig, I. and Yeager, M. S. and Blikas, A. and Raz, Y.}, title = {Neurons in the cochlear nuclei controlling the tensor tympani muscle in the rat: a study using pseudorabies virus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2007}, volume = {1154}, pages = {124--136}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The middle ear muscle reflex has been implicated in modulation of auditory input and protection of the inner ear from acoustic trauma. However, the identification of neurons in the cochlear nuclei participating in this reflex has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we injected the retrograde transynaptic tracer pseudorabies virus into single tensor tympani (TT) muscles, and identified transynaptically labeled cochlear nucleus neurons at multiple survival times. Motoneurons controlling TT were located ventral to the ipsilateral motor trigeminal nucleus and extended rostrally towards the medial aspect of the lateral lemniscus. Transynaptically labeled neurons were observed bilaterally in the dorsal and dorso-medial parts of ventral cochlear nuclei as early as 48 h after virus injection, and had morphological features of radiate multipolar cells. After >or=69 h, labeled cells of different types were observed in all cochlear nuclei. At those times, labeling was also detected bilaterally in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and periolivary cell groups in the superior olivary complex. Based on the temporal course of viral replication, our data strongly suggest the presence of a direct projection of neurons from the ventral cochlear nuclei bilaterally to the TT motoneuron pool in rats. The influence of neurons in the cochlear nuclei upon TT activity through direct and indirect pathways may account for multifunctional roles of this muscle in auditory functions.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.007}, institution = {reece. ibillig@pitt.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Cholera Toxin, pharmacokinetics; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Male; Motor Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Tensor Tympani, drug effects/innervation/physiology; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(07)00854-2}, pmid = {17482147}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.007}, } @Article{Bina:1993, author = {K. G. Bina and B. Rusak and K. Semba}, title = {Localization of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain and brainstem that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus in rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1993}, volume = {335}, number = {2}, pages = {295--307}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus is responsible for the generation of most circadian rhythms and their entrainment to environmental cues. Cholinergic agents can alter circadian rhythm phase, and fibres immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase, the biosynthetic enzyme for acetylcholine, are present in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Since there are no cholinergic somata in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, these fibres must represent the terminals of cholinergic neurons whose cell bodies are located elsewhere in the brain. This study was aimed at locating the cholinergic neurons that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus by retrograde and anterograde tract-tracing and immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase in the rat. After injection of fluorogold, a retrograde tracer, into the suprachiasmatic nucleus, retrogradely labelled neurons that were immunopositive for choline acetyltransferase were located throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the cholinergic basal nuclear complex, with highest densities in the substantia innominata and the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. A few cells were also located in the medial septum and in the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca. In the brainstem, double-labelled neurons were located in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and the parabigeminal nucleus. Injections of the anterograde tracer biocytin in these three brainstem nuclei resulted in fibre labelling in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, consistent with the retrograde findings. No clearly double-labelled cells were located in the retina. These results suggest that the suprachiasmatic nucleus receives cholinergic afferents from both the basal forebrain and mesopontine tegmentum which may mediate cholinergic effects on circadian rhythms.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903350212}, institution = {Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Pathways, cytology; Brain Stem, cytology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, immunology; Cholinergic Fibers, ultrastructure; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; NADPH Dehydrogenase, diagnostic use; Nerve Endings, physiology; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology; Prosencephalon, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8227520}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350212}, } @Article{Bingham:2006, author = {Brenda Bingham and Martin Williamson and Victor Viau}, title = {Androgen and estrogen receptor-beta distribution within spinal-projecting and neurosecretory neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the male rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2006}, volume = {499}, number = {6}, pages = {911--923}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is initiated by neurosecretory neurons residing within the medial parvicellular part of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Despite the potency by which sex steroids operate on HPA and medial parvocellular responses to stress, previous topographic and phenotypic studies suggest that gonadal steroid hormone receptors are scarcely, if at all, expressed by PVN neurons controlling anterior pituitary corticotropes. Guided by the pattern of retrograde accumulation of fluorogold, we used a direct connectional approach to define the distribution of androgen receptors (AR) and estrogen-beta receptors (ER-beta) within populations of neurosecretory vs. nonneurosecretory neurons in the PVN. Juxtaposition of AR-immunoreactivity (ir) and ER-beta mRNA to the pattern of intravenous fluorogold labeling showed these steroid hormone receptors to be concentrated within portions of the PVN devoid of neurosecretory neurons. Superimposing receptor profiles onto the pattern of spinal retrograde labeling confirmed a selective distribution of AR-ir within autonomic-related cells of the medial parvocellular division, including its dorsal, lateral, and ventral medial components. ER-beta mRNA expression was likewise concentrated within regions accumulating spinal tracer, highest within the ventral aspect of the PVN. These results indicate a direct influence of gonadal hormones on preautonomic effector neurons and remain in keeping with an indirect influence of androgens on adrenocorticotropin-regulating neurons in the PVN.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21151}, institution = {Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.}, keywords = {Androgens, metabolism; Animals; Efferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism/secretion; Estrogen Receptor beta, genetics; Estrogens, metabolism; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurosecretory Systems, cytology/metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism/secretion; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Receptors, Androgen, metabolism; Reproduction, physiology; Sex Characteristics; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {17072840}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21151}, } @Article{Binicewicz:2015, author = {Binicewicz, F.Z.M. and van Strien, N.M. and Wadman, W.J. and van den Heuvel, M.P. and Cappaer, N.L.M.}, title = {Graph analysis of the anatomical network organization of the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal region in the rat}, journal = {Brain Struct Funct}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Graph theory was used to analyze the anatomical network of the rat hippocampal formation and the parahippocampal region (van Strien et al. 2009). For this analysis, the full network was decomposed along the three anatomical axes, resulting in three networks that describe the connectivity within the rostrocaudal, dorsoventral and laminar dimensions. The rostrocaudal network had a connection density of 12% and a path length of 2.4. The dorsoventral network had a high cluster coefficient (0.53), a relatively high path length (1.62) and a rich club was identified. The modularity analysis revealed three modules in the dorsoventral network. The laminar network contained most information. The laminar dimension revealed a network with high clustering coefficient (0.47), a relatively high path length (2.11) and four significantly increased characteristic network building blocks (structural motifs). Thirteen rich club nodes were identified, almost all of them situated in the parahippocampal region. Six connector hubs were detected and all of them were located in the entorhinal cortex. Three large modules were revealed, indicating a close relationship between the perirhinal and postrhinal cortex as well as between the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex. These results confirmed the central position of the entorhinal cortex in the (para)hippocampal network and this possibly explains why pathology in this region has such profound impact on cognitive function, as seen in several brain diseases. The results also have implications for the idea of strict separation of the “spatial” and the “non-spatial” information stream into the hippocampus. This two-stream memory model suggests that the information influx from respectively the postrhinal – medial entorhinal cortex and the perirhinal – lateral entorhinal cortex is separate, but the current analysis shows that this apparent separation is not determined by anatomical constraints.}, doi = {10.1007/s00429-015-0992-0}, keywords = {graph analysis, hippocampus, neural network, parahippocampal region, rat}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Birder:1999, author = {Birder, L. A. and Roppolo, J. R. and Erickson, V. L. and {de Groat}, W. C.}, title = {Increased c-fos expression in spinal lumbosacral projection neurons and preganglionic neurons after irritation of the lower urinary tract in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {834}, number = {1-2}, pages = {55--65}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Chemical irritation of the lower urinary tract (LUT) induces c-fos expression in neurons in the lumbosacral (L(6) and S(1)) spinal cord. This study used axonal tracing with fluorescent dyes to identify the types of spinal neurons expressing Fos immunoreactivity (IR) after LUT irritation in the rat. Fos-IR was detected in lateral and medial superficial dorsal horn, the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) and lamina X around the central canal. Fos-IR was detected in spinal neurons projecting to supraspinal sites (brainstem and hypothalamus), in preganglionic neurons (PGN) and in unlabeled segmental interneurons. A substantial percentage (20\%) of dye labeled PGN exhibited Fos-IR after LUT irritation; and a larger percentage (36\%) exhibited Fos-IR after electrical stimulation of the pelvic nerve which contains afferent pathways from all of the pelvic organs. The majority (average 55\%) of Fos-positive neurons projecting to supraspinal sites were also located in the region of the SPN. A selective distribution of different types of neurons was detected in this region: PGN were located ventral to the spinal projection neurons which in turn were located ventral to the majority of unidentified Fos-positive neurons. The distribution of Fos-positive PGN and projection neurons was similar in spinal intact and spinal transected animals indicating that c-fos expression was mediated by monosynaptic afferent input or input from segmental interneurons and was not due to activation of supraspinal micturition reflex pathways.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01546-2}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1304 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. lbirder+@pitt.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Electric Stimulation; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism/pathology; Immunohistochemistry; Lumbosacral Region; Nervous System, physiopathology; Neurons, physiology; Pelvis, innervation; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Urologic Diseases, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(99)01546-2}, pmid = {10407093}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Birder:1991, author = {Birder, L. A. and Roppolo, J. R. and Iadarola, M. J. and {de Groat}, W. C.}, title = {Electrical stimulation of visceral afferent pathways in the pelvic nerve increases c-fos in the rat lumbosacral spinal cord.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1991}, volume = {129}, number = {2}, pages = {193--196}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Electrical stimulation (20-35 Hz, 2-5 V, 1.5 h) of the pelvic nerve in urethane-anesthetized rats increased the expression of c-fos protein-immunoreactivity primarily in neurons in the L6-S1 segments of the spinal cord. The neurons were localized to areas receiving afferent input from the pelvic viscera including the superficial dorsal horn, the dorsal commissure, and lateral laminae V-VII in the region of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. These experiments indicate that (1) electrical stimulation of abdominal nerves following surgical exposure is a useful method for tracing visceral afferent pathways and (2) afferent information from the pelvic viscera is received by neurons in specific areas of the dorsal horn.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(91)90459-7}, institution = {University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Departments of Pharmacology and Behavioral Neuroscience, PA 15261.}, keywords = {Animals; Electric Stimulation; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, immunology/metabolism; Rats; Reflex, physiology; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1745400}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Birinyi:2003, author = {Birinyi, András and Viszokay, Kornél and Wéber, Ildikó and Kiehn, Ole and Antal, Miklós}, title = {Synaptic targets of commissural interneurons in the lumbar spinal cord of neonatal rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2003}, volume = {461}, number = {4}, pages = {429--440}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {There is strong evidence that commissural interneurons, neurons with axons that extend to the contralateral side of the spinal cord, play an important role in the coordination of left/right alternation during locomotion. In this study we investigated the projections of commissural interneurons to motor neurons and other commissural interneurons on the other side of the spinal cord in neonatal rats. To establish whether there are direct contacts between axons of commissural interneurons and motor neurons, we carried out two series of experiments. In the first experiment we injected biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the lateral motor column to retrogradely label commissural interneurons that may have direct projections to motor neurons. Stained neurons were recovered in the ventromedial areas of the contralateral gray matter in substantial numbers. In the second experiment BDA was injected into the ventromedial gray matter on one side of the lumbar spinal cord, whereas motor neurons were simultaneously labeled on the opposite side by applying biocytin onto the ventral roots. BDA injections into the ventromedial gray matter labeled a strong axon bundle that arose from the site of injection, crossed the midline in the ventral commissure, and extensively arborized in the contralateral ventral gray matter. Many of these axons made close appositions with dendrites and somata of motor neurons and also with commissural interneurons retrogradely labeled with BDA. The results suggest that commissural interneurons may establish monosynaptic contacts with motor neurons on the opposite side of the spinal cord. Our findings also indicate that direct reciprocal connections between commissural interneurons on the two sides of the spinal cord may also exist.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10696}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4012 Hungary.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Dendrites; Dextrans, metabolism; Efferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Interneurons, cytology/metabolism; Lumbosacral Region; Motor Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Nerve Net, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction; Spinal Cord, cytology; Synapses, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12746860}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10696}, } @Article{Bisby:1977, author = {Bisby, M. A.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport of endogenous protein: differences between motor and sensory axons.}, journal = {J Neurochem}, year = {1977}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {249--251}, month = {Jan}, doi = {10.1111/j.1471-4159.1977.tb07737.x}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Leucine, metabolism; Male; Motor Neurons, metabolism; Nerve Crush; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Rats; Sciatic Nerve, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {64590}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bishop:1984, author = {G. A. Bishop}, title = {The origin of the reticulo-olivary projection in the rat: a retrograde horseradish peroxidase study.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1984}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {487--496}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Electrophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase were made in different parts of the rat inferior olivary complex using a ventral approach. Data from these injections provide anatomical evidence for the existence of a projection to the inferior olive which takes origin from reticular nuclei in the brainstem. The majority of reticulo-olivary neurons are located in the nucleus raphe obscurus and nucleus raphe pallidus. Other reticular nuclei which contribute to this projection include the nucleus reticularis ventralis and nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. Analysis of injections confined to specific parts of the olivary complex reveals a topographical pattern in the reticulo-olivary projection. Caudal parts of the complex receive input primarily from the nucleus reticularis ventralis. As more rostral and medial parts of the inferior olive are included in the injection, there is concomitant shifting of labeled neurons to the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and the raphe nuclei. The reticulo-olivary neurons may serve several non-mutually exclusive roles in olivary circuitry. They may be the source of serotonin and/or substance P to the nucleus. Physiologically, they may provide the inhibitory input observed in the nucleus. Finally, some of these neurons may be the brainstem relay of the lateral funiculus and dorsolateral funiculus spino-olivo-cerebellar pathway proposed by Larson and his co-workers (J. Physiol., Lond. 203, 611-640, 641-649).}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(84)90039-3}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, cytology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Electric Conductivity; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neurons, physiology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Stereotaxic Techniques}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(84)90039-3}, pmid = {6201782}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bishop:1985, author = {G. A. Bishop and R. H. Ho}, title = {The distribution and origin of serotonin immunoreactivity in the rat cerebellum.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {331}, number = {2}, pages = {195--207}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The distribution of serotonin immunoreactivity in the rat cerebellum was studied using the indirect antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique of Sternberger. Furthermore, the origin of these chemically defined cerebellar afferents was studied using a procedure which combines the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with the PAP technique. Serotoninergic fibers and varicosities distribute throughout the cerebellar cortex. However, within the cortex there are density variations in the distribution of this indoleamine to the granule cell and molecular layers as well as differences in the spatial orientation of labeled elements, especially in the latter lamina. Serotonin-positive fibers are also present in the Purkinje cell layer. Some of the fibers pass from this layer into the overlying molecular layer while others form a plexus around the somata of Purkinje cells. Subsequent to injections of HRP into the vermis and immediately adjacent portions of the cerebellar cortex, several reticular and raphe nuclei (n.) were found to project to the cerebellum including the paramedian reticular nucleus, n. raphe pallidus, n. raphe obscurus, n. raphe magnus, n. reticularis gigantocellularis, n. reticularis paragigantocellularis, n. pontis oralis, n. reticularis tegmenti pontis and n. centralis superioris. Double-labeling experiments, however, reveal that the neurons giving rise to serotoninergic afferents to the cerebellum are located almost exclusively in the n. reticularis gigantocellularis, the n. reticularis paragigantocellularis and the n. pontis oralis. In conclusion, the findings of the present study further support the view that the cerebellar cortex is not uniform in its histological structure. Although serotoninergic elements are distributed throughout the cerebellar cortex, there are lobular variations in the laminar distribution of this indoleamine. These data suggest that serotonin may be exerting its physiological effect on different populations of cortical neurons in different lobules. Thus this putative neurotransmitter may play different roles in the circuitry of the cerebellum in disparate regions of the cortex. Further, the data obtained in the double-label experiments demonstrate a fairly restricted origin for serotoninergic afferents in the medullary and pontine reticular formation. Moreover, the majority are not located in the raphe nuclei.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)91545-8}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Medulla Oblongata, metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Serotonin, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(85)91545-8}, pmid = {3986565}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bishop:1986, author = {G. A. Bishop and R. H. Ho}, title = {Cell bodies of origin of serotonin-immunoreactive afferents to the inferior olivary complex of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {399}, number = {2}, pages = {369-373}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Previous studies have used immunohistochemistry to localize serotonin to distinct olivary nuclei in several mammalian species. However, the location of the cell bodies of origin for the serotoninergic projection to the inferior olive in any of these species was unknown. In the present study, a paradigm which combines transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and serotonin immunohistochemistry (PAP) was used to identify the cell bodies of origin of this afferent system to the inferior olivary complex of the rat. Cells which contain both retrogradely transported HRP and brown cytoplasmic staining indicating that they are serotoninergic cells that project to the inferior olivary complex are found exclusively in an area dorsal to the rostrolateral dorsal accessory olive within the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis. Neurons within this nucleus were also found to be a source of serotoninergic afferents to the cerebellum and spinal cord of the rat. This raises the possibility that individual serotonin-immunoreactive neurons within this nucleus may project to all 3 areas. Future studies will be designed to address this possibility. No double-labeled cells were observed within any of the raphe nuclei.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)91530-1}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism; Olivary Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(86)91530-1}, pmid = {3828771}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bishop:1986a, author = {Bishop, G. A. and King, J. S.}, title = {Reticulo-olivary circuits: an intracellular HRP study in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {371}, number = {1}, pages = {133--145}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Intracellular recordings were obtained from medullary reticular neurons subsequent to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral or contralateral inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP) and/or the midbrain. After recording physiological data, the neurons were intracellularly injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Thirty-four HRP filled neurons were subjected to light microscopic analysis. They could be divided into two general groups: those which extend dendritic processes into the neuropil of the inferior olivary complex (n = 19); and those that have no anatomical relationship to the inferior olive (n = 15). These two populations of reticular neurons differ in their distribution, morphological characteristics and physiological responses. Neurons which extend dendritic processes into the inferior olive are located within 200 microns of the dorsal border of this nuclear complex, between the exiting fibers of the XIIth nerve and the raphe. The cell bodies are located in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and are fusiform or multipolar in shape. Their dendrites extend for long distances in the mediolateral direction; are thin and relatively spine-free except at their distal tips where spines and varicose appendages are evident. Physiologically, midbrain stimulation elicits a fast rising hyperpolarization which is identified as an inhibitory postsynaptic potential. However, only rarely is a response observed subsequent to stimulation of either the ipsilateral or contralateral ICP. Dendrites from 4 neurons from the first group of reticular cells were analyzed at the ultrastructural level. Based on random and serial thin sections, the following features were noted: they contain numerous mitochondria when compared to olivary dendrites; they contribute to the postsynaptic elements within olivary synaptic clusters (glomeruli); and they exhibit focal clusters of synaptic vesicles although conventional synaptic complexes have not been observed. Reticular neurons of the second group, those that do not extend dendritic processes into the inferior olive, are located either lateral to the XIIth nerve or at distances greater than 200 microns from the dorsal border of the inferior olivary complex. Their cell bodies and dendrites are comparable morphologically to the reticular neurons whose dendrites do arborize in the inferior olive. However, rarely are the distal tips of their dendrites characterized by spines or varicose appendages. Physiologically, this population of reticular neurons respond to midbrain stimulation with a low amplitude, short latency depolarizing potential which is interrupted by a hyperpolarizing potential.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)90818-8}, keywords = {Animals; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(86)90818-8}, pmid = {3708339}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bissiere:2008, author = {Stephanie Bissière and Nicolas Plachta and Daniel Hoyer and Kevin H McAllister and Hans-Rudolf Olpe and Anthony A Grace and John F Cryan}, title = {The rostral anterior cingulate cortex modulates the efficiency of amygdala-dependent fear learning.}, journal = {Biol Psychiatry}, year = {2008}, volume = {63}, number = {9}, pages = {821--831}, month = {May}, abstract = {The rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) and the amygdala consistently emerge from neuroimaging studies as brain regions crucially involved in normal and abnormal fear processing. To date, however, the role of the rACC specifically during the acquisition of auditory fear conditioning still remains unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate a possible top-down control of a specific rACC sub-region over amygdala activation during pavlovian fear acquisition.We performed excitotoxic lesions, temporal inactivation, and activation of a specific sub-region of the rACC that we identified by tracing studies as supporting most of the connectivity with the basolateral amygdala (r(Amy)-ACC). The effects of these manipulations over amygdala function were investigated with a classical tone-shock associative fear conditioning paradigm in the rat.Excitotoxic lesions and transient inactivation of the r(Amy)-ACC pre-training selectively produced deficits in the acquisition of the tone- shock associative learning (but not context). This effect was specific for the acquisition phase. However, the deficit was found to be transient and could be overcome by overtraining. Conversely, pre-training transient activation of the r(Amy)-ACC facilitated associative learning and increased fear expression.Our results suggest that a subregion of the rACC is key to gating the efficiency of amygdala-dependent auditory fear conditioning learning. Because r(Amy)-ACC inputs were confirmed to be glutamatergic, we propose that recruitment of this brain area might modulate overall basolateral amygdala excitatory tone during conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus concomitant processing. In the light of clinical research, our results provide new insight on the effect of inappropriate rACC recruitment during emotional events.}, doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.10.022}, institution = {Neuroscience Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.}, keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation; Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Association Learning, physiology; Brain Mapping; Conditioning, Classical, physiology; Cues; Electroshock; Fear, physiology; Glutamic Acid, physiology; Gyrus Cinguli, physiology; Nerve Net, physiopathology; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology; Rats; Recruitment, Neurophysiological, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-3223(07)01058-X}, pmid = {18155183}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.10.022}, } @Article{Bittencourt:1991, author = {Bittencourt, J. C. and Benoit, R. and Sawchenko, P. E.}, title = {Distribution and origins of substance P-immunoreactive projections to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei: partial overlap with ascending catecholaminergic projections.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {1991}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {63--78}, abstract = {Anatomical and pharmacological evidence suggests a role for substance P (SP) in the control of vasopressin secretion, but the origins of SP-immunoreactive (IR) projections to the paraventricular (PVH) and supraoptic (SO) nuclei of the hypothalamus have not yet been identified. Combined axonal transport, immunohistochemical, and ablation approaches were used to characterize the organization of SP-IR projections to the PVH. The results may be summarized as follows: (1) SP-IR projections are broadly and prominently distributed throughout the SO and both the magnocellular and parvicellular divisions of the PVH. The distribution within the PVH is quite uniform. (2) Combined retrograde transport-immunohistochemical analyses identified multiple potential sources of SP-IR inputs to the PVH. These included a number of hypothalamic cell groups, the laterodorsal and peduculopontine tegmental nuclei, and the rostral and caudal aspects of the ventrolateral medulla. Portions of the tegmental and medullary SP-IR neurons that were retrogradely labelled following tracer deposits in the PVH also stained positively for choline acetyltransferase or tyrosine hydroxylase, respectively. (3) To evaluate the distribution and prominence of medullary SP-IR projections to the PVH and SO, staining for SP and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes was carried out in animals that had previously received knife cuts at the level of the pontomedullary border. Pronounced, and roughly parallel decrements in staining for peptide and amines were seen in the magnocellular division of the PVH and in the SO; less marked reductions in SP-IR varicosities are in a position to influence multiple visceral regulatory cell types in the PVH and SO. Inputs to the magnocellular neurosecretory system arise in large measure from medullary neurons in which SP coexists with catecholamines. SP-IR projections to the parvicellular division of the PVH appear to originate from a number of sources.}, doi = {10.1016/0891-0618(91)90032-8}, institution = {Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Axonal Transport; Benzofurans; Catecholamines, physiology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substance P, analysis/physiology; Supraoptic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Tissue Distribution; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0891-0618(91)90032-8}, pmid = {1707281}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bittencourt:1993, author = {Bittencourt, J. C. and Elias, C. F.}, title = {Diencephalic origins of melanin-concentrating hormone immunoreactive projections to medial septum/diagonal band complex and spinal cord using two retrograde fluorescent tracers.}, journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci}, year = {1993}, volume = {680}, pages = {462--465}, month = {May}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb19708.x}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Animals; Axonal Transport; Diencephalon, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Hypothalamic Hormones; Melanins, analysis; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Pituitary Hormones, analysis; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7685576}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bittencourt:1998, author = {J. C. Bittencourt and C. F. Elias}, title = {Melanin-concentrating hormone and neuropeptide EI projections from the lateral hypothalamic area and zona incerta to the medial septal nucleus and spinal cord: a study using multiple neuronal tracers.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {805}, number = {1-2}, pages = {1--19}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The projection pathways of neurons containing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and neuropeptide EI (NEI), two peptides colocalized in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) of the rat, were mapped using the retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes, true blue (TB) and diamidino yellow (DY). TB and DY were injected into the medial septum/diagonal band complex (MS/DBC) and the thoracic level of the spinal cord (SpCd), respectively. Brains from rats receiving only one or both tracer injections were immunohistochemically stained for MCH in the spinal cord and NEI in the forebrain. In the MS/DBC, NEI-immunoreactive (-ir) fibers are concentrated in the MS and in the vertical and horizontal limbs of the DBC. In the SpCd, MCH-ir fibers are concentrated primarily in lamina X. Of the diencephalic NEI-ir neurons, 37.15\% project to the MS/DBC and reside in the rostromedial zona incerta (ZIm), in the LHAt and LHAp, and in the perifornical region. Of the diencephalic MCH-ir neurons, 20.2\% project to the SpCd and reside in the LHAt and LHAp. In addition, 2. 2\% of the MCH-ir cells and 8.7\% of the NEI-ir cells in the hypothalamus were labeled with both retrograde tracers and thus project to both the MS/DBC and SpCd. These dual projection neurons are located mainly in the LHAt and LHAp. Anterograde injections of the tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the LHAt and ZIm corroborated our findings in the retrograde studies. Potential autonomic and behavioral roles of the NEI and MCH systems in the MS/DBC and the SpCd are discussed.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00598-8}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil. jacibi@usp.br}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Benzofurans; Brain, physiology; Diencephalon, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, physiology; Hypothalamic Hormones, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Melanins, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Oligopeptides, metabolism; Pituitary Hormones, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Septal Nuclei, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Tissue Distribution}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(98)00598-8}, pmid = {9733903}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bittencourt:1999, author = {Bittencourt, J. C. and Vaughan, J. and Arias, C. and Rissman, R. A. and Vale, W. W. and Sawchenko, P. E.}, title = {Urocortin expression in rat brain: evidence against a pervasive relationship of urocortin-containing projections with targets bearing type 2 CRF receptors.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {415}, number = {3}, pages = {285--312}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Histochemical and axonal transport methods were used to clarify the central organization of cells and fibers that express urocortin (UCN), a recently discovered corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-related neuropeptide, which has been proposed as an endogenous ligand for type 2 CRF receptors (CRF-R2). Neurons that display both UCN mRNA and peptide expression were found to be centered in the Edinger-Westphal (EW), lateral superior olivary (LSO), and supraoptic nuclei; lower levels of expression are seen in certain cranial nerve and spinal motoneurons and in small populations of neurons in the forebrain. Additional sites of UCN mRNA and peptide expression detected only in colchicine-treated rats are considered to be minor ones. UCN-immunoreactive projections in brain are predominantly descending and largely consistent with central projections attributed to the EW and LSO, targeting principally accessory optic, precerebellar, and auditory structures, as well as the spinal intermediate gray. Although neither the EW nor LSO are known to project to the forebrain, UCN-ir neurons in the EW were identified that project to the lateral septal nucleus, which houses a prominent UCN-ir terminal field. Although substantial UCN-ir projections were observed to several brainstem cell groups that express CRF-R2, including the dorsal raphe and interpeduncular nuclei and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), most prominent seats of CRF-R2 expression were found to contain inputs immunopositive for piscine urotensin I, but not rat UCN. The results define a central UCN system whose organization suggests a principal involvement in motor control and sensorimotor integration; its participation in stress-related mechanisms would appear to derive principally by virtue of projections to the spinal intermediolateral column, the NTS, and the paraventricular nucleus. Several observations, including the lack of a pervasive relationship of UCN-ir projections with CRF-R2-expressing targets, support the existence of still additional CRF-related peptides in mammalian brain.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19991220)415:3<285::aid-cne1>3.0.co;2-0}, institution = {Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies and Foundation for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Binding, Competitive; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Colchicine, pharmacology; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, genetics/immunology/metabolism/physiology; Female; Gene Expression, drug effects; Immune Sera; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Neural Pathways, metabolism/physiology; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism/physiology; RNA, Messenger, analysis/genetics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, chemistry/metabolism; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism; Stress, Physiological, physiopathology; Urocortins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-0}, pmid = {10553117}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bizzini:1981, author = {Bizzini, B. and Grob, P. and Akert, K.}, title = {Papain-derived fragment IIc of tetanus toxin: its binding to isolated synaptic membranes and retrograde axonal transport.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1981}, volume = {210}, number = {1-2}, pages = {291--299}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The papain-derived fragment IIc of tetanus toxin, which is immunologically identical to the B-IIb fragment, has previously been shown to bind gangliosides. As could be expected from its analogy with the B-IIb fragment, the IIc fragment was also found to bind to isolated synaptic membranes and to be transported retrogradely from the axonal endings within muscle to the motoneuronal perikarya. It is concluded that the IIc fragment--like the B-IIb fragment--might also serve as a specific carrier for chemical and chemotherapeutical agents into the central nervous system.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(81)90902-1}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism; Animals; Axonal Transport; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Kinetics; Papain; Peptide Fragments, metabolism; Protein Binding; Rats; Synaptic Membranes, metabolism; Tetanus Toxin, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(81)90902-1}, pmid = {6164441}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bjelke:1996, author = {Bjelke, K. and Aldskogius, H. and Arvidsson, J.}, title = {Short- and long-term transganglionic changes in the central terminations of transected vibrissal afferents in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {112}, number = {2}, pages = {268--276}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Previous light and electron microscopic studies in rat and cat have shown that transection of peripheral sensory nerve branches leads to alterations in the central branches of primary sensory neurons, so-called transganglionic changes. In this study the changes in choleragenoid (B)-horseradish peroxidase B-HRP-labeled primary sensory terminals and axons in the trigeminal nuclear complex 3-90 days following transection of vibrissae nerves in the rat have been studied. Since regeneration of the transected vibrissa nerve was not prevented, these experiments allowed the examination of degenerative changes in the earlier stage after nerve injury as well as those present during nerve regeneration and target reinnervation. Two different experimental approaches were used, depending on the postlesion survival time. For short-term experiments the deep vibrissa nerve was injected with a solution of B-HRP. Forty-eight hours later the nerve was transected at its entry in the follicle, and after survival times ranging from 3 to 15 days sections from the subnucleus caudalis and spinal trigeminal nucleus, were prepared for electron microscopic examination. For long-term experiments involving a 16- to 90-day posttransection survival time, the deep vibrissa nerve was cut first. Then B-HRP was injected into the reinnervated follicle 2 days before killing the rats. Atypical HRP-labeled terminals were seen from 4 to 90 days survival time. The changes observed included atypical swollen vesicles or lack of vesicles in parts of the terminals apposed to the synaptic cleft. Other terminals displayed dense clusters of vesicles, flocculent cytoplasm, and/or neurofilamentous hyperplasia. No evidence of complete disintegration or phagocytosis by glial cells was observed. From 4 to 12 days survival time the changes were most commonly seen in the larger terminals, from 19-90 days in smaller terminals. From 10 days survival time and onward, changes in axons were observed. The most commonly seen alterations were axons with expanded myelin sheaths. Normal-labeled terminals were seen at all survival times examined. Compared with earlier studies of transganglionic changes in the vibrissa system occurring after infraorbital nerve or vibrissa row nerve injury, the changes seen in this study are less pronounced. These observations indicate (1) that the initial changes in the central processes of peripherally injured vibrissae nerves are less extensive than those occurring after infraorbital nerve transection, possibly because of the distally located lesion, and (2) that transganglionic changes occur also after the injured nerve has regenerated.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00227645}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Denervation; Female; Ganglia, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Electron; Myelin Sheath, ultrastructure; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Neuroglia, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Time Factors; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, physiology/ultrastructure; Vibrissae, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8951395}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bjoerklund:1979, author = {A. Björklund and G. Skagerberg}, title = {Evidence for a major spinal cord projection from the diencephalic A11 dopamine cell group in the rat using transmitter-specific fluorescent retrograde tracing.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1979}, volume = {177}, number = {1}, pages = {170--175}, month = {Nov}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(79)90927-2}, keywords = {Animals; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Dopamine, metabolism; Female; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(79)90927-2}, pmid = {497819}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bjoerklund:1979b, author = {Björklund, A. and Skagerberg, G.}, title = {Simultaneous use of retrograde fluorescent tracers and fluorescence histochemistry for convenient and precise mapping of monoaminergic projections and collateral arrangements in the CNS.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {1979}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, pages = {261--277}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {A procedure is described for the use of fluorescent retrograde tracers in conjunction with monamine fluorescence histochemistry for single or double labeling studies of the projections of identified catecholamine or indoleamine neurons in the CNS. A number of fluorescent tracers, including Evans Blue, bisbenzimide, DAPI, 'True Blue', 'Granular Blue' and propidium iodide, have been tested and characterized microspectrofluorometrically. Of these, 'True Blue', propidium iodide and Evans Blue were found to have the most suitable properties to be studied concomitant with the monoamine fluorphores. A combination of two of these tracers--'True Blue' fluorescing blue and propidium iodide or Evans Blue fluorescing orange to red--and the catecholamines and indoleamines fluorescing yellow-green and yellow to brownish yellow, respectively, makes possible simultaneous use of four different fluorescent markers in one and the same section. The present procedure has great practical advantages over available HRP techniques and should in modified form also be applicable to other types of transmitter-specific neuronal tracing based on immunocytochemistry or enzyme histochemistry.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-0270(79)90038-4}, keywords = {Animals; Biogenic Amines, metabolism; Brain Mapping, methods; Caudate Nucleus, metabolism; Central Nervous System, metabolism; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism; Dopamine, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Histocytochemistry, methods; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Putamen, metabolism; Rats; Serotonin, metabolism; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Spinal Cord, metabolism; Substantia Nigra, metabolism; Thalamic Nuclei, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0165-0270(79)90038-4}, pmid = {544971}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Blanks:1982, author = {R. H. Blanks and R. A. Giolli and S. V. Pham}, title = {Projections of the medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system upon pretectal nuclei in the pigmented rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1982}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {228--237}, abstract = {The projections of the medial terminal nucleus (MTN) of the accessory optic system (AOS) upon pretectal nuclei have been studied in pigmented rats by means of (i) the anterograde transport of 3H-leucine with the use of light autoradiography and (ii) the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Injections of 3H-leucine largely restricted to the MTN and minimally involving adjacent ventral midbrain structures, produced heavy terminal axonal labeling within the ipsilateral nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) and the dorsal terminal nucleus (DTN) of the AOS. Terminal labeling was observed in all superficial portions of the NOT, except for a small ventromedial segment in the rostral two thirds and a larger medial segment in the caudal one third of this nucleus. Thus the MTN-NOT projections we describe entirely overlap the retinal-NOT projection and partially overlap the visual cortical-NOT, as reported by others. Within the DTN, the dense terminal fields covered the entire nucleus. After postinjection survival times of 3-7 days, the pattern of axonal labeling showed that the MTN-NOT projection consisted of three bundles: (i) a superficial mesencephalic bundle coursing within the superior fasciculus, posterior fibers of the AOS which enters the caudal portions of the NOT and the DTN; (ii) a deep mesencephalic bundle that traversed the midbrain tegmentum dorsolaterally, also reaching the caudal one-half of the NOT and all of the DTN; and (iii) a mesodiencephalic bundle that passed first laterally through midbrain tegmentum and then dorsally through lateral thalamus to enter the rostral one-half of the NOT. Pretectal injections of HRP that invade the NOT and DTN produced retrograde labeling of most (ca. 75\%) of the neurons of the ipsilateral MTN, without labeling the adjacent substantia nigra or ventral tegmental area. This finding confirms our autoradiographic data by showing that the MTN provides the major, ventral tegmental projection to the NOT and DTN. The present finding of a MTN- NOT projection, combined with available anatomical and physiological data, suggests that the MTN may play a more significant role in visual-vestibular aspects of oculomotor control than formerly thought.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00237218}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Muridae; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Oculomotor Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Optic Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Retina, anatomy /&/ histology; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7173360}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Blanks:1983, author = {R. H. Blanks and W. Precht and Y. Torigoe}, title = {Afferent projections to the cerebellar flocculus in the pigmented rat demonstrated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, pages = {293-306}, abstract = {The horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport method was used to identify brainstem afferents to the cerebellar flocculus in the pigmented rat. Injections of the enzyme were made through recording microelectrodes, making it possible to localize the injection site by physiological criteria. Clearly, the largest number of afferents arise from the bilateral vestibular and perihypoglossal nuclei and from the contralateral dorsal cap (of Kooy) of the inferior olive. Additionally, a substantial number arise bilaterally from: (1) the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP); (2) several of the cranial motor nuclei including the abducens, retrofacial and facial nuclei and the nucleus ambiguus; (3) the rostral part of the lateral reticular nucleus (subtrigeminal nucleus); (4) the raphe pontis and raphe magnus and (5) neurons intercalated among the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) just rostral to the hypoglossal nucleus and another group rostral to the abducens nucleus. The basilar pontine nuclei contained a large number of lightly labeled neurons in all flocculus injections which were discretely located within the dorsolateral, lateral and medial divisions. These areas were labeled bilaterally but with a slight contralateral preponderance. Injection into the flocculus, but involving the adjacent ventral paraflocculus, produced a heavier labeling of pontine neurons with a slightly different distribution. Therefore, we tentatively conclude that the flocculus receives input from these pontine visual centers (dorsolateral, lateral and medial nuclei), perhaps through collateral projections from neurons projecting to the paraflocculus. The present study demonstrates strong similarities between the rat and other species studied (e.g., rabbit, cat, monkey) in terms of the brainstem nuclei projecting to the flocculus. Most noticeable in quantitative terms are the pathways known to mediate vestibular (vestibular and perihypoglossal nuclei) and visual (optokinetic) information (e.g., NRTP). Additionally, we can provide morphological evidence that the midline and paramedian pontine tegmentum, identified in the cat and monkey as containing saccade-related neurons, send large numbers of projections to the rat flocculus. Given these similarities, the rat may be a suitable animal model in which to study the pathways underlying visual-vestibular interaction and saccadic mechanisms in the flocculus.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00236639}, keywords = {Abducens Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6641889}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Blasiak:2013, author = {Blasiak, Anna and Blasiak, Tomasz and Lewandowski, Marian H. and Hossain, Mohammed Akhter and Wade, John D. and Gundlach, Andrew L.}, title = {Relaxin-3 innervation of the intergeniculate leaflet of the rat thalamus - neuronal tract-tracing and in vitro electrophysiological studies.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2013}, volume = {37}, number = {8}, pages = {1284--1294}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Behavioural state is controlled by a range of neural systems that are sensitive to internal and external stimuli. The relaxin-3 and relaxin family peptide receptor 3 (RXFP3) system has emerged as a putative ascending arousal network with putative involvement in regulation of stress responses, neuroendocrine control, feeding and metabolism, circadian activity and cognition. Relaxin-3/γ-aminobutyric acid neuron populations have been identified in the nucleus incertus, pontine raphe nucleus, periaqueductal grey (PAG) and an area dorsal to the substantia nigra. Relaxin-3-positive fibres/terminals densely innervate arousal-related structures in the brainstem, hypothalamus and limbic forebrain, but the functional significance of the heterogeneous relaxin-3 neuron distribution and its inputs to specific brain areas are unclear. Therefore, in this study, we used neuronal tract-tracing and immunofluorescence staining to explore the source of the dense relaxin-3 innervation of the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) of the thalamus, a component of the neural circadian timing system. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed that relaxin-3-positive neurons retrogradely labelled from the IGL were predominantly present in the PAG and these neurons expressed corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-like immunoreactivity. Subsequently, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings revealed heterogeneous effects of RXFP3 activation in the IGL by the RXFP3 agonist, relaxin-3 B-chain/insulin-like peptide-5 A-chain (R3/I5). Identified, neuropeptide Y-positive IGL neurons, known to influence suprachiasmatic nucleus activity, were excited by R3/I5, whereas neurons of unidentified neurotransmitter content were either depolarized or displayed a decrease in action potential firing and/or membrane potential hyperpolarization. Our data identify a PAG to IGL relaxin-3/RXFP3 pathway that might convey stress-related information to key elements of the circadian system and influence behavioural state rhythmicity.}, doi = {10.1111/ejn.12155}, institution = {Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {23432696}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12155}, } @Article{Blasiak:2015, author = {Blasiak, Anna and Siwiec, Marcin and Grabowiecka, Agnieszka and Blasiak, Tomasz and Czerw, Anna and Blasiak, Ewa and Kania, Alan and Rajfur, Zenon and Lewandowski, Marian H. and Gundlach, Andrew L.}, title = {Excitatory orexinergic innervation of rat nucleus incertus - Implications for ascending arousal, motivation and feeding control.}, journal = {Neuropharmacology}, year = {2015}, volume = {99}, pages = {432--447}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Orexin/hypocretin peptides play a central role in the integrated control of feeding/reward and behavioural activation, principally via interactions with other neural systems. A brainstem area involved in behavioural activation is the nucleus incertus (NI), located in the posterior ventromedial central grey. Several studies have implicated NI in control of arousal/stress and reward/feeding responses. Orexin receptor mRNA expression identifies NI as a putative target of orexin modulation. Therefore, in this study we performed neural tract-tracing and immunofluorescence staining to characterise the orexinergic innervation of NI. Our results indicate a convergent innervation of the NI area by different orexin neuron populations, with an abundance of orexin-A-containing axons making putative synaptic contacts with relaxin-3-positive NI neurons. The influence of orexin-A on NI neuron activity was investigated using patch-clamp recordings. Orexin-A depolarised the majority (64\%) of recorded neurons and this effect was maintained in the presence of tetrodotoxin and glutamate and GABA receptor antagonists, indicating a likely postsynaptic action. Voltage-clamp experiments revealed that in 'type I' NI neurons comprising relaxin-3-positive cells, orexin-A acted via L-type calcium channels, whereas in 'type II' relaxin-3-negative neurons, activation of a sodium/calcium exchanger was involved. A majority of the orexin-A sensitive neurons tested for the presence of orexin receptor mRNA, were OX2 mRNA-positive. Immunohistochemical staining for putative orexin receptors on NI neurons, confirmed stronger expression of OX2 than OX1 receptors. Our data demonstrate a strong influence of orexin-A on NI neurons, consistent with an important role for this hypothalamic/tegmental circuit in the regulation of arousal/vigilance and motivated behaviours.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.014}, institution = {, Victoria 3010, Australia. Electronic address: andrewlg@unimelb.edu.au.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0028-3908(15)30060-5}, pmid = {26265304}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.014}, } @Article{Blessing:1991, author = {Blessing, WW and Li, Y-W and Wesselingh, SL}, title = {Transneuronal transport of herpes simplex virus from the cervical vagus to brain neurons with axonal inputs to central vagal sensory nuclei in the rat}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1991}, volume = {42}, pages = {261-274}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(91)90163-i}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Blessing:1985, author = {W. W. Blessing and J. O. Willoughby and T. H. Joh}, title = {Evidence that catecholamine-synthesizing perikarya in rat medulla oblongata do not contribute axons to the vagus nerve.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {348}, number = {2}, pages = {397--400}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {We attempted to confirm reports that medullary catecholamine-synthesizing neurons in the rat contribute axons to the vagus nerve. Vagal preganglionic neurons in the medulla were identified by the retrograde intra-axonal transport of Fast Blue from the cervical vagus. Catecholamine-synthesizing neurons were identified using a specific antibody against tyrosine hydroxylase. A rhodamine-labelled second antibody was used to ensure that Fast Blue and tyrosine hydroxylase could be viewed entirely independently. We did not find any medullary neurons which contained both tyrosine hydroxylase and Fast Blue. Although further investigations by other laboratories are necessary, we believe that previous studies, using punctate versus diffuse horseradish peroxidase staining to doubly label neurons may have produced false positive results.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)90465-2}, keywords = {Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Axons, metabolism; Catecholamines, biosynthesis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, enzymology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism; Vagus Nerve, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(85)90465-2}, pmid = {2866812}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bleys:2001, author = {Bleys, R. L. and Thrasivoulou, C. and Cowen, T.}, title = {Cavernous sinus ganglia are sources for parasympathetic innervation of cerebral arteries in rat.}, journal = {J Cereb Blood Flow Metab}, year = {2001}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {149--156}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry was used in rats to investigate whether the ganglia in the cavernous sinus contribute to cerebrovascular innervation. The cavernous sinus ganglia in rat include the cavernous part of the pterygopalatine ganglion (PGC) and small cavernous ganglia (CG). The tracers, fluorogold and fast blue, were applied to the middle cerebral artery in eight rats. After 1 to 4 days, the cavernous sinuses were dissected out and studied as whole mount preparations and sections. A moderate number of labeled neurons were visible in the ipsilateral PGC and CG. Furthermore, fibers in the cavernous nerve plexus and abducens nerve were labeled, suggesting that the pathway from the cavernous sinus ganglia to the cerebral arteries runs through the cavernous plexus and then retrogradely along the abducens nerve to the internal carotid artery. Selected sections were immunohistochemically stained for the cholinergic marker, vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) . Most cells in the PGC and CG were VAChT-immunoreactive, some of which also contained tracer. It is concluded that in rat, the cavernous sinus ganglia, consisting of the PGC and small CG, contribute to parasympathetic cerebrovascular innervation and that the cavernous nerve plexus and abducens nerve are involved in the pathway from these ganglia to the cerebral arteries.}, doi = {10.1097/00004647-200102000-00006}, institution = {Department of Functional Anatomy, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, analysis; Animals; Axonal Transport; Carrier Proteins, analysis; Cavernous Sinus, innervation; Cerebral Arteries, innervation; Ganglia, physiology; Histocytochemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Membrane Transport Proteins; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Parasympathetic Nervous System; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins; Vesicular Transport Proteins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11176280}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200102000-00006}, } @Article{Bloechlinger:2001, author = {Blöchlinger, S. and Weinmann, O. and Schwab, M. E. and Thallmair, M.}, title = {Neuronal plasticity and formation of new synaptic contacts follow pyramidal lesions and neutralization of Nogo-A: a light and electron microscopic study in the pontine nuclei of adult rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2001}, volume = {433}, number = {3}, pages = {426--436}, month = {May}, abstract = {Regeneration and compensatory sprouting are limited after lesions in the mature mammalian central nervous system in contrast to the developing central nervous system (CNS). After neutralization of the growth inhibitor Nogo-A, however, massive sprouting and rearrangements of fiber connections occurred after unilateral pyramidal tract lesions in adult rats: Corticofugal fibers from the lesioned side crossed the midline of the brainstem and innervated the contralateral basilar pontine nuclei. To determine whether these newly sprouted fibers formed synaptic contacts, we analyzed the corticofugal fibers in the basilar pontine nuclei contralateral to the lesion by light and electron microscopy 2 weeks after pyramidotomy and treatment with the Nogo-A-inhibiting monoclonal antibody IN-1 (mAb IN-1). The mAb IN-1, but not a control antibody, led to structural changes in the basilar pons ipsilateral and contralateral to the lesion site. Fibers sprouted across the pontine midline and terminated topographically. They established asymmetric synaptic contacts with the characteristics of normal corticopontine terminals. These results show that adult CNS fibers are able to sprout and to form new synaptic contacts after a lesion when a growth-permissive microenvironment is provided.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.1150}, institution = {Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology-Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, pathology/physiopathology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Myelin Proteins, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Neuronal Plasticity; Pons, pathology/physiopathology; Pyramidal Tracts, pathology/physiopathology; Rats, Inbred Lew; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11298366}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Block:1989, author = {Block, C. H. and Hoffman, G. and Kapp, B. S.}, title = {Peptide-containing pathways from the parabrachial complex to the central nucleus of the amygdala.}, journal = {Peptides}, year = {1989}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {465--471}, abstract = {The present investigation was undertaken to examine the organization of peptidergic projections that exist between the parabrachial nuclear complex (PB) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA). The retrograde tracer True Blue was injected into the CNA of adult rats. The brain tissue was then reacted immunocytochemically to localize neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP), methionine enkephalin (ENK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SS), and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK). Following microinjection of True Blue in the CNA, retrogradely-labeled neurons were located primarily in the external lateral subnucleus, abutting the brachium conjunctivum. In animals that received colchicine pretreatment, two populations of neurons, containing either SP or NT, were found to project to the CNA. In addition, cells containing CCK, ENK, VIP, or SS were not found to be a part of this projection system. These data suggest that neurons in the PB project to the CNA and are, in part peptide-containing.}, doi = {10.1016/0196-9781(89)90060-0}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester, NY.}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Neurons, physiology; Neuropeptides, analysis; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0196-9781(89)90060-0}, pmid = {2474157}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Blok:2000, author = {B. F. Blok and G. Holstege}, title = {The pontine micturition center in rat receives direct lumbosacral input. An ultrastructural study.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {2000}, volume = {282}, number = {1-2}, pages = {29--32}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The act of micturition differs strongly among species. For example, adult cats and humans urinate primarily in a safe environment ('guarded urination'), while rats urinate more reflexively ('reflex urination'). This study in adult rats investigates the existence of direct lumbosacral cord projections to spinally projecting neurons in the pontine micturition center (PMC). Bilateral injections of wheat germ agglutinin horseradish peroxidase in the caudal lumbar and rostral sacral cord resulted in labeled profiles, including retrogradely labeled neurons in the PMC. At the ultrastructural level, anterogradely labeled terminals in the PMC were found, which were filled with many round and some pleiomorphic and flat vesicles. About eleven percent of the terminals contacted retrogradely labeled dendrites. Of the labeled terminals 80\% contained asymmetric synaptic clefts, and 20\% symmetric synaptic clefts. The results provide evidence that in the rat, unlike the cat, a direct lumbosacral pathway to the PMC exists, which might explain the differences in micturition behavior between rats and cats.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/s0304-3940(00)00833-8}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, Oostersingel 69, 9713 EZ, Groningen, Netherlands. b.f.blok@amc.uva.nl}, keywords = {Animals; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Pons, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Synapses, ultrastructure; Urination, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(00)00833-8}, pmid = {10713388}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Blondeau:2002, author = {C. Blondeau and N. Clerc and A. Baude}, title = {Neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptors are expressed in vagal efferent neurons that innervate different parts of the gastro-intestinal tract.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2002}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, pages = {339--349}, abstract = {Vagal efferent neurons innervating the digestive tract are mainly contained in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Previous studies have suggested that neurokinins and their neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptors are involved in the parasympathetic control of digestive functions. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the distribution of neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptors amongst vagal efferent neurons innervating the stomach, the duodenum, the ileum and the cecum. The immunocytochemical detection of neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptors was combined with the immunocytochemical detection of retrogradely transported cholera toxin-B subunit, previously injected in the gut wall. Neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptors were present in 19+/-7\% and 8+/-3\% of retrogradely labeled neurons innervating the stomach. Almost half of the labeled neurons innervating the duodenum (46+/-7\%) expressed neurokinin-1 receptors but less than 0.5\% contained neurokinin-3 receptors. None of the retrogradely labeled vagal efferent neurons innervating the ileum and the cecum were immunoreactive for neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptors. We conclude that neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptors are located on vagal efferent neurons which innervate the stomach and that neurokinin-1 receptors are common, whereas neurokinin-3 receptors are rare on neurons projecting to the duodenum. Additionally, the distal part of the rat small intestine is innervated by vagal efferent neurons that do not express neurokinins receptors on their membrane. This suggests that neurokinins may influence the parasympathetic control of different regions of the gastro-intestinal tract in specific ways.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00452-3}, institution = {ITIS Laboratory, CNRS, Bâtiment N', 31 chemin J. Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Cecum, innervation/metabolism; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Digestive System, innervation/metabolism; Duodenum, innervation/metabolism; Efferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Female; Ileum, innervation/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, metabolism; Receptors, Neurokinin-3, metabolism; Stomach, innervation/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Tachykinins, metabolism; Vagus Nerve, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452201004523}, pmid = {11958875}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Blottner:1992, author = {D. Blottner and H. G. Baumgarten}, title = {Nitric oxide synthetase (NOS)-containing sympathoadrenal cholinergic neurons of the rat IML-cell column: evidence from histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and retrograde labeling.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {316}, number = {1}, pages = {45--55}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) can be selectively stained in neurons by either NADPH-diaphorase (i.e., NOS)-histochemistry or immunohistochemistry with antibodies raised against NOS, which apparently label identical reactive sites (Hope, B.T., G.J. Michael, K.M. Knigge, and S.R. Vincent, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:2811-2814, '91). We provide histochemical evidence for the existence of a neuron-specific NOS-activity in autonomic neurons of the thoracic spinal cord. Among the four main preganglionic cell clusters investigated at mid-thoracic levels, Th7-10, the intermediolateral (IML)-cell column was the most prominently stained cell group. The histochemical staining was absent in other spinal cord neurons and non-neuronal cells, e.g., GFAP-positive glial cells. Staining was completely blocked by N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), a potent NOS-inhibitor for brain and peripheral autonomic neurons, but was still observed in the presence of another NOS-inhibitor, N omega-monomethyl- L-arginine (MeArg). The NOS-activity co-localized with nearly half of the ChAT-immunostained neurons located in the mid-thoracic IML-cell column as quantified by cell counts in single and double-stained tissue sections. We conclude that NOS-activity-containing neurons represent a distinct group among cholinergic IML-neurons, which suggests a more general function of this newly defined subpopulation of the spinal cord autonomic system. In vivo Fast blue retrograde labeling combined with histochemical staining and immunostaining revealed that sympathoadrenal projection neurons belong to the distinct NOS and ChAT-positive IML-cell group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903160105}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Free University of Berlin, Germany.}, keywords = {Amidines; Amino Acid Oxidoreductases, metabolism; Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Female; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, enzymology; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/enzymology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology/enzymology; Staining and Labeling; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/enzymology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1374081}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903160105}, } @Article{Blottner:1992a, author = {Blottner, D. and Baumgarten, H. G.}, title = {Insulin-like growth factor-I counteracts bFGF-induced survival of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-positive spinal cord neurons after target-lesion in vivo.}, journal = {J Neurosci Res}, year = {1992}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {471--480}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {We have used nitric oxide synthase (NOS) histochemistry as a perikaryal viability marker to trace the retrograde reaction of spinal cord intermediolateral (IML) sympathoadrenal projection (SAP)-neurons to target-removal, i.e., selective adrenomedullectomy and local administration of either insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or a combination of both. Counting of NOS-positive preganglionic spinal cord neurons 4 weeks post surgery indicated that more than 80\% of stained neurons were lost from the IML-cell column. This percentage loss corresponds to the numerical loss of NOS-stained SAP-neurons labeled retrogradely with Fast-blue prior to adrenomedullectomy. Basic FGF-supplementation at the site of lesion resulted in maintenance of the majority of NOS-positive IML-neurons, a finding confirmed by the survival rate of Fast-blue prelabeled SAP-neurons. Thus, besides maintenance of the structural integrity of SAP-neurons, bFGF prevents loss of intracellular NOS-activity which may reflect unaltered cell metabolism (and function) of these neurons following target-removal in vivo. By contrast, IGF-I failed to alter the rate of disappearance of NOS-staining and labeling index of neurons within the IML-cell column postlesion, suggesting that IGF-I is not neurotrophic for SAP-neurons by itself. Combined treatment with both factors resulted in a more widespread loss of NOS-stained and Fast-blue-prelabeled SAP-neurons than registered after bFGF-only treatment. No co-trophic effect of bFGF and IGF-I was evident; rather, the pronounced bFGF-induced rescuing effect was significantly suppressed by exogenous IGF-I in vivo, supporting the idea that this or another molecule induced by the treatment enhances rather than prevents retrograde degeneration and neuronal death within the adult lesioned IML-adrenal pathway.}, doi = {10.1002/jnr.490320403}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Free University of Berlin, Germany.}, keywords = {Adrenal Medulla, physiology; Adrenalectomy; Amino Acid Oxidoreductases, metabolism; Animals; Cell Survival, drug effects; Female; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/pharmacology; Histocytochemistry; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, pharmacology; NADPH Dehydrogenase, analysis; Neurons, drug effects/enzymology; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Recombinant Proteins, pharmacology; Spinal Cord, cytology/drug effects; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/drug effects}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1382135}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490320403}, } @Article{Bo:1986, author = {A. Del Bo and A. Rosina}, title = {Potential disynaptic pathways connecting the fastigial pressor area and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1986}, volume = {71}, number = {1}, pages = {37-42}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Efferents from the cardiovascular portion of the fastigial nucleus (rFN), whose electrical stimulation has been found to elicit secretion of vasopressin in the rat, have been traced by use of the anterograde fluorescent tracer Fast blue (FB). In the same animal the retrograde marker Diamidino yellow (DY) was injected in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) to trace afferents to the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus. Frontal sections of the brainstem have been analyzed and the FB-labeled axons and terminals and the DY-labeled cells mapped. Both efferents from the rFN and cells projecting to the PVH were found in close contact in the region of the locus coeruleus and parabrachial nucleus (lateral division) and in the caudal ventrolateral medulla, dorsal to the lateral reticular nucleus. Those two regions may function as putative relay stations of disynaptic pathways linking the rFN to the PVH.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(86)90253-3}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(86)90253-3}, pmid = {3785734}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bobillier:1979, author = {P. Bobillier and S. Seguin and A. Degueurce and B. D. Lewis and J. F. Pujol}, title = {The efferent connections of the nucleus raphe centralis superior in the rat as revealed by radioautography.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1979}, volume = {166}, number = {1}, pages = {1--8}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {By chronically implanting a glass micropipette filled with tritiated leucine in the raphe centralis superior of the rat, the projection of this nucleus was traced by radioautography. The majority of the ascending projections were located within the ventral tegmental area and, further rostrally, the median forebrain bundle. Along the course of this bundle numerous fibers branched successively into the mammillary peduncle, the fasciculus retroflexus, the stria medullaris, the fornix and the cingulum. The most significant projections included the ones to the interpeduncular nucleus, the mammillary bodies, the habenular nuclei and the hippocampus. No projections were detected in the striatum, the cortex piriformis or the amygdala. Descending projections diffused to the pontine reticular formation and central gray through the medial and the dorsal longitudinal bundles. In addition widespread projections were also seen in nuclei located near the raphe centralis superior: raphe nuclei, dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(79)90644-9}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(79)90644-9}, pmid = {421148}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bochorishvili:2014, author = {Bochorishvili, Genrieta and Nguyen, Thanh and Coates, Melissa B. and Viar, Kenneth E. and Stornetta, Ruth L. and Guyenet, Patrice G.}, title = {The orexinergic neurons receive synaptic input from C1 cells in rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2014}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The C1 cells, located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), are activated by pain, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, infection and hypotension and elicit cardiorespiratory stimulation, adrenaline and ACTH release, and arousal. The orexin neurons contribute to the autonomic responses to acute psychological stress. Here, using an anatomical approach, we consider whether the orexin neurons could also be contributing to the autonomic effects elicited by C1 neuron activation. Phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase-immunoreactive (PNMT-ir) axons were detected amongst orexin-ir somata and close appositions between PNMT-ir axonal varicosities and orexin-ir profiles were observed. The existence of synapses between PNMT-ir boutons labeled with diaminobenzidine and orexinergic neurons labeled with immunogold was confirmed by electron microscopy. We labeled RVLM neurons with a lentiviral vector that expresses the fusion protein ChR2-mCherry under the control of the catecholaminergic neuron- selective promoter PRSx8 and obtained light and ultrastructural evidence that these neurons innervate the orexin cells. Using a Cre-dependent adeno-associated vector and TH-Cre rats we confirmed that the projection from RVLM catecholaminergic neurons to the orexinergic neurons originates predominantly from PNMT-ir catecholaminergic (i.e. C1 cells). The C1 neurons were found to establish predominantly asymmetric synapses with orexin-ir cell bodies or dendrites. These synapses were packed with small clear vesicles and also contained dense core vesicles. In summary, the orexin neurons are among the hypothalamic neurons contacted and presumably excited by the C1 cells. The C1-orexin neuronal connection is probably one of several suprabulbar pathways through which the C1 neurons activate breathing and the circulation, raise blood glucose and facilitate arousal from sleep. J. Comp. Neurol., 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.23643}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {24984694}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23643}, } @Article{Bochorishvili:2012, author = {Bochorishvili, Genrieta and Stornetta, Ruth L. and Coates, Melissa B. and Guyenet, Patrice G.}, title = {Pre-Bötzinger complex receives glutamatergic innervation from galaninergic and other retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2012}, volume = {520}, number = {5}, pages = {1047--1061}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains CO(2) -responsive neurons that regulate breathing frequency and amplitude. These neurons (RTN-Phox2b neurons) contain the transcription factor Phox2b, vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) mRNA, and a subset contains preprogalanin mRNA. We wished to determine whether the terminals of RTN-Phox2b neurons contain galanin and VGLUT2 proteins, to identify the specific projections of the galaninergic subset, to test whether RTN-Phox2b neurons contact neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex, and to identify the ultrastructure of these synapses. The axonal projections of RTN-Phox2b neurons were traced by using biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), and many BDA-ir boutons were found to contain galanin immunoreactivity. RTN galaninergic neurons had ipsilateral projections that were identical with those of this nucleus at large: the ventral respiratory column, the caudolateral nucleus of the solitary tract, and the pontine Kölliker-Fuse, intertrigeminal region, and lateral parabrachial nucleus. For ultrastructural studies, RTN-Phox2b neurons (galaninergic and others) were transfected with a lentiviral vector that expresses mCherry almost exclusively in Phox2b-ir neurons. After spinal cord injections of a catecholamine neuron-selective toxin, there was a depletion of C1 neurons in the RTN area; thus it was determined that the mCherry-positive terminals located in the pre-Bötzinger complex originated almost exclusively from the RTN-Phox2b (non-C1) neurons. These terminals were generally VGLUT2-immunoreactive and formed numerous close appositions with neurokinin-1 receptor-ir pre-Bötzinger complex neurons. Their boutons (n = 48) formed asymmetric synapses filled with small clear vesicles. In summary, RTN-Phox2b neurons, including the galaninergic subset, selectively innervate the respiratory pattern generator plus a portion of the dorsolateral pons. RTN-Phox2b neurons establish classic excitatory glutamatergic synapses with pre-Bötzinger complex neurons presumed to generate the respiratory rhythm.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.22769}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Galanin, physiology; Glutamic Acid, physiology; Molecular Sequence Data; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiratory Center, physiology; Rhombencephalon, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {21935944}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22769}, } @Article{Bockstaele:1999, author = {van Bockstaele, EJ and Peoples, J and Valentino, RJ}, title = {Anatomic basis for differential regulation of the rostrolateral peri-locus coeruleus region by limbic afferents}, journal = {Biol Psychiatry}, year = {1999}, volume = {46}, pages = {1352-1363}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00213-9}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bockstaele:1996a, author = {E. J. van Bockstaele and E. E. Colago and V. M. Pickel}, title = {Enkephalin terminals form inhibitory-type synapses on neurons in the rat nucleus locus coeruleus that project to the medial prefrontal cortex.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1996}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, pages = {429--442}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Norepinephrine-containing fibres in the medial prefrontal cortex derive from the locus coeruleus, a brainstem nucleus which also receives a dense innervation of enkephalin-immunoreactive axon terminals. We combined immunogold-silver labelling of retrogradely transported FluoroGold from the medial prefrontal cortex with immunoperoxidase detection of leucine5-enkephalin in the same section of tissue through the locus coeruleus of adult rats. This dual-labelling experiment was conducted to determine whether axon terminals containing lecuine5-enkephalin target neurons in the locus coeruleus that project to the frontal cortex and, if so, what are their morphological characteristics. By light microscopy, enkephalin-labelled processes overlapped FluoroGold retrogradely labelled neurons in the locus coeruleus. By electron microscopy, retrogradely labelled perikarya and dendrites were commonly enveloped by astrocytic processes and received few afferents in the plane of section examined. However, at sites unoccupied by glial processes, abundant afferent input could be identified. In addition, some FluoroGold-labelled perikarya and dendrites lacked this glial ensheathment but were more frequently apposed by axon terminals. Of 163 FluoroGold-labelled perikarya and dendrites examined where enkephalin immunoreactivity was present in the neuropil, 42\% were contacted by enkephalin-immunoreactive axon terminals. The peroxidase-labelled enkephalin terminals as well as the unlabelled terminals often contained both small, clear and large dense core vesicles. Both labelled and unlabelled terminals also formed primary symmetric synapses characteristic of inhibitory transmitters with retrogradely labelled perikarya and proximal dendrites. At times, more than one enkephalin-labelled terminal was found to converge on a common retrogradely labelled perikarya or dendrite. These results demonstrate cellular sites where enkephalin-containing afferents may directly modulate and most likely inhibit the activity of cortically projecting neurons in the locus coeruleus.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(95)00432-7}, institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Enkephalins, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306452295004327}, pmid = {9053798}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bockstaele:1992, author = {E. J. Van Bockstaele and G. Aston-Jones}, title = {Collateralized projections from neurons in the rostral medulla to the nucleus locus coeruleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the periaqueductal gray.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1992}, volume = {49}, number = {3}, pages = {653--668}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {We have examined collateral projections of locus coeruleus afferent neurons in the rostral medulla to the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract or to the periaqueductal gray using double retrograde labeling techniques in the rat. The present findings confirm previously reported connections to the locus coeruleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the lateral periaqueductal gray from the nucleus paragigantocellularis in the rostral ventral medulla. Our results also reveal previously unreported projections from the rostral dorsomedial medulla (in a similar region as locus coeruleus-projecting neurons) to the lateral periaqueductal gray. Following retrograde tracer injections into the nucleus of the solitary tract and the locus coeruleus, doubly labeled neurons were seen in both the nucleus paragigantocellularis and in the rostral dorsomedial medulla. Cell counts revealed that approximately 25\% of locus coeruleus-projecting neurons in the nucleus paragigantocellularis, and 12\% in the dorsomedial medulla, also innervate the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract. In contrast, no doubly labeled neurons within the rostral ventral medulla were found following injections into the lateral periaqueductal gray and the locus coeruleus, although singly labeled neurons for the two tracers were interdigitated in some regions. Following these injections, numerous neurons were also retrogradely labeled in the dorsomedial medulla in the region of the medial prepositus hypoglossi and the perifascicular reticular formation. A small percentage of locus coeruleus afferents in the dorsal medulla (approximately 10\%) also projected to the lateral periaqueductal gray. These results indicate that neurons in both the ventrolateral and dorsomedial rostral medulla frequently send collaterals to both the locus coeruleus and the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract. A small number of neurons in the dorsomedial medulla project to both the locus coeruleus and the lateral periaqueductal gray, but separate populations of neurons project to the locus coeruleus and the lateral periaqueductal gray from the ventrolateral medulla. These results functionally link the locus coeruleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract by virtue of common afferents, and support other studies indicating the importance of central autonomic circuitry in the afferent control of locus coeruleus neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(92)90234-s}, institution = {hnemann University, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Fluorescent Dyes; Iontophoresis; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, cytology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(92)90234-S}, pmid = {1380136}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bockstaele:1991, author = {E. J. Van Bockstaele and G. Aston-Jones and V. A. Pieribone and M. Ennis and M. T. Shipley}, title = {Subregions of the periaqueductal gray topographically innervate the rostral ventral medulla in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {309}, number = {3}, pages = {305--327}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Previous anatomical and physiological studies have revealed a substantial projection from the periaqueductal gray (PAG) to the nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi). In addition, physiological studies have indicated that the PAG is composed of functionally distinct subregions. However, projections from PAG subregions to PGi have not been comprehensively examined. In the present study, we sought to examine possible topographic specificity for projections from subregions of the PAG to PGi. Pressure or iontophoretic injections of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase, or of Fluoro-Gold, placed into the PGi of the rat retrogradely labeled a substantial number of neurons in the PAG from the level of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus to the caudal midbrain. Retrogradely labeled neurons were preferentially aggregated in distinct subregions of the PAG. Rostrally, at the level of the oculomotor nucleus, labeled neurons were i) compactly aggregated in the ventromedial portion of the PAG corresponding closely to the supraoculomotor nucleus of the central gray, ii) in the lateral and ventrolateral PAG, and iii) in medial dorsal PAG. More caudally, retrogradely labeled neurons became less numerous in the dorsomedial PAG but were more widely scattered throughout the lateral and ventrolateral parts of the PAG. Only few retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the ventromedial part of the PAG at caudal levels. Injections of retrograde tracers restricted to subregions of the PGi suggested topography for afferents from the PAG. Injections into the lateral portion of the PGi yielded the greatest number of labeled neurons within the rostral ventromedial PAG. Medially placed injections yielded numerous retrogradely labeled neurons in the lateral and ventrolateral PAG. Injections placed in the rostral pole of the PGi (medial to the facial nucleus) produced the greatest number of retrogradely labeled neurons in the dorsal PAG. To examine the pathways taken by fibers projecting from PAG neurons to the medulla, and to further specify the topography for the terminations of these afferents in the PGi, the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin was iontophoretically deposited into subregions of the PAG that contained retrogradely labeled neurons in the above experiments. These results revealed distinct fiber pathways to the rostral medulla that arise from the dorsal, lateral/ventrolateral, and ventromedial parts of the PAG. These injections also showed that there are differential but overlapping innervation patterns within the PGi. Consistent with the retrograde tracing results, injections into the rostral ventromedial PAG near the supraoculomotor nucleus yielded anterograde labeling immediately ventral to the nucleus ambiguus in the ventrolateral medulla, within the retrofacial portion of the PGi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903090303}, institution = {Department of Mental Health Sciences, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102-1192.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Fluorescent Dyes; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1717516}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903090303}, } @Article{Bockstaele:1993, author = {E. J. Van Bockstaele and A. Biswas and V. M. Pickel}, title = {Topography of serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus that send axon collaterals to the rat prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1993}, volume = {624}, number = {1-2}, pages = {188--198}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Diverse physiological actions have been reported for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the nucleus accumbens (Acb) suggesting that the 5-HT innervation of these forebrain areas may be derived from different populations of neurons. We examined this possibility by mapping the distribution of 5-HT-immunoreactive (ir) and non-5-HT-ir neurons containing retrograde labeling following injections of different tracers into both these target regions. The analysis was focused in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) of the midbrain, since 5-HT pathways to the MPFC and Acb primarily originate from this area. Volume microinjections of the fluorescent retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold (FG), were placed into the MPFC and microinjections of cholera toxin B subunit coupled to 15 nm gold particles (CT-Au) were placed into the Acb of the same animal. Sections through the DRN containing retrogradely labeled neurons were further processed for immunofluorescent localization of 5-HT using a rhodamine marker. Neurons retrogradely labeled from the Acb were greater in number overall than those projecting to the MPFC. In addition, Acb-projecting neurons extended into the lateral wings of the DRN, whereas MPFC-projecting neurons were more restricted to the midline. Both groups of retrogradely labeled neurons, however, were more numerous in the caudal aspect of the dorsal raphe nucleus and were scattered amongst 5-HT immunoreactive perikarya. Of 783 +/- 69 CT-Au labeled cells, 15\% also contained the FG label and 11\% contained FG and 5-HT immunoreactivity. Of 613 +/- 48 FG labeled cells, 24\% also contained the CT-Au label and 21\% were also immunoreactive to 5-HT. The results suggest a more prominent input to the Acb from both 5-HT-ir and non-5-HT-ir neurons in the caudal aspect of the DRN and further indicate that while most 5-HT-ir and non-5-HT-ir neurons project differentially to both forebrain regions, a few cells also show collateralization to the MPFC and Acb. Such collateralization of single serotonergic neurons to divergent targets may integrate cognitive and motor activities in response to pharmacological manipulations of ascending serotonergic pathways.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(93)90077-z}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin, metabolism; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(93)90077-Z}, pmid = {8252391}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bockstaele:1996, author = {E. J. Van Bockstaele and J. Chan and V. M. Pickel}, title = {Input from central nucleus of the amygdala efferents to pericoerulear dendrites, some of which contain tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity.}, journal = {J Neurosci Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {289--302}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Light microscopic anterograde tracing studies indicate that neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) project to a region of the dorsal pontine tegmentum ventral to the superior cerebellar peduncle which contains noradrenergic dendrites of the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). However, it has not been established whether the efferent terminals from the CNA target catecholamine-containing dendrites of the LC or dendrites of neurons from neighboring nuclei which may extend into this region. To examine this question, we combined immunoperoxidase labeling of the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) from the CNA with immunogold-silver labeling of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tryrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the rostrolateral LC region of adult rats. By light microscopy, BDA-labeled processes were dense in the dorsal pons within the parabrachial nuclei as well as in the pericoerulear region immediately ventral to the superior cerebellar peduncle. Higher magnification revealed that BDA-labeled varicose fibers overlapped TH-labeled processes in this pericoerulear region. By electron microscopy, anterogradely labeled axon terminals contained small, clear as well as some large dense core vesicles and were commonly apposed to astrocytic processes along some portion of their plasmalemma. BDA-labeled terminals mainly formed symmetric type synaptic contacts characteristic of inhibitory transmitters. Of 250 BDA-labeled axon terminals examined where TH immunoreactivity was present in the neuropil, 81\% contacted unlabeled and 19\% contacted TH-labeled dendrites. Additionally, amygdala efferents were often apposed to unlabeled axon terminals forming asymmetric (excitatory type) synapses. These results demonstrate that amygdaloid efferents may directly alter the activity of catecholaminergic and non-catecholaminergic neurons in this pericoerulear region of the rat brain. Furthermore, our study suggests that CNA efferents may indirectly affect the activity of pericoerulear neurons through modulation of excitatory afferents. Amygdaloid projections to noradrenergic neurons may help integrate behavioral and visceral responses to threatening stimuli by influencing the widespread noradrenergic projections from the LC.}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-}, institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA.}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology/enzymology/ultrastructure; Animals; Catecholamines, physiology; Dendrites, enzymology/ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, cytology/enzymology/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, cytology/enzymology/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, Efferent, cytology/enzymology/ultrastructure; Pons, cytology/enzymology/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, enzymology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-}, pmid = {8841990}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-}, } @Article{Bockstaele:1999a, author = {E. J. Van Bockstaele and J. Peoples and P. Telegan}, title = {Efferent projections of the nucleus of the solitary tract to peri-locus coeruleus dendrites in rat brain: evidence for a monosynaptic pathway.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {412}, number = {3}, pages = {410--428}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Locus coeruleus (LC) neurons respond to autonomic influences, are activated by physiological stressors, and discharge in parallel with peripheral sympathetic nerves. The circuitry underlying modulation of LC activity by physiological manipulations (i.e., hemodynamic stress, hypovolumia) remains unclear. Specifically, monosynaptic projections from primary baroreceptor centers to the LC have been suggested by electrophysiological studies but have not been unequivocally established. Light microscopic anterograde tract-tracing studies have previously shown that neurons originating in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) project to a region of the rostrodorsal pontine tegmentum, which contains noradrenergic dendrites of the LC; however, it is not known whether these NTS efferents specifically target LC dendrites. Therefore, we combined peroxidase labeling of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) or Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) from the NTS with gold-silver labeling for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the rostrolateral peri-LC region. Injections placed into neighboring nuclei (nucleus gracilis, hypoglossal nucleus) served as controls. Only injections centered in the NTS produced anterograde labeling in peri-LC regions containing TH processes. By electron microscopy, BDA- or PHA-L-labeled axon terminals originating from the NTS contained small, clear, and some large dense-core vesicles and formed heterogeneous synaptic contacts characteristic of both excitatory- and inhibitory-type transmitters. Approximately 19\% of the BDA and PHA-L axon terminals examined originating from the commissural portion of the NTS formed synaptic specializations with dendrites exhibiting TH immunoreactivity in the peri-LC. These results demonstrate that neurons projecting from the cardiovascular-related portion of the NTS target noradrenergic dendrites, indicating that barosensitive NTS neurons may directly modulate the activity of LC neurons and may serve to integrate autonomic responses in brain by influencing the widespread noradrenergic projections of the LC. In addition, these findings demonstrate that extranuclear dendrites are an important termination site for afferents to the LC.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990927)412:3<410::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-f}, institution = {Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA. elisabeth.vanbockstaele@mail.tju.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Transport; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Brain Mapping; Dendrites, physiology; Dextrans; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Iontophoresis; Locus Coeruleus, physiology/ultrastructure; Male; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, physiology; Synapses, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-F}, pmid = {10441230}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bockstaele:1995, author = {E. J. Van Bockstaele and V. M. Pickel}, title = {GABA-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area project to the nucleus accumbens in rat brain.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {682}, number = {1-2}, pages = {215--221}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The ventral tegmental area receives a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) innervation from the nucleus accumbens and contains GABA immunoreactive neurons believed to be interneurons. We combined the immunocytochemical detection of retrogradely transported Fluoro-Gold (FG) from the nucleus accumbens (Acb) with the detection of GABA within the same section of tissue in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the rat brain to determine whether there might also be reciprocal GABAergic projections in the mesolimbic pathway. Immunoperoxidase labeling for FG and immunogold-silver labeling for GABA were most readily distinguished within perikarya and dendrites in sections examined by electron microscopy. Ultrastructural observations indicated that 36\% (n = 110) of the FG-labeled perikarya and dendrites also contained GABA immunoreactivity. The present results provide the first evidence that GABA is contained in a subpopulation of neurons in the mesolimbic pathway from the VTA to the Acb. The reciprocity of this circuitry may provide an important feedback loop thus facilitating inhibition of motor activity.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)00334-m}, institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology/metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(95)00334-M}, pmid = {7552315}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bockstaele:1989, author = {E. J. Van Bockstaele and V. A. Pieribone and G. Aston-Jones}, title = {Diverse afferents converge on the nucleus paragigantocellularis in the rat ventrolateral medulla: retrograde and anterograde tracing studies.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1989}, volume = {290}, number = {4}, pages = {561--584}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The nucleus paragigantocellularis in the ventrolateral medulla has been implicated in cardiovascular, pain, and analgesic functions; and it has also been found to be a major afferent to the pontine nucleus locus coeruleus. In the present study, afferents to the nucleus paragigantocellularis were identified in the rat by means of the retrograde tracers wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase or Fluoro-Gold. Projections to the nucleus paragigantocellularis arise from a wide variety of nuclei with autonomic, visceral, and sensory-related functions. Major afferents with consistent and robust retrograde labeling include most laminae of the spinal cord, the caudal lateral medulla, the contralateral paragigantocellularis, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the A1 area, the lateral parabrachialis, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, the periaqueductal gray, and a preoculomotor nucleus in the ventral central gray, the supraoculomotor nucleus. Other notable afferents, seen only after large caudal injections into the nucleus paragigantocellularis, include the lateral hypothalamus, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the medial prefrontal cortex. Minor afferents include the gigantocellular nucleus, the area postrema, the caudal raphe groups, the inferior colliculus, the A5 area, and the locus coeruleus. The projection from the supraoculomotor nucleus, not previously reported as an afferent to the ventrolateral medulla, was confirmed with anterograde tracing by means of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. Iontophoretic deposits of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin into the nucleus of the solitary tract (commissuralis level) or into the periaqueductal gray also yielded terminal fiber labeling in the nucleus paragigantocellularis. Fibers from the supraoculomotor nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract were densest in the lateral aspect of the nucleus paragigantocellularis (corresponding to the rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus), while fibers from the periaqueductal gray were more medially located. Previous studies have defined inputs to the rostral ventrolateral medulla from the cochlear nucleus as well as from the colliculi. In the present study, deposits of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase or Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin into the cochlear nucleus or the superior colliculus yielded only sparse anterograde labeling in the nucleus paragigantocellularis, but heavily labeled adjacent areas. The inferior collicular injections yielded strong but restricted anterograde labeling in the rostromedial paragigantocellularis, medial to the facial nucleus. These results indicate that the paragigantocellularis area receives inputs from diverse brain structures. Neurons in the nucleus paragigantocellularis afferent to the locus coeruleus, being distributed throughout this region, may provide a channel where several types of information are integrated and transmitted to the extensive locus coeruleus noradrenergic efferent network...}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902900410}, institution = {Department of Mental Health Sciences, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102-1192.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2482306}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902900410}, } @Article{Bodoky:1977, author = {Bodoky, M. and Réthelyi, M.}, title = {Dendritis arborization and axon trajectory of neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1977}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {543--555}, month = {Jul}, doi = {10.1007/bf00236476}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Ependyma, ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Median Eminence, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {891677}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Boender:2014, author = {Boender, Arjen J. and {de Jong}, Johannes W. and Boekhoudt, Linde and Luijendijk, Mieneke C M. and {van der Plasse}, Geoffrey and Adan, Roger A H.}, title = {Combined use of the canine adenovirus-2 and DREADD-technology to activate specific neural pathways in vivo.}, journal = {PLoS One}, year = {2014}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {e95392}, abstract = {We here describe a technique to transiently activate specific neural pathways in vivo. It comprises the combined use of a CRE-recombinase expressing canine adenovirus-2 (CAV-2) and an adeno-associated virus (AAV-hSyn-DIO-hM3D(Gq)-mCherry) that contains the floxed inverted sequence of the designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) hM3D(Gq)-mCherry. CAV-2 retrogradely infects projection neurons, which allowed us to specifically express hM3D(Gq)-mCherry in neurons that project from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (Acb), the majority of which were dopaminergic. Activation of hM3D(Gq)-mCherry by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) leads to increases in neuronal activity, which enabled us to specifically activate VTA to Acb projection neurons. The VTA to Acb pathway is part of the mesolimbic dopamine system and has been implicated in behavioral activation and the exertion of effort. Injections of all doses of CNO led to increases in progressive ratio (PR) performance. The effect of the lowest dose of CNO was suppressed by administration of a DRD1-antagonist, suggesting that CNO-induced increases in PR-performance are at least in part mediated by DRD1-signaling. We hereby validate the combined use of CAV-2 and DREADD-technology to activate specific neural pathways and determine consequent changes in behaviorally relevant paradigms.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0095392}, institution = {Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Canine, genetics; Animals; Clozapine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Integrases, metabolism; Male; Motor Activity, drug effects; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Protein Engineering, methods; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, genetics/metabolism; Signal Transduction, drug effects; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology/drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {epublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {PONE-D-14-08343}, pmid = {24736748}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095392}, } @Article{Bohlen:1998, author = {O. von Bohlen und Halbach and D. Albrecht}, title = {Tracing of axonal connectivities in a combined slice preparation of rat brains--a study by rhodamine-dextran-amine-application in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {1998}, volume = {81}, number = {1-2}, pages = {169--175}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {In preparation for electrophysiological studies, the fiber pathways within the amygdala of rats have been examined using a combined Nissl- and silver-staining method (Bielshowsky) in horizontal sections of the amygdala. To determine if fibers in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala are in functional connection with other brain regions, an anterograde and retrograde axonal tracing method (application of rhodamine-dextran-amine) was performed. Horizontal slices containing some nuclei of the amygdala (lateral nucleus, basolateral nucleus, central nucleus, medial nucleus), as well as the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampus and parts of the piriform cortex were used. Crystals of rhodamine-dextran-amine were placed in the lateral nucleus. Intra-amygdaloid connections as well as connections to other brain regions were preserved in this preparation. The connectivities of the lateral nucleus with other nuclei of the amygdala (basolateral, medial, central) correspond with the findings made by tracer applications in-vivo. The use of a tracer that is transported in both the antero- and retrograde direction shows the whole spectrum of efferent and afferent fibers which are involved in the projection pattern of the lateral nucleus. To test the usefulness of this preparation for electrophysiological studies, extracellular field potentials were recorded.}, doi = {10.1016/s0165-0270(98)00026-0}, institution = {Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine (Charité), Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. bohlen@rz.charite.hu-berlin.de}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects/physiology; Axons, physiology; Brain Mapping; Dextrans, analysis/pharmacology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Models, Anatomic; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rhodamines, analysis/pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9696322}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Boissard:2003, author = {Boissard, Romuald and Fort, Patrice and Gervasoni, Damien and Barbagli, Bruno and Luppi, Pierre-Hervé}, title = {Localization of the GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons projecting to the sublaterodorsal nucleus and potentially gating paradoxical sleep onset.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2003}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, pages = {1627--1639}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {We recently determined in rats that iontophoretic application of bicuculline or gabazine [two GABAa antagonists] and kainic acid (a glutamate agonist) in the sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) induces with a very short latency a paradoxical sleep-like state. From these results, we proposed that GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs to the SLD paradoxical sleep (PS)-executive neurons gate the onset of PS [R. Boissard et al. (2002) Eur. J. Neurosci., 16, 1959-1973]. We therefore decided to determine the origin of the GABAergic and non-GABAergic inputs to the SLD combining ejection of a retrograde tracer [cholera-toxin B subunit (CTb)] with glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) immunohistochemistry. The presence of GAD-immunoreactive neurons in the SLD was confirmed. Then, following CTb ejections centred on the SLD, combined with GAD and CTb immunohistochemistry, double-labelled cells were observed in the mesencephalic and pontine reticular nuclei and to a lesser extent the parvicellular reticular nucleus. A large number of GAD-negative retrogradely labelled cells was also seen in these structures as well as in the primary motor area of the frontal cortex, the central nucleus of the amygdala, the ventral and lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the lateral hypothalamic area, the lateral and ventrolateral periaqueductal grey and the lateral paragigantocellular reticular nucleus. From these results, we propose that the activation of PS-executive neurons from the SLD is due to the removal of a tonic inhibition from GABAergic neurons localized in the SLD, and the mesencephalic and pontine reticular nuclei. Strong non-GABAergic inputs to the SLD could be excitatory and responsible for the tonic glutamatergic input on the PS-on neurons we have previously described. They could also terminate on SLD GABAergic interneurons and be indirectly responsible for the inhibition of the PS-on neurons during waking and slow-wave sleep.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02861.x}, institution = {(IFR 19), Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 7, Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon, Cedex 08, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Electroencephalography; Electromyography; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Iontophoresis; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Neurons, classification/metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins, pharmacokinetics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sleep, REM, drug effects/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {2861}, pmid = {14511341}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Boissard:2002, author = {Romuald Boissard and Damien Gervasoni and Markus H Schmidt and Bruno Barbagli and Patrice Fort and Pierre-Hervé Luppi}, title = {The rat ponto-medullary network responsible for paradoxical sleep onset and maintenance: a combined microinjection and functional neuroanatomical study.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2002}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {1959--1973}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The neuronal network responsible for paradoxical sleep (PS) onset and maintenance has not previously been identified in the rat, unlike the cat. To fill this gap, this study has developed a new technique involving the recording of sleep-wake states in unanaesthetized head-restrained rats whilst locally administering pharmacological agents by microiontophoresis from glass multibarrel micropipettes, into the dorsal pontine tegmentum and combining this with functional neuroanatomy. Pharmacological agents used for iontophoretic administration included carbachol, kainic acid, bicuculline and gabazine. The injection sites and their efferents were then identified by injections of anterograde (phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin) or retrograde (cholera toxin B subunit) tracers through an adjacent barrel of the micropipette assembly and by C-Fos immunostaining. Bicuculline, gabazine and kainic acid ejections specifically into the pontine sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) induced within a few minutes a PS- like state characterized by a continuous muscle atonia, low voltage EEG and a lack of reaction to stimuli. In contrast, carbachol ejections into the SLD induced wakefulness. In PHA-L, glycine and C-Fos multiple double-labelling experiments, anterogradely labelled fibres originating from the SLD were seen apposed on glycine and C-Fos positive neurons (labelled after 90 min of pharmacologically induced PS-like state) from the ventral gigantocellular and parvicellular reticular nuclei. Altogether, these data indicate that the SLD nuclei contain a population of neurons playing a crucial role in PS onset and maintenance. Furthermore, they suggest that GABAergic disinhibition and glutamate excitation of these neurons might also play a crucial role in the onset of PS.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02257.x}, institution = {CNRS FRE 2469, Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon (IFR 19), Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 LYON Cedex 08, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Carbachol, pharmacology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Cholinergic Agonists, pharmacology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Electroencephalography; Electromyography; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry; Kainic Acid, pharmacology; Kynurenic Acid, pharmacology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, analysis; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Pyridazines, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sleep, REM, drug effects/physiology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wakefulness, drug effects}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {2257}, pmid = {12453060}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Boka:2006, author = {Kamran Boka and Ranida Chomsung and Jianli Li and Martha E Bickford}, title = {Comparison of the ultrastructure of cortical and retinal terminals in the rat superior colliculus.}, journal = {Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol}, year = {2006}, volume = {288}, number = {8}, pages = {850--858}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {We compared the ultrastructure and synaptic targets of terminals of cortical or retinal origin in the stratum griseum superficiale and stratum opticum of the rat superior colliculus. Following injections of biotinylated dextran amine into cortical area 17, corticotectal axons were labeled by anterograde transport. Corticotectal axons were of relatively small caliber with infrequent small varicosities. At the ultrastructural level, corticotectal terminals were observed to be small profiles (0.44 +/- 0.27 microm(2)) that contained densely packed round vesicles. In tissue stained for gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) using postembedding immunocytochemical techniques, corticotectal terminals were found to contact small (0.51 +/- 0.69 microm(2)) non-GABAergic dendrites and spines (93\%) and a few small GABAergic dendrites (7\%). In the same tissue, retinotectal terminals, identified by their distinctive pale mitochondria, were observed to be larger than corticotectal terminals (3.34 +/- 1.79 microm(2)). In comparison to corticotectal terminals, retinotectal terminals contacted larger (1.59 +/- 1.70 microm(2)) non-GABAergic dendrites and spines (73\%) and a larger proportion of GABAergic profiles (27\%) of relatively large size (2.17 +/- 1.49 microm(2)), most of which were vesicle-filled (71\%). Our results suggest that cortical and retinal terminals target different dendritic compartments within the neuropil of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus.}, doi = {10.1002/ar.a.20359}, institution = {Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Dendrites, metabolism/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retina, metabolism/ultrastructure; Superior Colliculi, metabolism/ultrastructure; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure; Visual Cortex, metabolism/ultrastructure; Visual Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16850432}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.20359}, } @Article{Bokor:2003, author = {Bokor, Hajnalka}, title = {Connections of the nucleus reuniens thalami and the supramammillary nuclei to the septo-hippocampal system}, year = {2003}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, publisher = {Citeseer}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fphd.semmelweis.hu%2Fmwp%2Fphd_live%2Fvedes%2Fexport%2Fbokorhajni.e.pdf&ei=KqMqVPjdBobpywOV-4GAAg&usg=AFQjCNGMyWlgwd6fuPMcpCy890wq8_1Rmw&sig2=3PyiVjGzknK8j6ymXghNkQ}, } @Article{Bokor:2008, author = {Bokor, Hajnalka and Acsády, László and Deschênes, Martin}, title = {Vibrissal responses of thalamic cells that project to the septal columns of the barrel cortex and to the second somatosensory area.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2008}, volume = {28}, number = {20}, pages = {5169--5177}, month = {May}, abstract = {The rodent somatosensory cortex contains barrel-related and septa-related circuits representing two separate streams of vibrissa information processing that differ in their response patterns and anatomical connections. Whereas barrel-related circuits process lemniscal inputs that transit through the thalamic barreloids, septa-related circuits process paralemniscal inputs and inputs that are relayed through the ventral lateral part of the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPMvl). Septa-projecting thalamic afferents also target the secondary somatosensory cortical area. Although a number of studies have examined response properties in the lemniscal pathway, and demonstrated that barreloids receive feedback from specific sets of corticothalamic and reticular thalamic neurons, such information is currently lacking for the VPMvl. In the present study, we show that in sharp contrast to the relay cells of the barreloids VPMvl neurons exhibit large multiwhisker receptive fields that are independent of input from the principal trigeminal nucleus. Results also suggest that the topography of receptive fields and response properties in VPMvl rely on converging input from neurons of the interpolaris trigeminal nucleus. Tracer injection and single-cell labeling further reveal that the VPMvl receives input from specific populations of reticular thalamic and corticothalamic neurons. Together, these results confirm the status of the VPMvl as a thalamic relay of an independent parallel pathway of vibrissa information processing. They further indicate that a sensory pathway does not merely consist on a three-neuron chain that links the vibrissae to the cerebral cortex, but that it also involves specific sets of topographically related corticothalamic and reticular thalamic projections.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0490-08.2008}, institution = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, physiology; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Feedback, physiology; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Male; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Thresholds, physiology; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Touch, physiology; Trigeminal Nerve, physiology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Vibrissae, innervation/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {28/20/5169}, pmid = {18480273}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0490-08.2008}, } @Article{Bokor:2002, author = {Hajnalka Bokor and Agnes Csáki and Katalin Kocsis and József Kiss}, title = {Cellular architecture of the nucleus reuniens thalami and its putative aspartatergic/glutamatergic projection to the hippocampus and medial septum in the rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2002}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {1227--1239}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Little is known about the neurochemical features of the nucleus reuniens thalami (RE). In the present study, immunocytochemical experiments were performed to characterize the expression pattern of certain neurochemical markers, e.g. the calcium-binding proteins calbindin and calretinin and several neuropeptides. Colocalization studies revealed that half of the calbindin-positive cells express calretinin, and numerous calretinin-immunoreactive neurons contain calbindin. In contrast, immunolabelling for neuropeptides did not reveal cell bodies in the RE. The RE establishes widespread connections with several limbic structures. To correlate these projection patterns with the neurochemical characteristics of RE neurons, the retrograde tracer [3H]D-aspartate, which is selectively taken up by high affinity uptake sites that use glutamate as neurotransmitter, and the nonselective retrograde tracer wheatgerm agglutinin-conjugated colloidal gold was injected into the stratum lacunosum moleculare of the hippocampal CA1 subfield and into the medial septum. The results provide direct anatomical demonstration of aspartatergic/glutamatergic projection from the RE to the hippocampus and to the medial septum. Nearly all of the projecting neurons proved to be calbindin-immunopositive and many of them expressed calretinin. Both retrograde labelling techniques revealed that neurons projecting to the hippocampus were located in clusters in the dorsolateral part of the RE, whereas neurons projecting to the medial septum were mainly distributed in the ventromedial portion of the nucleus, indicating that different cell populations project to these limbic areas. These results suggest that neurons in the RE are heterogeneous and contribute to the excitatory innervation of the septo-hippocampal system.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02189.x}, institution = {Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Tüzoltó u. 58, Budapest, Hungary, H-1094.}, keywords = {Animals; Aspartic Acid, metabolism; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, metabolism; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Gold Colloid; Hippocampus, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Midline Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Radioactive Tracers; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septal Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {2189}, pmid = {12405983}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bolam:1984, author = {Bolam, J. P.}, title = {Synapses of identified neurons in the neostriatum.}, journal = {Ciba Found Symp}, year = {1984}, volume = {107}, pages = {30--47}, abstract = {Studies of the basal ganglia and particularly the neostriatum have described a complex array of neuron types, synapses and putative transmitters. One approach to the study of such an area is to examine identified neurons and thus establish the neural circuits that underlie function. Striatal neurons have been identified under the light microscope by one or more of the following methods: (1) structure, based on Golgi impregnation or the intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP); (2) projection area, by the retrograde transport of HRP or the tracing of HRP-injected or Golgi-impregnated axons; (3) chemistry, by immunocytochemistry, histochemistry or autoradiography, to reveal the presence of a selective uptake system for a putative transmitter. Examination of identified neurons in the electron microscope allows the characterization of their afferent synapses (by immunocytochemistry or anterograde degeneration) and their local synaptic output. The afferent and efferent synapses of five classes of identified striatal neurons are discussed: (1) those neurons described in Golgi preparations as medium-size and densely spiny; (2) a large type of striatonigral neuron; (3) GABAergic interneurons; (4) cholinergic neurons; (5) somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons. It is concluded that medium-size densely spiny neurons provide the basic framework of the neural circuits of the neostriatum.}, doi = {10.1002/9780470720882.ch3}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Cats; Cholinergic Fibers; Corpus Striatum, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Efferent Pathways, cytology; Haplorhini; Interneurons, cytology; Rats; Somatostatin, metabolism; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6149899}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bolam:1988, author = {J. P. Bolam and P. N. Izzo}, title = {The postsynaptic targets of substance P-immunoreactive terminals in the rat neostriatum with particular reference to identified spiny striatonigral neurons.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, pages = {361--377}, abstract = {Substance P-immunoreactive boutons were examined in the electron microscope in sections of the rat neostriatum that contained retrogradely labelled striatonigral neurons and/or Golgi-impregnated medium-size densely spiny neurons. The post-synaptic targets of the immunoreactive boutons were characterized on the basis of ultrastructural features, their projection to the substantia nigra and/or their somato-dendritic morphology. Substance P-immunoreactive axonal boutons formed symmetrical synaptic specializations. Of a total of 233 randomly identified synaptic boutons 72.5\% made contact with dendritic shafts, 15\% with dendritic spines and 10.7\% with perikarya. The ultrastructural characteristics of some of the postsynaptic neuronal perikarya were consistent with their identification as striatal interneurons. Similarly, the observation of some of the substance P-containing terminals in contact with spines, spine-bearing dendritic shafts and perikarya with the ultrastructural characteristics of medium-size densely spiny neurons suggested that one of the targets of substance P-positive terminals are striatal projection neurons. Direct evidence for this was obtained in sections from rats that had received injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheatgerm agglutinin in the substantia nigra. The perikarya of retrogradely labeled striatonigral neurons were found to receive symmetrical synaptic input from substance P-positive boutons. Ultrastructural analysis of Golgi-impregnated medium-size densely spiny neurons, some of which were also retrogradely labeled from the substantia nigra, demonstrated directly that this class of neuron was postsynaptic to the substance P-immunoreactive boutons. The combination of Golgi-impregnation with substance P-immunocytochemistry made it possible to study the pattern or topography of the substance P-positive input to medium size densely spiny neurons. The substance P-containing boutons made contact predominantly with perikarya and dendritic shafts. This pattern of input is markedly different from that of other identified inputs to medium-size densely spiny neurons.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1007/bf00248361}, institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, U.K.}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, analysis/ultrastructure; Female; Gold; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling; Substance P, analysis; Substantia Nigra, analysis/ultrastructure; Synapses, analysis/ultrastructure; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2454839}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bolam:1981, author = {J. P. Bolam and J. F. Powell and S. Totterdell and A. D. Smith}, title = {The proportion of neurons in the rat neostriatum that project to the substantia nigra demonstrated using horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheatgerm agglutinin.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1981}, volume = {220}, number = {2}, pages = {339--343}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Following the injection of small volumes of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheatgerm agglutinin into the substantia nigra of the rat, a high proportion of the total neuronal population in parts of the ipsilateral neostriatum was retrogradely labelled with horseradish peroxidase. Quantitative estimates in 1-micrometer plastic sections showed that 68.5\% of 1011 neurons counted project to the substantia nigra.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(81)91222-1}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Corpus Striatum, cytology/physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Lectins; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Substantia Nigra, cytology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(81)91222-1}, pmid = {6169390}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bolam:1990, author = {J. P. Bolam and Y. Smith}, title = {The GABA and substance P input to dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {529}, number = {1-2}, pages = {57--78}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {In order to examine the synaptic input to dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra from GABAergic terminals and terminals that contain substance P, double and triple immunocytochemical studies were carried out at the light and electron microscopic levels in the rat. In a first series of experiments sections of the substantia nigra were incubated to reveal axon terminals containing either substance P or glutamate decarboxylase and then incubated to reveal dopaminergic neurones using tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry. Examination of this material in the light microscope revealed that many substance P- and glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive boutons were associated with the dopaminergic cells. In the electron microscope it was found that the perikarya and dendrites of the dopaminergic neurons received symmetrical synaptic input from terminals that displayed immunoreactivity for substance P or glutamate decarboxylase. A small proportion of the substance P-positive boutons formed asymmetrical synapses. In a second series of experiments sections of the substantia nigra were processed by the pre-embedding immunocytochemical technique for tyrosine hydroxylase and then the post-embedding immunogold technique for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Examination in the electron microscope revealed that the tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons received symmetrical synaptic input from many GABA-positive terminals. Quantitative analyses demonstrated that a minimum of 50-70\% of all boutons afferent to the dopaminergic neurones display glutamate decarboxylase or GABA immunoreactivity. Triple immunocytochemical studies i.e. pre-embedding immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase and substance P, combined with post-embedding immunogold staining for GABA, revealed that some of the substance P-immunoreactive boutons that were in contact with the dopaminergic neurones also displayed GABA immunoreactivity. In a third series of experiments the combination of anterograde transport of lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase or biocytin with post-embedding GABA immunocytochemistry demonstrated that at least one of the sources of GABA-containing terminals in the substantia nigra is the striatum. The results of the present study: (1) demonstrate that dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra receive symmetrical synaptic input from GABAergic and substance P-containing terminals, (2) show that a proportion of these terminals contain both substance P and GABA and (3) suggest that the major synaptic input to dopaminergic neurones is from GABAergic terminals and that a part of this innervation is derived from the striatum.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)90811-o}, institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, U.K.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Dopamine, physiology; Female; Glutamate Decarboxylase, analysis; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, cytology/enzymology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substance P, analysis; Substantia Nigra, cytology/enzymology/ultrastructure; Synapses, ultrastructure; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(90)90811-O}, pmid = {1704287}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bolam:1992, author = {J. P. Bolam and Y. Smith}, title = {The striatum and the globus pallidus send convergent synaptic inputs onto single cells in the entopeduncular nucleus of the rat: a double anterograde labelling study combined with postembedding immunocytochemistry for GABA.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {321}, number = {3}, pages = {456--476}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The entopeduncular nucleus is one of the major output stations of the basal ganglia. In order to better understand the role of this structure in information flow through the basal ganglia, experiments have been performed in the rat to examine the chemical nature, morphology, and synaptology of the projections from the globus pallidus and striatum to the entopeduncular nucleus. In order to examine the morphology and synaptology of pallidoentopeduncular terminals and striatoentopeduncular terminals, rats were subjected to a double anterograde labelling study. The globus pallidus was injected with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), and on the same side of the brain, the striatum was injected with biocytin. The entopeduncular nuclei of these animals were then examined for anterogradely labelled pallidal and striatal terminals. Rich plexuses of PHA-L-labelled pallidal terminals and biocytin-labelled striatal terminals were identified throughout the entopeduncular nucleus. At the electron microscopic level, the pallidal boutons were classified as two types. The majority (Type 1), were large boutons that formed symmetrical synapses with the dendrites and perikarya of neurones in the entopeduncular nucleus. Type 2 PHA-L-labelled terminals were much rarer, slightly smaller, and formed asymmetrical synapses. It is suggested that the Type 2 boutons are not derived from the globus pallidus but from the subthalamic nucleus. The biocytin-labelled terminals from the striatum had the typical morphological features of striatal terminals and formed symmetrical synapses. The distribution of the postsynaptic targets of the pallidal terminals and the striatal terminals differed in that the pallidal terminals preferentially made synaptic contact with the more proximal regions of the neurones in the entopeduncular nucleus, whereas the striatal terminals were located more distally on the dendritic trees. Examination in the electron microscope of areas where there was an overlap of the two sets of anterogradely labelled boutons revealed that terminals from the globus pallidus and the striatum made convergent synaptic contact with the perikarya and dendrites of individual neurones in the entopeduncular nucleus. In order to examine the chemical nature of the input to the entopeduncular nucleus from the globus pallidus and the striatum, ultrathin sections were immunostained by the postembedding method to reveal endogenous GABA. Three classes of GABA-containing terminals were identified; two of them formed symmetrical synapses and one rare type formed asymmetrical synapses. The combination of the GABA immunocytochemistry and anterograde labelling revealed that both the striatal and pallidal afferents that make symmetrical synapses with neurones in the entopeduncular nucleus, including those involved in convergent inputs, are GABAergic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903210312}, institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom.}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Female; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/analysis; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, chemistry; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Neurons, chemistry; Phytohemagglutinins, analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substance P, analysis; Synapses, chemistry/ultrastructure; Time Factors; Tissue Embedding; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1380517}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903210312}, } @Article{Bolam:1981b, author = {Bolam, J. P. and Somogyi, P. and Totterdell, S. and Smith, A. D.}, title = {A second type of striatonigral neuron: a comparison between retrogradely labelled and Golgi-stained neurons at the light and electron microscopic levels.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1981}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {2141--2157}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(81)90004-x}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, cytology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, cytology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, classification/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling; Substantia Nigra, cytology; Synaptic Vesicles, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6173797}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @InCollection{Bolam:1991, author = {Bolam, Paul and Smith, Yoland}, title = {Characterization of the synaptic inputs to dopaminergic neurones in the rat substantia nigra}, booktitle = {The basal ganglia III}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {1991}, pages = {119--131}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4684-5871-8_13}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bolden:1996, author = {Bolden, D. A.}, title = {Sympathectomy induces c-Jun in adult trigeminal neurons: an immunohistochemical and tract-tracing study.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1996}, volume = {214}, number = {2-3}, pages = {83--86}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The induction of the immediate early gene product c-Jun was investigated in trigeminal ganglia following surgical removal of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG). A 5-fold increase in c-Jun-immunoreactive neurons was detected by 48 h post-surgery in ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia of sympathectomized rats. This increase persisted for 6 days. When examined 4 months after sympathectomy, c-Jun expression had returned to basal levels. The possibility that trigeminal neurons project to the SCG, and therefore induce c-Jun by being axotomized by sympathectomy, was also examined using retrograde fluorescent tracing. A very limited number of trigeminal neurons were retrogradely labeled from the SCG. These data indicate that c-Jun induction occurs in sensory neurons following perturbations to sympathetic ganglia, and that trigeminal neurons may project to the SCG, but that c-Jun induction cannot be ascribed to axotomy following surgical sympathectomy. Thus, these findings support anatomical and functional interconnections between the sensory and autonomic nervous systems. The relationship of c-Jun induction with plasticity phenomena is discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(96)12891-3}, institution = {Istituto di Anatomia ed Istologia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Verona, Italy. songe@borgoroma.univr.it}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superior Cervical Ganglion, physiology; Sympathectomy; Trigeminal Ganglion, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8878089}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bolstad:2007, author = {Ingeborg Bolstad and Trygve B Leergaard and Jan G Bjaalie}, title = {Branching of individual somatosensory cerebropontine axons in rat: evidence of divergence.}, journal = {Brain Struct Funct}, year = {2007}, volume = {212}, number = {1}, pages = {85-93}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The cerebral cortex conveys major input to the granule cell layer of the cerebellar hemispheres by way of the pontine nuclei. Cerebrocortical projections terminate in multiple, widely distributed clusters in the pontine nuclei. This clustered organization is thought to provide the transition between the different organizational principles of the cerebrum and cerebellum, and indicates that parallel processing occurs at multiple sites in the pontine nuclei. At a cellular level, however, it is unknown whether individual cerebropontine neurons target pontocerebellar cells located in different clusters or not. We have employed anterograde axonal tracing and 3D computerized reconstruction techniques to characterize the branching pattern and morphology of individual cerebropontine axons from the primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Our findings show that 43\% of the cerebrobulbar fibers arising from SI whisker representations provide two or three fibers entering the pontine nuclei, whereas 39\% have only one fiber, and the remaining 18\% do not project to the pontine nuclei. Thus, it appears that a majority of cerebropontine axons originating in SI whisker representations diverge to contact multiple, separated pontocerebellar cells. Further, 84\% of the somatosensory cerebropontine fibers are collateral branches from cerebrobulbar and/or cerebrospinal parent fibers, while 16\% are direct cerebropontine projections without a further descending projection. A range of thicknesses of the fibers entering the pontine nuclei were observed, with collaterals of corticobulbar fibers having the smallest diameter. Taken together, these findings may be related to previously described separate cerebropontine transmission lines with different properties.}, doi = {10.1007/s00429-007-0145-1}, institution = {Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1105, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Brain Mapping, methods; Cell Shape, physiology; Cerebellum, cytology/physiology; Dextrans; Female; Image Cytometry, methods; Mechanoreceptors, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Pons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Software; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/physiology; Staining and Labeling, methods; Vibrissae, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {17717700}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-007-0145-1}, } @Article{Bolton:1992a, author = {P. S. Bolton and D. J. Tracey}, title = {Spinothalamic and propriospinal neurones in the upper cervical cord of the rat: terminations of primary afferent fibres on soma and primary dendrites.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1992}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, pages = {59--68}, abstract = {Experiments were performed on rats to determine whether primary afferents from the upper cervical region terminate directly on spinothalamic and propriospinal neurones. The central terminations of primary afferents from the upper cervical region were identified by diffusely filling their axons with horseradish peroxidase. Spinothalamic neurones or propriospinal neurones were identified in the same experimental animals by using retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Approximately 3-11\% of spinothalamic cells in laminae 4-6 of spinal segments C2-4 received apparent synaptic contacts from primary afferents on the soma or primary dendrites. Approximately 18-36\% of propriospinal neurones with axons descending to lower thoracic or lumbar levels received apparent synaptic contacts on the soma or primary dendrites. These data provide anatomical evidence that spinothalamic and long propriospinal neurones in the upper cervical cord are excited directly by primary afferents. The data also help to clarify the neural circuitry underlying somatic sensation and reflex movements evoked by neck receptors.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00230383}, institution = {School of Anatomy, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Proprioception, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Thalamus, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1486955}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bolton:1992b, author = {P. S. Bolton and D. J. Tracey}, title = {The medullary relay from neck receptors to somatosensory thalamus in the rat: a neuroanatomical study.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1992}, volume = {88}, number = {3}, pages = {473--484}, abstract = {Experiments were performed on rats to determine the location of thalamic projecting neurones in the medulla which receive direct contacts from neck primary afferents. The medullary terminations of primary afferents from the cervical region were identified by silver staining their degenerating terminals, diffusely filling their axons with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), or reacting for transganglionically transported HRP applied to muscle or cutaneous nerves. Neurones projecting to the ventrobasal thalamus were identified in the same experimental animals by using retrograde transport of HRP or Fluoro-Gold. En passant swellings or terminals of neck primary afferents were found in the vicinity of neurones projecting to the thalamus in the dorsolateral part of the rostral cuneate nucleus, the ventral aspect of the external cuneate nucleus, and the border zone between the two. Terminals of neck afferents and retrogradely labelled cells also coincided in nucleus x. Putative synaptic contacts were found in the region between the dorsolateral part of the rostral cuneate nucleus and ventromedial external cuneate nucleus. Cutaneous afferents from the neck were associated with thalamic projecting cells located along the dorsolateral border of the rostral cuneate nucleus, and afferents from neck muscles were associated with thalamic projecting cells in the caudal third of the external cuneate nucleus and in nucleus x.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00228177}, institution = {School of Anatomy, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Muscles, innervation; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Skin, innervation; Stilbamidines; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1375163}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bolton:1993, author = {R. F. Bolton and J. Cornwall and O. T. Phillipson}, title = {Collateral axons of cholinergic pontine neurones projecting to midline, mediodorsal and parafascicular thalamic nuclei in the rat.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {1993}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {101--114}, abstract = {The organization of collateral axons projecting from neurones in the pontine laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg) has been examined using combinations of retrograde neuronal tracers with immunocytochemical markers for the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase (CHAT), focussing on projections to the midline, mediodorsal and parafascicular thalamic nuclei and the ventral tegmental area. 25-59\% of LDTg neurones projecting to the mediodorsal nucleus provided collaterals to the midline nuclei. Virtually all (87-96\%) of these double retrogradely labelled neurones appeared cholinergic. 9-18\% of LDTg neurones projecting to the parafascicular nuclei also provided a collateral to the midline nuclei and 50-78\% of these double retrogradely labelled neurones stained for CHAT. 26-29\% of the single LDTg neurones which projected collaterals to both the mediodorsal and midline nuclei, were found to project a third collateral to the ventral tegmental area. These anatomical findings, taken together with functional evidence, suggest that cholinergic terminals arising from LDTg are involved in coordinating thalamic mechanisms of brain state control; and in regulating dopaminergic pathways, both directly and via the thalamus.}, doi = {10.1016/0891-0618(93)90031-x}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Bristol, UK.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, immunology/metabolism; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, physiology; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology; Pons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0891-0618(93)90031-X}, pmid = {8476540}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bondok:1990, author = {Bondok, A. A. and Botros, K. G. and Gabr, O. M.}, title = {Segmental motor and sensory innervation of muscles in anterior leg compartment as revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Anat Anz}, year = {1990}, volume = {170}, number = {5}, pages = {359--365}, abstract = {Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing technique was used to label and localize motor and sensory neurons innervating tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus muscles of the anterior leg compartment of the rat. The tibialis anterior sensory neurons were located in the ipsilateral L4 and L5 spinal ganglia. Cells of origin of tibialis anterior motor endings were also found in the ipsilateral ventral horn of the same cord segments as the labeled sensory ganglia. Extensor hallucis longus sensory neurons were located in L4 to L6 spinal ganglia, while its labeled motor neurons were located in L4 and L5 spinal cord segments. The motor neurons innervating the extensor digitorum longus muscle were located in L4 to L6 spinal cord segments; its sensory neurons were previously localized. All labeled motor and sensory neurons were present on the ipsilateral side. Almost all motoneurons innervating the 3 muscles were present in the dorsolateral nucleus of the ventral horn.}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Extremities; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Motor Neurons; Muscles, innervation; Neurons, Afferent; Peroxidases, metabolism; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2205127}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bonnet:2013, author = {Bonnet, M. S. and Djelloul, M. and Tillement, V. and Tardivel, C. and Mounien, L. and Trouslard, J. and Troadec, J-D. and Dallaporta, M.}, title = {Central NUCB2/Nesfatin-1-expressing neurones belong to the hypothalamic-brainstem circuitry activated by hypoglycaemia.}, journal = {J Neuroendocrinol}, year = {2013}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1--13}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Nesfatin-1 is a recently identified 82 amino acid peptide shown to have an anorexigenic effect on rodents when administrered centrally and peripherally. Nesfatin-1 is expressed not only in neurones of various brain areas, including the hypothalamic and brainstem nuclei, but also in peripheral organs, such as the stomach and the pancreas. Nesfatinergic neurones were reported to participate in the regulation of satiety signals and in the responses to other stimuli, including restraint stress, abdominal surgery, and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. The present study aimed to investigate whether NUCB2/nesfatin-1 expressing neurones also take part in the central signalling activated in response to hypoglycaemia and therefore are involved in central glucose sensing. Using immunolabelling methods based on the detection of the neuronal activation marker c-Fos and of nesfatin-1, we showed that peripheral injection of insulin induced a strong activation of nesfatin-1-expressing neurones in the brain vagal-regulatory nuclei, including the arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX) and nucleus of the tractus solitarius. In response to intracellular glucopaenia induced by i.p. or i.c.v. 2-deoxyglucose injection, the c-Fos/nesfatin-1 colocalisations observed at the hypothalamic and brainstem levels were similar to those observed after insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Moreover, using Fluorogold as a retrograde tracer, we showed that nesfatinergic preganglionic DMNX neurones activated by hypoglycaemia target the stomach and the pancreas. Taken together, these results suggest that a subpopulation of nesfatinergic neurones belongs to the central network activated by hypoglycaemia, and that nesfatin-1 participates in the triggering of physiological and hormonal counter-regulations observed in response to hypoglycaemia.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02375.x}, institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, metabolism; Calcium-Binding Proteins, metabolism; DNA-Binding Proteins, metabolism; Hypoglycemia, chemically induced/metabolism; Hypothalamus, metabolism; Insulin; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {22958274}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02375.x}, } @Article{Bonnet:2013a, author = {Bonnet, Marion S. and Ouelaa, Wassila and Tillement, Vanessa and Trouslard, Jerôme and Jean, André and Gonzalez, Bruno J. and Gourcerol, Guillaume and Dallaporta, Michel and Troadec, Jean-Denis and Mounien, Lourdes}, title = {Gastric distension activates NUCB2/nesfatin-1-expressing neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract.}, journal = {Regul Pept}, year = {2013}, volume = {187}, pages = {17--23}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Brainstem structures such as the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMNX) are essential for the digestive function of the stomach. A large number of neurotransmitters including glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are involved in the central control of gastric functions. However, the neuropeptidergic systems implicated in this process remain undetermined. Nesfatin-1 was recently identified as a neuropeptide cleaved from the N-terminal part of NEFA/nucleobindin 2 precursor (NUCB2). Central administration of this neuropeptide inhibits food consumption and gastroduodenal motility in rodents. Interestingly, the NTS and the DMNX contain a dense population of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 cell bodies. These observations led us to investigate the possible involvement of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 neurons in the brainstem neuronal pathways that modulate gastric functions. We observed an activation of NTS NUCB2/nesfatinergic neurons after gastric distention in rats. In addition, we found that several NTS NUCB2/nesfatinergic neurons were GABAergic. Finally, when fluorogold was injected at the stomach level, many retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in the DMNX which were also positive for NUCB2/nesfatin-1. Taken together, these observations suggest for the first time that NUCB2/nesfatin-1 neurons of the NTS are sensitive to gastric distension and then may contribute to the satiety signal.}, doi = {10.1016/j.regpep.2013.10.001}, institution = {Physiology and Physiopathology of Motor and Autonomic Nervous Systems (PPSN, EA4667), University of Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0167-0115(13)00136-5}, pmid = {24120633}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regpep.2013.10.001}, } @Article{Bonnet-Font:1990, author = {Bonnet-Font, C. and Bobillier, P.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport specificity in the locus coeruleus neurons after [(3)H]noradrenaline injection into the rat olfactory bulb.}, journal = {Neurochem Int}, year = {1990}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {523--532}, abstract = {Retrograde axonal transport process was investigated in the afferent systems to the rat olfactory bulb, after [(3)H]noradrenaline ([(3)H]NA) injection into the olfactory bulb, in order to provide evidence regarding its specificity and the biochemical basis supporting this specificity. Radioautographs showed that [(3)H]NA unilaterally injected into the olfactory bulb at a concentration of 10(?3) M, resulted in labeling of the structures afferent to the olfactory bulb, mainly on the injected side: locus coeruleus (LC), dorsal and central raphes, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract and piriform cortex. Heavy labeling was observed on the noradrenergic LC cell bodies, whereas the radioautographic reaction was less intense on the other structures. After 10(?4) M injection, the labeling intensity of the LC cell bodies was lower while very rare weakly labeled cell bodies persisted in the dorsal raphe, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract and piriform cortex. The LC cell bodies were exclusively labeled when the concentration of [(3)H]NA injection was 10(?5) M. All the other structures were devoid of labeling. It was still possible to detect labeled cell bodies in the LC for a 10(?6) M concentration. Following bilateral injections of [(3)H]NA (10(?3) M) the total radioactivity retrogradely transported to the LC represented about 4 times the total radioactivity measured in the periaqueductal gray substance (as control tissue of the tracer diffusion). Fractional study by ethanol of LC tissue homogenate and liquid scintillation counting of each fraction showed that 60\% of the total radioactivity (about 2.5 times the control value) was in the supernatant and 40\% (about 20 times the control value) was associated with the precipitate. In the other regions such as the dorsal and central raphes and periaqueductal gray substance, radioactivity was mainly found in the supernatant, except for the dorsal raphe whose precipitate contained a low amount of radioactivity (about 4 times the control value). Colchicine (an axonal transport inhibitor) bilaterally injected into the medial forebrain bundle and systemic administration of desipramine (a noradrenaline uptake inhibitor) decreased the radioactivity associated with the LC precipitate by 90 and 85\% and the LC supernatant radioactivity by 55 and 35\%, respectively. These pretreatments did not significantly affect the radioactivity amounts measured in the different fractions of dorsal and central raphes and periaqueductal gray substance. Radioautographic study after colchicine treatment showed a large decrease in the labeling intensity of the LC cell bodies as compared to the non-treated side. Therefore, we suggest that low concentrations (10(?5) M) of [(3)H]NA injected in the olfactory bulb determine specific conditions of noradrenergic pathway labeling. This specific labeling after migration could be supported by the radioactive ethanol precipitate which would appear to contain [(3)H]NA- and/or (3)H-derivatives-binding protein. Such a (3)H-macromolecular complex, which could represent the specific carrier, may well undergo retrograde transport from the nerve terminals towards the cell bodies.}, doi = {10.1016/0197-0186(90)90012-i}, institution = {CNRS UA 1195, INSERM U 52, Université Claude Bernard, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08 France.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0197-0186(90)90012-I}, pmid = {20504591}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bons:1983, author = {Bons, N., A. Combes, A. Szafarczyk and I. Assenmacher}, title = {[Extrahypothalamic efferent pathways of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat]}, journal = {Comptes Rendus des Seances de l Academie des Sciences - Serie Iii, Sciences de la Vie}, year = {1983}, volume = {297(6)}, pages = {347-50}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bontioti:2005, author = {Bontioti, Eleana and Kanje, Martin and Lundborg, Göran and Dahlin, Lars B.}, title = {End-to-side nerve repair in the upper extremity of rat.}, journal = {J Peripher Nerv Syst}, year = {2005}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {58--68}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The end-to-side nerve-repair technique, i.e., when the distal end of an injured nerve is attached end-to-side to an intact nerve trunk in an attempt to attract nerve fibers by collateral sprouting, has been used clinically. The technique has, however, been questioned. The aim of the present study was to investigate end-to-side repair in the upper extremity of rats with emphasis on functional recovery, source, type, and extent of regenerating fibers. End-to-side repair was used in the upper limb, and the radial or both median/ulnar nerves were attached end-to-side to the musculocutaneous nerve. Pawprints and tetanic muscle force were used to evaluate functional recovery during a 6-month recovery period, and double retrograde labeling was used to detect the source of the regenerated nerve fibers. The pawprints showed that, in end-to-side repair of either one or two recipient nerves, there was a recovery of toe spreading to 60-72\% of the preoperative value (lowest value around 47\% ). Electrical stimulation of the end-to-side attached radial or median/ulnar nerves 6 months after repair resulted in contraction of muscles in the forearm innervated by these nerves (median tetanic muscle force up to 70\% of the contralateral side). Retrograde labeling showed that both myelinated (morphometry) sensory and motor axons were recruited to the end-to-side attached nerve and that these axons emerged from the motor and sensory neuronal pool of the brachial plexus. Double retrograde labeling indicated that collateral sprouting was one mechanism by which regeneration occurred. We also found that two recipient nerves could be supported from a single donor nerve. Our results suggest that end-to-side repair may be one alternative to reconstruct a brachial plexus injury when no proximal nerve end is available.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1085-9489.2005.10109.x}, institution = {Department of Hand Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.}, keywords = {Anastomosis, Surgical; Animals; Axotomy; Electric Stimulation; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism; Median Nerve, surgery; Motor Neurons, metabolism; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation/metabolism; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Radial Nerve, surgery; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recovery of Function; Ulnar Nerve, surgery}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {JNS10109}, pmid = {15703019}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1085-9489.2005.10109.x}, } @Article{Border:1986, author = {B. G. Border and R. J. Kosinski and S. A. Azizi and G. A. Mihailoff}, title = {Certain basilar pontine afferent systems are GABA-ergic: combined HRP and immunocytochemical studies in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1986}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, pages = {169--179}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Injection of the tracer substance wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) directly into the basilar pontine nuclei using a ventral surgical approach resulted in the labeling of somata in many areas both rostral and caudal to the basilar pons. Certain of the sections that had been reacted for HRP were also incubated in antiserum prepared against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and processed according to routine peroxidase anti-peroxidase immunocytochemical procedures. Neuronal somata exhibiting both HRP and GAD reaction products were considered to represent GABA-ergic neurons that provide axonal projections to the basilar pontine nuclei. Such double-labeled neurons were observed within the zona incerta, anterior pretectal nucleus, lateral cerebellar nucleus, perirubral area, and the pontine and medullary reticular formation.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(86)90113-9}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, analysis; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Organ Specificity; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2429739}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Border:1991, author = {B. G. Border and G. A. Mihailoff}, title = {Glutamate immunoreactivity in the rat basilar pons: light and electron microscopy reveals labeled boutons and cells of origin of afferent projections.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1991}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {47-61}, abstract = {Immunohistochemical methods that employed a polyclonal antiserum directed against a glutamate-hemocyanin conjugate were utilized to examine the rat basilar pontine nuclei at both light and electron microscopic levels in order to identify putative glutamatergic neural elements. A large number of cells ranging in size from 11 to 32 microns in diameter and present in all subdivisions and at all rostrocaudal levels of the basilar pons exhibited intense glutamate immunoreactivity. Immunoreactive punctate structures, confirmed by electron microscopy to be axon terminals, were homogeneously distributed throughout the pontine neuropil, although a somewhat greater accumulation was apparent medially at mid-levels of the basilar pons and laterally at more caudal levels. Immunolabeled axons were also present throughout the pontine nuclei. In order to demonstrate possible extrinsic sources of glutamate-immunoreactive axon terminals within the pontine gray, injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were made directly into the basilar pons. Tissue was then evaluated for the presence of retrogradely transported wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and the same tissue sections processed for glutamate immunocytochemistry. Following this combined protocol, neuronal somata exhibiting both wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and glutamate immunoperoxidase reaction products were observed within layer Vb of the cerebral cortex, zona incerta, the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, nucleus paragigantocellularis of the medullary reticular formation, and the dorsal column nuclei. Such double-labeled cells were considered to represent glutamatergic neurons that provide axonal projections to the basilar pons. Ultrastructural studies of the pontine nuclei confirmed the presence of glutamate immunogold labeling in dendrites, neuronal somata, axons, and axon terminals. Immunoreactive boutons contained round vesicles and primarily formed asymmetric synapses at various postsynaptic loci which included glutamate-immunolabeled dendritic profiles and somata. These results suggest that glutamatergic basilar pontine neurons form one segment of a multisynaptic pathway involving glutamatergic afferents to the basilar pons, glutamatergic pontocerebellar projection neurons, and the glutamatergic granule cells of the cerebellar cortex.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(91)90102-t}, institution = {Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, chemistry; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Female; Glutamates, analysis; Glutamic Acid; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Endings, chemistry; Neurons, chemistry; Pons, chemistry; Rats; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(91)90102-T}, pmid = {1721694}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bordi:1994, author = {F. Bordi and J. E. LeDoux}, title = {Response properties of single units in areas of rat auditory thalamus that project to the amygdala. II. Cells receiving convergent auditory and somatosensory inputs and cells antidromically activated by amygdala stimulation.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1994}, volume = {98}, number = {2}, pages = {275--286}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to further our understanding of the contribution of auditory thalamoamygdala projections to conditioned emotional memories formed when auditory and noxious somatosensory stimuli are associated. Single unit activity was recorded in the acoustic thalamus of chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats in response to auditory (white noise, clicks, tones) and somatosensory (foot-shock) stimulation. The thalamic areas focused on were the medial division of the medial geniculate body (MGm), the suprageniculate nucleus (SG), and the posterior intralaminar nucleus (PIN), thalamic areas that receive inputs from both the inferior colliculus and the spinal cord and that project to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (AL). For comparison, recordings were also made from the specific thalamocortical relay nucleus, the ventral division of the medial geniculate body (MGv), which receives projections from the inferior colliculus but not from the spinal cord. Auditory but not somatosensory responses were recorded from MGv, while both auditory and somatosensory responses were frequently found in MGm, PIN, and SG. In these areas, convergent auditory and somatosensory responses were more frequently found rostrally than caudally. Within a thalamic subregion, the acoustic response properties of the convergence cells were not different from the response properties of unimodal auditory cells. Some cells that responded to somatosensory but not auditory stimuli showed a potentiated response when tested with simultaneous presentation of auditory and somatosensory stimuli. In some studies, thalamic cells that project to the amygdala were antidromically activated by stimulation of the AL. Consistent with anatomical tracing results, antidromically activated cells were found in MGm, PIN, and SG, but not in MGv. Antidromically activated cells were more likely to respond to auditory stimuli than to somatosensory stimuli, but unimodal somatosensory and convergence cells were also found. These findings, which provide the first characterization of acoustic response properties of multimodal cells in the auditory thalamus and of cells in the auditory thalamus that project to amygdala, suggest insights into the emotional functions of the thalamoamygdala pathway.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00228415}, institution = {Center for Neural Science, New York University, NY 10003.}, keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation; Amygdala, cytology/physiology; Animals; Auditory Pathways, cytology/physiology; Conditioning, Classical, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Emotions, physiology; Male; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8050513}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Borhegyi:1998a, author = {Borhegyi, Z. and Freund, T. F.}, title = {Dual projection from the medial septum to the supramammillary nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1998}, volume = {46}, number = {5}, pages = {453--459}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The supramammillary nucleus, collecting information about the physiological state of the animal, innervates medial septal neurons that are involved in the generation of hippocampal theta activity. Here we demonstrate that septal neurons located in an area bordering the medial and lateral septal nucleus project back to the supramammillary nucleus, and most of these cells contain calretinin, calbindin or both. GABA-immunoreactive boutons of these neurons (60\%) form symmetrical synapses, whereas the remaining GABA-negative terminals form asymmetrical synapses (40\%) with their supramammillary targets. We hypothesize that the septosupramammillary feedback, because of the specific location of its parent cells, carries information about the activity of theta generator cells in the medial septum and supramammillary nucleus, as well as about the resulting theta activity in the hippocampus.}, doi = {10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00038-0}, institution = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Calbindin 2; Calbindins; Calcium-Binding Proteins, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mamillary Bodies, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Wistar; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G, metabolism; Septal Nuclei, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0361-9230(98)00038-0}, pmid = {9739009}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Borhegyi:1997, author = {Z. Borhegyi and C. Leranth}, title = {Distinct substance P- and calretinin-containing projections from the supramammillary area to the hippocampus in rats; a species difference between rats and monkeys.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1997}, volume = {115}, number = {2}, pages = {369--374}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Our recent studies showed the co-existence of substance P and calretinin in the supramammillo-hippocampal pathway of monkeys, as well as species differences in the synaptic targets of extrinsic substance P fibers in the hippocampi of monkeys and rats. Experiments used: (1) single and multiple stereotaxic injection of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated HRP into the hippocampus and immunostaining for substance P in the supramammillary area; (2) colocalization of substance P and calretinin in supramammillary area cells; and (3) colocalization of these two neurochemicals in retrogradely labeled supramammillary projective cells of both male and female rats. These demonstrated: (a) many calretinin- and fewer substance P-immunoreactive neurons retrogradely labeled in the ipsilateral supramammillary area; (b) approximately 74\% of all substance P cells contain calretinin and 9\% of the calretinin neurons co-contain substance P; and, most importantly (c) none of the retrogradely labeled supramammillary cells colocalize calretinin and substance P. These results indicate the presence of two distinct supramammillo-hippocampal projections in the rat, one that contains substance P and the other calretinin. The latter innervates the same areas as those in the monkey, and the former terminates only in the CA2 hippocampal subfield.}, doi = {10.1007/pl00005706}, institution = {Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.}, keywords = {Animals; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, metabolism; Female; Haplorhini; Hippocampus, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Histocytochemistry; Male; Mamillary Bodies, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Nerve Fibers, metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Species Specificity; Substance P, metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9224865}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Borhegyi:1998, author = {Z. Borhegyi and Z. Maglóczky and L. Acsády and T. F. Freund}, title = {The supramammillary nucleus innervates cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1998}, volume = {82}, number = {4}, pages = {1053--1065}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {In the present study, the connectivity between two subcortical nuclei involved in hippocampal theta activity, the supramammillary nucleus and the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex, was examined. Targets of the supramammillary afferents in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex were identified by combining anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin with immunostaining for putative postsynaptic neurons, i.e. for parvalbumin and choline acetyltransferase that are known to label the GABAergic and cholinergic neurons, respectively, of the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex. Double retrograde transport experiments using the tracers horseradish peroxidase and wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated colloidal gold were employed to identify supramammillary neurons that project both to the hippocampus and the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex. Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin injections into the supramammillary nucleus of the rat resulted in dense fibre and terminal labelling in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex. Labelled terminals formed asymmetric synapses mainly on distal dendrites of medial septal neurons. Proximal dendrites and somata were rarely contacted. The supramammillary afferents showed no target selectivity for a particular cell type; they innervated both cholinergic and GABAergic cells. Occasionally, perisomatic, basket-like terminals of supramammillary origin were found around parvalbumin-containing neurons. Double-retrograde experiments revealed that at least 25\% of the supramammillo-hippocampal cells also projected to the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca. These data suggest that the nucleus, known to modulate the hippocampal electrical activity directly by the supramammillo-hippocampal pathway, also has the potential for an indirect action via the innervation of both the GABAergic and cholinergic septohippocampal neurons. This dual modulation may originate, at least in part, from the same population of supramammillary neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00301-1}, institution = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.}, keywords = {Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Frontal Lobe, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mamillary Bodies, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrasonography; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452297003011}, pmid = {9466429}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Borke:1995, author = {Borke, R. C. and Bridwell, R. S. and Nau, M. E.}, title = {The progression of deafferentation as a retrograde reaction to hypoglossal nerve injury.}, journal = {J Neurocytol}, year = {1995}, volume = {24}, number = {10}, pages = {763--774}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {This study examined the fate of axon terminals of one of the major sources of hypoglossal afferents, the spinal V nucleus, after XIIth nerve resection in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. In order to anterogradely label trigemino-hypoglossal projections, small quantities of horse radish peroxidase were pressure-injected into the ipsilateral dorsal (mandibular) portion of the spinal V nucleus two days before the animals were killed. Survival periods ranged from 5 to 33 days after nerve injury (dpo). Axonal injury produced relative changes in the association of labelled axon terminals to structures in the hypoglossal nucleus on the injured side. The proportion of horse radish peroxidase-labelled spinal V nucleus terminals with spherical vesicles (S-terminals) that were unapposed to hypoglossal somata or dendrites increased rapidly and reached maximal levels by 11 dpo. By contrast, the isolation of labelled terminals with pleomorphic/flattened vesicles (P/F-terminals) from postsynaptic structures began later, advanced at a slower rate and did not attain maximal levels until 20 dpo. S-terminals not apposed to neuronal cell parts increased at a rate of 2.2 times greater than unapposed P/F-terminals. In addition, at peak levels, the proportion of labelled S-terminals that were detached from somata and dendrites was significantly greater than unapposed, labelled P/F-terminals. Axotomy did not alter the caliber of the labelled axon terminals. However, by 29 days after axotomy, the average diameter of dendrites remaining in contact with SPVN terminals was 1/3 the diameter of dendrites of uninjured neurons apposed to labelled axon terminals. These findings provide the morphological correlate for physiological and pharmacological evidence that the effectiveness of excitatory and inhibitory synapses are down-regulated in a coordinated manner after hypoglossal nerve injury.}, doi = {10.1007/bf01191212}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Denervation; Hypoglossal Nerve, physiology/surgery/ultrastructure; Kinetics; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8586996}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Borke:1985, author = {Borke, R. C. and Nau, M. E.}, title = {The ultrastructural identification of reticulo-hypoglossal axon terminals anterogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {337}, number = {1}, pages = {127--132}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the nucleus reticularis parvocellularis (RPc) produced anterograde labeling of axon terminals within the hypoglossal nucleus. Based on morphological parameters of vesicle population, membrane specializations, and postsynaptic articulations, two types of axon terminals derived from neurons in RPc end on hypoglossal neurons. More than half of the terminals contained spherical vesicles (S-type), established asymmetrical membrane specializations and contacted proximal and medium-sized dendrites. The remaining labeled terminals had flattened vesicles (F-type), symmetrical membrane densities and apposed medium and small dendrites. The morphological differences expressed in the two types of terminals may reflect physiological and/or pharmacological differences in the action of RPc neurons on motoneurons in the hypoglossal nucleus.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)91616-6}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, analysis/ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Hypoglossal Nerve, analysis/ultrastructure; Lectins, diagnostic use; Male; Nerve Endings, analysis/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, analysis/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, analysis/ultrastructure; Synaptic Vesicles, analysis/ultrastructure; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(85)91616-6}, pmid = {3839152}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Borke:1986, author = {Borke, R. C. and Nau, M. E.}, title = {Factors affecting the ultrastructural pattern of anterograde labeling in axon terminals with HRP.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1986}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {259--265}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Comparisons of anterograde labeling of axon terminals originating from short and long projection neurons were made in the hypoglossal nucleus. Injections of dilute and concentrated horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ-agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were made via a glass micropipette into the nucleus reticularis parvocellularis (RPc = short projection neurons) and the Spinal V trigeminal complex (Sp. V = long projection neurons). Axon terminals in the hypoglossal nucleus, a common projection site of the two efferent systems, were evaluated ultrastructurally using diaminobenzidine (DAB) as the chromogen for the cobalt-glucose oxidase (CO-GOD) method of HRP labeling. Labeled axon terminals from these two sources demonstrated different distribution patterns of the reaction product. For the short pathway, high concentrations of the tracers resulted in diffuse, agranular labeling in the majority of axon terminals. Dilute concentrations of the tracers were associated with membrane-bound, granular type of labeling. All anterograde labeling of terminals of long projection neurons (Sp. V) was membrane-bound and granular irrespective of the tracer concentration. The length of the pathway and the concentration of the enzyme tracers are factors that affect the pattern of anterograde label in axon terminals of hypoglossal afferents.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(86)90040-7}, keywords = {3,3'-Diaminobenzidine; Animals; Benzidines; Central Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology; Chromogenic Compounds; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypoglossal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neuroanatomy, methods; Peroxidases; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Staining and Labeling; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(86)90040-7}, pmid = {2421855}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Borke:1987, author = {Borke, R. C. and Nau, M. E.}, title = {The ultrastructural morphology and distribution of trigemino-hypoglossal connections labeled with horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1987}, volume = {422}, number = {2}, pages = {235--241}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Axon terminals projecting to the hypoglossal nucleus have been identified and characterized by electron microscopy following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into pars interpolaris of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (SPVN) in adult rats. Over 70\% of the anterogradely labeled terminals contained spherical vesicles (S-terminals) and their synaptic densities were chiefly asymmetrical (Gray Type I). The rest (28\%) of the labeled terminals had flattened vesicles (F-terminals) and predominantly established symmetrical (Gray Type II) synaptic contacts. The diameters of labeled terminals were 0.5-2.5 micron. Two-thirds of the S-terminals had diameters less than 1.25 micron, whereas, F-terminals were distributed equally in the higher (greater than 1.25) and lower (less than 1.25) diameter ranges. Most axon terminals ended on dendrites of hypoglossal neurons; some, chiefly F-terminals, formed axosomatic endings. Dendrites had diameters of 0.5-5 micron. The majority of S- and F-terminals ended on dendrites with diameters of less than 2.5 micron. However, more F-terminals (17\%) than S-terminals (11\%) were presynaptic to dendrites greater than 2.5 micron in diameter. Experiments in which anterograde HRP labeling of trigemino-hypoglossal projections was combined with retrograde WGA-HRP labeling of motoneurons projecting to the tongue, demonstrated that SPVN axons end on dendrites of these motoneurons. Whether some of the trigeminal fibers also terminate on intrinsic hypoglossal interneurons remains to be determined.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(87)90930-9}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, USUHS, F. Herbert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Animals; Axonal Transport; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypoglossal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(87)90930-9}, pmid = {2445437}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Borke:1988, author = {Borke, R. C. and Nau, M. E. and Newman, D. B.}, title = {Reticulo- and trigemino-hypoglossal connections: a quantitative comparison of ultrastructural substrates.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1988}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {795--803}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Axon terminals were identified and characterized by electron microscopy after injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the spinal V nucleus (SPVN) or the medullary reticular formation adjacent to the XIIth nucleus. The synaptic organization and topology of these two different populations of hypoglossal afferents (T-XII and R-XII respectively) were determined by quantitative comparisons. Significant differences were obtained in the ratios of morphological types of terminals, sizes of axonal endings and their location on postsynaptic structures. Axon terminals containing spherical vesicles (S-terminals) and those with flattened/pleomorphic vesicles (F-terminals) were anterogradely labeled with HRP from both injection sites. However, the S/F ratio for R-XII terminals was 1.2:1 compared to 2.6:1 for T-XII afferents. Asymmetrical membrane densities (Gray Type I) were the predominant form of junctional specialization for S-terminal synapses. Asymmetrical densities with subjunctional dense bodies/bars (S-Taxi) were associated with a higher proportion of T-XII synapses than R-XII synapses. Almost all of the F-terminals from both sources had symmetrical densities (Gray Type II). The average diameter of R-XII terminals was greater than that of T-XII terminals. R-XII-F terminals were the largest terminals. The majority of axon terminals from both sources formed axodendritic synapses. However, R-XII terminals had a higher incidence (10\% vs. 3\%) of axosomatic contacts. The proportion of R-XII-F-terminals decreased from the central toward the distal dendrites, whereas the opposite was found for T-XII-F and T-XII-S-terminals. In contrast to these findings, R-XII-S-terminals were more uniformly distributed on dendrites of all sizes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(88)90048-2}, institution = {USUHS, F. Hebert School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799.}, keywords = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Hypoglossal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(88)90048-2}, pmid = {3219611}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Borke:1983, author = {R. C. Borke and M. E. Nau and R. L. Ringler}, title = {Brain stem afferents of hypoglossal neurons in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {269}, number = {1}, pages = {47--55}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The origin of afferent connections of the hypoglossal nucleus in rats was investigated using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a retrograde tracer. Pressure injections (0.15-0.17 mu1) of 15\% HRP were introduced into the rostral, middle and caudal portions of the nucleus. Projections to the hypoglossal nucleus originated from 3 regions of the brainstem: the reticular formation, the spinal V complex and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Bilateral projections with ipsilateral predominance came from the lateral reticular formation: the dorsal aspect of the nucleus reticularis parvocellularis and its caudal continuation, the nucleus reticularis dorsalis. Fewer projections emerged from two nuclei of the medial reticular formation. The dorsal part of the nucleus reticularis ventralis at the spinomedullary junction contributed bilateral with mainly contralateral input to hypoglossal neurons. A few labeled neurons were situated bilaterally in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis of the rostral medulla. The input from the spinal V complex originated from the dorsal aspect along most of its length but particularly from the pars interpolaris and oralis subdivisions. Labeled neurons were located primarily in the posterior portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Projections from the spinal V complex and the solitary nucleus exhibited ipsilateral predominance. These results suggest that somatic and visceral centers of the rat brainstem play an important role in the control of the activity of hypoglossal motoneurons.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)90961-7}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypoglossal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Muridae; Neurons, ultrastructure; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Tongue, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(83)90961-7}, pmid = {6871701}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Born:2007, author = {Gesche Born and Matthias Schmidt}, title = {GABAergic pathways in the rat subcortical visual system: a comparative study in vivo and in vitro.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2007}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, pages = {1183--1192}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Inhibitory pathways project from the pretectal nuclear complex to the ipsilateral superior colliculus (SC) and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Both pathways arise from GABAergic neurones that are located in the dorsal pretectal nuclear complex. In the present experiments, we compared the anatomy and physiology of these two pathways with the objective of determining whether they have similar functions. First, we injected retrograde axonal tracers that fluoresce at different wavelengths in the dLGN and SC of single animals to determine if individual GABAergic neurones in the pretectum project to both structures. The results showed that the dLGN and SC receive input from different cell groups. Next, morphological reconstructions of cells labelled after in-vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that the pretectal-recipient cells in the dLGN are GABAergic interneurones, whereas those in the SC are projection cells. Finally, with in-vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recordings we showed that inhibitory currents generated by both pathways are mediated by GABA(A) receptors. Taken together, these results suggest that these inhibitory projections may function to facilitate the relay of information from the dLGN to the visual cortex by suppressing the activity of dLGN interneurones, and to reduce the level of activity leaving the SC by inhibiting the projection neurones. These hypotheses will be discussed in the context of the known functions of the pretectal complex.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05700.x}, institution = {Neurobiologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.}, keywords = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, pharmacology; Animals; Electric Stimulation, methods; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Female; Functional Laterality; GABA Agents, pharmacology; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/physiology; Glutamic Acid, pharmacology; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects; Male; Membrane Potentials, physiology/radiation effects; Neurons, physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques, methods; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Superior Colliculi, cytology/physiology; Time Factors; Visual Pathways, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {EJN5700}, pmid = {17767497}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05700.x}, } @Article{Born:2008, author = {Gesche Born and Matthias Schmidt}, title = {A reciprocal connection between the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and the pretectal nuclear complex and the superior colliculus: an in vitro characterization in the rat.}, journal = {Vis Neurosci}, year = {2008}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {39--51}, abstract = {The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN), the pretectal nuclear complex (PNC) and the superior colliculus (SC) are structures that all receive retinal input. All three structures are important relay stations of the subcortical visual system. They are strongly connected with each other and involved in circadian and/or visuomotor processes. However, the information transferred along these pathways is unknown and their possible functions are, therefore, not well understood. Here, we characterized multiple pathways between the vLGN, the PNC, and the SC electrophysiologically and anatomically in an in vitro study using acute rat brain slices. Using orthodromic and antidromic electrical stimulation, we first characterized vLGN neurons that receive pretectal input and those that project to the PNC. Morphological reconstructions of cells labeled after patch clamp recordings identified these neurons as geniculo-tectal neurons and as medium-sized multipolar neurons. We identified inhibitory connections in both pathways and we could show that inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) evoked from the PNC in vLGN neurons are mediated only by GABAA receptors, while IPSCs evoked in PNC neurons by vLGN stimulation are either mediated by both, GABAA and GABAC receptors or by a GABA receptor with mixed GABAA and GABAC receptor-like pharmacology. Finally, retrograde double labeling experiments with two different fluorescent dextran amines indicated that pretectal neurons which project to the ipsilateral vLGN also project to the ipsilateral SC.}, doi = {10.1017/S0952523808080048}, institution = {Neurobiologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.}, keywords = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, pharmacology; Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology/radiation effects; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cobalt, pharmacology; Drug Interactions; Electric Stimulation, methods; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Female; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/physiology; Male; Neurons, drug effects/physiology/radiation effects; Patch-Clamp Techniques, methods; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Superior Colliculi, cytology/physiology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0952523808080048}, pmid = {18282309}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0952523808080048}, } @Article{Bosch:2012, author = {Bosch, C. and Mailly, P. and Degos, B. and Deniau, J-M. and Venance, L.}, title = {Preservation of the hyperdirect pathway of basal ganglia in a rodent brain slice.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2012}, volume = {215}, pages = {31--41}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Basal ganglia are a network of interconnected nuclei, involved in motor control, goal-directed behaviors and procedural learning. Basal ganglia process information from the cerebral cortex through three main pathways. The striatum is the input nucleus of the direct (cortico-striato-nigral) and indirect (cortico-striato-pallido-subthalamo-nigral) pathways while the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is the input structure of the hyperdirect (cortico-subthalamo-nigral) pathway. Despite the fact that the hyperdirect pathway constitutes a central part of most of basal ganglia models, experimental studies concerning its synaptic transmission and plasticity are still lacking. This is mainly because in vitro brain slices do not preserve the hyperdirect pathway. Here, we address this by developing a hyperdirect pathway brain slice where cortico-subthalamo-nigral connections were preserved. We characterized the transmission properties and its monosynaptic features between the frontal cortex and the STN, and between the STN and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), the output nucleus of the hyperdirect pathway. Cortical stimulation evoked monosynaptic glutamatergic events in STN neurons with a mean latency of 11.3 ms and a mean amplitude of 21 pA. STN stimulations evoked monosynaptic glutamatergic events in SNr neurons with a mean latency of 2.5 ms and a mean amplitude of 116 pA. This brain slice also preserved a part of the direct and indirect pathways such as the cortico-striatal connection. This novel slice configuration containing the hyperdirect pathway is a useful tool to better understand the transmission and plasticity in this pathway and hence the physiology and the pathophysiology of basal ganglia.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.033}, institution = {Team Dynamic and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, College de France, 75005 Paris, France.}, keywords = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, pharmacology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Computer Simulation; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Frontal Lobe, physiology; Membrane Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways, physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time, drug effects; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects; Valine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(12)00393-4}, pmid = {22537846}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.033}, } @Article{Bosco:1994, author = {G. Bosco and G. Giaquinta and R. Raffaele and G. Smecca and V. Perciavalle}, title = {Projections from the cerebral cortex to the accessory oculomotor nuclei of the rat: a neuroanatomical and immunohistochemical study.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1994}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, pages = {521--529}, abstract = {The projections from the cerebral cortex to the accessory oculomotor nuclei, i.e. the nucleus of posterior commissure (NPC), the nucleus of Darkschewitsch (NDK) and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) and the putative neurotransmitters subserving this pathway have been studied in adult rats. Retrograde labeling with Fluoro-Gold showed that only the more medial part of the agranular cortex, which is considered the rat's analogous to the frontal eye fields of the monkey, sends axon to the ipsilateral accessory oculomotor nuclei. The retrogradely-labeled cells were located primarily in the fifth layer of this cortical region. Following an injection of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin in this cortical area, we observed corticofugal labeled fibers reaching the accessory oculomotor nuclei and terminating as a fine dust-like terminal labeling in the NDK, in the dorso-lateral division of the INC and in the NPC, as well as in the medial oculomotor accessory nucleus, the red nucleus, the superior colliculus and, even though to a lesser extent, in the mesencephalic reticular formation and the central gray. With regard to the immunohistochemical approach, we observed that all the cells retrogradely labeled from the accessory oculomotor area were also stained by using glutamate or aspartate antisera.}, institution = {Institute of Human Physiology, University of Catania, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Aspartic Acid, analysis; Axonal Transport; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Glutamic Acid, analysis; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, cytology; Oculomotor Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stereotaxic Techniques; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7533811}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bossert:2012, author = {Bossert, Jennifer M. and Stern, Anna L. and Theberge, Florence R M. and Marchant, Nathan J. and Wang, Hui-Ling and Morales, Marisela and Shaham, Yavin}, title = {Role of projections from ventral medial prefrontal cortex to nucleus accumbens shell in context-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2012}, volume = {32}, number = {14}, pages = {4982--4991}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {In humans, exposure to contexts previously associated with heroin use can provoke relapse. In rats, exposure to heroin-paired contexts after extinction of drug-reinforced responding in different contexts reinstates heroin seeking. This effect is attenuated by inhibition of glutamate or dopamine transmission in nucleus accumbens shell, or inactivation of ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Here, we used an anatomical asymmetrical disconnection procedure to demonstrate that an interaction between glutamatergic projections from ventral mPFC to accumbens shell and local dopamine D(1) postsynaptic receptors contributes to context-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking. We also combined the marker of neuronal activity, Fos, with the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold to assess activation in this pathway during context-induced reinstatement. Rats were trained to self-administer heroin for 12 d; drug infusions were paired with a discrete tone-light cue. Lever pressing was subsequently extinguished in a nondrug-associated context in the presence of the discrete cue. Rats were then tested in the heroin- or extinction-associated contexts under extinction conditions. Injections of muscimol + baclofen into ventral mPFC in one hemisphere and D(1)-family receptor antagonist SCH 23390 into the contralateral or ipsilateral accumbens shell decreased context-induced reinstatement. Unilateral injections of muscimol + baclofen into ventral mPFC or SCH 23390 into the accumbens shell had no effect. Context-induced reinstatement was associated with increased Fos expression in ventral mPFC neurons, including those projecting to accumbens shell, with higher double-labeling in the ipsilateral projection than in the contralateral projection. Our results demonstrate that activation of glutamatergic projections from ventral mPFC to accumbens shell, previously implicated in inhibition of cocaine relapse, promotes heroin relapse.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0005-12.2012}, institution = {ntramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA. jbossert@intra.nida.nih.gov}, keywords = {Animals; Behavior, Addictive, physiopathology/psychology; Extinction, Psychological, drug effects/physiology; Heroin Dependence, physiopathology/psychology; Male; Nerve Net, drug effects/physiology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, drug effects/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Self Administration}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {32/14/4982}, pmid = {22492053}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0005-12.2012}, } @Article{Bou-Farah:2015, author = {Bou-Farah, L. and Bowman, B. R. and Bokiniec, P. and Karim, S. and Le, S. and Goodchild, A. K. and McMullan, S.}, title = {Somatostatin in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla: Origins and mechanism of action.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Somatostatin (SST) or agonists of the SST-2 receptor (sst2 ) in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) lower sympathetic nerve activity, arterial pressure and heart rate, or when administered within the Bötzinger region, evoke apneusis. Our aims were to describe the mechanisms responsible for the sympathoinhibitory effects of SST on bulbospinal neurons and to identify likely sources of RVLM SST release. Patch clamp recordings were made from bulbospinal RVLM neurons (n = 31) in brainstem slices prepared from juvenile rat pups. 58\% of neurons responded to SST, displaying an increase in conductance that reversed at -93 mV, indicative of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel (GIRK) mechanism. Blockade of sst2 abolished this effect, but application of tetrodotoxin did not, indicating that the SST effect is independent of presynaptic activity. Fourteen bulbospinal RVLM neurons were recovered for immunohistochemistry; nine were SST insensitive and did not express sst2a . Three out of five responsive neurons were sst2a immunoreactive. Neurons that contained preprosomatostatin mRNA and cholera-toxin-B retrogradely transported from the RVLM were detected in: paratrigeminal nucleus, lateral parabrachial nucleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, ventrolateral periaqueductal grey area, central nucleus of the amygdala, sublenticular extended amygdala, interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure nucleus and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Thus, those brain regions are putative sources of endogenous SST release that, when activated, may evoke sympathoinhibitory effects via interactions with subsets of sympathetic premotor neurons that express sst2. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.23846}, institution = {The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, 2 Technology Place, Macquarie University, 2109, NSW, Australia.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {26131686}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23846}, } @Article{Boulenguez:2007b, author = {Pascale Boulenguez and Patrick Gauthier and Anne Kastner}, title = {Respiratory neuron subpopulations and pathways potentially involved in the reactivation of phrenic motoneurons after C2 hemisection.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2007}, volume = {1148}, pages = {96--104}, month = {May}, abstract = {Lateral hemisection of the cervical (C2) spinal cord in the rat interrupts ipsilateral bulbospinal respiratory pathways arising mainly from the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG) and Bötzinger complex and projecting to phrenic motoneurons in C3-C5. Deafferented phrenic motoneurons can be reactivated via previously silent contralateral pathways, a process called the crossed phrenic phenomenon (CPP). In order to further characterise the neuronal bases of the CPP and quantify the neurons involved, respiratory neurons projecting to the ipsilateral phrenic nucleus in hemisected rats were labelled by injection of the monosynaptic retrograde tracer fluorogold (FG) in ipsilateral C3-C4 metamers. Respectively 36\% and 23\% neurons were labelled in the contralateral and ipsilateral rVRG in hemisected rats compared to controls, and respectively 26\% and 2\% in the contralateral and ipsilateral Bötzinger complex. This shows that phrenic motoneurons located under the C2 hemisection may still be activated by axons or collaterals of contralateral respiratory premotoneurons located in the rVRG and Bötzinger complex which cross the spinal cord midline at the level of the phrenic nuclei, and also by axon collaterals of ipsilateral rVRG premotoneurons which cross the midline both in the brainstem and in the spinal cord. Neurons with double crossing axons were twice as many in the caudal part of the rVRG (38\%) compared to the part located rostrally to the area postrema (20\%), which further argues in favour of a subdivision of this nucleus. These pathways may be involved in the CPP and could be differentially activated in acute or chronic lesioned rats.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.060}, institution = {>}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Denervation; Diaphragm, innervation/physiology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Female; Functional Laterality, physiology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Motor Neurons, cytology/physiology; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Phrenic Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recovery of Function, physiology; Respiratory Center, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Respiratory Insufficiency, etiology/physiopathology; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Spinal Cord Injuries, pathology/physiopathology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(07)00423-4}, pmid = {17379194}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.060}, } @Article{Boulenguez:2007, author = {Pascale Boulenguez and Christian Gestreau and Stéphane Vinit and Jean-Claude Stamegna and Anne Kastner and Patrick Gauthier}, title = {Specific and artifactual labeling in the rat spinal cord and medulla after injection of monosynaptic retrograde tracers into the diaphragm.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {2007}, volume = {417}, number = {2}, pages = {206--211}, month = {May}, abstract = {The use of fluorescent dyes has been a major improvement for paths tracing studies. However, these tracers present different properties and have to be chosen carefully. The present study compares the ability of different tracers to specifically label phrenic motoneurons (PMNs) innervating the rat diaphragm. The administration of fluorogold (FG) from the transected phrenic nerve specifically labeled PMNs in the ipsilateral spinal cord. However, when FG was injected into one hemidiaphragm, in addition with ipsilateral PMNs, a less intense artifactual labeling was observed in the spinal cord (mainly in contralateral PMNs) and in the medulla oblongata (mainly in the area postrema and cranial motor nuclei). Similar results were observed using horseradish peroxidase, while no labeling was observed after injection of nuclear yellow or diamidino yellow into the diaphragm. By contrast, the dextran amine fluororuby (FR) and the carbocyanine DiAsp selectively and exclusively labeled ipsilateral PMNs 2 or 3 weeks after injection into the diaphragm, respectively. The lipophilic properties of DiAsp and the high molecular weight of FR may prevent their diffusion to adjacent tissues and into the blood stream which seems to account for the artifactual labeling observed with the other tracers. The higher homogeneity and quality of the labeling observed with FR compared to DiAsp make it the most appropriate tracer for the specific monosynaptic fluorescent labeling of PMNs after injection into the diaphragm.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.047}, institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie Neurovégétative (UMR CNRS 6153, INRA 1147), Université Paul Cézanne (Aix-Marseille III), Marseille, France. pascale.boulenguez@dpm.cnrs-mrs.fr}, keywords = {Amidines, metabolism; Animals; Artifacts; Axonal Transport, drug effects/physiology; Benzimidazoles, metabolism; Dextrans, metabolism; Diaphragm, innervation/physiology; Diffusion, drug effects; Efferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Membrane Lipids, metabolism; Molecular Weight; Phrenic Nerve, cytology/physiology; Pyridinium Compounds, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines, metabolism; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Staining and Labeling, methods; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Synapses, drug effects/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(07)00218-2}, pmid = {17412505}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.047}, } @Article{Boulton:1992, author = {C. L. Boulton and D. von Haebler and U. Heinemann}, title = {Tracing of axonal connections by rhodamine-dextran-amine in the rat hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slice preparation.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {1992}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {99--106}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {In order to demonstrate axonal connections preserved in rat temporal cortex slices the authors used rhodamine-dextran-amine as a tracer. The slices contained the neocortical areas Te2 and Te3, the medial and lateral entorhinal cortices (MEC and LEC), the subicular regions, and the dentate gyrus and hippocampus proper. Rhodamine-dextran-amine crystals were placed by microinjection into a given area. Following this local lesioning the dye was permitted to diffuse and migrate intraaxonally in antero- and retrograde directions for about 8 hours. The slices were then formaldehyde-fixed and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. Most of the known connections within and between the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus and dentate gyrus were preserved in the slice preparation, provided that the slices were cut with a near horizontal orientation corresponding to plates 99-108 in Paxinos and Watson (1986). Only the lateral perforant path between the LEC and the hippocampus could not be followed to its full extent. The authors conclude that most aspects of the intrinsic synaptic organization of the temporal lobe can be reliably studied in hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slice preparations.}, doi = {10.1002/hipo.450020203}, institution = {Institut für Neurophysiologie, Zentrum für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universität zu Köln, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Dextrans; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rhodamines; Temporal Lobe, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1284973}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450020203}, } @Article{Bouna:1994, author = {Bouna, S. and Gysling, K. and Calas, A. and Araneda, S.}, title = {Some noradrenergic neurons of locus ceruleus-olfactory pathways contain neuropeptide-Y.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1994}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {413--417}, abstract = {We report a specific tracing technique for studying projections of noradrenergic neurons that contain other transmitters. Autoradiography after retrograde axonal transport of tritiated-noradrenaline ([3H]NA) was combined with immunocytochemical detection of endogenous NA or neuropeptide Y (NPY). The specificity of [3H]NA retrograde labeling was dependent on the concentration of [3H]NA injected at the terminal region. At 2 x 10(-3) M, the specificity of [3H]NA retrograde labeling was confirmed by immunodetection of endogenous NA in radiolabeled cell bodies of the locus ceruleus. Combination of autoradiography of [3H]NA retrograde labeling with immunodetection of NPY demonstrated that a some scattered locus ceruleus noradrenergic neurons (about 26\%) projecting to the olfactory bulb do contain NPY.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(94)90038-8}, institution = {Département de Cytologie, Université de Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Neuropeptide Y, immunology/metabolism; Norepinephrine, immunology/metabolism/physiology; Olfactory Bulb, cytology/metabolism; Olfactory Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(94)90038-8}, pmid = {8082034}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bourassa:1995, author = {J. Bourassa and M. Deschênes}, title = {Corticothalamic projections from the primary visual cortex in rats: a single fiber study using biocytin as an anterograde tracer.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1995}, volume = {66}, number = {2}, pages = {253--263}, month = {May}, abstract = {This study investigates the pattern of axonal projections of single corticothalamic neurons from the rat primary visual cortex. Microiontophoretic injections of biocytin were made in cortical laminae V and VI to label small pools of corticothalamic cells and their intrathalamic axonal projections. After a survival period of 48 h, the animals were perfused and the tissue was processed for biocytin histochemistry. On the basis of the intrathalamic distribution of axonal fields and the types of terminations found in the thalamus, three types of corticothalamic projections were identified. (1) Cells of the upper part of lamina VI projected to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus where they arborized in rostrocaudally oriented bands or "rods" parallel to the lines of projection of retinal afferents. (2) Cells of the lower part of lamina VI projected to the lateral part of the lateral posterior nucleus and they also sent collaterals to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus where they participated in the formation of rods. (3) The corticothalamic projection of lamina V cells originated from collaterals of corticofugal cells whose main axons reached the tectum and/or the pontine nuclei. These collaterals never terminated within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; they arborized in the lateral posterior, lateral dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei. All corticothalamic cells from lamina VI displayed the same type of axonal network made of long branches decorated by terminal boutons emitted "en passant" at the tip of fine stalks. Corticothalamic fibers arising from lamina V, however, generated varicose endings in restricted regions of their target nuclei. All corticothalamic axons derived from lamina VI cells, but not those derived from lamina V cells, gave off collaterals as they traversed the thalamic reticular complex. These results demonstrate that corticothalamic fibers arising from the rat primary visual cortex display a lamina-dependent projection pattern. In the light of previous studies on the topographical organization of corticothalamic projections, it is proposed that a similar organizational plan characterizes corticothalamic relationships in other sensory systems in the rat and in other species.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(95)00009-8}, institution = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Female; Geniculate Bodies, cytology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Male; Microinjections; Neural Pathways, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus, cytology; Visual Cortex, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(95)00009-8}, pmid = {7477870}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bourassa:1995a, author = {J. Bourassa and D. Pinault and M. Deschênes}, title = {Corticothalamic projections from the cortical barrel field to the somatosensory thalamus in rats: a single-fibre study using biocytin as an anterograde tracer.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1995}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {19--30}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {This study investigated the pattern of axonal projections of single corticothalamic neurons from the cortical barrel field representing the vibrissae in the rat. Microiontophoretic injections of biocytin were performed in cortical layers V and VI to label small pools of corticothalamic cells and their intrathalamic axonal projections. After a survival period of 48 h, the animals were perfused and the tissue was processed for biocytin histochemistry. On the basis of the intrathalamic distribution of axonal fields and of the types of terminations found in the thalamus, four types of corticothalamic projections were identified. (i) Cells of the upper part of layer VI projected exclusively to the ventral posteromedial (VPm) nucleus, where they arborized in long rostrocaudally oriented bands or 'rods'. (ii) All cells of the lower part of layer VI projected to the medial part of the thalamic posterior group (Pom) but the vast majority of them also collateralized in VPm where they participated in the formation of rods. (iii) A minority of corticothalamic cells in the lower portion of layer VI, possibly located under the interbarrel spaces (septae), arborized exclusively in Pom. (iv) The corticothalamic projection of layer V cells originated from collaterals of corticofugal cells whose main axons ran caudally towards the brainstem. These collaterals arborized exclusively in Pom or in the central lateral nucleus. All corticothalamic cells from layer VI displayed the same type of axonal network, made of long branches decorated by terminal buttons emitted en passant at the tip of fine stalks. Corticothalamic fibres arising from layer V pyramids, however, remained smooth as they ran across the lateral thalamus and they generated in Pom one or two clusters of large boutons. All corticothalamic axons derived from layer VI cells, but not those derived from layer V cells, gave off collaterals as they traversed the thalamic reticular complex. These observations are discussed in the light of previous studies bearing on the topological organization and function of corticothalamic projections to VPm and Pom in rats. The possibility that a similar cellular specificity and a similar organizational plan may characterize corticothalamic relationships in other sensory systems is also considered.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01016.x}, institution = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Female; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology; Pyramidal Cells, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7711933}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bourdy:2014, author = {Bourdy, Romain and S{\'{a}}nchez-Catal{\'{a}}n, Mar{\'{i}}a-Jos{\'{e}} and Kaufling, Jennifer and Balcita-Pedicino, Judith J. and Freund-Mercier, Marie-Jos{\'{e}} and Veinante, Pierre and Sesack, Susan R. and Georges, Fran{\c{c}}ois and Barrot, Michel}, title = {Control of the nigrostriatal dopamine neuron activity and motor function by the tail of the ventral tegmental area.}, journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology}, year = {2014}, volume = {39}, number = {12}, pages = {2788--2798}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Midbrain dopamine neurons are implicated in various psychiatric and neurological disorders. The GABAergic tail of the ventral tegmental area (tVTA), also named the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), displays dense projections to the midbrain and exerts electrophysiological control over dopamine cells of the VTA. However, the influence of the tVTA on the nigrostriatal pathway, from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) to the dorsal striatum, and on related functions remains to be addressed. The present study highlights the role played by the tVTA as a GABA brake for the nigrostriatal system, demonstrating a critical influence over motor functions. Using neuroanatomical approaches with tract tracing and electron microscopy, we reveal the presence of a tVTA-SNc-dorsal striatum pathway. Using in vivo electrophysiology, we prove that the tVTA is a major inhibitory control center for SNc dopamine cells. Using behavioral approaches, we demonstrate that the tVTA controls rotation behavior, motor coordination, and motor skill learning. The motor enhancements observed after ablation of the tVTA are in this regard comparable with the performance-enhancing properties of amphetamine, a drug used in doping. These findings demonstrate that the tVTA is a major GABA brake for nigral dopamine systems and nigrostriatal functions, and they raise important questions about how the tVTA is integrated within the basal ganglia circuitry. They also warrant further research on the tVTA's role in motor and dopamine-related pathological contexts such as Parkinson's disease.}, doi = {10.1038/npp.2014.129}, institution = {Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Central Nervous System Stimulants, pharmacology; Dextroamphetamine, pharmacology; Dopaminergic Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Learning, physiology; Male; Microelectrodes; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Psychomotor Performance, drug effects/physiology; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rotation; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Ventral Tegmental Area, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {npp2014129}, pmc = {PMC4200489}, pmid = {24896615}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.129}, } @Article{Bourgeais:2001, author = {Bourgeais, L. and Gauriau, C. and Bernard, J. F.}, title = {Projections from the nociceptive area of the central nucleus of the amygdala to the forebrain: a PHA-L study in the rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2001}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {229--255}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The lateral capsular division (CeLC) of the central nucleus (Ce) of the amygdala, in the rat, has been shown to be the main terminal area of a spino(trigemino)-parabrachio-amygdaloid nociceptive pathway [Bernard & Besson (1990) J. Neurophysiol. 63, 473-490; Bernard et al. (1992) J. Neurophysiol. 68, 551-569; Bernard et al. (1993) J. Comp. Neurol. 329, 201-229]. The projections to the forebrain from the CeLC and adjacent regions were studied in the rat by using microinjections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) restricted in subdivisions of the Ce and the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus anterior (BLA). Our data showed that the entire CeLC projects primarily and extensively to the substantia innominata dorsalis (SId). The terminal labelling is especially dense in the caudal aspect of the SId. The other projections of the CeLC in the forebrain were dramatically less dense. They terminate in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and the posterior hypothalamus (pLH). No (or only scarce) other projections were found in the remaining forebrain areas. The Ce lateral division (CeL) and the Ce medial division (CeM), adjacent to the CeLC, also project to the SId with slightly lower density labelling. However, contrary to the case of the CeLC, both the CeL and the CeM extensively project to the ventrolateral subnucleus of the BST (BSTvl) with a few additional terminals found in other regions of the lateral BST. Only the CeM projects densely to both the interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure and the caudal most portion of the pLH. The projections of the BLA are totally different from those of the Ce as they terminate in the dorsal striatum, the accumbens nucleus, the olfactory tubercle, the nucleus of olfactory tract and the rostral pole of the cingulate/frontal cortex. This study demonstrates that the major output of the nociceptive spino(trigemino)-parabrachio-CeLC pathway is to the SId. It is suggested that the CeLC-SId pathway could have an important role in anxiety, aversion and genesis of fear in response to noxious stimuli.}, doi = {10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01640.x}, institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, INSERM U-161, F-75014 Paris, France.}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology/physiology; Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Corpus Striatum, cytology/physiology; Efferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, pharmacokinetics; Hypothalamus, cytology/physiology; Male; Nociceptors, cytology/physiology; Pain, pathology/physiopathology; Phytohemagglutinins, pharmacokinetics; Prosencephalon, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines, pharmacokinetics; Septal Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Substantia Innominata, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {ejn1640}, pmid = {11553276}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bourgeais:2003, author = {Bourgeais, Laurence and Gauriau, Caroline and Monconduit, Lenaïc and Villanueva, Luis and Bernard, Jean-François}, title = {Dendritic domains of nociceptive-responsive parabrachial neurons match terminal fields of lamina I neurons in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2003}, volume = {464}, number = {2}, pages = {238--256}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {This study investigates, in the anesthetized rat, the dendritic extent of parabrachial (PB) neurons whose nociceptive response to noxious stimuli has been previously recorded with an extracellular micropipette. The PB neurons were then injected with biocytin through the recording micropipette, via a juxtacellular technique. The dendritic arborization of individual PB neurons was carefully compared with the projections of medullary (trigeminal) and spinal lamina I neurons. The latter projections were labeled in separate animals that received injections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin restricted to the superficial layers of spinal or medullary dorsal horn. We report here that: 1) PB neurons excited chiefly by noxious stimulation of the face have their dendritic tree located primarily within the field of lamina I trigeminal projections, i.e., in the caudal portion of PB area, around the external medial and the caudal part of the external lateral subnuclei; and 2) PB neurons excited chiefly by noxious stimulation of the paw or the tail have their dendritic tree located primarily within the field of lamina I spinal projections, i.e., in PB mid-extent, around the borderline between the external lateral and both the lateral crescent and the superior lateral subnuclei. Our results suggest the presence of an extensive excitatory axodendritic link between lamina I projections and PB nociceptive neurons around the lateral crescent and the external medial subnuclei. These findings strengthen the possibility of involvement of a subgroup of PB neurons in nociceptive processes.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10793}, institution = {Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-161, F-75014 Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Nociceptors, physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Posterior Horn Cells, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12898615}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10793}, } @Article{Bourque:2001, author = {M. J. Bourque and A. Kolta}, title = {Properties and interconnections of trigeminal interneurons of the lateral pontine reticular formation in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {2001}, volume = {86}, number = {5}, pages = {2583--2596}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Numerous evidence suggests that interneurons located in the lateral tegmentum at the level of the trigeminal motor nucleus contribute importantly to the circuitry involved in mastication. However, the question of whether these neurons participate actively to genesis of the rhythmic motor pattern or simply relay it to trigeminal motoneurons remains open. To answer this question, intracellular recordings were performed in an in vitro slice preparation comprising interneurons of the peritrigeminal area (PeriV) surrounding the trigeminal motor nucleus (NVmt) and the parvocellular reticular formation ventral and caudal to it (PCRt). Intracellular and extracellular injections of anterograde tracers were also used to examine the local connections established by these neurons. In 97\% of recordings, electrical stimulation of adjacent areas evoked a postsynaptic potential (PSP). These PSPs were primarily excitatory, but inhibitory and biphasic responses were also induced. Most occurred at latencies longer than those required for monosynaptic transmission and were considered to involve oligosynaptic pathways. Both the anatomical and physiological findings show that all divisions of PeriV and PCRt are extensively interconnected. Most responses followed high-frequency stimulation (50 Hz) and showed little variability in latency indicating that the network reliably distributes inputs across all areas. In all neurons but one, excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) were also elicited by stimulation of NVmt, suggesting the existence of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons within the motor nucleus. In a number of cases, these PSPs were reproduced by local injection of glutamate in lieu of the electrical stimulation. All EPSPs induced by stimulation of PeriV, PCRt, or NVmt were sensitive to ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists 6-cyano-7-dinitroquinoxaline and D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, while IPSPs were blocked by bicuculline and strychnine, antagonists of GABA(A) and glycine receptors. Examination of PeriV and PCRt intrinsic properties indicate that they form a fairly uniform network. Three types of neurons were identified on the basis of their firing adaptation properties. These types were not associated with particular regions. Only 5\% of all neurons showed bursting behavior. Our results do not support the hypothesis that neurons of PeriV and PCRt participate actively to rhythm generation, but suggest instead that they are driven by rhythmical synaptic inputs. The organization of the network allows for rapid distribution of this rhythmic input across premotoneuron groups.}, institution = {Département de Stomatologie, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire and Centre de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Glutamic Acid, pharmacology; Interneurons, drug effects/physiology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Pons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Reaction Time, physiology; Reticular Formation, cytology/physiology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11698544}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bouwmeester:2002a, author = {Hans Bouwmeester and Kim Smits and Jan M Van Ree}, title = {Neonatal development of projections to the basolateral amygdala from prefrontal and thalamic structures in rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2002}, volume = {450}, number = {3}, pages = {241--255}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Recently an animal model for neurodevelopmental disorders has been developed. In this model the effects of an early neonatal [postnatal day 7 (Pd7)] basolateral amygdala lesion are compared with the effects of a lesion later in life (Pd21). Early amygdala damage results in enduring behavioral disturbances that become more manifest after puberty. These disturbances were not present in animals lesioned at Pd21. Accordingly it was postulated that the early damage may affect the neuroanatomical and neurochemical organization and functioning of other brain structures. To obtain information on the innervation of the amygdala during normal development, we used the retrograde tracer fluoro-gold. From neonatal day 7 onward (studied until Pd19), retrogradely labeled cells were present in the caudal and rostral thalamus, the substantia innominata, and the prefrontal but not the caudal cortex. Development of the topography of the projecting cells differed substantially for the thalamic regions and substantia innominata vs. the cortical regions. In thalamic regions and substantia innominata, no changes were observed during the studied period (Pd7-Pd9). In the prefrontal cortex, the number of labeled cells increased (from Pd7 to Pd13), the topography of the location of the cells changed from unilateral to bilaminar (from Pd9 to Pd13), and the number of subareas in which the cells were present increased (from Pd7 to Pd13). In the caudal cortex, relatively few cells were present up to Pd15. From Pd17 onward, a bilaminar topography of the location of the cells was observed. These data provide information on the circuitry that may be involved in the aberrant neurodevelopment of neonatally amygdala-lesioned rats, which has been proposed as an animal model for neurodevelopmental psychopathological disorders.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10321}, institution = {Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Aging, physiology; Amygdala, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Differentiation, physiology; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mental Disorders, pathology/physiopathology; Neural Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Stilbamidines; Thalamus, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12209853}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10321}, } @Article{Bouwmeester:2002, author = {Hans Bouwmeester and Gerrit Wolterink and Jan M van Ree}, title = {Neonatal development of projections from the basolateral amygdala to prefrontal, striatal, and thalamic structures in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2002}, volume = {442}, number = {3}, pages = {239--249}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Recently, an animal model for neurodevelopmental disorders has been developed. In this model, the effects of an early neonatal (postnatal day 7 [Pd 7]) basolateral amygdala lesion are compared with the effects of a lesion later in life (Pd 21). The reported data indicate that amygdala damage at a specific point early in life results in enduring behavioral disturbances that become more manifest after puberty, for example, only an early lesion resulted in a disruption of the prepulse inhibition, which is also observed in people suffering from schizophrenia. Accordingly, it was postulated that the early damage may affect the neuroanatomic and neurochemical organization and functioning of other brain structures. This was studied by use of the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine and Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. At neonatal days 7, 9, 11, 13, and 26, amygdaloid fibers were in particular present in the mediodorsal thalamus (MDT), nucleus accumbens (Acb), and prefrontal cortex (PFC) . The development of the topography of the amygdaloid innervation, however, differed markedly for the MDT and Acb compared with the PFC. For the MDT and Acb, no major changes in innervation were observed between Pd 7 and Pd 26, whereas the innervation of the PFC reorganized from a neonatal diffuse (Pd 7 and 9) to a restricted pattern (Pd 11, 13, and 26). In addition, the innervation changed to an adult-like bilaminar pattern. These data provide information on the circuitry that may be involved in the aberrant neurodevelopment of neonatally amygdala-lesioned rats, which have been proposed as an animal model for neurodevelopmental psychopathological disorders.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10084}, institution = {Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Aging, physiology; Amygdala, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Cell Differentiation, physiology; Dextrans, diagnostic use; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Neostriatum, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Thalamus, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {10.1002/cne.10084}, pmid = {11774339}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bower:1987, author = {A. J. Bower and J. N. Payne}, title = {An ipsilateral olivocerebellar pathway in the normal neonatal rat demonstrated by the retrograde transport of true blue.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1987}, volume = {78}, number = {2}, pages = {138-144}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Neonatal rats, aged less than 24 h, were anaesthetised and 25 nl of 2\% True blue was injected into the lateral part of the left cerebellar hemisphere. After 48-60 h, the brains were fixed by perfusion and 30 micron thick frozen sections were prepared of the brainstem and cerebellum. Only animals in which the injection sites were clearly unilateral were studied. In the contralateral inferior olive numerous True blue-labelled neurones were seen. In addition, the ipsilateral olive in all animals contained True blue-labelled neurones. This demonstrates that in these neonatal animals there is an ipsilateral olivocerebellar pathway.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(87)90622-7}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Benzofurans; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Staining and Labeling}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(87)90622-7}, pmid = {2442672}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bowker:1986, author = {Bowker, R. M.}, title = {The relationship between descending serotonin projections and ascending projections in the nucleus raphe magnus: a double labeling study.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1986}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, pages = {348--353}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The nucleus raphe magnus and rostral parts of the nucleus raphe obscurus were found to have extensive efferent projections: a major ascending non-serotonergic (5-HT) projection through the median forebrain bundle, and a descending system consisting of both 5-HT and non-5-HT neurons. Differences in the localizations of their cells of origin suggest that they form two distinct efferent systems from the caudal medullary raphe nuclei.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(86)90577-x}, keywords = {Animals; Medial Forebrain Bundle, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Serotonin, metabolism; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3490641}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bowker:1990, author = {Bowker, R. M. and Abbott, L. C.}, title = {Quantitative re-evaluation of descending serotonergic and non-serotonergic projections from the medulla of the rodent: evidence for extensive co-existence of serotonin and peptides in the same spinally projecting neurons, but not from the nucleus raphe magnus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {512}, number = {1}, pages = {15--25}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {A quantitative analysis of serotonin (5-HT) and spinally-projecting neurons was re-evaluated in the rodent. The findings indicate that most (nearly 90\%) of the medullary 5-HT neurons projected to the lumbar spinal cord, and most (up to 85\%) of the spinally projecting neurons within the distribution of the serotonergic neurons contained 5-HT immunoreactivity. However, in nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) only about two-thirds of the projection cells were 5-HT immunoreactive. These data support two general conclusions: (1) the raphe-spinal system consists primarily of an extensive 5-HT pathway with neuronal subsets containing the co-localized peptides. Only the NRM contains a major non-5-HT projection. (2) As most of the medullary 5-HT neurons project to the caudal spinal segments of the rodent, collateralization of individual 5-HT neurons is extensive and widespread, existing to different spinal cord levels, as well as to other medullary nuclei, e.g., cranial nerve and inferior olivary nuclei. These findings argue that although differences are present within the 5-HT distributions, the raphe-spinal system as a whole should be considered to be a relatively homogeneous pathway containing 5-HT as the common element rather than as separate populations containing major projections of 5-HT alone, 5-HT co-localized with peptides and peptides without 5-HT.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)91164-c}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1316.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Count; Immunohistochemistry; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism/physiology; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(90)91164-C}, pmid = {2337803}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bowker:1981d, author = {Bowker, R. M. and Steinbusch, H. W. and Coulter, J. D.}, title = {Serotonergic and peptidergic projections to the spinal cord demonstrated by a combined retrograde HRP histochemical and immunocytochemical staining method.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1981}, volume = {211}, number = {2}, pages = {412--417}, month = {May}, abstract = {A simple technique is described for simultaneously visualizing the cells of origin of descending brain stem-spinal systems and immunocytochemically defined neurotransmitters. The combination of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry, enhanced by the use of CoCl2, with the unlabeled antibody, peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical staining method, revealed double labeled cells containing black punctate HRP granules within a homogeneous brown cytoplasm stained positively for serotonin (5-HT), substance P or enkephalin-like immunoreactivity. The advantages of this method over other double labeling techniques are discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(81)90965-3}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Endorphins, analysis; Enkephalins, analysis; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Raphe Nuclei, physiology; Rats; Serotonin, analysis; Spinal Cord, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(81)90965-3}, pmid = {6165436}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bowker:1981, author = {R. M. Bowker and K. N. Westlund and J. D. Coulter}, title = {Origins of serotonergic projections to the spinal cord in rat: an immunocytochemical-retrograde transport study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1981}, volume = {226}, number = {1-2}, pages = {187--199}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The origins of the serotonergic projections to the spinal cord in the rat were determined by employing the retrograde cell marker HRP coupled with the unlabeled antibody, peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method of Sternberger. Large numbers of stained neurons (greater than 70\%) in the medullary raphe nuclear complex were found to contain both HRP retrogradely transported from the spinal cord and positive 5-HT staining. These serotonergic cell groups, including the nucleus raphe obscurus, raphe pallidus, raphe magnus, and the ventral parts of the reticular formation, project to all spinal cord levels. In addition, some neurons contained HRP granules, but were unstained for 5-HT, suggesting that they may contain other non-serotonergic neurotransmitters. More rostrally in the midbrain reticular formation, many 5-HT neurons were found to have projections exclusively to the cervical spinal cord. These findings indicate that the descending serotonin inputs to the spinal cord originate not only from the serotonergic neurons located in the medullary raphe complex, but also from other new sources located in the central gray and reticular formation of the midbrain.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(81)91092-1}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Serotonin, metabolism; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(81)91092-1}, pmid = {7028211}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bowker:1981b, author = {R. M. Bowker and K. N. Westlund and J. D. Coulter}, title = {Serotonergic projections to the spinal cord from the midbrain in the rat: an immunocytochemical and retrograde transport study.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1981}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {221--226}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Neurons localized in the midbrain nucleus raphe dorsalis and caudal midbrain reticular formation have direct projections to the cervical spinal cord in the rat. By means of double labeling technique, using the retrograde cell marker horseradish peroxidase and immunocytochemistry, 90\% of these spinally projecting neurons were positively stained for serotonin immunoreactivity. These results indicate that serotonergic innervation of the spinal cord is provided not only by the medullary cell groups B1-B3, but also by the midbrain cell groups B7 and B9.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(81)90160-9}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Horseradish Peroxidase; Mesencephalon, physiology; Rats; Serotonin, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6168977}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bowker:1983, author = {Bowker, R. M. and Westlund, K. N. and Sullivan, M. C. and Wilber, J. F. and Coulter, J. D.}, title = {Descending serotonergic, peptidergic and cholinergic pathways from the raphe nuclei: a multiple transmitter complex.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {288}, number = {1-2}, pages = {33--48}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The localization of serotonergic, various peptidergic and possibly cholinergic neurons in the medullary raphe nuclei that project to the lumbosacral spinal cord have been studied using a retrograde transport method combined with immunocytochemical and histochemical techniques. Spinally projecting neurons stained for serotonin-like, substance P-like, enkephalin-like and thyrotropin-releasing hormone-like immunoreactivity and for the histochemical marker acetylcholinesterase were all observed in each of the raphe nuclei of the medulla, as well as in the adjacent ventrolateral reticular formation. The similar distributions of the descending serotonergic and peptidergic neurons in the raphe nuclei as well as quantitative data on their relative numbers suggest that a large fraction of raphe-spinal neurons contain serotonin co-existing with one or more peptides in the same cell.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)90079-3}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Enkephalins, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, physiology; Rats; Serotonin, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology; Substance P, physiology; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(83)90079-3}, pmid = {6198030}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bowman:2013, author = {Bowman, Belinda R. and Kumar, Natasha N. and Hassan, Sarah F. and McMullan, Simon and Goodchild, Ann K.}, title = {Brain sources of inhibitory input to the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2013}, volume = {521}, number = {1}, pages = {213--232}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) contains neurons critical for cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, and motor control. The activity of these neurons is controlled by inputs from multiple identified brain regions; however, the neurochemistry of these inputs is largely unknown. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and enkephalin tonically inhibit neurons within the RVLM. The aim of this study was to identify all brain regions that provide GABAergic or enkephalinergic input to the rat RVLM. Neurons immunoreactive for cholera toxin B (CTB-ir), retrogradely transported from the RVLM, were assessed for expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) or preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA using in situ hybridization. GAD67 mRNA was expressed in CTB-ir neurons in the following regions: the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS, 6\% of CTB-ir neurons), area postrema (AP, 8\%), caudal ventrolateral medulla (17\%), midline raphe (40\%), ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VLPAG, 15\%), lateral hypothalamic area (LHA, 25\%), central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA, 77\%), sublenticular extended amygdala (SLEA, 86\%), interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure (IPAC, 56\%), bed nucleus of the stria terminals (BNST, 59\%), and medial preoptic area (MPA, 53\%). PPE mRNA was expressed in CTB-ir neurons in the following regions: the NTS (14\% of CTB-ir neurons), midline raphe (26\%), LHA (22\%), zona incerta (ZI, 15\%), CeA (5\%), paraventricular nucleus (PVN, 13\%), SLEA (66\%), and MPA (26\%). Thus, limited brain regions contribute GABAergic and/or enkephalinergic input to the RVLM. Multiple neurochemically distinct pathways originate from these brain regions projecting to the RVLM.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.23175}, institution = {Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, 2109, NSW Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Arabidopsis Proteins; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cell Count; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Electric Stimulation, methods; Enkephalins, genetics/metabolism; Facial Nerve, physiology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, genetics/metabolism; Intramolecular Transferases; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Microinjections; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Protein Precursors, genetics/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {22740031}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23175}, } @Article{Boyer:2004, author = {Boyer, Samuel and Ruel, Jérôme and Puel, Jean-Luc and Chabbert, Christian}, title = {A procedure to label inner ear afferent nerve endings for calcium imaging.}, journal = {Brain Res Brain Res Protoc}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {91--98}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Characterization of synaptic transmission between the inner ear sensory cells and primary neuron dendrites has been hampered by the limited access to the postsynaptic terminals. Because direct physiological recording of postsynaptic currents are difficult to achieve, no information regarding the synaptic and dendritic events are available. This is due to the small size of the postsynaptic afferent nerve endings that do not allow a clear identification, and thus compromise direct electrophysiological recordings of the buttons. To study the physiology of afferent nerve endings, we have developed a two-photon imaging technique in cochlear and vestibular slice preparations from neonatal rats and turtles. This technique is based on a retrograde labeling of afferent nerve endings with high-affinity calcium-sensitive dyes. Dye filling was achieved by 6 h application of the dextran-amine conjugate of calcium green-1. Calcium changes were measured in afferent nerve endings in line scan and time lap mode. To address recording in a near-physiological situation, iontophoretic application of K+ was performed in the area of the stereocilia whereas glutamate was applied at the basal pole of sensory hair cells. Both types of application cause a reversible and sustained increase of Ca2+ in the button of afferent nerve fibers. Typical recordings are presented and potential interests for pharmacological studies of inner ear sensory cell synapses are discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainresprot.2004.02.004}, institution = {U 583 INSERM-Physiopathologie et Thérapie des Déficits Sensoriels et Mateurs, Université Montpellier 1 and 2-Hôpital Saint Eloi, 34090 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Calcium Signaling, drug effects/physiology; Calcium, metabolism; Cochlea, cytology/innervation/physiology; Coloring Agents; Electrophysiology, methods; Fluorescent Dyes; Glutamic Acid, pharmacology; Hair Cells, Auditory, drug effects/physiology; Organic Chemicals; Potassium, pharmacology; Presynaptic Terminals, drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sensory Receptor Cells, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Spiral Ganglion, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Staining and Labeling, methods; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Turtles; Vestibular Nerve, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Vestibule, Labyrinth, cytology/innervation/physiology; Vestibulocochlear Nerve, cytology/drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S1385299X04000224}, pmid = {15171991}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresprot.2004.02.004}, } @Article{Boyes:2003, author = {Justin Boyes and J. Paul Bolam}, title = {The subcellular localization of GABA(B) receptor subunits in the rat substantia nigra.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2003}, volume = {18}, number = {12}, pages = {3279--3293}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The inhibitory effects of GABA within the substantia nigra (SN) are mediated in part by metabotropic GABA(B) receptors. To better understand the mechanisms underlying these effects, we have examined the subcellular localization of the GABA(B) receptor subunits, GABA(B1) and GABA(B2), in SN neurons and afferents using pre-embedding immunocytochemistry combined with anterograde or retrograde labelling. In both the SN pars compacta (SNc) and pars reticulata (SNr), GABA(B1) and GABA(B2) showed overlapping, but distinct, patterns of immunolabelling. GABA(B1) was more strongly expressed by putative dopaminergic neurons in the SNc than by SNr projection neurons, whereas GABA(B2) was mainly expressed in the neuropil of both regions. Immunogold labelling for GABA(B1) and GABA(B2) was localized in presynaptic and postsynaptic elements throughout the SN. The majority of labelling was intracellular or was associated with extrasynaptic sites on the plasma membrane. In addition, labelling for both subunits was found on the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes at symmetric, putative GABAergic synapses, including those formed by anterogradely labelled striatonigral and pallidonigral terminals. Labelling was also observed on the presynaptic membrane and at the edge of the postsynaptic density at asymmetric, putative excitatory synapses. Double immunolabelling, using the vesicular glutamate transporter 2, revealed the glutamatergic nature of many of the immunogold-labelled asymmetric synapses. The widespread distribution of GABA(B) subunits in the SNc and SNr suggests that GABA(B)-mediated effects in these regions are likely to be more complex than previously described, involving presynaptic autoreceptors and heteroreceptors, and postsynaptic receptors on different populations of SN neurons.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2003.03076.x}, institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Animals; Autoreceptors, metabolism; Carrier Proteins, metabolism; Cell Membrane, metabolism/ultrastructure; Globus Pallidus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Membrane Transport Proteins; Microscopy, Electron; Neostriatum, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Protein Subunits, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, GABA-B, metabolism; Substantia Nigra, metabolism/ultrastructure; Synaptic Membranes, metabolism/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2; Vesicular Transport Proteins; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3076}, pmid = {14686901}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Boyett:2001, author = {J. M. Boyett and P. S. Buckmaster}, title = {Somatostatin-immunoreactive interneurons contribute to lateral inhibitory circuits in the dentate gyrus of control and epileptic rats.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {2001}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {418--422}, abstract = {Lateral inhibition, a feature of neuronal circuitry that enhances signaling specificity, has been demonstrated in the rat dentate gyrus. However, neither the underlying neuronal circuits, nor the ways in which these circuits are altered in temporal lobe epilepsy, are completely understood. This study examines the potential contribution of one class of inhibitory interneurons to lateral inhibitory circuits in the dentate gyrus of both control and epileptic rats. The retrograde tracer wheat germ ag-glutinin-apo-horse radish peroxidase-gold (WGA-apo-HRP-gold) was injected into the septal dentate gyrus. Neurons double-labeled for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and the retrograde tracer are concentrated in the hilus and may contribute to lateral inhibition. Neurons double-labeled for somatostatin and the retrograde tracer account for at least 28\% of GAD-positive neurons with axon projections appropriate for generating lateral inhibition in control rats. Despite an overall loss of somatostatin-expressing cells in epileptic animals, the number of somatostatin-positive interneurons with axon projections appropriate for generating lateral inhibition is similar to that seen in controls. These findings suggest that somatostatinergic interneurons participate in lateral inhibitory circuits in the dentate gyrus of both control and epileptic rats, and that surviving somatostatinergic interneurons might sprout new axon collaterals in epileptic animals.}, doi = {10.1002/hipo.1056}, institution = {Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5330, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Dentate Gyrus, physiopathology; Epilepsy, physiopathology; Interneurons, physiology; Male; Nerve Regeneration; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reference Values; Somatostatin, metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11530846}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.1056}, } @Article{Bradley:1985, author = {Bradley, R. M. and Mistretta, C. M. and Bates, C. A. and Killackey, H. P.}, title = {Transganglionic transport of HRP from the circumvallate papilla of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {361}, number = {1-2}, pages = {154--161}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {To learn whether horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in gustatory papillae on the tongue can be used to study central topographical projections of taste buds and papillae, injections were made into the circumvallate papilla in rats. Labeled central projections after papilla injections were compared to projections after applying HRP to the cut glossopharyngeal nerve. Papilla injections result in HRP transport by afferent and efferent fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve, and the pattern of central projections is similar to that after labeling the cut nerve. Projections include a separation in the brainstem of afferent, dorsally located fibers and efferent, ventrally located fibers. Afferent fibers project to the solitary nucleus and the trigeminal system. Efferent projections label muscle motorneurons in the nucleus ambiguus and the cells of origin of parasympathetic preganglionic fibers, which from the inferior salivatory nucleus. The parasympathetic neurons labeled after papilla projections are preganglionic fibers to Remak's ganglia in the tongue; post-ganglionic fibers of these ganglia are the secretomotor supply to the von Ebner's glands. In summary, injections of HRP into gustatory papillae reliably label central projections of the papilla and can be used for studies to discern topography in central projections of the taste system. Injections into the circumvallate papilla also have demonstrated that the parasympathetic neurons innervating von Ebner's glands are located in the inferior salivatory nucleus.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)91285-5}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, physiology; Glossopharyngeal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tongue, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(85)91285-5}, pmid = {2417659}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bradley:1986, author = {Bradley, R. M. and Mistretta, C. M. and Nagai, T.}, title = {Demonstration of sensory innervation of rat tongue with anterogradely transported horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {367}, number = {1-2}, pages = {364--367}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase injected into the petrosal ganglion in rats was transported to the posterior tongue in the glossopharyngeal nerve. Labelled fibers innervated the ipsilateral foliate papilla only, but both ipsi-and contralateral sides of the single circumvallate papilla. Somatosensory fibers in the posterior tongue also were labelled. Label crossed transcellularly from the afferent fibers into taste bud cells. Use of this method provides more detailed knowledge of sensory innervation of the tongue than previously available.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)91620-3}, keywords = {Animals; Glossopharyngeal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neurons, Afferent; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Taste Buds; Tongue, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(86)91620-3}, pmid = {3697712}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Brailoiu:2014, author = {Brailoiu, Gabriela Cristina and Deliu, Elena and Rabinowitz, Joseph E. and Tilley, Douglas G. and Koch, Walter J. and Brailoiu, Eugen}, title = {Urotensin II promotes vagal-mediated bradycardia by activating cardiac-projecting parasympathetic neurons of nucleus ambiguus.}, journal = {J Neurochem}, year = {2014}, volume = {129}, number = {4}, pages = {628--636}, month = {May}, abstract = {Urotensin II (U-II) is a cyclic undecapeptide that regulates cardiovascular function at central and peripheral sites. The functional role of U-II nucleus ambiguus, a key site controlling cardiac tone, has not been established, despite the identification of U-II and its receptor at this level. We report here that U-II produces an increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration in retrogradely labeled cardiac vagal neurons of nucleus ambiguus via two pathways: (i) Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum via inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor; and (ii) Ca(2+) influx through P/Q-type Ca(2+) channels. In addition, U-II depolarizes cultured cardiac parasympathetic neurons. Microinjection of increasing concentrations of U-II into nucleus ambiguus elicits dose-dependent bradycardia in conscious rats, indicating the in vivo activation of the cholinergic pathway controlling the heart rate. Both the in vitro and in vivo effects were abolished by the urotensin receptor antagonist, urantide. Our findings suggest that, in addition, to the previously reported increase in sympathetic outflow, U-II activates cardiac vagal neurons of nucleus ambiguus, which may contribute to cardioprotection.}, doi = {10.1111/jnc.12679}, institution = {Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {24521102}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnc.12679}, } @Article{Brann:1980, author = {Brann, M. R. and Emson, P. C.}, title = {Microiontophoretic injection of fluorescent tracer combined with simultaneous immunofluorescent histochemistry for the demonstration of efferents from the caudate-putamen projecting to the globus pallidus.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1980}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {61--65}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Precise local injections of propidium iodide (PI) were made, using an iontophoretic technique, into various regions of the globus pallidus (GP) of rats. The locations of the injection sites and the position of retrogradely labelled caudate putamen (CP) cell bodies demonstrated a topographic arrangement of efferents from the CP projecting to the pallidum. The PI labelled cell bodies in the CP were also counterstained for met-enkephalin immunofluorescence. Cell bodies labelled with PI, which showed co-existing enkephalin immunofluorescence, were found in CP projections to the pallidum.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(80)90101-9}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Caudate Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Propidium; Putamen, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(80)90101-9}, pmid = {6189003}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bratincsak:2008, author = {Bratincsák, A. and Kovács, Z. I. and Palkovits, M.}, title = {Direct neuronal projection from a brainstem thermosensitive cell group to the preoptic thermoregulatory center.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2008}, volume = {156}, number = {4}, pages = {966--972}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The preoptic area orchestrates thermoregulatory responses in homeotherm animals and humans. This thermoregulatory center receives thermal information about core body and skin temperatures, and in turn, it induces thermogenic responses. The physiology of effector mechanisms has been described in detail outlining the brain areas participating in the execution of thermal responses. Previous studies have presented evidence of peripheral thermosensation, existence of skin thermoreceptors, participation of spinal and brainstem sensory neurons in thermal stress, but only recently has been identified the first evidence of an ascending neuronal pathway transmitting thermal signal to the preoptic thermoregulatory center. Nevertheless, a few brainstem areas have not been linked to an afferent or efferent thermal pathway and the neuronal network of thermoafferent signals has only partially been identified. In the present study, we identified a distinct ascending neuronal projection that originates from the thermoreactive cells of the peritrigeminal nucleus in the medulla oblongata, and projects to the thermoreactive cells of the medial preoptic area in the hypothalamus of rats. First, we have demonstrated retrogradely labeled thermoreactive neurons in the parabrachial, pontine and peritrigeminal cells following the injection of pseudorabies virus, a retrograde multi-synaptic tract tracer, into the ventrolateral subdivision of the medial preoptic area. Confirming the existence of a direct neuronal connection, we detected biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) containing axonal fibers and boutons around thermoreactive cells of the ventrolateral subdivision of the medial preoptic area after BDA injection into the peritrigeminal nucleus that is known to respond the temperature changes. Our findings indicate the existence of a so far unrecognized ascending direct neuronal pathway that transmits thermal signal from the lower brainstem to the thermoregulatory preoptic center.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.038}, institution = {Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. bratiandris@yahoo.com}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Body Temperature Regulation, physiology; Brain Stem, cytology; Cold Temperature; Dextrans, metabolism; Green Fluorescent Proteins, biosynthesis/genetics; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Male; Preoptic Area, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Receptor Cells, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(08)01197-4}, pmid = {18801414}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.038}, } @Article{Bratton:2012, author = {Bratton, B. O. and Martelli, D. and McKinley, M. J. and Trevaks, D. and Anderson, C. R. and McAllen, R. M.}, title = {Neural regulation of inflammation: no neural connection from the vagus to splenic sympathetic neurons.}, journal = {Exp Physiol}, year = {2012}, volume = {97}, number = {11}, pages = {1180--1185}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The 'inflammatory reflex' acts through efferent neural connections from the central nervous system to lymphoid organs, particularly the spleen, that suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines. Stimulation of the efferent vagus has been shown to suppress inflammation in a manner dependent on the spleen and splenic nerves. The vagus does not innervate the spleen, so a synaptic connection from vagal preganglionic neurons to splenic sympathetic postganglionic neurons was suggested. We tested this idea in rats. In a preparatory operation, the anterograde tracer DiI was injected bilaterally into the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus and the retrograde tracer Fast Blue was injected into the spleen. On histological analysis 7-9 weeks later, 883 neurons were retrogradely labelled from the spleen with Fast Blue as follows: 89\% in the suprarenal ganglia (65\% left, 24\% right); 11\% in the left coeliac ganglion; but none in the right coeliac or either of the superior mesenteric ganglia. Vagal terminals anterogradely labelled with DiI were common in the coeliac but sparse in the suprarenal ganglia, and confocal analysis revealed no putative synaptic connection with any Fast Blue-labelled cell in either ganglion. Electrophysiological experiments in anaesthetized rats revealed no effect of vagal efferent stimulation on splenic nerve activity or on that of 15 single splenic-projecting neurons recorded in the suprarenal ganglion. Together, these findings indicate that vagal efferent neurons in the rat neither synapse with splenic sympathetic neurons nor drive their ongoing activity.}, doi = {10.1113/expphysiol.2011.061531}, institution = {Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Ganglion Cysts, physiopathology; Inflammation, physiopathology; Male; Neurons, Efferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spleen, innervation/physiopathology; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiopathology; Synapses, pathology; Vagus Nerve, physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {expphysiol.2011.061531}, pmid = {22247284}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2011.061531}, } @Article{Braud:2012, author = {A. Braud and A. Vandenbeuch and F. Zerari-Mailly and Y. Boucher}, title = {Dental afferents project onto gustatory neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract.}, journal = {J Dent Res}, year = {2012}, volume = {91}, number = {2}, pages = {215--220}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and chorda tympani (CT) projections onto gustatory neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) in the rat by immunochemical and electrophysiological techniques. IAN afferents were retrogradely labeled. NST neurons were labeled either by retrograde tracer injection into the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) or by c-Fos mapping after CT activation. NST neurons responding to tastant stimulation were recorded in vivo before and after electrical stimulation of the IAN. Results from the immunolabeling approach showed IAN boutons "en passant" apposed to retrogradely labeled neurons from PBN and to CT-activated neurons in the NST. Recordings of single NST neurons showed that the electrical stimulation of the IAN significantly decreased CT gustatory responses. Analysis of these data provides an anatomical and physiological basis to support trigeminal dental and gustatory interactions within the brainstem.}, doi = {10.1177/0022034511429569}, institution = {UFR Odontologie, Université Paris Denis Diderot, 5, rue Garancière, 75006 Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Chorda Tympani Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Mandibular Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neck Muscles, innervation; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Sensory Receptor Cells, cytology/physiology; Single-Cell Analysis; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Taste, physiology; Tongue, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0022034511429569}, pmid = {22116981}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034511429569}, } @Article{Brauer:1984, author = {K. Brauer and H. Davidowa and W. Schober}, title = {Topography of cells responding with long latencies to flashes and cells projecting to layer I of area 17 in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1984}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {569--575}, abstract = {After deposition of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) crystals on the surface of cortical area 17 in 7 adult Wistar albino rats only relay cells were found to be labelled retrogradually in the caudal two thirds of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). From these results it can be concluded that cells projecting to the cortical layer I are concentrated in this part of the nucleus. Single cell recordings in the rat dLGN have shown that cells responding to light stimuli with long latencies are very frequent in this part of the dLGN, likewise. These findings support the idea that W-cells dominate in the caudal region of the rat dLGN, which is characterized by a population of relatively small geniculo-cortical relay neurons (GCR-neurons).}, keywords = {Animals; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reaction Time, physiology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6501871}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Brauer:1982, author = {Brauer, K. and Schober, W.}, title = {Identification of geniculo-tectal relay neurons in the rat's ventral lateral geniculate nucleus.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1982}, volume = {45}, number = {1-2}, pages = {84--88}, abstract = {In the rat's ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN), geniculo-tectal relay neurons (GTR-neurons) could be identified by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) after injection in the superior colliculus (SC). GTR-neurons correspond to class III cells described by Brauer and Schober (1973) in Golgi preparations of the rat's LGN. The distribution of GTR-neurons is restricted to the lateral subnucleus of vLGN. According to Swanson et al. (1974), the axons of these cells terminate in lower Stratum griseum superficiale and in Stratum opticum, Stratum griseum intermedium and Stratum album intermedium of SC. The GTR-neurons are characterized by very thick and long proximal dendritic segments which have a smooth surface. Dendrites branch preponderantly in their distal regions and only in this part form many multiform protrusions. There is some evidence that retinal axons terminate on these dendritic surface structures. The supposed differences in the afferent patterns between GTR- neurons in the vLGN and geniculo-cortical relay neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus are discussed.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00235765}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Functional Laterality; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology; Golgi Apparatus, physiology; Histological Techniques; Horseradish Peroxidase; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Staining and Labeling; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6173252}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Brauer:1984a, author = {Brauer, K. and Schober, W. and Leibnitz, L. and Werner, L. and Lüth, H. J. and Winkelmann, E.}, title = {The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus of the albino rat morphological and histochemical observations.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1984}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {205--236}, abstract = {The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) of albino rats (Wistar strain) has been described histologically and histochemically. Special attention was paid to the identification of cell classes in Nissl and Golgi preparations, the afferent and efferent connections of vLGN cells and the demonstration of enzymes of energy and transmitter metabolism. Topographical aspects were taken into consideration, too. The main results can be summarized as follows: In the rat vLGN, three subnuclei can be distinguished: the lateral and medial subnucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet. In the rostral vLGN, the lateral and medial subnucleus is separated by a vertical fibre bundle which contains retinal axons. Our own experiments and findings of other groups revealed that the rat vLGN is connected with numerous brain structures. There is no efferent projection to cortical regions. Afferent fibres reach the vLGN from retina, visual cortex, superior colliculus, pretectal region, zona incerta, contralateral vLGN, dorsal raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, mesencephalic reticular formation, vestibular and dorsal tegmental nuclei. An efferent projection has been found to superior colliculus, pretectal region, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, contralateral vLGN, zona incerta, pontine nuclei, suprachiasmatic nucleus, lateral terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system and intralaminar nucleus of thalamus. Comparative findings suggest that the lateral subnucleus is involved in "specific projections", whereas the medial subnucleus projects to "unspecific zones". For detailed information see text. Five classes of neurons can be distinguished in Golgi and Nissl preparations. Class 1 cells are medium-sized to large with smooth thick proximal but branched spiny distal dendrites. They are confined to the lateral subnucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet. In the lateral subnucleus, class 1 cells could be identified as geniculo-tectal relay neurons (Brauer and Schober, 1982). All other classes of neurons are spineless or sparsely spined. Class 2 cells (giant neurons) of unknown function could be found in the lateral and medial subnucleus. Class 3 cells (medium-sized multipolar neurons) can mainly be found in the medial subnucleus. They are good candidates for neurons projecting to the contralateral vLGN. Class 4 cells (bipolar neurons) occupy the ventromedial part of the medial subnucleus and are very similar to cells localized in the adjacent zona incerta. Cells belonging to this type could found to be labelled by the HRP reaction product after injection of this enzyme in the pontine region.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Biogenic Amines, metabolism; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Neuroglia, cytology; Oxidoreductases, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6736636}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Brauer:1988, author = {K. Brauer and W. Schober and E. Winkelmann and L. J. Garey}, title = {Topographic differences in retinal axons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat: a quantitative reexamination using anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, pages = {481--488}, abstract = {Retinal endings in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the rat were visualized by anterogradely transported horseradish peroxidase following injections in the optic tract. The morphological findings confirm the two types of retinal axons previously suggested by Golgi investigations. In the caudal third of the dLGN type 2b axons, with small dense clusters of boutons, are the only representatives of retinal fibres seen. In the rostral two thirds they are intermingled with the larger type 2a terminals, but tend to accumulate laterally, adjacent to the optic tract. This study supports the concept that large retinal ganglion cells probably give rise to 2a axons that may represent a Y-like channel, whereas 2b axons are derived from small ganglion cells, and may relay a W-like pathway.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00247302}, institution = {Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Department of Neuroanatomy, Leipzig, German Democratic Republic.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, classification/ultrastructure; Biological Transport; Female; Geniculate Bodies, ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use/metabolism; Male; Peroxidases, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retina, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3371432}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bravo:1994, author = {Bravo, H. and Inzunza, O.}, title = {Effect of pre- and postnatal retinal deprivation on the striate-peristriate cortical connections in the rat.}, journal = {Biol Res}, year = {1994}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {73--77}, abstract = {The tangential distribution of the striate-peristriate cortical connections in normal, postnatally eye enucleated and congenitally anophthalmic rats, was studied after a single injection of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase into the striate cortex. The typical normal pattern of separate fields in the peristriate cortex is altered in eye enucleated animals, in such a way that their areal distribution in the cerebral cortex is increased and each field tends to fuse with the adjacent one. This process is more marked in anophthalmic animals, a finding that is in agreement with the notion that ganglion cells exert their influence before the visual pathway is functional.}, institution = {Departamento de Anatomía, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago.}, keywords = {Animals; Anophthalmos; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Eye Enucleation; Horseradish Peroxidase; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retina, anatomy /&/ histology; Sensory Deprivation; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7647817}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://biologiachile.cl/biological_research/VOL27_1994/N1/H_BRAVO_&_O_INZUNZA.pdf}, } @Article{Bravo:1992, author = {H. Bravo and H. J. Karten}, title = {Pyramidal neurons of the rat cerebral cortex, immunoreactive to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, project mainly to subcortical targets.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {320}, number = {1}, pages = {62--68}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Cortical neurons immunoreactive to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) of the rat brain were characterized with monoclonal antibodies directed to ACh-binding subunits (alpha 4) or to ACh-structural subunits (beta 2). A heterogeneous population of nAChR-LI neurons was found in all cortical regions. The most prominent immunoreactive neurons were pyramids of layers V and II-III. The nonpyramidal positive neurons were fusiform horizontally oriented neurons of layer VIb, small cells of layer I and round or ovoid neurons of layers II-V. Double labeled experiments (immunohistochemistry and fluorescent retrograde tracers) showed that cholinoceptive pyramidal neurons of layer V project mainly to subcortical targets such as caudate-putamen, superior colliculus, and pontine nuclei, while very few nAChR positive neurons connect to other cortical areas. These findings suggest that the mainly excitatory effect that has been attributed to the cholinergic innervation upon the cortical neurons may have a greater influence upon the cortico-subcortical output than the corticortical one.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903200104}, institution = {Departamento de Anatomía Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago.}, keywords = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal, diagnostic use; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/immunology; Efferent Pathways, cytology/immunology; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, physiology; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Nicotinic, immunology; Rhodamines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1401242}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903200104}, } @Article{Bregman:1989, author = {B. S. Bregman and E. Kunkel-Bagden and M. McAtee and A. O'Neill}, title = {Extension of the critical period for developmental plasticity of the corticospinal pathway.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1989}, volume = {282}, number = {3}, pages = {355--370}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The corticospinal tract (CST) of the rat undergoes a prolonged period of postnatal development. Lesions of the presumptive CST pathway at birth are followed by the aberrant rerouting of the developing corticospinal axons around the lesion site through adjacent undamaged CNS tissue. This developmental plasticity becomes severely restricted by 5-6 days of age, so the axons are no longer capable of growth around the site of injury. The aim of the current study was to determine whether altering the environment at the site of injury by filling the lesion with transplanted fetal spinal cord tissue could prolong the critical period for developmental plasticity of the corticospinal pathway. The spinal cord was damaged (overhemisection) at three stages in the development of the corticospinal (CS) pathway: 1) prior to the arrival of CS axons, 2) after the axons elongated through the cord but prior to synaptogenesis, and 3) after both axonal elongation and synaptogenesis were completed. One to 9 months later, anterograde neuronal tracing with horseradish peroxidase was used to assess the growth of the corticospinal pathway with or without a fetal transplant at the site of injury, and the pattern of labeling was compared with that observed in adult nonlesioned control animals. Our results indicate that the presence of a transplant prolongs the critical period for developmental plasticity of the CST. Transplants elicited growth of CST axons throughout the postnatal period examined. CST axons damaged prior to synaptogenesis exhibited more robust growth than those lesioned after synaptogenesis had been completed. These results suggest that both environmental and neuronal factors interact to regulate the response of immature CS neurons to injury.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902820304}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C. 2007.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, growth /&/ development; Nerve Tissue, transplantation; Neural Pathways, growth /&/ development; Neuronal Plasticity; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, growth /&/ development}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2715387}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902820304}, } @Article{Brenhouse:2008, author = {Brenhouse, Heather C. and Sonntag, Kai C. and Andersen, Susan L.}, title = {Transient D1 dopamine receptor expression on prefrontal cortex projection neurons: relationship to enhanced motivational salience of drug cues in adolescence.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2008}, volume = {28}, number = {10}, pages = {2375--2382}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Adolescence is a transitional period during development that is associated with a greater likelihood of addiction to drugs than any other age. In the prefrontal cortex (PFC), D(1) dopamine receptors mediate motivational salience attribution, which plays a role in addiction. Here, we investigated the relationship of age-related D(1) dopamine receptor expression in the PFC with the maturation of cocaine place conditioning. Confocal microscopy revealed that retrogradely traced cortical output neurons to the nucleus accumbens express higher levels of D(1) receptors during adolescence compared with younger and older ages. D(1) expression does not change on GABAergic interneurons across age. Adolescent differences in D(1) expression occur independently of cortical-accumbens connectivity, which proliferates through adulthood. Behaviorally, adolescent rats are more sensitive to cocaine place conditioning than younger and older rats. However, microinjections of the D(1) antagonist SCH23390 into the PFC blocked adolescent place preferences, whereas microinjections of D(1) agonists dose-dependently increased preferences for cocaine-associated environments previously not preferred by juveniles. These results suggest that the heightened expression of D(1) receptors on cortical-accumbens projections may help explain increased sensitivity to environmental events and addictive behaviors during adolescence, whereas the paucity of D(1)-expressing projections may reduce risk in juveniles.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5064-07.2008}, institution = {McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA.}, keywords = {2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine, pharmacology; Age Factors; Animals; Cocaine-Related Disorders, genetics/metabolism; Cues; Dopamine Agents, pharmacology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Neurons, physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Dopamine D1, agonists/biosynthesis/genetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {28/10/2375}, pmid = {18322084}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5064-07.2008}, } @Article{Brett:1994, author = {B. Brett and S. Di and L. Watkins and D. S. Barth}, title = {A horseradish peroxidase study of parallel thalamocortical projections responsible for the generation of mid-latency auditory-evoked potentials.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1994}, volume = {647}, number = {1}, pages = {65--75}, month = {May}, abstract = {Mid-latency auditory-evoked potentials (MAEP) were recorded from the parietotemporal region of the rat using a high spatial resolution epicortical multielectrode array. Horseradish peroxidase was injected into regions of primary and secondary auditory cortex which generate spatially and temporally distinct components of the MAEP complex to retrogradely label their thalamocortical projections. These data provide anatomical evidence for three parallel thalamocortical projection systems, originating in the ventral, dorsal and medial subdivisions of the medial geniculate nucleus, which may be responsible for the asynchronous activation of three distinct subpopulations of cortical neurons giving rise to components of the MAEP complex. Specific and non-specific characteristics of the thalamocortical projections are discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)91399-4}, institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder 80309-0345.}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, physiology; Brain Mapping; Evoked Potentials, Auditory; Horseradish Peroxidase; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(94)91399-4}, pmid = {8069706}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Brett-Green:2003, author = {Barbara Brett-Green and Eva Fifková and David T Larue and Jeffery A Winer and Daniel S Barth}, title = {A multisensory zone in rat parietotemporal cortex: intra- and extracellular physiology and thalamocortical connections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2003}, volume = {460}, number = {2}, pages = {223--237}, month = {May}, abstract = {Multisensory integration is essential for the expression of complex behaviors in humans and animals. However, few studies have investigated the neural sites where multisensory integration may occur. Therefore, we used electrophysiology and retrograde labeling to study a region of the rat parietotemporal cortex that responds uniquely to auditory and somatosensory multisensory stimulation. This multisensory responsiveness suggests a functional organization resembling multisensory association cortex in cats and primates. Extracellular multielectrode surface mapping defined a region between auditory and somatosensory cortex where responses to combined auditory/somatosensory stimulation were larger in amplitude and earlier in latency than responses to either stimulus alone. Moreover, multisensory responses were nonlinear and differed from the summed unimodal responses. Intracellular recording found almost exclusively multisensory cells that responded to both unisensory and multisensory stimulation with excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and/or action potentials, conclusively defining a multisensory zone (MZ). In addition, intracellular responses were similar to extracellular recordings, with larger and earlier EPSPs evoked by multisensory stimulation, and interactions suggesting nonlinear postsynaptic summation to combined stimuli. Thalamic input to MZ from unimodal auditory and somatosensory thalamic relay nuclei and from multisensory thalamic regions support the idea that parallel thalamocortical projections may drive multisensory functions as strongly as corticocortical projections. Whereas the MZ integrates uni- and multisensory thalamocortical afferent streams, it may ultimately influence brainstem multisensory structures such as the superior colliculus.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10637}, institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Survival, physiology; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, physiology; Extracellular Space, physiology; Intracellular Fluid, physiology; Male; Parietal Lobe, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Temporal Lobe, physiology; Thalamus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12687687}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10637}, } @Article{Brideau:2000, author = {Brideau, A. D. and Card, J. P. and Enquist, L. W.}, title = {Role of pseudorabies virus Us9, a type II membrane protein, in infection of tissue culture cells and the rat nervous system.}, journal = {J Virol}, year = {2000}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, pages = {834--845}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The protein product of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) Us9 gene is a phosphorylated, type II membrane protein that is inserted into virion envelopes and accumulates in the trans-Golgi network. It is among a linked group of three envelope protein genes in the unique short region of the PRV genome which are absent from the attenuated Bartha strain. We found that two different Us9 null mutants exhibited no obvious phenotype after infection of PK15 cells in culture. Unlike those of gE and gI null mutants, the plaque size of Us9 null mutants on Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells was indistinguishable from that of wild-type virus. However, both of the Us9 null mutants exhibited a defect in anterograde spread in the visual and cortical circuitry of the rat. The visual system defect was characterized by restricted infection of a functionally distinct subset of visual projections involved in the temporal organization of behavior, whereas decreased anterograde spread of virus to the cortical projection targets was characteristic of animals receiving direct injections of virus into the cortex. Spread of virus through retrograde pathways in the brain was not compromised by a Us9 deletion. The virulence of the Us9 null mutants, as measured by time to death and appearance of symptoms of infection, also was reduced after their injection into the eye, but not after cortical injection. Through sequence analysis, construction of revertants, measurement of gE and gI protein synthesis in the Us9 null mutants, and mixed-infection studies of rats, we conclude that the restricted-spread phenotype after infection of the rat nervous system reflects the loss of Us9 and is not an indirect effect of the Us9 mutations on expression of glycoproteins gE and gI. Therefore, at least three viral envelope proteins, Us9, gE, and gI, function together to promote efficient anterograde transneuronal infection by PRV in the rat central nervous system.}, doi = {10.1128/jvi.74.2.834-845.2000}, institution = {Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain, pathology/virology; Cattle; Cell Line; Central Nervous System Viral Diseases, virology; Eye, virology; Gene Deletion; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, growth /&/ development/physiology; Lipoproteins, genetics/physiology; Male; Models, Biological; Mutagenesis; Phenotype; Phosphoproteins, genetics/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, pathology/virology; Pseudorabies, virology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Swine; Viral Envelope Proteins, biosynthesis/genetics/physiology; Viral Proteins; Virulence}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10623746}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Brink:1979, author = {Brink, E. E. and Morrell, J. I. and Pfaff, D. W.}, title = {Localization of lumbar epaxial motoneurons in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1979}, volume = {170}, number = {1}, pages = {23--41}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {In the rat, lateral longissimus and the lumbar transverso-spinalis muscles are lumbar trunk muscles, and participate in the lordosis reflex (female sexual posturing). Medial longissimus, the remaining major lumbar epaxial muscle, is a muscle of the proximal tail-tailbase. To allow an analysis of the motor control of lordosis, motoneurons for these muscles must be localized. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into lumbar epaxial muscles of female rats. Following injection into medial longissimus, labeled cells were found posterior to the lumbar enlargement, ventrolaterally in the ventral horn. Following injections into lateral longissimus or into lumbar transverso-spinalis muscles, most labeled cells were found on the medial side of the ventral horn, extending through and anterior to the lumbar enlargement. Injections into lumbar transverso-spinalis muscles at more posterior levels led to more posterior locations of labeled cells. The distributions of the labeled cells agree with previous observations on innervation of the muscles. Additionally, the spinal cord was scanned for sites at which microstimulation produced visible twitches of medial longissimus or transverso-spinalis muscles. Locations of low threshold twitch sites were consistent with conclusions based on the HRP findings.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(79)90938-7}, keywords = {Animals; Castration; Electric Stimulation; Female; Functional Laterality, physiology; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Lumbosacral Region, innervation; Motor Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Muscles, innervation; Rats; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(79)90938-7}, pmid = {466406}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Brinley-Reed:1995, author = {M. Brinley-Reed and F. Mascagni and A. J. McDonald}, title = {Synaptology of prefrontal cortical projections to the basolateral amygdala: an electron microscopic study in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1995}, volume = {202}, number = {1-2}, pages = {45--48}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Prefrontal projections to the magnocellular basal amygdaloid nucleus (Bmg) of the rat were investigated using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) as an anterograde tracer. Electron microscopic examination revealed that most axon terminals in Bmg labeled by PHA-L injections into the prelimbic area contained round synaptic vesicles and made asymmetric synapses. The great majority of labeled terminals (93\%) made synaptic contact with dendritic spines; a few contacts (7\%) were seen with thin dendrites. These findings indicate that the main postsynaptic targets of PFC afferents to Bmg are spiny pyramidal neurons, the projection neurons of the basolateral amygdala. The morphology of the synapses suggests that they are excitatory.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(95)12212-5}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia 29208, USA.}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology; Animals; Fixatives; Formaldehyde; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways; Neurons, ultrastructure; Osmium Tetroxide; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Polymers; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Innominata, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8787827}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Brinschwitz:2010, author = {K Brinschwitz and A Dittgen and VI Madai and R Lommel and S Geisler and RW Veh}, title = {Glutamatergic axons from the lateral habenula mainly terminate on GABAergic neurons of the ventral midbrain}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2010}, volume = {168}, pages = {463-476}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.050}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Broadwell:1976, author = {R. D. Broadwell and D. M. Jacobowitz}, title = {Olfactory relationships of the telencephalon and diencephalon in the rabbit. III. The ipsilateral centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulbar and retrobulbar formations.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1976}, volume = {170}, number = {3}, pages = {321--345}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The axoplasmic retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from axon terminals to their parent cell bodies and histochemical fluorescence microscopy have been used to study the ipsilateral centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulbs and anterior olfactory nucleus in the rabbit. Focal injections of peroxidase were placed unilaterally into the main or accessory olfactory bulb or into the anterior olfactory nucleus. In animals with injected HRP confined within the main bulb, perikarya retrogradely labeled with the protein in the ipsilateral forebrain were observed in the anterior prepyriform cortex horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band, and far lateral preoptic and rostral lateral hypothalamic areas. Brain stem cell groups that contained HRP-positive somata include the locus coeruleus and midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus. Except for the prepyriform cortex, the basal forebrain structures with labeled perikarya correlate well with locations of cell bodies containing acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase. These somata may represent a cholinergic afferent system to the main olfactory bulb. Peroxidase-labeled cell bodies in the locus coeruleus and midbrain raphe are indicative of noradrenergic and serotonergic innervations respectively of the olfactory bulb. In rabbits in which peroxidase was injected or diffused into the accessory olfactory bulb and anterior alfactory nucleus, HRP-positive somata were identified in the prepyriform cortex bilaterally, the horizontal limb of the diagonal band nucleus, lateral hypothalamic region, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, corticomedial complex of the amygdala, mitral and tufted cell layers of the ipsilateral main olfactory bulb, locus coeruleus, and the midbrain raphe. Evidence for centrifugal fibers to the accessory olfactory bulb from the corticomedial complex of the amygdala, locus coeruleus, and possibly the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract and midbrain raphe is discussed. A similar distribution of labeled perikarya in the forebrain and brain stem was seen in rats in which peroxidase injected into the main olfactory bulb had spread into the accessory bulb and anterior olfactory nucleus. Histochemical fluorescence microscopy of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs in the rabbit and rat revealed fine caliber, green fluorescent fibers and varicosities predominantly in the granule cell layer and less so among cells in the glomerular layer. In sections through the root of the main olfactory bulb, a similar fluorescence was seen in the deep half of the plexiform layer of the pars externa of the anterior alfactory nucleus. These fluorescent fibers likely represent the noradrenergic innervation of the olfactory bulbar and retrobulbar formations. A fluorescent yellow hue was observed in the glomerular layer of the main bulb and may signify a serotonergic innervation of this lamina...}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901700305}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, physiology; Cerebral Ventricles, physiology; Diencephalon, physiology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Male; Mesencephalon, physiology; Olfactory Bulb, physiology; Olfactory Nerve, physiology; Olfactory Pathways; Rabbits; Rats; Telencephalon, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {62770}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901700305}, } @Article{Broadwell:1993, author = {R. D. Broadwell and M. V. Sofroniew}, title = {Serum proteins bypass the blood-brain fluid barriers for extracellular entry to the central nervous system.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {1993}, volume = {120}, number = {2}, pages = {245--263}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Extracellular pathways circumventing the mammalian blood-brain fluid barriers (e.g., blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers) have been investigated in the rat by immunohistochemical localization of the endogenous serum proteins albumin, IgG, complement C-9, and IgM and by the exogenous tracer protein horseradish peroxidase (HRP). A demonstrable extracellular pathway into the central nervous system (CNS) is evident at the level of the subarachnoid space/pial surface. Immunoreaction products for the serum proteins and reaction product of intravenously administered HRP are identified over the entire pial surface, in the Virchow-Robin spaces and subpial cortical grey matter, and within phagocytes occupying the subarachnoid space/pial surface and perivascular clefts throughout the CNS. From specific circumventricular organs (e.g., median eminence, area postrema, subfornical organ), well known to lie outside the blood-brain barrier (BBB), each of the blood-borne proteins readily enters adjacent white and grey matter and the ventricular system for subsequent rostrocaudal labeling of the ependymal cell lining. Similar immunohistochemical and blood-borne HRP results are obtained in the CNS of the neonatal rat. Peroxidase delivered into the aorta of postmortem adult rats confirms the presence of a BBB in brain sites containing blood vessels impermeable to blood-borne HRP and the absence of a BBB in sites revealed as leaky to blood-borne HRP in the live rat. The results suggest blood-borne macromolecules, including those of the immune and complement systems, have potential widespread, extracellular distribution within the CNS and cerebrospinal fluid from sites deficient in a BBB (e.g., subarachnoid space/pial surface, circumventricular organs). These observations may have important clinical implications regarding experimental and pathologic autoimmune dysfunction within the CNS and impact on the interpretation of potential transcytosis of blood-borne peptides and proteins through the cerebral endothelium in vivo. A summary diagram of suspected extracellular and intracellular pathways circumventing the blood-brain fluid barriers is provided.}, doi = {10.1006/exnr.1993.1059}, institution = {Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Artifacts; Blood Proteins, metabolism; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Complement C9, analysis; Extracellular Space, metabolism; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, analysis/blood; Humans; Immunoglobulin G, analysis; Immunoglobulin M, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Models, Cardiovascular; Models, Neurological; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred WF; Rats, Wistar; Serum Albumin, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0014-4886(83)71059-9}, pmid = {8491281}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1993.1059}, } @Article{Brockett:2013, author = {Brockett, E. G. and Seenan, P. G. and Bannatyne, B. A. and Maxwell, D. J.}, title = {Ascending and descending propriospinal pathways between lumbar and cervical segments in the rat: evidence for a substantial ascending excitatory pathway.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2013}, volume = {240}, pages = {83--97}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Precise mechanisms are required to coordinate the locomotor activity of fore- and hind-limbs in quadrupeds and similar mechanisms persist to coordinate movement of arms and legs in humans. Propriospinal neurons (PSNs) are major components of the networks that coordinate these mechanisms. The b subunit of cholera toxin (CTb) was injected unilaterally into either L1 or L3 segments in order to label ascending and descending propriospinal pathways. Labelled cells were examined with light or confocal microscopy. Cells projecting to lumbar segments were evenly distributed, bilaterally throughout all cervical segments. However many more cells were labelled from L1 injections than L3 injections. Roughly 15\% of cells in both sides of the C2 segment was found to be immunoreactive for calretinin and a small number (4\%) was immunoreactive for calbindin. Axons projecting from L1 to cervical segments formed predominant ipsilateral projections to the cervical intermediate grey matter and ventral horn. Very large numbers of terminals were concentrated within the ventrolateral motor (VLM) nuclei of C7-8 segments but there was sparse innervation of the contralateral nucleus. The vast majority (85\%) of these axon terminals in the ipsilateral VML was immunoreactive for the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) and the remaining 15\% was immunoreactive for the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT); many of these contained GABA and/or glycine. Inhibitory and excitatory terminals were also found in the contralateral VLM. Most of the terminals in the VLM made contacts with motoneurons. The major finding of this study is the existence of a substantial excitatory propriospinal pathway that projects specifically to the VLM. Motoneurons in the VLM supply muscles of the axilla therefore this pathway is likely to have a profound influence on the activity of the shoulder joint. This pathway may synchronise lumbar and cervical pattern generators and hence the coordination of locomotor activity in the fore- and hind limbs.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.039}, institution = {Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotinylation; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Functional Laterality; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Lumbosacral Region; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins, metabolism; Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(13)00173-5}, pmid = {23454541}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.039}, } @Article{Brog:1993, author = {J. S. Brog and A. Salyapongse and A. Y. Deutch and D. S. Zahm}, title = {The patterns of afferent innervation of the core and shell in the "accumbens" part of the rat ventral striatum: immunohistochemical detection of retrogradely transported fluoro-gold.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1993}, volume = {338}, number = {2}, pages = {255--278}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Recent data have emphasized the neurochemically distinct nature of subterritories in the accumbens part of the rat ventral striatum termed the core, shell, and rostral pole. In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how afferents are distributed relative to these subterritories, immunohistochemical detection of retrogradely transported Fluoro-Gold was carried out following iontophoretic injections intended to involve selectively one of the subterritories. The data revealed that a number of cortical afferents of the medial shell and core originate in separate areas, i.e., the dorsal peduncular, infralimbic, and posterior piriform cortices (to medial shell) and the dorsal prelimbic, anterior agranular insular, anterior cingulate, and perirhinal cortices (to core). The lateral shell and rostral pole are innervated by cortical structures that also project either to the medial shell or core. The orbital, posterior agranular insular, and entorhinal cortices, hippocampus, and basal amygdala were observed to innervate the accumbens in a topographic manner. Following core injections, strong bilateral cortical labeling was observed. Few labeled cortical cells were observed contralaterally following injections in the medial shell. Intermediate numbers of labeled neurons were observed in contralateral cortices following lateral shell injections. Robust subcortical labeling in a variety of structures in the ventral forebrain, lateral hypothalamus, deep temporal lobe, and brainstem was observed after shell injections, particularly those that involved the caudal dorsomedial extremity of the shell, i.e., its "septal pole." Selective ipsilateral labeling of subcortical structures in the basal ganglia circuitry was observed following injections in the core and, to a lesser extent, lateral shell. It was concluded that a number of afferent systems exhibit varying degrees of segregation with respect to the accumbal subterritories.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903380209}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri 63104.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Biological Transport, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Nucleus Accumbens, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8308171}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903380209}, } @Article{Broman:1993, author = {Broman, J. and Anderson, S. and Ottersen, O. P.}, title = {Enrichment of glutamate-like immunoreactivity in primary afferent terminals throughout the spinal cord dorsal horn.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1993}, volume = {5}, number = {8}, pages = {1050--1061}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Although several lines of evidence indicate that glutamate is a neurotransmitter in primary afferent terminals, controversies exist on the proportion and types of such terminals that release glutamate. In the present study quantitative analysis of immunogold labelling was used to assess the presence of glutamate-like immunoreactivity in primary afferent terminals in laminae I-V of the rat spinal cord dorsal horn. Anterograde transport of choleragenoid-horseradish peroxidase from a spinal ganglion and tetramethyl benzidine histochemistry were used to identify primary afferent terminals in laminae I and III-V. Presumed C-fibre terminals in lamina II were identified on morphological criteria (dense sinusoid axon terminals). Primary afferent terminals in all dorsal horn laminae displayed significantly higher levels of glutamate-like immunoreactivity than pleomorphic vesicle-containing profiles in laminae III-IV and large neuronal cell bodies in laminae III-V. The density of gold particles over primary afferent terminals also significantly exceeded the average density of gold particles over laminae II and III-IV. The highest densities of gold particles were present over dense sinusoid axon terminals in lamina II. These findings suggest that glutamate, alone or in combination with other neuroactive compounds, is involved in the transfer of all sensory modalities from primary afferent fibres to dorsal horn neurons.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00958.x}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Linköping, Sweden.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism; Animals; Female; Glutamates, metabolism; Glutamic Acid; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Tissue Distribution}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7904222}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Broesamle:1997, author = {C. Brösamle and M. E. Schwab}, title = {Cells of origin, course, and termination patterns of the ventral, uncrossed component of the mature rat corticospinal tract.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1997}, volume = {386}, number = {2}, pages = {293--303}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The cells of origin, the course, and termination patterns of the ventral, uncrossed component of the rat corticospinal tract (CST) was investigated by using retrograde and anterograde tracing methods. Anterograde tracing with biotin dextran-amine (BDA) revealed the position and detailed morphology of CST fibers in the spinal cord. Cross sections on spinal levels C4, T8, and L4 showed labeled fibers in the ipsilateral ventral funiculus on all levels. Although ipsilateral ventral CST fibers run close to the midline in the cervical cord, they were found to disperse more in the ventromedial funiculus at lower spinal levels. To study the termination patterns of the ipsilateral ventral projection, a dorsal spinal cord hemisection was performed at level T8, severing the crossed dorsomedial and dorsolateral components but leaving ipsilateral ventral running fibers intact. These fibers were observed to have sometimes several collaterals with terminal arbors extending into different spinal segments, innervating mostly laminae III-VI. Structures closely resembling synaptic boutons were identified in these arbors. By retrograde tracing in animals with dorsal spinal cord hemisection, we found labeled cells equally distributed throughout the spinally projecting cortical areas corresponding to the level of tracer injection. Labeled cells were found in layer V. The diameter of the labeled cells was not significantly different from other spinally projecting cortical neurons. In summary, a neuroanatomically complete ipsilateral, ventral corticospinal projection down to low spinal levels was found. The large extension of the terminal arborizations in intermediate laminae of the spinal cord suggests a modulatory role of this CST component.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970922)386:2<293::aid-cne9>3.0.co;2-x}, institution = {Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Switzerland. broesam@hifo.unizh.ch}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/physiology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nerve Endings, physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-X}, pmid = {9295153}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Broesamle:2000, author = {C. Brösamle and M. E. Schwab}, title = {Ipsilateral, ventral corticospinal tract of the adult rat: ultrastructure, myelination and synaptic connections.}, journal = {J Neurocytol}, year = {2000}, volume = {29}, number = {7}, pages = {499--507}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The corticospinal tract (CST) of the rat is a widely used model system in developmental, physiological, and regeneration studies. The CST of the rat consists of a main tract, that runs in the dorsomedial funiculus and several minor components. We have shown earlier that one of the minor components, the ipsilateral, ventral CST, projects all the way down the spinal cord in the adult rat and single fibers form large terminal arbors in their spinal target areas. Here we investigated its ultrastructure and compared it to that of CST fibers of the main tract. By the use of anterograde axonal tracing with biotin dextran-amine (BDA) and pre-embedding avidin-peroxidase histochemistry we investigated axon diameters and myelination using electron microscopy. Ipsilateral, ventral CST fibers were found to run in the ventral funiculus close to the midline. They were intermingled with heavily myelinated large diameter axons, presumably reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, or tectospinal fibers. Ipsilateral, ventral CST fibers were of small diameter (0.68 microm, +/-0.04) and about [frac34] of them were moderately myelinated (9.64 +/- 0.7 layers of myelin). Co-localization of a rhodamine-dextrane anterograde tracer with the presynaptic marker synaptophysin using confocal microscopy and electron microscopy revealed varicosities on terminal arborisations to be presynaptic boutons and clearly demonstrated contacts to neurons in intermediate laminae of the spinal cord at lumbar spinal levels. This study extends our earlier work indicating that the ipsilateral, ventral CST component of the adult rat is a morphologically complete CST component and may perform similar functions to the main CST component.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, institution = {Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Winterthurer Str. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cell Size; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Synapses, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11279365}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Brouns:2000, author = {Brouns, I. and Adriaensen, D. and Burnstock, G. and Timmermans, J. P.}, title = {Intraepithelial vagal sensory nerve terminals in rat pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies express P2X(3) receptors.}, journal = {Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol}, year = {2000}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {52--61}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The neurotransmitters/modulators involved in the interaction between pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) and the vagal sensory component of their innervation have not yet been elucidated. Because P2X(3) purinoreceptors are known to be strongly expressed in peripheral sensory neurons, the aim of the present study was to examine the localization of nerve endings expressing P2X(3) purinoreceptors in the rat lung in general and those contacting pulmonary NEBs in particular. Most striking were intraepithelial arborizations of P2X(3) purinoceptor-immunoreactive (IR) nerve terminals, which in all cases appeared to ramify between calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- or calbindin D28k (CB)-labeled NEB cells. However, not all NEBs received nerve endings expressing P2X(3) receptors. Using CGRP and CB staining as markers for two different sensory components of the innervation of NEBs, it was revealed that P2X(3) receptor and CB immunoreactivity were colocalized, whereas CGRP-IR fibers clearly formed a different population. The disappearance of characteristic P2X(3) receptor-positive nerve fibers in contact with NEBs after infranodosal vagal crush and colocalization of tracer and P2X(3) receptor immunoreactivity in vagal nodose neuronal cell bodies in retrograde tracing experiments further supports our hypothesis that the P2X(3) receptor-IR nerve fibers contacting NEBs have their origin in the vagal sensory nodose ganglia. Combination of quinacrine accumulation in NEBs, suggestive of the presence of high concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in their secretory vesicles, and P2X(3) receptor staining showed that the branching intraepithelial P2X(3) receptor-IR nerve terminals in rat lungs were exclusively associated with quinacrine-stained NEBs. We conclude that ATP might act as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the vagal sensory innervation of NEBs via a P2X(3) receptor-mediated pathway. Further studies are necessary to determine whether the P2X(3) receptor-expressing neurons, specifically innervating NEBs in the rat lung, belong to a population of P2X(3) receptor-IR nociceptive vagal nodose neurons.}, doi = {10.1165/ajrcmb.23.1.3936}, institution = {Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.}, keywords = {Adenosine Triphosphate, metabolism; Animals; Axonal Transport; Biological Markers, analysis; Bronchi, cytology/innervation; Calbindin 1; Calbindins; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, analysis/immunology; Epithelial Cells, cytology/immunology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Lung, cytology/innervation; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nerve Crush; Neuroeffector Junction, immunology/metabolism/physiology; Neurons, cytology/immunology/metabolism; Nodose Ganglion, cytology/immunology/metabolism/physiology; Quinacrine, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Purinergic P2, analysis/immunology/metabolism; Receptors, Purinergic P2X3; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G, analysis/immunology; Vagus Nerve, cytology/immunology/metabolism/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10873153}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/ajrcmb.23.1.3936}, } @Article{Broussard:1998, author = {Broussard, D. L. and Lynn, R. B. and Wiedner, E. B. and Altschuler, S. M.}, title = {Solitarial premotor neuron projections to the rat esophagus and pharynx: implications for control of swallowing.}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, year = {1998}, volume = {114}, number = {6}, pages = {1268--1275}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The buccopharyngeal and esophageal phases of swallowing are controlled by distinct networks of premotor neurons localized in the nucleus tractus solitarius. The neuronal circuitry coordinating the two phases was investigated using a combination of central and peripheral tracing techniques.Using pseudorabies virus, a transsynaptic tracer, in anesthetized rats, third-order esophageal neurons (neurons projecting to premotor neurons) were identified. In a separate protocol that combined transsynaptic and retrograde fluorescent tracing, third-order esophageal neurons projecting to pharyngeal motoneurons (buccopharyngeal premotor neurons) were then identified.Third-order esophageal neurons were identified in the interstitial and intermediate subnuclei of the nucleus tractus solitarius and in other medullary, pontine, midbrain, and forebrain nuclei. A subpopulation of these neurons (double labeled) in the interstitial and intermediate subnuclei were found to project to pharyngeal motoneurons ( buccopharyngeal premotor neurons) and to be linked synaptically to esophageal premotor neurons.The synaptic link between buccopharyngeal and esophageal premotor neurons provides an anatomic pathway for the central initiation of esophageal peristalsis and its coordination with the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. This neural circuitry within the nucleus tractus solitarius is consistent with a complex central control mechanism for the swallowing motor sequence that can function independently of afferent feedback.}, doi = {10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70433-0}, institution = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain, cytology/physiology; Deglutition, physiology; Esophagus, innervation; Fluorescent Dyes; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Male; Motor Neurons, physiology; Pharynx, innervation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Stem Cells, physiology; Stilbamidines; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0016508598005514}, pmid = {9609764}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Brown:2005a, author = {Brown, J. E. and Card, J. P. and Yates, B. J.}, title = {Polysynaptic pathways from the vestibular nuclei to the lateral mammillary nucleus of the rat: substrates for vestibular input to head direction cells.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {2005}, volume = {161}, number = {1}, pages = {47--61}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The activity of some neurons in the lateral mammillary nucleus (LMN) of the rat corresponds with the animal's current head direction (HD). HD cells have been studied extensively but the circuitry responsible for the generation and maintenance of the HD signal has not been established. The present study tested the hypothesis that a polysynaptic pathway connects the vestibular nuclei with the LMN via one or more relay nuclei. This circuitry could provide a substrate for the integration of sensory input necessary for HD cell activity. This hypothesis is based upon the prior demonstration that labyrinthectomy abolishes HD selectivity in thalamic neurons. Viral transneuronal tracing with pseudorabies virus (PRV) was used to test this hypothesis. We injected recombinants of PRV into the LMN and surrounding nuclei of adult male rats and defined the patterns of retrograde transneuronal infection at survival intervals of 60 and 72 h. Infected medial vestibular neurons (MVN) were only observed at the longest postinoculation interval in animals in which the injection site was localized largely to the LMN. Robust infection of the dorsal tegmental nucleus (DTN) and nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (PH) in these cases, but not in controls, at both survival intervals identified these nuclei as potential relays of vestibular input to the LMN. These data are consistent with the conclusion that vestibular information that contributes to the LMN HD cell activity is relayed to this caudal hypothalamic cell group via a polysynaptic brainstem circuit.}, doi = {10.1007/s00221-004-2045-4}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Head Movements, physiology; Male; Mamillary Bodies, chemistry/physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, chemistry/physiology; Vestibular Nuclei, chemistry/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15688176}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-004-2045-4}, } @Article{Brown:1977, author = {J. T. Brown and V. Chan-Palay and S. L. Palay}, title = {A study of afferent input to the inferior olivary complex in the rat by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1977}, volume = {176}, number = {1}, pages = {1-22}, month = {Nov}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901760102}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {903429}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901760102}, } @Article{Brown:2002, author = {Lucy L Brown and Samuel M Feldman and Diane M Smith and James R Cavanaugh and Robert F Ackermann and Ann M Graybiel}, title = {Differential metabolic activity in the striosome and matrix compartments of the rat striatum during natural behaviors.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2002}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {305--314}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The striosome and matrix compartments of the striatum are clearly identified by their neurochemical expression patterns and anatomical connections. To determine whether these compartments are distinguishable functionally, we used [14C]deoxyglucose metabolic mapping in the rat and tested whether neutral behavioral states (free movement, gentle restraint, and focal tactile stimulation under gentle restraint) were associated with regions of high metabolic activity in the matrix, in striosomes, or in both. We identified metabolic peaks in the striatum by means of image analysis, striosome-matrix boundaries by [3H]naloxone binding, and primary somatosensory corticostriatal input clusters by injections of anterograde tracer into electrophysiologically identified sites in SI. Peak metabolic activity was primarily confined to the matrix compartment under each behavioral condition. These findings show that during relatively neutral behavioral conditions the balance of activity between the two compartments favors the matrix and suggest that this balance is present in the striatum as part of normal behavior and processing of afferent activity.}, institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. brown@aecom.yu.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Brain Mapping; Corpus Striatum, metabolism; Deoxyglucose, metabolism/pharmacokinetics; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Naloxone, metabolism/pharmacokinetics; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Restraint, Physical}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {22/1/305}, pmid = {11756514}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/22/1/305.long}, } @Article{Brown:1998, author = {L. L. Brown and D. M. Smith and L. M. Goldbloom}, title = {Organizing principles of cortical integration in the rat neostriatum: corticostriate map of the body surface is an ordered lattice of curved laminae and radial points.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1998}, volume = {392}, number = {4}, pages = {468--488}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The neuroanatomic organizing principles underlying integrative functions in the striatum are only partially understood. Within the three major subdivisions of the striatum-sensorimotor, associative, and limbic--longitudinal zones of axonal plexuses from the cerebral cortex end in bands and clusters that innervate cell groups. To identify organizing principles of the corticostriate bands and clusters, we localized somatosensory cortical cells receptive to light touch on the hindlimb, forelimb, or vibrissae by extracellular recording, and we labeled their projections by iontophoretic application of dextran anterograde tracers. The results show that cortical cells in columnar groups project to the striatum in the form of successive strips, or laminae, that parallel the curve of the external capsule. The vibrissae somatosensory cortex projects to the most lateral lamina. Just medial to the vibrissae projection, the major axonal arborizations arising from hindlimb and forelimb somatosensory cortex are organized within a common lamina, where they interdigitate and overlap as well as remain separate. In addition, the hindlimb and forelimb cortex send small projections to the vibrissae lamina, and vice versa, forming broken, radially oriented lines of points across the laminar strips. The major somatosensory projections are in the dorsolateral, calbindin-poor sensorimotor striatum, whereas the radially oriented projection points extend into the medial, calbindin-rich associative striatum. Extending previous studies of corticostriate projections, this report shows a grid translation of columnar somatosensory cortical inputs into striatum and a detailed map for the rat sensorimotor zone. The lattice-like grid is a novel functional/neuroanatomic organization that is ideal for distributing, combining, and integrating information for sensorimotor and cognitive processing.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980323)392:4<468::aid-cne5>3.3.co;2-x}, institution = {Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. brown@aecom.yu.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, chemistry/physiology; Brain Mapping; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis; Cell Size; Electrophysiology; Male; Microinjections; Microscopy, Confocal; Neostriatum, chemistry/physiology; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, physiology; Somatosensory Cortex, chemistry/physiology; Vibrissae, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-Z}, pmid = {9514511}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Brown:1980, author = {P. A. Brown}, title = {The inferior olivary connections to the cerebellum in the rat studied by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1980}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {267-275}, abstract = {Olivocerebellar projections were investigated in the rat using retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Discrete cell groups of the inferior olive were labelled, subsequent to injections in the paravermal region, the vermis, or the caudolateral hemisphere. Injections in the mid-rostrocaudal third of the paravermal area resulted in labelling of cells in the medial accessory olive (MAO), in cell group "b" at caudal levels, and in its lateral portion at mid-rostrocaudal levels. The rostral pole of the principal olive (PO), the dorsal accessory olive (DAO), and the dorsomedial cell column, were heavily labelled. By comparison, caudal paravermal injections resulted in labelling in the medial part of the mid-rostrocaudal levels of the MAO, but not in its caudal portion. The PO lamellae were labelled in their lateral half, excluding the lateral bend connecting them. Injections slightly lateral within this paravermal area gave no caudal MAO labelling, but did label cells in segments of both PO lamellae, medial to those in the previous case. From vermal injections, cell groups "b" and "c" of the caudal MAO were labelled, but no labelled cells were present in the PO. Subsequent to injections in the paramedian lobule, cells in the dorsal lamella of the PO were labelled. No cells of the MAO were labelled. These results are discussed in terms of specific labelling patterns and the general concepts of organization presently held for the olivocerebellar system.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(80)90168-9}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7397571}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Browning:2005, author = {Kirsteen N Browning and F. Holly Coleman and R. Alberto Travagli}, title = {Characterization of pancreas-projecting rat dorsal motor nucleus of vagus neurons.}, journal = {Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol}, year = {2005}, volume = {288}, number = {5}, pages = {G950--G955}, month = {May}, abstract = {The electrophysiological and morphological properties of rat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurons innervating the pancreas were examined by using whole cell patch clamp recordings from brain stem slices and postfixation morphological reconstructions of Neurobiotin-filled neurons. Recordings were made from 178 DMV neurons whose projections had been identified by previous apposition of the fluorescent neuronal tracer DiI to the body of the pancreas. DMV neurons projecting to the pancreas had an input resistance of 434 +/- 14 M omega, an action potential duration of 3 +/- 0.1 ms, and an afterhyperpolarization of 18 +/- 0.4 mV amplitude and 108 +/- 7 ms time constant of decay; these electrophysiological properties resembled those of gastric-projecting neurons but were significantly different from those of intestinal-projecting neurons. Interestingly, 14 of 178 pancreas-projecting neurons showed the presence of a slowly developing afterhyperpolarization whose presence was not reported in DMV neurons projecting to any other gastrointestinal area. The morphological characteristics of pancreas-projecting neurons (soma area 274 +/- 12 microm2; soma diameter of 25 +/- 0.7 microm; soma form factor 0.74 +/- 0.01; segments 9.7 +/- 0.41), however, were similar to those of intestinal- but differed from those of gastric-projecting neurons. In summary, these results suggest that pancreas-projecting rat DMV neurons are heterogeneous with respect to some electrophysiological and morphological properties. These differences might underlie functional differences in the vagal modulation of pancreatic functions.}, doi = {10.1152/ajpgi.00549.2004}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Male; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Pancreas, innervation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vagus Nerve, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {00549.2004}, pmid = {15637183}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00549.2004}, } @Article{Browning:1999b, author = {Browning, K. N. and Renehan, W. E. and Travagli, R. A.}, title = {Electrophysiological and morphological heterogeneity of rat dorsal vagal neurones which project to specific areas of the gastrointestinal tract.}, journal = {J Physiol}, year = {1999}, volume = {517 ( Pt 2)}, pages = {521--532}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {1. The electrophysiological properties of rat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurones (n = 162) were examined using whole cell patch clamp recordings from brainstem slices. Recordings were made from DMV neurones whose projections to the gastrointestinal tract had been identified by previously applying fluorescent retrograde tracers to the gastric fundus, corpus or antrum/pylorus, or to the duodenum or caecum. 2. The neuronal groups were markedly heterogeneous with respect to several electrophysiological properties. For example, neurones which projected to the fundus had a higher input resistance (400 +/- 25 Momega), a smaller and shorter after-hyperpolarization (16.7 +/- 0.49 mV and 63.5 +/- 3.9 ms) and a higher frequency of action potential firing (19.3 +/- 1.4 action potentials s-1) following injection of depolarizing current (270 pA) when compared with caecum-projecting neurones (302 +/- 22 Momega; 23. 5 +/- 0.87 mV and 81.1 +/- 5.3 ms; 9.7 +/- 1.1 action potentials s-1; P < 0.05 for each parameter). Differences between neuronal groups were also apparent with respect to the distribution of several voltage-dependent potassium currents. Inward rectification was present only in caecum-projecting neurones, for example. 3. Neurones (n = 82) were filled with the intracellular stain Neurobiotin allowing post-fixation morphological reconstruction. Neurones projecting to the caecum had the largest cell volume (5238 +/- 535 microm3), soma area (489 +/- 46 microm2) and soma diameter (24.6 +/- 1.24 microm) as well as the largest number of dendritic branch segments (23 +/- 2). 4. In summary, these results suggest that DMV neurones are heterogeneous with respect to some electrophysiological as well as some morphological properties and can be divided into subgroups according to their gastrointestinal projections.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0521t.x}, institution = {Neurogastroenterology Research, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Digestive System Physiological Phenomena; Electrophysiology; Female; Male; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Potassium Channels, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Vagus Nerve, chemistry/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {PHY_9011}, pmid = {10332099}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Browning:1999, author = {K. N. Browning and R. A. Travagli}, title = {Characterization of the in vitro effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on identified neurones of the rat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV).}, journal = {Br J Pharmacol}, year = {1999}, volume = {128}, number = {6}, pages = {1307--1315}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {1 Whole cell patch clamp techniques were used on thin brainstem slices to investigate the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on gastrointestinal-projecting dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurones. Neurones were identified as projecting to the stomach (n=122) or intestine (n=84) if they contained the fluorescent tracer Dil after it had been applied to the gastric fundus, corpus or antrum/pylorus or to the duodenum or caecum. 2 A higher proportion of intestinal neurones (69\%) than gastric neurones (47\%) responded to 5-HT with a concentration-dependent inward current which was antagonized fully by the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin (1 microM). 3 Stimulation of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) induced inhibitory synaptic currents that were reduced in amplitude by application of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OHDPAT (1 microM) or the 5-HT1A/1B receptor agonist TFMPP (1 microM) in 61\% and 52\% of gastric- and intestinal-projecting neurones, respectively. 5-HT also significantly reduced the frequency but not the amplitude of spontaneous inhibitory currents. 4 These data show that 5-HT excites directly a larger proportion of intestinal projecting neurones than gastric-projecting neurones, as well as inhibiting synaptic transmission from the NTS to the DMV. These data imply that the response to DMV neurones to 5-HT may be determined and classified by their specific projections.}, doi = {10.1038/sj.bjp.0702908}, institution = {Neurogastroenterology Research, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place 2D, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.}, keywords = {8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, pharmacology; Animals; Cesium, pharmacology; Chlorides, pharmacology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects; Female; Indoles, pharmacology; Intestines, innervation; Ketanserin, pharmacology; Ligands; Male; Membrane Potentials, drug effects; Motor Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B; Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1; Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3; Receptors, Serotonin, drug effects; Serotonin Antagonists, pharmacology; Serotonin Receptor Agonists, pharmacology; Serotonin, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Stomach, innervation; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects; Vagus Nerve, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10578146}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0702908}, } @Article{Browning:1993, author = {Browning, R. and Maggio, R. and Sahibzada, N. and Gale, K.}, title = {Role of brainstem structures in seizures initiated from the deep prepiriform cortex of rats.}, journal = {Epilepsia}, year = {1993}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, pages = {393--407}, abstract = {Previous studies showed that brainstem seizures can still be evoked after transections that separate forebrain from brainstem. We sought to determine whether forebrain-evoked electrographic seizures require brainstem connections for initiation and generalization. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 295-320 g implanted with epidural electrodes had brain transections placed at the pre-, mid-, or postcollicular level. In experiment 1, the transections were limited to severing the brainstem, sparing the telencephalon laterally; these are referred to as "core" transections. In experiment 2, the transections severed the brainstem and also cut through the lateral telencephalon. These "extended" transections were either (a) bilateral, (b) unilateral (i.e., a hemitransection confined to one hemisphere), or (c) partial (sparing pathways ventral to the pretectal nuclei). All transections were performed under ether anesthesia, and seizures were initiated 3 h later by focal infusion of bicuculline (BIC) into the area tempestas (AT) through a previously implanted guide cannula. In experiment 1, bilateral forebrain electrographic seizures occurred in the complete absence of connections between forebrain and brainstem, showing that the brainstem is not required for forebrain-evoked seizures. In experiment 2, forebrain seizures evoked by BIC in AT were suppressed by bilateral extended transections which interrupted connections between AT and the caudal lateral telencephalon. Under these circumstances, application of carbachol with BIC reinstated the forebrain seizure response. These results indicate that carbachol application served to compensate for loss of an excitatory influence on AT resulting from the severing of connections with the caudal telencephalon. The demonstration of direct projections from entorhinal cortex to AT using Fluoro-Gold tracing together with the finding that extended brain transections caudal to the telencephalon do not suppress focally evoked forebrain seizures provided further support for the notion that AT afferents from the caudal telencephalon regulate the sensitivity of AT to BIC. The present findings provide further evidence that seizure substrates in the forebrain and brainstem are separable and independent.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02579.x}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Animals; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Carbachol, pharmacology; Electrodes, Implanted; Electroencephalography; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Pentylenetetrazole, pharmacology; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Seizures, chemically induced; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8504774}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bruce:1997, author = {Bruce, L. L. and Christensen, M. A. and Fritzsch, B.}, title = {Electron microscopic differentiation of directly and transneuronally transported DiI and applications for studies of synaptogenesis.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {1997}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, pages = {107--112}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The neuronal tracer DiI is a lipophilic dye which diffuses along the lipid bilayer of membranes and sometimes will move transcellularly. We used this tracer to study the development of olivocochlear synapses in the auditory system in rats and chickens by applying DiI directly to severed axons in the olivocochlear bundle. Observations with epi-fluorescent microscopy showed that DiI had labelled efferent axons directly and had labelled spiral ganglion cells and hair cells transneuronally. Ultrastructural analysis of photoconverted DiI tissue in rats revealed that transneuronal diffusion occurred when the plasma membrane of directly labelled axons made contact with the plasma membrane of their target structure. Directly and transneuronally labelled profiles can be distinguished easily at the electron microscopic level. In directly labelled profiles, all plasma, nuclear, endoplasmic reticulum, and outer mitochondrial membranes and cell cytoplasm are labelled leaving only the mitochondrial matrix unstained. However, in transneuronally labelled cells the endoplasmic, nuclear, and immature synaptic membranes are labelled but mitochondrial and non-synaptic plasma membranes are not labelled. This labelling pattern can be explained by diffusion through continuous membranes. These characteristics make DiI diffusion a powerful technique for identifying and studying early events in neuronal development and synapse formation.}, doi = {10.1016/s0165-0270(96)02218-2}, institution = {Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA. lbruce@bif.creighton.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Fluorescence; Hair Cells, Auditory, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Synapses, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165-0270(96)02218-2}, pmid = {9130683}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bruce:1987, author = {Bruce, L. L. and McHaffie, J. G. and Stein, B. E.}, title = {The organization of trigeminotectal and trigeminothalamic neurons in rodents: a double-labeling study with fluorescent dyes.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {262}, number = {3}, pages = {315--330}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes (fast blue and diamidino-dihydrochloride yellow) were used to compare the distributions of trigeminofugal neurons that project to the superior colliculus and/or the thalamus in three rodent species. The objective was to determine what the projection and collateralization patterns of these trigeminofugal pathways are and whether they are similar among different species. In each anesthetized animal, one dye was injected into the superior colliculus and the other into the topographically congruent area of the thalamus. Counts of the numbers of yellow, blue, and double-labeled neurons were made throughout the trigeminal complex: principalis, pars oralis, pars interpolaris, and pars caudalis. Trigeminothalamic projections were similar in each of the rodent species studied. The densest concentration of retrogradely labeled neurons was in principalis, with substantially fewer neurons in pars interpolaris, and fewer still in pars oralis and pars caudalis. These neurons were generally small and tended to have round or fusiform somata. A common pattern was also noted among the three species for trigeminotectal neurons. Most trigeminotectal projections originated from neurons in pars interpolaris, somewhat fewer from pars oralis, and the fewest from principalis and pars caudalis. These neurons tended to be the largest in each subdivision and were often multipolar. Following paired injections of the tracers, double-labeled neurons were scattered throughout the sensory trigeminal complex and had morphologies characteristic of single-labeled trigeminotectal neurons. Although comparatively few double-labeled neurons were observed in any species, most of those seen were restricted to the ventrolateral portion of pars interpolaris, a position that corresponds to the representation of the vibrissae. These data indicate that, regardless of the rodent species, the vast majority of labeled trigeminal neurons project either to the superior colliculus or the thalamus, but not to both targets. This might be expected on the basis of the very different behavioral roles these structures play. On the other hand, a subpopulation of trigeminal neurons exists (mainly in pars interpolaris) that does project to both the superior colliculus and the thalamus, perhaps because both structures require some of the same somatosensory information to perform their behavioral functions.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902620302}, institution = {Department of Physiology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298.}, keywords = {Animals; Cricetinae, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Mice, physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, physiology; Superior Colliculi, cytology/physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus, cytology/physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2821084}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902620302}, } @Article{Brueckner:1994, author = {G. Brückner and A. Schütz and W. Härtig and K. Brauer and B. R. Paulke and V. Bigl}, title = {Projection of non-cholinergic basal forebrain neurons ensheathed with perineuronal nets to rat mesocortex.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {1994}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {11--18}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The existence of non-cholinergic (GABAergic) components in the septo-hippocampal system but also in basal forebrain projections terminating in the olfactory bulb and certain cortical areas has been documented by several authors using retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques. On the other hand, the basal forebrain also contains a high number of mainly parvalbumin-positive neurons ensheathed by a lattice-like matrix of polyanionic proteoglycans forming so-called perineuronal nets of as yet unknown function. By a combination of retrograde tracing using Fluoro-Gold injection into mesocortical areas of rats and staining of perineuronal nets by Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) the present study describes the projection pattern and distribution of non-cholinergic projection neurons characterized by perineuronal nets in the anterior parts of the basal forebrain complex (medial septal nucleus, nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, magnocellular preoptic nucleus). After tracer injection into the cingulate cortex labelled net-associated neurons were distributed within the rostrocaudal extension of the basal forebrain complex but were predominantly found in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca. Retrograde labelling of neurons with perineuronal nets after tracer injection into the retrosplenial cortex was more pronounced in the medial septum. Choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive (ChAT-ir) projection neurons were in no case associated with perineuronal nets. The results demonstrate that a large portion of the non-cholinergic projection neurons of the basal forebrain are endowed with a specialized microenvironment of proteoglycans and form a strong input system of mesocortical components of the limbic system.}, doi = {10.1016/0891-0618(94)90032-9}, institution = {Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Gyrus Cinguli, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunohistochemistry; Lectins; Nerve Net, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Plant Lectins; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Acetylglucosamine; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0891-0618(94)90032-9}, pmid = {7893417}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Brudzynski:1998, author = {Brudzynski, S. M. and Kadishevitz, L. and Fu, X. W.}, title = {Mesolimbic component of the ascending cholinergic pathways: electrophysiological-pharmacological study.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {1998}, volume = {79}, number = {4}, pages = {1675--1686}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The cholinergic input from the pontomesencephalic cholinergic neurons to the diencephalic and basal forebrain structures has been implicated in a number of limbically controlled overt behaviors. The cellular mechanism by which the cholinergic terminals initiate behavioral manifestations is not clear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the ascending cholinergic projection from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) on neuronal firing in the anterior hypothalamic-medial preoptic region (AHMP), known to be involved in agonistic behavior. Experiments were performed on urethan-anesthetized rats. Iontophoretic application of carbachol (CCh) into the vicinity of single cells in the AHMP caused a dose-dependent decrease in the mean firing rate of 83\% of units and an increase in 10\% of units. The inhibitory effect of CCh, but not the excitatory effect, was reversed by iontophoretic pretreatment with scopolamine. The inhibition of the firing rate was repeatable for the same dose of CCh and dose dependent. Electrical stimulation of neurons in the LDT caused a comparable, current-dependent decrease in the mean firing rate of AHMP neurons that also was reversed by pretreatment of neurons in the AHMP with scopolamine. The antagonizing effects of scopolamine were reversible with time. The same units in the AHMP that inhibited their firing to stimulation of the LDT also responded with a similar inhibition to local iontophoretic CCh. Finally, the fluorescent carbocyanine dye, 4-(4-(dihexadecylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide, (DiA), has been used as a retrograde axonal tracer and was injected into the recording sites immediately after the electrophysiological recordings. After 1 wk, DiA dye was found in numerous neurons in the LDT as shown by the fluorescence confocal microscopy. Results of the study suggest that LDT cholinergic neurons project and terminate in the AHMP and that their activation causes a decrease in the mean firing rate of the AHMP neurons. It is postulated that this inhibitory effect is implicated in the initiation of some of the behavioral patterns like defensive or alarm vocalization and behavioral inhibition.}, institution = {Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, physiology; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Carbachol, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/pharmacology; Diencephalon, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Limbic System, physiology; Male; Mesencephalon, physiology; Muscarinic Agonists, pharmacology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Pons, physiology; Prosencephalon, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9535938}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bruinstroop:2012, author = {Bruinstroop, Eveline and Cano, Georgina and Vanderhorst, Veronique G J M. and Cavalcante, Judney C. and Wirth, Jena and Sena-Esteves, Miguel and Saper, Clifford B.}, title = {Spinal projections of the A5, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A7 noradrenergic cell groups in rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2012}, volume = {520}, number = {9}, pages = {1985--2001}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The pontine noradrenergic cell groups, A5, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A7, provide the only noradrenergic innervation of the spinal cord, but the individual contribution of each of these populations to the regional innervation of the spinal cord remains controversial. We used an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector encoding green fluorescent protein under an artificial dopamine beta-hydroxylase (PRSx8) promoter to trace the spinal projections from the A5, A6, and A7 groups. Projections from all three groups travel through the spinal cord in both the lateral and ventral funiculi and in the dorsal surface of the dorsal horn, but A6 axons take predominantly the dorsal and ventral routes, whereas A5 axons take mainly a lateral and A7 axons a ventral route. The A6 group provides the densest innervation at all levels, and includes all parts of the spinal gray matter, but it is particularly dense in the dorsal horn. The A7 group provides the next most dense innervation, again including all parts of the spinal cord, but is it denser in the ventral horn. The A5 group supplies only sparse innervation to the dorsal and ventral horns and to the cervical and lumbosacral levels, but provides the densest innervation to the thoracic intermediolateral cell column, and in particular to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Thus, the pontine noradrenergic cell groups project in a roughly topographic and complementary fashion onto the spinal cord. The pattern of spinal projections observed suggests that the locus coeruleus might have the greatest effect on somatosensory transmission, the A7 group on motor function, and the A5 group on sympathetic function.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.23024}, institution = {Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Dependovirus, genetics; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Functional Laterality; Green Fluorescent Proteins, genetics; Locus Coeruleus, cytology; Male; Microinjections; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, cytology; Spinal Cord, cytology; Transduction, Genetic}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {22173709}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23024}, } @Article{Brumovsky:2006, author = {Brumovsky, P. and Hofstetter, C. and Olson, L. and Ohning, G. and Villar, M. and Hökfelt, T.}, title = {The neuropeptide tyrosine Y1R is expressed in interneurons and projection neurons in the dorsal horn and area X of the rat spinal cord.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {138}, number = {4}, pages = {1361--1376}, abstract = {The localization of the neuropeptide tyrosine Y1 receptor was studied with immunohistochemistry in parasagittal and transverse, free-floating sections of the rat lumbar spinal cord. At least seven distinct Y1 receptor-positive populations could tentatively be recognized: Type 1) abundant small, fusiform Y1 receptor-positive neurons in laminae I-II, producing a profuse neuropil; Type 2) Y1 receptor-positive projection neurons in lamina I; Type 3) small Y1 receptor-positive neurons in lamina III, similar to Type 1 neurons, but less densely packed; Type 4) a number of large, multipolar Y1 receptor-positive neurons in the border area between laminae III-IV, with dendrites projecting toward laminae I-II; Type 5) a considerable number of large, multipolar Y1 receptor-positive neurons in laminae V-VI; Type 6) many large Y1 receptor-positive neurons around the central canal (area X); and Type 7) a small number of large Y1 receptor-positive neurons in the medial aspect of the ventral horns (lamina VIII). Many of the neurons present in laminae V-VI and area X produce craniocaudal processes extending for several hundred micrometers. Retrograde tracing using cholera toxin B subunit injected at the 9th thoracic spinal cord level shows that several Type 5 neurons in laminae V-VI, and at least a few Type 2 in lamina I and Type 6 in area X have projections extending to the lower segments of the thoracic spinal cord (and perhaps to supraspinal levels). The present results define distinct subpopulations of neuropeptide tyrosine-sensitive neurons, localized in superficial and deep layers of the dorsal, in the ventral horns and in area X. The lamina II neurons express somatostatin [The neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor is a somatic receptor on dorsal root ganglion neurons and a postsynaptic receptor on somatostatin dorsal horn neurons. Eur J Neurosci 11:2211-2225] and are presumably glutamatergic [Todd AJ, Hughes DI, Polgar E, Nagy GG, Mackie M, Ottersen OP, Maxwell DJ (2003) The expression of vesicular glutamate transporters VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in neurochemically defined axonal populations in the rat spinal cord with emphasis on the dorsal horn. Eur J Neurosci 17:13-27], that is they are excitatory interneurons under a Y1 receptor-mediated inhibitory influence. The remaining Y1 receptor-positive spinal neurons need to be phenotyped, for example if the large Y1 receptor-positive laminae III-IV neurons (Type 5) are identical to the neurokinin (NK)1R-positive neurons previously shown to receive neuropeptide tyrosine positive dendritic contacts [Polgár E, Shehab SA, Watt C, Todd AJ (1999) GABAergic neurons that contain neuropeptide Y selectively target cells with the NK1 receptor in laminae III and IV of the rat spinal cord. J Neurosci 19:2637-2646]. If so, neuropeptide tyrosine could have an antinociceptive action not only via Y1 receptor-positive interneurons (Type 1) but also projection neurons. The present results show neuropeptide tyrosine-sensitive neuron populations virtually in all parts of the lumbar spinal cord, suggesting a role for neuropeptide tyrosine signaling in many spinal functions, including pain.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.11.069}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, B2:5, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Pablo.Brumovsky@ki.se}, keywords = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Cell Shape, physiology; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Dendrites, metabolism/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Interneurons, cytology/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Neuropil, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurotransmitter Agents, metabolism; Pain, metabolism/physiopathology; Posterior Horn Cells, cytology/metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Tyrosine, metabolism/pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(05)01349-7}, pmid = {16448775}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.11.069}, } @Article{Brushart:1981, author = {Brushart, T. M. and Henry, E. W. and Mesulam, M. M.}, title = {Reorganization of muscle afferent projections accompanies peripheral nerve regeneration.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1981}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, pages = {2053--2061}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(81)90043-9}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Lectins, diagnostic use; Leg; Muscles, innervation; Nerve Regeneration; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Peripheral Nerves, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Skin, innervation; Spinal Cord, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6272158}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Brushart:1983, author = {Brushart, T. M. and Tarlov, E. C. and Mesulam, M. M.}, title = {Specificity of muscle reinnervation after epineurial and individual fascicular suture of the rat sciatic nerve.}, journal = {J Hand Surg Am}, year = {1983}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {248--253}, month = {May}, abstract = {We experimentally analyzed the specificity of muscle reinnervation after suture and regeneration of rat sciatic nerve. We used a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique of axon tracing to compare the number and location of motoneurons that innervate muscle via the peroneal nerve after epineurial and individual fascicular suture of the parent sciatic nerve. These motoneurons are significantly reduced in number from control levels and are often in spinal cord locations that indicate previous innervation of antagonistic muscle via the tibial nerve. This inappropriate reinnervation of peroneal muscle by tibial motoneurons is minimized by individual fascicular suture without compromise of overall reinnervation. Our findings thus support the hypothesis that individual fascicular suture may avoid distortion of the central connections of peripheral units.}, doi = {10.1016/s0363-5023(83)80152-x}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Motor Neurons, physiology; Nerve Regeneration; Neuromuscular Junction, physiology; Peroneal Nerve, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sciatic Nerve, physiology/surgery; Suture Techniques; Tibial Nerve, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6348148}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bryz-Gornia:1986, author = {Bryz-Gornia, Jr, WF and Stelzner, D. J.}, title = {Ascending tract neurons survive spinal cord transection in the neonatal rat.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {1986}, volume = {93}, number = {1}, pages = {195--210}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Retrograde axonal transport was used to determine which ascending nerve tracts from the lumbosacral spinal cord are present in the cervical spinal cord of the newborn rat and if their cell bodies survive axotomy. A pledget of true blue was applied to a low cervical spinal transection in the newborn rat (N = 4). After a 5-day survival period, neurons were labeled in the laminae of origin of all ascending nerve tracts throughout the lumbosacral spinal cord. Neurons labeled in the same way survived for at least 1 month postoperatively when the spinal cord was transected at a midthoracic level at 5 days of age (N = 4). No neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord were labeled if the midthoracic spinal cord was transected at the same time as application of the dye to cervical spinal cord (N = 2). Therefore, neurons labeled with true blue from cervical spinal cord during the neonatal period are likely to have been axotomized by thoracic injury made at 5 days of age. Three months after midthoracic spinal transection of newborn rats, HRP was injected or a pledget was applied to the first spinal segment caudal to this lesion (N = 8). The same population of neurons was labeled as in adult rats receiving application of HRP to an acute midthoracic spinal transection (N = 4). Neurons were seldom labeled in adult rats in which HRP was injected and ascending nerve tract axons not damaged (N = 4). These results suggest that most ascending nerve tract axons are present in cervical spinal cord during the neonatal period (by 4 to 5 days of age).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1016/0014-4886(86)90159-7}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, surgery; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Lumbosacral Region; Nerve Regeneration; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology/growth /&/ development/surgery}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0014-4886(86)90159-7}, pmid = {3732459}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bubar:2011, author = {Marcy J Bubar and Sonja J Stutz and Kathryn A Cunningham}, title = {5-HT(2C) receptors localize to dopamine and GABA neurons in the rat mesoaccumbens pathway.}, journal = {PLoS One}, year = {2011}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {e20508}, abstract = {The serotonin 5-HT(2C) receptor (5-HT(2C)R) is localized to the limbic-corticostriatal circuit, which plays an integral role in mediating attention, motivation, cognition, and reward processes. The 5-HT(2C)R is linked to modulation of mesoaccumbens dopamine neurotransmission via an activation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). However, we recently demonstrated the expression of the 5-HT(2C)R within dopamine VTA neurons suggesting the possibility of a direct influence of the 5-HT(2C)R upon mesoaccumbens dopamine output. Here, we employed double-label fluorescence immunochemistry with the synthetic enzymes for dopamine (tyrosine hydroxylase; TH) and GABA (glutamic acid decarboxylase isoform 67; GAD-67) and retrograde tract tracing with FluoroGold (FG) to uncover whether dopamine and GABA VTA neurons that possess 5-HT(2C)R innervate the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The highest numbers of FG-labeled cells were detected in the middle versus rostral and caudal levels of the VTA, and included a subset of TH- and GAD-67 immunoreactive cells, of which >50\% also contained 5-HT(2C)R immunoreactivity. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that the 5-HT(2C)R colocalizes in DA and GABA VTA neurons which project to the NAc, describe in detail the distribution of NAc-projecting GABA VTA neurons, and identify the colocalization of TH and GAD-67 in the same NAc-projecting VTA neurons. These data suggest that the 5-HT(2C)R may exert direct influence upon both dopamine and GABA VTA output to the NAc. Further, the indication that a proportion of NAc-projecting VTA neurons synthesize and potentially release both dopamine and GABA adds intriguing complexity to the framework of the VTA and its postulated neuroanatomical roles.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0020508}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.}, keywords = {Animals; Dopamine, biosynthesis/metabolism; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Humans; Male; Neurons, cytology/enzymology/metabolism; Neurotransmitter Agents, biosynthesis/metabolism; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology/metabolism; Protein Transport; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C, metabolism; Staining and Labeling; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology/metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, biosynthesis/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {PONE-D-11-00732}, pmid = {21687728}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020508}, } @Article{Bubser:1998, author = {M. Bubser and A. Y. Deutch}, title = {Thalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons collateralize to innervate the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {787}, number = {2}, pages = {304--310}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens are primary recipients of medial thalamic inputs, prominently including projections from the thalamic paraventricular nucleus. It is not known if paraventricular neurons collateralize to innervate both the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. We used dual retrograde tract tracing methods to examine this question. A small population of paraventricular neurons was found to innervate the prefrontal cortex and medial nucleus accumbens. These data suggest that the thalamic paraventricular nucleus may coordinately influence activity in the prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01373-5}, institution = {Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212, USA. michael.bubser@mcmail.vanderbilt.edu}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(97)01373-5}, pmid = {9518661}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bubser:1999, author = {M. Bubser and A. Y. Deutch}, title = {Stress induces Fos expression in neurons of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus that innervate limbic forebrain sites.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {1999}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {13--22}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) is a midline thalamic nucleus that responds strongly to exposure to various stressors. Many of the projection targets of PVT neurons, including the medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and central/basolateral nuclei of the amygdala, are also activated by stress. We sought to determine if PVT neurons that respond to stress are those that project to one or more of these forebrain sites. Retrograde tract tracing combined with immunohistochemical detection of Fos protein-like immunoreactivity was used to assess the activation of target-specific populations of PVT projection neurons by mild footshock stress in the rat. Stress markedly increased Fos protein-like immunoreactivity in PVT neurons, but without regard to the projection target of the thalamic neurons. Thus, the percentage of PVT cells that were retrogradely labeled from either the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, or amygdala, and that expressed Fos-like immunoreactivity did not differ substantially across the three forebrain sites. These data suggest that the PVT may have a role as a generalized relay for information relating to stress, and may serve an important role in the stress-induced activation of limbic forebrain areas.}, doi = {3.0.CO;2-R}, institution = {Department of Psychiatry, Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA. michael.bubser@mcmail.vanderbilt.edu}, keywords = {Amygdala, metabolism; Animals; Electroshock; Immunohistochemistry; Limbic System, metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Nucleus Accumbens, metabolism; Prefrontal Cortex, metabolism; Prosencephalon, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stress, Physiological, metabolism; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-R}, pmid = {10188633}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/3.0.CO;2-R}, } @Article{Bubser:2000, author = {M. Bubser and J. L. Scruggs and C. D. Young and A. Y. Deutch}, title = {The distribution and origin of the calretinin-containing innervation of the nucleus accumbens of the rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2000}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {1591--1598}, month = {May}, abstract = {The nucleus accumbens of the rat consists of several subregions that can be distinguished on the basis of histochemical markers. For example, the calcium-binding protein calbindin D28k is a useful marker of the core compartment of the nucleus accumbens. Calretinin, another calcium-binding protein, is found in a dense fibre plexus in the accumbal shell and septal pole regions. The source of the accumbal calretinin innervation is not known. We examined the distribution of calretinin in the nucleus accumbens and used tract-tracing and lesion methods to determine the source of this calretinin innervation. Intense calretinin immunoreactivity was present in the medial shell, but the density of calretinin axons diminished sharply in the ventrolateral shell. Regions of dense calretinin immunostaining and those areas with calbindin-like immunoreactive cell bodies were generally segregated in the nucleus accumbens, although some overlap in the transition region between the core and shell was seen. Small clusters of calretinin-immunoreactive fibres were seen in the core, where they were restricted to calbindin-negative patches. Injections of the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine into the paraventricular thalamic nucleus labelled fibres in calretinin-rich regions of the accumbens. Conversely, injections of Fluoro-gold into the accumbal shell retrogradely labelled numerous cells in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus that were calretinin-immunoreactive. Electrolytic lesions of the paraventricular thalamic nucleus reduced calretinin levels in the shell by approximately 80\%. These data indicate that the calretinin innervation of the nucleus accumbens is derived primarily from the thalamic paraventricular nucleus, and marks accumbal territories that are largely complementary to those defined by calbindin.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00052.x}, institution = {Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212, USA. michael.bubser@mcmail.vanderbilt.edu}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis/metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology/physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {ejn052}, pmid = {10792437}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bucci:1999, author = {D. J. Bucci and M. Conley and M. Gallagher}, title = {Thalamic and basal forebrain cholinergic connections of the rat posterior parietal cortex.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, year = {1999}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {941--945}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The thalamic connectivity and basal forebrain cholinergic input to the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of Long-Evans rats was examined using combined retrograde tracing and immunocytochemical methods. As in previous studies, the PPC could be distinguished by its input from the lateral posterior, lateral dorsal, and posterior nuclei of the thalamus, but not the lateral geniculate nucleus or ventrobasal complex. These nuclei were also observed to receive reciprocal projections from the ipsilateral PPC. Cholinergic neurons innervating the PPC were primarily localized to the substantia innominata/nucleus basalis region. The implications of these data for possible functions of the cholinergic input to PPC are discussed.}, doi = {10.1097/00001756-199904060-00009}, institution = {Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Frontal Lobe, cytology/physiology; Male; Molecular Probes; Neural Pathways, enzymology/physiology; Neurons, enzymology/physiology; Parietal Lobe, cytology/physiology; Prosencephalon, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10321464}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buchan:1991, author = {Buchan, A. M. and Kwok, Y. N. and Pederson, R. A.}, title = {Anatomical relationship between neuropeptide-containing fibers and efferent vagal neurons projecting to the rat corpus.}, journal = {Regul Pept}, year = {1991}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {1--12}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Injections of the retrograde tracers into the posterior surface of the stomach at the greater curvature resulted in labelling of the right half of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Whereas injections into the anterior and posterior surfaces of the corpus resulted in bilateral labelling in the medulla. Immunocytochemical staining of the labelled sections using antisera to substance P was confined to a dense network of fibers within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the nucleus tractus solitarius with no cell bodies being detected. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactivity was detected in nerve fibers in the nucleus tractus solitarius and cell bodies of the hypoglossal nucleus. Finally, neuropeptide Y-immunoreactivity was confined to nerve fibers within the vagal complex. Of the neurons labelled by the retrograde tracers injected into the corpus all were in close spatial contact with fibers containing substance P-immunoreactivity. A smaller number were associated with neuropeptide Y-containing fibers with a few adjacent to calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive fibers. These results indicate that substance P and neuropeptide Y may directly regulate efferent neurons controlling gastric motility and acid secretion. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, however, is unlikely to directly modulate the cell bodies of the neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus but may modulate the dendrites from these neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius.}, doi = {10.1016/0167-0115(91)90219-7}, institution = {Department of Physiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, diagnostic use; Efferent Pathways, cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Motor Neurons, cytology; Neurons, Efferent, cytology; Neuropeptides, diagnostic use; Radioactive Tracers; Rats; Stomach, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation; Substance P, diagnostic use; Vagus Nerve, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1713331}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buchhalter:1990, author = {J. R. Buchhalter and A. Fieles and M. A. Dichter}, title = {Hippocampal commissural connections in the neonatal rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, pages = {211--216}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The presence and specific connections of the hippocampal commissure were investigated in neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats. Unilateral hippocampal injections into specific subfields with rhodamine-labelled microspheres (RLM) were performed between 3 and 5 days of postnatal life. Retrograde transport of the RLM was allowed to proceed for 48 h following the injection, at which time brains were removed and prepared for histology. Frozen sections were cut at 30-microns intervals in the coronal plane and examined with fluorescence microscopy. All 5 brains which had an injection restricted to CA1 demonstrated contralateral retrograde transport to the homotopic CA1 subfield only, and all 5 brains with focal CA3 injections had contralateral homotopic CA3 labelling. Eight brains had injections involving more than one subfield; in 5 of these brains, the results were consistent with the CA3 to CA3 commissural projection demonstrated by the more restricted injections. However, 3 brains in which the injection involved CA1 as well as CA3, contralateral CA1 labelling was not found, most likely due to 'missing' the projection site in CA1. We conclude: (1) the hippocampal commissural projection exists in the early postnatal rat, (2) a CA3 to CA3 homotopic commissural projection exists, as it does in the adult, and (3) a CA1 to CA1 projection is present in the neonatal rat.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-3806(90)90084-c}, institution = {Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia.}, keywords = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axonal Transport; Hippocampus, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1702042}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buckmaster:1992, author = {P. S. Buckmaster and B. W. Strowbridge and D. D. Kunkel and D. L. Schmiege and P. A. Schwartzkroin}, title = {Mossy cell axonal projections to the dentate gyrus molecular layer in the rat hippocampal slice.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {1992}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {349--362}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The ipsilateral associational pathway connects different septotemporal levels of the dentate gyrus. Neurons of the dentate hilus project hundreds of micrometers from the cells of origin to the inner molecular layer. The authors hypothesized that mossy cells, the major cell type of the hilus, also project locally to the inner molecular layer. Within a 400 microns slice, mossy cells were (1) recorded intracellularly while the inner molecular layer was stimulated to test for antidromic responses, and (2) labeled with biocytin and examined with light and electron microscopy for axonal projections into the molecular layer. The authors found that mossy cells can be antidromically activated by inner molecular layer stimulation and that axonal projections to the molecular layer can be visualized within a 400 microns hippocampal slice. In 13 of 19 intracellularly labeled and electrophysiologically characterized mossy cells, collaterals could be traced into the molecular layer. These results suggest that mossy cells contribute to the ipsilateral associational pathway and also participate in local recurrent circuitry to influence granule cell activity.}, doi = {10.1002/hipo.450020403}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.}, keywords = {Action Potentials; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Male; Membrane Potentials; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1284975}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450020403}, } @Article{Buckmaster:1993, author = {Buckmaster, P. S. and Strowbridge, B. W. and Schwartzkroin, P. A.}, title = {A comparison of rat hippocampal mossy cells and CA3c pyramidal cells.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {1993}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, pages = {1281--1299}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {1. There is a long-standing debate about whether the large spiny cells in the hilar region of the hippocampus should be classified as pyramidal cells of Ammon's horn or as a distinct cell type of the dentate gyrus. The rationale for grouping these hilar neurons (termed "mossy cells") with pyramidal cells of Ammon's horn is shared characteristics. In the present study we have compared the morphological and physiological characteristics of mossy cells and nearby CA3c pyramidal cells with the use of a rat hippocampal slice preparation. 2. Biocytin-labeled neurons were examined on the basis of soma area, location, shape, number of primary dendrites, extent of dendritic spines, dendritic location, and axon trajectories. Mossy cells had larger soma areas than CA3c pyramidal cells, and they had more large complex spines (thorny excrescences) on their proximal dendrites and somata than CA3c pyramidal cells. Mossy cell dendritic trees and axon collaterals ramified in different regions of the hippocampus than dendrites and axons of CA3c pyramidal cells. 3. Intrinsic physiological properties, and spontaneous and evoked synaptic properties, were measured and compared. Mossy cells had significantly higher input resistances, smaller amplitude burst afterhyperpolarizations, smaller amplitude action potentials, less spike-frequency adaptation, and more anomalous rectification than CA3c pyramidal cells. 4. Mossy cells had spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) that were significantly higher in frequency and larger in amplitude than CA3c pyramidal cells. A larger proportion of mossy cells than CA3c pyramidal cells responded to perforant path stimulation with depolarizing postsynaptic potentials without any apparent hyperpolarization. Conversely, a smaller proportion of mossy cells than CA3c pyramidal cells responded to perforant path stimulation with inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), and spontaneous IPSPs were more difficult to detect in mossy cells. 5. The intrinsic physiological properties of mossy cells endow these cells with potent excitatory mechanisms but relatively fewer inhibitory control processes than CA3c pyramidal cells. Recordings of spontaneous and evoked PSPs suggest that mossy cells receive more excitatory input and less inhibitory input than CA3c pyramidal cells. These intrinsic and synaptic properties of mossy cells may explain this cell type's exceptional vulnerability to excitotoxic damage by intense afferent stimulation. 6. In summary, mossy cells were significantly different from CA3c pyramidal cells in many of their morphological, intrinsic physiological, and synaptic properties.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Female; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology; Histocytochemistry; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8283200}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buckmaster:1996, author = {Buckmaster, P. S. and Wenzel, H. J. and Kunkel, D. D. and Schwartzkroin, P. A.}, title = {Axon arbors and synaptic connections of hippocampal mossy cells in the rat in vivo.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1996}, volume = {366}, number = {2}, pages = {271--292}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The axon collateralization patterns and synaptic connections of intracellularly labeled and electrophysiologically identified mossy cells were studied in rat hippocampus. Light microscopic analysis of 11 biocytin-filled cells showed that mossy cell axon arbors extended through an average of 57\% of the total septotemporal length of the hippocampus (summated two-dimensional length, not adjusted for tissue shrinkage). Axon collaterals were densest in distant lamellae rather than in lamellae near the soma. Most of the axon was concentrated in the inner one-third of the molecular layer, with the hilus containing an average of only 26\% of total axon length and the granule cell layer containing an average of only 7\%. Ultrastructural analysis was carried out on three additional intracellularly stained mossy cells, in which axon collaterals and synaptic targets were examined in serial sections of chosen axon segments. In the central and subgranular regions of the hilus, mossy cell axons established a low density of synaptic contacts onto dendritic shafts, neuronal somata, and occasional dendritic spines. Most hilar synapses were made relatively close to the mossy cell somata. At greater distances from the labeled mossy cell (1-2 mm along the septotemporal axis), the axon collaterals ramified predominantly within the inner molecular layer and made a high density of asymmetric synaptic contacts almost exclusively onto dendritic spines. Quantitative measurements indicated that more than 90\% of mossy cell synaptic contacts in the ipsilateral hippocampus are onto spines of proximal dendrites of presumed granule cells. These results are consistent with a primary mossy cell role in an excitatory associational network with granule cells of the dentate gyrus.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960304)366:2<270::aid-cne7>3.0.co;2-2}, institution = {Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Electrophysiology; Female; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Histocytochemistry; Interneurons, cytology/physiology; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8698887}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buhl:1988, author = {Buhl, E. H. and Dann, J. F.}, title = {Morphological diversity of displaced retinal ganglion cells in the rat: a lucifer yellow study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1988}, volume = {269}, number = {2}, pages = {210--218}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Displaced retinal ganglion cells (DRGCs) were retrogradely labelled by injections of the fluorescent dye Fast Blue into the superior colliculi of pigmented rats. Following fixation these cells were intracellularly injected with Lucifer Yellow to determine their dendritic morphology and distribution. Graphic reconstruction of Lucifer Yellow-filled prelabelled neurones revealed a heterogeneous population of DRGCs. Their stratification within the inner plexiform layer was diverse and cells were classified according to their dendritic morphology. The present sample consists largely of unistratifying neurones, the dendrites of which arborized within a narrow sublamina of the inner plexiform layer. They were characterized by a centrally located soma and densely branched dendritic network with little overlap within the branching pattern. In contrast, bistratifying DRGCs possessed a loose and sparsely branched dendritic structure, while diffusely stratifying neurones contained a high degree of dendritic crossing, culminating in a complex network, in which the soma position was biased toward the periphery. One type of DRGC bore a striking resemblance to type 1 neurones (Perry, 1979; Proc. R. Soc. Lond. [Biol.] 204:363-375) in the ganglion cell layer. They were characterized by a large soma (15.5 micron +/- 2.2 micron s.d.) and a dendritic field diameter averaging 288 micron (s.d. +/- 62 micron) and were on average larger than the rest of the displaced population but smaller than type 1 cells in the ganglion cell layer. Since the stratification patterns of the displaced and nondisplaced type 1 neurones were indistinguishable, it is reasonable to assume that the Lucifer Yellow-filled cells in the present study represent the displaced counterpart of regular type 1 ganglion cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902690206}, institution = {Max Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Injections; Intracellular Membranes; Isoquinolines, diagnostic use; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Retina, cytology; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3356810}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902690206}, } @Article{Buhl:1994, author = {Buhl, E. H. and Han, Z. S. and Lörinczi, Z. and Stezhka, V. V. and Karnup, S. V. and Somogyi, P.}, title = {Physiological properties of anatomically identified axo-axonic cells in the rat hippocampus.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {1994}, volume = {71}, number = {4}, pages = {1289--1307}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {1. The properties of a well-defined type of GABAergic local circuit neuron, the axo-axonic cell (n = 17), were investigated in rat hippocampal slice preparations. During intracellular recording we injected axo-axonic cells with biocytin and subsequently identified them with correlated light and electron microscopy. Employing an immunogold-silver intensification technique we showed that one of the physiologically characterized cells was immunoreactive for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). 2. Axo-axonic cells were encountered in the dentate gyrus (n = 5) as well as subfields CA3 (n = 2) and CA1 (n = 10). They generally had smooth, beaded dendrites that extended throughout all hippocampal layers. Their axons ramified densely in the cell body layers and in the subjacent stratum oriens or hilus, respectively. Tested with electron microscopy, labeled terminals (n = 53) established synapses exclusively with the axon initial segment of principal cells in strata oriens and pyramidale and rarely in lower radiatum. Within a 400-microns slice a single CA1 axo-axonic cell was estimated to be in synaptic contact with 686 pyramidal cells. 3. Axo-axonic cells (n = 14) had a mean resting membrane potential of -65.1 mV, an average input resistance of 73.9 M omega, and a mean time constant of 7.7 ms. Action potentials were of short duration (389-microseconds width at half-amplitude) and had a mean amplitude of 64.1 mV. 4. Nine of 10 tested cells showed a varying degree of spike frequency adaptation in response to depolarizing current injection. Current-evoked action potentials were usually curtailed by a deep (10.2 mV) short-latency afterhyperpolarization (AHP) with a mean duration of 28.1 ms. 5. Cells with strong spike frequency accommodation (n = 5) had a characteristic firing pattern with numerous spike doublets. These appeared to be triggered by an underlying depolarizing afterpotential. In the same cells, prolonged bursts of action potentials were followed by a prominent long-duration AHP with a mean time constant of 1.15 s. 6. Axo-axonic cells responded to the stimulation of afferent pathways with short-latency excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) or at higher stimulation intensity with up to three action potentials. Axo-axonic cells in the dentate gyrus could be activated by stimulating the CA3 area as well as the perforant path, whereas in the CA1 area responses were elicited after shocks to the perforant path, Schaffer collaterals, and the stratum oriens-alveus border. 7. In the CA1 area the EPSP amplitude increased in response to membrane hyperpolarization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, institution = {Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford University, United Kingdom.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Electric Stimulation; Female; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Interneurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Nerve Net, physiology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, GABA, physiology; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8035215}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buhl:1989, author = {Buhl, E. H. and Schwerdtfeger, W. K. and Germroth, P. and Singer, W.}, title = {Combining retrograde tracing, intracellular injection, anterograde degeneration and electron microscopy to reveal synaptic links.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {1989}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {241--250}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Synaptic circuitry was investigated by combining retrograde tracing, intracellular staining, anterograde degeneration and electron microscopy in the same piece of tissue. This methodological procedure was successfully applied to disentangle a disynaptic neuronal chain, which originated in the olfactory bulb, was synaptically relayed in the entorhinal cortex and terminated in the ipsilateral hippocampus. Presumed entorhinal relay cells were retrogradely labelled from their hippocampal termination site by means of a fluorescent tracer. Subsequently, the marked projection neurones were intracellularly injected with Lucifer yellow in fixed slice preparations. Following a simple photo-conversion procedure, dye filled cells were processed for electron microscopy. The origin of presynaptic afferents to identified relay cells was revealed ultrastructurally after lesion induced anterograde degeneration of olfactory mitral cell axons. Due to its reliability, technical simplicity and a high degree of selectivity the new approach is considered an appropriate tool for unravelling neuronal networks.}, institution = {Max-Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung, Frankfurt, F.R.G.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebral Cortex, ultrastructure; Hippocampus, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Degeneration; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Olfactory Bulb, ultrastructure; Rats; Staining and Labeling; Synapses, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2477649}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(89)90148-9}, } @Article{Buhler:2005, author = {Buhler, A. V. and Choi, J. and Proudfit, H. K. and Gebhart, G. F.}, title = {Neurotensin activation of the NTR1 on spinally-projecting serotonergic neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla is antinociceptive.}, journal = {Pain}, year = {2005}, volume = {114}, number = {1-2}, pages = {285--294}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Microinjection of neurotensin (NT) in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) produces dose-dependent antinociception. The NTR1 (Neurotensin Receptor Subtype 1) may mediate part of this response, however definitive evidence is lacking, and the spinal mediators of NTR1-induced antinociception are unknown. In the present study, we used immunohistochemical techniques to show that the NTR1, but not the NTR2 is expressed by spinally projecting serotonergic neurons of the RVM. We also show that microinjection of NT or the NTR1-selective agonist PD149163 in the RVM both produce dose-dependent antinociception in the tail-flick test that is blocked by the NTR1-selective antagonist SR48692. The antinociception produced by NT or PD149163 is also blocked by intrathecal administration of the non-selective serotonergic receptor antagonist methysergide. The results of these experiments provide anatomical and behavioral evidence that activation of NTR1-expressing spinally projecting neurons in the RVM produces antinociception through release of serotonin in the spinal dorsal horn. These results support the conclusion that the NTR1 plays an important role in the central modulation of nociception.}, doi = {10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.031}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. amber-buhler@uiowa.edu}, keywords = {Analgesics, pharmacology; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Medulla Oblongata, drug effects/metabolism; Microinjections; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Neurotensin, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Pain Measurement, drug effects/methods; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neurotensin, agonists/metabolism; Serotonin, metabolism; Spinal Cord, drug effects/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3959(04)00618-9}, pmid = {15733655}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.031}, } @Article{Buhler:2004, author = {A. V. Buhler and H. K. Proudfit and G. F. Gebhart}, title = {Separate populations of neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla project to the spinal cord and to the dorsolateral pons in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2004}, volume = {1016}, number = {1}, pages = {12--19}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Activation of neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) directly modulates spinal nociceptive transmission by projections to the spinal cord dorsal horn and indirectly by projections to neurons in the dorsolateral pons (DLP) that project to the spinal cord dorsal horn. However, it is not known whether the same neurons in the RVM produce both direct and indirect modulation of nociception. Deposits of the retrograde tracers Fluoro-Gold (FG) in the spinal cord dorsal horn and DiI in the DLP were used to determine whether the same RVM neurons project to both of these regions. Only 0.9+/-0.1\% of RVM neurons retrogradely labeled with Fluoro-Gold from the spinal cord were also labeled with DiI placed in the DLP. In addition, spinally projecting RVM neurons were significantly larger than RVM neurons that project to the DLP. Finally, spinally projecting neurons were found predominantly on the midline and within the RVM; neurons that project to the DLP had a wider distribution and were present both within and outside of the RVM. Thus, separate and morphologically distinct populations of RVM neurons appear to modulate nociception by direct and indirect descending pathways.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2004.04.060}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Bowen Science BLD 2-351, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. amber-buhler@uiowa.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Carbocyanines, diagnostic use; Cell Count, methods; Cell Size, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, chemistry/classification/physiology; Pons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology; Stilbamidines, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899304006456}, pmid = {15234247}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.04.060}, } @Article{Buijs:2014, author = {Buijs, F. N. and Cazarez, F. and Basualdo, M. C. and Scheer, F A J L. and Perusquía, M. and Centurion, D. and Buijs, R. M.}, title = {The suprachiasmatic nucleus is part of a neural feedback circuit adapting blood pressure response.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2014}, volume = {266}, pages = {197--207}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is typically considered our autonomous clock synchronizing behavior with physiological parameters such as blood pressure (BP), just transmitting time independent of physiology. Yet several studies show that the SCN is involved in the etiology of hypertension. Here, we demonstrate that the SCN is incorporated in a neuronal feedback circuit arising from the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), modulating cardiovascular reactivity. Tracer injections into the SCN of male Wistar rats revealed retrogradely filled neurons in the caudal NTS, where BP information is integrated. These NTS projections to the SCN were shown to be glutamatergic and to terminate in the ventrolateral part of the SCN where light information also enters. BP elevations not only induced increased neuronal activity as measured by c-Fos in the NTS but also in the SCN. Lesioning the caudal NTS prevented this activation. The increase of SCN neuronal activity by hypertensive stimuli suggested involvement of the SCN in counteracting BP elevations. Examining this possibility we observed that elevation of BP, induced by α1-agonist infusion, was more than twice the magnitude in SCN-lesioned animals as compared to in controls, indicating indeed an active involvement of the SCN in short-term BP regulation. We propose that the SCN receives BP information directly from the NTS enabling it to react to hemodynamic perturbations, suggesting the SCN to be part of a homeostatic circuit adapting BP response. We discuss how these findings could explain why lifestyle conditions violating signals of the biological clock may, in the long-term, result in cardiovascular disease.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.018}, institution = {Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, UNAM, Mexico. Electronic address: ruudbuijs@gmail.com.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(14)00122-5}, pmid = {24583038}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.018}, } @Article{Buijs:1994, author = {Buijs, R. M. and Hou, Y. X. and Shinn, S. and Renaud, L. P.}, title = {Ultrastructural evidence for intra- and extranuclear projections of GABAergic neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1994}, volume = {340}, number = {3}, pages = {381--391}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {GABAergic projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) were demonstrated in a double-labelling ultrastructural study which visualised the efferents of the SCN by PHA-L tracing, diaminobenzidine (DAB) immunocytochemistry, and GABA with immunogold postembedding staining. The results show a strong contralateral projection of the SCN that is partly GABA-containing. In addition, ipsilateral SCN projections to the dorsomedial hypothalamus and periventricular part of the paraventricular nucleus and sub-paraventricular nucleus were shown to contain GABA. The present results indicate that the SCN may utilize this inhibitory neurotransmitter to regulate and organize its own circadian rhythm as well as using GABA to transmit its diurnal information to other regions of the brain.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903400308}, institution = {Neurosciences Unit, Loeb Research Institute, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ontario, Canada.}, keywords = {3,3'-Diaminobenzidine; Animals; Circadian Rhythm, physiology; Hypothalamus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8188857}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903400308}, } @Article{Buijs:2003, author = {Buijs, Ruud M. and {la Fleur}, Susanne E. and Wortel, Joke and {Van Heyningen}, Caroline and Zuiddam, Laura and Mettenleiter, Thomas C. and Kalsbeek, Andries and Nagai, Katsuya and Niijima, Akira}, title = {The suprachiasmatic nucleus balances sympathetic and parasympathetic output to peripheral organs through separate preautonomic neurons.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2003}, volume = {464}, number = {1}, pages = {36--48}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Opposing parasympathetic and sympathetic signals determine the autonomic output of the brain to the body and the change in balance over the sleep-wake cycle. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) organizes the activity/inactivity cycle and the behaviors that go along with it, but it is unclear how the hypothalamus, in particular the SCN, with its high daytime electrical activity, influences this differentiated autonomic balance. In a first series of experiments, we visualized hypothalamic pre-sympathetic neurons by injecting the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold into the thoracic sympathetic nuclei of the spinal cord. Pre-parasympathetic neurons were revealed by injection of the retrograde trans-synaptic tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV) into the liver and by sympathetic liver denervation, forcing the virus to infect via the vagus nerve only. This approach revealed separate pre-sympathetic and pre-parasympathetic neurons in the brainstem and hypothalamus. Next, selective retrograde tracing with two unique reporter PRV strains, one injected into the adrenal and the other into the sympathetic denervated liver, demonstrated that there are two separate populations of pre-sympathetic and pre-parasympathetic neurons within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Interestingly, this segregation persists into the SCN, where, as a result, the day-night balance in autonomic function of the organs is affected by specialized pre-sympathetic or pre-parasympathetic SCN neurons. These separate preautonomic SCN neurons provide the anatomical basis for the circadian-driven regulation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic output.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10765}, institution = {Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. r.buijs@nih.knaw.nl}, keywords = {Adrenal Glands, innervation; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, metabolism; Cell Count; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, metabolism; Liver, innervation; Luminescent Proteins, metabolism; Male; Microscopy, Confocal, instrumentation/methods; Motor Neurons, metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Parasympathectomy, methods; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, metabolism; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiology; Stilbamidines; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiology; Sympathectomy, methods; beta-Galactosidase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12866127}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10765}, } @Article{Buijs:1993, author = {R. M. Buijs and M. Markman and B. Nunes-Cardoso and Y. X. Hou and S. Shinn}, title = {Projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to stress-related areas in the rat hypothalamus: a light and electron microscopic study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1993}, volume = {335}, number = {1}, pages = {42--54}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The purpose of the present study was to investigate the sites in the hypothalamus where the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) may influence corticosteroid secretion. In spite of the well established, SCN-mediated, daily rhythms in adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticosteroid secretion, previous studies determining the projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus failed to illustrate direct connections with corticotrophin-releasing hormone neurons (CRH). In order to identify where in the central nervous system the SCN may influence corticosteroid secretion, areas were selected that contained SCN efferents contacting neurons involved in the stress response. To achieve this in the present study, SCN efferents were visualized by Pha-L tract-tracing, together with the neurons involved in the stress response by immunocytochemical staining for c-fos protein. The sites where these efferents contacted c-fos-positive neurons were established by light microscopic double staining and electron microscopic immunocytochemical studies. It appeared that apart from the medial parvocellular area of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, many more regions showed fos-positive neurons. Sites where SCN efferents contacted such neurons are limited only to areas immediately adjacent to these putative CRH neurons but are not concentrated on these neurons themselves. These areas consist of the periventricular and rostral PVN together with the dorsomedial hypothalamus: all three regions are known to project into the PVN. Therefore, it is concluded that the SCN transmits its information related to corticosteroid secretion via interneurons in and around the PVN to the CRH-containing neurons, rather than by a direct interaction with these neurons themselves.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903350104}, institution = {Loeb Medical Research Institute, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Canada.}, keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones, secretion; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, secretion; Animals; Efferent Pathways, ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Staining and Labeling; Stress, Physiological, pathology; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, secretion/ultrastructure; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, analysis; Vasopressins, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7691904}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350104}, } @Article{Buijs:1978, author = {R. M. Buijs and D. F. Swaab and J. Dogterom and F. W. van Leeuwen}, title = {Intra- and extrahypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin pathways in the rat.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {1978}, volume = {186}, number = {3}, pages = {423--433}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Perfusion of rat brain followed by immersion fixation with 2.5\% glutaraldehyde-1\% paraformaldehyde, purification of the first antisera and application of the unlabelled antibody enzyme method were used to specifically identify vasopressin and oxytocin containing cells and fibres. The conventional sites of production of these hormones were confirmed as follows: supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, suprachiasmatic nucleus (only vasopressin), and other cells and cell groups of the hypothalamus. Fibres from the suprachiasmatic nucleus spread out in various direction, and probably project to the nucleus praeopticus periventricularis, organum vasculosum laminae terminalis and in the direction of the supraoptic nucleus. Oxytocin and vasopressin containing pathways could be traced from the paraventricular nucleus to the lateral ventricle, the stria terminalis and the stria medullaris. Some of the oxytocin and vasopressin containing tracts appear to continue onto ther septum. The possible importance of these morphological findings for the behavioural effects of vasopressin and oxytocin is discussed.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00224932}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Ventricles, analysis; Hypothalamus, analysis; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Oxytocin, analysis; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, analysis; Rats; Septum Pellucidum, analysis; Supraoptic Nucleus, analysis; Vasopressins, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {342106}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buijs:1999, author = {Buijs, R. M. and Wortel, J. and {Van Heerikhuize}, J. J. and Feenstra, M. G. and {Ter Horst}, G. J. and Romijn, H. J. and Kalsbeek, A.}, title = {Anatomical and functional demonstration of a multisynaptic suprachiasmatic nucleus adrenal (cortex) pathway.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1999}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {1535--1544}, month = {May}, abstract = {In view of mounting evidence that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is directly involved in the setting of sensitivity of the adrenal cortex to ACTH, the present study investigated possible anatomical and functional connections between SCN and adrenal. Transneuronal virus tracing from the adrenal revealed first order labelling in neurons in the intermedio-lateral column of the spinal cord that were shown to receive an input from oxytocin fibres and subsequently second-order labelling in neurons of the autonomic division of the paraventricular nucleus. The latter neurons were shown to receive an input from vasopressin or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) containing SCN efferents. The true character of this SCN input to second-order neurons was also demonstrated by the fact that third-order labelling was present within the SCN, vasopressin or VIP neurons. The functional presence of the SCN-adrenal connection was demonstrated by a light-induced fast decrease in plasma corticosterone that could not be attributed to a decrease in ACTH. Using intact and SCN-lesioned animals, the immediate decrease in plasma corticosterone was only observed in intact animals and only at the beginning of the dark period. This fast decrease of corticosterone was accompanied by constant basal levels of blood adrenaline and noradrenaline, and is proposed to be due to a direct inhibition of the neuronal output to the adrenal cortex by light-mediated activation of SCN neurons. As a consequence, it is proposed that the SCN utilizes neuronal pathways to spread its time of the day message, not only to the pineal, but also to other organs, including the adrenal, utilizing the autonomic nervous system.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00575.x}, institution = {Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. R.Buijs@nih.knaw.nl}, keywords = {Adrenal Cortex, cytology/physiology; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, blood; Animals; Circadian Rhythm, physiology; Corticosterone, blood; Darkness; Denervation; Epinephrine, blood; Lighting; Male; Melatonin, physiology; Neural Pathways; Norepinephrine, blood; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Photic Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Synapses, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10215906}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1988, author = {Buisseret-Delmas, C.cam}, title = {Sagittal organization of the olivocerebellonuclear pathway in the rat. II. Connections with the nucleus interpositus.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {5}, number = {6}, pages = {494--512}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The organization of the sagittal Zone C of the cerebellar cortex of the rat was studied with respect to its efferent projections and to its inferior olive (IO) afferent connections. Wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was used as a tracer. Zone C has been defined as the cortical region projecting to the nucleus interpositus anterior (NIA) and posterior (NIP). The results show that, in spite of some differences, Zone C of the rat is homologous to that of the cat. Three subzones, C1, C2 and C3, were clearly identified. Subzone C1 appears as a longitudinal band of the cerebellar cortex interrupted at the level of lobules VIb,c and part of lobule VII. It is therefore divided into two sagittal segments, one anterior to lobules I to VIa adjacent to Zone B; and one posterior to lobules VII to VIII adjacent to Zone A. Both segments receive climbing fibres from the lateral aspect of the rostral two-thirds and the medial aspect of the caudal one-third of the dorsal accessory olive (DAO). The Purkinje cell axons from subzone C1 project to both the NIA and the NIP where they occupy the medial one-third of the nucleus. Subzone C2 consists of a continuous sagittal band of the cerebellar cortex and lies between Subzones C1 and C3. It receives climbing fibres from the rostral aspect of the medial accessory olive (MAO) and projects to the central aspect of the NIA and to the lateral half of the NIP. Subzone C3, which is lateral to Subzone C2 and medial to Zone D, appears as a sagittal band of cortex interrupted at the level of lobule VI. It receives climbing fibres from the medial aspect of the DAO and projects to the lateral aspect of the NIA. The orientation of the olivocerebellonuclear circuit is fundamentally sagittal not only in the cerebellar cortex but also in the nuclei and, although less sharply, in the inferior olive.}, doi = {10.1016/0168-0102(88)90039-9}, institution = {Unité de Recherches de Neurophysiologie Pharmacologique de l'I.N.S.E.R.M. (U. 161), Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellar Cortex, ultrastructure; Cerebellar Nuclei, ultrastructure; Male; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3173810}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1988a, author = {C. Buisseret-Delmas}, title = {Sagittal organization of the olivocerebellonuclear pathway in the rat. I. Connections with the nucleus fastigii and the nucleus vestibularis lateralis.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {5}, number = {6}, pages = {475-493}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The organization of the afferent and efferent connections of the sagittal Zones A and B of the cerebellar cortex of the rat have been studied using wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase as a tracer. A single injection of this tracer into the cerebellar cortex allowed us to study, simultaneously, the crossed olivocortical connections (revealed by the retrograde transport) and the direct corticonuclear connections (revealed by the anterograde transport). The results demonstrate that the olivocerebellonuclear pathway is organized in a longitudinal direction so that for a given small injection of the tracer in one lobule of the cortex, a long sagittal band of the retrograde-labelled cells is obtained in the inferior olive, and a long sagittal band of the labelled terminals is obtained in the cerebellar nuclei. Zone A and Zone B have been arbitrarily defined as the cortical regions projecting, respectively, to the nucleus fastigii (NF) and the nucleus vestibularis lateralis ( NVL). Zone A of the rat runs parasagitally from lobules I to IX as described in the cat, but in the posterior lobe it extends much more laterally than in the other mammals to include the lobulus paramedianus and crus I regions. The projections of Zone A to the NF recognize a mediolateral as well as a dorsoventral organization. Zone A receives climbing fibres exclusively from the caudal half of the medial accessory olive (MAO) with a further topographical organization in 4 distinct connections. Zone B of the rat is a narrow strip of the cortex lying adjacent to Zone A and extending from lobule I to VI. It receives climbing fibres from the caudolateral half of the dorsal accessory olive (DAO) and projects to the ipsilateral NVL with no other detectable organization. The majority of the labelled terminals end in the dorsal aspect of the NVL, but a non-negligible quantity also end in the ventral aspect.}, doi = {10.1016/0168-0102(88)90038-7}, institution = {Unité de Recherches de Neurophysiologie Pharmacologique de l'I.N.S.E.R.M. (U. 161), Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellar Cortex, ultrastructure; Cerebellar Nuclei, ultrastructure; Male; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3173809}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1988b, author = {C. Buisseret-Delmas and P. Angaut}, title = {The cerebellar nucleocortical projections in the rat. A retrograde labelling study using horseradish peroxidase combined to a lectin.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1988}, volume = {84}, number = {3}, pages = {255-260}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Following injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate in the cerebellar cortex of adult rats, retrograde cellular labelling was of two kinds within the cerebellar deep nuclei: (i) of high intensity, in those nuclear regions that also showed anterograde terminal labelling; this topographically arranged nucleocortical projection has therefore been called 'reciprocal'. 'Reciprocal' projections to zone A, to the zones C1 and C2, and to zone D come from the nucleus medialis, the interposed nuclear complex, and the nucleus lateralis, respectively; (ii) of low intensity, in nuclear areas surrounding the previous ones. No nucleocortical projections could be evidenced to either B or the C3 zones.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(88)90516-2}, institution = {Unité de Recherches de Neurophysiologie Pharmacologique de l'INSERM U. 161, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Rats; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2451193}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1989, author = {C. Buisseret-Delmas and P. Angaut}, title = {Sagittal organisation of the olivocerebellonuclear pathway in the rat. III. Connections with the nucleus dentatus.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {1989}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {131-143}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The organization of olivary afferents and nuclear efferents of the D-zone of the rat cerebellum was studied by means of tracing with wheat-germ agglutinin-coupled peroxidase using tetramethylbenzidine as a chromagen. The tracer was injected iontophoretically within the cerebellar cortex. This allowed us to study both afferent and efferent pathways of the cerebellar lobules concerned with retrograde and anterograde tracing, respectively. Retrograde cellular labelling in the inferior olive was restricted to the principal olive (PO). Anterograde terminal labelling was found only within the various subdivisions of the nucleus lateralis or dentatus (ND). For any one of our small cortical injections there was a corresponding sagittal band of retrogradely labelled cells in the contralateral PO, and a sagittal band of terminal labelling through the ND. Based on both their olivary and nuclear connections, 3 sagittal subzones can be distinguished within the D-zone of the rat. From medial to lateral, we call them D0, D1 and D2. The 3 subzones run through part of the anterior and posterior lobes. D1 and D2 run continuously from their rostral to their caudal extents whereas D0 is discontinuous. It is interrupted through lobule VIc (crus I). The olivary projections to D0 arise within the medial half of the ventral lamella of the PO, including the dorsomedial cell column. Those to D1 arise within the dorsal lamella of the PO. Those to D2 arise within the lateral half of the ventral lamella of the PO. Rostrocaudally, widely distant cells of the same subdivision of the PO project to the same cerebellar lobule. This indicates extensive convergence of the olivary afferents within each of the 3 hemispheric compartments, D0, D1 and D2. Each of the 3 hemispheric subzones specifically projects to one of the 3 subdivisions distinguished within the ND of the rat, without apparent mediolateral overlapping. The medialmost D0 projects onto the dorsolateral hump; D1 projects more laterally onto the main, magnocellular part of the ND, and D2 projects ventrally onto the parvicellular subdivision of the ND. Thus the sagittal partition of the hemispheric cortex is reflected at the nuclear level. In contrast, Purkinje cell axons from individual lobules appear to branch extensively in the rostrocaudal direction. Therefore, within each of the 3 compartments D0, D1 as well as D2, the nuclear projection of the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe are largely coextensive.}, doi = {10.1016/0168-0102(89)90053-9}, institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Motricité, URA-385 CNRS, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0168-0102(89)90053-9}, pmid = {2482467}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1989a, author = {C. Buisseret-Delmas and P. Angaut}, title = {Anatomical mapping of the cerebellar nucleocortical projections in the rat: a retrograde labeling study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1989}, volume = {288}, number = {2}, pages = {297-310}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {An analysis of the cerebellar nucleocortical projections was made by means of retrograde cellular labeling with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate. Each of the main nuclear subregions appears to give rise to nucleocortical projections. The cortical distribution of the projections is referred to here in term of sagittal zones. Zones A, B, and C conform to the recent description in the rat (Buisseret-Delmas, '88a,b) on the basis of their olivocortical and corticonuclear projections. A corresponding description of zone D is given here. According to their distribution, three types of nucleocortical projections have been distinguished: 1) ipsilateral, reciprocal; 2) nonreciprocal; and 3) contralateral, symmetrical to the corticonuclear afferent. Reciprocal projections are strictly arranged in the sagittal direction, with the following zonal distribution. Zone A is subdivided into two subzones. Medial A zone receives its nuclear afferents from the medial aspect of the nucleus medialis (NM). The lateral A zone of the anterior lobe and lobule VI and that of the posterior lobe receive their reciprocal nuclear afferents from the ventrolateral NM and the dorsolateral protuberance, respectively. Zone B does not seem to receive nucleocortical projections. Zone C has three subzones in the rat. C1 is supplied from the medial third of the anterior and posterior subdivisions of the nucleus interpositus (NIA and NIP, respectively). C2 is supplied from the central third of the NIA and NIP. Rostrocaudally, the anterior lobe and lobule VIII are connected to the NIA, and lobules VI and VII to the NIP. C3 appears to be connected to the lateral third of NIA. Zone D contains three subzones mediolaterally in the rat. D0, not previously described, is defined on the basis of both its olivary afferent from the medial half of the ventral lamella of the principal olive and its corticonuclear projections onto the dorsolateral hump of Goodman et al. ('63). It receives a reciprocal nucleocortical afferent from the dorsolateral hump. D1 receives its olivary afferent from the dorsal lamella of the principal olive. It is reciprocally connected with the lateral, magnocellular part of the nucleus lateralis (NL). D2 is the most lateral subzone of the hemisphere. Its olivary afferent comes from the lateral half of the ventral lamella of the principal olive. D2 is reciprocally connected with the ventral, parvicellular subdivision of NL. The main cortical recipients for the nonreciprocal projections are the lateral A zone, the C3, and the D1 subzones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902880208}, institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Motricité, URA 385 C.N.R.S., Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Functional Laterality; Horseradish Peroxidase; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2477418}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902880208}, } @Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1993a, author = {Buisseret-Delmas, C. and Angaut, P.}, title = {The cerebellar olivo-corticonuclear connections in the rat.}, journal = {Prog Neurobiol}, year = {1993}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {63--87}, month = {Jan}, doi = {10.1016/0301-0082(93)90048-w}, institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Motricité, URA-385 C.N.R.S., Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellar Cortex, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Olivary Nucleus, physiology; Rats, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0301-0082(93)90048-W}, pmid = {8424128}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1998, author = {C. Buisseret-Delmas and P. Angaut and C. Compoint and M. Diagne and P. Buisseret}, title = {Brainstem efferents from the interface between the nucleus medialis and the nucleus interpositus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1998}, volume = {402}, number = {2}, pages = {264-275}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {In a previous report (Buisseret-Delmas et al. [1993] Neurosci. Res. 16:195-207), the authors identified the interface between the cerebellar nuclei medialis and interpositus as the origin of the nuclear output from cortical zone X. They named this nuclear interface the interstitial cell group (icg). In this study, the authors analyzed the icg efferents to the brainstem by using the anterograde and retrograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine. The main targets of these efferents are from rostral to caudal: 1) the accessory oculomotor nuclear region, essentially, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal; 2) the caudoventral region of the red nucleus; 3) a dorsal zone of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis; 4) restricted regions of the four main vestibular nuclei; and 5) three restricted areas in the inferior olive, one that is caudal in the medial accessory subnucleus and two others that are rostral and caudal in the dorsal accessory subnucleus, respectively. These data support the notion that the icg contributes to the control of gaze-orientation mechanisms, particularly those that are related to the vestibuloocular reflex.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19981214)402:2<264::aid-cne10>3.3.co;2-x}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle des Systèmes Sensorimoteurs, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Eye Movements, physiology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Posture, physiology; Purkinje Cells, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular, physiology; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-5}, pmid = {9845248}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1999, author = {C. Buisseret-Delmas and C. Compoint and C. Delfini and P. Buisseret}, title = {Organisation of reciprocal connections between trigeminal and vestibular nuclei in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {409}, number = {1}, pages = {153--168}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {In order to study the connection patterns between the sensory trigeminal and the vestibular nuclei (VN), injections of anterogradely and/or retrogradely transported neuronal tracers were made in the rat. Trigeminal injections resulted in anterogradely labelled fibres, with an ipsilateral preponderance, within the VN: in the ventrolateral part of the inferior nucleus (IVN), in the lateral part of the medial nucleus (MVN), in the lateral nucleus (LVN) with a higher density in its ventral half, and in the superior nucleus (SVN), more in the periphery than in the central part. Moderate trigeminal projections were observed in the small vestibular groups f, x and y/l and in the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi. Additional retrogradely labelled neurones were seen in the IVN, MVN, and LVN, in the same regions as those receiving trigeminal afferents. Morphological analysis of vestibular neurones demonstrated that vestibulo-trigeminal neurones are relatively small and belong to a different population than those receiving projections from the trigeminal nuclei. The trigeminovestibular and vestibulo-trigeminal relationships were confirmed by tracer injections in the VN. The results show that, in the VN, there is sensory information from facial receptors in addition to those reported from the neck and body. These facial afferents complement those from the neck and lower spinal levels in supplying important somatosensory information from the face and eye muscles. The oculomotor connections of the respective zones of the VN receiving trigeminal afferents suggest that sensory inputs from the face, including extraocular proprioception, may, through this pathway, influence the vestibular control of eye and head movements.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990621)409:1<153::aid-cne11>3.0.co;2-#}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle des Systèmes Sensorimoteurs, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Hypoglossal Nerve, physiology; Median Eminence, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, physiology; Vestibular Nuclei, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-}, pmid = {10363717}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1997, author = {C. Buisseret-Delmas and G. Pinganaud and C. Compoint and P. Buisseret}, title = {Projection from trigeminal nuclei to neurons of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1997}, volume = {229}, number = {3}, pages = {189--192}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus contains cell bodies of primary somatic sensory neurons that innervate the head region. The neurons resemble dorsal root ganglion cells but a striking difference is the presence of synaptic boutons in the nucleus. The present report demonstrates with anterograde tracers, the existence of a direct trigeminal projection from secondary sensory neurons of the principal and spinal nuclei to the mesencephalic nucleus. Our observations strongly suggest that synaptic contact may be established on the cell bodies as well as on the neurites of the mesencephalic neurons. These pathways could play a modulatory role in the processing of sensory afferent information and in the control of orofacial and/or oculomotor functions.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00452-7}, institution = {923, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Dextrans, diagnostic use; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Mesencephalon, cytology; Microinjections; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(97)00452-7}, pmid = {9237490}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1993, author = {Buisseret-Delmas, C. and Yatim, N. and Buisseret, P. and Angaut, P.}, title = {The X zone and CX subzone of the cerebellum in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {1993}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {195--207}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The existence of an X zone (lateral to the A zone) and a CX subzone (lateral to the C1 subzone) was documented within the anterior lobe and lobule VI in cats and primates. On the basis of their respective efferent and climbing fibre (CF) afferent connections, delineation of these two cortical subdivisions has been investigated here, in the rat, using small injections of WGA-HRP in the cerebellar cortex. We observe that both X and CX are "fractured" into a rostral and a caudal compartment. The rostral compartment of the X zone extends over lobules IV, V and VI and its caudal compartment over lobules VIII, IX and X. The rostral compartment of the CX subzone seems to be restricted to lobules V and VI, its caudal compartment cannot be topographically distinguished, over lobules IX and X, from the caudal compartment of the X zone. The olivary afferents to the X zone and the CX subzone arise from the horizontal and vertical lamellae of the medial accessory olive: subnucleus a projects into the rostral compartment and lobule VIII of the X zone. Subnuclei b and c project into the rostral compartment of both X and CX. The dorsomedial cell column selectively projects onto the caudal compartment of both X and CX over the vestibulo-cerebellum. The corticonuclear projections of the X zone have been found within the junctional region between the nucleus medialis and the nucleus interpositus (NI), here defined as the interstitial cell groups (icg), the corticonuclear projections of the CX subzone within the medial NI. It is suggested that the icg correspond to clusters of neurones dissociated from the medial aspect of the NI. We therefore consider the X zone and CX subzone of the rat, on the basis of their corticonuclear efferents, as "medial C1" and "lateral C1" subzone, respectively, although both may be regarded as part of the A zone on the basis of their olivary afferents.}, doi = {10.1016/0168-0102(93)90124-9}, institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Motricité, CNRS-UR 14, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Nucleus, ultrastructure; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7683779}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buller:2001, author = {Buller, K. and Xu, Y. and Dayas, C. and Day, T.}, title = {Dorsal and ventral medullary catecholamine cell groups contribute differentially to systemic interleukin-1beta-induced hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis responses.}, journal = {Neuroendocrinology}, year = {2001}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {129--138}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Medial parvocellular paraventricular corticotropin-releasing hormone (mPVN CRH) cells are critical in generating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses to systemic interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). However, although it is understood that catecholamine inputs are important in initiating mPVN CRH cell responses to IL-1beta, the contributions of distinct brainstem catecholamine cell groups are not known. We examined the role of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and ventrolateral medulla (VLM) catecholamine cells in the activation of mPVN CRH, hypothalamic oxytocin (OT) and central amygdala cells in response to IL-1beta (1 microg/kg, i.a.). Immunolabelling for the expression of c-fos was used as a marker of neuronal activation in combination with appropriate cytoplasmic phenotypic markers. First we confirmed that PVN 6-hydroxydopamine lesions, which selectively depleted catecholaminergic terminals, significantly reduced IL-1beta-induced mPVN CRH cell activation. The contribution of VLM (A1/C1 cells) versus NTS (A2 cells) catecholamine cells to mPVN CRH cell responses was then examined by placing ibotenic acid lesions in either the VLM or NTS. The precise positioning of these lesions was guided by prior retrograde tracing studies in which we mapped the location of IL-1beta-activated VLM and NTS cells that project to the mPVN. Both VLM and NTS lesions reduced the mPVN CRH and OT cell responses to IL-1beta. Unlike VLM lesions, NTS lesions also suppressed the recruitment of central amygdala neurons. These studies provide novel evidence that both the NTS and VLM catecholamine cells have important, but differential, contributions to the generation of IL-1beta-induced HPA axis responses.}, doi = {54629}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.}, keywords = {Adrenal Glands, drug effects/physiology; Amygdala, cytology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Catecholamines, physiology; Cholera Toxin, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, metabolism; Hypothalamus, drug effects/physiology; Ibotenic Acid, pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry; Interleukin-1, pharmacology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Oxidopamine, pharmacology; Oxytocin, metabolism; Pituitary Gland, drug effects/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {54629}, pmid = {11244300}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/54629}, } @Article{Buller:2002, author = {Buller, Kathryn M. and Day, Trevor A.}, title = {Systemic administration of interleukin-1beta activates select populations of central amygdala afferents.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2002}, volume = {452}, number = {3}, pages = {288--296}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is activated robustly by an immune challenge such as the systemic administration of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). Because IL-1beta is not believed to cross the blood-brain barrier in any significant amount, it is likely that IL-1beta elicits CeA cell recruitment by means of activation of afferents to the CeA. However, although many studies have investigated the origins of afferent inputs to the CeA, we do not know which of these also respond to IL-1beta. Therefore, to identify candidate neurons responsible for the recruitment of CeA cells by an immune challenge, we iontophoretically deposited a retrograde tracer, cholera toxin b-subunit (CTb), into the CeA of rats 7 days before systemic delivery of IL-1beta (1 microg/kg, i.a.). By using combined immunohistochemistry, we then quantified the number of Fos-positive CTb cells in six major regions known to innervate the CeA. These included the medial prefrontal cortex, paraventricular thalamus (PVT), ventral tegmental area, parabrachial nucleus (PB), nucleus tractus solitarius, and ventrolateral medulla. Our results show that after deposit of CTb into the CeA, the majority of double-labeled cells were located in the PB and the PVT, suggesting that CeA cell activation by systemic IL-1beta is likely to arise predominantly from cell bodies located in these regions. These findings may have significant implications in determining the central pathways involved in generating acute central responses to a systemic immune challenge.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10389}, institution = {of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. k.buller@mailbox.uq.edu.au}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Amygdala, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Animals; Cell Count; Cholera Toxin; Genes, fos; Immunohistochemistry; Interleukin-1, pharmacology; Male; Midline Thalamic Nuclei, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/drug effects; Peptide Fragments; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12353224}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10389}, } @Article{Buller:2003, author = {Buller, K. M. and Dayas, C. V. and Day, T. A.}, title = {Descending pathways from the paraventricular nucleus contribute to the recruitment of brainstem nuclei following a systemic immune challenge.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2003}, volume = {118}, number = {1}, pages = {189--203}, abstract = {Hypothalamic nuclei, particularly the paraventricular nuclei (PVN), are important brain sites responsible for central nervous system responses during an immune challenge. The brainstem catecholamine cells of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and ventrolateral medulla (VLM) have been shown to play critical roles in relaying systemic immune signals to the PVN. However, whilst it is well recognised that PVN divisions also innervate the NTS and VLM, it is not known whether descending PVN pathways can modulate the recruitment of brainstem cells during an immune challenge. Using systemic administration of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta, in combination with Fos immunolabelling, we firstly investigated the effect of PVN lesions on NTS and VLM catecholamine and non-catecholamine cell responses. We found that ibotenic acid lesions of the PVN significantly reduced numbers of Fos-positive non-catecholamine, noradrenergic and adrenergic cells observable in the VLM and NTS after interleukin-1beta administration. We then investigated the origins of descending inputs to the VLM and NTS, activated by systemic interleukin-1beta, by mapping the distribution of Fos-positive retrogradely-labelled cells in divisions of the PVN after iontophoretically depositing choleratoxin-b subunit into the NTS or VLM one week prior to interleukin-1beta administration. We found that, after either NTS or VLM deposits, the majority of retrogradely-labelled Fos-positive cells activated by interleukin-1beta were localised in the medial and lateral parvocellular PVN divisions. Retrogradely-labelled Fos-positive cells were also observed in the NTS after VLM deposits, and in the VLM after NTS tracer deposits, suggesting reciprocal communication between these two nuclei after systemic interleukin-1beta. Thus the present study shows that the PVN has the capacity to modulate NTS and VLM responses after an immune challenge and that these may result from descending projections arising in the medial and lateral PVN divisions. These findings suggest that central nervous system responses to an immune challenge are likely to involve complex reciprocal connections between the PVN and the brainstem as well as between brainstem nuclei themselves.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00808-4}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Qld. 4072, Brisbane, Australia. k.buller@mailbox.uq.edu.au}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, cytology/physiology; Catecholamines, metabolism; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Denervation; Efferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Inflammation Mediators, pharmacology; Inflammation, physiopathology; Interleukin-1, pharmacology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neuroimmunomodulation, physiology; Neurotoxins, pharmacology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reticular Formation, physiology; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452202008084}, pmid = {12676149}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bullier:1990, author = {Bullier, J. and Dehay, C. and Dreher, B.}, title = {Bihemispheric Axonal Bifurcation of the Afferents to the Visual Cortical Areas during Postnatal Development in the Rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1990}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {332--343}, abstract = {Numerous cortical neurons in the juvenile and adult rat project to visual areas of both hemispheres whereas the vast majority of subcortical structures projecting to the visual cortex send strictly ipsilateral projections (Dreher et al., 1990). In the present study, the authors have sought to determine whether this pattern of axonal bifurcation in the connectivity of the visual areas undergoes a change during postnatal development. Two retrograde fluorescent dyes were used, fast blue (FB) and diamidino yellow (DY). Large multiple injections of one of the dyes were placed in all visual areas of one hemisphere and a small injection of the other dye was placed in area 17 of the opposite hemisphere. Labelled neurons were observed in subcortical and cortical structures on the side of the small injection. The experiments were performed on ten neonatal albino rat pups aged between 3 and 12 postnatal days (p.n.d.) at the time of injection and the results were compared with those obtained in the juvenile and adult animals, as reported in the preceding paper. In the thalamus of newborn animals, neurons belonging to nuclei located away from the midline send strictly ipsilateral cortical projections. However, in the midline nuclei of the intralaminar thalamic complex, a small region of overlap was observed between neurons projecting ipsilaterally and neurons projecting contralaterally in animals aged less than 9 postnatal days. In addition, in these neonatal animals a small number of bilaterally projecting neurons was detected in this region of overlap. In all other subcortical structures examined (ventral tegmental area, diagonal band of Broca, claustrum), the laterality of the projection was the same in the newborn and the adult animals. In particular, in the claustrum of neonatal animals, as in adult animals, there was a large contingent of contralaterally projecting neurons and only a very small number of bilaterally projecting neurons. The results in the cortex contrast with those observed in subcortical structures. Whereas ipsilaterally projecting neurons were distributed in a broadly similar way in newborn and adult animals, the laminar and areal distribution of contralaterally projecting neurons in newborn animals clearly differed from those observed in the adult animals. Furthermore, double labelled neurons were more numerous in animals aged less than 12 days than in adults. The proportions of such bilaterally projecting neurons were computed with respect to the numbers of neurons sending ipsilateral projections to area 17. These proportions are constant at all ages in the claustrum and cortical area 8. In areas 18a, 29 and 35 on the other hand, the proportions of bilaterally projecting neurons increase after 5 days and reach a peak in the period extending from 9 to 11 days of age when more than half of the neurons projecting ipsilaterally also send an axonal branch to the contralateral cortex. In cortical areas 29 and 35, this peak is followed by a sudden drop to the adult level at 12 postnatal days, whereas the return to the adult level is gradual in area 18a. These results demonstrate that, in subcortical structures and in cortical area 8, the laterality of the afferent connections to the visual cortex does not change during postnatal development. By contrast, cortical areas 18a, 29 and 35 go through a stage when numerous cells send bifurcating connections to both hemispheres. The timing of the decrease in proportions of bilaterally projecting neurons in these areas suggests that numerous neurons retract their callosal axonal branch when the adult pattern of callosal connectivity is established at 9 - 11 days of age.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1990.tb00425.x}, institution = {Vision et Motricité, INSERM Unité 94, 16 avenue du Doyen Lépine F-69500 Bron, France.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {ejn_02040332}, pmid = {12106040}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bulloch:1981, author = {K. Bulloch and R. Y. Moore}, title = {Innervation of the thymus gland by brain stem and spinal cord in mouse and rat.}, journal = {Am J Anat}, year = {1981}, volume = {162}, number = {2}, pages = {157--166}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Central nervous system (CNS) projections to the thymus were studied in the mouse and rat using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-retrograde transport method. With discrete HRP injections localized to the thymus, labeled neurons are evident in both medulla and spinal cord. In the medulla the largest population of labeled neurons is present in the retrofacial nucleus. Within this cytoarchitectonically distinct nucleus, the majority of neurons are labeled with large HRP injections in the thymus. In addition to retrofacial nucleus, scattered labeled neurons are found throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus ambiguus and in the dorsal medullary tegmentum adjacent to the dorsal motor vagus nucleus. With HRP injections restricted to thymus parenchyma, no labeled neurons are evident in the dorsal motor vagus nucleus. Three groups of spinal cord neurons are labeled. In segments C2-C4, neurons localized to the ventral horn are labeled in two distinct columns, one located lying laterally in the ventral horn and the other located medially. Labeling of neurons in these segments is distinct from that of large motor neurons located medially in the ventral horn extending from the level of the decussation of the pyramids through the C1 segment. The location and sizes of neurons labeled in these areas following HRP injection in the thymus are identical in the mouse and rat. These observations provide evidence for previously unknown projections from spinal cord and brain stem to the thymus which may play an important role in the regulation of thymic function.}, doi = {10.1002/aja.1001620207}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, cytology/physiology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Neural Pathways; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Thymus Gland, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7304470}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001620207}, } @Article{Bulte:2005, author = {L. Baks-Te Bulte and F. G. Wouterlood and M. Vinkenoog and M. P. Witter}, title = {Entorhinal projections terminate onto principal neurons and interneurons in the subiculum: a quantitative electron microscopical analysis in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2005}, volume = {136}, number = {3}, pages = {729--739}, abstract = {The synaptic organization of projections to the subiculum from superficial layers of the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex was analyzed in the rat, using anterograde neuroanatomical tracing followed by electron microscopical quantification. Our aim was to assess the synaptic organization and whether the two projection components (lateral, medial) within the perforant pathway are qualitatively and quantitatively similar with respect to the types of synapses formed and with respect to the postsynaptic targets of these entorhinal projections. The tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex, respectively, and resulting anterograde labeling in the subiculum was studied. For each of the two projection components, we analyzed in four animals (2 x 2) a total of 100 synapses/animal with respect to features of the synapse type, i.e. asymmetrical or symmetrical, as well as regarding their postsynaptic target, i.e. dendritic shaft or spine. No clear differences were observed between the two pathways. The majority of the synapses were of the asymmetrical type, making contact with spines (78\%) or with dendritic shafts (14\%). A low percentage of symmetrical synapses targeted dendritic shafts (4.2\%) or spines (1.3\%). About 2.5\% of the synapses remained undetermined. The findings indicate that the majority of entorhinal fibers reaching the subiculum exert an excitatory influence primarily onto principal neurons, with a much smaller feed forward inhibitory component. Only a small percentage of entorhinal fibers in the subiculum appears to be inhibitory, largely influencing interneurons.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.001}, institution = {Graduate School of Neurosciences Amsterdam, Research Institute Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, MF-G-102C, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Cell Count, methods; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Dextrans, metabolism; Entorhinal Cortex, cytology; Female; Hippocampus, cytology; Interneurons, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synapses, classification/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(05)00287-3}, pmid = {16344147}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.001}, } @Article{Buma:1992, author = {P. Buma and J. Veening and T. Hafmans and H. Joosten and R. Nieuwenhuys}, title = {Ultrastructure of the periaqueductal grey matter of the rat: an electron microscopical and horseradish peroxidase study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {319}, number = {4}, pages = {519--535}, month = {May}, abstract = {The neurons of the mesencephalic periaqueductal grey substance (PAG) in the rat are small and medium sized. The cells are frequently located in small clusters, without interdigitating glial elements and may be connected by direct membrane appositions or by gap junctions. The inner zone of the PAG is cell poor. In many cases, the cytoplasm of the cells is filled with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and large lysosome-like granules. The nuclei show large indentations. The cells have a high nucleus-cytoplasm ratio. The neuropil is very extensive and particularly rich in large numbers of small unmyelinated axons, dendrites, axonal varicosities, and synaptic connections. Myelinated fibres are relatively scarce. The orientation of the fibres was studied in transverse and horizontal sections, in combination with HRP track tracing experiments. It appeared that throughout the PAG most of the fibres were orientated longitudinally. Quantitation showed that most fibres were present in the inner zones of the PAG. Moreover, the diameter of the fibres adjacent to the aqueduct was smaller than that of the fibres in the peripheral parts of the PAG. The thin unmyelinated fibres made extensive synaptic connections within the PAG. Many synaptic varicosities were found in the neuropil of the PAG. There were four types of synaptic varicosities, characterized by different populations of clear and dense-core secretory granules and by the different morphology of the synaptic specializations. In general, the different types of varicosity were homogeneously distributed in the different parts of the PAG. Electron dense secretory granules, when present, were located at some distance from the synaptic junction. Serial sections revealed varicosities which contained only dense-core secretory granules, without synaptic specializations. The dendrites of PAG neurons generally lacked synaptic spines. Many dendrites, particularly those of neurons located in the peripheral parts of the PAG, were directed toward the aqueduct. The present study shows that the PAG is a very complex brain area. The crisscrossing of axons and dendrites with synaptic connections at considerable distances from the cell bodies render it very difficult to unravel the relationships between the possible sources and destinations of ongoing information. This structure complicates the search for relationships between the functional organization and the cytoarchitectural borders in the PAG area.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903190405}, institution = {Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neuroglia, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Periaqueductal Gray, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1619043}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903190405}, } @Article{Bunch:1990, author = {Bunch, S. T. and Fawcett, J. W.}, title = {A comparison of the initial retinal ganglion cell projection to the contralateral superior colliculus in albino and pigmented rats.}, journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {52}, number = {1-2}, pages = {259--264}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Newborn albino and pigmented rats received localised Fast blue (FB) injections into the most caudal part of the contralateral superior colliculus (SC). A proportion of retinal ganglion cells (RGC's) from the temporal retina which in the adult projects exclusively to the rostral half of the colliculus are labelled by injections to the caudal colliculus in neonatal animals. The majority of these cells die during the period of naturally occurring cell death in the retina, which occurs during the first 10 postnatal days. The object of this experiment was to see whether albino rats, which have well documented abnormalities in axon pathfinding in their visual system, had a larger number of cells in temporal retina which initially project to caudal colliculus than pigmented animals. On postnatal day 2 (P2), the ratio of temporal to nasal RGCs projecting to the caudal SC is greater in albino than pigmented rats (6.2\% vs 2.65\%). After the wave of naturally occurring cell death, at P14, when many of the neonatal errors have been eliminated, the ratio of temporal to nasal RGC's is reduced to 1.71\% for albinos versus 1.53\% for pigmented rats.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-3806(90)90243-r}, institution = {Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, U.K.}, keywords = {Albinism, pathology; Amidines; Animals; Cell Count; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Rats; Retina, cytology; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology/physiology; Superior Colliculi, cytology/physiology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2331794}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bunney:1976, author = {B. S. Bunney and G. K. Aghajanian}, title = {The precise localization of nigral afferents in the rat as determined by a retrograde tracing technique.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1976}, volume = {117}, number = {3}, pages = {423--435}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Afferent innervation of the rat substantia nigra (SN) was studied by the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. High concentrations of HRP were deposited in discrete subregions of the SN by means of a microiontophoretic delivery system. Using this technique it was possible to demonstrate that the caudatonigral projection system is arranged topographically; All portions of the caudate-putamen except for a central medial core were found to contain HRP positive cells, indicative of retrograde transport. In the positive areas a much larger percentage of cells (30-50\%) were found to participate in this projection than has previously been reported. Only medium size cells (12-20 mum) were found to contain the HRP reaction product. Other areas found to heavily innervate the SN were the globus pallidus, central nucleus of the amygdala and dorsal raphe nucleus. Areas containing fewer reactive cells but which also appear to innervate the SN included the prefrontal cortex and lateral habenula. These results emphasize the importance of striatonigral projections which recent studies have suggested contain a GABAergic link.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(76)90751-4}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Caudate Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Dopamine, physiology; Globus Pallidus, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent; Rats; Serotonin, physiology; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(76)90751-4}, pmid = {990939}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bunt:1976, author = {Bunt, A. H. and Haschke, R. H. and Lund, R. D. and Calkins, D. F.}, title = {Factors affecting retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the visual system.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1976}, volume = {102}, number = {1}, pages = {152--155}, month = {Jan}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(76)90581-3}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Borohydrides, pharmacology; Geniculate Bodies, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Isoenzymes, metabolism; Neural Pathways; Periodic Acid, pharmacology; Peroxidases, metabolism; Rats; Retina, physiology; Visual Cortex, metabolism; Visual Pathways, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(76)90581-3}, pmid = {55291}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Bunt:1974, author = {A. H. Bunt and R. D. Lund and J. S. Lund}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase by ganglion cells of the albino rat retina.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1974}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {215--228}, month = {Jun}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(74)91045-2}, keywords = {Age Factors; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, enzymology; Ganglia, cytology/enzymology; Geniculate Bodies, enzymology; Interneurons, enzymology; Optic Nerve, enzymology; Peroxidases, metabolism; Rats; Retina, cytology/enzymology/growth /&/ development; Superior Colliculi, enzymology; Visual Pathways, enzymology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(74)91045-2}, pmid = {4133900}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buonviso:1991, author = {Buonviso, N. and Revial, M. F. and Jourdan, F.}, title = {The Projections of Mitral Cells from Small Local Regions of the Olfactory Bulb: An Anterograde Tracing Study Using PHA-L (Phaseolus vulgaris Leucoagglutinin).}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1991}, volume = {3}, number = {6}, pages = {493--500}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Numerous anatomical and electrophysiological studies have demonstrated a lack of simple point-to-point topographical relationships between the olfactory bulb and primary olfactory projection areas. They reveal instead, a complex pattern of divergence and convergence. Furthermore, several authors reported that a single mitral cell could project onto different widely spaced cortical regions of the olfactory cortex. In the present study, we attempted to label the projections of a few mitral cells so close together so that they might be assumed to be connected to the same glomerulus, and to determine if these cells had similar patterns of axonal projections. For this purpose small Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) injections were performed in the olfactory bulb of adult rats. We found that labelling two to five mitral cells, lying close together in the mitral cell layer, resulted in well-delineated patches of labelled fibres in the cortex. The number of patches was not related to the number of labelled mitral cells but the fibre density in each patch increased with the number of PHA-L filled somata in the olfactory bulb. We conclude that mitral cells lying close together in the mitral cell layer have similar patterns of axonal projections. Functional implications of such an organization in olfactory coding is discussed.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1991.tb00836.x}, institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie Neurosensorielle, CNRS/Université Cl. Bernard, Lyon I, 69622 Villeurbanne, Cedex, France.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {ejn_03060493}, pmid = {12106481}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Burdyga:2004, author = {Burdyga, Galina and Lal, Simon and Varro, Andrea and Dimaline, Rod and Thompson, David G. and Dockray, Graham J.}, title = {Expression of cannabinoid CB1 receptors by vagal afferent neurons is inhibited by cholecystokinin.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2004}, volume = {24}, number = {11}, pages = {2708--2715}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Both inhibitory (satiety) and stimulatory (orexigenic) factors from the gastrointestinal tract regulate food intake. In the case of the satiety hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), these effects are mediated via vagal afferent neurons. We now report that vagal afferent neurons expressing the CCK-1 receptor also express cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Retrograde tracing established that these neurons project to the stomach and duodenum. The expression of CB1 receptors determined by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in rat nodose ganglia was increased by withdrawal of food for > or =12 hr. After refeeding of fasted rats there was a rapid loss of CB1 receptor expression identified by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. These effects were blocked by administration of the CCK-1 receptor antagonist lorglumide and mimicked by administration of CCK to fasted rats. Because CCK is a satiety factor that acts via the vagus nerve and CB1 agonists stimulate food intake, the data suggest a new mechanism modulating the effect on food intake of satiety signals from the gastrointestinal tract.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5404-03.2004}, institution = {Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom.}, keywords = {Animals; Cholecystokinin, pharmacology/physiology; Culture Techniques; Duodenum, innervation; Food Deprivation, physiology; Hormone Antagonists, pharmacology; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Nerve Crush; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Nodose Ganglion, cytology/metabolism; Proglumide, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/genetics/metabolism; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2, biosynthesis/genetics; Receptor, Cholecystokinin A, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Satiety Response, physiology; Stomach, innervation; Vagus Nerve, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {24/11/2708}, pmid = {15028763}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5404-03.2004}, } @Article{Burg:1994, author = {Burg, M. and Zahm, D. S. and Knuepfer, M. M.}, title = {Immunocytochemical co-localization of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in afferent renal nerve soma of the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1994}, volume = {173}, number = {1-2}, pages = {87--93}, month = {May}, abstract = {Substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and somatostatin immunoreactivities have been demonstrated in putative afferent renal nerve fibers in the rat. Utilizing retrograde-tracing and immunohistochemistry, we labeled afferent renal nerve soma throughout dorsal root ganglia T9 to L1. Most (85\%) of afferent renal nerve perikarya were immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide, 21\% had substance P immunoreactivity and none had somatostatin immunoreactivity. All renal afferents immunoreactive for substance P also contained calcitonin gene-related peptide. These results provide evidence that calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P are present and co-localized in afferent renal nerves, and therefore, mediate transmission of afferent renal input to the spinal cord in the rat.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(94)90156-2}, institution = {Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, St. Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Antibody Specificity; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, immunology/metabolism; Carbocyanines; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Spinal, immunology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Kidney, innervation; Male; Neurons, Afferent, immunology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Substance P, immunology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7524001}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Burgunder:1988, author = {Burgunder, J. M. and Young, 3rd, WS}, title = {The distribution of thalamic projection neurons containing cholecystokinin messenger RNA, using in situ hybridization histochemistry and retrograde labeling.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {464}, number = {3}, pages = {179--189}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The distribution of cholecystokinin (CCK) synthesizing neurons in the thalamus was studied using in situ hybridization histochemistry. The message coding for CCK is present at different levels of intensity in almost all neurons (95\%) of the anterior, ventral, medial and lateral groups of nuclei, with the ventral nuclei having the highest grain density. Many neurons (90\%) of the medial and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei also contained high levels of CCK transcripts. Very few neurons were found to express CCK in the parafascicular and paraventricular nuclei (2\% and 10\%, respectively), whereas the other intralaminar and midline nuclei had intermediate levels of CCK transcripts (75\% of the neurons). The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and the reticular nucleus were completely devoid of signal. After injection of the fluorescent dye, Fluorogold, into several areas of the cortex and corpus striatum, almost all retrogradely labeled cells in the thalamus (except in the parafascicular nucleus) expressed the CCK gene.}, doi = {10.1016/0169-328x(88)90024-1}, institution = {Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Cholecystokinin, metabolism; Corpus Striatum, cytology/metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines; Thalamus, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3208109}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Burgunder:1989, author = {J. M. Burgunder and W. S. Young}, title = {Distribution, projection and dopaminergic regulation of the neurokinin B mRNA-containing neurons of the rat caudate-putamen.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1989}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, pages = {323--335}, abstract = {Neurons containing transcripts encoding neurokinin B, a member of the tachykinin family, were studied in the rat caudate-putamen using hybridization histochemistry. Neurons containing neurokinin B mRNA were distributed throughout the caudate-putamen, with a slightly higher density in the middle portions as compared with the more rostral and caudal portions. These neurons were either isolated, often located close to neurons devoid of neurokinin B mRNA, or in small clusters of three to 10 cells. A larger group of neurons with neurokinin B mRNA was seen in the ventrolateral caudate-putamen, near the tip of the external capsule. Neurokinin B mRNA was colocalized in neurons with substance P (59\% of neurokinin B neurons had substance P mRNA) and with enkephalin mRNA (25\% of neurokinin B neurons had enkephalin mRNA). After injections of the fluorescent dye Fluorogold into the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, retrograde axonal transport studies demonstrated neurokinin B mRNA in striatopallidal but not striatonigral projections. The influence of dopaminergic input on the level of neurokinin B mRNA in the caudate-putamen was studied after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area. Both the number of cells detected containing neurokinin B mRNA as well as the level of transcripts per cell increased on the side ipsilateral to the lesion, whereas the opposite was seen on the contralateral side. These results describe a novel neurochemical system within the rat basal ganglia that is regulated by dopaminergic innervation from the mesencephalon.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(89)90081-x}, institution = {Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.}, keywords = {Animals; Caudate Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Cell Count; Dopamine, physiology; Enkephalins, metabolism; Hydroxydopamines; Male; Neurokinin B, metabolism; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Oxidopamine; Putamen, cytology/metabolism; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substance P, metabolism; Substantia Nigra, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2479882}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Burgunder:1989a, author = {J. M. Burgunder and W. S. Young}, title = {Neurons with neurokinin B mRNA in the rat magnocellular basal nucleus: distribution, projection and colocalization studies.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {1989}, volume = {2}, number = {5}, pages = {239--251}, abstract = {Mapping and cortical projections of neurons containing neurokinin B (NKB) mRNA in the rat basal forebrain were studied using hybridization histochemistry and retrograde labeling. Neurokinin B mRNA was found in a small proportion of the neurons present in the magnocellular basal nucleus that project to the cortex. Most of these neurons projected to the frontal and parietal cortices, whereas only few projected to the occipital cortex and almost none to allocortical areas, including the olfactory bulb. NKB mRNA colocalization with galanin or substance P mRNAs, both found within neurons of the magnocellular basal nucleus, was not detected there. These results demonstrate a novel diffuse neocortical tachykinin input from the basal forebrain, in addition to the well-known cholinergic one.}, institution = {Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, cytology/metabolism; Galanin; Male; Neurokinin B, metabolism; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Peptides, metabolism; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substance P, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2478159}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Burgunder:1990, author = {J. M. Burgunder and W. S. Young}, title = {Cortical neurons expressing the cholecystokinin gene in the rat: distribution in the adult brain, ontogeny, and some of their projections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {300}, number = {1}, pages = {26--46}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Recent studies of neuronal cholecystokinin (CCK) expression performed with more sensitive techniques have demonstrated that the distribution of the expression of this peptide is more widespread than previously thought. In the present study, hybridization histochemistry was used to map cortical neurons expressing the CCK gene in adult and developing rats. Retrograde tracing with Fluorogold in combination with hybridization histochemistry was used to demonstrate some of the projections of these neurons. Neurons expressing the CCK gene were found in all areas of the neo- and allocortices. They were of several morphological types, including pyramidal neurons, and were found in almost all layers, albeit at different relative numbers and with different levels of expression. Generally, layers II and III, deep layer V, and layer VI had many neurons expressing CCK mRNA. Cortical CCK expression was first detected on the 15th day of gestation in the primordial plexiform layer. Expression developed thereafter in a regular and continuous fashion until an adult-like pattern was present on the 21st day after birth. Cortical neurons containing CCK mRNA were found in almost all the projections studied. Many neurons in both neo- and allocortical areas with cortico-cortical, associational, and commissural pathways contained CCK mRNA. Similarly, numerous corticostriatal neurons contained CCK mRNA; however, only a few corticothalamic neurons expressed CCK mRNA. These results demonstrate that in the rat cortex the distribution of projection neurons expressing CCK is much more widespread than had been previously shown and will stimulate further investigations into the role of CCK in these neurons.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903000104}, institution = {Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development; Cholecystokinin, genetics; Gene Expression; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2229486}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903000104}, } @Article{Burkhalter:1989, author = {A. Burkhalter}, title = {Intrinsic connections of rat primary visual cortex: laminar organization of axonal projections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1989}, volume = {279}, number = {2}, pages = {171--186}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The organization of local projections within the rat primary visual cortex (area 17) was investigated by tracing fibers with HRP in in vitro brain slices. The projections from different layers showed distinct laminar patterns. Layer 4 made a strong, topographically precise, projection to lower layer 2/3; weaker projections extended laterally and terminated diffusely in layer 2/3 but also ran vertically to layers 5 and 6. The connections of lower and upper layer 2/3 were reciprocal and point-to-point. Within layer 2/3, a large number of fibers ran horizontally and terminated at variable distances from the injection site without making terminal clusters. The main output from layer 2/3 was to layer 5. The most prominent projections from the upper half of layer 5 were to layers 2/3 and 6; lower layer 5, in contrast, made wide-ranging, clustered projections to layer 1, the bottom of layer 2/3, and the top of layers 4 and 5. The patches were 130-160 micron wide and spaced apart by 230- 260 micron. The main projection that arose from the superficial layer 6 terminated in layer 4 above the injection site. In contrast, lower layer 6 made clustered projections to the layer 3/4 border, extending up to 2 mm in the coronal plane. The patches were 190-220 micron wide and spaced apart by 320-390 micron. Additional projections went to the layer 5/6 border and layers 1 and 2. These results indicate that geniculocortical input is processed through interlaminar connections that are topographically precise, widespread, or patchy. These connectivity patterns suggest a role for these connections in the transformation of functional maps between layers; focused projections preserve the architecture of the layers of origin, and diverging or patchy projections rearrange this organization and form new maps in the target layers (Lund: Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 11:253-288, '88). However, only a few interlaminar connections show one of these patterns in isolation, making it difficult to assign a single function to a particular connection. We, therefore, tentatively conclude that projections terminating in layers 1-4, with the possible exception of the connection between upper layer 6 and layer 4, transform functional maps. In contrast, the topographically precise projections from upper to lower layers preserve functional maps. The specific role of these connections in the construction of receptive field properties, however, is not known.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902790202}, institution = {Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, analysis; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Rats; Visual Cortex, cytology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2913064}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902790202}, } @Article{Burkhalter:1990, author = {A. Burkhalter and V. Charles}, title = {Organization of local axon collaterals of efferent projection neurons in rat visual cortex.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {302}, number = {4}, pages = {920--934}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {We have studied the laminar origins of local long-range connections within rat primary visual cortex (area 17), by using retrograde tracing of nerve cell bodies with fluorescent markers. Injections throughout the thickness of cortex produce distinct laminar labeling patterns which indicate that a substantial number of cells in layers 2/3, 5, and 6 have wide local axon collateral arbors, while the local arbors of layer 4 cells are much narrower. Double labeling experiments which combined area 17 injections with injections into different projection targets of area 17 (opposite area 17, area 18a, and area 18b) show that many cortico-cortically projecting cells make widespread projections within area 17. In contrast, the overwhelming majority of subcortically projecting cells have narrow collateral arbors within area 17. Anterograde tracing of local projections within areas 17 with the lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin shows an extensive system of horizontally running fibers which terminate in distinct 0.15-0.25 mm wide clusters up to 1.8 mm from the injection site. On horizontal sections the termination pattern resembles a closely spaced lattice. The results indicate that cortico-cortically projecting cells provide for long-range interactions between distant points of the visuotopic map, while subcortically projecting cells mediate information within a cortical column. Interestingly, subcortically projecting cells differ functionally from cortico-cortically projecting cells in that they are not orientation selective (Klein et al., Neurosci. 17:57-78, '86; Mangini and Pearlman, J. Comp. Neurol. 193:203-222, '80; Simmons and Pearlman, J. Neurophysiol. 50:838-848, '83). We therefore suggest that cortico-cortically projecting cells with wide collateral arbors are orientation selective and that clustered long-range projections within area 17 connect columns with similar functional specificity.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903020417}, institution = {Department of Neurology and Neurological Surgery and Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Efferent Pathways, ultrastructure; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Rats; Thalamus, cytology; Visual Cortex, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2081821}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020417}, } @Article{Burne:1981, author = {Burne, R. A., S. A. Azizi, G. A. Mihailoff and D. J. Woodward}, title = {The tectopontine projection the the rat with comments on visual pathways to the basilar pons}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1981}, volume = {202(2)}, pages = {287-307}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902020212}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Burnett:1995, author = {Burnett, A. L. and Saito, S. and Maguire, M. P. and Yamaguchi, H. and Chang, T. S. and Hanley, D. F.}, title = {Localization of nitric oxide synthase in spinal nuclei innervating pelvic ganglia.}, journal = {J Urol}, year = {1995}, volume = {153}, number = {1}, pages = {212--217}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {We employed retrograde axonal tracing techniques and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry to identify NOS-containing neuronal populations within the lumbosacral spinal cord and determine whether these project to the major pelvic ganglion in the adult male Sprague-Dawley rat. Immunohistochemical localizations of NOS included neurons situated at the L5 to S2 segments of the spinal cord, which corresponded to the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. Another prominent locus for NOS was a group of neurons identified in the L1 segment corresponding to the dorsal commissural nucleus. These regions correlated directly with preganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic neuronal origins, respectively, which were established with ChAT colocalizations. Retrograde tracing verified the projection of these neurons to the pelvis. Additional neuronal localizations of NOS were observed throughout the intermediolateral cell column, involving the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn, in the region surrounding the central canal and occasionally in the medial area of the ventral horn. These results indicate that the regulation of pelvic visceral activity may involve NO-based neuronal mechanisms operating at the level of the lumbosarcal spinal cord.}, doi = {10.1097/00005392-199501000-00079}, institution = {Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Oxidoreductases, analysis; Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Ganglia, chemistry/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Lumbosacral Region; Male; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Pelvis, innervation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, chemistry/physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0022-5347(01)67893-5}, pmid = {7526004}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005392-199501000-00079}, } @Article{Burstein:1990a, author = {R. Burstein and K. D. Cliffer and G. J. Giesler}, title = {Cells of origin of the spinohypothalamic tract in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {291}, number = {3}, pages = {329--344}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {We recently demonstrated that large numbers of neurons in the spinal cord of rats project directly to the hypothalamus. In the present study, we used the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG) to examine this projection more completely. In the first series of studies, we attempted to label the entire population of spinal cord neurons that project to the hypothalamus. Injections that virtually filled the hypothalamus on one side without spreading into any other diencephalic area labeled a large number of neurons (estimated to be more than 9,000 in the case with the most neurons labeled) bilaterally at all levels of the spinal cord. Approximately 60\% of the labeled neurons were contralateral to the injection. The greatest number of labeled neurons was found within the deep dorsal horn. Many were also found within the lateral spinal nucleus, the superficial dorsal horn, and the gray matter surrounding the central canal. A small number of labeled cells was located in the intermediate zone and ventral horn of the spinal gray matter. Labeled neurons were distributed bilaterally within the sacral parasympathetic nucleus and trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Injections of FG restricted to the medial hypothalamus labeled neurons within the spinal cord in a distribution similar to that produced by injections that filled the hypothalamus. However, fewer neurons were labeled in the spinal cord (estimated to be more than 6,200) and trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Injections of FG restricted to the lateral hypothalamus also labeled fewer neurons (approximately 3,300) than did injections that filled the hypothalamus. In these cases, also, the pattern of labeled neurons within the spinal cord was similar to that produced by injections within either medial or both medial and lateral hypothalamus. However, few neurons were labeled in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus following injections into the lateral hypothalamus. These findings show the distribution of a large number of spinal cord neurons that project directly to medial or lateral hypothalamic regions that are involved in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and emotional responses to somatosensory stimulation, including painful stimuli.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902910302}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Hypothalamus, cytology; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2298937}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902910302}, } @Article{Burstein:1987, author = {Burstein, R. and Cliffer, K. D. and Giesler, Jr, GJ}, title = {Direct somatosensory projections from the spinal cord to the hypothalamus and telencephalon.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1987}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {4159--4164}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Somatosensory input to the hypothalamus has been thought to ascend via an indirect, multisynaptic pathway. However, we have antidromically identified nociceptive spinal cord neurons that project directly to the lateral hypothalamus in rats. Retrograde tracers injected into the lateral hypothalamus labeled many spinal neurons bilaterally within the marginal zone, the lateral reticulated area, the lateral spinal nucleus, and the area surrounding the central canal. An anterograde tracer injected into these areas of the spinal cord labeled fibers and terminals in the lateral hypothalamus and, surprisingly, in a number of telencephalic areas. These findings demonstrate a direct somatosensory projection from the spinal cord to the hypothalamus and several telencephalic regions.}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.}, keywords = {Animals; Hypothalamus, cytology; Motor Neurons, cytology; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology; Telencephalon, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3694268}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/7/12/4159.long}, } @Article{Burstein:1990b, author = {Burstein, R. and Dado, R. J. and Giesler, Jr, GJ}, title = {The cells of origin of the spinothalamic tract of the rat: a quantitative reexamination.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {511}, number = {2}, pages = {329--337}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {We quantitatively reinvestigated the cells of origin of the spinothalamic tract (STT) of the rat. Injections of Fluoro-Gold that filled the thalamus on one side labeled large numbers of neurons throughout the length of the spinal cord. In 3 cases, we estimated the total number of STT neurons by counting labeled neurons in 18 of the 34 total segments, applying correction factors to these counts, and estimating the numbers of labeled neurons in the 16 remaining unexamined segments. The accuracy of these estimates was tested in two animals in which labeled neurons were counted in all 34 spinal segments. In both cases, the estimated totals of STT neurons differed from the counted totals by less than 5\%. In the most effective case, we estimated that more than 9500 STT neurons were labeled. This study indicates that the number of STT neurons in rats is larger than previously reported and suggests that the STT may play an important role in nociception in rats, as it does in primates including humans.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)90179-f}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Count; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinothalamic Tracts, cytology; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(90)90179-F}, pmid = {2334851}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Burstein:1996, author = {R. Burstein and O. Falkowsky and D. Borsook and A. Strassman}, title = {Distinct lateral and medial projections of the spinohypothalamic tract of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1996}, volume = {373}, number = {4}, pages = {549--574}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {We recently described a direct nociceptive projection from the spinal cord to the hypothalamus in the rat. Several electrophysiological studies of this projection indicated that the axons of some spinohypothalamic tract neurons (SHT) reach the hypothalamus either by a lateral or by a medial route. The purpose of this study was to determine the origin of all SHT neurons that reach the hypothalamus through the lateral and the medial projections, and to investigate the possibility of ablating the SHT without damaging other important sensory and motor tracts by combining retrograde tracing techniques with axonal ablation. As compared with control cases, significant (P < .05) reductions in the number of labeled SHT neurons were encountered, 26\% in the ipsilateral spinal cord following lesions of the medial projection, 67\% in the contralateral spinal cord following lesions of the lateral projection, and 94\% in both contra- and ipsilateral sides following lesions of both the medial and lateral projections. Bilateral lesions of the lateral projections had no effect on the distribution of labeled neurons in the spinal cord and dorsal column nuclei following injections of Fluoro-Gold (FG) into the thalamus, and a small unilateral lesion of the lateral projection reduced the ipsilateral labeling in the motor cortex following injections of FG into the pyramidal decussation. These findings suggest that most SHT neurons ascend through the contralateral lateral projection and that less than half continue in the medial projection to the ipsilateral side. They also suggest a site that can be lesioned without affecting other ascending sensory spinal pathways.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-1}, institution = {Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Rburstei@bih.harvard.edu}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axons, physiology; Brain Mapping; Cell Count; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Hypothalamus, physiology; Male; Motor Neurons, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, physiology; Spinothalamic Tracts, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-1}, pmid = {8889944}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-1}, } @Article{Burstein:1989, author = {R. Burstein and G. J. Giesler}, title = {Retrograde labeling of neurons in spinal cord that project directly to nucleus accumbens or the septal nuclei in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1989}, volume = {497}, number = {1}, pages = {149--154}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Somatosensory information has been thought to ascend from the spinal cord to limbic areas of the telencephalon through indirect, multisynaptic pathways. We now report that injections of Fluoro-gold into either the nucleus accumbens or the septal nuclei labeled hundreds of neurons in the spinal cord. These and our recent anterograde tracing experiments indicate that some spinal cord neurons project directly to the telencephalon and suggest that nucleus accumbens and septal nuclei process somatosensory information.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)90981-5}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septal Nuclei, cytology; Spinal Cord, cytology; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(89)90981-5}, pmid = {2790450}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Burstein:1993, author = {R. Burstein and S. Potrebic}, title = {Retrograde labeling of neurons in the spinal cord that project directly to the amygdala or the orbital cortex in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1993}, volume = {335}, number = {4}, pages = {469--485}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The amygdala and orbital cortex are thought to play an important role in the regulation of autonomic functions, hormonal secretion, and behavioral expression in response to sensory stimulation. The responsiveness of neurons in these regions to stimulation of cutaneous and visceral organs indicates that sensory information reaches the amygdala and orbital cortex. In the past, a large number of studies have thoroughly documented multiple neural pathways by which sensory information can reach these regions via relay nuclei in the brainstem and diencephalon. Recent studies reported that the amygdala and orbital cortex also receive direct input from the spinal cord. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and the origin of these projections in the rat. Injections of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG), restricted to the amygdala, labeled several hundred neurons bilaterally (60\% contralateral) throughout the length of the spinal cord. More than 60\% of labeled neurons were found in the lateral reticulated area of the deep dorsal horn and the gray matter surrounding the central canal. Many neurons were also found in the lateral spinal nucleus. Labeled neurons were concentrated in upper lumbar and upper cervical segments. Injections of Fluoro-Gold that were centered in the orbital cortex labeled only a small number of neurons (73\% contralateral) within the spinal cord. Most labeled neurons were found in the lateral reticulated area. Neurons located in the intermediate zone and the gray matter surrounding the central canal were found mainly in upper lumbar and upper cervical segments. These findings, together with the anterograde tracing observations, provide evidence for direct projections of spinal cord neurons to the amygdala and orbital cortex. Their laminar distribution in the spinal cord and the involvement of the amygdala and orbital cortex in limbic functions suggest that these pathways may play a role in neuronal circuits that enable somatosensory information, including pain, to affect autonomic, endocrine and behavioral functions.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903350402}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Injections; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, cytology; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8227531}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350402}, } @Article{Burstein:1990, author = {R. Burstein and J. L. Wang and R. P. Elde and G. J. Giesler}, title = {Neurons in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus that project to the hypothalamus do not also project through the pelvic nerve--a double labeling study combining Fluoro-gold and cholera toxin B in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {506}, number = {1}, pages = {159--165}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {We recently reported that neurons in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) project directly to the hypothalamus. In the present study, we examined the possibility that individual neurons in SPN send both an axon into the pelvic nerve and an ascending projection to the hypothalamus. We used a new double-labeling technique in which two sensitive retrograde tracers (Fluoro-gold and cholera toxin subunit B immunocytochemically stained with rhodamine-labeled antibodies) were combined. The effectiveness of this combination for singly and doubly labeling neurons was established in experiments in which both tracers were injected into overlapping areas of the tongue or ventrobasal thalamus. These injections doubly labeled large numbers of neurons in the hypoglossal or dorsal column nuclei, respectively. In studies of the projections of neurons in the SPN, injection of one tracer into the hypothalamus and the other into the pelvic nerve and/or pelvic ganglion singly labeled many neurons (more than 3300 in the 7 examined cases). However, no SPN neurons were doubly labeled. These findings indicate that the SPN in the rat consists of at least two distinct groups of cells, parasympathetic preganglionic neurons and neurons that project to the hypothalamus.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)91214-2}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Count; Cholera Toxin; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Peripheral Nerves, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines; Viscera, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2302554}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Burton:1977, author = {Burton, H. and Loewy, A. D.}, title = {Projections to the spinal cord from medullary somatosensory relay nuclei.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1977}, volume = {173}, number = {4}, pages = {773--792}, month = {Jun}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901730408}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cats; Efferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Haplorhini; Macaca fascicularis; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Rats; Reticular Formation, cytology; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Trigeminal Nerve, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {68038}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901730408}, } @Article{Burwell:2000, author = {Burwell, R. D.}, title = {The parahippocampal region: corticocortical connectivity.}, journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci}, year = {2000}, volume = {911}, pages = {25--42}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The parahippocampal region, as defined in this review, comprises the cortical regions that surround the rodent hippocampus including the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices. The comparable regions in the primate brain are the perirhinal, parahippocampal, and entorhinal cortices. The perirhinal and postrhinal/parahippocampal cortices provide the major polysensory input to the hippocampus through their entorhinal connections and are the recipients of differing combinations of sensory information. The differences in the perirhinal and postrhinal cortical afferentation have important functional implications, in part, because these two regions project with different terminal patterns to the entorhinal cortex. The perirhinal cortex projects preferentially to the lateral entorhinal area (LEA), and the postrhinal cortex projects preferentially to the medial entorhinal area (MEA) and the caudal portion of LEA. Although the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices provide the major cortical input to the entorhinal cortex, the entorhinal cortex itself receives some direct cortical input. An examination of the cortical afferentation of the entorhinal cortex reveals an interesting principle of connectivity among these regions; the composition of the direct neocortical input to the LEA is more similar to that of the perirhinal cortex, and the composition of the direct neocortical input to the MEA is more similar to that of the postrhinal cortex. Thus, polymodal associational input to the LEA and the MEA exhibits some segregation and is organized in parallel. The organization of intrinsic connections for each of the parahippocampal regions also contributes to the segregation of information into parallel pathways.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06717.x}, institution = {Department of Psychology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. Rebecca_Burwell@Brown.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Entorhinal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Humans; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Olfactory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Parahippocampal Gyrus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10911865}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Burwell:1998, author = {R. D. Burwell and D. G. Amaral}, title = {Cortical afferents of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1998}, volume = {398}, number = {2}, pages = {179--205}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {We have divided the cortical regions surrounding the rat hippocampus into three cytoarchitectonically discrete cortical regions, the perirhinal, the postrhinal, and the entorhinal cortices. These regions appear to be homologous to the monkey perirhinal, parahippocampal, and entorhinal cortices, respectively. The origin of cortical afferents to these regions is well-documented in the monkey but less is known about them in the rat. The present study investigated the origins of cortical input to the rat perirhinal (areas 35 and 36) and postrhinal cortices and the lateral and medial subdivisions of the entorhinal cortex (LEA and MEA) by placing injections of retrograde tracers at several locations within each region. For each experiment, the total numbers of retrogradely labeled cells (and cell densities) were estimated for 34 cortical regions. We found that the complement of cortical inputs differs for each of the five regions. Area 35 receives its heaviest input from entorhinal, piriform, and insular areas. Area 36 receives its heaviest projections from other temporal cortical regions such as ventral temporal association cortex. Area 36 also receives substantial input from insular and entorhinal areas. Whereas area 36 receives similar magnitudes of input from cortices subserving all sensory modalities, the heaviest projections to the postrhinal cortex originate in visual associational cortex and visuospatial areas such as the posterior parietal cortex. The cortical projections to the LEA are heavier than to the MEA and differ in origin. The LEA is primarily innervated by the perirhinal, insular, piriform, and postrhinal cortices. The MEA is primarily innervated by the piriform and postrhinal cortices, but also receives minor projections from retrosplenial, posterior parietal, and visual association areas.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980824)398:2<179::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-y}, institution = {Department of Psychology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. Rebecca_Burwell@Brown.edu}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Entorhinal Cortex, cytology; Fluorescent Dyes; Frontal Lobe, cytology; Hippocampus, cytology; Male; Memory, physiology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology; Temporal Lobe, cytology; Terminology as Topic}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-Y}, pmid = {9700566}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Burwell:1998b, author = {R. D. Burwell and D. G. Amaral}, title = {Perirhinal and postrhinal cortices of the rat: interconnectivity and connections with the entorhinal cortex.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1998}, volume = {391}, number = {3}, pages = {293--321}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The cortical regions dorsally adjacent to the posterior rhinal sulcus in the rat can be divided into a rostral region, the perirhinal cortex, which shares features of the monkey perirhinal cortex, and a caudal region, the postrhinal cortex, which has connectional attributes similar to the monkey parahippocampal cortex. We examined the connectivity among the rat perirhinal (areas 35 and 36), postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices by placing anterograde and retrograde tracers in all three regions. There is a dorsal-to-ventral cascade of connections in the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices. Dorsal area 36 projects strongly to ventral area 36, and ventral area 36 projects strongly to area 35. The return projections are substantially weaker. The cascade continues with the perirhinal to entorhinal connections. Area 35 is more strongly interconnected with the entorhinal cortex, ventral area 36 somewhat less strongly, and dorsal area 36 projects only weakly to the entorhinal cortex. The postrhinal-to- perirhinal connections also follow this general pattern. The postrhinal cortex is more heavily connected with dorsal area 36 than with ventral area 36 and is more heavily connected with area 36 than with area 35. The rostral portion of the postrhinal cortex has the strongest connections with the perirhinal cortex. Like in the monkey, the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices have different patterns of projections to the entorhinal cortex. The perirhinal cortex is preferentially connected with the rostrolateral portion of the entorhinal cortex. The postrhinal cortex projects to a part of this same region but is also connected to caudal and redial portions of the entorhinal cortex. The perirhinal and postrhinal projections to the entorhinal cortex originate in layers III and V and terminate preferentially in layers II and III.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980216)391:3<293::aid-cne2>3.0.co;2-x}, institution = {Department of Psychology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. rebecca_burwell@brown.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Entorhinal Cortex, physiology; Injections; Limbic System, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Terminology as Topic}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-X}, pmid = {9492202}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Buttry:2014, author = {Buttry, Janelle L. and Goshgarian, Harry G.}, title = {Injection of WGA-Alexa 488 into the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm of acutely and chronically C2 hemisected rats reveals activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the respiratory motor pathways.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {2014}, volume = {261}, pages = {440--450}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {WGA-Alexa 488 is a fluorescent neuronal tracer that demonstrates transsynaptic transport in the central nervous system. The transsynaptic transport occurs over physiologically active synaptic connections rather than less active or silent connections. Immediately following C2 spinal cord hemisection (C2Hx), when WGA-Alexa 488 is injected into the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm, the tracer diffuses across the midline of the diaphragm and retrogradely labels the phrenic nuclei (PN) bilaterally in the spinal cord. Subsequently, the tracer is transsynaptically transported bilaterally to the rostral Ventral Respiratory Groups (rVRGs) in the medulla over physiologically active connections. No other neurons are labeled in the acute C2Hx model at the level of the phrenic nuclei or in the medulla. However, with a recovery period of at least 7weeks (chronic C2Hx), the pattern of WGA-Alexa 488 labeling is notably changed. In addition to the bilateral PN and rVRG labeling, the chronic C2Hx model reveals fluorescence in the ipsilateral ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts, and the ipsilateral reticulospinal tract. Furthermore, interneurons are labeled bilaterally in laminae VII and VIII of the spinal cord as well as neurons in the motor nuclei bilaterally of the intercostal and forelimb muscles. Moreover, in the chronic C2Hx model, there is bilateral labeling of additional medullary centers including raphe, hypoglossal, spinal trigeminal, parvicellular reticular, gigantocellular reticular, and intermediate reticular nuclei. The selective WGA-Alexa 488 labeling of additional locations in the chronic C2Hx model is presumably due to a hyperactive state of the synaptic pathways and nuclei previously shown to connect with the respiratory centers in a non-injured model. The present study suggests that hyperactivity not only occurs in neuronal centers and pathways caudal to spinal cord injury, but in supraspinal centers as well. The significance of such injury-induced plasticity is that hyperactivity may be a mechanism to re-establish lost function by compensatory routes which were initially physiologically inactive.}, doi = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.07.016}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. Electronic address: hgoshgar@med.wayne.edu.}, keywords = {Animals; Cervical Vertebrae; Diaphragm, drug effects/physiopathology; Disease Models, Animal; Electromyography; Fluoresceins, pharmacokinetics; Functional Laterality, drug effects/physiology; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Neuromuscular Junction, drug effects/physiopathology; Neuronal Plasticity, drug effects/physiology; Neuronal Tract-Tracers, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacokinetics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord Injuries, diagnosis/pathology/physiopathology; Time Factors; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, pharmacokinetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0014-4886(14)00244-1}, pmid = {25086272}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.07.016}, } @Article{Buttry:2015, author = {Buttry, Janelle L. and Goshgarian, Harry G.}, title = {WGA-Alexa transsynaptic labeling in the phrenic motor system of adult rats: Intrapleural injection versus intradiaphragmatic injection.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {2015}, volume = {241}, pages = {137--145}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Intrapleural injection of CTB-Alexa 488, a retrograde tracer, provides an alternative labeling technique to the surgically invasive laparotomy required for intradiaphragmatic injection. However, CTB-Alexa 488 is incapable of crossing synapses restricting the tracer to the phrenic nuclei and the intercostal motor nuclei in the spinal cord.Intrapleural injection of WGA-Alexa 488, a transsynaptic tracer, provides a method to label the respiratory motor pathway in both the spinal cord and medulla. Intradiaphragmatic injection of WGA-Alexa 594 and vagal nerve injections of True blue were used to confirm the phrenic nuclei and to differentiate between the rVRG and the NA in the medulla.Following intrapleural injection, WGA-Alexa 488 was retrogradely transported to the phrenic nuclei and to the intercostal motor nuclei. Subsequently WGA-Alexa 488 was transsynaptically transported from the phrenic motoneurons to the pre-motor neurons in the rVRG that provide the descending drive to the phrenic neurons during inspiration. In addition WGA-Alexa 488 was identified in select cells of the NA confirmed by a dual label of both WGA-Alexa 488 and True blue.WGA-Alexa 488 demonstrates retrograde transsynaptic labeling following intrapleural injection whereas the previous method of injecting CTB-Alexa 488 only demonstrates retrograde labeling.Intrapleural injection of WGA-Alexa fluor conjugates is an effective method to transsynaptically label the phrenic motor system providing an alternative for the invasive laparotomy required for intradiaphragmatic injections. Furthermore, the study provides the first anatomical evidence of a direct synaptic relationship between rVRG and select NA cells.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.12.013}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. Electronic address: hgoshgar@med.wayne.edu.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165-0270(14)00434-8}, pmid = {25555356}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.12.013}, } @Article{Byers:2002, author = {Byers, C. T. and Fan, R. and Messina, A. and Morrison, W. A. and Galea, M. P.}, title = {Comparing the efficacy of two fluorescent retrograde tracers in labeling the motor and sensory neuron populations of the rat sciatic nerve.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {2002}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, pages = {159--164}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {We compared the efficacy with which the fluorescent tracers Fast Blue (FB) and Diamidino Yellow (DY) retrogradely label neutrons. Trace crystals were applied to the sciatic nerve exclusively (single label) or serially (double label). Unbiased cell counts showed that FB and DY label similar numbers of motoneurons (P=1.00, df 5) or DRG neurons (P=0.95, df 5) when applied exclusively. Plotting of motoneurons revealed a similar pattern of distribution of FB and DY labeled neurons. When the tracers were applied serially, 79\% of labeled motoneurons and 77\% of labeled DRG neurons were double-labeled irrespective of which tracer was applied first. Equal proportions of the remaining labeled neurons were single-labeled with FB or DY. These data show that FB and DY label equal numbers of motor and sensory neurons of the sciatic nerve following exclusive or serial application of tracers. These findings support the use of FB and DY together in serial fluorescent labeling experiments.}, doi = {10.1016/s0165-0270(01)00520-9}, institution = {School of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne, 200 Berkeley Street, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.}, keywords = {Amidines, analysis; Animals; Axonal Transport; Fluorescent Dyes, analysis; Ganglia, Spinal, chemistry/cytology; Male; Motor Neurons, chemistry; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sciatic Nerve, chemistry/cytology; Staining and Labeling, methods}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165027001005209}, pmid = {11856566}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Byers:1989, author = {Byers, M. R. and Dong, W. K.}, title = {Comparison of trigeminal receptor location and structure in the periodontal ligament of different types of teeth from the rat, cat, and monkey.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1989}, volume = {279}, number = {1}, pages = {117--127}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The periodontal ligament is richly innervated by mechanoreceptors whose cell bodies are located either in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) or the mesencephalic (MS) trigeminal nucleus. Both are sensitive to stretch of the ligament induced by tooth movement, but their thresholds, central connections, and functional significance differ. This study compared the location of TG and MS receptors in the periodontal ligament of cat teeth after labeling each by anterograde axonal transport. We also compared the location and ultrastructure of the feline TG receptors with labeled TG receptors in the periodontal ligament of monkey teeth and rat incisors in order to determine their location and ultrastructural properties. We found that the MS and TG receptors had a different distribution in the periodontal ligament of cat teeth; the MS terminals were concentrated below and next to the base of the roots, whereas the TG receptors were most numerous around the middle of the roots. The TG receptors of monkey teeth had a similar location to the feline TG receptors, but those of rat incisors were very different. Rat incisors are curved, continuously erupting teeth, and their TG receptors were located primarily on the lingual side in the alveolar (nonerupting) portion of the ligament. Ultrastructural comparisons found that most mechanoreceptors in the periodontal ligament of all the teeth had an unencapsulated branched Ruffini-like structure. The TG receptors in the rat incisor ligament were the largest; those of monkey had the most varied form. Some coiled or encapsulated receptors were found in the monkey and cat ligament, but not in the rat incisor ligament. The TG receptors appear to be located at sites that would be most easily stretched during tooth contact. The different sites and intensity of the stretch forces occurring during the use of different types of teeth may determine the variations in the size and location of the TG mechanoreceptors and of their associated support cells. The different distribution of MS receptors may contribute to their response thresholds and static properties, which differ from those of TG receptors.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902790110}, institution = {Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Cats; Haplorhini; Incisor, innervation; Leucine, diagnostic use; Mechanoreceptors, ultrastructure; Periodontal Ligament, innervation/ultrastructure; Proline, diagnostic use; Rats; Tooth, innervation; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2492311}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902790110}, } @Article{Byrnes:1996, author = {Byrnes, A. P. and MacLaren, R. E. and Charlton, H. M.}, title = {Immunological instability of persistent adenovirus vectors in the brain: peripheral exposure to vector leads to renewed inflammation, reduced gene expression, and demyelination.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1996}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {3045--3055}, month = {May}, abstract = {Nonreplicating adenovirus vectors are being developed as vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic genes in vivo. Whereas in many organs an antiviral T cell response eliminates the vector and damages local tissue, when adenovirus vectors are injected into the brain the subsequent immune attack can be ineffective, allowing the vector to persist. In the present study, E1-deleted human adenovirus vectors were injected into the caudate nucleus of rats. Two months later, expression of protein from the vector was still evident and little inflammation was seen. A subcutaneous injection of adenovirus vector at this time, however, led within 2 weeks to severe mononuclear inflammation and microglial activation in the caudate. This caused local demyelination and a decrease in detectable protein expression from the vector. Interestingly, intense microglial activation and numerous lymphocytes and monocytes were also seen in brain areas containing neurons capable of retrogradely transporting the adenovirus vector from the caudate. Control experiments established that this inflammation in distant brain areas was not a nonspecific consequence of degeneration. These experiments demonstrate that although adenovirus vectors can persist in the brain without causing chronic inflammation, they remain the potential target of a damaging cell-mediated immune response brought about by a subsequent peripheral exposure to vector. The finding of lymphocytes in brain areas that project to the caudate further shows that viral antigens that are retrogradely transported by neurons can also be the target of a T cell attack.}, institution = {Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae, genetics; Afferent Pathways, pathology; Animals; Antibody Formation; Brain, pathology/physiopathology/virology; Demyelinating Diseases, pathology/physiopathology/virology; Down-Regulation; Encephalitis, pathology/physiopathology/virology; Genes, MHC Class I, physiology; Genes, MHC Class II, physiology; Genetic Vectors, immunology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; beta-Galactosidase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8622134}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://jneurosci.org/content/16/9/3045}, } @Article{Byrum:1987, author = {C. E. Byrum and P. G. Guyenet}, title = {Afferent and efferent connections of the A5 noradrenergic cell group in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {261}, number = {4}, pages = {529--542}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The supraspinal afferent and efferent connections of the A5 noradrenergic cell group were examined in rats. Very small deposits of HRP-WGA were made in the rostral A5 area. Catecholamine histofluorescence techniques were used to confirm that the deposits overlapped the A5 column. Retrogradely labeled cells were present in the perifornical area and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, dorsal parabrachial area, intermediate and caudal portions of the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the ventral medullary reticular formation in the areas of the A1 and B1 cell groups. Anterograde HRP-WGA labeling was found in several areas of the subcortical CNS. The contribution of A5 neurons to this labeling was confirmed with retrogradely transported fluorescent latex microspheres combined with catecholamine histofluorescence techniques. The A5 cell group was found to have significant projections to the central nucleus of the amygdala, perifornical area of the hypothalamus, midbrain periaqueductal gray, parabrachial area, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Other A5 projections include the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and possibly the zona incerta and lateral and dorsal hypothalamic areas. In addition, A5 neurons may innervate the ventrolateral reticular formation of the medulla. Virtually all of the areas innervated by A5 noradrenergic neurons are involved in cardiovascular regulation. In addition, the A5 area receives afferent input from major cardiovascular regulatory centers of the supraspinal CNS. Thus the A5 cell group has the potential to exert a significant influence on the cardiovascular regulatory system.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902610406}, keywords = {Adrenergic Fibers; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Staining and Labeling, methods; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2440916}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902610406}, } @Article{Byrum:1984, author = {C. E. Byrum and R. Stornetta and P. G. Guyenet}, title = {Electrophysiological properties of spinally-projecting A5 noradrenergic neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {303}, number = {1}, pages = {15--29}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Spinally-projecting A5 neurons were studied with anatomical and electrophysiological techniques in the rat. A detailed study of the number and distribution of spinally-projecting catecholaminergic (CA) and non-catecholaminergic neurons present in a defined area of ventrolateral pontine reticular formation was performed using a sequential technique for the detection of CA fluorescence and retrogradely transported HRP. Using control animals and rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of spinal CA axons, it was concluded that up to 93\% of all noradrenergic (NE) neurons present in the area investigated send an axonal process to the thoracic spinal cord and that NE neurons constitute at least 90\% of all spinally-projecting neurons present in the same area. Single unit recordings of spinally-projecting neurons were obtained in the same area of the reticular formation in urethane-anesthetized, paralyzed and respirated rats. Based on the above-mentioned anatomical data, antidromic activation from thoracic spinal cord provided a necessary and sufficient criterion for the identification of A5 NE cells. These neurons had a conduction velocity of 2.5 m/s, a discharge rate of up to 4 spikes/s and all were inhibited by i.v. clonidine or desmethylimipramine (DMI). The inhibition produced by the latter drugs was always reversed by the alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists piperoxan or yohimbine. Antidromic (AD)-activation was followed by a period of inhibition whose duration was increased by raising the intensity of the stimulus or by administration of the NE-uptake inhibitor DMI. The effect of the latter was reversed by administration of the alpha-2 antagonist piperoxan.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90206-3}, keywords = {Animals; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Electrophysiology; Hydroxydopamines, pharmacology; Male; Neural Inhibition; Norepinephrine, physiology; Oxidopamine; Pons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha, physiology; Reticular Formation, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(84)90206-3}, pmid = {6329470}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Byun:2010, author = {Byun, Kyunghee and Oh, Jeehyun and Jo, Seung-Mook and Lee, Bonghee}, title = {The oxytocinergic neurons in hypothamo-hypophysial tract contributes to cns pathway innervating ovary in rat}, journal = {Korean journal of microscopy}, year = {2010}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {211-218}, abstract = {The mammalian ovary is innervated by sympathetic and sensory neurons which contribute to regulating several aspects of ovarian function, including blood flow, steroidogenesis and follicular development. The existence of a neural connection between central neurons and the ovary has been rarely reported, but the mechanism underlying integration of ovarian activity to broader neuroendocrine responses has not been reported. We have now used a viral transneuronal tracing technique combined with a conventional retrograde labeling procedure of CT-HRP to demonstrate that oxytocin-producing neurons of the hypothalamus are synaptically connected to the ovary. Since ovarian activity is suppressed but the activity of oxytocin neurons is increased during breast feeding. Our finding that the oxytocinergic neural connection is likely to provide a direct transsynaptic mechanism by which the central nervous system maintains the state of infertility that accompanies lactation in mammals.}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://astp.jst.go.jp/modules/search/DocumentDetail/1225-6773%2B%2540%2B_40_4_The%2BOxytocinergic%2BNeurons%2Bin%2BHypothamo-hypophysial%2BTract%2BContributes%2Bto%2BCNS%2BPathway%2BInnervating%2BOvary%2Bin%2BRat_%25EC%258B%259C%25EC%2583%2581%25ED%2595%2598%25EB%25B6%2580-%25EB%2587%258C%25ED%2595%2598%25EC%2588%2598%25EC%25B2%25B4%25EB%25A1%259C%2BOxytocin%25EC%258B%25A0%25EA%25B2%25BD%25EC%2584%25B8%25ED%258F%25AC%25EC%259D%2598%2B%25EB%2582%259C%25EC%2586%258C%25EB%25A1%259C%2B%25ED%2588%25AC%25EC%2582%25AC%25ED%2595%2598%25EB%258A%2594%2B%25EC%25A4%2591%25EC%25B6%2594%25EC%258B%25A0%25EA%25B2%25BD%25EB%25A1%259C%25EC%2597%2590%2B%25EA%25B4%2580%25ED%2595%259C%2B%25EC%2597%25B0%25EA%25B5%25AC}, } @Article{Caballero-Bleda:1993, author = {M. Caballero-Bleda and M. P. Witter}, title = {Regional and laminar organization of projections from the presubiculum and parasubiculum to the entorhinal cortex: an anterograde tracing study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1993}, volume = {328}, number = {1}, pages = {115--129}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The regional and laminar organization of the projections from the presubiculum and the parasubiculum to the entorhinal cortex was analyzed in the rat with the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). The projections from the presubiculum were bilateral and confined to layers III and I of the medial entorhinal area (MEA). Both the ispi- and the contralateral projections showed similar distributions and were almost of equal density. Projections to layer III of the entorhinal cortex arose predominantly from superficial layers of the presubiculum, whereas the fibers that reach layer I of the entorhinal cortex appear to originate preferentially from the deep layers of the presubiculum. These fibers also appeared to innervate weakly layer II of MEA. The parasubiculum distributed projections not only to MEA but also to the lateral entorhinal area (LEA), innervating layer II selectively. The innervation of LEA was quite dense and extensive. Very weak projections from the parasubiculum to the contralateral entorhinal cortex were observed in this study. The position of the terminal plexus in the entorhinal cortex was determined by the point of origin along both the dorsoventral and transverse or proximodistal axes of the presubiculum and parasubiculum. Projections from the presubiculum and parasubiculum entered the entorhinal cortex at the level of the injection, or slightly ventral to it, and the main terminal field was always present ventrally to the injection site. The dorsoventral axis of origin thus corresponded to a similarly oriented axis of termination in the entorhinal cortex. The distribution in relation to the origin along the transverse axis was more complex, and differences between the presubiculum and parasubiculum were present. The proximal presubiculum, i.e., the part closest to the subiculum, projected to the most lateral part of MEA and the central part of the presubiculum sent fibers to the most medial part of MEA. The distal part of the presubiculum, i.e., the part that borders the parasubiculum, projected to the central part of MEA. Projections from the portion of the parasubiculum directly adjacent to the presubiculum, the so-called proximal parasubiculum, reached medial parts of MEA, and those originating in the central part distributed preferentially to lateral parts of MEA and adjacent medial parts of LEA. The distal part of the parasubiculum that borders the entorhinal cortex projected mainly to almost the full mediolateral extent of LEA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903280109}, institution = {Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Injections; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Wistar, anatomy /&/ histology; Terminology as Topic}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8429124}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903280109}, } @Article{Caballero-Bleda:1994, author = {M. Caballero-Bleda and M. P. Witter}, title = {Projections from the presubiculum and the parasubiculum to morphologically characterized entorhinal-hippocampal projection neurons in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1994}, volume = {101}, number = {1}, pages = {93--108}, abstract = {The relations between the inputs from the presubiculum and the parasubiculum and the cells in the entorhinal cortex that give rise to the perforant pathway have been studied in the rat at the light microscopical level. Projections from the presubiculum and the parasubiculum were labeled anterogradely, and, in the same animal, cells in the entorhinal cortex that project to the hippocampal formation were labeled by retrograde tracing and subsequent intracellular filling with Lucifer Yellow. The distribution and the number of appositions between the afferent fibers and hippocampal-projection neurons in the various layers of the entorhinal cortex were analyzed. The results show that layers I-IV of the entorhinal cortex contain neurons that give rise to projections to the hippocampal formation. The morphology of these projection neurons is highly variable and afferents from the presubiculum and the parasubiculum do not show a preference for any specific morphological cell type. Both inputs preferentially innervate the dendrites of their target cells. However, presubicular and parasubicular projections differ with respect to the layer of entorhinal cortex they project to. The number of appositions of presubicular afferents with cells that have their cell bodies in layer III of the entorhinal cortex is 2-3 times higher than with cells in layer II. In contrast, afferents from the parasubiculum form at least 2-3 times as many synapses on the dendrites of cells located in layer II than on neurons that have their cell bodies in layer III. Cells in layers I and IV of the entorhinal cortex receive weak inputs from the presubiculum and parasubiculum. Not only is the presubiculum different from the parasubiculum with respect to the distribution of projections to the entorhinal cortex, they also differ in their afferent and efferent connections. In turn, cells in layer II of the entorhinal cortex differ in their electrophysiological characteristics from those in layer III. Moreover, layer II neurons give rise to the projections to the dentate gyrus and field CA3/CA2 of the hippocampus proper, and cells in layer III project to field CA1 and the subiculum. Therefore, we propose that the interactions of the entorhinal-hippocampal network with the presubiculum are different from those with the parasubiculum.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00243220}, institution = {Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Entorhinal Cortex, cytology/physiology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology; Isoquinolines; Neurons, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7843307}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cabot:1994, author = {Cabot, J. B. and Alessi, V. and Carroll, J. and Ligorio, M.}, title = {Spinal cord lamina V and lamina VII interneuronal projections to sympathetic preganglionic neurons.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1994}, volume = {347}, number = {4}, pages = {515--530}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {This light and electron microscopic study sought to localize spinal cord interneurons that contribute to the normal and abnormal physiological regulation of spinal sympathetic preganglionic function. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons in caudal C8 through T4 of rat spinal cord were retrogradely labeled with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and/or cholera beta subunit (CT beta) following injections into the superior cervical ganglion (SCG). With two exceptions, the observed locations of retrogradely WGA- and CT beta-labeled sympathetic preganglionic neurons were as expected from previous studies. The exceptions were restricted populations of cells in caudal C8 and rostral T1 spinal segments. These neurons were classified as ventrolateral (vlSPN) and ventromedial (vmSPN) sympathetic preganglionic neurons; their somata and dendrites encircled dorsolateral lamina IX motoneurons. Only WGA was transported transneuronally following the retrograde labeling of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Transneuronally WGA-labeled spinal interneurons were located principally in the reticulated division of lamina V and dorsolateral lamina VII. A strict segmental organization was observed. All transneuronally labeled interneurons were ipsilateral to, and coextensive with, retrogradely WGA-labeled sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Electron microscopic observations suggested that retrograde transsynaptic passage of WGA occurred within the sympathetic preganglionic neuropil and showed further that similar classes of organelles were WGA immunoreactive in retrogradely labeled sympathetic preganglionic neurons and in transneuronally labeled lamina V and lamina VII neurons: 1) cisternae and vesicles at the trans face of the Golgi apparatus, 2) large endosomes/dense bodies, and 3) multivesicular bodies. The data are consistent with two hypotheses: 1) Somatic and visceral primary afferent inputs to thoracic spinal cord modify segmental sympathetic preganglionic function through activation of a disynaptic pathway involving lamina V and/or lamina VII interneurons, and 2) long-loop propriospinal pathways access sympathetic preganglionic neurons through symmetrical, segmental interneuronal circuitry.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903470404}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, State University of New York at Stony Brook 11794.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, cytology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, physiology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7814672}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903470404}, } @Article{Cabot:1995, author = {Cabot, J. B. and Bushnell, A. and Alessi, V. and Mendell, N. R.}, title = {Postsynaptic gephyrin immunoreactivity exhibits a nearly one-to-one correspondence with gamma-aminobutyric acid-like immunogold-labeled synaptic inputs to sympathetic preganglionic neurons.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {356}, number = {3}, pages = {418--432}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Peripheral regulation of cardiovascular function is fundamentally influenced by central excitation and inhibition of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in thoracic spinal cord. This electron microscopy study investigated whether the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic and glycinergic inhibitory innervation of sympathetic preganglionic neurons arises from mutually exclusive afferent populations. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons were retrogradely labeled with cholera beta subunit. GABAergic terminals were identified using strict quantitative statistical analyses as those boutons containing significantly elevated levels of GABA-like immunogold labeling (GABA+). Glycinergic terminals were classified as those boutons opposite postsynaptic gephyrin immunostaining containing background levels of GABA-like immunogold labeling (gephyrin+/GABA- association). Approximately 43\% of the synaptic terminals that contacted sympathetic preganglionic somata and proximal dendrites and that were opposite gephyrin were GABA-; the remaining 57\% were GABA+. Only two GABA+ boutons (4\%) that synapsed on identified sympathetic preganglionic neuron (SPN) processes were not opposite gephyrin immunostaining (GABA+/gephyrin- association). GABA-/gephyrin+ associations were anticipated given prior anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological data. The observed nearly one-to-one correspondence between postsynaptic gephyrin immunoreactivity and GABA+ boutons was unexpected. Prior physiological and pharmacological experiments suggest that the postsynaptic effects of GABAergic inputs to sympathetic preganglionic neurons are mediated by activation of GABAA receptors. Those data, the present results, and other molecular, biochemical, and anatomical studies of gephyrin in the central nervous system (CNS) are consistent with two hypotheses: 1) Postsynaptic gephyrin is associated with GABAA receptors in the membranes of sympathetic preganglionic neurons, and 2) GABA+/gephyrin+ associations do not necessarily predict colocalization of GABA and glycine within single boutons synapsing on sympathetic preganglionic somata and dendrites.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903560309}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, State University of New York at Stony Brook 11794-5230, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, cytology; Carrier Proteins, analysis; Ganglia, Sympathetic, cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Membrane Proteins, analysis; Nerve Endings, chemistry; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, chemistry; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7642803}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903560309}, } @Article{Cadusseau:1985, author = {J. Cadusseau and M. Roger}, title = {Afferent projections to the superior colliculus in the rat, with special attention to the deep layers.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1985}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {667--681}, abstract = {Sources of afferent projections to the superior colliculus (SC) of the rat were determined by means of the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. The experiments were conducted first to provide a comprehensive map of all the brain structures which supply input to the SC, and secondly to pinpoint the sources of afferents to the deep collicular layers. Experiments conducted after large HRP deposits invading almost all the collicular layers resulted in the labeling of visual centers (cortical areas 17, 18 and 18a, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, nucleus of the posterior commissure, nucleus of the optic tract, anterior and olivary pretectal nuclei, parabigeminal nucleus); somatosensory centers (cortical area SmI, principal and spinal tract trigeminal nuclei) auditory centers (auditory cortex, inferior colliculus and nuclei of the lateral lemniscus) and various other centers (zona incerta, substantia nigra, cingulate and motor cortices, and some hypothalamic, thalamic, pontine reticular and deep cerebellar nuclei). Deposits limited to the deep SC layers resulted in the labeling of a smaller number of structures: visual centers (cortical area 18a, nucleus of the posterior commissure, parabigeminal nucleus); somatosensory centers (cortical area SmI, principal and spinal tract trigeminal nuclei); auditory centers (inferior colliculus, nuclei of the lateral lemniscus); and various other centers (zona incerta, substantia nigra, cingulate cortex, some hypothalamic nuclei, posterior thalamic nucleus, central gray, cuneiformis and subcuneiformis nuclei, pontine reticular nucleus pars oralis). The pattern of the afferent connections to the rat's SC appears identical to the general plan of organization in mammals; the sources of afferents are extensive and allow the SC to be influenced by multisensory, limbic and even motor-related systems.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {4093595}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cadusseau:1985a, author = {Cadusseau, J. and Roger, M.}, title = {[Description of a reciprocal connection between the zona incerta and the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus. Anatomic study in rats].}, journal = {C R Acad Sci III}, year = {1985}, volume = {300}, number = {17}, pages = {643--646}, abstract = {This study describes a large reciprocal connection between zona incerta and posterior nucleus of the thalamus in the rat. The incerto-thalamic contingent of fibers arises essentially from pars caudalis of the ZI and is directed towards the caudal three quarters of the PT. The thalamo-incertal bundle originates from the central portion of the PT and is mainly directed to pars caudalis of the ZI.}, keywords = {Animals; Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Axonal Transport; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats}, language = {fre}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2427174}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cadusseau:1988, author = {J. Cadusseau and M. Roger}, title = {Description of a large projection from the mesodiencephalic junction to the rostral red nucleus. An anatomical study in the rat and in the cat.}, journal = {Behav Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {28}, number = {1-2}, pages = {81--86}, abstract = {Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to HRP (WGA-HRP) were deposited in the rostral pole (Rpc) of the red nucleus in 6 rats and 5 cats. In the rat, a zone of dense retrograde cell labeling and of diffuse axonal labeling occurred in the sub-pretectal area, a region which corresponds to the posterior thalamic nucleus (PT) of Bold et al. (Brain Research, 12 (1984) 521-527). In the cat, a similar retrograde and anterograde pattern of labeling was observed. The labeled area extended from the deep pretectum up to the diencephalon above the dorsomedial aspect of the ventral posterior thalamic nucleus. In a second set of experiments, 14 rats received a tracer injection (HRP, WGA-HRP or Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin) in the sub-pretectal area. The resultant pattern of labeling consisted in a heavy anterograde terminal labeling within the Rpc of the red nucleus. Sparse retrograde cell labeling also occurred in the Rpc.}, doi = {10.1016/0166-4328(88)90081-2}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, C.N.R.S. UA 290, Poitiers, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Cats; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Red Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0166-4328(88)90081-2}, pmid = {3382523}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cadusseau:1990, author = {J. Cadusseau and M. Roger}, title = {Distribution of the efferent projections of the rat posterior thalamic nucleus as revealed by Phaseolus vulgaris immunohistochemistry.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1990}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {459--465}, abstract = {Following iontophoretic injection of Phaseolus vulgaris in the rat posterior thalamic nucleus (PT) dense terminal fields were labeled in the ipsilateral red nucleus, zona incerta, intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, pretectum, basilar pontine gray, and dorsal pole of the caudal division of the ventral lateral thalamic nucleus. Several other structures were more sparsely labeled; the reticular gigantocellular and pontine oral nuclei, nucleus of the mesencephalic tract of the trigeminal nerve, deep mesencephalic and posterior hypothalamic nuclei and the rostral part of the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus. The motor and, to a lesser extent, somatosensory cortices were labeled only following tracer injection in the rostral PT. The posterior thalamic nucleus thus projects to several centers primarily treating somatosensory and/or nociceptive messages, and to precerebellar and motor nuclei. Since a previous study has established that the PT also receives a major somatosensory and/or nociceptive input (Roger and Cadusseau, 1984), a non-specific, modulatory role of the PT is therefore proposed in the treatment of some aspects of somatosensory and/or nociceptive information.}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, CNRS: URA 290 Faculté des Sciences, Poitiers, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1701466}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cadusseau:1991, author = {Cadusseau, J. and Roger, M.}, title = {Cortical and subcortical connections of the pars compacta of the anterior pretectal nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {83--100}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The efferent and afferent connections of the dorsal part of the anterior pretectal nucleus, pars compacta (APc), were studied experimentally in the rat by using neurotracers. A restricted number of structures supply afferents to the anterior pretectal nucleus: the visual cortex (areas 17, 18 and 18a), ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and superficial layers of the superior colliculus. Additional afferents have been demonstrated originating from the Darkschewitsch nucleus, periaqueductal gray, zona incerta and anterior cingulate cortex. Efferent fibers are distributed to a sector of the deep mesencephalic nucleus just dorsolateral to the red nucleus, the basilar pontine gray, posterior and olivary pretectal nuclei, superficial layers of the superior colliculus, lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and zona incerta. These anatomical observations indicate that the pars compacta of the anterior pretectal nucleus is closely related to visual centers, suggesting an involvement of this nucleus in visually mediated behavior.}, doi = {10.1016/0168-0102(91)90102-5}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, CNRS: URA 290, Poitiers, France.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rhombencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0168-0102(91)90102-5}, pmid = {1721119}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Caffe:1987, author = {A. R. Caffé and F. W. van Leeuwen and P. G. Luiten}, title = {Vasopressin cells in the medial amygdala of the rat project to the lateral septum and ventral hippocampus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {261}, number = {2}, pages = {237--252}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The rat brain contains a large number of vasopressin (VP) immunoreactive fibers, the sites of origin of which have not yet been established completely. For instance, the sources of VP fiber systems in the amygdala, ventral hippocampus (VH), mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, ventral tegmental area, and dorsal raphe yet remain obscure. These VP fibers may originate in any of the recently described extrahypothalamic VP cell groups, viz., medial amygdaloid nucleus (AME), dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, or locus coeruleus, since VP efferents from these cells still remain to be demonstrated. In search of AME VP efferents three approaches were followed: (1) the Phaseolus vulgaris anterograde tracing method, (2) immunocytochemistry after AME lesioning, and (3) retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye in combination with immunofluorescence. The results demonstrate that VP cells in the AME project to (1) the lateral septum (LS) by the ventral amygdalofugal pathway and (2) the VH via the amygdalohippocampal transition zone. In addition, the VP projection from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) to the LS was confirmed. There was no indication that VP cells in the AME project through the amygdalotegmental pathway to the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. The results support the possibility that the BST and AME are an anatomical entity that may be part of the central loci controlling sexual processes in the rat.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902610206}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Animals; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology; Vasopressins, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3305600}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902610206}, } @Article{Cai:2007a, author = {Cai, Yi-Ling and Ma, Wen-Ling and Li, Min and Guo, Jun-Sheng and Li, Yi-Qian and Wang, Li-Gang and Wang, Wei-Zhong}, title = {Glutamatergic vestibular neurons express Fos after vestibular stimulation and project to the NTS and the PBN in rats.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {2007}, volume = {417}, number = {2}, pages = {132--137}, month = {May}, abstract = {In this study, retrograde tracing method combined with phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) and Fos immunofluorescence histochemistry was used to identify glutamatergic vestibular nucleus (VN) neurons receiving vestibular inputs and projecting to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the parabrachial nucleus (PBN). Conscious animals were subjected to 120 min Ferris-wheel like rotation stimulation. Neuronal activation was assessed by Fos expression in the nucleus of VN neurons. After Fluoro-gold (FG) injection into the caudal NTS, approximately 48\% FG-labeled VN neurons were immunoreactive for PAG, and about 14\% PAG/FG double-labeled neurons co-existed with Fos. Following FG injection into the PBN, approximately 56\% FG-labeled VN neurons were double-labeled with PAG, and about 12\% of the PAG/FG double-labeled neurons also expressed Fos. Careful examination of the typology and distribution pattern of these PAG-immunoreactive neurons indicated that the vast majority of these neurons were glutamatergic rather than GABAergic. These results suggest that PAG-immunoreactive VN neurons might constitute excitatory glutamatergic VN-NTS and VN-PBN transmission pathways and these pathways might be involved in vestibulo-autonomic reflexes during vestibular stimulation.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neulet.2007.01.079}, institution = {Department of Military Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China. yilingcai1@sohu.com}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Brain Mapping; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Motion Sickness, metabolism/physiopathology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rotation; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Stilbamidines; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Vestibule, Labyrinth, physiology; Visceral Afferents, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(07)00098-5}, pmid = {17412503}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2007.01.079}, } @Article{Cai:2008, author = {Cai, Yi-Ling and Ma, Wen-Ling and Wang, Jun-Qin and Li, Yi-Qian and Li, Min}, title = {Excitatory pathways from the vestibular nuclei to the NTS and the PBN and indirect vestibulo-cardiovascular pathway from the vestibular nuclei to the RVLM relayed by the NTS.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2008}, volume = {1240}, pages = {96--104}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Previous studies have confirmed the existence of vestibulo-sympathetic pathways in the central nervous system. However, the exact pathways and neurotransmitters underlying this reflex are unclear. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether the vestibulo-cardiovascular responses are a result of activated glutamate receptors in the caudal vestibular nucleus. We also attempt to verify the indirect excitatory pathways from the vestibular nucleus (VN) to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) using a tracing method combined with a vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluTs) immunofluorescence. In anesthetized rats, unilateral injection of l-glutamate (5 nmol) into the medial vestibular nucleus (MVe) and spinal vestibular nucleus (SpVe) slightly increased the mean arterial pressure (MVe: 93.29+/-11.58 to 96.30+/-11.66, SpVe: 91.72+/-15.20 to 95.48+/-17.16). Local pretreatment with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist MK-801 (2 nmol) significantly attenuated the pressor effect of L-glutamate injected into the MVe compared to the contralateral self-control. After injection of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the MVe and SpVe, and fluorogold (FG) into the RVLM, some BDA-labeled fibres and terminals in the nucleus of solitary tract (NTS) and the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) were immunoreactive for VGluT1 and VGluT2. Several BDA-labeled fibres were closely apposed to FG-labeled neurons in the NTS. These results suggested that activation of caudal vestibular nucleus neurons could induce pressor response and NMDA receptors might contribute to this response in the MVe. The glutamatergic VN-NTS and VN-PBN pathways might exist, and the projections from the VN to the RVLM relayed by the NTS comprise an indirect vestibulo-cardiovascular pathway in the brain stem.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.093}, institution = {Department of Military Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China. yilingcai1@sohu.com}, keywords = {Animals; Blood Pressure, drug effects/physiology; Dizocilpine Maleate, administration /&/ dosage; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, administration /&/ dosage; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Glutamic Acid, administration /&/ dosage; Immunohistochemistry; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Medulla Oblongata, drug effects/physiology; Microscopy, Confocal; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins, metabolism; Vestibular Nuclei, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(08)02157-4}, pmid = {18809392}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.093}, } @Article{Caicedo:1993, author = {A. Caicedo and H. Herbert}, title = {Topography of descending projections from the inferior colliculus to auditory brainstem nuclei in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1993}, volume = {328}, number = {3}, pages = {377--392}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {We examined the organization of descending projections from the inferior colliculus (IC) to auditory brainstem nuclei and to pontine and reticular nuclei in the rat by employing the anterograde axonal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Small PHA-L injections into cytologically defined subnuclei of the IC revealed that each subnucleus has a unique pattern of efferent projections. The central nucleus of the IC projects in a topographic order to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DLL), the rostral periolivary nucleus (RPO), the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB), and the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). It is assumed that this topography represents a cochleotopic arrangement. The external cortex of the IC projects to the nucleus sagulum (Sag), the RPO, the VNTB, and the DCN. Minor projections were found to pontine and reticular nuclei. Efferent fibers from the dorsal cortex of the IC terminate mainly in the Sag, while other nuclei of the auditory and extra-auditory brainstem receive only minor projections. The intercollicular zone sends a moderate number of fibers to the DLL and very few, if any, to the remaining auditory brainstem nuclei. In contrast, fairly strong projections from the intercollicular zone to the reticular formation were found. The present data demonstrate that the four subnuclei of the IC have a differential pattern of descending projections to nuclei in the pontine and medullary brainstem. These parallel colliculofugal pathways, assumed to belong to functionally separate circuits, may modulate auditory processing at different levels of the auditory neuraxis.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903280305}, institution = {Department of Animal Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Microinjections; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7680052}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903280305}, } @Article{Caicedo:2004, author = {Caicedo, Alejandro and Zucchi, Benedetta and Pereira, Elizabeth and Roper, Stephen D.}, title = {Rat gustatory neurons in the geniculate ganglion express glutamate receptor subunits.}, journal = {Chem Senses}, year = {2004}, volume = {29}, number = {6}, pages = {463--471}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Taste receptor cells are innervated by primary gustatory neurons that relay sensory information to the central nervous system. The transmitter(s) at synapses between taste receptor cells and primary afferent fibers is (are) not yet known. By analogy with other sensory organs, glutamate might a transmitter in taste buds. We examined the presence of AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits in rat gustatory primary neurons in the ganglion that innervates the anterior tongue (geniculate ganglion). AMPA and NMDA type subunits were immunohistochemically detected with antibodies against GluR1, GluR2, GluR2/3, GluR4 and NR1 subunits. Gustatory neurons were specifically identified by retrograde tracing with fluorogold from injections made into the anterior portion of the tongue. Most gustatory neurons in the geniculate ganglion were strongly immunoreactive for GluR2/3 (68\%), GluR4 (78\%) or NR1 (71\%). GluR1 was seen in few cells (16\%). We further examined if glutamate receptors were present in the peripheral terminals of primary gustatory neurons in taste buds. Many axonal varicosities in fungiform and vallate taste buds were immunoreactive for GluR2/3 but not for NR1. We conclude that gustatory neurons express glutamate receptors and that glutamate receptors of the AMPA type are likely targeted to synapses within taste buds.}, doi = {10.1093/chemse/bjh048}, institution = {of Medicine, 1638 NW 10th Avenue, William L. McKnight Vision Research Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA. acaicedo@chroma.med.miami.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Geniculate Ganglion, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, metabolism; Protein Subunits, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA, biosynthesis; Receptors, Glutamate, biosynthesis; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, biosynthesis; Taste; Taste Buds, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {29/6/463}, pmid = {15269118}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjh048}, } @Article{Calaminici:1993, author = {M. Calaminici and F. A. Abdulla and J. D. Sinden and J. D. Stephenson}, title = {Direct evidence for axonal outgrowth from cholinergic grafts to cholinergically-deafferented rat cortex.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, year = {1993}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {585--587}, month = {May}, abstract = {True Blue, a retrograde fluorescent tracer, was used to investigate axonal outgrowth after grafting embryonic forebrain cholinergic tissue into the cholinergically-deafferented rat frontal cortex. Unilateral deafferentation was achieved by injecting alpha-amino-3-OH-4-isoxozole propionic acid (AMPA) into the ipsilateral nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Grafting occurred 3 weeks after the lesion. Eight to 10 weeks later, True Blue was injected bilaterally into the cortex at a superficial site which, on the transplanted side, was located at least 2 mm away from the transplant. Forty-eight h later, retrogradely labelled fluorescent neurones could be seen in the deepest part of the transplants. Some of these neurones were shown to be ChAt-positive, providing evidence of axonal outgrowth from transplanted cholinergic neurones into cholinergically-deafferented frontal cortex.}, doi = {10.1097/00001756-199305000-00032}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, pharmacology; Animals; Axons, physiology; Basal Ganglia, cytology/drug effects; Benzofurans; Brain Tissue Transplantation; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development; Fetal Tissue Transplantation; Fluorescent Dyes; Frontal Lobe, cytology/growth /&/ development; Histocytochemistry; Ibotenic Acid, analogs /&/ derivatives/toxicity; Male; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/growth /&/ development; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7685643}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Calarco:1995, author = {C. A. Calarco and R. T. Robertson}, title = {Development of basal forebrain projections to visual cortex: DiI studies in rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {354}, number = {4}, pages = {608--626}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {We performed experiments using retrograde and anterograde labeling with DiI to examine the development of basal forebrain (BFB) projections to the visual cortex in postnatal rats. DiI placed in occipital cortex led to retrograde labeling of BFB neurons as early as postnatal day 0 (P0); labeled cells were found mainly in the diagonal band complex but also in the medial septum, globus pallidus, and substantia innominata. The retrogradely labeled BFB cells displayed remarkably well-developed dendritic arbors, even in younger animals, and showed increases in soma size, dendritic arbors, and dendritic spines over the first 2 postnatal weeks. DiI placements in the diagonal band led to anterogradely labeled axons in cortex. At early ages (P0-P1), labeled axons were largely confined to white matter. With increasing age, greater numbers of labeled axons were seen in the white matter and in deep cortical layers, and labeled axons extended into superficial layers. The leading edge of labeled fibers reached layer V of visual cortex by P2 and layer IV by P4 and were found throughout the cortical layers by P6. Numbers and densities of labeled axons in visual cortex were greater in older animals, at least through P14. The time of ingrowth of labeled BFB axons into visual cortex indicates that these afferents grow into particular cortical layers after those layers have differentiated from the cortical plate. These data indicate that basal forebrain projections arrive in occipital cortex after cortical lamination is well underway and after the entry of primary thalamocortical projections.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903540409}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Carbocyanines; Dendrites, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Phenotype; Prosencephalon, growth /&/ development; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Visual Cortex, growth /&/ development; Visual Pathways, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7608340}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903540409}, } @Article{Calderazzo:1996, author = {L. Calderazzo and E. A. Cavalheiro and G. Macchi and M. Molinari and M. Bentivoglio}, title = {Branched connections to the septum and to the entorhinal cortex from the hippocampus, amygdala, and diencephalon in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1996}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {245--251}, abstract = {Neuronal cell populations giving origin to bifurcating projections to the septum and the entorhinal cortex were studied in the rat by means of double retrograde labeling using the fluorescent tracers Fast Blue and Diamidino Yellow. Double labeled pyramidal neurons were consistently detected in the temporal level of the CA1 area and subiculum of the hippocampal formation, where they represented at least 50\% of the cells retrogradely labeled from the entorhinal injections. Double labeled neurons were also detected in the amygdala, where they prevailed in the basal complex. Scattered double labeled neurons were observed in a number of hypothalamic nuclei, with a slight predominance in the preoptic region. Finally, a few double labeled cells were detected in the midline thalamus, and especially in the thalamic paraventricular nucleus. In all these structures, double labeled neurons were located ispilaterally to the injection sites. The present data indicate that the septum and entorhinal cortex are tightly interconnected by axonal bifurcations deriving from a variety of telencephalic and diencephalic sources.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(96)00033-0}, institution = {Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina, Brazil.}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Entorhinal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(96)00033-0}, pmid = {8842407}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Calizo:2002, author = {Lyngine H Calizo and Loretta M Flanagan-Cato}, title = {Estrogen-induced dendritic spine elimination on female rat ventromedial hypothalamic neurons that project to the periaqueductal gray.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2002}, volume = {447}, number = {3}, pages = {234--248}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) that project to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) form a crucial segment of the motor pathway that produces the lordosis posture, the hallmark of female rat sexual behavior. One suggested mechanism through which estrogen facilitates lordosis is by remodeling synaptic connectivity within the VMH. For instance, estrogen alters VMH dendritic spine density. Little is known, however, about the local VMH microcircuitry governing lordosis nor how estrogen alters synaptic connectivity within this local circuit to facilitate sexual behavior. The goal of this study was to define better the neuron types within the VMH microcircuitry and to examine whether estrogen alters synaptic connectivity, as measured by dendritic spine density, on VMH projection neurons. A retrograde tracer was injected into the PAG of ovariectomized rats treated with vehicle or estradiol. Retrogradely labeled VMH neurons were filled with Lucifer yellow, then immunostained for estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha). VMH neurons that project to the PAG had more dendrites than functionally unidentified neurons. Additionally, VMH projection neurons could be subdivided into those located within the cluster of ER alpha-containing neurons and those medial to the cluster. Estrogen decreased spine density by 57\% on the long primary dendrites of VMH projection neurons located within the ER alpha cluster but not on projection neurons medial to the cluster. Only 4\% of the VMH projection neurons expressed ER alpha. These results suggest that estrogen may facilitate sexual behavior by decreasing spines selectively, via an indirect mechanism, on a subset of VMH neurons that project to the PAG.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10223}, institution = {Institute of Neurological Sciences, Department of Neurocience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. lcalizo@mail.med.upenn.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Size, drug effects/physiology; Dendrites, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; Estrogen Receptor alpha; Estrogens, metabolism/pharmacology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Isoquinolines, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Neuronal Plasticity, drug effects/physiology; Ovariectomy; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Posture, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Receptors, Estrogen, metabolism; Sexual Behavior, Animal, drug effects/physiology; Synapses, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11984818}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10223}, } @Article{Calizo:2003, author = {Lyngine H Calizo and Loretta M Flanagan-Cato}, title = {Hormonal-neural integration in the female rat ventromedial hypothalamus: triple labeling for estrogen receptor-alpha, retrograde tract tracing from the periaqueductal gray, and mating-induced Fos expression.}, journal = {Endocrinology}, year = {2003}, volume = {144}, number = {12}, pages = {5430--5440}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The lordosis reflex, a stereotypic posture adopted by female rats during sexual behavior, requires the convergence of a hormonal signal, estrogen, with a descending neural pathway from the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH). The VMH contains at least three lordosis-relevant neural populations: estrogen receptor-alpha immunoreactive (ERalpha-IR) neurons, VMH neurons that project to the periaqueductal gray (PAG), and neurons that are ERalpha-IR and project to the PAG. Expression of Fos, a marker for neuronal activation, is increased in the VMH after mating. However, it is unknown which, if any, of these lordosis-relevant populations is activated. The majority of ERalpha-IR and projection neurons were not colocalized. Of the Fos-positive neurons, 41\% neither contained ERalpha nor projected to the PAG, and 35\% contained ERalpha but did not project to the PAG. Only 25\% of Fos-positive neurons projected to the PAG, including projection neurons that expressed ERalpha. Our results suggest that mating activates several distinct VMH neuron types. However, ERalpha-IR neurons are activated to a greater extent compared with the PAG-projecting neurons.}, doi = {10.1210/en.2003-0331}, institution = {Institute of Neurological Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Estrogen Receptor alpha; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Neural Pathways; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology; Posture; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Estrogen, analysis/physiology; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology; Stilbamidines; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, chemistry/cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {en.2003-0331}, pmid = {12960097}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0331}, } @Article{Callsen-Cencic:1997, author = {Callsen-Cencic, P. and Mense, S.}, title = {Expression of neuropeptides and nitric oxide synthase in neurones innervating the inflamed rat urinary bladder.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, year = {1997}, volume = {65}, number = {1}, pages = {33--44}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Micturition reflexes become hyperexcitable with the development of a cystitis. In the present study the question is addressed, whether alterations in the expression of neuropeptides and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the neuronal pathways to the bladder may be involved in the hyperexcitability. Primary sensory neurones in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) L1, L2, L6 and S1 as well as postganglionic efferent neurones in the major pelvic ganglia (MPG) that innervate the rat urinary bladder were labeled with retrogradely transported Fast Blue (FB). Immunocytochemical techniques were used to determine alterations in the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), galanin (GAL) and NOS in these neurones following mustard oil-induced inflammation of the urinary bladder. Instillation of 2.5\% mustard oil into the bladder led to a massive leukocyte infiltration of the vesical tissues, partial damage of the mucosal layer and a marked hyperreflexia of the detrusor muscle. 48 h after induction of the cystitis the proportion of FB-labeled bladder afferent neurones that expressed CGRP and SP were significantly increased in both the rostral lumbar DRGs (L1, L2) and the lumbosacral DRGs (L6, S1) (CGRP, +15-38\%; SP, +47-158\%) as compared to control animals. However, there was a differential effect of the inflammation on the expression of GAL and NOS in bladder afferents at the two segmental levels examined. Significant alterations in the number of FB-labeled afferents exhibiting GAL immunoreactivity were mainly restricted to the lumbosacral DRGs L6 (+169\%) and S1 (+60\%). On the contrary, the proportion of NOS-immunoreactive bladder afferents significantly increased only in the rostral lumbar DRGs L1 (+144\%) and L2 (+193\%), while the level of NOS-expression was unaffected at the lumbosacral levels. Inflammation furthermore induced a significant increase (+275\%) in the number of FB-labeled neurones in the MPGs that exhibited NOS immunoreactivity. These results indicate that an upregulation of CGRP-, SP-, GAL- and NOS-synthesis in sensory and efferent neurones is involved in the response to an acute cystitis. Because of the differences in the segmental pattern and degree of upregulation of these substances in bladder afferents that project to the rostral lumbar and lumbosacral spinal cord a different regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent outflow to the urinary bladder is suggested. The involvement of CGRP, SP, GAL and NOS in the modulation of both excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms that control the cystitis-induced detrusor hyperreflexia is discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/s0165-1838(97)00032-5}, institution = {Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Anatomie und Zelibiologie III, Heidelberg, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Cystitis, chemically induced/metabolism/pathology; Electrophysiology; Ganglia, Autonomic, metabolism; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, enzymology/metabolism; Neuropeptides, biosynthesis; Nitric Oxide Synthase, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Urinary Bladder, enzymology/innervation/metabolism; Urination, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165183897000325}, pmid = {9258870}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Camacho:1981, author = {Camacho, A. and Phillips, M. I.}, title = {Horseradish peroxidase study in rat of the neural connections of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1981}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {201--204}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Using highly localized injections by a transbuccal approach a study of the afferent and efferent connections of the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) methods was carried out. The results showed that the OVLT has direct connections to several hypothalamic nuclei (anterior, preoptic, lateral preoptic, ventromedial nucleus) and to extrahypothalamic (central gray, locus coeruleus, subfornical organ) regions. There was not a direct projection from the supraoptic nucleus. Some of these connections may be involved in the functional actions of the OVLT observed after central injections of angiotensin II.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(81)90391-8}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Brain, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Hippocampus, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Hypothalamus, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Optic Chiasm, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septum Pellucidum, physiology; Subfornical Organ, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7290524}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cameron:1995a, author = {Cameron, A. A. and Khan, I. A. and Westlund, K. N. and Cliffer, K. D. and Willis, W. D.}, title = {The efferent projections of the periaqueductal gray in the rat: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study. I. Ascending projections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {351}, number = {4}, pages = {568--584}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {This study has examined the ascending projections of the periaqueductal gray in the rat. Injections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin were placed in the dorsolateral or ventrolateral subregions, at rostral or caudal sites. From either region, fibers ascended via two bundles. The periventricular bundle ascended in the periaqueductal and periventricular gray matter. At the posterior commissure level, this bundle divided into a dorsal component that terminated in the intralaminar and midline thalamic nuclei, and a ventral component that supplied the hypothalamus. The ventral bundle formed in the deep mesencephalic reticular formation and supplied the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra pars compacta, and the retrorubral field. The remaining fibers were incorporated into the medial forebrain bundle. These supplied the lateral hypothalamus and forebrain structures, including the preoptic area, the nuclei of the diagonal band, and the lateral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The dorsolateral subregion preferentially innervated the centrolateral and paraventricular thalamic nuclei and the anterior hypothalamic area. The ventrolateral subregion preferentially innervated the parafascicular and central medial thalamic nuclei, the lateral hypothalamic area, and the lateral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Although the dorsolateral and ventrolateral subregions gave rise to differential projections, the projections from both the rostral and caudal parts of either subregion were similar. This suggests that the dorsolateral and ventrolateral subregions are organized into longitudinal columns that extend throughout the length of the periaqueductal gray. These columns may correspond to those demonstrated in recent physiological studies.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903510407}, institution = {Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0843, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping; Dopamine, pharmacology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Hypothalamus, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7721984}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903510407}, } @Article{Cameron:1995, author = {A. A. Cameron and I. A. Khan and K. N. Westlund and W. D. Willis}, title = {The efferent projections of the periaqueductal gray in the rat: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study. II. Descending projections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {351}, number = {4}, pages = {585--601}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The descending projections of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) have been studied in the rat using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. The tracer was injected into the dorsolateral or ventrolateral subdivisions of the PAG at rostral or caudal sites. It was found that the patterns of the descending projections of the rostral and caudal parts of the dorsolateral PAG were the same and that the patterns of the descending projections of the rostral and caudal parts of the ventrolateral PAG were the same. However, the patterns of projections of the dorsolateral and ventrolateral PAG subregions were substantially different. These results suggest that the dorsolateral and ventrolateral parts of the PAG are organized into longitudinal columns that extend throughout the length of the PAG. The axons of PAG neurons descended through the pons and medulla via two routes. A small fiber bundle was present in the periaqueductal gray and in the periventricular area. This bundle distributed fibers and terminals locally within the periaqueductal gray and in the locus coeruleus and Barrington's nucleus. A larger bundle had a diffuse arrangement in the pontine reticular formation, however, and it had a more restricted distribution in the medulla, where it occupied a position dorsolateral to the pyramid. This bundle supplied structures in the pontine and medullary tegmentum. The dorsolateral column preferentially supplied the locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus, the gigantocellular nucleus pars alpha, the rostral part of the paragigantocellular nucleus, and the region of the A5 noradrenergic cell group. The ventrolateral column preferentially supplied the nucleus raphe magnus, the caudal part of the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, and the rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903510408}, institution = {Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0843, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Locus Coeruleus, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7721985}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903510408}, } @Article{Campbell:1985, author = {G. A. Campbell and M. J. Eckardt and F. F. Weight}, title = {Dopaminergic mechanisms in subthalamic nucleus of rat: analysis using horseradish peroxidase and microiontophoresis.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {333}, number = {2}, pages = {261--270}, month = {May}, abstract = {Afferent connections to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) were studied by microiontophoretically injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the STN and studying its retrograde transport. Remotely labelled neurons were frequently observed in both the globus pallidus and the pars compacta region of substantia nigra. In addition, individually labelled neurons were occasionally found in other brain regions. The sensitivity of neurons in the STN to dopamine (DA) was studied by applying DA to neurons in the STN by microiontophoresis. Three patterns of response to DA were observed. The most frequent response, observed in 46\% of the STN neurons studied, was a decrease in the discharge frequency. In 15\% of the neurons there was an increased frequency of firing. Eleven percent of the neurons exhibited a mixed response consisting of an initial depression of discharge rate followed by a delayed increase. The responses of STN neurons to DA were not antagonized by iontophoretically applied haloperidol. In neurons whose firing frequency was decreased by DA, the iontophoretic application of apomorphine and norepinephrine also decreased discharge rate. The observations of HRP-labelled neurons in the pars compacta region of substantia nigra following injection of HRP into the STN together with the DA responsiveness of STN neurons suggest the possibility of a dopaminergic nigro-subthalamic pathway.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)91580-x}, keywords = {Animals; Apomorphine, pharmacology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Dopamine, pharmacology/physiology; Drug Interactions; Haloperidol, pharmacology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Norepinephrine, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(85)91580-X}, pmid = {2986774}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Campbell:1985a, author = {Campbell, G. and Lieberman, A. R.}, title = {The olivary pretectal nucleus: experimental anatomical studies in the rat.}, journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci}, year = {1985}, volume = {310}, number = {1147}, pages = {573--609}, month = {Oct}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.1985.0132}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, ultrastructure; Visual Pathways, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2865761}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Campbell:1989, author = {K. J. Campbell and M. Takada}, title = {Bilateral tectal projection of single nigrostriatal dopamine cells in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1989}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {311--321}, abstract = {Employing fluorescent retrograde double/triple labeling techniques, we found that a substantial population of substantia nigra pars reticulata cells send divergent axon collaterals to both the ipsilateral striatum and bilateral superior colliculi in the rat. These multi-collateralized neurons were localized predominantly in the ventrolateral portion of the substantia nigra pars reticulata at its rostral level. Furthermore, tyrosine hydroxylase immunofluorescence histochemistry combined with fluorescent retrograde tracing techniques showed that the vast majority (more than 85\%) of such specifically branched cells are dopaminergic. This novel nigral cell population seems to be in a strategic position to evoke dopamine-mediated motor impairments (i.e. abnormal saccadic eye movements in Parkinsonism) and/or behavioral syndromes (i.e. compulsive turning behavior) through the GABA-containing nigrotectal pathway.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(89)90211-x}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, cytology; Dopamine, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, cytology; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2576113}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Campbell:1990, author = {K. J. Campbell and M. Takada and T. Hattori}, title = {Evidence for retrograde axonal transport of MPP+ in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1990}, volume = {118}, number = {2}, pages = {151--154}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Three to 24 h after injecting radioactive 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine ([3H]MPTP) into the rat striatum, a considerable number of neuronal perikarya were retrogradely radiolabeled in the dorsal raphe, substantia nigra pars compacta and selected regions of the substantia nigra pars reticulata, leaving cells in the ventral tegmental area unlabeled. Pretreatment with tranylcypromine prevented such radiolabel accumulation, indicating that 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+) (but not MPTP) undergoes selective uptake and subsequent retrograde transport in these specific striatal afferent systems.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(90)90614-f}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Ont., Canada.}, keywords = {1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, pharmacokinetics; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, pharmacokinetics; Animals; Axons, metabolism; Biological Transport; Brain, metabolism; Isotope Labeling, methods; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tritium, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2274262}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Campbell:1991, author = {K. J. Campbell and M. Takada and T. Hattori}, title = {Co-localization of tyrosine hydroxylase and glutamate decarboxylase in a subpopulation of single nigrotectal projection neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {558}, number = {2}, pages = {239--244}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The neurotransmitter phenotype(s) of nigral neurons innervating the superior colliculus (SC) in the rat was examined using a combination of immunohistochemical techniques and fluorescent retrograde tracing. After double-immunofluorescent histochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), single cells in the rostral ventrolateral portion of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and to a lesser extent the substantia nigra pars lateralis (SN1) displayed immunoreactivity to both antigens. Furthermore, following True blue (TB) injections into the SC and incubation for both TH and GAD immunoreactivity, a considerable number of cells in the SNr retrogradely labeled with TB (approximately 10\%) were also immunopositive for both synthetic enzymes. The present study provides evidence for the coexistence of TH and GAD and thus, the coexistence of dopamine and GABA in a subpopulation of single nigrotectal projection cells.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)90774-p}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Ont., Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Dopamine, metabolism; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, enzymology; Phenotype; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/enzymology; Superior Colliculi, cytology/enzymology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(91)90774-P}, pmid = {1685932}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Campbell:1983, author = {N. C. Campbell and D. M. Armstrong}, title = {The olivocerebellar projection in the rat: an autoradiographic study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {275}, number = {2}, pages = {215-233}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The extent of the olivocerebellar projection was examined in the rat using autoradiographic techniques. In animals in which injections of [3H]leucine encompassed the whole olive unilaterally (4 cases), the vast majority of olive cells was densely labelled and climbing fibres were heavily labelled throughout the contralateral hemicerebellum, except for some small gaps which were not consistently located between cases. The multiple injections required to cover the oliver inevitably labelled cells in the reticular formation surrounding the olive, and it is possible that these neurones might also provide climbing fibres to the cerebellum. To control for this possibility, the inferior olive was pharmacologically destroyed (4 cases) prior to [3H]leucine injections similar in size and placement to those given to normal animals. Examination of the cerebellar cortex of these pretreated animals revealed no molecular layer labelling despite identification of labelled reticular neurones. It was thus demonstrated that all regions of the cerebellar cortex receive afferents from the inferior olive which terminate as climbing fibres. The distribution of these terminations over the entire cortex permits the conclusion that the inferior olive is the major source of climbing fibres in the rat. The same conclusions are reached using [3H]methionine as the tracer (4 cases).}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)90984-8}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Leucine, metabolism; Male; Methionine, metabolism; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tritium, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(83)90984-8}, pmid = {6194852}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Campbell:1983a, author = {Campbell, N. C. and Armstrong, D. M.}, title = {Topographical localization in the olivocerebellar projection in the rat: an autoradiographic study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {275}, number = {2}, pages = {235--249}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The topographical organization of the olivocerebellar projection in the rat was examined by making small localized injections of tritiated leucine into the inferior olive (12 cases). The overall projection pattern is displayed in the form of a topographical map, revealing that the olivocerebellar projection is organized in sagittally orientated strips of cerebellar cortex, each of which receives its terminations from a discrete portion of the olive. The projection pattern is compared to that in the cat. In addition, the laterality of the projection is discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)90985-x}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Leucine, metabolism; Male; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tritium, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(83)90985-X}, pmid = {6194853}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Campeau:2000, author = {Campeau, S. and Watson, Jr, SJ}, title = {Connections of some auditory-responsive posterior thalamic nuclei putatively involved in activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in response to audiogenic stress in rats: an anterograde and retrograde tract tracing study combined with Fos expression.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2000}, volume = {423}, number = {3}, pages = {474--491}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Prior studies in our laboratory demonstrated that part of the thalamus is necessary for activating the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis in response to audiogenic stress in rats. The present studies were designed to determine how the auditory-responsive thalamic nuclei might activate the HPA axis. Both retrograde [Fluoro-Gold (FG)] and anterograde [Phasoleus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and biotinylated dextran amines (BDA)] tracers were employed to study the putative connectivity between the thalamus and the medial parvocellular region of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PAmp). In addition, rats receiving FG in the PAmp were subjected to audiogenic stress, and the distribution of both FG and the protein product of the immediate-early gene c-fos, Fos, were determined by double immunohistochemistry, to help assess putative functional links between the auditory-responsive thalamic nuclei and PAmp. The results of PAmp FG placement indicated retrogradely labeled cells in several areas, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, hypothalamic regions, the supramammillary nucleus, some thalamic regions, and importantly, a few multisensory nuclei of the thalamus, including the parvicellular division of the subparafascicular and posterior intralaminar nuclei. Injections of the tracers PHA-L or BDA into these auditory-responsive posterior thalamic nuclei provided further evidence of projections to the PAmp. In addition, several forebrain areas were observed to receive moderate to heavy innervation. These areas included most of the regions described above, which, in turn, project to the PAmp. Because cells in the multisensory thalamic nuclei, hypothalamic, and forebrain areas were double labeled with FG and Fos, the results suggest that either direct projections from the thalamus to PAmp neurons, or indirect projections from the thalamus to stress-responsive forebrain areas projecting to the PAmp, might mediate activation of the HPA axis by audiogenic stress.}, doi = {10.1002/1096-9861(20000731)423:3<474::aid-cne10>3.0.co;2-s}, institution = {Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0720, USA. campeaus@psych.colorado.edu}, keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Auditory Pathways, cytology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, chemistry; Phytohemagglutinins; Pituitary-Adrenal System, cytology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology; Stilbamidines; Stress, Physiological, pathology; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-S}, pmid = {10870087}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Campello-Costa:2000, author = {Campello-Costa, P. and Fosse, Jr, AM and Ribeiro, J. C. and Paes-De-Carvalho, R. and Serfaty, C. A.}, title = {Acute blockade of nitric oxide synthesis induces disorganization and amplifies lesion-induced plasticity in the rat retinotectal projection.}, journal = {J Neurobiol}, year = {2000}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, pages = {371--381}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {In the rat visual system, the uncrossed retinotectal projection undergoes a topographical refinement within the first two postnatal weeks. We have studied the role of nitric oxide (NO), a retrograde messenger which couples pre- and postsynaptic activation, in the development of the uncrossed retinotectal projection and in the plasticity of this pathway as a result of a restricted retinal lesion in the opposite eye. During development, maximal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was observed in homogenates of tectal tissue at postnatal day 5 (PND 5), followed by a two-step decrease at the end of the topographical fine tuning period (PND 21) and the adult stage (PND 42). We also tested the effects of an acute in vivo blockade of NOS during the development of both animals that had not been operated on, and lesioned animals. Animals ranging from PND 4 to PND 42 were treated either with the NOS inhibitor, L-nitro-arginine (Narg 50 mg/kg ip.) or vehicle (NaCl 0.9\%) during 4 days (from PND 4-7 or PND 9-12) or 8 days (from PND 20-27 or PND 34-41). Reduction of NOS activity induced sprouting of the ipsilateral pathway up to the second postnatal week in the animals that had not been operated on. Rats that had been operated on, however, showed an amplification of the lesion-induced plasticity up to the fourth postnatal week under NOS blockade. The data suggest that NO plays a role in the stabilization of retinotectal synapses during the critical period of topographic refinement, and indicate that an acute blockade of retrograde signals enables plastic rearrangements in the visual system within this time window.}, doi = {10.1002/1097-4695(20000915)44:4<371::aid-neu1>3.0.co;2-x}, institution = {Departmento de Neurobiologia e Programa de Neuroimunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. renatoborges@openlink.com.br}, keywords = {Animals; Arginine, metabolism; Axons, drug effects; Citrulline, biosynthesis; Enzyme Inhibitors, pharmacology; NADPH Dehydrogenase, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Neuronal Plasticity, drug effects/physiology; Nitric Oxide Synthase, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Nitric Oxide, biosynthesis; Nitroarginine, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retina, growth /&/ development/physiology/surgery; Superior Colliculi, drug effects/enzymology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Visual Pathways, drug effects/growth /&/ development/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-X}, pmid = {10945893}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Campello-Costa:2006, author = {Campello-Costa, P. and Fosse-Júnior, A. M. and Oliveira-Silva, P. and Serfaty, C. A.}, title = {Blockade of arachidonic acid pathway induces sprouting in the adult but not in the neonatal uncrossed retinotectal projection.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {139}, number = {3}, pages = {979--989}, abstract = {The uncrossed retinotectal projection of rats undergoes extensive axonal elimination and subsequent growth of axonal arbors in topographically appropriate territories within the first two/three postnatal weeks. Nitric oxide has been implicated in development and stabilization of synapses in the retinotectal pathway since blockade of nitric oxide synthesis disrupts the normal pattern of retinal innervation in subcortical nuclei. The present work investigated the role of arachidonic acid pathway in the development and maintenance of ipsilateral retinotectal axons. We also investigated the role of this retrograde messenger in the modulation of plasticity that follows retinal lesions in the opposite eye. Pigmented rats received systemic treatment with quinacrine, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor, indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor or vehicle during 4-8 days at various postnatal ages. Rats given a unilateral temporal retinal lesion were treated with either quinacrine or vehicle during the same period. For anterograde tracing of ipsilateral retinal projections, animals received intraocular injections of horseradish peroxidase. Before the third postnatal week no difference was observed in the laminar or topographic organization of the ipsilateral retinotectal projection between vehicle and treated rats in either normal or lesion conditions. After the third postnatal week, however, systemic blockade of phospholipase A2 or 5-lipoxygenase, but not cyclooxygenase induced sprouting of uncrossed axons throughout the collicular visual layers in unoperated rats. In retinal lesion groups, phospholipase A2 blockade increased the sprouting of uncrossed intact axons to the collicular surface in the same period. The results suggest that arachidonic acid or lipoxygenase metabolites play a role in the maintenance of the retinotectal synapses after the critical period and that the blockade of the arachidonic acid pathway induces reactive sprouting of retinal axons late in development.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.039}, institution = {Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Arachidonic Acid, metabolism; Enzyme Inhibitors, pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry; Indomethacin, pharmacology; Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; Masoprocol, pharmacology; Neuronal Plasticity, drug effects/physiology; Phospholipases A, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Phospholipases A2; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases, pharmacology; Quinacrine, pharmacology; Rats; Retina, injuries; Signal Transduction, drug effects/physiology; Synapses, drug effects/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Visual Pathways, drug effects/growth /&/ development/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(05)01505-8}, pmid = {16472930}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.039}, } @Article{Campolattaro:2007, author = {Campolattaro, Matthew M. and Halverson, Hunter E. and Freeman, John H.}, title = {Medial auditory thalamic stimulation as a conditioned stimulus for eyeblink conditioning in rats.}, journal = {Learn Mem}, year = {2007}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {152--159}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The neural pathways that convey conditioned stimulus (CS) information to the cerebellum during eyeblink conditioning have not been fully delineated. It is well established that pontine mossy fiber inputs to the cerebellum convey CS-related stimulation for different sensory modalities (e.g., auditory, visual, tactile). Less is known about the sources of sensory input to the pons that are important for eyeblink conditioning. The first experiment of the current study was designed to determine whether electrical stimulation of the medial auditory thalamic nuclei is a sufficient CS for establishing eyeblink conditioning in rats. The second experiment used anterograde and retrograde tract tracing techniques to assess neuroanatomical connections between the medial auditory thalamus and pontine nuclei. Stimulation of the medial auditory thalamus was a very effective CS for eyeblink conditioning in rats, and the medial auditory thalamus has direct ipsilateral projections to the pontine nuclei. The results suggest that the medial auditory thalamic nuclei and their projections to the pontine nuclei are components of the auditory CS pathway in eyeblink conditioning.}, doi = {10.1101/lm.465507}, institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, physiology; Blinking; Brain Mapping; Conditioning, Classical, physiology; Electroshock; Inferior Colliculi, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Pons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Thalamus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {epublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {14/3/152}, pmid = {17351138}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.465507}, } @Article{Caner:1990, author = {Caner, H. and Tamamaki, N. and Handa, Y. and Hayashi, M. and Nojyo, Y.}, title = {Appearance of retrogradely labeled neurons in the rat superior cervical ganglion after injection of wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate into the contralateral ganglion.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {262}, number = {1}, pages = {53--57}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Injection of wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) into the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of the rat results in accumulation of WGA-HRP in sympathetic postganglionic neurons in the contralateral SCG. The sympathetic pathways involved and the mechanism underlying the labeling were investigated. The labeling in neurons in the contralateral SCG was apparent 6 h after injection and increased in intensity with longer survival times. The number of labeled neurons reached 1300 at 72 h after the injection. Transection of the external (ECN) or internal carotid nerves (ICN) resulted in considerable reduction in the number of labeled neurons. Combined transection of both ECN and ICN virtually eliminated labeling in the contralateral SCG. This provides strong evidence that these two nerves are the major pathways for WGA-HRP transport out of the SCG. No labeling was observed in the contralateral SCG following injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Therefore, it seems unlikely that a direct nerve connection exists between the bilateral ganglia. Instead, the labeling of contralateral SCG neurons appears to depend on the transneuronal transport capacity of WGA-HRP, which conveys the marker in an anterograde direction along the postganglionic fibers to terminals in sympathetic target organs, and then delivers it transneuronally to contralateral SCG neurons. We suggest that the sympathetic nerve fibers originating in the bilateral SCGs run intermingled and are in close contact in their peripheral target organs.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00327745}, institution = {Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Medical School, Matsuoka, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Transport; Ganglia, Sympathetic, metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Male; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1701690}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cano:2000, author = {Cano, G. and Card, J. P. and Rinaman, L. and Sved, A. F.}, title = {Connections of Barrington's nucleus to the sympathetic nervous system in rats.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, year = {2000}, volume = {79}, number = {2-3}, pages = {117--128}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Barrington's nucleus (BN) has been considered a pontine center related exclusively to the control of pelvic parasympathetic activity. The present study demonstrates an anatomical linkage between BN and autonomic outflow to visceral targets innervated exclusively by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Temporal analysis of infection after injection of pseudorabies virus (PRV), a retrograde transynaptic tracer, into two sympathetically innervated organs, the spleen and the kidney, revealed the presence of infected neurons in BN at early post-inoculation survival intervals. Immunohistochemical localization of PRV after spleen injections showed that a small subpopulation of BN neurons became labeled in a time frame coincident with the appearance of infected neurons in other brain regions known to project to sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) in the thoracic spinal cord; a larger number of infected neurons appeared in BN at intermediate intervals after PRV injections into the spleen or kidney. Coinjection of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold i.p. and PRV into the spleen demonstrated that parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the caudal medulla or lumbo-sacral spinal cord were not infected, indicating that infected BN neurons were not infected via a parasympathetic route. Thus, BN neurons become infected after PRV injections into the spleen or kidney either directly through BN projections to SPNs, or secondarily via BN projections to infected pre-preganglionic neurons. These results demonstrate an anatomical linkage, either direct or indirect, between BN and sympathetic activity. Because BN receives numerous inputs from diverse brain regions, the relation of BN with both branches of the autonomic nervous system suggests that this nucleus might play a role in the integration of supraspinal inputs relevant to the central coordination of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.}, doi = {10.1016/s0165-1838(99)00101-0}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, 446 Crawford Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain, pathology/virology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, isolation /&/ purification; Kidney, virology; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology/virology; Neurons, virology; Pons, physiology/virology; Pseudorabies, physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spleen, virology; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology/virology; Synapses, virology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, physiology/virology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165183899001010}, pmid = {10699642}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cano:2004a, author = {Cano, Georgina and Card, J Patrick and Sved, Alan F.}, title = {Dual viral transneuronal tracing of central autonomic circuits involved in the innervation of the two kidneys in rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2004}, volume = {471}, number = {4}, pages = {462--481}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The neural control of renal function is exerted by the central nervous system via sympathetic innervation of the kidneys. To determine the extent to which the control of the two kidneys is provided by the same brain neurons, the central circuitry involved in the innervation of both kidneys was characterized in individual rats by dual viral transneuronal tracing using isogenic recombinant strains (PRV-152 and BaBlu) of pseudorabies virus. Prior to dual tracing, the neuroinvasive properties of PRV-152 and BaBlu were characterized by conducting parametric studies, using the two kidneys as an anatomical model, and comparing the pattern of infection with that obtained following injection of the parental strain, PRV-Bartha, into the left kidney. Once the optimal concentrations of virus required to obtain equivalent infection were established, PRV-152 and BaBlu were injected into the left and right kidney, respectively, in the same rats. Immunocytochemical localization of viral reporter proteins at different postinoculation times allowed us to determine the sequence of infection in the brain, as well as to quantify dual- and single-labeled neurons in each infected area. Neurons that influence autonomic outflow to one or both kidneys coexist in all brain areas involved in the control of the sympathetic outflow to the kidneys at every hierarchical level of the circuit. The proportions of dual-infected neurons with respect to the number of total infected neurons varied across regions, but they were maintained at different survival times. The pattern of infection suggests that the activity of each kidney is controlled independently by organ-specific neurons, whereas the functional coordination of the two kidneys results from neurons that collaterize to modulate the sympathetic outflow to both organs. The advantages of using an anatomical symmetrical system, such as the two kidneys, as an experimental approach to characterize PRV recombinants in general are also discussed.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20040}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Pathways, chemistry/physiology; Brain, physiology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, chemistry; Kidney, chemistry/innervation/physiology; Male; Nerve Net, chemistry/physiology; Neurons, chemistry/physiology; Pseudorabies; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recombinant Proteins, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15022264}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20040}, } @Article{Cano:2001a, author = {Cano, G. and Sved, A. F. and Rinaman, L. and Rabin, B. S. and Card, J. P.}, title = {Characterization of the central nervous system innervation of the rat spleen using viral transneuronal tracing.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2001}, volume = {439}, number = {1}, pages = {1--18}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Splenic immune function is modulated by sympathetic innervation, which in turn is controlled by inputs from supraspinal regions. In the present study, the characterization of central circuits involved in the control of splenic function was accomplished by injecting pseudorabies virus (PRV), a retrograde transynaptic tracer, into the spleen and conducting a temporal analysis of the progression of the infection from 60 hours to 110 hours postinoculation. In addition, central noradrenergic cell groups involved in splenic innervation were characterized by dual immunohistochemical detection of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and PRV. Infection in the CNS first appeared in the spinal cord. Splenic sympathetic preganglionic neurons, identified in rats injected with Fluoro-Gold i.p. prior to PRV inoculation of the spleen, were located in T(3)-T(12) bilaterally; numerous infected interneurons were also found in the thoracic spinal cord (T(1)-T(13)). Infected neurons in the brain were first observed in the A5 region, ventromedial medulla, rostral ventrolateral medulla, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, Barrington's nucleus, and caudal raphe. At intermediate survival times, the number of infected cells increased in previously infected areas, and infected neurons also appeared in lateral hypothalamus, A7 region, locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus region, nucleus of the solitary tract, and C3 cell group. At longer postinoculation intervals, infected neurons were found in additional hypothalamic areas, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, periaqueductal gray, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, caudal ventrolateral medulla, and area postrema. These results demonstrate that the sympathetic outflow to the spleen is controlled by a complex multisynaptic pathway that involves several brainstem and forebrain nuclei.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.1331}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Central Nervous System, physiology; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Injections; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology/virology; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, physiology; Spleen, innervation; Stilbamidines; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology; Synapses, physiology; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {10.1002/cne.1331}, pmid = {11579378}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.1331}, } @Article{Cano:2001, author = {G. García del Caño and I. Gerrikagoitia and L. Martínez-Millán}, title = {Plastic response of the retrospleniocollicular connection after removal of retinal inputs in neonatal rats. An anterograde tracing study.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {2001}, volume = {138}, number = {3}, pages = {343--351}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The effects of neonatal enucleation on the final adult pattern of retrospleniocollicular connection in the rat was studied using the anterograde tracer biotindextranamine 10,000 (BDA) iontophoretically injected in different anteroposterior locations of the retrosplenial cortex. Retrosplenial afferents are normally distributed in all collicular layers beneath the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) throughout almost the entire rostrocaudal and lateromedial collicular axes. Neonatal enucleation caused an invasion of lower SGS by abundant retrosplenial afferents, whose distribution remained unaltered in intermediate and deep collicular layers. Axons entering the deafferented SGS showed variable morphologies and arborization patterns. Some of them ran lateromedially close to the SGS-stratum opticum (-SO) limit, giving rise to many collaterals which invaded the lower part of the SGS; whereas others formed narrow terminal arbors, mostly branching in the SO. In the intermediate layers, synaptic profiles were mainly found close to the borders of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) patches in both control and enucleated animals, indicating that neonatal enucleation does not alter the final pattern of retrospleniocollicular afferents to these collicular regions. The results presented here demonstrate that neonatal enucleation leads to the development of an aberrant projection from the retrosplenial cortex to the deafferented superficial layers of the superior colliculus. These results provide new information regarding the reorganization of connections subsequent to neonatal enucleation and suggest that, in enucleated animals, nonvisual multisensorial information could be relayed to central circuits which in intact animals belong to the visual system.}, institution = {Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, 48940-Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Denervation; Dextrans, diagnostic use; Eye Enucleation, adverse effects; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Gyrus Cinguli, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Molecular Probes, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retina, injuries/physiopathology/surgery; Superior Colliculi, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11460772}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cano:2002, author = {Gontzal García del Caño and Inmaculada Gerrikagoitia and Luis Martínez-Millán}, title = {Plastic reaction of the rat visual corticocollicular connection after contralateral retinal deafferentiation at the neonatal or adult stage: axonal growth versus reactive synaptogenesis.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2002}, volume = {446}, number = {2}, pages = {166--178}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The effects of neonatal or adult enucleation on the final adult pattern of the rat visual corticocollicular (C-Co) connection were studied using the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextranamine 10,000 (BDA) iontophoretically injected in the primary visual cortex. In control animals, column-shaped terminal fields limited to a small portion of the collicular surface were observed. Synaptic boutons were present in all superficial strata of the superior colliculus (SC), with the highest density in the ventral part of the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS). Neonatal enucleation caused a considerable expansion of the contralateral visual C-Co terminal fields, which occupied almost the entire collicular surface, suggesting that axonal sprouting had occurred. In addition, terminal boutons tended to localize more dorsally in these cases compared with controls. Following enucleation in adult animals, no changes were observed with respect to the extension of the terminal fields, although a plastic reaction leading to an increase in the bouton density in the stratum zonale (SZ) and upper SGS was found, reflecting a process of reactive synaptogenesis at these levels. These results show that both neonatal and adult visual C-Co fibers react in response to retinal ablation, although this reaction shows distinct characteristics. Molecular factors, such as growth-associated cytoskeletal proteins operating in the cortical origin, and extracellular matrix components and myelin-associated axonal growth inhibitors acting on the collicular target very likely account for these differences.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10179}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, 48940-Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.}, keywords = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Denervation; Dextrans; Eye Enucleation; Fluorescent Dyes; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, physiology; Retina, cytology; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Synapses, physiology; Visual Cortex, cytology; Visual Pathways, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {10.1002/cne.10179}, pmid = {11932934}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cano:2004, author = {Gontzal García Del Caño and Iñigo Uria and Inmaculada Gerrikagoitia and Luis Martínez-Millán}, title = {Connection from the dorsal column nuclei to the superior colliculus in the rat: topographical organization and somatotopic specific plasticity in response to neonatal enucleation.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2004}, volume = {468}, number = {3}, pages = {410--424}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Somatosensory stimuli from the body to deep and intermediate strata of the superior colliculus (SC) are relayed from the dorsal column nuclei (DCN), gracile (GrN) and cuneate (CuN). Electrophysiological studies have shown that the somatosensory representation in SC is arranged into a map-like pattern. However, there is a lack of studies confirming a morphological correlate of such an organization. On the other hand, after neonatal enucleation in rodents, somatosensory inputs ascend from their normal termination territory in intermediate and deep collicular strata to invade the more dorsally located visual strata. However, the origin of these reactive afferents has not been specified. By using anterograde (biotinylated dextran amine 10,000; BDA) and retrograde (Fluoro-Gold; FG) tracers, we studied separately the connection from GrN and CuN to the intact and neonatally deafferented SC. GrN-collicular afferents were found to terminate mainly within the periphery of the caudomedial SC quadrant, whereas CuN-collicular fibers innervated primarily the lateral part of the rostrolateral and caudolateral collicular quadrants, in a way consistent with previously described functional data. Retrograde tracing experiments using FG injected in SC confirmed this topographical arrangement. Injections of BDA in GrN or CuN of neonatally enucleated rats showed that reactive fibers reaching superficial strata are only those CuN-collicular fibers innervating the caudolateral SC quadrant, where the forelimb is represented. The present results provide an anatomical substrate for the known somatotopic organization of tactile representation in SC and further reinforce the previous proposal that the plastic reorganization of DCN-collicular afferents following neonatal enucleation constitutes a functional compensatory response.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10982}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, 48940-Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Dextrans; Eye Enucleation; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Touch}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {14681934}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10982}, } @Article{Canon:1993, author = {Canon, E. and {De Roover}, A. and Reznik, M.}, title = {[Morphometric study of the lumbosacral plexus innervating the muscles of the rat pelvic floor].}, journal = {Bull Assoc Anat (Nancy)}, year = {1993}, volume = {77}, number = {236}, pages = {37--43}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Motoneurons of the pelvic muscles in the lumbo-sacral segment of the spinal cord have been extensively studied in different species. However, few informations occur in the literature about the individual morphology of each group of neurons and their connections. Thus, in the Rat we have studied the neuronal mapping of 5 pelvic muscles, bulbospongiosus, ischio-cavernosus, levator ani, sphincter ani, sphincter urethrae, using a retrograde tracer, the horseradish peroxidase (H.R.P.). Most of the muscles injected by H.R.P. receive their innervation from the motoneurons located in the homolateral side of the spinal cord. The motoneurons of sphincter ani (+/- 40) and those of the bulbo-spongiosus (+/- 50) have the same morphology. Their dendrites contact contralateral motoneurons. They are situated in the dorso-medial nucleus of the L5-L6 segments of the spinal cord. The motoneurons of the ischio-cavernosus (+/- 80) and those of sphincter urethrae (+/- 40) are situated in the dorsolateral nucleus of the L5-S1 segments of the spinal cord where they form two distinct groups. On the contrary, in the ventro-medial nucleus, the neurons are mixed. The dendrites in the dorso-lateral nucleus form an important longitudinal network. The motoneurons of the levator ani (+/- 50) are situated in the ventral nucleus of the L5-S1 segments. Our works demonstrate the significance of the dendritic networks: they could play a role in the synchronization and the activity of the pelvic muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie, Université de Liège, Belgique.}, keywords = {Animals; Lumbosacral Plexus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Motor Neurons, ultrastructure; Neuromuscular Junction, anatomy /&/ histology; Pelvic Floor, innervation; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {fre}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8241576}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Canteras:2011, author = {N.S. Canteras and E.R. Ribeiro-Barbosa and M. Goto and J. Cipolla-Neto and L.W. Swanson}, title = {The retinohypothalmic tract: comparison od axonal projection patterns from four major targets}, journal = {Brain Res Rev}, year = {2011}, volume = {65}, pages = {150-183}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.09.006}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Canteras:1995, author = {N.S. Canteras and R.B. Simerly and L.W. Swanson}, title = {Organization of projections from the medial nucleus of the amygdala: a PHAL study in the rat}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {360}, pages = {213-245}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903600203}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Canteras:1999, author = {N. S. Canteras and M. Goto}, title = {Connections of the precommissural nucleus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {408}, number = {1}, pages = {23--45}, month = {May}, abstract = {The connections of the precomissural nucleus (PRC) have been examined with anterograde and retrograde axonal tracing methods in the rat. Experiments with cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) indicate that the PRC shares a number of common afferent sources with the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG). Thus, we have shown that the nucleus receives substantial inputs from the prefrontal cortex, specific domains of the rostral part of the lateral septal nucleus, rostral zona incerta, perifornical region, anterior hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal premammillary nucleus, medial regions of the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, and cuneiform nucleus. Moreover, the PRC also receives inputs from several PAG regions and from neural sites involved in the control of attentive or motivational state, including the laterodorsal tegemental nucleus and the ventral tegmental area. The efferent projections of the PRC were analyzed by using the Phaseolus vulgaris- leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) method. Notably, the PRC presents a projection pattern that resembles in many ways the pattern described previously for the rostral dorsolateral PAG in addition to projections to a number of targets that also are innervated by neighboring pretectal nuclei, including the rostrodorsomedial part of the lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus, the ventral part of the lateral geniculate complex, the medial pretectal nucleus, the nucleus of the posterior commissure, and the ventrolateral part of the subcuneiform reticular nucleus. Overall, the results suggest that the PRC might be viewed as a rostral component of the PAG, and the possible functional significance of the nucleus is discussed in terms of its connections.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990524)408:1<23::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-j}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil. newton@fisio.icb1.usp.br}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Stem, cytology; Hypothalamus, Anterior, cytology/ultrastructure; Hypothalamus, Middle, cytology/ultrastructure; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Telencephalon, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-J}, pmid = {10331578}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Canteras:1988, author = {N. S. Canteras and S. J. Shammah-Lagnado and B. A. Silva and J. A. Ricardo}, title = {Somatosensory inputs to the subthalamic nucleus: a combined retrograde and anterograde horseradish peroxidase study in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {458}, number = {1}, pages = {53--64}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Previous physiological studies have shown that neurons in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) respond to peripheral somatosensory stimulation. In an attempt to identify anatomical pathways that could mediate such responses, the possible existence of direct projections from somatosensory central territories to the STN was investigated in the rat with the aid of retrograde and anterograde horseradish peroxidase tracer techniques. Our main findings indicate the existence of a hitherto undescribed and relatively substantial direct projection from the primary somatosensory cortex to the ipsilateral STN. The projection appears to originate chiefly from neurons in layer Vb of the rostral half of this cortical area and to terminate basically in the dorsolateral district of the STN. Moreover, our data are compatible with the existence of very sparse direct projections from the spinal trigeminal and dorsal column nuclei to the contralateral STN, but the evidence on this point is hardly conclusive.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(88)90495-7}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2463044}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Canteras:1990, author = {N. S. Canteras and S. J. Shammah-Lagnado and B. A. Silva and J. A. Ricardo}, title = {Afferent connections of the subthalamic nucleus: a combined retrograde and anterograde horseradish peroxidase study in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {513}, number = {1}, pages = {43--59}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {A comprehensive characterization of the afferent connections of the subthalamic nucleus of Luys (STN) is a necessary step in the unraveling of extrapyramidal mechanisms. In the present study, the STN afferents in the rat were systematically investigated with the aid of retrograde and anterograde horseradish peroxidase tracer techniques. The results indicate that, besides a massive input from the dorsal pallidum, the STN receives substantial projections from several districts of the cerebral cortex (the medial division of the prefrontal cortex, the first motor and primary somatosensory areas, and the granular insular territory), the ventral pallidum, the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, as well as a modest innervation from the dorsal raphe nucleus. In spite of the fact that many additional structures were found to contain retrogradely labeled neurons after tracer injections in the STN, no other projection to the latter nucleus could be effectively established in our anterograde experimental series.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)91087-w}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Säo Paula, Brazil.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain, cytology; Female; Globus Pallidus, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(90)91087-W}, pmid = {2350684}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Canteras:1992a, author = {N. S. Canteras and R. B. Simerly and L. W. Swanson}, title = {Connections of the posterior nucleus of the amygdala.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {324}, number = {2}, pages = {143--179}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The connections of a relatively homogeneous band of neurons in the caudal amygdala have been examined with anterograde and retrograde axonal tracing methods in the rat. This region, called here the posterior nucleus of the amygdala (PA), corresponds in part to an area that has been referred to as the cortico-amygdaloid transition area, posterior part of the medial nucleus of the amygdala, amygdalo-hippocampal transition area, and posteromedial basal nucleus. Experiments with fluorogold and phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) indicate that the major neuronal input to the PA arises in the ventral premammillary nucleus, and that substantial projections also arise in olfactory-related areas such as the medial nucleus of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, and posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala, as well as in the ventral subiculum and adjacent parts of hippocampal field CA1. Other seemingly minor inputs, including cholinergic fibers from the substantia innominata, dopaminergic fibers from the ventral tegmental area, and serotoninergic fibers from the dorsal nucleus of the raphe, were also identified. The efferent projections of the PA as determined with the PHAL method appear to follow five major routes: 1) a relatively small group of laterally directed fibers innervates the dorsal endopiriform nucleus, and a few of these fibers reach cortical area TR and the lateral entorhinal area; 2) another small group of fibers courses medially to innervate the ventral subiculum and adjacent parts of field CA1; 3) many fibers course ventrally to innervate the outer molecular layer of the medial part of the posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala; 4) a moderate group of fibers courses rostrally to innervate primarily the posterodorsal part of the medial nucleus of the amygdala, although some fibers continue on to end less densely in rostral parts of the medial nucleus of the amygdala before leaving the amygdala through the ansa peduncularis; and 5) the major output of the PA courses through the stria terminalis. One branch of this pathway massively innervates the principal nucleus of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis before entering the medial hypothalamus, where it ends massively in the anteroventral periventricular and medial preoptic nuclei, ventrolateral part of the ventromedial nucleus and adjacent parts of the basal lateral hypothalamic area, and ventral premammillary nucleus. The other branch sends fibers to the ventral lateral septal nucleus, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and infralimbic area of the prefrontal cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903240203}, institution = {Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-2520.}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Hormones, physiology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1430327}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903240203}, } @Article{Canteras:1994, author = {N. S. Canteras and R. B. Simerly and L. W. Swanson}, title = {Organization of projections from the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1994}, volume = {348}, number = {1}, pages = {41--79}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The organization of projections from the four parts of the ventromedial nucleus (VMH) and a ventrolaterally adjacent region tentatively identified as the tuberal nucleus (TU) have been analyzed with small injections of the anterograde axonal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Extrinsic and intranuclear projections of each part of the VMH display clear quantitative differences, whereas the overall patterns of outputs are qualitatively similar. Overall, the VMH establishes massive intrahypothalamic terminal fields in other parts of the medial zone, tending to avoid the periventricular and lateral zones. The ventrolateral VMH is more closely related to other parts of the hypothalamus that also express gonadal steroid hormone receptors, including the medial preoptic, tuberal, and ventral premammillary nuclei, whereas other parts of the VMH are more closely related to the anterior hypothalamic and dorsal premammillary nuclei. All parts of the VMH project to the zona incerta (including the A13 region) and parts of the midline thalamus, including the paraventricular and parataenial nuclei and nucleus reuniens. The densest inputs to the septum are to the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, where the ventrolateral and central VMH innervate the anteroventral and anterodorsal areas and transverse and interfascicular nuclei, whereas the anterior and dorsomedial VMH innervate the latter two. The central, lateral, and medial amygdalar nuclei receive substantial inputs from various parts of the VMH. Other regions of the telencephalon, including the nucleus accumbens and the piriform-amygdaloid, infralimbic, prelimbic, anterior cingulate, agranular insular, piriform, perirhinal, entorhinal, and postpiriform transition areas, also receive sparse inputs. All parts of the VMH send a massive, topographically organized projection to the periaqueductal gray. Other brainstem terminal fields include the superior colliculus, peripeduncular area, locus coeruleus, Barrington's nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, and the mesencephalic, pontine, gigantocellular, paragigantocellular, and parvicellular reticular nuclei. The projections of the TU are similar to, and a subset of, those from the VMH and are thus not nearly as widespread as those from adjacent parts of the lateral hypothalamic area. Because of these similarities, the TU may eventually come to be viewed most appropriately as the lateral component of the VMH itself. The functional implications of the present findings are discussed in view of evidence that the VMH plays a role in the expression of ingestive, affective, and copulatory behaviors.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903480103}, institution = {Program for Neural, Informational, and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-2520.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7814684}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903480103}, } @Article{Canteras:1992, author = {N. S. Canteras and L. W. Swanson}, title = {Projections of the ventral subiculum to the amygdala, septum, and hypothalamus: a PHAL anterograde tract-tracing study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {324}, number = {2}, pages = {180--194}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The projections of the ventral subiculum are organized differentially along the dorsoventral (or septotemporal) axis of this cortical field, with more ventral regions playing a particularly important role in hippocampal communication with the amygdala, bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST), and rostral hypothalamus. In the present study we re-examined the projection of the ventral subiculum to these regions with the Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) method in the rat. The results confirm and extend earlier conclusions based primarily on the autoradiographic method. Projections from the ventral subiculum course either obliquely through the angular bundle to innervate the amygdala and adjacent parts of the temporal lobe, or follow the alveus and fimbria to the precommissural fornix and medial corticohypothalamic tract. The major amygdalar terminal field is centered in the posterior basomedial nucleus, while other structures that appear to be innervated include the piriformamygdaloid area, the posterior basolateral, posterior cortical, posterior, central, medial, and intercalated nuclei, and the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. Projections from the ventral subiculum reach the BST mainly by way of the precommissural fornix, and provide rather dense inputs to the anterodorsal area as well as the transverse and interfascicular nuclei. The medial corticohypothalamic tract is the main route taken by fibers from the ventral subiculum to the hypothalamus, where they innervate the medial preoptic area, "shell" of the ventromedial nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, ventral premammillary nucleus, and cell-poor zone around the medial mammillary nucleus. We also observed a rather dense terminal field just dorsal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus that extends dorsally and caudally to fill the subparaventricular zone along the medial border of the anterior hypothalamic nucleus and ventrolateral border of the paraventricular nucleus. The general pattern of outputs to the hypothalamus and septum is strikingly similar for the ventral subiculum and suprachiasmatic nucleus, the endogenous circadian rhythm generator.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903240204}, institution = {Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-2520.}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamus; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1430328}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903240204}, } @Article{Canteras:1992c, author = {N. S. Canteras and L. W. Swanson}, title = {The dorsal premammillary nucleus: an unusual component of the mammillary body.}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, year = {1992}, volume = {89}, number = {21}, pages = {10089--10093}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The results of anterograde and retrograde axonal transport experiments in the rat indicate that the dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd) gives rise to a branched pathway ending in the anterior thalamic group and brainstem, like the medial and lateral mammillary nuclei. However, unlike these nuclei, the ascending PMd projection courses through and to the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, and the descending PMd projection ends in the periaqueductal gray, superior colliculus, and adjacent parts of the reticular formation. Also unlike the traditional mammillary nuclei, the PMd does not receive a direct input from the columns of the fornix; instead, it receives a bilateral input from the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, which in turn receives inputs from areas related to the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. The results provide interesting perspectives on the organization of medial hypothalamic circuits underlying the goal-oriented behaviors associated with hunger, thirst, and reproduction.}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.89.21.10089}, institution = {Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-2520.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Mamillary Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1279669}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Canteras:1992b, author = {Canteras, N. S., R. B. Simerly and L. W. Swanson}, title = {Projections of the ventral premammillary nucleus}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {324(2)}, pages = {195-212}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903240205}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cantos:2000, author = {R. Cantos and D. E. López and M. L. Sala and J. Rueda}, title = {Study of the olivocochlear neurons using two different tracers, fast blue and cholera toxin, in hypothyroid rats.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {2000}, volume = {201}, number = {4}, pages = {245--257}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Congenital hypothyroidism results in deafness that is caused by changes in the auditory receptor, including scanty development of the outer hair cells and a lack of synaptogenesis between these cells and the efferent system. although the afferent population is present. The normal efferent innervation of the cochlea originates in the superior olivary complex, arising from efferent neurons belonging to the lateral or to the medial olivocochlear system. In the rat, the former is constituted by neurons located in the lateral superior olivary nucleus, that project to the inner hair cells, while the later originates in the ventral nuclei of the trapezoid body and project to the outer hair cells. The aim of this work is to study the localization, number and morphology of the olivochochlear neurons in congenital hypothyroid animals by means of the injections of the retrograde tracers, either fast blue or cholera toxin, in the cochlea. The mean total number of labeled olivocochlear neurons after injection of fast blue in hypothyroid animals was 1,016, and in control ones was 1,027. Using cholera toxin, the mean total number of labeled olivocochlear neurons was slightly lower: 863 in hypothyroid animals versus 910 in control ones. Although both tracers showed no significant differences between groups, when the somatic area of the labeled olivocochlear neurons is considered, the size of all of the three different population of cells (lateral olivocochlear neurons, medial olivocochlear neurons and shell neurons) was significantly lower in the hypothyroid rats. This is the first study of the olivocochlear neurons in hypothyroid animals. The conclusion from this work is that in hypothyroid rats the labeled olivocochlear neurons are significantly smaller but that there is not any modification in the localization and number of the labeled olivocochlear neurons, suggesting that thyroid hormones are necessary for the neuronal growth. However, most of the medial olivocochlear neurons do not make contact with their target, so their maintenance suggests that the axons are in contact with other structures of the cochlea.}, doi = {10.1007/s004290050315}, institution = {Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.}, keywords = {Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Afferent Pathways, cytology; Amidines, metabolism; Animals; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Cochlea, innervation; Cochlear Nucleus, metabolism/pathology; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Hypothyroidism, metabolism; Olivary Nucleus, metabolism/pathology; Pregnancy; Propylthiouracil, toxicity; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10794166}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cao:2015, author = {Cao, Bei-Bei and Huang, Yan and Jiang, Yong-Ying and Qiu, Yi-Hua and Peng, Yu-Ping}, title = {Cerebellar Fastigial Nuclear Glutamatergic Neurons Regulate Immune Function via Hypothalamic and Sympathetic Pathways.}, journal = {J Neuroimmune Pharmacol}, year = {2015}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {We previously have shown that cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) modulates immune function, but pathways or mechanisms underlying this immunomodulation require clarification. Herein, an anterograde and retrograde tracing of nerve tracts between the cerebellar FN and hypothalamus/thalamus was performed in rats. After demonstrating a direct cerebellar FN-hypothalamic/thalamic glutamatergic projection, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), an inhibitor of glutaminase that catalyzes glutamate synthesis, was injected bilaterally in the cerebellar FN and simultaneously, D,L-threo-β-hydroxyaspartic acid (THA), an inhibitor of glutamate transporters on cell membrane, was bilaterally injected in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) or the ventrolateral (VL) thalamic nucleus. DON treatment in the FN alone decreased number of glutamatergic neurons that projected axons to the LHA and also diminished glutamate content in both the hypothalamus and the thalamus. These effects of DON were reduced by combined treatment with THA in the LHA or in the VL. Importantly, DON treatment in the FN alone attenuated percentage and cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells and also lowered percentage and cytokine production of T lymphocytes. These DON-caused immune effects were reduced or abolished by combined treatment with THA in the LHA, but not in the VL. Simultaneously, DON treatment elevated level of norepinephrine (NE) in the spleen and mesenteric lymphoid nodes, and THA treatment in the LHA, rather than in the VL, antagonized the DON-caused NE elevation. These findings suggest that glutamatergic neurons in the cerebellar FN regulate innate and adaptive immune functions and the immunomodulation is conveyed by FN-hypothalamic glutamatergic projections and sympathetic nerves that innervate lymphoid tissues.}, doi = {10.1007/s11481-014-9572-y}, institution = {Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {25649846}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11481-014-9572-y}, } @Article{Cao:2013, author = {Cao, Bei-Bei and Huang, Yan and Lu, Jian-Hua and Xu, Fen-Fen and Qiu, Yi-Hua and Peng, Yu-Ping}, title = {Cerebellar fastigial nuclear GABAergic projections to the hypothalamus modulate immune function.}, journal = {Brain Behav Immun}, year = {2013}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {80--90}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Our previous work has shown that the cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) is involved in modulation of lymphocyte function. Herein, we investigated effect of FN γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic projections to the hypothalamus on lymphocytes to understand pathways and mechanisms underlying cerebellar immunomodulation. By injection of Texas red dextran amine (TRDA), an anterograde tracer, into FN, we found that the TRDA-labeled fibers from the FN traveled through the superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP), crossed in decussation of SCP (XSCP), entered the hypothalamus, and primarily terminated in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Further, by injecting Fluoro-Ruby (FR), a retrograde tracer, in LHA, we observed that the FR-stained fibers retrogradely passed through XSCP and reached FN. Among these FR-positive neurons in the FN, there were GABA-immunoreactive cells. We then microinjected vigabatrin, which is an inhibitor of GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) that degrades GABA, bilaterally into FN. The vigabatrin treatment increased both number of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in FN-LHA projections and GABA content in the hypothalamus. Simultaneously, vigabatrin significantly reduced concanavalin A (Con A)-induced lymphocyte proliferation, anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) IgM antibody level, and natural killer (NK) cell number and cytotoxicity. In support of these findings, we inhibited GABA synthesis by using 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP), which antagonizes glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). We found that the inhibition of GABA synthesis caused changes that were opposite to those when GABA was increased with vigabatrin. These findings show that the cerebellar FN has a direct GABAergic projection to the hypothalamus and that this projection actively participates in modulation of lymphocytes.}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbi.2012.09.014}, institution = {Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.}, keywords = {3-Mercaptopropionic Acid, pharmacology; Animals; Cell Count; Cell Proliferation, drug effects; Cerebellar Nuclei, drug effects/immunology; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic, drug effects/immunology; Dextrans, diagnostic use; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; GABA Agents, pharmacology; GABAergic Neurons, drug effects/immunology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Hypothalamus, drug effects/immunology; Immunoglobulin M, drug effects/immunology; Killer Cells, Natural, drug effects/immunology; Lymphocytes, drug effects/immunology; Nerve Fibers, drug effects/immunology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines, diagnostic use; T-Lymphocytes, drug effects/immunology; Vigabatrin, pharmacology; Xanthenes, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0889-1591(12)00463-1}, pmid = {23046722}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.09.014}, } @Article{Cao:2004, author = {Cao, W-H. and Fan, W. and Morrison, S. F.}, title = {Medullary pathways mediating specific sympathetic responses to activation of dorsomedial hypothalamus.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2004}, volume = {126}, number = {1}, pages = {229--240}, abstract = {We sought to determine which medullary sympathetic premotor neurons mediate the cardiovascular and thermogenic effects resulting from activation of neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) in urethane/chloralose-anesthetized, artificially ventilated rats. Unilateral disinhibition of neurons in the DMH with microinjection of bicuculline (2 mM, 30 nl) caused significant increases in brown adipose tissue sympathetic nerve activity (BAT SNA, +828+/-169\% of control, n=16), cardiac SNA (+516+/-82\% of control, n=16), renal SNA (RSNA, +203+/-25\% of control, n=28) and, accompanied by increases in BAT temperature (+1.6+/-0.3 degrees C, n=11), end-tidal CO(2) (+0.7+/-0.1\%, n=15), heart rate (+113+/-7 beats/min, n=32), arterial pressure (+19+/-2 mm Hg, n=32) and plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. Inhibition of neurons in the rostral raphe pallidus (RPa) with microinjection of muscimol (6 mM, 60 nl) abolished the increases in BAT SNA and BAT temperature and reduced the tachycardia induced by disinhibition of DMH neurons. Inhibition of neurons in the RVLM with microinjection of muscimol (6 mM, 60 nl) markedly reduced the increase in RSNA, but did not affect the evoked tachycardia or the increase in arterial pressure. Combined glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-67) immunocytochemistry and pseudorabies viral retrograde tracing from BAT indicated close appositions between GABAergic terminals and DMH neurons in sympathetic pathways to BAT. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the existence of a tonically active, GABAergic inhibitory input to neurons in the DMH and that blockade of this inhibition increases sympathetic outflow to thermogenic and cardiovascular targets by activating functionally specific populations of sympathetic premotor neurons: the excitation of BAT SNA and BAT thermogenesis is mediated through putative sympathetic premotor neurons in the RPa, while the activation in RSNA is dependent on those in RVLM. These data increase our understanding of the central pathways mediating changes in sympathetically mediated thermogenesis that is activated in thermoregulation, stress responses and energy balance.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.03.013}, institution = {Neurological Sciences Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 Northwest 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.}, keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Brown, innervation; Adrenal Cortex, secretion; Animals; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Blood Pressure; Catecholamines, blood/secretion; Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/physiology; GABA Agonists, pharmacology; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; Heart Rate; Kidney, innervation; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Microinjections; Muscimol, pharmacology; Neural Conduction, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time, physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452204001903}, pmid = {15145088}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.03.013}, } @Article{Cao:2006, author = {Cao, Ying and Matsuyama, Kiyoji and Fujito, Yutaka and Aoki, Mamoru}, title = {Involvement of medullary GABAergic and serotonergic raphe neurons in respiratory control: electrophysiological and immunohistochemical studies in rats.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {2006}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, pages = {322--331}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {In the present study we first examined the possible involvement of the putative neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin (5-HT) in raphe-induced facilitatory or inhibitory effects on the respiratory activity of rats. Secondly, we investigated the possibility of spinal projections of GABAergic and serotonergic neurons from the medullary raphe nuclei to the phrenic motor nucleus (PMN). We observed that an intravenous (i.v.) injection of (+)-bicuculline, a GABA(A) receptor antagonist, significantly reduced respiratory inhibition induced by electrical stimulation of the raphe magnus (RM) or the raphe obscurus (RO). On the other hand, an i.v. injection of methysergide, a broad-spectrum 5-HT receptor antagonist, significantly reduced the respiratory facilitation induced by electrical stimulation of the raphe pallidus (RP) or RO. By using a combined method of retrograde tracing with Texas Red injected into the PMN region at segments C4 and C5 and immunohistochemical labeling, we observed that glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD; a GABA synthesizing enzyme) immunopositive and Texas Red double labeled neurons were predominantly localized in the RM, and additionally in the RO. However 5-HT immunopositive and Texas Red double-labeled neurons were predominantly localized in the RP, and additionally in the RO and RM. These findings suggest that RM-, or RO-induced inhibitory effects, are transmitted, at least in part, to the PMN via a direct GABAergic descending pathway. The RP-, or RO-induced facilitatory effects in rats however, are transmitted via a serotonergic descending pathway.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neures.2006.08.001}, institution = {Department of Physiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Brain Mapping; Electric Stimulation, methods; Female; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Methysergide, pharmacology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Raphe Nuclei, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiration, drug effects/radiation effects; Serotonin Antagonists, pharmacology; Serotonin, metabolism; Time Factors; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0168-0102(06)00190-8}, pmid = {16962678}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2006.08.001}, } @Article{Caous:2001, author = {Caous, C. A. and {de Sousa Buck}, H. and Lindsey, C. J.}, title = {Neuronal connections of the paratrigeminal nucleus: a topographic analysis of neurons projecting to bulbar, pontine and thalamic nuclei related to cardiovascular, respiratory and sensory functions.}, journal = {Auton Neurosci}, year = {2001}, volume = {94}, number = {1-2}, pages = {14--24}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The paratrigeminal nucleus, which receives sensory input from trigeminal, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, has efferent projections to bulbar, pontine and possibly to thalamic structures associated with nociception, thermoregulation and cardiovascular control. Anterograde neuronal tracers were used to study paratrigeminal efferent connections. Labeled terminal fibers, evidencing bilateral efferent paratrigeminal projections were observed in the medial and caudal solitary tract (sol), lateral reticular nucleus (LRt), ambiguus nucleus (Amb), rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus (RVL), while ipsilateral projections were found in the parabrachial (PB) nuclei and ventral portion of the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPM). This extends other findings that describe paratrigeminal projections. Retrograde neuronal transport tracers, microinjected in the defined projection areas were used to map distribution of the paratrigeminal neurons originating different efferent connections. Microinjection of latex microspheres containing fluorescein or rhodamine and Fluoro-gold in the ventral VPM, PB, RVL, Amb, LRt and NTS revealed sets of labeled paratrigeminal nucleus neurons respectively organised in a rostral-caudal sequence. The largest extent of the paratrigeminal nucleus (medial portion) contained neurons projecting to the RVL/Amb, structures associated with cardiovascular regulation. The data show a segmented topographical organization of the nucleus, with different sets of neurons within delimited segments, projecting to neuronal structures associated with different functions. This points to a complex and extensive role for the paratrigeminal nucleus in the integration of somatosensory reflexes related to cardiovascular, respiratory and pain mechanisms. The nucleus may act as a medullary relay interposed between sensory afferents and different structures related to homoeostatic functions.}, doi = {10.1016/s1566-0702(01)00338-1}, institution = {Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.}, keywords = {Animals; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Interneurons, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Sensation, physiology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Stereotaxic Techniques; Terminology as Topic; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11775703}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Card:1998, author = {Card, J. P.}, title = {Exploring brain circuitry with neurotropic viruses: new horizons in neuroanatomy.}, journal = {Anat Rec}, year = {1998}, volume = {253}, number = {6}, pages = {176--185}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {There have been substantial advances in methods for defining connections among neurons over the past quarter century. However, most tracers have been limited in their ability to define populations of functionally related neurons that contribute to a multisynaptic circuit because they are not transported across synapses. As a result, the large body of literature that has employed these tracers has established regional associations between regions that must be further explored with electron microscopy and electrophysiological methods to define the synaptic relations among constituent neurons. Recently, neurotropic alpha herpesviruses have been used to visualize ensembles of neurons that contribute to polysynaptic networks. These pathogens invade permissive cells, replicate, and pass transynaptically to infect other neurons. In effect, the viruses become self-amplifying tracers whose natural tropism and invasiveness define populations of functionally related neurons. The recent increase in the use of this experimental approach has emerged from advances in our understanding of the life cycle of these viruses and the resulting evidence in support of specific transynaptic passage of progeny virus rather than infection by lytic release into the extracellular space. This article reviews the advances that have made this a viable experimental approach and considers ways in which this method has been creatively used to illuminate aspects of nervous system circuit organization that could not be defined with conventional tracers.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199812)253:6<176::aid-ar6>3.0.co;2-w}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. Card@bns.pitt.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Antigens, Viral, analysis; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/virology; Herpesviridae, immunology/isolation /&/ purification/physiology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, immunology/isolation /&/ purification/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Neuroanatomy, methods; Neurons, cytology/virology; Phenotype; Rats; Synaptic Transmission; Virus Replication, physiology; Virus Shedding}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-W}, pmid = {9875987}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Card:1999, author = {Card, J. P. and Enquist, L. W. and Moore, R. Y.}, title = {Neuroinvasiveness of pseudorabies virus injected intracerebrally is dependent on viral concentration and terminal field density.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {407}, number = {3}, pages = {438--452}, month = {May}, abstract = {Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a neurotropic swine alpha herpesvirus, has been used extensively for transneuronal analysis ofmultisynaptic circuitry after peripheral injection. In the present analysis, we examined the influence of viral concentration and neuronal architecture on the invasiveness, replication, and transynaptic passage of an attenuated strain of PRV (PRV-Bartha) injected into rat striatum. Different concentrations of PRV-Bartha were injected into the striatum at a constant rate of infusion (10 nl/minute), and animals were killed 50 hours later. Viral concentration was manipulated by either altering the volume of the inoculum (100, 50, 20 nl) or by diluting the inoculum within a constant volume of 100 nl. Immunohistochemical localization of infected neurons revealed dramatic differences in the progression of infection that were dependent directly on the concentration of injected virus. In every case, the pattern of infection was consistent with preferential uptake of virions by axon terminals and retrograde transynaptic passage of virus from the injection site. The known topographically organized corticostriatal projections permitted a precise definition of the zone of viral uptake. This analysis demonstrated that the "effective zone of viral uptake" (i.e., the zone within which viral uptake led to productive replication of virus) varied in relation to the concentration of injected virus, with the highest concentration of PRV invading terminals within a 500 microm radius of the canula. Concentration-dependent changes in the progression of retrograde transynaptic infection also were observed. The highest concentration of virus produced the most extensive infection. The distribution of infected neurons in these cases included those with known afferent projections to striatum as well as those that became infected by retrograde transynaptic infection. Lesser concentrations of PRV-Bartha produced an increasingly restricted infection of the same circuitry within the same postinoculation interval. It is noteworthy that neurons known to elaborate dense striatal terminal fields were less sensitive to reduction in viral concentration than those giving rise to terminal fields of lesser density. Collectively, the data indicate that the onset of viral replication after intracerebral injection of PRV is directly dependent on virus concentration and terminal field density at the site of virus injection.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990510)407:3<438::aid-cne11>3.0.co;2-2}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA. card@bns.pitt.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure/virology; Corpus Striatum, ultrastructure; Disease Progression; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Nervous System, virology; Pseudorabies, virology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, virology; Viral Load; Virus Replication, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-2}, pmid = {10320223}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Card:2011, author = {Card, J Patrick and Kobiler, Oren and Ludmir, Ethan B. and Desai, Vedant and Sved, Alan F. and Enquist, Lynn W.}, title = {A dual infection pseudorabies virus conditional reporter approach to identify projections to collateralized neurons in complex neural circuits.}, journal = {PLoS One}, year = {2011}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {e21141}, abstract = {Replication and transneuronal transport of pseudorabies virus (PRV) are widely used to define the organization of neural circuits in rodent brain. Here we report a dual infection approach that highlights connections to neurons that collateralize within complex networks. The method combines Cre recombinase (Cre) expression from a PRV recombinant (PRV-267) and Cre-dependent reporter gene expression from a second infecting strain of PRV (PRV-263). PRV-267 expresses both Cre and a monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP) fused to viral capsid protein VP26 (VP26-mRFP) that accumulates in infected cell nuclei. PRV-263 carries a Brainbow cassette and expresses a red (dTomato) reporter that fills the cytoplasm. However, in the presence of Cre, the dTomato gene is recombined from the cassette, eliminating expression of the red reporter and liberating expression of either yellow (EYFP) or cyan (mCerulean) cytoplasmic reporters. We conducted proof-of-principle experiments using a well- characterized model in which separate injection of recombinant viruses into the left and right kidneys produces infection of neurons in the renal preautonomic network. Neurons dedicated to one kidney expressed the unique reporters characteristic of PRV-263 (cytoplasmic dTomato) or PRV-267 (nuclear VP26-mRFP). Dual infected neurons expressed VP26-mRFP and the cyan or yellow cytoplasmic reporters activated by Cre-mediated recombination of the Brainbow cassette. Differential expression of cyan or yellow reporters in neurons lacking VP26-mRFP provided a unique marker of neurons synaptically connected to dual infected neurons, a synaptic relationship that cannot be distinguished using other dual infection tracing approaches. These data demonstrate Cre-enabled conditional reporter expression in polysynaptic circuits that permits the identification of collateralized neurons and their presynaptic partners.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0021141}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America. card@pitt.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Base Sequence; Genes, Reporter; Genome, Viral; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, genetics/physiology; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, cytology/virology; Open Reading Frames; Pseudorabies, physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {PONE-D-11-04809}, pmid = {21698154}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021141}, } @Article{Card:1982, author = {Card, J. P. and Moore, R. Y.}, title = {Ventral lateral geniculate nucleus efferents to the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus exhibit avian pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1982}, volume = {206}, number = {4}, pages = {390--396}, month = {Apr}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902060407}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, metabolism; Female; Geniculate Bodies, metabolism; Hypothalamus, metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Nerve Fibers, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Optic Chiasm, metabolism; Pancreatic Polypeptide, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Supraoptic Nucleus, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6178763}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902060407}, } @Article{Card:1989, author = {J. P. Card and R. Y. Moore}, title = {Organization of lateral geniculate-hypothalamic connections in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1989}, volume = {284}, number = {1}, pages = {135--147}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The location and chemical identity of neurons interconnecting the lateral geniculate complex and the hypothalamus were analyzed in order to provide further information on the anatomical substrates for the entrainment of circadian rhythms. A particular objective of the study was to characterize the neurons projecting between the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) of the lateral geniculate complex and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and related anterior hypothalamic areas. The connectivity experiments employed five combinations of fluorescent tracer injection and were combined with immunohistochemical localization of either neuropeptide Y (NPY), met-enkephalin (mENK) or the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)/peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) group. IGL efferents. Injection of tracer into the SCN results in retrograde labeling of NPY-immunoreactive neurons in the IGL as would be expected from prior work. These neurons and their terminals also contain the C-flanking peptide of the NPY precursor molecule (CPON). In addition, there are two additional groups of neurons in the IGL that project either to the SCN or the contralateral IGL but do not exhibit NPY immunoreactivity. These include a substantial population of cells that project to the SCN and an even larger group of neurons which project to the contralateral IGL and contain mENK immunoreactivity. Hypothalamic efferents. Injection of tracer into the IGL results in retrograde labeling of scattered neurons throughout the SCN and immediately adjacent anterior hypothalamus ipsilaterally and also in labeling of a small number of neurons in the same areas on the contralateral side of the brain. In rare instances, individual SCN neurons appear to project to both IGLs. However, the retrochiasmatic area (RCA) contains the largest number of retrogradely labeled neurons following tracer injections into the IGL. These neurons are concentrated along the midsagittal plane and in the lateral RCA ipsilateral to the injected IGL. None of the labeled neurons in the SCN or adjacent anterior hypothalamus exhibit VIP or PHI immunoreactivity. These observations indicate that the anatomical relations between the geniculate complex and the anterior hypothalamus are more complex than previously shown. First, the geniculohypothalamic tract arises from two distinct groups of IGL neurons: one contains NPY/CPON immunoreactivity; the chemical content of the other is not characterized at the present time. Second, the commissural projection between the two IGLs is formed by a third group of neurons, and these cells contain mENK immunoreactivity. Finally, reciprocal projections from the hypothalamus to the IGL arise from neurons in the retrochiasmatic area, SCN, and adjacent anterior hypothalamus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902840110}, institution = {Medical Products Department, E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0400.}, keywords = {Animals; Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Enkephalin, Methionine, metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/metabolism; Male; Microspheres; Neuropeptide Y; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Peptide PHI, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2754028}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902840110}, } @Article{Card:1990, author = {Card, J. P. and Rinaman, L. and Schwaber, J. S. and Miselis, R. R. and Whealy, M. E. and Robbins, A. K. and Enquist, L. W.}, title = {Neurotropic properties of pseudorabies virus: uptake and transneuronal passage in the rat central nervous system.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1990}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {1974--1994}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Uptake, replication, and transneuronal passage of a swine neurotropic herpesvirus (pseudorabies virus, PRV) was evaluated in the rat CNS. PRV was localized in neural circuits innervating the tongue, stomach, esophagus and eye with light microscopic immunohistochemistry. In each instance, the distribution of PRV-immunoreactive neurons was entirely consistent with that observed following injection of cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (CT-HRP). Injections of the tongue resulted in retrograde transport of PRV and CT-HRP to hypoglossal motor neurons, while preganglionic neurons in the dorsal motor vagal nucleus or somatic motor neurons in the nucleus ambiguus were labeled following injections of the stomach or esophagus, respectively. At longer times after infection, viral antigens were found in astrocytes adjacent to infected neurons and their efferent axons and second-order neuron labeling became apparent. The distribution of second-order neurons was also entirely dependent upon the site of PRV injection. Following tongue injection, second-order neurons were observed in the trigeminal complex, the brain-stem tegmentum and in monoaminergic cell groups. Injection of the stomach or esophagus led to second-order neuron labeling confined to distinct subdivisions of the neucleus of the solitary tract and monoaminergic cell groups. Comparative quantitative analysis of the number of PRV immunoreactive neurons present in the diencephalon and brain stem following injection of virus into both the eye and stomach musculature of the same animal demonstrated that retrograde transport of PRV from the viscera was more efficient and occurred at a much faster rate than anterograde transport of virus. These data demonstrate projection-specific transport of PRV in the nervous system and provide further insight into the means through which this neurotropic virus infects the nervous system.}, institution = {Co., Wilmington, Delaware 19898.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, microbiology; Central Nervous System, microbiology; Esophagus, microbiology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Injections; Male; Neural Pathways, microbiology; Neurons, microbiology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stomach, microbiology; Time Factors; Tongue, microbiology; Virus Replication}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2162388}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/10/6/1974.long}, } @Article{Card:2005, author = {Card, J Patrick and Santone, Jr, Daniel J and Gluhovsky, Maxim Y. and Adelson, P David}, title = {Plastic reorganization of hippocampal and neocortical circuitry in experimental traumatic brain injury in the immature rat.}, journal = {J Neurotrauma}, year = {2005}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {989--1002}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The reorganization of circuitry in the immature forebrain resulting from controlled cortical impact was examined with viral transneuronal tracing. Animals injured on postnatal day (PND) 17 and sham controls from the same litters received an intracerebral injection of a recombinant strain of pseudorabies virus (PRV) into the entorhinal cortex on PND 45. Fifty hours following injection of virus the animals were perfused and infected neurons were localized immunohistochemically with antisera specific for PRV. Prior studies have demonstrated that the PRV recombinant used in this analysis moves exclusively in the retrograde direction through synaptically linked neurons. CCI induced a necrotic loss of cortex at the site of impact and variable damage to the underlying corpus callosum and rostral (dorsal) hippocampus that was not present in sham controls. Analysis of viral transport in sham controls revealed retrograde transport of virus through hippocampal and neocortical circuitry in a pattern consistent with established patterns of connectivity and topography. Injured animals exhibited preservation of topographically organized connections in both the hippocampus and neocortex. However, the magnitude of labeling in the injured hemisphere was significantly increased relative to control animals and correlated with the magnitude of the injury. The distribution of infected neurons in the contralateral uninjured hemisphere also conformed to known connections. However differences in the involvement of the corpus callosum in the injury resulted in greater variability in the number of infected neurons among cases. These data provide novel insights into trauma induced reorganization of the developing brain and add to the experimental tools that can be used to assess the basis for functional recovery in animal models of developmental traumatic brain injury.}, doi = {10.1089/neu.2005.22.989}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA. card@bns.pitt.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Injuries, pathology; Disease Models, Animal; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Hippocampus, growth /&/ development/pathology/virology; Immunohistochemistry; Neocortex, growth /&/ development/pathology/virology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/virology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neurons, pathology/virology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16156714}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2005.22.989}, } @Article{Card:2006, author = {Card, J Patrick and Sved, Judy C. and Craig, Brian and Raizada, Mohan and Vazquez, Jorge and Sved, Alan F.}, title = {Efferent projections of rat rostroventrolateral medulla C1 catecholamine neurons: Implications for the central control of cardiovascular regulation.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2006}, volume = {499}, number = {5}, pages = {840--859}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {A replication-defective lentivirus vector that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of a synthetic dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH) promoter was used to define efferent projections of C1 catecholamine neurons in rat rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). EGFP expression was restricted to C1 neurons and filled their somatodendritic compartments and efferent axons 7-28 days after vector injection. This included the descending projections to thoracic spinal cord and a network in brainstem, midbrain, and diencephalon. In caudal brainstem, restricted terminal fields were present in the dorsal motor vagal complex, A1, raphe pallidus and obscurus, and marginal layer of ventrolateral medulla. Innervation of raphe nuclei was most dense at the level of RVLM, but rostral levels of pallidus were devoid of innervation. A sparse commissural projection to contralateral RVLM was observed, and pericellular arbors were present in the dorsal reticular formation among the projection pathway of catecholamine axons. Rostral brainstem contained a dense innervation of locus coeruleus and the nucleus subcoeruleus. A restricted innervation of the ventrolateral column of the periaqueductal gray distinguished the midbrain. Forebrain labeling was restricted to the diencephalon, where distinctive terminal fields were observed in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus; the lateral hypothalamic area; and the paraventricular, dorsomedial, supraoptic, and median preoptic nuclei of hypothalamus. Projection fibers also coursed through the tuberal hypothalamus into the median eminence. Collectively, these data demonstrate that RVLM C1 neurons modulate the activity of other central cell groups known to participate in the regulation of cardiovascular and autonomic function.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21140}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Catecholamines, metabolism; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, genetics; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Genes, Reporter; Genetic Vectors; Green Fluorescent Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Lentivirus, genetics/metabolism; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, chemistry/cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {17048222}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21140}, } @Article{Carey:1985, author = {R. G. Carey and T. L. Neal}, title = {The rat claustrum: afferent and efferent connections with visual cortex.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {329}, number = {1-2}, pages = {185--193}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {We have examined the afferent and efferent projections between the claustrum and visual cortex in the Long-Evans rat using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport techniques. Injections of either wheat germ agglutinin/horseradish peroxidase (WGA/HRP) or Fast Blue were made into each of the main visual regions (17, 18a or 18b) as well as directly into the claustrum. The cortical injections were placed in either the upper, middle or deep layers so as to assist in determining the laminar organization of these connections. Of the 3 visual areas, only area 18b appears to have extensive and reciprocal connections with the claustrum. After a WGA/HRP injection of this area, dense labeled terminals and numerous labeled cells were found intermixed throughout the full extent of the claustrum. The density of this labeled activity was found to vary directly with the amount of the infragranular layers involved by the injections. Injections in the other visual areas did produce labeled cells in the claustrum, but their number was always small or even negligible. There was never any evidence of anterograde labeled terminals in the claustrum from any injection of areas 17 or 18a. Tracer injections directly in the claustrum confirmed and extended these findings by showing that the labeled terminals and/or labeled cells were localized predominantly in layer VI of area 18b of visual cortex. On the basis of these injections, two major conclusions are reached. First, the pattern of connections between the claustrum and visual cortex in the rat differs fundamentally with that found in other species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)90524-4}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology; Cats; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Tupaiidae, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(85)90524-4}, pmid = {3978440}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Carey:1987, author = {R. G. Carey and R. W. Rieck}, title = {Topographic projections to the visual cortex from the basal forebrain in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1987}, volume = {424}, number = {2}, pages = {205--215}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Recent studies have shown that cholinergic neurons within the basal forebrain give rise to a projection that terminates throughout the neocortex. The purpose of the present study is to determine the topographic organization of the basal forebrain projection to a single cortical region: the visual cortex. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were placed within the infragranular layers of areas 17, 18a or 18b in Long-Evans hooded rats. Following injections placed within area 18a, retrogradely labeled neurons were located primarily within the caudal components of the basal forebrain including the basal nucleus of Meynert. Injections placed within area 18b, on the other hand, resulted in retrograde labeling of numerous neurons within rostral basal forebrain nuclei, including the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca, whereas only a few labeled cells were located within the basal nucleus. Two patterns of labeled cells were evident following injections placed within area 17 and they resembled the results from injections within the adjacent extrastriate area; i.e. either area 18a or area 18b. Thus, injections restricted to the lateral portions of area 17 resulted in retrograde labeling of neurons located within the caudal levels of the basal forebrain, whereas injections within the medial portions of area 17 were followed by retrograde labeling of neurons within the rostral levels of the basal forebrain. Based on these results we suggest that the cholinergic corticopetal projection terminates within the visual cortex in a medial to lateral pattern.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(87)91463-6}, institution = {Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Diencephalon, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synaptic Transmission; Telencephalon, physiology; Visual Cortex, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(87)91463-6}, pmid = {2823995}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Carlsen:1988, author = {J. Carlsen}, title = {Immunocytochemical localization of glutamate decarboxylase in the rat basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, with special reference to GABAergic innervation of amygdalostriatal projection neurons.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1988}, volume = {273}, number = {4}, pages = {513--526}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) immunohistochemistry was employed at the light and electron microscopic levels to localize GABAergic structures in the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (BL). The GAD-immunoreactive (GAD-IR) staining pattern consisted of punctate structures and a morphologically diverse group of GAD-IR neurons. At the electron microscopic level many of these punctate structures were found to make symmetrical synaptic contacts with cell bodies as well as distal parts of unlabeled, presumably projection and nonprojection, neurons. In addition, GAD-immunoreactive neurons were identified in the BL, and they had the ultrastructural characteristics of local circuit or intrinsic neurons and were not retrogradely labeled with HRP following ventral striatal injections. Some of these GAD-immunoreactive neurons were contacted by GABAergic boutons, forming symmetrical synaptic contacts. GABAergic innervation of amygdaloid projection neurons in the BL was identified by combining GAD immunohistochemistry with Golgi impregnation and retrograde tracing of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) following injections of the tracer in the olfactory-tubercle-related parts of the ventral striatum. Amygdalostriatal projection neurons in the BL were observed to be in continuity with neurons in the piriform cortex which project to the ventral striatum. The results provide direct evidence for the presence of GAD-IR boutons in the BL making synaptic contacts with identified amygdalostriatal projection neurons. The present study provides direct anatomical evidence for the physiological observation that GABA exhibits a powerful regulation of the amygdaloid projection neurons in the BL and lends further support to the concept of a corticallike functional organization of the basolateral amygdala.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902730407}, institution = {Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908.}, keywords = {Amygdala, enzymology/physiology/ultrastructure; Animals; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Golgi Apparatus, ultrastructure; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, physiology; Synapses, enzymology/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3062049}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902730407}, } @Article{Carlsen:1989, author = {J. Carlsen}, title = {New perspectives on the functional anatomical organization of the basolateral amygdala.}, journal = {Acta Neurol Scand Suppl}, year = {1989}, volume = {122}, pages = {1--27}, abstract = {We have examined the functional anatomical organization of the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (BL) in the rat and guinea pig using combined light and electron microscopic methods. Afferent and efferent connections as well as the internal organization of the BL have been studied with combined tracing, immunohistochemical, and Golgi techniques. We have found that the BL receives an intense cholinergic innervation from the ventral forebrain cholinergic system and, for the first time, described a group of intrinsic cholinergic neurons in the BL. The innervation from the primary olfactory cortex and the thalamus, as well as the GABAergic innervation of the amygdalostriatal projection neurons, is also described. Electron microscopic analyses have shown that the cholinergic system as well as the thalamic afferents primarily innervate the distal dendritic arbor of the projection neurons in the BL, whereas the GABAergic fibers are directed primarily towards their soma and proximal dendrites. Correlated light and electron microscopic studies have revealed that the projection neurons in the BL share many features with pyramidal and spiny stellate cells in the cerebral cortex. The ultrastructural characteristics of the afferent fiber systems and of the non-projection neurons in the BL are also reminiscent of the situation in the cerebral cortex. The observations reported in this study lend further support to the concept of a cortical-like organization of the BL. The anatomical observations of the BL are discussed particularly in relation to three major forebrain systems: 1. the ventral striatopallidal system, 2. the continuum formed by the centromedial amygdala, the substantia innominata and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and 3. the cholinergic ventral forebrain system. The clinical implications of the results obtained in this series of experimental studies are discussed in relation to Alzheimer's disease and complex partial seizures. The cholinergic system, in particular, has attracted much interest in relation to senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT), which often seems to be characterized by disruption of the ventral forebrain cholinergic projection system. We have found that the cholinergic innervation of the BL is often significantly reduced in SDAT, but interestingly enough, the areas of the basolateral amygdala with the highest content of cholinergic markers contain the smallest numbers of senile plaques.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0404.1989.tb08018.x}, institution = {Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Alzheimer Disease, pathology; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Animals; Brain Stem, cytology; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Epilepsy, physiopathology; Guinea Pigs; Hypothalamus, cytology; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Thalamus, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2763796}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Carlsen:1986, author = {Carlsen, J. and Heimer, L.}, title = {The projection from the parataenial thalamic nucleus, as demonstrated by the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) method, identifies a subterritorial organization of the ventral striatum.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {374}, number = {2}, pages = {375--379}, month = {May}, abstract = {The thalamic projection to the ventral striatum was examined in the rat by immunohistochemistry after iontophoretic injections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into the parataenial thalamic nucleus. A continuous dense terminal field was observed in the nucleus accumbens and the striatal cell bridges, as well as in the adjoining striatal parts of the olfactory tubercle. These observations provide further evidence of the relevance of the ventral striatal concept.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)90433-6}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Olfactory Bulb, anatomy /&/ histology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(86)90433-6}, pmid = {3719343}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Carlsen:1985, author = {J. Carlsen and L. Záborszky and L. Heimer}, title = {Cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to the basolateral amygdaloid complex: a combined retrograde fluorescent and immunohistochemical study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1985}, volume = {234}, number = {2}, pages = {155--167}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {We have examined the location of cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons that project to the rat basolateral amygdaloid nucleus by using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry in combination with retrograde fluorescent tracing on the same tissue section. Since many tracer-and ChAT-positive neurons were identified in basal forebrain areas, including the ventral pallidum, we also stained many of the sections for glutamate decarboxylase, a suitable marker for the delineation of pallidal areas. Cholinergic neurons projecting to the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus were observed in a continuous territory stretching from the dorsal part of ventral pallidum, through sublenticular substantia innominata to ventral parts of globus pallidus and peripallidal areas. Non-cholinergic neurons projecting to the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus were found intermixed within the same structures and constitute approximately 25\% of the amygdalopetal projection neurons in these ventral forebrain structures. Since amygdalopetal cholinergic neurons were demonstrated in areas generally recognized as giving rise to cholinergic projections to cerebral cortex, several retrograde double-labeling experiments with two different fluorescent tracers were performed for the purpose of detecting the possible existence of collateral projections. The results obtained showed that the cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in general project to only one forebrain region, and, furthermore, that the cholinergic system consists of partially overlapping subsets of neurons that project to various neocortical and allocortical areas and to the amygdaloid body.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902340203}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Cholinergic Fibers, anatomy /&/ histology; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Substantia Innominata, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3886715}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902340203}, } @Article{Carlton:1982, author = {S. M. Carlton and G. R. Leichnetz and J. D. Mayer}, title = {Projections from the nucleus parafascicularis prerubralis to medullary raphe nuclei and inferior olive in the rat: a horseradish peroxidase and autoradiography study.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1982}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {191--197}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Horseradish peroxidase gel implants into either the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) or inferior olive (IO) led to large numbers of retrogradely labeled cells in the prerubral subthalamic region in a cell group that surrounds the fasciculus retroflexus, which we suggest should be referred to as the nucleus parafascicularis prerubralis (nPfPr) to avoid the confusion of previous terminology. Autoradiographic studies, following injections of tritiated leucine into the nPfPr, confirmed projections to both medullary raphe nuclei (MRN) and IO. This common prerubral projection to IO, a well-established precerebellar nucleus, and MRN, again raises the question of whether the latter are involved in brainstem-mediated reflexes in addition to their well documented role in analgesic mechanisms.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(82)90398-6}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Leucine; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Red Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Tritium}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6180358}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Carlton:1982a, author = {Carlton, S. M. and Leichnetz, G. R. and Young, E. G. and Mayer, D. J.}, title = {A transcannula method for subcortical HRP gel implants: inferior olive afferents in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1982}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {581--585}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {A technique for using horseradish peroxidase in a polyacrylamide gel form for subcortical implants is described. In order to prevent uptake along the injection tract, the solid HRP gel pellet is delivered through a pre-implanted cannula to the target site. The appreciable advantages of using the HRP-transcannula technique are discussed in conjunction with a description of the afferents to the inferior olivary complex in the rat. The principal sources of afferents were the ipsilateral prerubral parafascicular nucleus, contralateral lateral cerebellar nucleus and dorsal column nuclei.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(82)90084-3}, keywords = {Acrylic Resins; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Catheterization; Drug Implants; Horseradish Peroxidase; Olivary Nucleus, physiology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6182958}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Carlton:1983, author = {S. M. Carlton and G. R. Leichnetz and E. G. Young and D. J. Mayer}, title = {Supramedullary afferents of the nucleus raphe magnus in the rat: a study using the transcannula HRP gel and autoradiographic techniques.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1983}, volume = {214}, number = {1}, pages = {43--58}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Afferents of the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) were retrogradely labelled by using a transcannula HRP gel technique in conjunction with tetramethylbenzidine neurohistochemistry to determine the sources of inputs to the nucleus which could potentially influence the descending antiociceptive raphe-spinal system. Large numbers of HRP-labelled neurons were seen in the frontal cortex, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, zona incerta, nucleus parafascicularis prerubralis (NPfPr), pretectum, dorsal and lateral periaqueductal gray, nucleus cuneiformis (NC), deep superior colliculus (dSC), a paraoculomotor cell group which may be the medial accessory nucleus of Bechterew, dorsal column nuclei, and spinal trigeminal nucleus. Smaller numbers of labelled cells were also observed in the preoptic area, nucleus of Darkschewitsch, ventral peri(third)ventricular gray, nucleus reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis, medial and lateral vestibular nuclei, and a subdivision of the hypoglossal nucleus. Confirmational anterograde autoradiographic studies were performed by injecting tritiated leucine into two of the principal sources of afferents to NRM: NPfPr, and dSC/NC. The results are compared with control HRP gel implants in the inferior olive, spinal cord, nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, and medial facial nucleus. Comments are also made concerning the parcellation of the ventromedial medulla and the possible role of both NRM and its afferents in central analgesic mechanisms.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902140105}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6841675}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902140105}, } @Article{Carmel:2013, author = {Carmel, Jason B. and Kimura, Hiroki and Berrol, Lauren J. and Martin, John H.}, title = {Motor cortex electrical stimulation promotes axon outgrowth to brain stem and spinal targets that control the forelimb impaired by unilateral corticospinal injury.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2013}, volume = {37}, number = {7}, pages = {1090--1102}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {We previously showed that electrical stimulation of motor cortex (M1) after unilateral pyramidotomy in the rat increased corticospinal tract (CST) axon length, strengthened spinal connections, and restored forelimb function. Here, we tested: (i) if M1 stimulation only increases spinal axon length or if it also promotes connections to brain stem forelimb control centers, especially magnocellular red nucleus; and (ii) if stimulation-induced increase in axon length depends on whether pyramidotomy denervated the structure. After unilateral pyramidotomy, we electrically stimulated the forelimb area of intact M1, to activate the intact CST and other corticofugal pathways, for 10 days. We anterogradely labeled stimulated M1 and measured axon length using stereology. Stimulation increased axon length in both the spinal cord and magnocellular red nucleus, even though the spinal cord is denervated by pyramidotomy and the red nucleus is not. Stimulation also promoted outgrowth in the cuneate and parvocellular red nuclei. In the spinal cord, electrical stimulation caused increased axon length ipsilateral, but not contralateral, to stimulation. Thus, stimulation promoted outgrowth preferentially to the sparsely corticospinal-innervated and impaired side. Outgrowth resulted in greater axon density in the ipsilateral dorsal horn and intermediate zone, resembling the contralateral termination pattern. Importantly, as in spinal cord, increase in axon length in brain stem also was preferentially directed towards areas less densely innervated by the stimulated system. Thus, M1 electrical stimulation promotes increases in corticofugal axon length to multiple M1 targets. We propose the axon length change was driven by competition into an adaptive pattern resembling lost connections.}, doi = {10.1111/ejn.12119}, institution = {Neuroscience and Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA; Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {23360401}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12119}, } @Article{Carnes:1990, author = {K. M. Carnes and T. A. Fuller and J. L. Price}, title = {Sources of presumptive glutamatergic/aspartatergic afferents to the magnocellular basal forebrain in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {302}, number = {4}, pages = {824--852}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The distribution of presumptive glutamatergic and/or aspartatergic neurons retrogradely labeled following injections of [3H]-D-aspartate into the magnocellular basal forebrain of the rat was compared with the distribution of neurons labeled by comparable injections of the nonspecific retrograde axonal tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Cells retrogradely labeled by wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were found in a wide range of limbic and limbic-related structures in the forebrain and brainstem. In the telencephalon, labeled neurons were seen in the orbital, medial prefrontal, and agranular insular cortical areas, the amygdaloid complex, and the hippocampal formation. Labeled cells were also seen in the olfactory cortex, the lateral septum, the ventral striatopallidal region, and the magnocellular basal forebrain itself. In the diencephalon, neurons were labeled in the midline nuclear complex of the thalamus, the lateral habenular nucleus, and the hypothalamus. In the brainstem, labeled cells were found bilaterally in the ventral midbrain, the central gray, the reticular formation, the parabrachial nuclei, the raphe nuclei, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and the locus coeruleus. A significant fraction of the afferents to the magnocellular basal forebrain appear to be glutamatergic and/or aspartatergic. Only a few of the regions labeled with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were not also labeled with [3H]-D-aspartate in the comparable experiments. Most prominent among the non-glutamatergic/aspartatergic projections were those from fields CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus, the hilus of the dentate gyrus, the dorsal subiculum, the tuberomammillary nucleus, and the ventral pallidum. In addition, most of the lateral hypothalamic and brainstem projections to the magnocellular basal forebrain were not significantly labeled with [3H]-D-aspartate. In addition to these inputs, a commissural projection from the region of the contralateral nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band was confirmed with both wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and the anterograde axonal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. This projection did not label with [3H]-D-aspartate or [3H]-GABA, suggesting that it is not glutamatergic/aspartatergic or GABAergic. Furthermore, double labeling experiments with the fluorescent retrograde tracer True Blue and antibodies against choline acetyltransferase indicate that the projection is not cholinergic.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903020413}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Aspartic Acid, analysis; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Female; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Glutamates, analysis; Glutamic Acid; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Male; Rats; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1982006}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020413}, } @InCollection{Carnes:1988, author = {Carnes, Kenneth M and Price, Joseph L}, title = {Demonstration of individual fibers from the substantia innominata to the frontal cortex of the rat, using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L)}, booktitle = {Neurobiology of Amino Acids, Peptides and Trophic Factors}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {1988}, pages = {215--218}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4613-1721-0_15}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Carobi:1987, author = {Carobi, C.}, title = {Capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferent neurons innervating the rat pancreas.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1987}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, pages = {5--9}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The vagal afferent innervation of the rat pancreas was investigated by the use of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the pancreas through the common bile duct. Many labeled neuronal somata were found in the right and left nodose ganglia. The size distribution of the labeled neuronal population in the nodose ganglia was examined and compared with that obtained from rats pretreated with capsaicin. In rats treated neonatally with capsaicin the smallest neurons (up to 200 micron2) were completely absent and those belonging to the second and third classes (200-300, 300-400 micron2) were reduced in both vagi.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(87)90597-0}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Capsaicin, pharmacology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Male; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects; Pancreas, innervation; Rats; Vagus Nerve, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(87)90597-0}, pmid = {2439955}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Carobi:1990, author = {Carobi, C.}, title = {Vagal afferent innervation in regenerated rat liver.}, journal = {Experientia}, year = {1990}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, pages = {50--53}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The possible presence of neural sprouting in the afferent neurons of regenerated rat liver after hepatectomy was investigated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. This experiment was carried out to see if the increase in hepatic parenchyma could provide an adequate stimulus for the sprouting process. The study was limited to the vagal afferents, particularly the left ones, because they are the principal contributors to hepatic afferent innervation in the rat. The results show that neural sprouting does not occur in regenerated rat liver after 3 weeks. In fact, the number of intensely labeled neurons in the left nodose ganglia of hepatectomized rats was significantly smaller than in controls. This could be due to a lessened availability of horseradish peroxidase to nerve terminals because of the increased non-innervated hepatic mass. There was no difference between right nodose ganglia neurons in hepatectomized and control animals. This could be a consequence of their possible distribution in hepatic areas not involved in the regenerative process.}, doi = {10.1007/bf01955412}, institution = {Institute of Human Physiology, University of Perugia Medical School, Italy.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Hepatectomy; Horseradish Peroxidase; Liver Regeneration; Liver, innervation; Male; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vagus Nerve, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2298281}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Carobi:1990a, author = {Carobi, C. and Candio, F.}, title = {Vagal afferent innervation of the pylorus and the upper small intestine studied in the rat with the horseradish peroxidase technique.}, journal = {Experientia}, year = {1990}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, pages = {48--50}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The neuronal tracer horseradish peroxidase was injected into different segments of the gastrointestinal in the rat, in order to study the vagal afferent innervation. In the nodose ganglia the extent of labeling was greater in the experiments on the gastric antrum and pylorus than in the experiments on the first part of the small intestine. Vagal afferents are scarce in the upper duodenum and originate mainly from the left nodose ganglion.}, doi = {10.1007/bf01955411}, institution = {Institute of Human Physiology, University of Perugia Medical School, Italy.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Duodenum, innervation; Horseradish Peroxidase; Intestine, Small, innervation; Male; Pylorus, innervation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2298280}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Carobi:1981, author = {C. Carobi and F. Magni}, title = {The afferent innervation of the liver: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1981}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {269--274}, month = {May}, abstract = {Scattered injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the rat liver produced labeling of a small number of large neurons located only in the rostral pole of the left nodose ganglion. The same amount injected in a single lobe also produced labeling of a few cells in Th7-Th10 dorsal root ganglia. No retrograde marking followed subcapsular injections. HRP injections around the porta hepatis yielded labeling of large and small neurons in the left nodose ganglion only. This indicates that most of the afferent fibers are of vagal origin, and that different receptors are located in different parts of the liver.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(81)90009-4}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Horseradish Peroxidase; Liver, innervation; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Nodose Ganglion, physiology; Rats; Vagus Nerve, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6167912}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Carr:2000, author = {Carr, DB and Sesack, SR}, title = {Projections from the Rat Prefrontal Cortex to the Ventral Tegmental Area: Target Specificity in the Synaptic Associations with Mesoaccumbens and Mesocortical Neurons}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2000}, volume = {20}, pages = {3864-3873}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/10/3864.long}, } @Article{Carr:1999, author = {Carr, D. B. and O'Donnell, P. and Card, J. P. and Sesack, S. R.}, title = {Dopamine terminals in the rat prefrontal cortex synapse on pyramidal cells that project to the nucleus accumbens.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1999}, volume = {19}, number = {24}, pages = {11049--11060}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Afferents to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) from dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area have been implicated in working memory processes and in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Previous anatomical investigations have demonstrated that dopamine terminals synapse on dendritic spines and shafts of pyramidal cells in the PFC. Moreover, neurochemical and physiological studies suggest that dopamine modulates the activity of PFC neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens. However, whether this modulation involves direct synaptic input to cortico-accumbens projection neurons has not been determined. To address this question, retrograde transport of an attenuated strain of pseudorabies virus (PRV) from the nucleus accumbens was combined with immunoperoxidase labeling of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to identify dopamine terminals in the PFC. At survival times <48 hr, extensive dendritic distribution of immunogold labeling for PRV was observed in cortico-accumbens neurons. However, evidence consistent with trans-synaptic passage of PRV within this timeframe was observed only rarely. When examined at the electron microscopic level, immunogold labeling for PRV was localized to neuronal somata, proximal and distal dendrites, and dendritic spines. Some of these dendritic processes received symmetric synaptic input from TH-immunoreactive terminals. These data represent the first demonstration of dopamine synaptic contacts onto an identified population of pyramidal cells in the PFC. The findings have important implications for understanding how dopamine modulates cortical outflow to limbic regions in normal brain and pathological states such as schizophrenia.}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Dopamine, physiology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, isolation /&/ purification/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, physiology/ultrastructure; Nucleus Accumbens, physiology/virology; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology/ultrastructure/virology; Pyramidal Cells, physiology/virology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure/virology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10594085}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/24/11049.long}, } @Article{Carr:1996, author = {D. B. Carr and S. R. Sesack}, title = {Hippocampal afferents to the rat prefrontal cortex: synaptic targets and relation to dopamine terminals.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1996}, volume = {369}, number = {1}, pages = {1--15}, month = {May}, abstract = {Afferents to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) from the hippocampal formation and from midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons have been implicated in the cognitive and adaptive functions of this cortical region. In the present study, we investigated the ultrastructure and synaptic targets of hippocampal terminals, as well as their relation to DA terminals within the PFC of adult rats. Hippocampal afferents were labeled either by anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) from the ventral hippocampal formation or by anterograde degeneration following fimbria lesion. Hippocampal terminals in the PFC, identified by either method, formed primarily asymmetric axospinous synapses, with a small percentage forming asymmetric axodendritic synapses. Dopamine terminals in the PFC were identified by peroxidase immunocytochemistry for either tyrosine hydroxylase or DA and formed primarily symmetric synapses onto dendritic spines and small caliber dendritic shafts. Spines that received symmetric synaptic contact from DA terminals invariably also received an asymmetric synapse from an unlabeled terminal, forming a triadic complex. Hippocampal and DA terminals in the PFC were not often observed in the same area of the neuropil, and no examples of convergence of hippocampal and DA terminals onto common postsynaptic targets were observed. Further analysis revealed that spines receiving synaptic contact from hippocampal terminals did not receive additional synaptic contact from any other source. However, when localized to the same area of the neuropil, hippocampal and DA terminals were often in direct apposition to one another, without forming axo-axonic synapses. These results suggest that 1) hippocampal terminals primarily form excitatory synapses onto spiny pyramidal neurons, 2) hippocampal afferents are unlikely to be synaptically modulated by DA or non-DA terminals at the level of the dendritic spine, and 3) appositions between hippocampal and DA terminals may facilitate presynaptic interactions between these afferents to the PFC.}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-7}, institution = {260, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Dopamine, analysis; Hippocampus, physiology/ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Degeneration, physiology; Nerve Endings, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Nucleus Accumbens, chemistry/ultrastructure; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-7}, pmid = {8723699}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-7}, } @Article{Carr:1998, author = {D. B. Carr and S. R. Sesack}, title = {Callosal terminals in the rat prefrontal cortex: synaptic targets and association with GABA-immunoreactive structures.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {1998}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {193--205}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The callosal projections of the cerebral cortex play an important role in the functional integration of the two hemispheres, and the anatomy of these connections has been extensively studied in primary sensory and motor regions. In the present investigation, we examined the synaptic targets of callosal terminals in a limbic association area, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the rat. In addition, we examined the relationship of callosal afferents to GABA local circuit neurons within the PFC. Callosal terminals were labeled by either anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin from superficial or deep layers or by anterograde degeneration following electrolytic lesion of the contralateral PFC. Callosal terminals in either the superficial or deep layers labeled by either method formed primarily asymmetric axo-spinous synapses (approximately 95\%), while the remainder formed axo-dendritic synapses. Some of the dendrites postsynaptic to callosal terminals exhibited a morphology characteristic of local circuit neurons. This observation was confirmed in tissue immunolabeled for GABA, in which degenerating callosal terminals sometimes formed asymmetric synapses on GABA-labeled dendrites. In addition, GABA-labeled terminals and callosal afferents were sometimes observed to converge onto common postsynaptic dendritic shafts or spines within the PFC. These results indicate that callosal terminals in limbic association cortex, consistent with sensory and motor cortices, primarily target the spines of pyramidal neurons. In addition, the results suggest that callosal afferents to the PFC interact with GABA local circuit neurons at multiple levels. Specifically, a proportion of callosal terminals appear to provide excitatory drive to GABA cells, while GABA terminals may modulate the excitation from callosal inputs to the distal dendrites and spines of PFC pyramidal neurons.}, doi = {3.0.CO;2-1}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Corpus Callosum, physiology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Degeneration, physiopathology; Nerve Endings, physiology; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-1}, pmid = {9635889}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/3.0.CO;2-1}, } @Article{Carr:2000a, author = {D. B. Carr and S. R. Sesack}, title = {GABA-containing neurons in the rat ventral tegmental area project to the prefrontal cortex.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {2000}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, pages = {114--123}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Dopamine-containing projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) have been extensively characterized since their discovery over 25 years ago. However, the VTA projection to the PFC also contains a substantial nondopamine component, whose neurochemical phenotype is unknown. To examine if a portion of this nondopamine VTA projection contains GABA, anterograde and retrograde tract-tracing in the rat was combined with GABA immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Following injections of Fluoro-Gold (FG) into the PFC, many VTA neurons were retrogradely labeled, as visualized by immunoperoxidase staining for FG. A large portion of FG-labeled somata (58\%) and dendrites (33\%) within the VTA also contained immunogold-silver labeling for GABA. These dually labeled profiles exhibited a morphology similar to dopamine-containing cells within the VTA. To confirm and extend these findings, anterograde transport of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) from the VTA was combined with immunogold-silver labeling for GABA within the PFC. Consistent with the results obtained from retrograde tracing, a portion of BDA-labeled terminals in the PFC also contained immunoreactivity for GABA. These dually labeled terminals formed symmetric synapses onto small caliber dendrites and dendritic spines. Some PFC dendrites contacted by GABA-containing VTA terminals were themselves GABA-labeled. The results of this investigation have identified a substantial population of GABA-containing neurons in the VTA that send axons to the PFC where they synapse on the distal processes of both pyramidal and local circuit neurons. This GABA-containing mesocortical pathway may provide substrates for both inhibitory and disinhibitory influences on PFC neuronal activity.}, doi = {3.0.CO;2-R}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA. Sesack@bns.pitt.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, chemistry/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Ventral Tegmental Area, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-R}, pmid = {11018785}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/3.0.CO;2-R}, } @Article{Carr:2000b, author = {Carr, D. B. and Sesack, S. R.}, title = {Dopamine terminals synapse on callosal projection neurons in the rat prefrontal cortex.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2000}, volume = {425}, number = {2}, pages = {275--283}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Dopamine (DA) afferents to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) play an important role in the cognitive functions subserved by this cortical area. Within the PFC, DA terminals synapse onto the distal dendrites of both local circuit neurons and pyramidal projection cells. We have previously demonstrated in the rat PFC that some of the dendrites and spines postsynaptic to DA terminals arise from pyramidal neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens. However, it is not known whether the pyramidal cells that give rise to callosal intercortical connections of the PFC also receive DA synaptic input. To address this question, retrograde tract tracing using an attenuated strain of pseudorabies virus (PRV-Bartha) was combined with immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to identify DA terminals in the PFC. Thirty-six to 40 hours following injection of PRV into the contralateral PFC, numerous callosal projection neurons were extensively labeled throughout their dendritic trees, with no evidence of PRV trans-synaptic passage. In tissue prepared for electron microscopy, labeling for PRV was distributed throughout pyramidal cell somata and extended into distal dendrites and dendritic spines. Some PRV-labeled dendrites and spines received symmetric synaptic input from terminals containing peroxidase labeling for TH. These results demonstrate that DA terminals synapse onto the distal dendrites of callosally projecting PFC neurons and suggest substrates through which DA may modulate interhemispheric cortical communication.}, doi = {10.1002/1096-9861(20000918)425:2<275::aid-cne9>3.0.co;2-z}, institution = {Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Corpus Callosum, metabolism/ultrastructure/virology; Dopamine, metabolism; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure/virology; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure/virology; Prefrontal Cortex, metabolism/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-Z}, pmid = {10954845}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Carrasco:2001, author = {Carrasco, M. and Portillo, F. and Larsen, P. J. and Vallo, J. J.}, title = {Insulin and glucose administration stimulates Fos expression in neurones of the paraventricular nucleus that project to autonomic preganglionic structures.}, journal = {J Neuroendocrinol}, year = {2001}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {339--346}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Insulin and glucose play a key role in the control of body energy homeostasis. However, the anatomical organization of the network of central insulin and glucose sensitive areas is still unclear. In the present study, we used a multiple-labelling technique combining retrograde tracing and Fos-like immunohistochemistry, to analyse the anatomical projections from hypothalamic neurones activated by the combined stimulus of insulin and glucose. After intraperitoneal injections of a bolus of insulin plus glucose, Fos-like immunoreactive neurones were observed in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), ventromedial and arcuate nuclei, as well as the lateral hypothalamic area. In addition, neurones projecting to the autonomic preganglionic levels in the brainstem and spinal cord potentially involved in the control of glucose metabolism were identified by injections of fluorochrome tracers. Thus, Fluorogold was injected into the intermediolateral cell column of the lower spinal cord and Fast Blue was injected into the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Perikarya of descending neurones were detected chiefly in the dorsal, medial and lateral parvocellular subnuclei and also in the posterior magnocellular subnucleus of the PVN. In contrast, insulin-glucose activated neurones in the PVN were observed mainly in the medial parvocellular and posterior magnocellular subnuclei. Fluorogold/Fos double-labelled neurones were only observed in the ventral zone of the medial parvocellular subnucleus. These data indicate that, within the PVN, there could be neurones responding to insulin-glucose administration, which are involved in the sympathetic control of the classical regulatory structures of body energy homeostasis, such as the liver and pancreas, and which could play a role in the output of the neuronal circuitry controlling food intake.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2826.2001.00631.x}, institution = {Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Plaza Fragela s/n, 11003, Cádiz, Spain.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Arcuate Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Blood Glucose; Corticosterone, blood; Fluorescent Dyes; Glucose, administration /&/ dosage; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, cytology/metabolism; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Insulin, administration /&/ dosage/blood; Leptin, blood; Male; Neural Pathways; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism; Stilbamidines; Vagus Nerve, cytology/metabolism; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {jne631}, pmid = {11264721}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Carson:1980, author = {Carson, K. A. and Lucas, W. J. and Gregg, J. M. and Hanker, J. S.}, title = {Facilitated ultracytochemical demonstration of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in peripheral nerve.}, journal = {Histochemistry}, year = {1980}, volume = {67}, number = {2}, pages = {113--124}, abstract = {p-Phenylenediamine/pyrocatechol mixture (PPD-PC) was evaluated as a reagent for the ultracytochemical demonstration of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP crystals were applied to the proximal stumps of the severed infraorbital nerves in rats. After 48 h the rats were sacrificed by perfusion, and the trigeminal ganglia ipsilateral to the severed nerves were processed for HRP cytochemistry and then prepared for electron microscopy. PPD-PC was rapidly oxidized in HRP-labeled neurons to form a dark brown-black osmiophilic reaction product which was more readily visible than the DAB product in the sections. This facilitated selection by light microscopy of areas in the epoxy wafers for ultrathin sectioning. In thin sections viewed under the electron microscope, the osmicated electron opaque PPD-PC reaction product was present in membrane-bound structures including smooth endoplasmic reticulum and granules of various sizes. The PPD-PC reaction product formed after 10- min incubation appeared to be more electron opaque than the DAB reaction product formed after 20 min. PPD-PC was found to be much less readily oxidized than DAB by endogenous hemoproteins. This methodology facilitated the ultracytochemical localization of HRP in neurons following retrograde axonal transport.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00493230}, keywords = {3,3'-Diaminobenzidine; Animals; Axonal Transport; Catechols; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, analysis; Neurons, ultrastructure; Orbit, innervation; Peroxidases; Phenylenediamines; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6156930}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Carstens:1990, author = {E. Carstens and J. Leah and J. Lechner and M. Zimmermann}, title = {Demonstration of extensive brainstem projections to medial and lateral thalamus and hypothalamus in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1990}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, pages = {609--626}, abstract = {We use the method of retrograde transport of colloidal gold with silver intensification to map locations of brainstem neurons projecting to various nuclei of the medial and lateral thalamus (Menetrey, Histochemistry 83, 391-395, 1985; Seeley and Field, Brain Res. 449, 177-191, 1988). In rats injections of less than 1.0 microliters of a gold-wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase complex were restricted to the centrum medianum, centralis lateralis, medialis dorsalis, zona incerta, ventrobasal thalamic complex, or medial or lateral hypothalamus. Injections in the centralis lateralis, with some involvement of centrum medianum and medial medialis dorsalis, labeled numerous neurons throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the midbrain periaqueductal gray, and adjacent reticular formation, dorsal raphe nucleus and substantia nigra. These labeled neurons were distributed bilaterally, but with a preponderance ipsilaterally. Numerous neurons in the deep layers of the ipsilateral superior colliculus and in the anterior pretectal nucleus were also labeled. Many neurons in the pontomedullary raphe nuclei (including nucleus raphe magnus), locus coeruleus and dorsolateral parabrachial nuclei, and in the pontomedullary reticular formation, were labeled bilaterally. Fewer were seen bilaterally in the lateral reticular nucleus and nucleus of the solitary tract, with relatively few in the dorsal aspect of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Injections restricted largely to the centrum medianum labeled fewer cells in the brainstem, but with similar distributions. An injection restricted to the centralis lateralis also resulted in a similar distribution of labeled neurons in midbrain and nucleus raphe magnus but did not label neurons at more caudal medullary levels. An injection restricted to zona incerta labeled numerous neurons in a distribution similar to that following medial thalamic injections, except that many more were observed in the contralateral sensory trigeminal nucleus and in the dorsal column nuclei. Injections of the ventrobasal thalamic nucleus labeled many neurons in the trigeminal and dorsal column nuclei, but many fewer neurons in the midbrain, periaqueductal gray and reticular formation compared with medial thalamic injections. Labeled neurons were also seen in the superior and inferior colliculi, due presumably to involvement by the injection of the lateral posterior and magnocellular medial geniculate nuclei, respectively. Injections in the lateral hypothalamus labeled numerous neurons in a distribution similar to that seen following medial thalamic injections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90333-y}, institution = {II. Physiologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, F.R.G.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Colloids; Gold; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(90)90333-Y}, pmid = {1696363}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Carter:1982, author = {CJ Carter}, title = {Topographical distribution of possible glutamatergic pathways from the frontal cortex to the striatum and substantia nigra in rats}, journal = {Neuropharmacologyd}, year = {1982}, volume = {21}, pages = {379-383}, doi = {10.1016/0028-3908(82)90019-3}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Carter:1977, author = {Carter, D. A. and Fibiger, H. C.}, title = {Ascending projections of presumed dopamine-containing neurons in the ventral tegmentum of the rat as demonstrated by horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1977}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {569--576}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(77)90052-5}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Amygdala, cytology; Animals; Caudate Nucleus, cytology; Dopamine, analysis; Gyrus Cinguli, cytology; Hippocampus, cytology; Male; Neurons, cytology; Putamen, cytology; Rats; Septal Nuclei, cytology; Substantia Nigra, cytology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(77)90052-5}, pmid = {917282}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Carter:1978, author = {Carter, D. A. and Fibiger, H. C.}, title = {The projections of the entopeduncular nucleus and globus pallidus in rat as demonstrated by autoradiography and horseradish peroxidase histochemistry.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1978}, volume = {177}, number = {1}, pages = {113--123}, month = {Jan}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901770108}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology; Biological Evolution; Brain Mapping, methods; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology; Haplorhini; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Efferent; Rats; Red Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {411809}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901770108}, } @Article{Casale:1988, author = {E. J. Casale and A. R. Light and A. Rustioni}, title = {Direct projection of the corticospinal tract to the superficial laminae of the spinal cord in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1988}, volume = {278}, number = {2}, pages = {275--286}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The anterograde transport of both wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and the kidney bean lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin was utilized to investigate the projection of primary sensorimotor corticospinal tract axons to the superficial laminae of the spinal dorsal horn in the rat. Both methods yielded qualitatively similar patterns of connectivity. Corticospinal tract axons were found to terminate within all laminae on the side contralateral to the injection site. Labeling was most dense within laminae III and IV and medial portions of laminae I, II, and V in the cervical and lumbar enlargements. Labeling in the ventral horn, though present, was relatively less dense. P. vulgaris leucoagglutinin-labeled axons within laminae I and II exhibited boutons en passant and terminaux; many of these axons also terminated or were collaterals of axons that terminated in deeper dorsal horn laminae. Results are discussed with reference to the somatotopic organization of the spinal cord and to a possible role for the cortex in the modulation of nociception within the spinal cord.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902780210}, institution = {Department of Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27514.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Substantia Gelatinosa, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3230165}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902780210}, } @Article{Casanovas-Aguilar:1995, author = {C. Casanovas-Aguilar and M. K. Christensen and C. Reblet and F. Martínez-García and J. Pérez-Clausell and J. L. Bueno-López}, title = {Callosal neurones give rise to zinc-rich boutons in the rat visual cortex.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, year = {1995}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {497--500}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Sodium selenide was used as a retrograde tracer to assess the callosal origin of zinc-rich boutons in the neocortex of the rat. Selenide injections were placed in the lateral end of area Oc1 (area 17). Zinc present in synaptic boutons precipitated as zinc selenide and was transported retrogradely to the parent cell bodies. In addition to the ipsilateral labelling, contralateral retrogradely labelled somata were mainly observed along the border between areas Oc1 and Oc2L (area 18a). Labelled neurones were present in layer 2-3 and layer 6. In contrast to tracing studies with peroxidase, no labelled neurone was observed in layers 4 and 5 except at the inner border of layer 5. This study reveals the chemical heterogeneity of callosal projections, which may be divided into zinc-rich and zinc-poor systems.}, doi = {10.1097/00001756-199502000-00023}, institution = {Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Selenium Compounds, pharmacology; Visual Cortex, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins; Zinc, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7539303}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Casanovas-Aguilar:2002, author = {C. Casanovas-Aguilar and N. Miró-Bernié and J. Pérez-Clausell}, title = {Zinc-rich neurones in the rat visual cortex give rise to two laminar segregated systems of connections.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2002}, volume = {110}, number = {3}, pages = {445--458}, abstract = {Zinc-rich synaptic boutons in the neocortex arise from the neocortex itself. However, the precise organisation of these circuits is not known. Therefore, the laminar and areal pattern of zinc-rich cortico-cortical connections between visual areas was studied by retrograde tracing using intracerebral injections of sodium selenite. This tracer was injected in supragranular and infragranular layers in various cortical visual areas in order to precipitate zinc in the synaptic boutons, which was retrogradely transported to neuronal somata. Supragranular injections led to retrogradely labelled neurones in layer II-III, ipsilaterally and contralaterally. Neurones often appeared in groups or clusters. Infragranular injections labelled neurones in layers II-III, VI and, to a lesser extent, in layer V, both ipsilaterally and contralaterally. Neurones in layer VI formed a wide continuous band. Concerning the connections between visual (=occipital) areas, injections in occipital area 2, lateral part ( Oc2L), rendered the largest number of retrogradely labelled neurones, which were located in occipital area 1 (Oc1), occipital area 2, medial part (Oc2M) and outside the visual cortex. Callosal zinc-rich projections were dense in the homotopic area but sparse in Oc1 and temporal cortex. Injections in Oc1 rendered moderate numbers of labelled neurones in occipital areas, in both hemispheres. Injections in Oc2M labelled moderate numbers of neurones in occipital areas in both hemispheres and in the frontal and cingulate cortices. These results indicate that zinc-rich cortico-cortical connections are organised into two segregated systems arising from either supragranular or infragranular neurones. In addition, in the visual cortex, zinc-rich systems appear to converge on Oc2L. Zinc-rich connections appear as an extensive, highly organised association system.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00482-1}, institution = {Departament de Biologia Cel small middle dotlular, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, ES-08071, Barcelona, Spain. aguilar@porthos.bio.ub.es}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects/physiology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Male; Nerve Net, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Cells, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sodium Selenite, diagnostic use; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Visual Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Zinc, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452201004821}, pmid = {11906785}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Casanovas-Aguilar:1998, author = {C. Casanovas-Aguilar and C. Reblet and J. Pérez-Clausell and J. L. Bueno-López}, title = {Zinc-rich afferents to the rat neocortex: projections to the visual cortex traced with intracerebral selenite injections.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {1998}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {97--109}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Infusion of sodium selenite to the occipital cortex of the rat was used for the specific tracing of zinc-rich pathways. Large numbers of labeled somata were found ipsilaterally in the visual, orbital and frontal cortices, and contralaterally in homotopic and heterotopic visual areas. Labeled neurons were also found ipsilaterally in the retrosplenial, parietal, sensory-motor, temporal and perirhinal cortex. In contrast to the cortico-cortical connections, ascending afferents to the visual cortex were not zinc-rich except for a few labeled neurons in the claustrum. Additional injections showed reciprocal zinc-rich connections between the visual cortex and the orbital and frontal cortices. The latter cortices also received ascending zinc-rich afferents from the claustrum. Selenite injections revealed the layered distribution and the morphology of these labeled neurons in the neocortex. Zinc-rich neurons were found in layers II-III, V and VI. However, none was found in layer IV. Zinc-rich somata appeared as pyramidal and inverted neurons. The contrasting chemical properties of cortical and subcortical visual afferents may account for the functional differences between these systems.}, doi = {10.1016/s0891-0618(98)00035-0}, institution = {Departament de Biologia Cel.lular Animal i Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. aguilar@porthos.bio.ub.es}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Chemistry; Histocytochemistry; Male; Microinjections; Neocortex, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred WKY; Rats, Wistar; Sodium Selenite, administration /&/ dosage/diagnostic use; Visual Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Zinc, metabolism/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0891061898000350}, pmid = {9719362}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Casatti:2002, author = {Casatti, C. A. and Elias, C. F. and Sita, L. V. and Frigo, L. and Furlani, V C G. and Bauer, J. A. and Bittencourt, J. C.}, title = {Distribution of melanin-concentrating hormone neurons projecting to the medial mammillary nucleus.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2002}, volume = {115}, number = {3}, pages = {899--915}, abstract = {The melanin-concentrating hormone and neuropeptide glutamic acid-isoleucine are expressed in neurons located mainly in the hypothalamus that project widely throughout the CNS. One of the melanin-concentrating hormone main targets is the medial mammillary nucleus, but the exact origin of these fibers is unknown. We observed melanin-concentrating hormone and neuropeptide glutamic acid-isoleucine immunoreactive fibers coursing throughout the mammillary complex, showing higher density in the pars lateralis of the medial mammillary nucleus, while the lateral mammillary nucleus showed sparse melanin-concentrating hormone innervation. The origins of these afferents were determined by using implant of the retrograde tracer True Blue in the medial mammillary nucleus. Double-labeled neurons were observed in the lateral hypothalamic area, rostromedial zona incerta and dorsal tuberomammillary nucleus. A considerable population of retrogradely labeled melanin-concentrating hormone perikaryal profiles was also immunoreactive to neuropeptide glutamic acid-isoleucine (74+/-15\% to 85+/-15\%). The afferents from the lateral hypothalamic area, rostromedial zona incerta and dorsal tuberomammillary nucleus to the medial mammillary nucleus were confirmed using implant of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. In addition, using double-labeled immunohistochemistry, we found no co-localization between neurons expressing melanin-concentrating hormone and adenosine deaminase (histaminergic marker) in the dorsal tuberomammillary nucleus. We hypothesize that these melanin-concentrating hormone projections participate in spatial memory process mediated by the medial mammillary nucleus. These pathways would enable the animal to look for food during the initial moments of appetite stimulation.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00508-0}, institution = {Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, University of Sao Paulo State - UNESP, 16015-050, Sao Paulo, Araçatuba, Brazil.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Feeding Behavior, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, cytology/metabolism; Hypothalamic Hormones, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mamillary Bodies, cytology/metabolism; Melanins, metabolism; Memory, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Pituitary Hormones, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Space Perception, physiology; Subthalamus, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452202005080}, pmid = {12435428}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Casatti:1999, author = {Casatti, C. A. and Frigo, L. and Bauer, J. A.}, title = {Origin of sensory and autonomic innervation of the rat temporomandibular joint: a retrograde axonal tracing study with the fluorescent dye fast blue.}, journal = {J Dent Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, pages = {776--783}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Previous studies that have used retrograde axonal tracers (horseradish peroxidase alone or conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin) have shown that the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is supplied with nerve fibers originating mainly from the trigeminal ganglion, in addition to other sensory and sympathetic ganglia. The existence of nerve fibers in the TMJ originating from the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus is unclear, and the possible innervation by parasympathetic nerve fibers has not been determined. In the present work, the retrograde axonal tracer, fast blue, was used to elucidate these questions and re-evaluated the literature data. The tracer was deposited in the supradiscal articular space of the rat TMJ, and an extensive morphometric analysis was performed of the labeled perikaryal profiles located in sensory and autonomic ganglia. This methodology permitted us to observe labeled small perikaryal profiles in the trigeminal ganglion, clustered mainly in the posterior-lateral region of the dorsal, medial, and ventral thirds of horizontal sections, with some located in the anterior-lateral region of the ventral third. Sensory perikarya were also labeled in the dorsal root ganglia from C2 to C5. No labeled perikaryal profiles were found in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. On the other hand, autonomic labeled perikaryal profiles were distributed in the sympathetic superior cervical and stellate ganglia, and parasympathetic otic ganglion. Our results confirmed those of previous studies and also demonstrated that: (i) there is a distribution pattern of labeled perikaryal profiles in the trigeminal ganglion; (ii) some perikaryal profiles located in the otic ganglion were labeled; and (iii) the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus did not show any retrogradely labeled perikaryal profiles.}, doi = {10.1177/00220345990780031001}, institution = {Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil.}, keywords = {Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Axons; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Ganglia, Parasympathetic; Ganglia, Spinal; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stellate Ganglion; Superior Cervical Ganglion; Temporomandibular Joint, innervation; Trigeminal Ganglion}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10096453}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cassam:1997, author = {A. K. Cassam and I. J. Llewellyn-Smith and L. C. Weaver}, title = {Catecholamine enzymes and neuropeptides are expressed in fibres and somata in the intermediate gray matter in chronic spinal rats.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1997}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, pages = {829--841}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Spinal cord injury disrupts control of sympathetic preganglionic neurons because bulbospinal input has been lost and the remaining regulation is accomplished by spinal circuits consisting of dorsal root afferent and spinal neurons. Moreover, an initial retraction and regrowth of dendrites of preganglionic neurons in response to deafferentation creates the potential for remodelling of spinal circuits that control them. Although catecholamines and neuropeptide Y are found in descending inputs to the preganglionic neurons, their presence in spinal circuits has not been established. Spinal circuits controlling preganglionic neurons contain substance P but participation of these peptidergic neurons in remodelling responses has not been examined. Therefore, we compared immunoreactivity for the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase, for neuropeptide Y and for substance P in the intermediate gray matter of the spinal cord in control rats and in rats seven or fourteen days after transection at the fourth thoracic cord segment. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons were retrogradely labelled by intraperitoneal injection of the tracer FluoroGold. These experiments yielded three original findings. 1) At one and two weeks after cord transection, fibres and terminals immunoreactive for dopamine beta-hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y were consistently found in the intermediolateral cell column in segments caudal to the transection. The area of fibres and terminals containing these immunoreactivities was markedly reduced compared to control rats or to segments rostral to the transection in the spinal rats. 2) Immunoreactivity for substance P was increased after cord transection and the distribution of fibres immunoreactive for this peptide in segments caudal to the transection extended more widely through the intermediate gray matter. These reactions demonstrated a plastic reaction to cord transection by spinal neurons expressing substance P. 3) Dopamine beta-hydroxylase expression was up- regulated in somata within the intermediate gray matter of spinal segments caudal to the transection. The numbers of somata immunoreactive for this enzyme increased six-fold by 14 days after cord transection, compared to the few somata counted in control rats. In conclusion, the presence of a catecholamine synthesizing enzyme and neuropeptides in fibres surrounding sympathetic preganglionic neurons caudal to a cord transection suggests a source of catecholamines and these peptides within spinal circuits in the chronic spinal rat. The presence of dopamine beta-hydroxylase in a markedly greater number of neuronal somata after cord transection reflects significant up-regulation of gene expression and may indicate a switch by these neurons to an adrenergic phenotype, revealing a plastic response to injury within the spinal cord.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00599-4}, institution = {The Department of Physiology and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, enzymology/metabolism; Brain Chemistry, physiology; Catecholamines, metabolism; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, biosynthesis; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Fibers, enzymology/metabolism; Neurons, enzymology/metabolism; Neuropeptide Y, biosynthesis; Neuropeptides, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord Injuries, enzymology/metabolism; Substance P, biosynthesis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452296005994}, pmid = {9153661}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cassell:1989b, author = {Cassell, M. D. and Chittick, C. A. and Siegel, M. A. and Wright, D. J.}, title = {Collateralization of the amygdaloid projections of the rat prelimbic and infralimbic cortices.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1989}, volume = {279}, number = {2}, pages = {235--248}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Previous studies indicate that the distribution of corticoamygdaloid neurons in the rat prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) cortices overlaps with the distribution of neurons projecting to the contralateral medial prefrontal cortex (MPC), insular cortex, mediodorsal thalamus, and dorsal medulla. In view of the poorly differentiated cytoarchitecture of PL and IL, and their designation as cortical regions transitional between the allocortex and isocortex, the present study sought to determine whether several cortical and subcortical projections from these areas arise as collaterals of corticoamygdaloid neurons. Injections of the fluorescent dyes Fast Blue (FB) or bisbenzimide (BB) were made into the amygdaloid complex and the following areas: agranular and granular insular cortices; mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD); nucleus tractus solitarii/dorsal medulla (NTS); contralateral amygdaloid complex; and ipsilateral and contralateral MPC. Neurons projecting to the ipsilateral amygdaloid complex were located mainly in layers II and V with fewer cells in layer III. Concomitant injections into the insular cortex, MD, and NTS labeled populations of neurons arranged in laminae that partially overlapped with, but were essentially separate from, corticoamygdaloid neurons. Projections to the insular cortex arose from layers II and V; those to MD arose from layers V and VI. Corticobulbar projections from IL originated from neurons arranged in a thin lamina in the deep part of layer V. Very few neurons projecting to both the amygdaloid complex and any of these areas were observed. Bilateral injections of FB and BB into the amygdaloid complex producted very few double-labeled cells in PL and IL. Further, in layer V, ipsilaterally projecting corticoamygdaloid neurons tended to be located more deeply than contralaterally projecting neurons. Combined injections of BB and FB into the amygdaloid complex and the contralateral (but not ipsilateral) MPC resulted in significant numbers of double- labeled neurons in layers II, III, and V of PL and IL. Control injections of fluorescent dyes into the cerebrospinal fluid labeled few neurons in the superficial layers of PL and IL and a combined injection into the amygdaloid complex (FB) and subarachnoid space (BB) resulted in a very small number of double-labeled cells in layer II only. The results suggest that a significant proportion of neurons in PL and IL projecting to the amygdaloid complex issue collaterals innervating the contralateral MPC. Evidence is discussed that suggests that the interhemispheric collaterals of MPC corticoamygdaloid neurons may serve to correlate the amygdaloid outputs of the MPC bilaterally.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902790207}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242.}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2913068}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902790207}, } @Article{Cassell:1989, author = {M. D. Cassell and T. S. Gray}, title = {The amygdala directly innervates adrenergic (C1) neurons in the ventrolateral medulla in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1989}, volume = {97}, number = {1-2}, pages = {163--168}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The innervation of adrenergic (C1) neurons in the ventrolateral medulla by the central amygdaloid nucleus (Ce) was investigated using immunohistochemical detection of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) combined with anterograde tracing through Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) transport and lesion-induced axonal degeneration. Injections of PHA-L into the medial Ce labelled axons in close proximity to PNMT-immunoreactive dendrites and somata in the ventrolateral medulla. The PNMT-immunoreactive neurons within the rostral part of the nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis were preferentially innervated by the amygdaloid terminals. Degenerating terminals formed synaptic contacts on PNMT-immunoreactive cells of the ventrolateral medulla in animals with lesions of the Ce. The synaptic contacts were mainly found on dendrites and were usually of the symmetrical type. The present findings provide evidence that cells within the amygdala directly innervate presumed adrenergic cells in the ventrolateral medulla. This pathway may be part of the anatomical substrates that are activated during amygdaloid-mediated sympathetic activity.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(89)90157-2}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242.}, keywords = {Adrenergic Fibers, cytology/enzymology; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/enzymology; Nerve Degeneration; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(89)90157-2}, pmid = {2919001}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cassell:1986, author = {M. D. Cassell and T. S. Gray and J. Z. Kiss}, title = {Neuronal architecture in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala: a cytological, hodological, and immunocytochemical study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1986}, volume = {246}, number = {4}, pages = {478--499}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The organization of neurons in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) has been examined by using Nissl stain and immunocytochemical and retrograde tracing techniques. Four main subdivisions were identified on the basis of quantitative analyses of Nissl-stained material: medial (CM), lateral (CL), lateral capsular (CLC), and ventral (CV). An intermediate subdivision (CI), previously described by McDonald ('82), was apparent only in animals that had HRP-WGA injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Large populations of neurotensin-, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-, and enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons were present within the lateral divisions (mainly CL), although they were also seen within CM. Somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons were distributed mainly within CL and CM. Within CL, neurotensin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons were more numerous laterally whereas CRF- and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons were more numerous medially. Substance P- immunoreactive neurons were almost exclusively confined to CM. Only a few cholecystokinin- and vasoactive-polypeptide-immunoreactive neurons were seen in the CNA, and they were observed within CL, CV, and CM. The majority of neurons projecting to the dorsal medulla, hypothalamus, and ventral tegmental area were located within CM, although a significant number of cells were also seen within CL. Efferent projections to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis were found to arise from neurons located within all subdivisions of the CNA. Thus, the distributional patterns of peptidergic and efferent neurons were not confined to individual cytoarchitectonically- defined subdivisions of the CNA. Rather, the results suggest overlapping medial to the lateral trends. Comparisons with the results of previous studies indicate that peptidergic and afferent terminal distribution patterns are more restricted to individual cytoarchitectonically defined subregions of the CNA. These observations suggest that the detailed cytoarchitecture of the CNA more likely reflects the functional integration of afferents rather than the organization of the CNA output neurons.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902460406}, keywords = {Amygdala, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, analysis; Enkephalins, analysis; Female; Functional Laterality; Hypothalamus, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neurons, analysis/classification; Neurotensin, analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Somatostatin, analysis; Substance P, analysis; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2422231}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902460406}, } @Article{Cassell:1991, author = {M. D. Cassell and L. Roberts}, title = {Ultrastructural evidence for an olfactory-autonomic pathway through the rat central amygdaloid nucleus.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1991}, volume = {133}, number = {1}, pages = {100--104}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The innervation of medullary projection neurons in the central amygdaloid nucleus (Ce) by afferents from the ventral taenia tecta (VTT) was investigated using combined lesion-induced axonal degeneration and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (HRP-WGA). Injections of HRP-WGA into the nucleus tractus solitarii resulted in retrograde labeling of neurons in the medial Ce. Ultrastructurally HRP-WGA reaction product was identifiable in the perikarya and proximal dendrites of Ce neurons. Degenerating terminals, probably due to damage at the HRP-WGA injection site, were few and confined to the ventral Ce. Electrolytic coagulation of the VTT resulted in approximately 9\% of terminals in medial Ce showing signs of degeneration at 5 days post-lesion. Of the terminals sampled, slightly more than 40\% were in contact with the dendrites of retrogradely labeled neurons. Where evident, these terminals formed exclusively symmetrical synaptic contacts. These data provide evidence for an oligosynaptic olfactory-autonomic pathway in the rat that may mediate olfactory influences on gastric and cardiovascular aspects of autonomic function.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(91)90067-4}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52245.}, keywords = {Amygdala, ultrastructure; Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Medulla Oblongata, ultrastructure; Nerve Degeneration, physiology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Olfactory Pathways, ultrastructure; Prosencephalon, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(91)90067-4}, pmid = {1724308}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cassell:1986a, author = {M. D. Cassell and D. J. Wright}, title = {Topography of projections from the medial prefrontal cortex to the amygdala in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1986}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {321--333}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The projections from the rat medial prefrontal cortex to the amygdaloid complex were investigated using retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes and anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase-WGA. The ventral anterior cingulate, prelimbic, infralimbic and medial orbital areas and the taenia tecta were found to project to the amygdaloid complex. The projections from the prelimbic area arose bilaterally. The medial orbital, prelimbic and anterior cingulate areas send convergent projections to the basolateral nucleus. The prelimbic area has additional projections to the posterolateral cortical nucleus and amygdalo-hippocampal area. The infralimbic area does not project to the basolateral nucleus and cortico-amygdaloid projections from this area are focussed on the anterior cortical nucleus and the anterior amygdaloid area. Both prelimbic and infralimbic areas project to an area situated between the central, medial and basomedial nuclei. Based on similar projections, this area appears to be a caudal continuation of the anterior amygdaloid area. The results indicate that the medial prefrontal component of the "basolateral limbic circuit" is restricted to the anterior cingulate and prelimbic areas. No evidence was obtained to support the existence of a medial prefronto-amygdaloid component of the "visceral forebrain".}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(86)90237-6}, keywords = {Amidines; Amygdala, cytology; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Frontal Lobe, cytology; Gyrus Cinguli, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Limbic System, cytology; Neural Pathways, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(86)90237-6}, pmid = {2429740}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Castaneda:2005, author = {Castañeda, Maria T. and Sanabria, Emilio R Garrido and Hernandez, Sofia and Ayala, Adriana and Reyna, Tania A. and Wu, Jang-Yen and Colom, Luis V.}, title = {Glutamic acid decarboxylase isoforms are differentially distributed in the septal region of the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {2005}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {107--119}, month = {May}, abstract = {The septal region of the brain consists of a heterogeneous population of GABAergic neurons that play an important role in the generation of hippocampal theta rhythms. While GABAergic neurons employ two isoforms of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) for the synthesis of GABA, distribution of GAD isoforms has not been investigated in the septum. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to investigate the expression of GAD enzymes in medial and lateral septum. GAD65 and GAD67 immunohistochemistry revealed dense fibers and punctuated immunoreactivity in septal regions. While few GAD65-positive neuronal somas were detected in medial septum, a significantly higher number of immunoreactive neurons were detected in lateral septum. GAD65- and GAD67-positive neurons in the lateral septum exhibit higher complexity of dendritic arborizations than in the medial septum where staining was mainly restricted to the soma. Presumptive axon terminals (puncta) showed abundant immunoreactivity predominantly for GAD65 isoforms in all septal regions. This suggests that septal GABAergic neurons differentially express GAD enzymes thereby potentially reflecting functional differences. Differences found between medial and lateral septal GABAergic neuronal populations are in agreement with the concept that medial and lateral septum are brain structures with highly different connectivity and function despite anatomical proximity.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neures.2005.02.003}, institution = {Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Brownsville, 80 Fort Brown, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Isoenzymes, metabolism; Male; Neurons, enzymology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septum of Brain, enzymology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0168-0102(05)00046-5}, pmid = {15811558}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2005.02.003}, } @Article{Castaneyra-Perdomo:1992, author = {A. Castaneyra-Perdomo and M. M. Perez-Delgado and C. Montagnese and C. W. Coen}, title = {Brainstem projections to the medial preoptic region containing the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone perikarya in the rat. An immunohistochemical and retrograde transport study.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1992}, volume = {139}, number = {1}, pages = {135--139}, month = {May}, abstract = {The afferent projections to the anterior medial preoptic area (MPA) from the brainstem have been studied, in female Wistar rats, by retrograde tracing with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The HRP was injected by iontophoresis into the preoptic region containing the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) perikarya. The brain sections including the MPA were reacted with diaminobenzidine (DAB) to reveal the injection site; the LHRH cells were then immunohistochemically identified using DAB with ammonium nickel sulphate. When the injection site incorporated the LHRH cells, the brainstem sections were reacted with the DAB nickel solution to detect lysosomal HRP and then immunohistochemically processed to locate the adrenaline-synthesizing cells using DAB alone. The results confirm the brainstem projections to the MPA from the central grey matter, ventral tegmental area, subcoeruleus area, the dorsal raphe nucleus, the lateral parabrachial nucleus, the raphe pontis nucleus, the raphe obscurus nucleus, the region of the paragigantocellular nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Given the considerable evidence implicating the ascending adrenergic systems in the regulation of LHRH, we focused our attention on the afferents from the locus coeruleus, area postrema and the adrenaline-synthesizing cell groups (C1-3). The only cells which were retrogradely labelled and immunopositive for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase were found in C3.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(92)90875-8}, institution = {Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, cytology/physiology; Female; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, Anterior, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Preoptic Area, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rhombencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(92)90875-8}, pmid = {1407678}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Castel:1994, author = {M. N. Castel and A. Beaudet and P. M. Laduron}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport of neurotensin in rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Modulation during ageing and possible physiological role.}, journal = {Biochem Pharmacol}, year = {1994}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, pages = {53--62}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Biochemical and anatomical data are reported which demonstrate for the first time the existence of a retrograde axonal transport process for a neuropeptide, neurotensin, in rat brain. Neurotensin receptors are mainly located in the striatum on nerve terminals of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. Thus, the association of specific neurotensin receptors on a well defined pathway provides an excellent model to investigate the existence of such a process. Two hours after the intrastriatal injection of iodinated neurotensin, radioactivity started to accumulate in the ipsilateral substantia nigra. The levels were maximal during the fourth hour. The appearance of this labelling was prevented by injection of a large excess of unlabelled neurotensin or of neurotensin 8-13, an active neurotensin fragment, but not by neurotensin 1-8 which had no affinity for neurotensin receptors. These results suggest that the appearance of radioactivity in the ipsilateral substantia nigra was dependent on the initial binding of this peptide to its receptors in the striatum. HPLC studies demonstrated that the radioactivity found in the substantia nigra corresponded to intact neurotensin and to degradation products of this peptide. Moreover, it has been shown that this retrograde transport was microtubule-dependent and occurred in dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. Light and electron microscopic data confirmed and extended the present results. Four and a half hours after intrastriatal injection of iodinated neurotensin, silver grains were mainly detected in dopaminergic perikarya of the substantia nigra pars compacta. The vast majority were associated with neuronal elements and their localization within cell bodies suggests that retrogradely transported neurotensin may be processed along a variety of intracellular pathways including those mediating recycling in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and degradation in lysosomes. However, the presence of silver grains over the nucleus, as well as the increase in tyrosine- hydroxylase mRNA expression in the ipsilateral substantia nigra 4 hr after intrastriatal injection of neurotensin support the concept that neurotensin alone, or associated with its receptor, might be involved in the regulation of gene expression. Finally, we have demonstrated that in old rats the quantity of retrogradely transported neurotensin was significantly decreased as compared to that observed in young adult rats. This retrograde axonal transport of a neuropeptide may represent, as already suggested for growth factors, an important dynamic process conveying information from nerve terminals to the cell body.}, institution = {Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, (LGN), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.}, keywords = {Aging; Animals; Axons, metabolism; Biological Transport; Corpus Striatum, metabolism; Dopamine, metabolism; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Neurotensin, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neurotensin, metabolism; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-2952(94)90437-5}, pmid = {7906122}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006295294904375}, } @Article{Castel:1990, author = {M. N. Castel and C. Malgouris and J. C. Blanchard and P. M. Laduron}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport of neurotensin in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1990}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {425--430}, abstract = {Although the existence of receptor transport has been clearly demonstrated in peripheral nerves, there is no clear cut evidence in the brain of such a process for neuropeptide receptors. Because of the localization of neurotensin receptors on dopaminergic terminals, the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway appears to be the system of choice for studying the axonal transport of neuropeptide receptors in the brain. When labelled neurotensin was injected into the rat striatum, a delayed accumulation of radioactivity in the ipsilateral substantia nigra was observed about 2 h after injection. An essential requirement to clearly observe this phenomenon was the pretreatment of animals with kelatorphan in order to prevent the labelled neurotensin degradation. The appearance of this labelling was prevented by injection of an excess of unlabelled neurotensin or of neurotensin 8-13, an active neurotensin fragment, but not by neurotensin 1-8, which had no affinity for neurotensin receptors. This process was saturable, microtubule-dependent and occurred only in mesostriatal and nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons as identified after 6-hydroxydopamine lesion and by autoradiography. These results demonstrate that neurotensin was retrogradely transported by a process involving neurotensin receptors. The retrograde transport of receptor-bound neuropeptide may represent an important dynamic process which conveys information molecules from the synapse towards the cell body.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90438-a}, institution = {Rhône-Poulenc Santé, Centre de Recherches de Vitry-Alfortville, Vitry-sur-Seine, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport, physiology; Axons, metabolism; Brain Chemistry, physiology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Dopamine, physiology; Kinetics; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Neurotensin, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(90)90438-A}, pmid = {1699166}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Castel:1992, author = {M. N. Castel and J. Woulfe and X. Wang and P. M. Laduron and A. Beaudet}, title = {Light and electron microscopic localization of retrogradely transported neurotensin in rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1992}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, pages = {269--282}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {We previously demonstrated the existence of a retrograde axonal transport of radioactivity to the substantia nigra pars compacta following injection of mono-iodinated neurotensin in rat neostriatum. In the present study, the topographical and cellular distribution of this retrogradely transported material was examined by light and electron microscopic autoradiography. Four and a half hours after unilateral injection of [125I]neurotensin in the caudoputamen, retrogradely labelled neuronal cell bodies were detected by light microscopic autoradiography throughout the ipsilateral substantia nigra pars compacta as well as within the ventral tegmental area and retrorubral field. In semithin sections, silver grains were prevalent over the perinuclear cytoplasm of neuronal cell bodies but were also detected over neuronal nuclei. Analysis of electron microscopic autoradiographs revealed that the vast majority (greater than 85\%) were associated with neuronal perikarya, unmyelinated and myelinated axons, dendrites and terminals. Within the soma, a significant proportion of silver grains (16\% of somatic grains) was detected over the nucleus. However, the majority were identified over the cytoplasm where they often encompassed cytoplasmic organelles, including rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and multi-vesicular bodies. In dendrites and axons, a substantial percentage of silver grains (63-89\%) was localized over the plasma membrane. A minor proportion (13\% of total) of the autoradiographic labelling was detected over myelin sheaths, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The present results are consistent with previous light-microscopic evidence for internalization and retrograde transport of intrastriatal neurotensin within nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. They further suggest that retrogradely transported neurotensin may be processed along a variety of intracellular pathways including those mediating degradation in lysosomes and recycling in rough endoplasmic reticulum. The detection of specific autoradiographic labelling in the nucleus supports the concept that neurotensin alone, or complexed to its receptor, might be involved in the regulation of gene expression through direct or indirect interactions with nuclear DNA. Consequently, the retrograde transport of neurotensin in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons might provide a vehicle through which events occurring at the level of the axon terminal may initiate long-term biological responses.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(92)90422-x}, institution = {Rhône-Poulenc Rorer R-D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Corpus Striatum, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Dopamine, physiology; Functional Laterality; Iodine Radioisotopes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Neurotensin, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(92)90422-X}, pmid = {1279459}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Castillo-Ruiz:2013, author = {Castillo-Ruiz, A. and Gall, A. J. and Smale, L. and Nunez, A. A.}, title = {Day-night differences in neural activation in histaminergic and serotonergic areas with putative projections to the cerebrospinal fluid in a diurnal brain.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2013}, volume = {250}, pages = {352--363}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {In nocturnal rodents, brain areas that promote wakefulness have a circadian pattern of neural activation that mirrors the sleep/wake cycle, with more neural activation during the active phase than during the rest phase. To investigate whether differences in temporal patterns of neural activity in wake-promoting regions contribute to differences in daily patterns of wakefulness between nocturnal and diurnal species, we assessed Fos expression patterns in the tuberomammillary (TMM), supramammillary (SUM), and raphe nuclei of male grass rats maintained in a 12:12 h light-dark cycle. Day-night profiles of Fos expression were observed in the ventral and dorsal TMM, in the SUM, and in specific subpopulations of the raphe, including serotonergic cells, with higher Fos expression during the day than during the night. Next, to explore whether the cerebrospinal fluid is an avenue used by the TMM and raphe in the regulation of target areas, we injected the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit beta (CTB) into the ventricular system of male grass rats. While CTB labeling was scarce in the TMM and other hypothalamic areas including the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which contains the main circadian pacemaker, a dense cluster of CTB-positive neurons was evident in the caudal dorsal raphe, and the majority of these neurons appeared to be serotonergic. Since these findings are in agreement with reports for nocturnal rodents, our results suggest that the evolution of diurnality did not involve a change in the overall distribution of neuronal connections between systems that support wakefulness and their target areas, but produced a complete temporal reversal in the functioning of those systems.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.007}, institution = {Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Electronic address: Alexandra.Castillo-Ruiz@umassmed.edu.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(13)00582-4}, pmid = {23867764}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.007}, } @Article{Castle:2005, author = {Maria Castle and Maria S Aymerich and Carlos Sanchez-Escobar and Nancy Gonzalo and José A Obeso and José L Lanciego}, title = {Thalamic innervation of the direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways in the rat: Ipsi- and contralateral projections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2005}, volume = {483}, number = {2}, pages = {143--153}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The present study describes the thalamic innervation coming from the rat parafascicular nucleus (PF) onto striatal and subthalamic efferent neurons projecting either to the globus pallidus (GP) or to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) by using a protocol for multiple neuroanatomical tracing. Both striatofugal neurons targeting the ipsilateral SNr (direct pathway) as well as striatal efferent neurons projecting to the ipsilateral GP (indirect pathway) were located within the terminal fields of the thalamostriatal afferents. In the subthalamic nucleus (STN), both neurons projecting to ipsilateral GP as well as neurons projecting to ipsilateral SNr also appear to receive thalamic afferents. Although the projections linking the caudal intralaminar nuclei with the ipsilateral striatum and STN are far more prominent, we also noticed that thalamic axons could gain access to the contralateral STN. Furthermore, a small number of STN neurons were seen to project to both the contralateral GP and PF nuclei. These ipsi- and contralateral projections enable the caudal intralaminar nuclei to modulate the activity of both the direct and the indirect pathway.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20421}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Division of Neurosciences, Clínica Universitaria and Medical School, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Navarra, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Basal Ganglia, cytology/physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cholera Toxin; Dextrans; Female; Functional Laterality, physiology; Globus Pallidus, cytology/physiology; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Neostriatum, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stilbamidines; Substantia Nigra, cytology/physiology; Subthalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15678473}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20421}, } @Article{Castle:2005a, author = {Castle, M. and Comoli, E. and Loewy, A. D.}, title = {Autonomic brainstem nuclei are linked to the hippocampus.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2005}, volume = {134}, number = {2}, pages = {657--669}, abstract = {Vagal nerve stimulation has been reported to enhance memory in both rats and humans, and to be an effective treatment for epilepsy in some patients, but the underlying neuroanatomical substrate(s) responsible for these effects remains unknown. Since there is no direct anatomical projection from the nucleus tractus solitarius, the main vagal relay site of the brain, to the hippocampus, we tested whether a multisynaptic pathway exists. Pseudorabies virus, a pig herpesvirus that can be used as a retrograde transneuronal tracer, was injected into the ventral CA1 hippocampus of rats, and after 4 days, pseudorabies virus infected neurons were identified in the general visceral portion of the nucleus tractus solitarius, with the majority being localized in the A2 noradrenergic cell group. Other autonomic brainstem nuclei, including the parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, A1 and A5 noradrenergic cell groups, and C1 adrenergic cell group, were labeled. In order to identify some of the potential relay sites of the nucleus tractus solitarius-->hippocampal pathway, immunotoxin lesions of the ventral CA1 region were made that selectively destroyed either the noradrenergic or cholinergic fibers. After 2 weeks' recovery, pseudorabies virus was injected in this same CA1 area, and 4 days later, the transneuronal labeling in the nucleus tractus solitarius was reduced by approximately 65\%. These findings suggest that the noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus and cholinergic neurons of the medial septum/diagonal band are likely to be relay sites for this pathway. Other potential linkages are discussed. In summary, this is the first anatomical report to show that the general visceral region of nucleus tractus solitarius is linked via multisynaptic relays to the hippocampus.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.04.031}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8108, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cholera Toxin; Female; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, isolation /&/ purification; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Models, Neurological; Neurons, physiology/virology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(05)00407-0}, pmid = {15975727}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.04.031}, } @Article{Castro:2006, author = {Castro, A. R. and Morgado, C. and Lima, D. and Tavares, I.}, title = {Differential expression of NK1 and GABAB receptors in spinal neurones projecting to antinociceptive or pronociceptive medullary centres.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {2006}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, pages = {266--275}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The balance between excitatory and inhibitory input exerted upon spinal cord neurones that belong to spinofugal pathways determines the ultimate type of information transmitted to the brain. We compared the relative expression of NK1 and GABAB receptors in two spinomedullary pathways targeting an antinociceptive area and a pronociceptive centre, respectively, the lateral part of the caudal ventrolateral medulla (VLMlat) and the dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt). Spinal cord sections of rats injected in the VLMlat or DRt with the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B were triple-immunoreacted for the tracer, NK1 receptors and GABAB receptors. The dorsal horn neurones labelled from the VLMlat mainly co-localized the two receptors while those labelled from the DRt mainly expressed GABAB receptors, which was particularly evident in neurones of laminae IV-V. The morphological classification of lamina I neurones projecting to the VLMlat showed that fusiform, flattened and pyramidal cells mainly co-localized NK1 and GABAB receptors. As to lamina I neurones projecting to the DRt, multipolar neurones mainly expressed GABAB receptors while the majority of flattened and pyramidal neurones co-localized NK1 and GABAB receptors. The present results suggest that the expression of NK1 and GABAB receptors varies in neurones participating to different spinofugal pathways. The importance of the present findings in the knowledge of the endogenous supraspinal pain control system is discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.12.004}, institution = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculdade de Medicina, IBMC, University of Porto, Portugal.}, keywords = {Animals; Blotting, Western, methods; Cell Count, methods; Cholera Toxin, pharmacokinetics; Gene Expression, physiology; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Microscopy, Confocal, methods; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, classification/metabolism; Nociceptors, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, GABA-B, metabolism; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, metabolism; Spinal Cord, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0361-9230(05)00500-9}, pmid = {16564421}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.12.004}, } @Article{Castro-Lopes:1991, author = {Castro-Lopes, J. M. and Coimbra, A.}, title = {Spinal cord projections of the rat main forelimb nerves, studied by transganglionic transport of WGA-HRP and by the disappearance of acid phosphatase.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {542}, number = {2}, pages = {187--192}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The spinal cord projections of the 3 main forelimb nerves-median, radial and ulnar, were studied in the rat dorsal horn with transganglionic transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP), or using the disappearance of fluoride resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP) after nerve section. The projection patterns in lamina II were similar following the two procedures. The median and the radial nerve fibers projected to the medial and the intermediate thirds, respectively, of the dorsal horn lamina II in spinal cord segments C4-C8. The ulnar nerve projected to segments C6-C8 between the areas occupied by the other two nerves. The FRAP method also showed that the lateral part of lamina II, which was not filled by radial nerve fibers, received the projections from the dorsal cutaneous branches of cervical spinal nerves. In addition, FRAP disappeared from the medial end of segment T1 after skin incisions extending from the medial brachium to the axilla, which seemed due to severance of the cutaneous branchlets of the lateral anterior thoracic nerve. The FRAP procedure is thus sensitive enough to detect fibers in lamina II arising from small peripheral nerves, and may be used as an alternative to the anterograde tracing methods whenever there are no overlapping projections.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)91565-i}, institution = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Porto, Portugal.}, keywords = {Acid Phosphatase, metabolism; Animals; Biological Transport; Forelimb, innervation; Ganglia, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Median Nerve, metabolism/physiology; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; Nervous System, metabolism; Radial Nerve, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Ulnar Nerve, metabolism/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(91)91565-I}, pmid = {1851450}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Catre:1999, author = {Catre, M. G. and Salo, P. T.}, title = {Quantitative analysis of the sympathetic innervation of the rat knee joint.}, journal = {J Anat}, year = {1999}, volume = {194 ( Pt 2)}, pages = {233--239}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Retrograde tracing with Fluoro-Gold (FG) was used to identify the complete population of knee joint sympathetic postganglionic efferents in the lumbar sympathetic chain of adult female Wistar rats. In 6 rats, the total number and distribution of FG-labelled neurons in the lumbar sympathetic chain was determined. The rat knee joint is supplied by an average of 187+/-57 sympathetic afferents with the majority at the L3 and L4 levels. Immunohistochemistry using antibodies specific for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), somatostatin (SS) or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) revealed that 33 \% of knee joint sympathetic afferents contained TH, 42 \% contained VIP, and none contained somatostatin. Retrograde tracing with FG provided accurate and reproducible labelling of the joint-innervating subpopulation of sympathetic efferent neurons. This model lends itself to the further study of the molecular responses of this neuronal population in the various disorders and conditions affecting joints.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1469-7580.1999.19420233.x}, institution = {Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Extremities; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Joints, innervation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry/enzymology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10337955}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Catsman-Berrevoets:1981, author = {C. E. Catsman-Berrevoets and H. G. Kuypers}, title = {A search for corticospinal collaterals to thalamus and mesencephalon by means of multiple retrograde fluorescent tracers in cat and rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1981}, volume = {218}, number = {1-2}, pages = {15--33}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {An attempt has been made to determine anatomically whether in rat and cat cortical projections to ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus and to mesencephalon are in part composed of corticospinal collaterals. For this purpose two different fluorescent tracers were injected: one in the spinal cord and the other contralaterally in the lateral thalamus and in the mesencephalon respectively. In these experiments Fast Blue and True Blue were used in combination with Nuclear Yellow. Evans Blue was used in combination with Granular Blue. After injections of the tracers into the thalamus and spinal cord two different populations of single retrogradely labeled cortical neurons were found, while after injections in mesencephalon and spinal cord double-labeled cortical neurons occurred. This has lead to the conclusion that in cat and rat corticospinal neurons do not distribute collaterals to specific thalamic nuclei, but do distribute collaterals to mesencephalon. Moreover, the preferential distribution of the double-labeled corticospinal neurons in cat suggest that the corticospinal neurons distributing collaterals to the mesencephalon in part are concentrated in those cortical areas which subserve the steering of movements of the head, neck and trunk.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(81)90986-0}, keywords = {Animals; Cats; Evans Blue, diagnostic use; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, metabolism; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(81)90986-0}, pmid = {7272734}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cauley:2015, author = {Cauley, Edmund and Wang, Xin and Dyavanapalli, Jhansi and Sun, Ke and Garrott, Kara and Kuzmiak-Glancy, Sarah and Kay, Matthew W. and Mendelowitz, David}, title = {Neurotransmission to parasympathetic cardiac vagal neurons in the brain stem is altered with left ventricular hypertrophy-induced heart failure.}, journal = {Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol}, year = {2015}, volume = {309}, number = {8}, pages = {H1281--H1287}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure (HF) are widespread and debilitating cardiovascular diseases that affect nearly 23 million people worldwide. A distinctive hallmark of these cardiovascular diseases is autonomic imbalance, with increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic vagal tone. Recent device-based approaches, such as implantable vagal stimulators that stimulate a multitude of visceral sensory and motor fibers in the vagus nerve, are being evaluated as new therapeutic approaches for these and other diseases. However, little is known about how parasympathetic activity to the heart is altered with these diseases, and this lack of knowledge is an obstacle in the goal of devising selective interventions that can target and selectively restore parasympathetic activity to the heart. To identify the changes that occur within the brain stem to diminish the parasympathetic cardiac activity, left ventricular hypertrophy was elicited in rats by aortic pressure overload using a transaortic constriction approach. Cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) in the brain stem that generate parasympathetic activity to the heart were identified with a retrograde tracer and studied using patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings in vitro. Animals with left cardiac hypertrophy had diminished excitation of CVNs, which was mediated both by an augmented frequency of spontaneous inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission (with no alteration of inhibitory glycinergic activity) as well as a diminished amplitude and frequency of excitatory neurotransmission to CVNs. Opportunities to alter these network pathways and neurotransmitter receptors provide future targets of intervention in the goal to restore parasympathetic activity and autonomic balance to the heart in cardiac hypertrophy and other cardiovascular diseases.}, doi = {10.1152/ajpheart.00445.2015}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia; and dmendel@gwu.edu.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {ajpheart.00445.2015}, pmc = {PMC4631536}, pmid = {26371169}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00445.2015}, } @Article{Cauller:1998, author = {Cauller, L. J. and Clancy, B. and Connors, B. W.}, title = {Backward cortical projections to primary somatosensory cortex in rats extend long horizontal axons in layer I.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1998}, volume = {390}, number = {2}, pages = {297--310}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {We have studied the origin and extent of axons within layer I of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) of rats by using retrograde and anterograde tracers with an emphasis on reciprocal connections to layer I of SI from ipsilateral cortical areas that are the target of SI projections. Small crystals of 1,1',dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) labeled horizontal axons projecting in all directions within layer I, which extended for up to 4 mm with numerous terminal branches. Applications of horseradish peroxidase, Diamidino yellow, or fast blue to the pial surface of SI labeled a characteristic pattern of neurons below the application site that excluded neurons in layer IV of the barrel fields, unless the dye penetrated deeper than layer II. This provided a control for the effective depth of the layer I dye applications. Retrograde transport from layer I of SI was traced to the primary motor area, the lateral parietal areas, including the secondary somatosensory (SII) and agranular insular cortex ipsilaterally, as well as the homotopic areas of SI contralaterally. Injections of the anterograde tracer dextran amine at the same site as the SI surface application labeled dense fiber terminations in middle layers of these same secondary areas in the primary motor cortex (MI) or SII in the midst of cells labeled by retrograde transport from layer I of SI. Injections of dextran amine into these secondary cortical areas labeled fibers that coursed through deep layers to SI, where they ascended to layer I. These reciprocal corticocortical inputs to SI were concentrated in layer I, where they branched and extended horizontally across several SI barrels.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980112)390:2<297::aid-cne11>3.0.co;2-v}, institution = {Cognition and Neuroscience Program, School of Human Development, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75083-0688, USA. lcauller@utdallas.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Brain Mapping; Female; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-V}, pmid = {9453672}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cavada:1984, author = {C. Cavada and A. M. Huisman and H. G. Kuypers}, title = {Retrograde double labeling of neurons: the combined use of horseradish peroxidase and diamidino yellow dihydrochloride (DY X 2HCl) compared with true blue and DY X 2HCl in rat descending brainstem pathways.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {308}, number = {1}, pages = {123--136}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Three series of double-labeling experiments were carried out in a study of the collateralization of brainstem nuclei which project to the spinal cord in the rat. The fluorescent tracer Diamidino Yellow Dihydrochloride (DY X 2HCl) was injected in one half of the spinal gray and white matter at T7-T8 or T13-L1. Subsequently, either True Blue (TB), wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) or free HRP were injected ipsilaterally in the gray matter at C5-C8. The distributions of single and double retrogradely labeled neurons were studied in the following cell groups: red nucleus, interstitial nucleus of Cajal, ventrolateral pontine tegmentum, nuclei coeruleus and subcoeruleus and nuclei raphe magnus and raphe pallidus including the adjoining ventral reticular formation. The numbers of TB- or HRP-labeled neurons present in those nuclei were counted and the percentages of double-labeled neurons were calculated when TB or HRP had been used in combination with DY X 2HCl. The results indicate: The HRP-TMB reaction product and the DY X 2HCl fluorescence can be visualized simultaneously in retrogradely single- or double-labeled neurons. The distributions of single- and double-labeled neurons in the various brainstem nuclei were entirely comparable when using TB with DY X 2HCl or HRP with DY X 2HCl. The percentages of double-labeled neurons obtained with HRP and DY X 2HCl were consistent over a series of cases, and were comparable to those obtained with TB and DY X 2HCl in several structures. However, in the red nucleus slightly lower percentages of double-labeled neurons were obtained using HRP and DY X 2HCl as compared with the percentages obtained using TB and DY X 2HCl.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes; Horseradish Peroxidase; Lectins; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Trypan Blue; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6548167}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899384909235}, } @Article{Cavalcante:2014, author = {Cavalcante, Judney Cley and Bittencourt, Jackson Cioni and Elias, Carol Fuzeti}, title = {Distribution of the neuronal inputs to the ventral premammillary nucleus of male and female rats.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2014}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The ventral premammillary nucleus (PMV) expresses dense collections of sex steroid receptors and receptors for metabolic cues, including leptin, insulin and ghrelin. The PMV responds to opposite sex odor stimulation and projects to areas involved in reproductive control, including direct innervation of gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons. Thus, the PMV is well positioned to integrate metabolic and reproductive cues, and control downstream targets that mediate reproductive function. In fact, lesions of PMV neurons blunt female reproductive function and maternal aggression. However, although the projections of PMV neurons have been well documented, little is known about the neuronal inputs received by PMV neurons. To fill this gap, we performed a systematic evaluation of the brain sites innervating the PMV neurons of male and female rats using the retrograde tracer subunit B of the cholera toxin (CTb). In general, we observed that males and females show a similar pattern of afferents. We also noticed that the PMV is preferentially innervated by neurons located in the forebrain, with very few projections coming from brainstem nuclei. The majority of inputs originated from the medial nucleus of the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the medial preoptic nucleus. A moderate to high density of afferents was also observed in the ventral subiculum, the arcuate nucleus and the ventrolateral subdivision of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Our findings strengthen the concept that the PMV is part of the vomeronasal system and integrates the brain circuitry controlling reproductive functions.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.034}, institution = {Laboratory of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil; Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(14)00985-8}, pmid = {25084037}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.034}, } @Article{Cavalcante:2006, author = {Judney Cley Cavalcante and Luciane Valéria Sita and Marcelo Betti Mascaro and Jackson Cioni Bittencourt and Carol Fuzeti Elias}, title = {Distribution of urocortin 3 neurons innervating the ventral premammillary nucleus in the rat brain.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2006}, volume = {1089}, number = {1}, pages = {116--125}, month = {May}, abstract = {Urocortin 3 (Ucn 3) is a recently described peptide of the corticotropin-releasing factor family. Neurons expressing Ucn 3 mRNA and peptide are distributed in specific brain areas, including the median preoptic nucleus, the perifornical area (PFx), and the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MEA). Fibers immunoreactive to Ucn 3 are confined to certain brain nuclei, being particularly dense in the ventral premammillary nucleus (PMV). In studies involving electrolytic lesions and analysis of Fos distribution according to behavioral paradigms, the PMV has been potentially implicated in conspecific aggression and sexual behavior. However, the role that Ucn 3 plays in this pathway has not been explored. Therefore, we investigated the origins of the urocortinergic innervation of the PMV of Wistar rat in an attempt to map the brain circuitry and identify likely related functions. We injected the retrograde tracer cholera toxin b subunit into the PMV and found that 88\% of the Ucn 3- immunoreactive fibers in the PMV originate in the dorsal MEA, and that few originate in the PFx. As a control, we injected the anterograde tracer biotin dextran amine into both regions. We observed that the PMV is densely innervated by the MEA, and scarcely innervated by the PFx. The MEA is a secondary relay of the vomeronasal system and projects amply to hypothalamic nuclei related to hormonal and behavioral adjustments, including the PMV. Although physiological studies should also be performed, we hypothesize that Ucn 3 participates in such pathways, conveying sensory information to the PMV, which in turn modulates behavioral and neuroendocrine responses.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.043}, institution = {Laboratory of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Amygdala, cytology/metabolism; Animals; Axons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Brain Mapping; Cholera Toxin; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, metabolism; Dextrans; Hypothalamus, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mamillary Bodies, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Urocortins; Vomeronasal Organ, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(06)00765-7}, pmid = {16638605}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.043}, } @Article{Cavdar:2001, author = {S. Cavdar and F. Onat and R. Aker and U. Sehirli and T. San and H. R. Yananli}, title = {The afferent connections of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus in the rat using horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {J Anat}, year = {2001}, volume = {198}, number = {Pt 4}, pages = {463--472}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The posterior hypothalamic nucleus has been implicated as an area controlling autonomic activity. The afferent input to the nucleus will provide evidence as to its role in autonomic function. In the present study, we aimed to identify the detailed anatomical projections to the posterior hypothalamic nucleus from cortical, subcortical and brainstem structures, using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde axonal transport technique in the rat. Subsequent to the injection of HRP into the posterior hypothalamic nucleus, extensive cell labelling was observed bilaterally in various areas of the cerebral cortex including the cingulate, frontal, parietal and insular cortices. At subcortical levels, labelled cells were observed in the medial and lateral septal nuclei, the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, and various thalamic and amygdaloid nuclei. Also axons of the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band were labelled and labelled cells were localised at the CA1 and CA3 fields of the hippocampus and the dentate gyrus. The brainstem projections were from the medial, lateral and parasolitary nuclei, the intercalated nucleus of the medulla, the sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve, and various reticular, vestibular, raphe and central grey nuclei. The posterior hypothalamic nucleus also received projections from the lateral and medial cerebellar nuclei and from upper cervical spinal levels. The results are discussed in relation to the involvement of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus in autonomic function and allows a better understanding of how the brain controls visceral function.}, doi = {10.1017/s0021878201007555}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. fonat@escortnet.com}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, physiology; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, cytology; Cell Count; Cerebellum, cytology; Coloring Agents; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, Posterior, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11327208}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cavdar:2006, author = {Cavdar, Safiye and Onat, Filiz and Cakmak, Yusuf Ozgür and Saka, Erdinç and Yananli, Hasan R. and Aker, Rezzan}, title = {Connections of the zona incerta to the reticular nucleus of the thalamus in the rat.}, journal = {J Anat}, year = {2006}, volume = {209}, number = {2}, pages = {251--258}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {This study demonstrated that there is a pathway from the zona incerta to the thalamic reticular nucleus. Injections of horseradish peroxidase or Fluorogold were made, using stereotaxic coordinates, into the rostral, intermediate or caudal regions of the thalamic reticular nucleus of adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The results show that the different regions of the thalamic reticular nucleus have distinct patterns of connections with the sectors of the zona incerta. In terms of the relative strength of the connections, injections made into the rostral regions of the thalamic reticular nucleus showed the highest number of labelled cells within the rostral and ventral sectors of the zona incerta; injections made into the intermediate regions of the thalamic reticular nucleus showed labelled cells in the dorsal and ventral sectors; while injections to the caudal regions of the thalamic reticular nucleus showed only a few labelled cells in the caudal sector of the zona incerta. Previous studies have shown that the zona incerta projects to the higher order thalamic nuclei but not first order thalamic nuclei. The labelling observed in the present study may represent collaterals of zona incerta to higher order thalamic nuclei projections.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00600.x}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.}, keywords = {Animals; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stereotaxic Techniques; Subthalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {JOA600}, pmid = {16879603}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00600.x}, } @Article{Cavdar:2008, author = {Safiye Cavdar and Filiz Y Onat and Yusuf Ozgür Cakmak and Hasan R Yananli and Medine Gülçebi and Rezzan Aker}, title = {The pathways connecting the hippocampal formation, the thalamic reuniens nucleus and the thalamic reticular nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {J Anat}, year = {2008}, volume = {212}, number = {3}, pages = {249--256}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Most dorsal thalamic nuclei send axons to specific areas of the neocortex and to specific sectors of the thalamic reticular nucleus; the neocortex then sends reciprocal connections back to the same thalamic nucleus, directly as well indirectly through a relay in the thalamic reticular nucleus. This can be regarded as a 'canonical' circuit of the sensory thalamus. For the pathways that link the thalamus and the hippocampal formation, only a few comparable connections have been described. The reuniens nucleus of the thalamus sends some of its major cortical efferents to the hippocampal formation. The present study shows that cells of the hippocampal formation as well as cells in the reuniens nucleus are retrogradely labelled following injections of horseradish peroxidase or fluoro-gold into the rostral part of the thalamic reticular nucleus in the rat. Within the hippocampal formation, labelled neurons were localized in the subiculum, predominantly on the ipsilateral side, with fewer neurons labelled contralaterally. Labelled neurons were seen in the hippocampal formation and nucleus reuniens only after injections made in the rostral thalamic reticular nucleus (1.6-1.8 mm caudal to bregma). In addition, the present study confirmed the presence of afferent connections to the rostral thalamic reticular nucleus from cortical (cingulate, orbital and infralimbic, retrosplenial and frontal), midline thalamic (paraventricular, anteromedial, centromedial and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei) and brainstem structures (substantia nigra pars reticularis, ventral tegmental area, periaqueductal grey, superior vestibular and pontine reticular nuclei). These results demonstrate a potential for the thalamo-hippocampal circuitry to influence the functional roles of the thalamic reticular nucleus, and show that thalamo-hippocampal connections resemble the circuitry that links the sensory thalamus and neocortex.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00858.x}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. safcavdar@yahoo.com}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cell Count; Coloring Agents; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Midline Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Staining and Labeling; Stilbamidines; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {JOA858}, pmid = {18221482}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00858.x}, } @Article{Cavdar:2002, author = {Safiye Cavdar and Filiz Yilmaz Onat and Hasan R Yananli and Umit S Sehirli and Cumhur Tulay and Erdinç Saka and Esra Gürdal and Y. O. Filiz}, title = {Cerebellar connections to the rostral reticular nucleus of the thalamus in the rat.}, journal = {J Anat}, year = {2002}, volume = {201}, number = {6}, pages = {485--491}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {We studied the cerebellar connections to the reticular nucleus thalamus (RNT) by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the rat. Specific HRP pressure injections to the rostral RNT (1.6-1.8 mm caudal to bregma) resulted in retrograde labelling of neurones in the cerebellar nuclei. The rostral RNT showed specific topographical organization of its cerebellar connections. Microinjections into the rostral RNT, 1.6 mm caudal to bregma, produced numerous HRP-labelled neurones within the anterior interposed (emboliform nucleus) and scarce HRP-labelled neurones within the lateral (dentate nucleus) cerebellar nuclei, whereas injections into the rostral RNT, 1.8 mm caudal to bregma, produced numerous HRP-labelled neurones within the posterior interposed (globose nucleus) and scarce lightly HRP-labelled neurones within the lateral (dentate nucleus) cerebellar nuclei. Cerebellar connections with the rostral RNT were exclusively ipsilateral to the injection site. No HRP- labelled cells were detected in the medial (fastigial nucleus) cerebellar nucleus. The cerebellar connections reach the RNT via the superior cerebellar peduncle. By contrast, HRP injections into the anterior, posterior interposed and lateral cerebellar nuclei produced no labelled cells within the RNT. This study demonstrates the existence of direct cerebello-RNT but not RNT-cerebellar connections. The presence of the cerebello-RNT connections introduces a new route through which the cerebellum may influence RNT and thus cerebral cortical activity.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00119.x}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. safcavdar.yahoo.com}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cell Count; Cerebellum, cytology/physiology; Histocytochemistry, methods; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12489760}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cavdar:2014a, author = {Çavdar, Safiye and Özgür, Merve and Uysal, Sanem Pınar and Amuk, Özge Ceren}, title = {Motor afferents from the cerebellum, zona incerta and substantia nigra to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {J Integr Neurosci}, year = {2014}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {565--578}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The mediodorsal (MD) thalamic nucleus provides information from subcortical structures to the prefrontal cortex. The human MD thalamic nucleus has been implicated in a great variety of different clinical conditions and normal functions ranging from schizophrenia, Parkinsonism and epilepsy to many cognitive functions. In the rat the MD thalamic nucleus is divided into three cytoarchitectonic sectors whereas in the primates it is divided into two; medial one-third (magnocellular) and lateral two-thirds further the lateral sector is divided into pars parvocellularis pars multiformis, pars fasciculosa and pars caudalis. In this study we used a retrograde tracer, fluoro-gold (FG) to evaluate some of the afferents reaching the lateral sector of the MD (MDl) thalamic nucleus. The results of the present study have shown that MDl receives afferent connections from the lateral cerebellar nucleus (dentate nucleus), substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) and zona incerta (ZI). Subsequent to FG injections into the MDl, labeled cells were observed mainly bilaterally but were sparser on the contralateral side than ipsilaterally from each of the three structures listed. All three afferents showed a topographical organization. The labeled neurons were localized at the dorsomedial aspect of the lateral cerebellar nucleus, the dorsoventral aspect of the SNR and in the dorsal sector of the ZI. The lateral cerebellar nucleus reached the MDl via the superior cerebellar peduncle. No other deep cerebellar nuclei showed labeled cells. There were no labeled cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC). Although the three regions identified here are recognized as having motor functions, the connections to MD suggest that their outputs also play a role in cognitive or other higher cortical functions.}, doi = {10.1142/S0219635214500198}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Koç University, Sarıyer 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {25164360}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0219635214500198}, } @Article{Cavdar:2001a, author = {S. Cavdar and T. San and R. Aker and U. Sehirli and F. Onat}, title = {Cerebellar connections to the dorsomedial and posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus in the rat.}, journal = {J Anat}, year = {2001}, volume = {198}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {37-45}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The stimulation or ablation of cerebellar structures has produced a variety of visceral responses, indicating a cerebellar role in visceral functions. Studies using anterograde and retrograde tracing methods have revealed connections between the hypothalamus and cerebellar structures. The aim of this study is to investigate the cerebellar connections of the dorsomedial (DMH) and posterior hypothalamic nuclei using retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In the present study, micro-injection of HRP restricted within the borders of the DMH showed that the projections of this nucleus are not uniform throughout its extent. The posterior DMH receives projections from the cerebellum, whereas the anterior DMH does not. These projections were from the (greatest to least concentration) lateral (dentate), anterior interposed (emboliform), and medial (fastigial) cerebellar nuclei. In addition, both the anterior and posterior DMH receive projections from various areas of the brainstem which confirms earlier studies and provides detailed descriptions. This study also demonstrates the distribution of labelled neurons to cerebellar and brainstem nuclei following HRP injection into the posterior hypothalamic nucleus. It provides clear evidence for a direct cerebellar nuclei-posterior DMH and cerebellar nuclei-posterior hypothalamic nucleus connections. We suggest that the brainstem reticular nuclei and other connections, such as the solitary, trigeminal and vestibular nuclei, of both DMH and posterior hypothalamus may contribute to the indirect cerebellohypothalamic connections. These observations offer a new perspective on the question of how the cerebellum may influence autonomic activity.}, doi = {10.1017/s0021878200007172}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebellum; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, Posterior; Neural Pathways; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11215766}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cebrian:2005, author = {Carolina Cebrián and André Parent and Lucía Prensa}, title = {Patterns of axonal branching of neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and pars lateralis in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2005}, volume = {492}, number = {3}, pages = {349--369}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Axons from neurons of the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and pars lateralis (SNl) were traced after injecting their cell body with biotinylated dextran amine. Thirty-two single axons were reconstructed from serial sagittal sections with a camera lucida, whereas four other SNr axons were reconstructed in the coronal plane to determine whether they innervate the contralateral hemisphere. Four distinct types of SNr projection neurons were identified based on their main axonal targets: type I neurons that project to the thalamus; type II neurons that target the thalamus, the superior colliculus (SC), and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg); type III neurons that project to the periaqueductal gray matter and the thalamus; and type IV neurons that target the deep mesencephalic nucleus (DpMe) and the SC. The axons of the SNl showed the same branching patterns as SNr axons of types I, II, and IV. The coronal reconstructions demonstrated that SNr neurons innervate the thalamus, the SC, and the DpMe bilaterally. At the thalamic level, SNr and SNl axons targeted preferentially the ventral medial, ventral lateral, paracentral, parafascicular, and mediodorsal nuclei. Axons reaching the SC arborized selectively within the deep layers of this structure. Our results reveal that the SNr and SNl harbor several subtypes of projection neurons endowed with a highly patterned set of axon collaterals. This organization allows single neurons of these output structures of the basal ganglia to exert a multifaceted influence on a wide variety of diencephalic and midbrain structures.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20741}, institution = {División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Iontophoresis; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Staining and Labeling, methods; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16217789}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20741}, } @Article{Cebrian:2010, author = {Carolina Cebrián and Lucía Prensa}, title = {Basal ganglia and thalamic input from neurons located within the ventral tier cell cluster region of the substantia nigra pars compacta in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2010}, volume = {518}, number = {8}, pages = {1283--1300}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The most caudally located dopaminergic (DA) ventral tier neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) form typical cell clusters that are deeply embedded in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). Here we examine the efferent projections of 35 neurons located in the SNr region where these SNc cell clusters reside. The neuronal cell body was injected with biotinylated dextran amine so as to trace each complete axon in the sagittal or the coronal plane. Electrophysiological guidance guaranteed that the tracer was ejected among neurons displaying a typical SNc discharge pattern. Furthermore, double immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical labeling ensured that the tracer deposits were placed within the DA cell clusters. Three types of projection neurons occurred in the SNc ventral tier cell cluster region: type I neurons, projecting to basal ganglia; type II neurons, targeting both the basal ganglia and thalamus; and type III neurons, projecting only to the thalamus. The striatum was targeted by most of the type I and II neurons and the innervation reached both the striosome/subcallosal streak and matrix compartments. Many nigrostriatal fibers provided collaterals to the globus pallidus and, less frequently, to the subthalamic nucleus. At a thalamic level, type II and III neurons preferentially targeted the reticular, ventral posterolateral, and ventral medial nuclei. Our results reveal that the SNr region where DA ventral tier cell clusters reside harbors neurons projecting to the basal ganglia and/or the thalamus, thus suggesting that neurodegeneration of nigral neurons in Parkinson's disease might affect various extrastriatal basal ganglia structures and multiple thalamic nuclei.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.22275}, institution = {División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Dextrans; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microelectrodes; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Subthalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {20151360}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22275}, } @Article{Cecchini:1994, author = {Cecchini, T. and Cuppini, R. and Ciaroni, S. and {De Matteis}, R. and {Del Grande}, P.}, title = {Increased number of sciatic sensory neurons in vitamin-E-deficient rats.}, journal = {Somatosens Mot Res}, year = {1994}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {269--278}, abstract = {The number and morphometric characteristics of sciatic sensory neurons were studied in Vitamin-E-deficient rats. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the sciatic nerves of normal and vitamin-E-deficient rats of the same age, and retrogradely labeled sensory neurons were counted and measured. The study was also carried out in rats that had previously undergone sciatic nerve crush, in order to observe the effects of axotomy on primary sensory neurons. In vitamin-E-deficient rats the number of sciatic sensory neurons was significantly higher than normal, with an increase of about 30\%, in agreement with a previous finding concerning total population of primary sensory neurons in lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of vitamin-E-deficient rats. The increase involved the small cell classes in particular. Axotomy induced similar percentages of neuron loss in normal and in vitamin-E-deficient rats (about 40\%). In the latter, death affected small cell classes in particular--that is, the same classes that had increased in number in vitamin-E-deficient rats by comparison with controls. These results, together with previous findings, suggest that neurogenesis may occur in DRGs of vitamin-E-deficient rats.}, doi = {10.3109/08990229409051394}, institution = {Institute of Morphological Sciences, University of Urbino, Italy.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, pathology; Animals; Cell Count; Cell Size; Ganglia, Spinal, pathology; Male; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neurons, pathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sciatic Nerve, pathology; Sensory Deprivation, physiology; Sensory Receptor Cells, pathology; Vitamin E Deficiency, pathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7887058}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cechetto:1987, author = {D. F. Cechetto and C. B. Saper}, title = {Evidence for a viscerotopic sensory representation in the cortex and thalamus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {262}, number = {1}, pages = {27--45}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The functional organization of the insular cortex was studied by recording neuronal responses to visceral sensory stimuli. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was then iontophoresed at the recording sites to identify afferents from the ventrobasal thalamus to specific visceroceptive sites in the insular cortex. The relationship of the ventrobasal thalamus to the insular cortex and to brainstem relay nuclei for the ascending visceral projections was then examined by using the axonal transport of HRP, wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to HRP (WGA-HRP), and fluorescent dyes. Of a total of 55 neurons that were tested for responses to visceral sensory stimuli, 33 units responded to at least one visceral sensory modality: 6 received gastric mechanoreceptor input, 8 responded to taste inputs, 13 were activated by arterial chemoreceptors and/or showed respiratory related activity, and 6 responded to cardiovascular baroreceptor stimulation. On the basis of its cytoarchitecture and connections with the thalamus, the insular cortex was divided into a dorsal granular area, an intermediate dysgranular region, and a ventral agranular strip. Taste-responsive neurons were located anteriorly, primarily in the dysgranular region, whereas unit responses to general visceral modalities were distributed dorsally and posteriorly in the granular insular cortex. Gastric mechanoreceptor-responsive units were situated more dorsally and anteriorly in the granular insular cortex, while cardiopulmonary inputs were located more ventrally and posteriorly. Injections of HRP into the gustatory insular cortex resulted in retrograde labeling of neurons in the parvicellular part of the ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus (VPMpc). Injections into the general visceral insular cortex retrogradely labeled neurons lateral to VPMpc in the ventroposterior lateral parvicellular thalamic nucleus (VPLpc). Injections of HRP, WGA-HRP, and fluorescent dyes into VPMpc and VPLpc verified that their projection to the insular cortex is topographically organized. In the same experiments, retrogradely labeled neurons in the parabrachial nucleus identified the likely subnuclei within this nucleus for relay of visceral sensory information to the thalamus. Injections of WGA-HRP into the parabrachial nucleus demonstrated that its projection to the ventrobasal thalamus is also topographically organized. These results demonstrate the relationship of general visceral and special visceral (taste) representations in the insular cortex. The ascending pathway for visceral sensory information appears to be viscerotopically organized at all levels of the neuraxis, including the insular cortex.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902620104}, keywords = {Action Potentials; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Neurons, Afferent, classification/physiology; Rats; Respiration; Sensory Receptor Cells, physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Viscera, innervation/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2442207}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902620104}, } @Article{Cechetto:1988, author = {D. F. Cechetto and C. B. Saper}, title = {Neurochemical organization of the hypothalamic projection to the spinal cord in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1988}, volume = {272}, number = {4}, pages = {579--604}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The hypothalamus provides a major projection to the spinal cord that innervates primarily lamina I of the dorsal horn and the sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic cell columns. We have examined the chemical organization of the neurons that contribute to this pathway by using combined retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes and immunohistochemistry for 15 different putative neurotransmitters or their synthetic enzymes. Our results demonstrate that 5 cytoarchitectonically distinct cell groups in the hypothalamus contribute to the spinal projection and that each has its own predominant chemical types. In the paraventricular nucleus, substantial numbers of hypothalamo-spinal neurons stain with antisera against arginine vasopressin (25-35\%), oxytocin (20-25\%), and met-enkephalin (10\%). About 25\% of the neurons with spinal projections in the retrochiasmatic area stain with an antiserum against alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Nearly 100\% of the hypothalamo-spinal neurons in the tuberal lateral hypothalamic area stain with this same antiserum, but these cells do not stain for other proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides, and so probably contain a cross-reacting peptide. This population must be distinguished from an adjacent cell group, in the perifornical region, where many spinal projection neurons stain with antisera against dynorphin (25\%) or atrial natriuretic peptide (20\%). Finally, in the dorsal hypothalamic area as many as 55-75\% of the neurons with spinal projections are dopaminergic, on the basis of their staining with an antiserum against tyrosine hydroxylase. These 5 neurochemically distinct projections from the hypothalamus to the spinal cord are discussed in the context of their possible functional significance.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902720410}, institution = {Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637.}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hypothalamus, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Neurotransmitter Agents, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, metabolism/physiology; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2901438}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902720410}, } @Article{Cechetto:1985, author = {D. F. Cechetto and D. G. Standaert and C. B. Saper}, title = {Spinal and trigeminal dorsal horn projections to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1985}, volume = {240}, number = {2}, pages = {153--160}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {We studied afferents to the parabrachial nucleus (PB) from the spinal cord and the spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis (SNVc) in the rat by using the anterograde and retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Injections of WGA-HRP into medial PB retrogradely labeled neurons in the promontorium and in lamina I of the dorsal rostral SNVc, while injections into lateral PB and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus retrogradely labeled neurons in these areas as well as in lamina I throughout the caudal SNVc and spinal dorsal horn. Injections of WGA-HRP into the caudal SNVc and dorsal horn of the spinal cord resulted in terminal labeling in the dorsal, central, and external lateral subnuclei of PB and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, all of which are known to receive cardiovascular and respiratory afferent information. Injections of WGA-HRP into the promontorium and dorsal rostral SNVc resulted in terminal labeling in the same PB subnuclei, as well as in the medial and the ventral lateral PB subnuclei, which are sites of relay for gustatory information ascending from the medulla to the forebrain. The spinal and trigeminal projection to PB may mediate the convergence of pain, chemosensory, and temperature sensibilities with gustatory and cardiorespiratory systems in PB.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902400205}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Lectins, metabolism; Male; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3840498}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902400205}, } @Article{Cedarbaum:1978, author = {J. M. Cedarbaum and G. K. Aghajanian}, title = {Afferent projections to the rat locus coeruleus as determined by a retrograde tracing technique.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1978}, volume = {178}, number = {1}, pages = {1--16}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Afferent connections to the rat locus coeruleus (LC), which contains exclusively noradrenergic neurons, have been traced using the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In order to ensure accurate placement of adequate amounts of HRP in the LC, a microiontophoretic delivery technique coupled with single cell recording was employed. The use of electro physiological "landmarks" as aids in placing the injections is described. Following HRP injections into the LC, forebrain structures containing labelled neurons included the insular cortex, the central nucleus of the amygdala, the medial, lateral and magnocellular preoptic areas, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the dorsomedial, paraventricular and lateral hypothalamic areas. In the brainstem reactive neurons were observed in the central grey substance, the reticular formation, the raphe, vestibular, solitary tract and lateral reticular nuclei. In particular, the areas of catecholamine cell groups A1, A2 and A5 appeared to contain many reactive cells. Labelled neurons were also observed in the fastigial nuclei and in the marginal zones of the dorsal horns of the spinal cord. This pattern of afferent innervation supports suggestions for a role for the LC in behavioral arousal mechanisms and autonomic regulation.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901780102}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Iontophoresis; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neurons; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Preoptic Area, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Sympathetic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {632368}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901780102}, } @Article{Celio:2013, author = {Celio, Marco R. and Babalian, Alexandre and Ha, Quan Hue and Eichenberger, Simone and Clément, Laurence and Marti, Christiane and Saper, Clifford B.}, title = {Efferent connections of the parvalbumin-positive (PV1) nucleus in the lateral hypothalamus of rodents.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2013}, volume = {521}, number = {14}, pages = {3133--3153}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {A solitary cluster of parvalbumin-positive neurons--the PV1 nucleus--has been observed in the lateral hypothalamus of rodents. In the present study, we mapped the efferent connections of the PV1 nucleus using nonspecific antero- and retrograde tracers in rats, and chemoselective, Cre-dependent viral constructs in parvalbumin-Cre mice. In both species, the PV1 nucleus was found to project mainly to the periaqueductal grey matter (PAG), predominantly ipsilaterally. Indirectly in rats and directly in mice, a discrete, longitudinally oriented cylindrical column of terminal fields (PV1-CTF) was identified ventrolateral to the aqueduct on the edge of the PAG. The PV1-CTF is particularly dense in the rostral portion, which is located in the supraoculomotor nucleus (Su3). It is spatially interrupted over a short stretch at the level of the trochlear nucleus and abuts caudally on a second parvalbumin-positive (PV2) nucleus. The rostral and the caudal portions of the PV1-CTF consist of axonal endings, which stem from neurons scattered throughout the PV1 nucleus. Topographically, the longitudinal orientation of the PV1-CTF accords with that of the likewise longitudinally oriented functional modules of the PAG, but overlaps none of them. Minor terminal fields were identified in a crescentic column of the lateral PAG, as well as in the Edinger-Westphal, the lateral habenular, and the laterodorsal tegmental nuclei. So far, no obvious functions have been attributed to this small, circumscribed column ventrolateral to the aqueduct, the prime target of the PV1 nucleus.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.23344}, institution = {Anatomy Unit, Department of Medicine and Program in Neuroscience, University of Fribourg, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Brain Mapping; Dextrans, metabolism; Female; Functional Laterality; Green Fluorescent Proteins, genetics; Hypothalamus, cytology; Luminescent Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, metabolism; Parvalbumins, genetics/metabolism; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rhodopsin, genetics/metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {23787784}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23344}, } @Article{Cenci:1992, author = {Cenci, M. Angela and Campbell, Kenneth and Wictorin, Klas and Björklund, Anders}, title = {Striatal c-fos Induction by Cocaine or Apomorphine Occurs Preferentially in Output Neurons Projecting to the Substantia Nigra in the Rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1992}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {376--380}, abstract = {Fluorogold or rhodamine-labelled latex beads were injected in the substantia nigra (SN) or the globus pallidus (GP) in order retrogradely to label striatal output neurons that project to the two target structures. Ten days later, striatal c-fos was induced by systemic administration of cocaine (five normal rats; 25 mg/kg cocaine i.p. 2 h before killing) or apomorphine (five unilaterally dopamine-denervated rats; 0.25 mg/kg apomorphine s. c. 2 h before killing), and detection of the Fos protein in the striatum was achieved by immunofluorescence. Sections through the caudate-putamen that displayed good labelling from both SN and GP were selected for a quantitative analysis: the number of retrogradely labelled cells that exhibited Fos immunoreactivity, as well as the total number of retrogradely labelled cells located within a grid (0.16 mm2 in size) were counted manually at 25 x magnification. Cocaine induced a proportionally higher c-fos expression in striato-nigral compared to striato- pallidal neurons, whereas apomorphine activated Fos almost exclusively in striato-nigral neurons. The present findings are consistent with the idea that striatal c-fos induction by dopaminergic agents is primarily mediated by an interaction with D1-receptors, which are thought to be selectively localized on neurons projecting to SN.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1992.tb00885.x}, institution = {Department of Medical Cell Research, University of Lund, Biskopsgatan 5, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {ejn_04040376}, pmid = {12106364}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cenquizca:2006, author = {Cenquizca, Lee A. and Swanson, Larry W.}, title = {Analysis of direct hippocampal cortical field CA1 axonal projections to diencephalon in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2006}, volume = {497}, number = {1}, pages = {101--114}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The hippocampal formation is generally considered essential for processing episodic memory. However, the structural organization of hippocampal afferent and efferent axonal connections is still not completely understood, although such information is critical to support functional hypotheses. The full extent of axonal projections from field CA1 to the interbrain (diencephalon) is analyzed here with the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHAL) method. The ventral pole of field CA1 establishes direct pathways to, and terminal fields within, the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic and lateral preoptic areas, medial preoptic area, and certain other hypothalamic regions, as well as particular midline thalamic nuclei. These results suggest that hippocampal field CA1 modulates motivated or goal-directed behaviors, and physiological responses, associated with the targeted hypothalamic neuron populations.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20985}, institution = {Department of Life Sciences, Los Angeles City College, Los Angeles, California 90029, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Leukocytes; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Proteins, pharmacokinetics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16680763}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20985}, } @Article{Cenquizca:2007, author = {Cenquizca, LA and Swanson, LW}, title = {Spatial organization of direct hippocampal field CA1 axonal rojections to the rest of the cerebral cortex}, journal = {Brain Res Rev}, year = {2007}, volume = {56}, pages = {1-26}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.05.002}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ceranik:1997, author = {Ceranik, K. and Bender, R. and Geiger, J. R. and Monyer, H. and Jonas, P. and Frotscher, M. and Lübke, J.}, title = {A novel type of GABAergic interneuron connecting the input and the output regions of the hippocampus.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1997}, volume = {17}, number = {14}, pages = {5380--5394}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The main excitatory pathway of the hippocampal formation is controlled by a network of morphologically distinct populations of GABAergic interneurons. Here we describe a novel type of GABAergic interneuron located in the outer molecular layer (OML) of the rat dentate gyrus with a long-range forward projection from the dentate gyrus to the subiculum across the hippocampal fissure. OML interneurons were recorded in hippocampal slices by using the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration. During recording, cells were filled with biocytin for subsequent light and electron microscopic analysis. Neurons projecting to the subiculum were distributed throughout the entire OML. They had round or ovoid somata and a multipolar dendritic morphology. Two axonal domains could be distinguished: an extensive, tangential distribution within the OML and a long-range vertical and tangential projection to layer 1 and stratum pyramidale of the subiculum. Symmetric synaptic contacts were established by these interneurons on dendritic shafts in the OML and subiculum. OML interneurons were characterized physiologically by short action potential duration and marked afterhyperpolarization that followed the spike. On sustained current injection, they generated high-frequency (up to 130 Hz, 34 degrees C) trains of action potentials with only little adaptation. In situ hybridization and single-cell RT-PCR analysis for GAD67 mRNA confirmed the GABAergic nature of OML interneurons. GABAergic interneurons in the OML projecting to the subiculum connect the input and output regions of the hippocampus. Hence, they could mediate long-range feed-forward inhibition and may participate in an oscillating cross-regional interneuron network that may synchronize the activity of spatially distributed principal neurons in the dentate gyrus and the subiculum.}, institution = {Anatomisches Institut I,Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Interneurons, physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9204922}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/17/14/5380.long}, } @Article{Cerminara:2013, author = {Cerminara, Nadia L. and Aoki, Hanako and Loft, Michaela and Sugihara, Izumi and Apps, Richard}, title = {Structural basis of cerebellar microcircuits in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2013}, volume = {33}, number = {42}, pages = {16427--16442}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The topography of the cerebellar cortex is described by at least three different maps, with the basic units of each map termed "microzones," "patches," and "bands." These are defined, respectively, by different patterns of climbing fiber input, mossy fiber input, and Purkinje cell (PC) phenotype. Based on embryological development, the "one-map" hypothesis proposes that the basic units of each map align in the adult animal and the aim of the present study was to test this possibility. In barbiturate anesthetized adult rats, nanoinjections of bidirectional tracer (Retrobeads and biotinylated dextran amine) were made into somatotopically identified regions within the hindlimb C1 zone in copula pyramidis. Injection sites were mapped relative to PC bands defined by the molecular marker zebrin II and were correlated with the pattern of retrograde cell labeling within the inferior olive and in the basilar pontine nuclei to determine connectivity of microzones and patches, respectively, and also with the distributions of biotinylated dextran amine-labeled PC terminals in the cerebellar nuclei. Zebrin bands were found to be related to both climbing fiber and mossy fiber inputs and also to cortical representation of different parts of the ipsilateral hindpaw, indicating a precise spatial organization within cerebellar microcircuitry. This precise connectivity extends to PC terminal fields in the cerebellar nuclei and olivonuclear projections. These findings strongly support the one-map hypothesis and suggest that, at the microcircuit level of resolution, the cerebellar cortex has a common plan of spatial organization for major inputs, outputs, and PC phenotype.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0861-13.2013}, institution = {School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom, and Department of Systems Neurophysiology and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {33/42/16427}, pmid = {24133249}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0861-13.2013}, } @Article{Cerminara:2003, author = {Nadia L Cerminara and Kalyanee Makarabhirom and John A Rawson}, title = {Somatosensory properties of cuneocerebellar neurones in the main cuneate nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Cerebellum}, year = {2003}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {131-145}, abstract = {Cells in the main cuneate nucleus (MCN) are known to provide a direct projection to the cerebellum, but the precise nature of the information these cells transmit to the cerebellum is unknown. The present study employed anatomical and electrophysiological procedures to determine the location of cuneocerebellar cells in the MCN, and their somatosensory properties in the rat. The location of neurones projecting to the cerebellum was determined with injections of the retrograde tracers, horseradish peroxidase or Fluoro-Gold in vermal and paravermal regions of the cerebellum. Topographically, the majority of retrogradely labelled cells in the MCN were found to lie primarily ventrolateral in the nucleus and rostral to the level of the obex. Single unit recordings from 69 well characterized MCN cells, identified as projection cells by antidromic activation from stimulation of the inferior cerebellar peduncle, were classified according to their responses to cutaneous stimulation and manipulation of joints and muscles. A slight majority of cells (37.7\%) responded only to manipulation/stimulation of joints, and 30.4\% of cells responded only to cutaneous stimulation. The remaining cells received convergent input from joint and cutaneous receptors. Cutaneous responsive cells all rapidly adapted to maintained stimuli, and had large receptive fields (RFs) that were generally located over the joints. These cells could be activated by passive movements of the forelimb that deformed the RF. They only discharged during movements and were silent during maintained limb positions. Cells responsive to punctate mechanical stimuli applied to the joint capsules, responded to passive movements of the forelimb, but typically only discharged towards the limits of joint movement, and adapted within a few seconds. Once adapted, small perturbations of joint position resulted in vigorous dynamic responses. The results indicate that the neurones in the MCN of the rat which project directly to the cerebellum are localized in the rostral half of the nucleus. They transmit predominantly dynamic information from joint and cutaneous receptors that are likely to be normally activated as a result of limb movements. These cells could signal information about evolving movements or disturbances of forelimb posture or stance.}, doi = {10.1080/14734220309406}, institution = {Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. n.cerminara@bris.ac.uk}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping, methods; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12880181}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14734220309406}, } @Article{Cervera-Ferri:2012, author = {Cervera-Ferri, Ana and Rahmani, Yasamin and Martínez-Bellver, Sergio and Teruel-Martí, Vicent and Martínez-Ricós, Joana}, title = {Glutamatergic projection from the nucleus incertus to the septohippocampal system.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {2012}, volume = {517}, number = {2}, pages = {71--76}, month = {May}, abstract = {Recent findings support a relevant role of the nucleus incertus in the control of the hippocampal activity through the modulation of theta rhythm. Previous studies from our group have shown that this nucleus is a critical relay between reticularis pontis oralis and the medial septum/diagonal band, regarded as the main activator and the pacemaker of the hippocampal oscillations, respectively. Besides, the nucleus incertus is highly linked to activated states related to the arousal response. The neurotransmission of the nucleus incertus, however, remains uncertain. Only GABA and the neuromodulator relaxin 3 are usually considered to be involved in its contribution to the septohippocampal system. In this work, we have analyzed the existence of an excitatory projection from the nucleus incertus to the medial septum. We have found a group of glutamatergic neurons in the nucleus incertus projecting to the medial septum. Moreover, we were able to describe a segregated distribution of calbindin and calretinin neurons. While calretinin expression was restricted to the nucleus incertus pars compacta, calbindin positive neurons where observed both in the pars dissipata and the pars compacta of the nucleus. The present work provides innovative data supporting an excitatory component in the pontoseptal pathway.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neulet.2012.04.014}, institution = {Dept. Anatomia y Embriología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Avd. Blasco Ibañez, 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain. apicerfe@uv.es}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Calbindin 2; Calbindins; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Diagonal Band of Broca, physiology; Electroencephalography; Female; Glutamates, physiology; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Pons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, physiology; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G, metabolism; Septum of Brain, physiology; Tissue Fixation; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, metabolism; ted}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(12)00522-8}, pmid = {22521581}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.04.014}, } @Article{Cervero:1988, author = {Cervero, F. and Sharkey, K. A.}, title = {An electrophysiological and anatomical study of intestinal afferent fibres in the rat.}, journal = {J Physiol}, year = {1988}, volume = {401}, pages = {381--397}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {1. The afferent innervation of the distal ileum has been examined in normal rats and in rats treated at birth with capsaicin. Electrophysiological recordings were made using an in vitro preparation of distal ileum and its associated mesenteric nerves. The fibre composition of the mesenteric nerves was examined by electron microscopy and the numbers of primary afferent fibres innervating a segment of distal ileum was estimated using retrograde tracing. 2. Recordings were made from 120 single afferent units all of which showed some degree of background activity. The conduction velocities of sixty-seven afferent units were estimated, and all were found to be in the C-fibre range (less than 2 m/s). Eighty-two units were sufficiently studied to allow their classification according to whether they responded to mechanical stimuli (M units), chemical stimuli (Ch units) or both mechanical and chemical stimuli (MCh units). In control rats 85.5\% were classified as MCh units, 11.9\% as M units and 2.6\% as Ch units. In capsaicin-treated rats six single and three multi-units were MCh and one multi-unit was classified as an M recording. 3. The effects of intraluminal distension were investigated in sixty-seven units which were classified according to whether or not they adapted during the distension. About half the total units were classified as rapidly adapting, the other half were slowly adapting. This distribution was similar for the MCh-units, but of the eight M units tested, seven adapted during distension. The distension thresholds were tested in thirty units, of which twenty-eight responded at thresholds below 18 mmHg. There were no differences in the thresholds of units from control and capsaicin-treated rats. 4. The chemosensitivity of units was tested in response to acetylcholine (ACh), bradykinin and substance P. Most units tested responded to ACh (78\% of MCh units tested) and bradykinin (80\% of MCh units), but fewer units responded to substance P (about 50\% of MCh units). ACh produced an increased tension which outlasted the increase in afferent activity. Bradykinin gave long-lasting afferent responses which were not always accompanied by increases in tension. The increases in afferent activity produced by substance P were often seen after an increase in tension. 5. The fluorescent dye True Blue injected into the wall of the ileum labelled cell bodies in the spinal and nodose ganglia, predominantly on the left side of an animal. The mean number of labelled cells per animal was eighty-seven, of which the majority was in the T10-T13 spinal ganglia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017168}, institution = {Department of Physiology, University of Bristol, Medical School.}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, pharmacology; Action Potentials, drug effects; Animals; Bradykinin, pharmacology; Ileum, innervation; Male; Mesentery, innervation; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Neural Conduction; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Sensory Thresholds, physiology; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3171991}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cesaro:1979, author = {P. Cesaro and J. Nguyen-Legros and B. Berger and C. Alvarez and D. Albe-Fessard}, title = {Double labelling of blanched neurons in the central nervous system of the rat by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase and iron dextran complex.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1979}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {1--7}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The retrograde axonal transport of an iron-dextran complex leads to a labelling of neural cell bodies in the central nervous system (CNS) of the rat. This tracer and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) can both be demonstrated histochemically in same cell bodies of intralaminar thalamic neurons in the central lateral nucleus, after injection of iron-dextran in the striatum and injection of HRP in the motor cortex. This is made possible by processing the sections first for HRP and then for ferric ions by Perl's reaction. This method allows an accurate demonstration of divergent axonal projections and is compatible with cytoarchitectonic studies on the same sections.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(79)91519-2}, keywords = {Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping, methods; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Iron-Dextran Complex; Male; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Staining and Labeling, methods; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {93728}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cesaro:1985, author = {P. Cesaro and J. Nguyen-Legros and B. Pollin and S. Laplante}, title = {Single intralaminar thalamic neurons project to cerebral cortex, striatum and nucleus reticularis thalami. A retrograde anatomical tracing study in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {325}, number = {1-2}, pages = {29--37}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The hypothesis of triple axonal branching to the cortex, striatum and nucleus reticularis thalami (RT) of the forebrain projecting thalamic intralaminar neurons (TIN) was studied by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), iron-dextran complex and [3H]wheat germ agglutinin [3H]WGA. The best combination of tracers for this purpose was demonstrated to be: HRP-pellet implantation in the rostral cortex, iron-dextran injections into the striatum and [3H]WGA injections into the rostral RT. Prussian blue labeled neurons were observed in the ipsilateral TIN, substantia nigra, mediodorsal nucleus, medial part of the ventral anterior-ventral lateral complex, anterior medial and anterior ventral nuclei. HRP labeled neurons were observed in ipsilateral ventral nuclei, mediodorsal nucleus and the TIN. Radiolabeled neurons were located only in the TIN. HRP-Prussian blue labeled neurons (cortex-striatum branched neurons) were scattered in the TIN. Prussian blue radiolabeled neurons ( striatum-RT branched neurons) could be observed in the TIN, as well as a few HRP radiolabeled neurons (cortex-RT branched neurons). Triply labeled neurons were scattered throughout the TIN until the rostral part of the centre median nucleus. These results demonstrate the existence of triple axonal branching on TIN efferent axons directed to the cerebral cortex, striatum and RT. The RT directed branch provides an anatomical basis to describe an intrathalamic regulatory loop well suited to control ascending messages arising from the TIN.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)90299-9}, keywords = {Animals; Axons; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(85)90299-9}, pmid = {3978421}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cetas:1999, author = {Cetas, J. S. and {de Venecia}, R. K. and McMullen, N. T.}, title = {Thalamocortical afferents of Lorente de Nó: medial geniculate axons that project to primary auditory cortex have collateral branches to layer I.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {830}, number = {1}, pages = {203--208}, month = {May}, abstract = {The injection of anterograde tracers into the ventral division of the medial geniculate body (MGV) of both rats and rabbits labels terminal axons in layer I of auditory cortex as well as the more conventional terminal arbors in layers III/IV. Whether these layer I projections represent a separate lemniscal pathway to the molecular layer or arise as collaterals of axons terminating in III/IV has not been addressed. Focal injections of the anterograde tracers biocytin or biotinylated dextran amine were made into the MGV of young rabbits. Serial section reconstruction of single MGV axons in auditory cortex revealed that layer I axons were collaterals of thalamocortical afferents that formed multiple divergent patches within III/IV. MGV collaterals to layer I often coursed tangentially for several millimeters before terminating. In some cases, the layer I collaterals descended to arborize within a thalamocortical patch in layers III/IV. These results suggest considerable radial and tangential divergence in the auditory thalamocortical pathway and argue for an expanded role for layer I in the processing of specific sensory stimuli.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01355-4}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Arizona College of Medicine, PO Box 245044, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Auditory Cortex, physiology; Axons, physiology; Geniculate Bodies, ultrastructure; Rabbits; Rats; Thalamus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(99)01355-4}, pmid = {10350577}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cha:1996, author = {Cha, S. W. and Tan, C. K.}, title = {Projection of forelimb nerve afferents to external cuneate nucleus of the rat as revealed by intraneural injection of a neurotoxic lectin, Ricinus communis agglutinin.}, journal = {Histol Histopathol}, year = {1996}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {117--123}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {This study seeks to extend the observations of previous studies of projection of primary afferent fibres from the forelimb nerves and muscles to the external cuneate nucleus (ECN) of mammals using a neurotoxic lectin, Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA) to achieve chemical ganglionectomy of the dorsal root ganglia. Following intraneural injection of RCA into the three main forelimb nerves, namely the radial, ulnar and median nerves, terminal degeneration of the primary afferent fibres in the ECN was studied under the light microscope by means of the Fink-Heimer method. The results show that the primary afferent fibres from these three nerves project to the medial part of the ECN. The field of terminal degeneration take a crescentic form. The projection from the median nerve was most dorsally located whereas that from the radial nerve was the most ventral with extensive overlaps between them. Of the three nerves, the projection from the radial nerve was the most dense. Rostrocaudally, the three nerves also show extensive overlaps. The rostrocaudal extent of maximum terminal degeneration was greatest for the radial nerve and least for the median nerve. Analysis of variance showed that these differences were statistically significant. This suggests that the radial nerve has the most extensive projection to the ECN and the median nerve the least.}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore.}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Markers; Forelimb, innervation; Ganglionectomy; Histocytochemistry; Lectins; Male; Median Nerve, cytology/physiology; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Perfusion; Plant Lectins; Radial Nerve, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Tissue Fixation; Ulnar Nerve, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8720455}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chaban:2007, author = {Chaban, Victor and Christensen, Amy and Wakamatsu, Micah and McDonald, Michelle and Rapkin, Andrea and McDonald, John and Micevych, Paul}, title = {The same dorsal root ganglion neurons innervate uterus and colon in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, year = {2007}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {209--212}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to determine whether primary sensory neurons that innervate the uterus receive convergent input from the colon. To test this, in the rat, cell bodies of colonic and uterine dorsal root ganglia were retrogradely labeled with fluorescent tracer dyes microinjected into the colon/rectum and bilaterally into the uterine horns. Ganglia were harvested, cryoprotected and cut into 20 microm slices to identify positively stained cells for fluorescent microscopy. Up to 5\% of neurons were colon-specific or uterus-specific, and 10-15\% of labeled ganglion neurons innervate both viscera in the L1, L2, L6 and S1-S3 levels. These results suggest a novel form of visceral sensory integration in the dorsal root ganglion that may underlie comorbidity of many functional pain syndromes.}, doi = {10.1097/WNR.0b013e32801231bf}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. chaban@ucla.edu}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Colon, innervation/physiology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/physiology; Hypogastric Plexus, cytology/physiology; Inflammation Mediators, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/physiology; Nociceptors, cytology/physiology; Pelvic Pain, physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Uterus, innervation/physiology; Visceral Afferents, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {00001756-200702120-00003}, pmid = {17314658}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e32801231bf}, } @Article{Chaban:2008, author = {Chaban, Victor V.}, title = {Visceral sensory neurons that innervate both uterus and colon express nociceptive TRPv1 and P2X3 receptors in rats.}, journal = {Ethn Dis}, year = {2008}, volume = {18}, number = {2 Suppl 2}, pages = {S2--20-4}, abstract = {In women, clinical studies suggest that functional pain syndromes such as irritable bowel syndrome, interstitial cystitis, and fibromyalgia, are co-morbid with endometriosis, chronic pelvic pain, and others diseases. One of the possible explanations for this phenomenon is visceral cross-sensitization in which increased nociceptive input from inflamed reproductive system organs sensitize neurons that receive convergent input from an unaffected visceral organ to the same dorsal root ganglion (DRG). The purpose of this study was to determine whether primary sensory neurons that innervate both visceral organs--the uterus and the colon--express nociceptive ATP-sensitive purinergic (P2X3) and capsaicin-sensitive vanilloid (TRPV1) receptors. To test this hypothesis, cell bodies of colonic and uterine DRG were retrogradely labeled with fluorescent tracer dyes micro-injected into the colon/rectum and uterus of rats. Ganglia were harvested, cryo-protected, and cut in 20-microm slices for fluorescent microscopy to identify positively stained cells. Up to 5\% neurons were colon-specific or uterus-specific, and 10\%-15\% of labeled DRG neurons innervate both viscera in the lumbosacral neurons (L1-S3 levels). We found that viscerally labeled DRGs express nociceptive P2X3 and TRPV1 receptors. Our results suggest a novel form of visceral sensory integration in the DRG that may underlie co-morbidity of many functional pain syndromes.}, institution = {Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E 120th St, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. victorchaban@cdrewu.edu}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Colon, innervation; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Nociceptors, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Receptors, Purinergic P2, metabolism; Receptors, Purinergic P2X3; Staining and Labeling; TRPV Cation Channels, metabolism; Uterus, innervation; Visceral Afferents, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {18646315}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chai:1996, author = {Chai, T. C. and Steers, W. D. and Broder, S. R. and Rauchenwald, M. and Tuttle, J. B.}, title = {Characterization of laterality of innervation of the rat bladder.}, journal = {Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl}, year = {1996}, volume = {179}, pages = {87--92}, abstract = {Retrograde axonal tracers were used to assess the laterality of bladder innervation which is unknown. Fluoro-Gold and Fast Blue were injected into the left and right bladder walls, respectively of male Wistar rats. The major pelvic (MPG), pelvic accessory (PAG), and dorsal root (DRG) ganglia were then removed and analyzed. 59\% and 33\% of the total labelled MPG cells were found in the ipsilateral and contralateral MPG (efferents), respectively. 65\% and 31\% of the total labelled PAG cells were found in the ipsilateral and contralateral PAG (efferents) respectively. The L1/L2 and L6/S1 DRG each received similar amount of ipsilateral innervation (45-52\%) based on total labelled cells at each DRG level. 8\%, 4\%, and 4\% of labelled cells in the MPG, PAG and DRG, respectively, contained both Fluoro-Gold and Fast Blue consistent with bilateral input originating from a single neuron. Immunohistochemistry showed that 40\% of retrogradely labelled PAG cells were positive for tyrosine hydroxylase, far exceeding what has been shown for the MPG. Thus, assuming limited diffusion of tracers, the bladder receives a substantial crossed innervation especially in bladder afferents. This redundancy and bilateral neural input may contribute to preservation of bladder function and sensation even after extensive pelvic surgery.}, institution = {Department of Urology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Ganglia, Sympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neuropeptide Y, analysis; Norepinephrine, analysis; Pelvis, innervation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Staining and Labeling; Stilbamidines; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis; Urinary Bladder, innervation; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8908671}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chakrabarti:2006, author = {Chakrabarti, Shubhodeep and Alloway, Kevin D.}, title = {Differential origin of projections from SI barrel cortex to the whisker representations in SII and MI.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2006}, volume = {498}, number = {5}, pages = {624--636}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {We have previously shown that projections from SI barrel cortex to the MI whisker representation originate primarily from columns of neurons that are aligned with the layer IV septa. SI barrel cortex also projects to SII cortex, but the origin of these projections has not been characterized with respect to the barrel and septal compartments. To address this issue, we injected retrograde tracers into the SII whisker representation and then reconstructed the location of the labeled neurons in SI with respect to the layer IV barrels. In some animals, two different tracers were injected into the whisker representations of SII and MI to detect double-labeled neurons that would indicate that some SI neurons project to both of these cortical areas. We found that the projections to SII cortex originate from sites that are uniformly distributed throughout the extragranular layers of barrel cortex. In cases in which different tracers were injected in SII and MI, double-labeled neurons appeared above and below the layer IV septal compartment and at sites aligned with the boundaries of the layer IV barrels. To the extent that the columns of neurons aligned with the barrel and septal compartments represent functionally distinct circuits, these results indicate that SII receives information from both circuits, whereas MI receives inputs primarily from the septal circuits.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21052}, institution = {Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA.}, keywords = {Amidines, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Animals; Benzofurans, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Biotin, administration /&/ dosage/analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Brain Mapping; Cholera Toxin, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Dextrans, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Electric Stimulation, methods; Iontophoresis, methods; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/physiology; Stilbamidines, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Vibrissae, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16917827}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21052}, } @Article{Cham:2006, author = {Joo Lee Cham and Neil C Owens and Julian A Barden and Andrew J Lawrence and Emilio Badoer}, title = {P2X purinoceptor subtypes on paraventricular nucleus neurones projecting to the rostral ventrolateral medulla in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Physiol}, year = {2006}, volume = {91}, number = {2}, pages = {403--411}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is essential for the generation of sympathetic nerve activity. The RVLM receives a substantial innervation from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Activation of P2X purinoceptors via ATP has been shown to mediate fast excitatory synaptic neurotransmission. There is mounting evidence to suggest the presence of P2X purinoceptors in hypothalamic nuclei, including the PVN. In this study, we determined whether P2X1-P2X6 purinoceptor subtypes were present on PVN neurones that projected to the RVLM. Injection of the retrogradely transported tracer, rhodamine-tagged microspheres, into the pressor region of the RVLM was used to identify the neurones in the PVN that innervated the RVLM. P2X1-P2X6 purinoceptors were detected by immunohistochemistry. Double-labelled neurones were quantified and expressed as a proportion of the retrogradely labelled neurones. The proportions of double-labelled neurones for each of the P2X purinoceptor subtypes varied, on average, from 14 to 29\%. The P2X3 purinoceptor subtype was found to be the dominant purinoceptor subtype present on PVN neurones projecting to the RVLM. Additionally it was apparent that more than one P2X purinoceptor subtype was present on the PVN neurones projecting to the RVLM, since the sum of the average percentages of double-labelled neurones for each P2X purinoceptor subtype exceeded 100\%. These findings highlight the presence of the P2X1-P2X6 purinoceptors on PVN neurones projecting to the RVLM. The results suggest a potential role for ATP in the PVN in the regulation of sympathetic nerve activity.}, doi = {10.1113/expphysiol.2005.032409}, institution = {School of Medical Sciences, Division of Biosciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora 3083, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Male; Medulla Oblongata, chemistry/metabolism; Neural Pathways, chemistry/metabolism; Neurons, chemistry/metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, chemistry/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Purinergic P2, analysis; Receptors, Purinergic P2X; Receptors, Purinergic P2X2; Receptors, Purinergic P2X3; Receptors, Purinergic P2X4; Receptors, Purinergic P2X5; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {expphysiol.2005.032409}, pmid = {16299016}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2005.032409}, } @Article{Chamberlin:1998b, author = {Chamberlin, N. L. and Du, B. and {de Lacalle}, S. and Saper, C. B.}, title = {Recombinant adeno-associated virus vector: use for transgene expression and anterograde tract tracing in the CNS.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {793}, number = {1-2}, pages = {169--175}, month = {May}, abstract = {We used a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector (AAV) to deliver a foreign gene, green fluorescent protein (GFP), into mature neurons in adult rat CNS in vivo. Microinjections of AAV as small as 50 nl transduced hundreds of neurons at the injection site. There was virtually no retrograde transport as fewer than one neuron per brain was found distant from the injection site that exhibited GFP immunoreactivity. The gene product, GFP, filled the entire neuronal cytoplasmic compartment; GFP immunoreactivity was robust in cell bodies, axons, and nerve terminals. There was no tissue damage at the injection sites or pathogenicity indicated by changes in astrocytic or microglial markers. There was no inflammatory response as judged by leukocytic invasion. Gene expression in transduced cells was robust and apparently permanent: there was no evidence of phenotypic reversion up to 12 weeks following infection. AAV is an excellent vector for introducing foreign genes into mature CNS neurons. Not only might it be an ideal vehicle for gene therapy, but also the GFP-containing AAV presents a new strategy for tracing long axonal pathways in the CNS, which is difficult with current tracers (PHAL, biotinylated dextrans).}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00169-3}, institution = {Departments of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. nchamber@bidmc.harvard.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, genetics/physiology; Brain, physiology; Cell Line; Dependovirus, genetics; Gene Expression; Genes, Reporter; Genetic Vectors, pharmacology; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Humans; Luminescent Proteins, analysis/genetics/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recombination, Genetic; Transgenes, genetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(98)00169-3}, pmid = {9630611}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chamberlin:1999, author = {N. L. Chamberlin and A. Mansour and S. J. Watson and C. B. Saper}, title = {Localization of mu-opioid receptors on amygdaloid projection neurons in the parabrachial nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {827}, number = {1-2}, pages = {198--204}, month = {May}, abstract = {The parabrachial nucleus (PB) is a major relay of noxious and non-noxious visceral sensory information from the nucleus of the solitary tract, spinal cord, and spinal trigeminal nucleus to the forebrain. The nucleus of the solitary tract, spinal cord, and trigeminal dorsal horns contain many enkephalin- and dynorphin-immunoreactive neurons that project to the PB. To study the role of mu-opioid receptors in relaying these inputs, we examined the distribution of mu-opioid receptor immunoreactivity in the PB. The most intense staining was in the external lateral parabrachial subnucleus (PBel), including dendrites extending from the PBel into the lateral crescent subnucleus. Because the Pbel is a major source of projections to the amygdala, we combined retrograde tracing from the central nucleus of the amygdala with immunohistochemistry for mu-opioid receptors. These experiments showed that mu-opioid receptors are expressed by Pbel neurons that project to the amygdala, including those Pbel neurons whose dendrites extend into the lateral crescent subnucleus. These results indicate that mu-opioid receptors in the PB may mediate or modulate nociceptive information relayed to the amygdala from medullary or spinal cord neurons that terminate not only in the Pbel, but also in the adjacent lateral crescent parabrachial subnucleus.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01168-3}, institution = {Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02215, USA. nchamber@bidmc.harvard.edu}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology; Animals; Antibodies; Blood Pressure; Dendrites, chemistry; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Neural Pathways; Neurons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Pain, physiopathology; Pons, cytology; Rats; Receptors, Opioid, mu, analysis/immunology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(99)01168-3}, pmid = {10320709}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chamberlin:1994, author = {N. L. Chamberlin and C. B. Saper}, title = {Topographic organization of respiratory responses to glutamate microstimulation of the parabrachial nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1994}, volume = {14}, number = {11 Pt 1}, pages = {6500-6510}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The parabrachial complex, also known as the pneumotaxic center or pontine respiratory group, has long been recognized as an important participant in respiratory control. One line of evidence supporting this idea is the demonstration of changes in breathing pattern following injection of neuroactive substances into or near the parabrachial complex. However, it is not yet known exactly which cell groups and projections mediate those responses. In order to address this issue, we explored the topographic organization of respiratory responses to chemical stimulation of the parabrachial complex of the rat and examined the descending projections of the most sensitive sites. Injection of glutamate (5-100 pmol) at specific sites in or near the parabrachial nucleus produced three distinct site-specific response patterns. First, hyperpnea followed glutamate injection into far rostral and midcaudal areas of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and most of the lateral parabrachial nucleus, including the external lateral, central lateral, dorsal lateral, and superior lateral subnuclei. Threshold hyperpneic effects were manifested as single, deepened breaths of premature onset. Suprathreshold doses of glutamate at these locations produced tachypnea. Neurons in these sites projected to the ventral respiratory group in the ventrolateral medulla. Second, the most intense inspiratory facilitatory responses were seen at mid to rostral levels of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, near the ventrolateral tip of the superior cerebellar peduncle. Even at threshold doses of glutamate, exhalation was incomplete, resulting in a breathing pattern that resembled apneusis (an inspiratory cramp). This site contained an especially dense cluster of neurons that projected either to the ventrolateral medulla or to the dorsal respiratory group in the nucleus of the solitary tract, but not to both areas. The third type of response, decreases in respiratory rate, occurred following glutamate injection at the most lateral and ventral boundaries of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus. The most sensitive apneic sites were not found in the parabrachial nucleus but along the dorsal and medial edge of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus and extending ventrally between the sensory and motor trigeminal nuclei. Scattered neurons in these sites were retrogradely labeled from the ventral but not the dorsal respiratory group. These results indicate that there are anatomically and functionally distinct cell populations in and near the parabrachial complex that, when chemically stimulated, can produce specific and sometimes opposing effects on respiration. The predominant effect of lateral parabrachial stimulation is respiratory facilitation, while inhibitory effects are elicited by trigeminal injections of glutamate.}, institution = {Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.}, keywords = {Animals; Blood Pressure, drug effects; Brain Mapping; Glutamic Acid, pharmacology; Injections; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Pons, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiration, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7965054}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/14/11/6500.long}, } @Article{Chamberlin:1998, author = {N. L. Chamberlin and C. B. Saper}, title = {A brainstem network mediating apneic reflexes in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1998}, volume = {18}, number = {15}, pages = {6048--6056}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for mediating these reflexes. However, in our earlier study of apneic responses produced by glutamate stimulation in the dorsolateral pons, we found that apnea was elicited from the area just ventral to the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, rather than within it. Because this region was not known to be involved in respiratory control, we combined chemical microstimulation with both anterograde and retrograde axonal tracing to characterize the sites in the pons that produce apneic responses. We found that apneic sites were consistently associated with the intertrigeminal region, between the principal sensory and motor trigeminal nuclei. Injections of anterograde tracer at these sites labeled terminals in the ventral respiratory group, in the ventrolateral medulla. Injection of retrograde tracer into this target region in the ventrolateral medulla disclosed a previously unrecognized population of neurons among the trigeminal motor rootlets. Injection of retrograde tracer into this intertrigeminal region demonstrated inputs from portions of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract that have been associated with producing sensory apnea. Our observations suggest that the intertrigeminal region receives a convergence of sensory inputs capable of driving apneic responses and that it may represent a common link between input from different portions of the airway and the respiratory neurons that mediate apneic reflexes.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, institution = {Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, physiology; Cholera Toxin, pharmacology; Glutamic Acid, pharmacology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiopathology; Nerve Net; Pons, drug effects; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reflex, Abnormal, physiology; Respiratory Center, physiopathology; Sleep Apnea Syndromes, physiopathology; Stimulation, Chemical; Trigeminal Nuclei, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9671689}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/18/15/6048.long}, } @Article{Chambille:2002, author = {Chambille, I. and Rampin, O.}, title = {AMPA glutamatergic receptor-immunoreactive subunits are expressed in lumbosacral neurons of the spinal cord and neurons of the dorsal root and pelvic ganglia controlling pelvic functions in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2002}, volume = {933}, number = {1}, pages = {66--80}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Sacral preganglionic neurons innervate the pelvic organs via a relay in the major pelvic ganglion. Pudendal motoneurons innervate striated muscles and sphincters of the lower urinary, genital and digestive tracts. The activity of these spinal neurons is regulated by sensory afferents of visceral and somatic origins. Glutamate is released by sensory afferents in the spinal cord, and interacts with a variety of receptor subtypes. The aim of the present study was to investigated the presence of AMPA glutamate receptor subunits (GluR1-GluR4) in the neural network controlling the lower urogenital and digestive tracts of male rats. We performed double-immunohistochemistry directed against a neuronal tracer, the cholera toxin beta subunit (Ctbeta) and each of the four receptor subunits. GluR1, GluR2 and GluR3 subunits were present in many sacral preganglionic neurons retrogradely labelled with Ctbeta applied to the pelvic nerve, and in some dorsolateral and dorsomedian motoneurons retrogradely labelled with Ctbeta injected in ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles. The four subunits were detected in postganglionic neurons of the major pelvic ganglion retrogradely labelled with Ctbeta injected in the corpus cavernosum, and in some somata of sensory afferents of the L6 dorsal root ganglion labelled with Ctbeta applied to the dorsal penile nerve or injected in corpus cavernosum. The results provide a detailed knowledge of the neural targets expressing the various AMPA receptor subunits and suggest that part of the neural network that controls pelvic organs, including sensory afferents and postganglionic neurons, is sensitive to glutamate through the whole family of AMPA subunits.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02309-0}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Fonctions Végétatives, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78352 Jouy en Josas cedex, France. chambi@jouy.inra.fr}, keywords = {Animals; Cholera Toxin, pharmacokinetics; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/metabolism; Ganglia, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Lumbar Vertebrae; Neurons, metabolism; Pelvis, innervation/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA, metabolism; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism; Tissue Distribution}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899302023090}, pmid = {11929637}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Champagne:1998, author = {D. Champagne and J. Beaulieu and G. Drolet}, title = {CRFergic innervation of the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus: a tract-tracing study.}, journal = {J Neuroendocrinol}, year = {1998}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {119--131}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {It has been reported that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) may regulate its own biosynthesis in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). Whether this CRF autoregulation is mediated by local circuitry or from extra-PVH CRF neuronal fibers terminating on CRF perikarya within the PVH is unknown. In the present study, we sought to determine the origin(s) of this CRF innervation using retrograde transport of wheat germ-conjugated-gold particles (WGA-apoHRP-Au) combined with immunohistochemistry for CRF. The rats also received colchicine (100 microg, icv) 5-7 days after tracer injection and were perfused 24 h later. Results of retrograde labeling with pressure injections of WGA-apoHRP-Au centered to PVH and subsequent immunohistochemical staining for CRF demonstrated numerous retrogradely labeled CRF neurons in the perifornical hypothalamic nucleus (PeF), the dorsolateral hypothalamic area (DA) (medial and lateral portions) and the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH). Smaller groups of CRF-ir neurons that were retrogradely labeled were found in the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BnST), the Barrington's nucleus (Bar) and the dorsal raphé (DR). These CRFergic pathways to the PVH may represent an anatomical substrate underlying the function of the stress-integrative PVH neurons in the autonomic, behavioral and neuroendocrine regulation during the stress response, including CRF autoregulation.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2826.1998.00179.x}, institution = {Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Unité de Recherche en Neuroscience, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, metabolism/pharmacology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism/physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9535058}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chan:1986, author = {J. Y. Chan and S. H. Chan and B. T. Ong and C. D. Barnes}, title = {Anatomic and physiologic evaluation of a link between the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and nucleus ambiguous in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1986}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, pages = {31--36}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Localized microinjection of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase into the nucleus ambiguous (NA) of Sprague-Dawley rats retrogradely labeled neurons that were bilaterally located within the confine of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRGC). These cells conformed with the Golgi description of cytoarchitectonic configurations and size distributions for neurons in this reticular nucleus. Furthermore, field potentials antidromically evoked at the NA by stimulating the vagus nerve were augmented by concurrent activations of bilateral NRGC sites that were themselves capable of eliciting hypotension and bradycardia. We conclude that the gigantocellular reticular nucleus may at least employ the cardiac vagal preganglionic neurons in the NA to exert its actions on the heart.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(86)90203-x}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, cytology; Brain Mapping; Heart, innervation; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3725198}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chan:2000, author = {Chan, R. K. and Jarvina, E. V. and Sawchenko, P. E.}, title = {Effects of selective sinoaortic denervations on phenylephrine-induced activational responses in the nucleus of the solitary tract.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2000}, volume = {101}, number = {1}, pages = {165--178}, abstract = {Intravenous administration of phenylephrine provokes a pattern of cellular activation in the nucleus of the solitary tract that resembles the central distributions of primary baroreceptor afferents supplied by the carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerves. Transganglionic transport and denervation methods were used in an experimental setting to test the dependence of phenylephrine-induced Fos immunoreactivity on the integrity of buffer nerve afferents, and to identify the subregions of the nucleus of the solitary tract supplied by each. Cholera toxin B-horseradish peroxidase injections into either or both nerves revealed terminal labeling concentrated in, but not restricted to, the dorsal commissural part of the nucleus of the solitary tract at the level of the apex of calamus scriptorius, and extending into the dorsal subnucleus at the level of the area postrema. Preferential ramifications of carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerve afferents at the levels of the commissural part of the nucleus and the area postrema, respectively, were reflected in the extent to which labeled fibers comingled with neurons exhibiting phenylephrine-induced Fos in dual labeling experiments. Complete sinoaortic denervation reduced by 90\% the number of neurons exhibiting drug-induced Fos expression. Selective carotid and aortic sinus denervations effected partial reductions manifest preferentially in the caudal and rostral foci of the distribution, respectively. Reduced activational responses at the level of the area postrema of aortic sinus-denervated rats were accompanied by a reduction in cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity in this region. Animals killed 30 days after complete sinoaortic denervation displayed no evidence of recovery of phenylephrine-induced Fos, while the strength and distribution of the response in rats that received selective carotid sinus denervation were indistinguishable from those seen in controls. These findings (i) support the dependence of phenylephrine-induced Fos expression on the integrity of carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerve afferents, (ii) provide anatomical and functional evidence that the two buffer nerves distribute differentially within the nucleus of the solitary tract, and (iii) implicate central reorganization as a likely basis for functional recovery of baroreflex mechanisms following partial sinoaortic denervation.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00332-8}, institution = {Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Aorta, cytology/innervation/physiology; Baroreflex, drug effects/physiology; Carotid Sinus, cytology/drug effects/metabolism/surgery; Cell Count; Cholera Toxin, pharmacology; Denervation, adverse effects; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use/pharmacology; Hypertension, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Male; NADPH Dehydrogenase, metabolism; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Nitric Oxide, metabolism; Phenylephrine, pharmacology; Pressoreceptors, cytology/drug effects/metabolism/surgery; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Up-Regulation, drug effects/physiology; Visceral Afferents, cytology/drug effects/metabolism/surgery}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(00)00332-8}, pmid = {11068145}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chan:1995, author = {Chan, R. K. and Peto, C. A. and Sawchenko, P. E.}, title = {A1 catecholamine cell group: fine structure and synaptic input from the nucleus of the solitary tract.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {351}, number = {1}, pages = {62--80}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Preembedding immunoperoxidase staining methods were used to characterize tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) elements in the caudal ventrolateral medulla, and to determine the extent to which neurons of the A1 cell group are directly innervated by projections of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). TH-ir neurons in the A1 region were medium-sized and multipolar. They possessed rounded nuclei with infrequent invaginations, well-developed Golgi apparati, high cytoplasmic densities of mitochondria, and a low to moderate tendency for rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) to align in parallel stacks. A1 cell bodies were commonly juxtaposed to TH-positive and TH-negative neurons, myelinated profiles, glia and/or vascular elements, but close membrane appositions were only seen with glial elements. Synaptic input to A1 neurons was predominantly asymmetric, provided virtually exclusively by non-TH-ir terminals, and directed principally to dendritic shafts; A1 somata are relatively sparsely innervated. In a second experiment, silver-intensified immunogold localization of TH-ir was combined with immunoperoxidase labeling for anterogradely transported Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), following tracer injections in the caudal aspect of the medial division of the NTS. These experiments revealed a small proportion of PHA-L-labeled axon terminals that made asymmetric contacts with dendritic shafts of TH-ir neurons. These results suggest that the fine structure and synaptic input of A1 neurons are somewhat distinct from that of rostrally situated C1 catecholamine cells. In addition, while they document a direct NTS-A1 projection that may participate in the interoceptive control of vasopressin secretion, the bulk of ventrolaterally directed projections from the caudomedial NTS contact noncatecholaminergic elements in the A1 region, some of which may correspond to so-called depressor neurons implicated in the baroreflex control of sympathetic outflow and vasopressin secretion.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903510107}, institution = {Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92186.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Catecholamines, physiology; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Histocytochemistry; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, physiology/ultrastructure; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7896940}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903510107}, } @Article{Chan:1998, author = {Chan, R. K. and Sawchenko, P. E.}, title = {Organization and transmitter specificity of medullary neurons activated by sustained hypertension: implications for understanding baroreceptor reflex circuitry.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1998}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {371--387}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {In situ expression of c-fos observed in response to phenylephrine (PE)-induced hypertension provided a basis for characterizing the organization and neurotransmitter specificity of neurons at nodal points of medullary baroreflex circuitry. Sustained hypertension induced by a moderate dose of PE provoked patterns of c-fos mRNA and protein expression that conformed in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) to the termination patterns of primary baroreceptor afferents and in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) to a physiologically defined depressor region. A majority of barosensitive CVLM neurons concurrently displayed markers for the GABAergic phenotype; few were glycinergic. Phenylephrine-sensitive GABAergic neurons that were retrogradely labeled after tracer deposits in pressor sites of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) occupied a zone extending approximately 1.4 mm rostrally from the level of the calamus scriptorius, intermingled partly with catecholaminergic neurons of the A1 and C1 cell groups. By contrast, barosensitive neurons of the NTS were found to be phenotypically complex, with very few projecting directly to the RVLM. Extensive colocalization of PE-induced Fos-IR and markers for the nitric oxide phenotype were seen in a circumscribed, rostral, portion of the baroreceptor afferent zone of the NTS, whereas only a small proportion of PE-sensitive neurons in the NTS were found to be GABAergic. PE treatment parameters have been identified that provide a basis for defining and characterizing populations of neurons at the first station in the central processing of primary baroreceptor input and at a key inhibitory relay in the CVLM.}, institution = {Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Baroreflex, physiology; Biological Markers; Cardiovascular System, drug effects/innervation; Catecholamines, physiology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glycine, analysis; Hypertension, chemically induced/physiopathology; Male; Motor Neurons, chemistry/metabolism; NADPH Dehydrogenase, analysis/metabolism; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/enzymology; Neurotransmitter Agents, biosynthesis/metabolism; Nitric Oxide Synthase, analysis/metabolism; Nitric Oxide, analysis/metabolism; Phenotype; Phenylephrine; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis/genetics/metabolism; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, cytology; Sympathomimetics; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis/metabolism; Vagus Nerve, cytology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9412514}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/18/1/371.long}, } @Article{Chan:1986a, author = {Chan, S. H. and Chan, J. Y. and Ong, B. T.}, title = {Anatomic connections between nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis and some medullary cardiovascular sites in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1986}, volume = {71}, number = {3}, pages = {277--282}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Based on wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase histochemistry in Sprague-Dawley rats, we identified a reciprocal and bilateral connection between the nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis (NRRVL) and the nucleus ambiguus. The rostral ventrolateral medulla also received bilateral inputs from the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRGC) and nucleus reticularis medullae oblongatae, a projection from the caudal ventrolateral medulla, and had a close relationship with the NRGC pars lateralis. Thus, apart from its well-established projection to the spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons and innervation from the nucleus tractus solitarius, the NRRVL may also have rich connections with many medullary sites that participate in cardiovascular regulations.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(86)90633-6}, keywords = {Animals; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular System, innervation; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Vasomotor System, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3796885}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chan:1988, author = {S. O. Chan and L. S. Jen}, title = {Enlargement of uncrossed retinal projections in the albino rat: additive effects of neonatal eye removal and thalamectomy.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {461}, number = {1}, pages = {163--168}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The present study in the albino rat investigates the effects of neonatal unilateral eye removal and/or thalamectomy upon the number of ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells (IPRGCs), using retrograde fluorescent labelling and electron microscopy. The results show that neonatal unilateral eye removal and thalamectomy result in a significant increase in the number of aberrant IPRGCs as compared to that observed in normal rats, and the effects of the two different neonatal lesions appear to be additive. These findings strongly suggest that there are at least two subpopulations of IPRGCs, which normally do not exist in mature albino rats, but which can be preserved into adulthood by neonatal enucleation or thalamectomy. The data also suggest that about 70\% of the entire population of IPRGCs, most of which normally exist only transiently in neonatal retinas, can be retained in rats which receive both unilateral eye removal and thalamectomy at the neonatal stage.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(88)90735-4}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Functional Laterality; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Optic Nerve, cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reference Values; Retina, cytology; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology; Thalamus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(88)90735-4}, pmid = {3224274}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chandler:2013, author = {Chandler, Daniel J. and Lamperski, Carolyn S. and Waterhouse, Barry D.}, title = {Identification and distribution of projections from monoaminergic and cholinergic nuclei to functionally differentiated subregions of prefrontal cortex.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2013}, volume = {1522}, pages = {38--58}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is implicated in a variety of cognitive and executive functions and is composed of several distinct networks, including anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). These regions serve dissociable cognitive functions, and are heavily innervated by acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine systems. In this study, fluorescently labeled retrograde tracers were injected into the ACC, mPFC, and OFC, and labeled cells were identified in the nucleus basalis (NB), ventral tegmental area (VTA), dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and locus coeruleus (LC). DRN and LC showed similar distributions of retrogradely labeled neurons such that most were single labeled and the largest population projected to mPFC. VTA showed a slightly greater proportion of double and triple labeled neurons, with the largest population projecting to OFC. NB, on the other hand, showed mostly double and triple labeled neurons projecting to multiple subregions. Therefore, subsets of VTA, DRN and LC neurons may be capable of modulating individual prefrontal subregions independently, whereas NB cells may exert a more unified influence on the three areas simultaneously. These findings emphasize the unique aspects of the cholinergic and monoaminergic projections to functionally and anatomically distinct subregions of PFC.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2013.04.057}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19128, United States.}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Gyrus Cinguli, cytology; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology; Raphe Nuclei, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(13)00639-2}, pmid = {23665053}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2013.04.057}, } @Article{Chandler:1992, author = {H. C. Chandler and V. King and J. V. Corwin and R. L. Reep}, title = {Thalamocortical connections of rat posterior parietal cortex.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1992}, volume = {143}, number = {1-2}, pages = {237--242}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The neuronal connections of rat posterior parietal cortex (PPC) have been examined using retrograde fluorescent axonal tracers. We have found that PPC receives thalamic input predominantly from the lateral posterior and lateral dorsal nuclei, and not from the ventrobasal nucleus, which projects to the rostrally adjacent hindlimb cortex, or from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, which projects to the caudally adjacent visual association area. PPC has reciprocal corticocortical connections with medial agranular cortex and orbital cortex; together, these three cortical areas may function as a network for directed attention in rats.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(92)90273-a}, institution = {Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Attention, physiology; Brain Mapping; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Parietal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Spatial Behavior; Stilbamidines; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1436673}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chandler:1983, author = {Chandler, J. P. and Crutcher, K. A.}, title = {The septohippocampal projection in the rat: an electron microscopic horseradish peroxidase study.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1983}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {685--696}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {In order to identify the specific targets of the septohippocampal projection in the rat, horseradish peroxidase localization at the electron microscopic level was used. Following injections of free horseradish peroxidase into the medial septum, sections of the dorsal hippocampal formation were reacted with diaminobenzidine and processed for electron microscopy by routine methods. Sections were viewed unstained. Horseradish peroxidase labeling in the dentate gyrus was predominantly in the supra- and infragranular layers. All postsynaptic elements were neuronal. They included granule cell somata and somata and dendrites of hilar cells; these may include pyramidal basket cells. No synaptic contacts with vascular or glial elements were found. These results provide a basis for comparing the specific targets of the septohippocampal projection with those of the sympathohippocampal pathway, which innervates the dentate following lesions of the septohippocampal projection.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(83)90210-5}, keywords = {Animals; Hippocampus, physiology/ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, physiology; Septum Pellucidum, physiology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(83)90210-5}, pmid = {6316200}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chang:2011, author = {Chang, Ben and Daniele, Claire A. and Gallagher, Keith and Madonia, Michelle and Mitchum, Robert D. and Barrett, Lindy and Vezina, Paul and McGehee, Daniel S.}, title = {Nicotinic excitation of serotonergic projections from dorsal raphe to the nucleus accumbens.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {2011}, volume = {106}, number = {2}, pages = {801--808}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Tobacco use is a major public health problem, and although many smokers report that they want to quit, only a small percentage succeed. Side effects associated with nicotine withdrawal, including depression, anxiety, and restlessness, certainly contribute to the low success rate. The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is a serotonergic center with many functions, including control of mood and emotional state. We investigated the effect of nicotine on DRN neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens (NAc), an area involved in reward-related behaviors. Using a retrograde labeling method, we found that 75\% of DRN-NAc projection neurons are serotonergic. In coronal slices that include the DRN, whole cell recordings were conducted on neurons identified by fluorescent backlabeling from NAc or randomly selected within the nucleus. Nicotine increased action potential firing rates in a subset of DRN neurons. Voltage-clamp recording revealed nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated inward currents that contribute to the nicotine-induced excitation. Nicotinic receptors also indirectly affect excitability by modulating synaptic inputs to these neurons. Nicotine enhanced excitatory glutamatergic inputs to a subset of DRN-NAc projection neurons, while inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inputs were modulated either positively or negatively in a subset of these neurons. The net effect of nAChR activation is enhancement of serotonergic output from DRN to the NAc, which may contribute to the effects of nicotine on mood and affect.}, doi = {10.1152/jn.00575.2010}, institution = {Critical Care, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave., MC 4028, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Male; Nicotine, pharmacology; Nucleus Accumbens, drug effects/physiology; Organ Culture Techniques; Raphe Nuclei, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonergic Neurons, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {jn.00575.2010}, pmid = {21593391}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00575.2010}, } @Article{Chang:2014, author = {Chang, Celene H. and Chen, Michael C. and Qiu, Mei Hong and Lu, Jun}, title = {Ventromedial prefrontal cortex regulates depressive-like behavior and rapid eye movement sleep in the rat.}, journal = {Neuropharmacology}, year = {2014}, volume = {86C}, pages = {125--132}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating disease with symptoms like persistent depressed mood and sleep disturbances. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been implicated as an important structure in the neural circuitry of MDD, with pronounced abnormalities in blood flow and metabolic activity in PFC subregions, including the subgenual cingulate cortex (sgACC, or Brodmann area 25). In addition, deep brain stimulation in the sgACC has recently been shown to alleviate treatment-resistant depression. Depressed patients also show characteristic changes in sleep: insomnia, increased rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and shortened REM sleep latency. We hypothesized that sleep changes and depressive behavior may be a consequence of the abnormal PFC activity in MDD. The rat ventromedial PFC (vmPFC, prelimbic and infralimbic cortices) is considered to be the homolog of the human sgACC, so we examined the effect of excitotic lesions in the vmPFC on sleep-wake and depressive behavior. We also made lesions in the adjacent dorsal region (dmPFC) to compare the effect of this similar but distinct mPFC region. We found that both dmPFC and vmPFC lesions led to increased REM sleep, but only vmPFC-lesioned animals displayed increased sleep fragmentation, shortened REM latency and increased immobility in the forced swim test. Anatomic tracing suggests that the mPFC projects to the pontine REM-off neurons that interact with REM-on neurons in the dorsal pons. These results support our hypothesis that neuronal loss in the rat vmPFC resembles several characteristics of MDD and may be a critical area for modulating both mood and sleep.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.07.005}, institution = {Neurology and Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States. Electronic address: jlu@bidmc.harvard.edu.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0028-3908(14)00266-4}, pmid = {25036609}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.07.005}, } @Article{Chang:2012, author = {Chang, Huiyi H. and Havton, Leif A.}, title = {Systemic administration of fluorogold for anatomical pre-labeling of autonomic and motor neurons in the rat spinal cord compromises urodynamic recordings in acute but not long-term studies.}, journal = {Neurourol Urodyn}, year = {2012}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {162--167}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The use of anatomical tracer injections into peripheral tissues for retrograde labeling of spinal cord neurons may compromise physiological experiments in combined functional and morphological studies.We investigated whether a systemic injection of a retrogradely transported tracer, fluorogold (FG), may provide an alternative to direct injections into end organs for combined anatomical and physiological studies of the lower urinary tract. Urodynamic studies including cystometrogram recordings and external urethral sphincter electromyography were used as functional outcome measures.Pre-labeling of spinal cord neurons by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of FG resulted in a transient decrease in voiding efficiency, increase in resting pressure as well as increase in bladder size and weight at 5-7 days after the tracer administration. In contrast, there were no urodynamic or end-organ effects detected at 6-8 weeks after the i.p. injection of FG.We suggest that pre-labeling of spinal autonomic and motor neurons using i.p. administration of FG may be a useful tool when combining anatomical and functional outcome measures in long-term but not acute studies.}, doi = {10.1002/nau.21184}, institution = {Perioperative Care, University of California at Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California 92697, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Electromyography; Electrophysiological Phenomena, drug effects/physiology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Gold, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Models, Animal; Motor Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Time Factors; Urinary Bladder, drug effects/physiology; Urodynamics, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {21826725}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.21184}, } @Article{Chang:1984, author = {Chang, H. T. and Kita, H. and Kitai, S. T.}, title = {The ultrastructural morphology of the subthalamic-nigral axon terminals intracellularly labeled with horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {299}, number = {1}, pages = {182--185}, month = {May}, abstract = {The labeled axons of neurons intracellularly injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the rat subthalamic nucleus (STH) were studied with electron microscopy. The main axons and the efferent daughter branches were all myelinated. The morphology of the intrinsic axon terminals within STH was obscured by the dark HRP reaction products, but the labeled efferent STH terminals in the substantia nigra (SN) were revealed to contain small oval vesicles and formed asymmetrical synapses with dendrites of SN neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90805-9}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, ultrastructure; Rats; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Synapses, ultrastructure; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(84)90805-9}, pmid = {6722567}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chang:1985, author = {H. T. Chang and S. T. Kitai}, title = {Projection neurons of the nucleus accumbens: an intracellular labeling study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {347}, number = {1}, pages = {112--116}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Projection neurons of nucleus accumbens (NAC) of the rat were identified by either antidromic activation from stimulation of midbrain ventral tegmental area-substantia nigra (VTA-SN) regions, or by tracing axons of intracellularly labeled NAC neurons into the ventral pallidum. The morphology of these NAC projection neurons were determined to be medium spiny neurons similar to those identified in the caudate-putamen.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)90894-7}, keywords = {Animals; Evoked Potentials; Globus Pallidus, cytology; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, cytology; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septal Nuclei, cytology; Substantia Nigra, cytology; Synaptic Transmission; Tegmentum Mesencephali, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(85)90894-7}, pmid = {2996712}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chang:1981, author = {H. T. Chang and C. J. Wilson and S. T. Kitai}, title = {Single neostriatal efferent axons in the globus pallidus: a light and electron microscopic study.}, journal = {Science}, year = {1981}, volume = {213}, number = {4510}, pages = {915--918}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Intracellularly labeled rat neostriatal projection neurons were analyzed with both light and electron microscopy. The axons of medium spiny neurons were traced into the globus pallidus and were found to make synaptic contacts with pallidal dendrites. Despite the common somato-dendritic morphology of the neostriatal projection neurons, two different distribution patterns of efferent axons were observed, indicating the presence of functionally different medium spiny neurons in the neostriatum.}, doi = {10.1126/science.7256286}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Corpus Striatum, cytology; Efferent Pathways, cytology; Globus Pallidus, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Microscopy, Electron; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7256286}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chang:1995, author = {K. Chang and R. C. Van Sluyters and J. F. Olavarria}, title = {Effect of monocular blockade of retinal activity on the development of visual callosal connections in the rat.}, journal = {Biol Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {219--226}, abstract = {It has been previously reported that neonatal monocular enucleation in rats and hamsters induces the development of an anomalous band of callosal connections in the middle of area 17 (primary visual cortex) in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the remaining eye. In order to determine whether this effect is due to elimination of retinal activity in one eye, we used the anatomical tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to study the pattern of visual callosal connections in rats in which retinal activity had been blocked by intraocular injections of tetrodotoxin during the first two weeks of life. We found that the callosal pattern in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the eye not treated with tetrodotoxin was not distinguishable from the pattern present in normal rats. In particular, we did not observe the anomalous extra band of callosal connections that occurs in area 17 in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the remaining eye in monocularly enucleated rats. These results indicate that blockade of retinal activity in one eye is not sufficient to cause the marked changes in the pattern of visual callosal connections that are induced by neonatal monocular enucleation.}, institution = {School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Callosum, growth /&/ development; Eye Enucleation; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Rats; Retina, physiology; Vision, Monocular, physiology; Visual Cortex, growth /&/ development}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9251752}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.biologiachile.cl/biological_research/VOL28_1995/N3/K_CHANG_et_al.pdf}, } @Article{Chang:1985b, author = {Chang, P. L.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase by the rat sympathetic neurons.}, journal = {Proc Natl Sci Counc Repub China B}, year = {1985}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {30--36}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Seven hours after injection of 5 mg of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) dissolved in 10 microliter normal saline into the anterior chamber of the eye directly into the iris of rats, sympathetic ganglion cells projecting to these regions were detected by numerous HRP-positive granules in their cytoplasm. By light microscopy, these HRP-labelled granules appeared as heavy brown granules, ultrastructurally they were demonstrated in the vesicles and tubules of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and in the lysosome-like dense bodies in the perikaryon of the neuron. The HRP reaction product was also detected in the vesicles and tubules of smooth endoplasmic reticulum within the axons in the superior cervical ganglion. The neurons projecting to the iris dilator muscles, which showed an HRP-positive reaction were scattered in the ganglion, and the rate of retrograde axonal transport of HRP was 4 mm/hour. The present study revealed that the greatest amount of strong reaction product was found in the neurons from animals 2 days after injection of HRP, and that HRP-labelled ganglion cells also have the capacity for dendritic transport of HRP. The HRP reaction product that disappeared from ganglion cells by 7 days post-injection of HRP was probably due to the lysosomal degradation.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Female; Ganglia, Sympathetic, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2437607}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chang:2009, author = {Chang, Zheng and Haque, Tahsinul and Iida, Chie and Seki, Shinichiro and Sato, Fumihiko and Kato, Takafumi and Uchino, Katsuro and Ono, Takahiro and Nakamura, Masahiro and Bae, Yong-Chul and Yoshida, Atsushi}, title = {Distribution of premotoneurons for jaw-closing and jaw-opening motor nucleus receiving contacts from axon terminals of primary somatosensory cortical neurons in rats.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2009}, volume = {1275}, pages = {43--53}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {To clarify features of direct projections from the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) to premotoneurons for the jaw-closing (JC) and jaw-opening (JO) components of the trigeminal motor nucleus, biotinylated dextranamine (BDA) and Fluorogold (FG) were used as the anterograde and retrograde tracers. The BDA and FG injections were made in the S1 and the JC or JO component, respectively, in rats. The distribution of FG-labeled JC and JO premotoneurons receiving contact(s) from BDA-labeled axon terminals of S1 neurons was quantitatively examined; the contacts were identified microscopically by using a X100 oil immersion objective. The largest and second largest numbers of JC and JO premotoneurons with contact(s) were found in the lateral reticular formation at the levels of the caudal pons and the medulla oblongata (cpmLRt) and trigeminal oral nucleus (Vo) bilaterally, and they comprised about 80\% of the total premotoneurons with contact(s). The percentage of premotoneurons with contact(s) was higher in the Vo than in the cpmLRt for both JC and JO premotoneurons. Most of the JC or JO premotoneurons found in the nucleus of the solitary tract, inter- and supratrigeminal regions, mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, parabrachial nucleus and reticular formation medial to the JO component of the trigeminal motor nucleus hardly received contact(s) from S1 neurons. This suggests that the contribution of S1 to the control of jaw movements is mediated via JC and JO premotoneurons located primarily in the cpmLRt and Vo areas of the brainstem.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2009.04.026}, institution = {, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Jaw, innervation/physiology; Male; Motor Neurons, physiology; Movement, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(09)00767-7}, pmid = {19393231}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.04.026}, } @Article{Chan-Palay:1979, author = {Chan-Palay, V. and Palay, S. L. and Wu, J. Y.}, title = {Gamma-aminobutyric acid pathways in the cerebellum studied by retrograde and anterograde transport of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody after in vivo injections.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1979}, volume = {157}, number = {1}, pages = {1--14}, abstract = {Injections of characterized antibody against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were made into the cerebellum. Small cortical injections of anti-GAD antibody produced labeled stellate, basket, Purkinje, and Golgi cells and their processes at the injection site. Anterograde transport of GAD antigen-antibody complexes in Purkinje cell axons caused intense labelling of terminals in deep cerebellar and several vestibular nuclei. Small groups of mossy fiber rosettes labeled and produced retrograde labeling and GAD immunoreactivity in a small number of pleomorphic neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei. Injections into the dentate nucleus produced retrograde labeling in Purkinje cell bodies and anterograde label in a small number of mossy fiber rosettes. All projections conformed to previously reported topographic distributions of corticonuclear and nucleocortical cerebellar pathways. These findings confirm the GABA content of most Purkinje cell-deep nuclei connections and provide new evidence for a GABA component in part of the nucleocortical pathway in the cerebellum. Immunocytochemical controls for specificity were conducted by injections of preimmune rabbit serum as a substitute for GAD antibody. Only nonspecific labeling was obtained in these cases. Colchicine caused a cumulative enhancement of GAD immunoreactivity in all cases. The present studies indicate that the method of in vivo antibody injections can be utilized to study chemically specific connections in nervous tissue.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00315638}, keywords = {Animals; Antibodies, metabolism; Antigen-Antibody Complex; Axonal Transport; Cerebellar Cortex, metabolism; Cerebellar Nuclei, metabolism; Cerebellum, metabolism; Colchicine, pharmacology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, immunology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Purkinje Cells, metabolism; Rats; Vestibular Nuclei, metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, biosynthesis/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {92901}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chanthaphavong:2003, author = {Chanthaphavong, R Savanh and Murphy, Susan M. and Anderson, Colin R.}, title = {Chemical coding of sympathetic neurons controlling the tarsal muscle of the rat.}, journal = {Auton Neurosci}, year = {2003}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, pages = {77--89}, month = {May}, abstract = {Sympathetic axons in the upper eyelid and in tissues in the superior retro-orbital space were examined for NPY immunoreactivity. Sympathetic nerve terminals containing co-localised NPY were associated with blood vessels, the conjunctiva and the Meibomian glands. The acini of the Harderian gland completely lacked sympathetic innervation. Sympathetic axons lacking NPY were only found in the tarsal muscle. In addition, a minority of terminals, located in the more proximal part of the tarsal muscle, contained weak immunoreactivity to NPY. Injections of the retrograde tracer, Fast Blue, into the eyelid or retro-orbital space labelled postganglionic somata in the superior cervical ganglion. While many retrogradely labelled somata were immunoreactive for NPY, around half lacked NPY immunoreactivity and so are likely to project to the tarsal muscle. Most of the retrogradely labelled postganglionic somata lacking NPY were surrounded by terminals immunoreactive for met-enkephalin, leu- enkephalin and met-enkephalin arg-gly-leu which were all found to be present in the same nerve terminals. Sectioning the cervico-sympathetic trunk eliminated all enkephalin-immunoreactive pericellular baskets. Many enkephalin-immunoreactive pericellular terminals contained co-localised VAChT, calretinin and calbindin immunoreactivity, but completely lacked nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity. A second population of nerve terminals that were immunoreactive for nitric oxide synthase also surrounded tarsal muscle-projecting neurons, but these terminals lacked immunoreactivity to enkephalin. Thus, postganglionic neurons projecting to the tarsal muscle are of at least two chemical phenotypes (with or without NPY) and they receive convergent input from at least two populations of preganglionic neurons with distinctive chemical phenotypes.}, doi = {10.1016/S1566-0702(03)00045-6}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia. R.Chanthaphavong@pgrad.unimelb.edu.au}, keywords = {Amidines, metabolism; Animals; Calbindin 2; Calbindins; Carrier Proteins, metabolism; Enkephalins, metabolism; Eyelids, cytology/metabolism; Harderian Gland, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Membrane Transport Proteins; Microscopy, Confocal; Nerve Endings, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Nitric Oxide Synthase, metabolism; Oculomotor Muscles; Orbit, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G, metabolism; Superior Cervical Ganglion, physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, metabolism/physiology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism; Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins; Vesicular Transport Proteins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S1566-0702(03)00045-6}, pmid = {12798204}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1566-0702(03)00045-6}, } @Article{Chaouch:1983, author = {A. Chaouch and D. Menetrey and D. Binder and J. M. Besson}, title = {Neurons at the origin of the medial component of the bulbopontine spinoreticular tract in the rat: an anatomical study using horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1983}, volume = {214}, number = {3}, pages = {309--320}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {An anatomical technique based on the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to investigate the projections of spinal cord neurons to the reticular formations in the rat. Both large and restricted injections were staggered all along the bulbar and pontine levels, involving the nucleus gigantocellularis, the nuclei reticularis pontis, pars oralis and caudalis and in some cases the nucleus raphé magnus. Labeled cells were constantly encountered in the reticular part of the neck of the dorsal horn throughout the whole length of the cord, mainly contralateral to the central core of the injection site. This area was taken as the equivalent of lamina V in the cat. Other labeled cells were observed in the medial parts of the intermediate and ventral horns, in areas considered similar to laminae VII and VIII in the cat. The two most rostral cervical segments were characterized by an additional bilateral projection originating from the dorsolateral part of ventral horns. Thus, this study is a clear confirmation that the bulbopontine reticular formations constitute a target for various somatosensory inputs originating in spinal cord. It demonstrates that the medial spinoreticular tract (mSRT) differs from the other main ascending tracts by the absence of projections from (1) superficial layers and nucleus of the dorsolateral funiculus contrary to the spinomesencephalic tract; (2) ventromedial zone of the lumbar dorsal horn unlike the spinothalamic tract; (3) the neck of the dorsal horn in its medial portion contrary to the spinoreticular component reaching the lateral reticular nucleus; and (4) central cervical nucleus and Clarke's columns, unlike the spinocerebellar tracts. The difficulty in demonstrating retrograde labeling from discrete injections could result from the fact that mSRT neurons have sparsely ramified collaterals on their terminal zones.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902140308}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6853760}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902140308}, } @Article{Chapin:1987, author = {J. K. Chapin and M. Sadeq and J. L. Guise}, title = {Corticocortical connections within the primary somatosensory cortex of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {263}, number = {3}, pages = {326--346}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Corticocortical connections within the primary somatosensory (SI) cortex of rat were investigated by using discrete injections of retro- and orthogradely transported neuroanatomical tracers (including HRP, WGA, PHA-L, and 3H-leucine). Tangential and vertical connections were defined with respect to the cytoarchitectonic divisions within the rat SI, specifically: (1) the "granular zones" (GZs), characterized by their dense layer IV granular aggregates, which receive the majority of direct ventroposterior (VP) thalamocortical terminations, (2) the "perigranular zones" (PGZs), the less-granular cortical matrix just surrounding the GZs, and (3) the "dysgranular zones" (DZs), the larger dysgranular regions lying centrally within and just lateral to the SI. Receptive fields recorded in the granular zones are small and discrete, whereas in the perigranular zones and especially in dysgranular zones they exhibit complex sensory convergence. A major aim of this study was to determine whether the pattern of intracortical connectivity within the SI is compatible with these observed physiological differences. In general, the perigranular and dysgranular zones contained more profuse systems of corticocortical connections than did the granular zones. For example, discrete tracer injections in the perigranular zones produced "walls" of labelling throughout the adjacent perigranular zones, while adjacent granular zones were relatively empty. Nevertheless, the granular zones were filled with dendritic branches of neurons in adjacent perigranular zones. Since these dendrites could presumably receive direct VP thalamocortical contacts, they represent one path through which this thalamic sensory information might be transmitted to the perigranular zones. Further transmission to the dysgranular zones might be subserved by a topographically organized system of reciprocal interconnections that was found between the perigranular zones and dysgranular zones. In coronal sections, labelling produced by relatively distant injections of either retro or orthograde tracers generally appeared in a columnar distribution, and was localized in perigranular zones and dysgranular zones. Within these zones, orthograde labelling consisted of vertically oriented axons emitting collateral sprays of terminals in all layers. Retrograde neuronal labelling (composed almost exclusively of pyramidal cells) was greatest in supragranular layers. Proximal to the injection site, labelling tended to spread out from these columns into supra- and infragranular layers in adjacent granular zones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902630303}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, physiology; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2822774}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902630303}, } @Article{Chapuis:2013, author = {Chapuis, Julie and Cohen, Yaniv and He, Xiaobin and Zhang, Zhijan and Jin, Sen and Xu, Fuqiang and Wilson, Donald A.}, title = {Lateral entorhinal modulation of piriform cortical activity and fine odor discrimination.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2013}, volume = {33}, number = {33}, pages = {13449--13459}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) receives direct input from olfactory bulb mitral cells and piriform cortical pyramidal cells and is the gateway for olfactory input to the hippocampus. However, the LEC also projects back to the piriform cortex and olfactory bulb. Activity in the LEC is shaped by input from the perirhinal cortices, hippocampus, and amygdala, and thus could provide a rich contextual modulation of cortical odor processing. The present study further explored LEC feedback to anterior piriform cortex by examining how LEC top-down input modulates anterior piriform cortex odor evoked activity in rats. Retrograde viral tracing confirmed rich LEC projections to both the olfactory bulb and piriform cortices. In anesthetized rats, reversible lesions of the ipsilateral LEC increased anterior piriform cortical single-unit spontaneous activity. In awake animals performing an odor discrimination task, unilateral LEC reversible lesions enhanced ipsilateral piriform cortical local field potential oscillations during odor sampling, with minimal impact on contralateral activity. Bilateral LEC reversible lesions impaired discrimination performance on a well learned, difficult odor discrimination task, but had no impact on a well learned simple odor discrimination task. The simple discrimination task was impaired by bilateral reversible lesions of the anterior piriform cortex. Given the known function of LEC in working memory and multisensory integration, these results suggest it may serve as a powerful top-down modulator of olfactory cortical function and odor perception. Furthermore, the results provide potential insight into how neuropathology in the entorhinal cortex could contribute to early olfactory deficits seen in Alzheimer's disease.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1387-13.2013}, institution = {Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electrophysiology; Entorhinal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Microelectrodes; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Olfactory Perception, physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {33/33/13449}, pmid = {23946403}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1387-13.2013}, } @Article{Charlton:1988, author = {Charlton, C. G. and Crowell, Jr, B and Benson, R.}, title = {Identification of motor neurons for accessory muscles of inspiration and expiration, pectoralis, trapezius and external oblique: comparison with non-respiratory skeletal muscle.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {1988}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, pages = {219--224}, abstract = {The motor neurons for the accessory muscles of respiration, pectoralis, trapezius, external oblique, and the rectus abdominis were studied in the spinal cord. The objective was to determine if the localization and morphology of the motor neurons for these muscles bear any distinct relationship to the specialized function of these muscles, serving both as supportive skeletal muscles and as accessory respiratory muscles. In addition, it was of interest to know if the inspiratory role of the pectoralis and trapezius muscles and the expiratory role of the external oblique and rectus abdominis are related to the spatial organization of the motor neurons; this knowledge may be important in the discrimination of influences from afferent connections. The motor neurons for these muscles were retrogradely labeled with true blue and were compared with the triceps motor neurons. All neurons occurred ipsilateral and most labeling occurred in C6-7. The motor neurons for the accessory muscles were mainly confined to the ventrolateral tip of the ventral gray matter. The triceps neurons were dorsolateral to the respiratory related neurons in C6-7. Within the confines of the ventrolateral area, the majority of neurons for the pectoralis were localized medial to ventromedial, those for the trapezius were ventrolateral, and those for the external oblique were in the extreme ventrolateral to ventral sections of C7. No neurons were observed in C2 to T2 for the rectus abdominis. A second neuronal column occurred medioventrally in the ventral gray of C4-6 for the trapezius, and is distinct and separated from the C6-7 cell column.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/syn.890020308}, institution = {Department of Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 32708.}, keywords = {Animals; Inhalation; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology/physiology; Muscles, cytology/physiology; Organ Specificity; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Respiration; Respiratory Muscles, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3212669}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.890020308}, } @Article{Charlton:1987, author = {C. G. Charlton and C. J. Helke}, title = {Substance P-containing medullary projections to the intermediolateral cell column: identification with retrogradely transported rhodamine-labeled latex microspheres and immunohistochemistry.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1987}, volume = {418}, number = {2}, pages = {245--254}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Substance P (SP)-containing medullary neurons that project to the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the rat were studied. Neurons were retrogradely labeled with rhodamine-labeled latex microspheres (RITC-M) injected into the T-3 IML, and SP-immunoreactive neurons were identified with immunocytochemistry. RITC-M labeled cells occurred in the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellular lateralis (RPgcl), adjacent and lateral to the pyramidal tract at the level of the rostral inferior olivary nucleus and extended to the mid-facial nucleus in the medulla. Cells were also labeled caudal to the RPgcl, in the nucleus reticularis ventralis, pars alpha (RVa), rostral to the RVa, in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (RGc), and in the raphe nuclei. SP immunoreactivity (SP-IR) was seen in cells that were also retrogradely labeled. These double-labeled cells were observed in the RPgcl, RVa and the raphe pallidus. These data show that the IML receives SP-neuronal projections from multiple locations in the medulla. The SP-neuronal projections from the RPgcl of the ventral medulla to the IML likely represent one component of the ventral medullary region that influences cardiovascular functions.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(87)90092-8}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799.}, keywords = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Efferent Pathways, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Medulla Oblongata, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Microspheres; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rhodamines; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Substance P, analysis/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(87)90092-8}, pmid = {2445412}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chaudhary:2001, author = {Chaudhary, P. and Martenson, M. E. and Baumann, T. K.}, title = {Vanilloid receptor expression and capsaicin excitation of rat dental primary afferent neurons.}, journal = {J Dent Res}, year = {2001}, volume = {80}, number = {6}, pages = {1518--1523}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that cause excitation of neurons which innervate the teeth. We investigated whether rat dental sensory neurons express the vanilloid (capsaicin) receptor (VR1). Dental sensory neurons were identified by retrograde transport of the fluorescent dye DiIC18 placed in maxillary molars. Patch-clamp recordings in culture showed that 65\% of DiIC18-labeled rat trigeminal ganglion neurons are excited by capsaicin. Responders covered the entire range of cell sizes examined (soma diameter, 24 to 48 microm). All non-responders had a soma diameter > 33 microm. Capsazepine (1 microM) reduced the capsaicin-evoked membrane current (6/6) and depolarization (7/7 responders). RT-PCR amplified a 375-bp product from DiIC18-labeled neurons which was identical to that expected for VR1. Thus, many rat dental primary afferent neurons are excited by capsaicin, and the response appears to be mediated by VR1. These results suggest that pharmacological blockers of VR1 may provide significant relief of dental pain.}, doi = {10.1177/00220345010800060801}, institution = {Science University, Portland 97201, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Capsaicin, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Carbocyanines, diagnostic use; Cells, Cultured; Dental Pulp, innervation; Electrophysiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects; Nociceptors, drug effects; Patch-Clamp Techniques; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Drug, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/biosynthesis/drug effects; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Trigeminal Ganglion, drug effects}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11499505}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chazeron:2004, author = {I. De Chazeron and P. Raboisson and R. Dallel}, title = {Organization of diencephalic projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus oralis: an anterograde tracing study in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2004}, volume = {127}, number = {4}, pages = {921--928}, abstract = {The organization of the efferent projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus oralis (Sp5O) to the diencephalon was studied in the rat using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. The present study confirms the existence of trigemino-thalamic pathways originating from the Sp5O and details their distribution. The main diencephalic targets of the Sp5O are the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPM), the posterior thalamic nuclei (Po) and the ventral part of the zona incerta (ZIv), contralaterally, and the parvicellular part of the ventral posterior thalamic nucleus (VPpc), bilaterally. The distribution of these projections varies according to the dorso-ventral location of the injection sites: the dorsal part of the Sp5O projects to the medial part of the VPM and the Po, and to the caudal part of the ZIv, as well as to the VPpc. The ventral part of the Sp5O projects to the lateral part of the VPM and the Po and to the rostral part of the ZIv. These results suggest that the trigemino-diencephalic pathways originating from the Sp5O are involved in the processing of gustatory and somatosensory information.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.06.005}, institution = {INSERM E 0216, Neurobiologie de La Douleur Trigéminale, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 11 Bd Charles de Gaulle, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Diencephalon, chemistry/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, chemistry/physiology; Phaseolus, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Staining and Labeling, methods; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, chemistry/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(04)00478-6}, pmid = {15312904}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.06.005}, } @Article{Cheatwood:2003, author = {Cheatwood, JL and Reep, RL and Corwin, JV}, title = {The associative striatum: cortical and thalamic projections to the dorsocentral striatum in rats}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2003}, volume = {968}, pages = {1-14}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(02)04212-9}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cheatwood:2005, author = {J. L. Cheatwood and J. V. Corwin and R. L. Reep}, title = {Overlap and interdigitation of cortical and thalamic afferents to dorsocentral striatum in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2005}, volume = {1036}, number = {1-2}, pages = {90--100}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Dorsocentral striatum (DCS) is an associative region necessary for directed attention in rats. DCS is defined as the main region in which axons from ipsilateral medial agranular cortex (AGm) terminate within the striatum. In this double-labeling study, we placed a green axonal tracer in area AGm and a red one in an additional brain region. We examined the spatial relationship between terminals from area AGm and other portions of the cortical-basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical network involved in directed attention and its dysfunction, hemispatial neglect, in the rat. These include lateral agranular cortex (AGl), posterior parietal cortex (PPC), ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO), and secondary visual cortex (Oc2M). One important finding is the presence of a dense focus of labeled axons within DCS after injections in cortical area PPC or Oc2M. In these foci, axons from PPC or Oc2M extensively overlap and interdigitate with axons from cortical area AGm. Additionally, retrograde labeling of striatal neurons, along with double anterograde labeling, suggests that axons from cortical area AGm and AGl cross and possibly make contact with the dendritic processes of single medium spiny neurons. Axons from thalamic nucleus LP were observed to form a dense band dorsal to DCS which is similar to that seen following PPC injections, and a significant number of LP axons were also observed within DCS. Projections from thalamic nucleus VL are present in the dense dorsolateral AGm band that abuts the external capsule, are densest in the dorsolateral striatum, and were not observed in DCS. These results extend previous findings that DCS receives input from diverse cortical areas and thalamic nuclei which are themselves interconnected.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2004.12.049}, institution = {Department of Physiological Sciences and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. jcheatwood@lumc.edu}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/physiology; Dendritic Spines, physiology/ultrastructure; Fluorescent Dyes; Lateral Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Motor Cortex, cytology/physiology; Neostriatum, cytology/physiology; Nerve Net, cytology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, cytology; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Thalamus, cytology/physiology; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Visual Cortex, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(04)01933-X}, pmid = {15725405}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.12.049}, } @Article{Chen:2011b, author = {Hao Chen and Zhimin Liu and Suzhen Gong and Xingjun Wu and William L Taylor and Robert W Williams and Shannon G Matta and Burt M Sharp}, title = {Genome-Wide Gene Expression Profiling of Nucleus Accumbens Neurons Projecting to Ventral Pallidum Using both Microarray and Transcriptome Sequencing.}, journal = {Front Neurosci}, year = {2011}, volume = {5}, pages = {98}, abstract = {The cellular heterogeneity of brain poses a particularly thorny issue in genome-wide gene expression studies. Because laser capture microdissection (LCM) enables the precise extraction of a small area of tissue, we combined LCM with neuronal track tracing to collect nucleus accumbens shell neurons that project to ventral pallidum, which are of particular interest in the study of reward and addiction. Four independent biological samples of accumbens projection neurons were obtained. Approximately 500 pg of total RNA from each sample was then amplified linearly and subjected to Affymetrix microarray and Applied Biosystems sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection (SOLiD) transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). A total of 375 million 50-bp reads were obtained from RNA-seq. Approximately 57\% of these reads were mapped to the rat reference genome (Baylor 3.4/rn4). Approximately 11,000 unique RefSeq genes and 100,000 unique exons were identified from each sample. Of the unmapped reads, the quality scores were 4.74 ± 0.42 lower than the mapped reads. When RNA-seq and microarray data from the same samples were compared, Pearson correlations were between 0.764 and 0.798. The variances in data obtained for the four samples by microarray and RNA-seq were similar for medium to high abundance genes, but less among low abundance genes detected by microarray. Analysis of 34 genes by real-time polymerase chain reaction showed higher correlation with RNA-seq (0.66) than with microarray (0.46). Further analysis showed 20-30 million 50-bp reads are sufficient to provide estimates of gene expression levels comparable to those produced by microarray. In summary, this study showed that picogram quantities of total RNA obtained by LCM of ∼700 individual neurons is sufficient to take advantage of the benefits provided by the transcriptome sequencing technology, such as low background noise, high dynamic range, and high precision.}, doi = {10.3389/fnins.2011.00098}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {21886604}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2011.00098}, } @Article{Chen:2008c, author = {Chen, Jindong and Hou, Shuxun and Peng, Baogan and Wu, Wenwen and Shi, Yamin and Li, Li and Yang, Yi}, title = {Effect of the L2 ramus communicans on the nociceptive pathway in lumbar intervertebral discs in rats.}, journal = {Eur J Pain}, year = {2008}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {798--803}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The mechanism underlying discogenic low-back pain is unclear. It is difficult to explain this type of pain by the segmental innervation theory because the groin area is innervated by the genitofemoral or ilioinguinal nerves, which are the terminal branches of the L1 or L2 spinal nerves. Recently, some studies have indicated that sympathetic trunks are closely related to discogenic low-back pain. However, sympathetic trunk resection can severely affect the function of the abdominal organs and lower extremities and may cause retrograde ejaculation in human beings. This study was initiated to evaluate the role of selective transection of the L2 ramus of the nociceptive pathway in the lumbar intervertebral discs in rats, by using the fluorogold (FG) retrograde transport method and immunohistochemistry of substance P (SP). Of the FG-labeled neurons in the L2 and L5 dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), the cross-sectional area of the SP-immunoreactive (ir) neurons ranged from 210 to 1140 microm(2); the mean cross-sectional area was 652+/-320 microm(2). We demonstrated that FG-labeled SP-ir neurons in L2 DRGs decreased when FG was applied to the ventral or dorsal portions of L5-6 discs. The results indicated that the L2 ramus communicans played an important role in the afferent pathway of both the ventral and dorsal portions of the L5-6 disc. Nociceptive information from the L5-6 disc may be transmitted mainly by L2 DRG neurons through the L2 ramus communicans.}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.12.001}, institution = {Department of Orthopedics, 304th Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100037, PR China.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Cell Count; Fluorescent Dyes, pharmacokinetics; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/physiology; Groin, innervation; Intervertebral Disc, innervation; Longitudinal Ligaments, innervation; Low Back Pain, pathology/physiopathology; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Nociceptors, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Nerves, cytology/physiology; Stilbamidines, pharmacokinetics; Substance P, metabolism; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S1090-3801(07)00706-9}, pmid = {18243022}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.12.001}, } @Article{Chen:1992b, author = {Chen, J. and Rao, Z. R. and Shi, J. W.}, title = {The sites of origin of a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-containing axonal components in the lateral area of the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1992}, volume = {575}, number = {2}, pages = {333--336}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The sites of origin of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)-containing axonal components in the lateral area of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) were studied in the rat by the retrograde tracing method of horseradish peroxidase, combined with the immunocytochemical technique. The results indicated that alpha-MSH-containing axonal components in the PAG arose not only from the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus but also from the ventral zona incerta, the periventricular, perifornical and lateral hypothalamic regions.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(92)90100-n}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, 4th Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.}, keywords = {Animals; Arcuate Nucleus, chemistry; Axons, chemistry; Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones, metabolism; Periaqueductal Gray, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1571791}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chen:1992a, author = {J. Chen and S. L. Zeng and Z. R. Rao and J. W. Shi}, title = {Serotonergic projections from the midbrain periaqueductal gray and nucleus raphe dorsalis to the nucleus parafascicularis of the thalamus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1992}, volume = {584}, number = {1-2}, pages = {294--298}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {By a double-labeling method combining the retrograde tracing of horseradish peroxidase and the immunocytochemical technique, serotonin-like immunoreactive neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and nucleus raphe dorsalis (DR) of the rat were observed to send projection fibers to the nucleus parafascicularis of the thalamus bilaterally with an ipsilateral dominance. These serotonin-containing projecting neurons were observed mainly at the middle-caudal levels of the ventrolateral subdivision of the PAG and less at the middle-rostral levels of the DR.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(92)90908-r}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, 4th Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.}, keywords = {Animals; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/physiology; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, immunology/metabolism/physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1515946}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chen:2009, author = {J-R. Chen and T-J. Wang and H-Y. Huang and L-J. Chen and Y-S. Huang and Y-J. Wang and G-F. Tseng}, title = {Fatigue reversibly reduced cortical and hippocampal dendritic spines concurrent with compromise of motor endurance and spatial memory.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2009}, volume = {161}, number = {4}, pages = {1104--1113}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Fatigue could be induced following forced exercise, sickness, heat stroke or sleep disturbance and impaired brain-related functions such as concentration, attention and memory. Here we investigated whether fatigue altered the dendrites of central neurons. Central fatigue was induced by housing rats in cage with 1.5-cm deep water for 1-5 days. Three days of sleep deprivation seriously compromised rats' performance in weight-loaded forced swimming and spatial learning tests, and 5 days of treatment worsened it further. Combinations of intracellular dye injection and three-dimensional analysis revealed that dendritic spines on retrograde tracer-identified corticospinal neurons and Cornu Ammonis (CA)1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons were significantly reduced while the shape or length of the dendritic arbors was not altered. Three days of rest restored the spine loss and the degraded spatial learning and weight-loaded forced swimming performances to control levels. In conclusion, although we could not rule out additional non-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress, the apparent fatigue induced following a few days of sleep deprivation could change brain structurally and functionally and the effects were reversible with a few days of rest.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.022}, institution = {Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/physiopathology; Dendritic Spines, physiology; Fatigue, complications/physiopathology; Hippocampus, cytology/physiopathology; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, metabolism; Learning Disorders, etiology/physiopathology; Male; Maze Learning, physiology; Membrane Proteins, metabolism; Memory Disorders, etiology/physiopathology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiopathology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Physical Endurance, physiology; Pyramidal Cells, cytology/physiology; Rats; Sleep Deprivation, physiopathology; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiopathology; Swimming, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(09)00627-7}, pmid = {19376203}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.022}, } @Article{Chen:2004, author = {Lei Chen and Justin Boyes and Wing-Ho Yung and J. Paul Bolam}, title = {Subcellular localization of GABAB receptor subunits in rat globus pallidus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2004}, volume = {474}, number = {3}, pages = {340--352}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The inhibitory amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major neurotransmitter in the globus pallidus. Although electrophysiological studies have indicated that functional GABA(B) receptors exist in rat globus pallidus, the subcellular localization of GABA(B) receptor subunits and their spatial relationship to glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses are unknown. Here, we use pre-embedding immunogold labeling to study the subcellular localization of GABA(B) receptor subunits, GABA(B1) and GABA(B2), in globus pallidus neurons and identified populations of afferent terminals. Immunolabeling for GABA(B1) and GABA(B2) was observed throughout the globus pallidus, with GABA(B1) more strongly expressed in perikarya and GABA(B2) mainly expressed in the neuropil. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that the majority of GABA(B1) labeling was localized within the cytoplasm, whereas most of GABA(B2) labeling was associated with the plasma membrane. At the subcellular level, both the GABA(B1) and GABA(B2) immunogold labeling was localized at pre- and postsynaptic sites. At asymmetric, putative excitatory, synapses, GABA(B1) and GABA(B2) immunogold labeling was found at perisynaptic sites of both pre- and postsynaptic specializations. Double immunolabeling, using the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2), revealed the glutamatergic nature of most immunogold-labeled asymmetric synapses. At symmetric, putative GABAergic, synapses, including those formed by anterogradely labeled striatopallidal terminals, GABA(B1) and GABA(B2) immunogold labeling was found in the main body of both pre- and postsynaptic specializations. These results demonstrate the existence of presynaptic GABA(B) auto- and heteroreceptors and postsynaptic GABA(B) receptors, which may be involved in modulating synaptic transmission in the globus pallidus.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20143}, institution = {Medical Research Council Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Oxford OX1 3TH, United Kingdom.}, keywords = {Animals; Globus Pallidus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Protein Subunits, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, GABA-B, metabolism/ultrastructure; Subcellular Fractions, metabolism/ultrastructure; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15174078}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20143}, } @Article{Chen:2015, author = {Chen, Michael C. and Ferrari, Loris and Sacchet, Matthew D. and Foland-Ross, Lara C. and Qiu, Mei-Hong and Gotlib, Ian H. and Fuller, Patrick M. and Arrigoni, Elda and Lu, Jun}, title = {Identification of a direct GABAergic pallidocortical pathway in rodents.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2015}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Interaction between the basal ganglia and the cortex plays a critical role in a range of behaviors. Output from the basal ganglia to the cortex is thought to be relayed through the thalamus, but an intriguing alternative is that the basal ganglia may directly project to and communicate with the cortex. We explored an efferent projection from the globus pallidus externa (GPe), a key hub in the basal ganglia system, to the cortex of rats and mice. Anterograde and retrograde tracing revealed projections to the frontal premotor cortex, especially the deep projecting layers, originating from GPe neurons that receive axonal inputs from the dorsal striatum. Cre-dependent anterograde tracing in Vgat-ires-cre mice confirmed that the pallidocortical projection is GABAergic, and in vitro optogenetic stimulation in the cortex of these projections produced a fast inhibitory postsynaptic current in targeted cells that was abolished by bicuculline. The pallidocortical projections targeted GABAergic interneurons and, to a lesser extent, pyramidal neurons. This GABAergic pallidocortical pathway directly links the basal ganglia and cortex, and may play a key role in behavior and cognition in normal and disease states.}, doi = {10.1111/ejn.12822}, institution = {Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLS 717, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {25581560}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12822}, } @Article{Chen:2011, author = {Peilin Chen and David Lin and Jessica Giesler and Chien Li}, title = {Identification of urocortin 3 afferent projection to the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus in rat brain.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2011}, volume = {519}, number = {10}, pages = {2023--2042}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Urocortin 3 (Ucn 3) is a corticotrophin-releasing factor related neuropeptide highly expressed in the brain. Ucn 3 nerve fibers heavily innervate the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMH), and Ucn 3 injection into the VMH suppresses feeding. Currently, the origin of the Ucn 3 afferent input into the VMH is unknown. In the present study, anatomical tracing shows that the major Ucn 3 afferent input to the VMH resides in the anterior parvicellular part of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVHap) and the adjacent posterior part of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (pBNST). VMH also receives moderate Ucn 3 input from the medial amygdala. Ucn 3 neurons located immediately caudal to the PVHap/pBNST in the rostral perifornical hypothalamic area (rPFH) provide only minimal input. The paucity of rPFH-VMH Ucn 3 projection is consistent with the finding that only Ucn 3 neurons in the rPFH co-expressed enkephalin (Enk), and Ucn 3/Enk double-labeled nerve fibers and terminals were observed predominately in the lateral septum (LS), whereas only a few double-labeled fibers were found in other brain areas including the VMH. Furthermore, retrograde tracing demonstrates that Ucn 3 neurons in the rPFH project to the LS. In conclusion, the present study determines that the major Ucn 3 afferent into the VMH originates from the PVHap/pBNST. Moreover, anatomical heterogeneity is observed in the hypothalamic Ucn 3 neuron population as the rostral part (PVHap/pBNST) of the population projects to the VMH and the caudal part (rPFH) co-localizes with Enk and provides major afferent input to the LS.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.22620}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {21452217}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22620}, } @Article{Chen:2003, author = {Peilin Chen and M. Susan Smith}, title = {Suckling-induced activation of neuronal input to the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: possible candidates for mediating the activation of DMH neuropeptide Y neurons during lactation.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2003}, volume = {984}, number = {1-2}, pages = {11--20}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Activation of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) neuronal system in the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) during lactation in the rat is in part due to neural impulses arising from the suckling stimulus. However, the afferent neuronal input to the DMH that is activated during lactation and is responsible for activation of NPY neurons is currently unknown. Previously, using cFos as a marker for neuronal activation, we identified several brain areas in the lactating animals that were activated by the suckling stimulus. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine if any of these suckling activated areas project directly to the DMH. The retrograde tracer, fluorogold (FG), was injected into the DMH on day 4 postpartum. FG-injected lactating rats were then deprived of their eight-pup litters on day 9 postpartum, and 48 h later, the pups were returned to the females to reinitiate the suckling stimulus for 90 min and induce cFos expression. The animals were then perfused and the brains were subjected to double-label immunohistochemistry to visualize both FG- and cFos-positive cells. Substantial numbers of FG/cFos double-labeled cells were found in forebrain regions, including the preoptic area, lateral septal nucleus, ventral subiculum, and supramammillary nucleus, and in brainstem regions, including the lateral parabrachial nucleus, periaqeductal gray, and ventrolateral medulla. In conclusion, these areas are potentially important candidates for mediating the activation of the NPY neuronal system in the DMH during lactation.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02999-8}, institution = {Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Suckling, metabolism; Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, chemistry/metabolism; Female; Lactation, metabolism; Neural Pathways, chemistry/metabolism; Neurons, chemistry/metabolism; Neuropeptide Y, analysis/metabolism; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899303029998}, pmid = {12932835}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chen:2007, author = {Qian Chen and Hui-Lin Pan}, title = {Signaling mechanisms of angiotensin II-induced attenuation of GABAergic input to hypothalamic presympathetic neurons.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {2007}, volume = {97}, number = {5}, pages = {3279--3287}, month = {May}, abstract = {The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is an important site for the regulation of sympathetic outflow. Angiotensin II (Ang II) can activate AT(1) receptors to stimulate PVN presympathetic neurons through inhibition of GABAergic input. However, little is known about the downstream pathway involved in this presynaptic action of Ang II in the PVN. In this study, using whole cell recording from retrogradely labeled PVN neurons in rat brain slices, we determined the signaling mechanisms responsible for the effect of Ang II on synaptic GABA release to spinally projecting PVN neurons. Bath application of Ang II reproducibly decreased the frequency of GABAergic miniature postsynaptic inhibitory currents (mIPSCs) in fluorescence-labeled PVN neurons. Ang II failed to change the frequency of mIPSCs in labeled PVN neurons treated with pertussis toxin. However, Ang II-induced inhibition of mIPSCs persisted in the presence of either CdCl(2), a voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel blocker, or 4-aminopyridine, a blocker of voltage-gated K(+) channels. Interestingly, inhibition of superoxide with superoxide dismutase or Mn(III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) prophyrin completely blocked Ang II-induced decrease in mIPSCs. By contrast, inhibition of hydroxyl radical formation with the ion chelator deferoxamine did not significantly alter the effect of Ang II. These findings suggest that the presynaptic action of Ang II on synaptic GABA release in the PVN is mediated by the pertussis toxin-sensitive G(i/o) proteins but not by voltage-gated Ca(2+) and K(+) channels. Ang II attenuates GABAergic input to PVN presympathetic neurons through reactive oxygen species, especially superoxide anions.}, doi = {10.1152/jn.01329.2006}, institution = {Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.}, keywords = {4-Aminopyridine, pharmacology; Analysis of Variance; Angiotensin II, pharmacology; Animals; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Deferoxamine, pharmacology; Drug Interactions; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects/physiology/radiation effects; Laminectomy, methods; Male; Metalloporphyrins, pharmacology; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Potassium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Presynaptic Terminals, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Signal Transduction, drug effects/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {01329.2006}, pmid = {17287434}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01329.2006}, } @Article{Chen:2009a, author = {Chen, Qing-Hui and Toney, Glenn M.}, title = {Excitability of paraventricular nucleus neurones that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla is regulated by small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels.}, journal = {J Physiol}, year = {2009}, volume = {587}, number = {Pt 17}, pages = {4235--4247}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Whole cell patch-clamp recordings were performed in brain slices to investigate mechanisms regulating the excitability of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurones that project directly to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) (PVN-RVLM neurones) of rats. In voltage-clamp recordings, step depolarization elicited a calcium-dependent outward tail current that reversed near E(K). The current was nearly abolished by apamin and by UCL1684, suggesting mediation by small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (SK) channels. In current-clamp recordings, depolarizing step current injections evoked action potentials that underwent spike-frequency adaptation (SFA). SK channel blockade with apamin or UCL1684 increased the spike frequency without changing the rate of SFA. Upon termination of step current injection, a prominent medium after-hyperpolarization potential (mAHP) was observed. SK channel blockade abolished the mAHP and revealed an after-depolarization potential (ADP). In response to ramp current injections, the rate of sub-threshold depolarization was increased during SK channel blockade, indicating that depolarizing input resistance was increased. Miniature EPSC frequency, amplitude, and decay kinetics were unaltered by bath application of apamin, suggesting that SK channel blockade likely increased excitability by a postsynaptic action. We conclude that although SK channels play little role in generating SFA in PVN-RVLM neurones, their activation nevertheless does dampen excitability. The mechanism appears to involve activation of a mAHP that opposes a prominent ADP that would otherwise facilitate firing.}, doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2009.175364}, institution = {Department of Physiology-MC7756, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA. chenq@uthscsa.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net, physiology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, physiology; Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {jphysiol.2009.175364}, pmid = {19581379}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2009.175364}, } @Article{Chen:1995, author = {S. Chen and G. Aston-Jones}, title = {Evidence that cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) can be avidly taken up and transported by fibers of passage.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {674}, number = {1}, pages = {107-111}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {It has been reported that cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) is a sensitive neuronal tracer with unique features. However, the possible uptake of CTb by non-terminal fibers passing through the injection site has not been examined thoroughly. In the present study, small iontophoretic injections (current = +2 microA) of CTb were made in the olivocerebellar pathway in the rat ventrolateral medulla. A large number of retrogradely labeled neurons were seen in the contralateral inferior olive. In addition, prominent anterogradely labeled climbing fibers/terminals were found in the cerebellum ipsilateral to the injection site. This study, in contrast to previous report(s), indicates that CTb can be taken up avidly by fibers of passage and transported both anterogradely and retrogradely.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)00020-q}, institution = {Department of Psychiatry, Hahnemman University, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Transport; Cerebellum, metabolism; Cholera Toxin, classification/pharmacokinetics; Iontophoresis; Male; Medulla Oblongata, metabolism; Nerve Fibers, metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Olivary Nucleus, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(95)00020-Q}, pmid = {7773677}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chen:1995a, author = {S. Chen and G. Aston-Jones}, title = {Anatomical evidence for inputs to ventrolateral medullary catecholaminergic neurons from the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1995}, volume = {195}, number = {2}, pages = {140--144}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Previous studies have shown that the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) projects to the ventrolateral medulla (VLM). Here, we studied PAG projections to the area of A1/C1 neurons in the VLM in the rat using phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) anterograde tracing combined with immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase (PNMT). Following PAG injections, PHA-L labeled fibers and terminals were intermingled among TH-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons in the VLM. High-power light microscopic examination revealed that some of the PHA-L labeled varicose fibers and boutons were in close contiguity with TH-ir elements. Such apparent appositions appeared more frequently on TH-ir elements in the A1 area than on TH-ir or PNMT-ir neurons in the C1 area. These results indicate that some PAG inputs to the VLM may directly innervate A1/C1 neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(94)11788-k}, institution = {Department of Psychiatry, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Catecholamines, physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, cytology; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {030439409411788K}, pmid = {7478270}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chen:1996, author = {S. Chen and G. Aston-Jones}, title = {Extensive projections from the midbrain periaqueductal gray to the caudal ventrolateral medulla: a retrograde and anterograde tracing study in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1996}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, pages = {443--459}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {We investigated the innervation of the caudal ventrolateral medulla by the midbrain periaqueductal gray in the rat using retrograde and anterograde tract-tracing. Iontophoretic injection of Fluoro-Gold or cholera toxin B subunit into the caudal ventrolateral medulla resulted in retrogradely labeled neurons in discrete regions of the periaqueductal gray. These labeled cells were observed throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the periaqueductal gray and were distributed (as percentage of total labeled cells) in its lateral (53-67\%), ventrolateral (14-28\%), ventromedial (7-16\%) and dorsomedial aspects (7-10\%). About 70-72\% of labeled cells were found in the caudal half of the periaqueductal gray and 28-30\% in the rostral half. In the ventromedial periaqueductal gray, more labeled cells were seen in the contralateral side (5-13\%) than the ipsilateral side (2-3\%), whereas for other periaqueductal gray areas labeling was preferentially ipsilateral. Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin anterograde tracing was used to confirm the retrograde labeling results. Following iontophoretic injection into the periaqueductal gray, labeled fibers and terminals were observed throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the caudal ventrolateral medulla. Injections in the lateral and/or ventrolateral aspect of the periaqueductal gray yielded more anterograde labeling in the ipsilateral than the contralateral caudal ventrolateral medulla, while injections in the ventromedial aspect of the periaqueductal gray produced labeling preferentially in the contralateral caudal ventrolateral medulla. The present study indicates that specific regions of the periaqueductal gray project to the caudal ventrolateral medulla and may regulate cardiovascular and respiratory functions through these connections.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(95)00437-8}, institution = {Department of Psychiatry, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Cholera Toxin; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Iontophoresis; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Mesencephalon, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(95)00437-8}, pmid = {9053799}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chen:1998, author = {Chen, S. and Aston-Jones, G.}, title = {Axonal collateral-collateral transport of tract tracers in brain neurons: false anterograde labelling and useful tool.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1998}, volume = {82}, number = {4}, pages = {1151--1163}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {It is well established that some neuroanatomical tracers may be taken up by local axonal terminals and transported to distant axonal collaterals (e.g., transganglionic transport in dorsal root ganglion cells). However, such collateral-collateral transport of tracers has not been systematically examined in the central nervous system. We addressed this issue with four neuronal tracers--biocytin, biotinylated dextran amine, cholera toxin B subunit, and Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin--in the cerebellar cortex. Labelling of distant axonal collaterals in the cerebellar cortex (indication of collateral-collateral transport) was seen after focal iontophoretic microinjections of each of the four tracers. However, collateral-collateral transport properties differed among these tracers. Injection of biocytin or Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin in the cerebellar cortex yielded distant collateral labelling only in parallel fibres. In contrast, injection of biotinylated dextran amine or cholera toxin B subunit produced distant collateral labelling of climbing fibres and mossy fibres, as well as parallel fibres. The present study is the first systematic examination of collateral-collateral transport following injection of anterograde tracers in brain. Such collateral-collateral transport may produce false-positive conclusions regarding neural connections when using these tracers for anterograde transport. However, this property may also be used as a tool to determine areas that are innervated by common distant afferents. In addition, these results may indicate a novel mode of chemical communication in the nervous system.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00336-9}, institution = {Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Program, MCP and Hahnemann Medical School, Allegheny University, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cell Communication; Cerebellar Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Cholera Toxin; Coloring Agents, metabolism; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry, methods; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Nerve Endings, physiology; Neurons, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452297003369}, pmid = {9466437}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chen:1993, author = {Chen, S. and Bentivoglio, M.}, title = {Nerve growth factor receptor-containing cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain project to the thalamic reticular nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1993}, volume = {606}, number = {2}, pages = {207--212}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The origin of nerve growth factor receptor-immunoreactive (NGFr-ir) fibers innervating the thalamic reticular nucleus (Rt) was here investigated in the rat using retrograde tracers in combination with immunocytochemistry. Neurons retrogradely labeled from Rt were scattered ipsilaterally throughout the medial septal nucleus and the other cell groups of the basal forebrain, which contained NGFr-ir cells; 10-20\% of these retrogradely labeled neurons were also NGFr-ir. Furthermore, a few retrogradely labeled NGFr-ir cells were detected in the basal forebrain on the contralateral side. Retrograde tracing combined with a double immunocytochemical procedure revealed that all the NGFr-ir neurons labeled from Rt also displayed immunoreactivity for choline acetyltransferase. The present results demonstrate that the NGFr-ir neurons of the basal forebrain which project to Rt are cholinergic. The possible functional implications of these findings are discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(93)90986-w}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy and Histology, Medical Faculty, University of Verona, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/metabolism; Prosencephalon, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor, metabolism; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(93)90986-W}, pmid = {8387857}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chen:1992, author = {S. Chen and V. Raos and M. Bentivoglio}, title = {Connections of the thalamic reticular nucleus with the contralateral thalamus in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1992}, volume = {147}, number = {1}, pages = {85--88}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The occurrence of thalamic projections to the contralateral side of the thalamus, and the origin of these projections from the thalamic reticular nucleus, were demonstrated with fluorescent retrograde tracing. After a relatively large tracer injection in the anterior third of the thalamus (involving the reticular, anterior, intralaminar and ventrolateral nuclei), labeled cells were detected in the rostral portion of the contralateral reticular nucleus. The location within the reticular nucleus of the neurons retrogradely labeled in the contralateral thalamus was confirmed by means of the combination of tracing with immunocytochemistry, using antibodies against the calcium binding protein parvalbumin.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(92)90780-b}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy and Histology, University of Verona, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Parvalbumins, immunology; Rats; Stilbamidines; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Thalamus, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(92)90780-B}, pmid = {1480329}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chen:1990, author = {S. Chen and H. S. Su}, title = {Afferent connections of the thalamic paraventricular and parataenial nuclei in the rat--a retrograde tracing study with iontophoretic application of Fluoro-Gold.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {522}, number = {1}, pages = {1--6}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The origin of the afferents of the thalamic anterior paraventricular and parataenial nuclei (PVA-PT) in the rat was studied with fluorescent retrograde tracing method. After iontophoretic application of Fluoro-Gold into PVA-PT, many labeled cells were found in the medial frontal cortex, ventral subiculum, claustrum, septum, ventral pallidum, thalamic reticular nuc., zona incerta, hypothalamus, central gray, dorsal raphe nuc., parabrachial nuc., and the laterodorsal tegmental nuc. A few cells were labeled in the medial amygdaloid nuc., amygdalohippocampal area, median raphe nuc., and the locus coeruleus. Occasional neurons were labeled in the ventral lateral geniculate nuc., pretectal area, and in the solitary nuc. and the lateral reticular nuc. in the medulla.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)91570-7}, institution = {Department of Human Anatomy, Hunan Medical University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.}, keywords = {Animals; Biogenic Monoamines, physiology; Brain Chemistry, drug effects; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Endorphins, physiology; Fluorescence; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Injections, Spinal; Iontophoresis; Methysergide, pharmacology; Naloxone, pharmacology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, ultrastructure; Phentolamine, pharmacology; Rats; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(90)91570-7}, pmid = {2224500}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chen:1999, author = {Chen, S. and Yang, M. and Miselis, R. R. and Aston-Jones, G.}, title = {Characterization of transsynaptic tracing with central application of pseudorabies virus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {838}, number = {1-2}, pages = {171--183}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Although transsynaptic tracing with peripheral injection of pseudorabies virus (PRV) has been extensively characterized, several methodological issues related to central application of this tracer have not been addressed. In the present study, we addressed the following three issues by using microinjection of a cocktail containing PRV (Bartha strain) and cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) into different sites in the rat brain. First, we estimated PRV diffusion by examining injection sites at different times after application. Second, we tested whether PRV is taken up by fibers of passage following injections into the olivocerebellar pathway. Third, we developed criteria for leakage of PRV into cerebral ventricles. Our data indicate that (i) centrally injected PRV diffuses very little and produces focal injection sites; (ii) PRV is taken up and transported by fibers of passage, although less prominently than found for Ctb; (iii) PRV produces specific and easily identifiable ependymal cell as well as neuronal labeling following ventricular injection. This labeling can be used as a criterion for determining if labeling obtained was due to injected tracer leaking into brain ventricles. In summary, the present study provides new and important information about using PRV to trace central multisynaptic circuitry.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01680-7}, institution = {Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, VAMC 151, Woodland and University Avenues, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Injections, Intraventricular; Locus Coeruleus; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(99)01680-7}, pmid = {10446330}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chen:2004b, author = {Tao Chen and Rui Hui and Yuan-Xiang Dong and Yun-Qing Li and Noboru Mizuno}, title = {Endomorphin 1- and endomorphin 2-like immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus send axons to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {2004}, volume = {357}, number = {2}, pages = {139--142}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Endomorphin 1 (EM1) and endomorphin 2 (EM2) are the endogenous peptides with high affinity and selectivity for the mu-opioid receptor (MOR). We examined whether or not EM1- and EM2-expressing hypothalamic neurons might send their axons to the parabrachial nucleus (PBN), where many MOR-expressing neurons have been observed. Immunofluorescence histochemistry was combined with fluorescent retrograde tract-tracing method. In the rats injected with Fluoro-Gold (FG) into the PBN, some of EM1- and EM2-immunoreactive hypothalamic neurons were labeled retrogradely with FG. The majority of the EM1/FG and EM2/FG double-labeled neurons were distributed in the dorsomedial hypothalamus nucleus, centromedial hypothalamic region, and arcuate nucleus; a few of them were also seen in the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus and posterior hypothalamic nucleus. Endomorphins released from PBN-projecting hypothalamic neurons may modulate the gustatory, autonomic and nociceptive functions through MOR- expressing PBN neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neulet.2003.12.079}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, chemistry/metabolism; Hypothalamus, chemistry/metabolism; Locus Coeruleus, chemistry/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, chemistry/metabolism; Neurons, chemistry/metabolism; Oligopeptides, analysis/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Opioid, mu, biosynthesis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304394003014630}, pmid = {15036594}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2003.12.079}, } @Article{Chen:2008, author = {Tao Chen and Rui Hui and Xiao-Ling Wang and Ting Zhang and Yuan-Xiang Dong and Yun-Qing Li}, title = {Origins of endomorphin-immunoreactive fibers and terminals in different columns of the periaqueductal gray in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2008}, volume = {509}, number = {1}, pages = {72--87}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Endomorphin 1 (EM1) and endomorphin 2 (EM2) are endogenous ligands for mu-opioid receptors (MOR). In the central nervous system, EM-immunoreactive (IR) neuronal cell bodies are located mainly in the hypothalamus and the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). EM-IR fibers and terminals are found widely distributed in many brain areas, including the different columns of the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The hypothalamus, NTS, and PAG are closely involved in modulation of vocalization, autonomic and neuroendocrine functions, pain, and defensive behavior through endogenous opioid peptides that bind to the MOR in these regions. Projections exist from both the hypothalamus and the NTS to the PAG. In order to examine whether there are EM1- and/or EM2-ergic projections from the hypothalamus and NTS to the PAG, immunofluorescence histochemistry for EM1 and/or EM2 was combined with fluorescent retrograde tracing. In rats that had Fluoro-Gold (FG) injected into different columns of the PAG, some of the EM1- or EM2-IR neurons in the hypothalamus, but none in the NTS, were labeled retrogradely with FG. The majority of the EM1/FG and EM2/FG double-labeled neurons in the hypothalamus were distributed in the dorsomedial nucleus, areas between the dorsomedial and ventromedial nucleus, and arcuate nucleus; a few were also seen in the ventromedial, periventricular, and posterior nucleus. The present results indicate that the EM-IR fibers and terminals in the PAG originate principally from the hypothalamus. They also suggest that EMs released from hypothalamus-PAG projecting neurons might mediate or modulate various functions of the PAG through binding to the MOR.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21728}, institution = {Department of Human Anatomy and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.}, keywords = {Animals; Hypothalamus, chemistry/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Fibers, chemistry/physiology; Oligopeptides, analysis/metabolism/physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, chemistry/physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, chemistry/physiology; Protein Binding, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Opioid, mu, metabolism; Synapses, chemistry/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {18421704}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21728}, } @Article{Chen:1992c, author = {Chen, T. T. and Turner, D. F.}, title = {Temporomandibular joint innervation in rats: a horseradish peroxidase study.}, journal = {J Formos Med Assoc}, year = {1992}, volume = {91}, number = {8}, pages = {808--812}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {In the present study, we have used the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport technique to map the trigeminal primary afferent and motor neurons that innervate the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM). One to 3.0 microL of 4\% wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (HRP-WGA) solution was introduced unilaterally into the joint cavity of twelve Sprague-Dawley rats. Injections were made from the above, following trephining of the zygomatic arch with a dental bur. Seventy-two hours after surgery, the animals were sacrificed via perfusion-fixation through the left ventricle. The TMJ, both trigeminal ganglia and brain stem were removed, sectioned serially at 50 microns, and reacted according to the tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) technique of Mesulam. Tissues were then examined at the light microscopic level. The injection site showed that the HRP-WGA filled the upper chamber of the TMJ cavity and extended anteriorly to include the LPM. HRP injected into the joint cavity was transported retrogradely to the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion, where numerous HRP labeled neurons were found. The greatest number of cells were localized in the dorsolateral posterior portion of the ganglion. In the brain stem, numerous labeled cells representing the motor innervation of the LPM were found in a crescent-shaped array on the ventral side of the trigeminal motor nucleus. No labeled cells were found in the mesencephalic nucleus. The results show substantial trigeminal sensory innervation of the TMJ and LPM with no central projection to the mesencephalic nucleus.}, institution = {Department of Dentistry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.}, keywords = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Temporomandibular Joint, innervation; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1282407}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chen:2010b, author = {Chen, Yi and Wang, Yu and Chen, Lu and Sun, Chenyou and English, Arthur W. and Wolpaw, Jonathan R. and Chen, Xiang Yang}, title = {H-reflex up-conditioning encourages recovery of EMG activity and H-reflexes after sciatic nerve transection and repair in rats.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2010}, volume = {30}, number = {48}, pages = {16128--16136}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Operant conditioning of the spinal stretch reflex or its electrical analog, the H-reflex, produces spinal cord plasticity and can thereby affect motoneuron responses to primary afferent input. To explore whether this conditioning can affect the functional outcome after peripheral nerve injury, we assessed the effect of up-conditioning soleus (SOL) H-reflex on SOL and tibialis anterior (TA) function after sciatic nerve transection and repair. Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with EMG electrodes in SOL and TA and stimulating cuffs on the posterior tibial nerve. After control data collection, the sciatic nerve was transected and repaired and the rat was exposed for 120 d to continued control data collection (TC rats) or SOL H-reflex up-conditioning (TU rats). At the end of data collection, motoneurons that had reinnervated SOL and TA were labeled retrogradely. Putative primary afferent terminals [i.e., terminals containing vesicular glutamate transporter-1 (VGLUT1)] on SOL motoneurons were studied immunohistochemically. SOL (and probably TA) background EMG activity recovered faster in TU rats than in TC rats, and the final recovered SOL H-reflex was significantly larger in TU than in TC rats. TU and TC rats had significantly fewer labeled motoneurons and higher proportions of double-labeled motoneurons than untransected rats. VGLUT1 terminals were significantly more numerous on SOL motoneurons of TU than TC rats. Combined with the larger H-reflexes in TU rats, this anatomical finding supports the hypothesis that SOL H-reflex up-conditioning strengthened primary afferent reinnervation of SOL motoneurons. These results suggest that H-reflex up-conditioning may improve functional recovery after nerve injury and repair.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4578-10.2010}, institution = {Wadsworth Center, Laboratory of Neural Injury and Repair, New York State Department Health and State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA. chenyi@wadsworth.org}, keywords = {Animals; Conditioning, Operant, physiology; Electromyography, methods; H-Reflex, physiology; Male; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recovery of Function, physiology; Sciatic Nerve, injuries/physiopathology/surgery}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {30/48/16128}, pmid = {21123559}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4578-10.2010}, } @Article{Chen:2010e, author = {Chen, Yong and Wu, Xiaohou and Liu, Jia and Tang, Wei and Zhao, Tao and Zhang, Jianhua}, title = {Distribution of convergent afferents innervating bladder and prostate at dorsal root Ganglia in rats.}, journal = {Urology}, year = {2010}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, pages = {764.e1--764.e6}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {To investigate the distribution of dichotomizing afferents supplying both the prostate and urinary bladder, and to discern the effects of noxious stimulation of the prostate on urinary bladder function in rats.Dual retrograde fluorescence labeling was used to investigate the neurogenic aspect of urinary bladder function. The dual distribution of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cells was determined by propidium iodide (PI) and propidium bisbenzimide (Bb) staining into the prostate and bladder. To examine mechanical sensitivity of the bladder, conscious filling cystometry was performed before and after completion of Freund adjuvant injection into the prostate.Double-labeled positive cells were found in the lumbosacral DRG, predominantly in L1-L2 and L6-S1, with distribution varyinig from 7.5\% to 14\%. Most of the double-labeled cells were classified as small and medium in size. Prostatic irritation had no effect on the number of labeled cells. With the use of cystometry, prostatic irritation was found to shorten mean micturition interval (P <.05), decrease mean volume threshold inducing micturition, and increase baseline pressure and threshold pressure (P <.05), but to lower peak micturition pressure compared with that in controls (P <.01).These findings suggest that bladder-prostate convergent DRG neurons may play a role in bladder-prostate cross-sensitization after prostatitis. This study also provided neuronal anatomical evidence for voiding dysfunction associated with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.}, doi = {10.1016/j.urology.2010.04.002}, institution = {Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Prostate, innervation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Urinary Bladder, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0090-4295(10)00502-9}, pmid = {20655579}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2010.04.002}, } @Article{Chen:2013b, author = {Chen, Zhongshan and Song, Yanping and Yao, Junping and Weng, Chuanhuang and Yin, Zheng Qin}, title = {Alterations of Sodium and Potassium Channels of RGCs in RCS Rat with the Development of Retinal Degeneration.}, journal = {J Mol Neurosci}, year = {2013}, volume = {51}, number = {3}, pages = {976--985}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {All know that retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of hereditary retinal degenerative diseases characterized by progressive dysfunction of photoreceptors and associated with progressive cells loss; nevertheless, little is known about how rods and cones loss affects the surviving inner retinal neurons and networks. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) process and convey visual information from retina to visual centers in the brain. The healthy various ion channels determine the normal reception and projection of visual signals from RGCs. Previous work on the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat, as a kind of classical RP animal model, indicated that, at late stages of retinal degeneration in RCS rat, RGCs were also morphologically and functionally affected. Here, retrograde labeling for RGCs with Fluorogold was performed to investigate the distribution, density, and morphological changes of RGCs during retinal degeneration. Then, patch clamp recording, western blot, and immunofluorescence staining were performed to study the channels of sodium and potassium properties of RGCs, so as to explore the molecular and proteinic basis for understanding the alterations of RGCs membrane properties and firing functions. We found that the resting membrane potential, input resistance, and capacitance of RGCs changed significantly at the late stage of retinal degeneration. Action potential could not be evoked in a part of RGCs. Inward sodium current and outward potassium current recording showed that sodium current was impaired severely but only slightly in potassium current. Expressions of sodium channel protein were impaired dramatically at the late stage of retinal degeneration. The results suggested that the density of RGCs decreased, process ramification impaired, and sodium ion channel proteins destructed, which led to the impairment of electrophysiological functions of RGCs and eventually resulted in the loss of visual function.}, doi = {10.1007/s12031-013-0082-9}, institution = {Southwest Hospital, Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {23934450}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12031-013-0082-9}, } @Article{Cheng:1998, author = {H. W. Cheng and J. Tong and T. H. McNeill}, title = {Lesion-induced axon sprouting in the deafferented striatum of adult rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1998}, volume = {242}, number = {2}, pages = {69--72}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Synaptic replacement in rat striatum following a unilateral cortical lesion was investigated using electron microscopy and the anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextrin amine (BDA). In the deafferented striatum evidence of axon sprouting and synapse replacement was seen at 20 days after the lesion and most newly-formed axon terminals were labeled with BDA injected previously into the contralateral cortex. In addition, BDA-labeled fibers from the contralateral cortex formed multiple asymmetric axospinous synapses with deafferented striatal neurons, a morphological feature rarely seen in unlesioned rats. These data suggest that in response to a unilateral cortex lesion axons from the contralateral cortex sprout and reinnervated the deafferented striatal neurons and that reinnervation by 'like' afferents maybe crucial for the establishment of functional recovery after the unilateral cortex lesion.}, doi = {10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00050-0}, institution = {Division of Neurogerontology, Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-0191, USA.}, keywords = {Age Factors; Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Cell Size; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Corpus Striatum, cytology; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Dextrans, diagnostic use; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Functional Laterality, physiology; Interneurons, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(98)00050-0}, pmid = {9533396}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cheng:1999, author = {S. B. Cheng and T. Hayakawa and S. Kuchiiwa and S. Maeda and H. Ito and M. Seki and S. Nakagawa}, title = {Evidence for the collateral innervation of the esophagus and the heart from neurons in the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {832}, number = {1-2}, pages = {171--174}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {We investigated whether the heart receives collateral projections from the neurons which innervate the esophagus with a retrograde double-labeling method using two fluorescent tracers. Following injections of True Blue (TB) into the esophagus and Diamidino Yellow (DY) into the heart, about 21.9\% of the labeled esophageal motoneurons in the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus (AmC) were retrogradely double labeled. No single-labeled cardiac motoneurons were found in the AmC. The present results provide anatomical substrates for the esophagocardiac reflex.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01429-8}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan. cheng@med1.kufm.kagoshima-u.ac.jp}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Benzofurans; Esophagus, innervation; Fluorescent Dyes; Heart, innervation; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Motor Neurons, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(99)01429-8}, pmid = {10375665}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cheng:2000, author = {Z. Cheng and T. L. Powley}, title = {Nucleus ambiguus projections to cardiac ganglia of rat atria: an anterograde tracing study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2000}, volume = {424}, number = {4}, pages = {588--606}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {We injected the anterograde fluorescent tracer 1,1;-dioleyl-3,3,3;, 3;-tetramethylindocarbocyanine methanesulfonate (DiI) into the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and used confocal microscopy to inventory NA fibers and axon terminals in whole-mounts of rat atrial tissues. Both the axons projecting to cardiac ganglia and the innervated principal neurons (PNs) were counted. Rats were injected unilaterally in the NA with DiI, either at four sites (between 600 microm rostral and 600 microm caudal to the obex) or at nine sites (1,600 microm rostral to 1,600 microm caudal). Fluoro-Gold was administered intraperitoneally to retrogradely label neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DmnX), NA, and cardiac ganglia. To verify that the DiI-labeled fibers examined in the atria originated exclusively from the NA, neurons of the DmnX and the nodose ganglia were surveyed for DiI labeling. Our observations established that (1) NA fibers in the cardiac branches of the vagus numbered in the range of 82-151, left; or 60-122, right. (2) Both left and right NA supplied substantial numbers of fibers to each of the three major cardiac ganglionic plexuses. (3) NA axons terminated in dense basket, or calyx, endings around individual PNs. (4) By issuing divergent collaterals, individual NA fibers supplied numerous PNs with these calyx endings. (5) Labeled axons innervated 2,248 (left vagus) and 1,784 (right), or at least 56\% and 45\%, of the cardiac PNs. (6) Divergence (i.e., NA axons:PNs innervated) averaged between 1:27 (left vagus) and 1:30 (right vagus). Several features of these NA projections to cardiac ganglia contrasted sharply with those of DmnX projections that we have recently characterized with the same tracing protocol: (1) NA fibers did not innervate small intensely fluorescent cell clusters in cardiac ganglia, whereas DmnX axons did. (2) NA efferent fascicles contained more large fibers (presumably B-type), whereas the DmnX issued more fine caliber fibers (presumably C-type). (3) NA fibers diverged about three times as extensively as did DmnX axons. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that vagal control of the heart involves the convergence and integration of distinct NA and DmnX projections within the cardiac plexuses.}, doi = {10.1002/1096-9861(20000904)424:4<588::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-7}, institution = {Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA. zixi@gwise.louisville.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Atrial Function; Carbocyanines, diagnostic use; Cell Count; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, cytology/physiology; Heart Atria, cytology/innervation; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Nodose Ganglion, cytology/physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Vagus Nerve, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-7}, pmid = {10931483}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cheng:1997, author = {Cheng, Z. and Powley, T. L. and Schwaber, J. S. and Doyle, 3rd, FJ}, title = {A laser confocal microscopic study of vagal afferent innervation of rat aortic arch: chemoreceptors as well as baroreceptors.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, year = {1997}, volume = {67}, number = {1-2}, pages = {1--14}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Although the aortic nerves contain vagal afferents that terminate in both the wall of the aortic arch (putative baroreceptors) and its associated glomus tissue (putative chemoreceptors) in most mammalian species, the aortic nerves of the rat have been widely assumed to contain only baro- or pressor afferents. The present study reconsidered this anomaly by characterizing vagal afferent endings and their targets in the aortic arch region of the rat, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Eight Sprague-Dawley rats received intracranial vagal motor rhizotomy unilaterally to eliminate efferents in the nerve and then, two weeks later, injections of the tracer DiI (1,1'-dioleyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine methanesulfonate) into the ipsilateral nodose ganglion. The aortic arch and its surrounding tissue, with the common carotid and subclavian arteries attached, were examined with both conventional epifluorescence and confocal microscopes. Consistent with earlier observations, vagal afferents formed both flower-spray and end-net terminals rather diffusely within the wall of the aortic arch. More interestingly, vagal afferents also innervated glomus or SIF (i.e., small intensely fluorescent) cell bodies at the junction areas of the common carotid and subclavian arteries. To identify the course of these fibers, six additional animals received DiI injection into the nodose unilaterally after a complete cervical vagotomy caudal to the nodose; in these animals, the aortic nerve had been separated from the vagal trunk and kept intact. There were no marked differences in innervation patterns between the nonvagotomized and the cervically vagotomized animals, indicating that the vagal axons innervating the walls of the blood vessels and the SIF cells in the aortic arch region travel through the aortic nerves. Using a stereological method, we estimated the relative number of chemo- and baroreceptor afferents innervating the aortic arch. About 16.4\% (left) and 13.1\% (right) of fibers in the aortic nerves innervate SIF cells. These findings challenge the general consensus that the aortic nerves of rats contain exclusively baroreceptor fibers.}, doi = {10.1016/s0165-1838(97)00085-4}, institution = {School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1283, USA. zixi@ecn.purdue.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Aorta, Thoracic, innervation/ultrastructure; Carbocyanines; Cell Count; Chemoreceptor Cells, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Functional Laterality, physiology; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Pressoreceptors, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhizotomy; Vagus Nerve, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9470139}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cheng:1997a, author = {Cheng, Z. and Powley, T. L. and Schwaber, J. S. and Doyle, 3rd, FJ}, title = {Vagal afferent innervation of the atria of the rat heart reconstructed with confocal microscopy.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1997}, volume = {381}, number = {1}, pages = {1--17}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {We have used confocal microscopy to analyze the vagal afferent innervation of the rat heart. Afferents were labeled by injecting 1,1'-dioleyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine methanesulfonate (DiI) into the nodose ganglia of animals with prior supranodose de-efferentations, autonomic ganglia were stained with Fluoro-gold, and tissues were examined in whole mounts. Distinctively different fiber specializations were observed in the epi-, myo-, and endocardium: Afferents to the epicardium formed complexes associated with cardiac ganglia. These ganglia consisted of four major ganglionated plexuses, two on each atrium, at junctions of the major vessels with the atria. Ganglionic locations and sizes (left > right) were consistent across animals. In addition to principal neurons (PNs), significant numbers of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells were located in each of these plexuses, and vagal afferents provided dense pericellular varicose endings around the SIF cells in each ganglionic plexus, with few if any terminations on PNs. In the myocardium, vagal afferents formed close contacts with cardiac muscles, including conduction fibers. In the endocardium, vagal fibers formed "flower-spray" and "end-net" terminals in connective tissue. With three-dimensional reconstruction of confocal optical sections, a novel polymorphism was seen: Some fibers had one or more collaterals ending as endocardial flower sprays and other collaterals ending as myocardial intramuscular endings. Some unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons within each cardiac ganglionic plexus were retrogradely labeled from the nodose ganglia. In conclusion, vagal afferents form a heterogeneity of differentiated endings in the heart, including structured elements which may mediate chemoreceptor function, stretch reception, and local cardiac reflexes.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970428)381:1<1::aid-cne1>3.0.co;2-5}, institution = {School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47097, USA. zixi@ecn.purdue.edu}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Carbocyanines; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Autonomic, cytology/physiology; Heart Atria, innervation/ultrastructure; Heart, innervation; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Myocardium, ultrastructure; Nerve Endings, physiology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, physiology; Reflex, physiology; Vagotomy; Vagus Nerve, cytology/physiology/surgery}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-5}, pmid = {9087415}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cheng:1999a, author = {Cheng, Z. and Powley, T. L. and Schwaber, J. S. and Doyle, 3rd, FJ}, title = {Projections of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus to cardiac ganglia of rat atria: an anterograde tracing study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {410}, number = {2}, pages = {320--341}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {We injected the anterograde fluorescent tracer 1,1'-dioleyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine methanesulfonate (DiI) into the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DmnX), counterstained the cardiac ganglia with Fluorogold (FG), and used confocal microscopy to examine the distributions and different types of DmnX fibers in wholemounts of the atria. We also quantified the number of DmnX cardiac axons and the number of innervated cardiac principal neurons (PNs). Rats with unilateral DiI injections were used in three different experiments, including unilateral FG soaking of cervical vagal trunks, intracranially rhizotomizing the vagal afferent roots, or contralaterally sectioning the cervical vagus. These manipulations indicated that DiI-labeled cardiac fibers were exclusively from the DmnX. Our observations established that: (1) three major ganglionic plexuses were localized in the epicardium; (2) both sides of the DmnX supplied significant fibers to each of the plexuses; (3) these cardiac efferents formed dense basket terminals around individual PNs; (4) collaterals of individual DmnX fibers diverged, producing calyx endings on multiple PNs; (5) small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells in the cardiac plexuses were innervated pericellularly; (6) individual axons could innervate both PNs and SIF cells; (7) the total number of DmnX fibers were in the range of [68, 96; left] and [67, 115; right]; (8) these fibers innervated 709 (left) and 494 (right), or at least 18\% and 12\%, of the PNs, respectively; and (9) vagal preganglionics exhibited a degree of lateralization: Significantly more PNs were contacted by fiber varicosities in the sinoatrial plexus than in the atrioventricular plexus after right DmnX injections. In summary, the present observations suggest that the DmnX plays a significant role(s) in controlling the heart.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990726)410:2<320::aid-cne12>3.3.co;2-x}, institution = {Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA. zixi@psych.purdue.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Atrial Function; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Autonomic, cytology/physiology; Heart Atria, cytology; Heart, innervation; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology/physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, Efferent, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, physiology; Sensitivity and Specificity; Vagus Nerve, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-5}, pmid = {10414536}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cheng:2004, author = {Zixi Cheng and Hong Zhang and Shang Z Guo and Robert Wurster and David Gozal}, title = {Differential control over postganglionic neurons in rat cardiac ganglia by NA and DmnX neurons: anatomical evidence.}, journal = {Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol}, year = {2004}, volume = {286}, number = {4}, pages = {R625--R633}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {In previous single-labeling experiments, we showed that neurons in the nucleus ambiguous (NA) and the dorsal moto nucleus of the vagus (DmnX) project to intrinsic cardiac ganglia. Neurons in these two motor nuclei differ significantly in the size of their projection fields, axon caliber, and endings in cardiac ganglia. These differences in NA and DmnX axon cardiac projections raise the question as to whether they target the same, distinct, or overlapping populations of cardiac principal neurons. To address this issue, we examined vagal terminals in cardiac ganglia and trace injection sites in the brain stem using two different anterograde t ace s 1,1-dioleyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylindocarbocyanine methanesulfonate and 4-[4-(dihexadecylamino)-styryl]-N-methylpyridinium iodide] and confocal microscopy in male Sprague-Dawley rats. We found that 1) NA and DmnX neurons innervate the same cardiac ganglia, but these axons target separate subpopulations of principal neurons and 2) axons arising from neurons in the NA and DmnX in the contralateral sides of the brain stem enter the cardiac ganglionic plexus through separate bundles and preferentially innervate principal neurons near their entry regions, providing topographic mapping of vagal motor neurons in left and right brain stem vagal nuclei. Because the NA and DmnX project to distinct populations of cardiac principal neurons, we propose that they may play different roles in controlling cardiac function.}, doi = {10.1152/ajpregu.00143.2003}, institution = {Department of Pediatrics, Kosai Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. zjchen01@gwise.louisville.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Coloring Agents; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Sympathetic, cytology/physiology; Heart, innervation; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Norepinephrine, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic, physiology; Vagus Nerve, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {00143.2003}, pmid = {14644755}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00143.2003}, } @Article{Chery-Croze:1988, author = {Chery-Croze, S. and Bosshard, A. and Martin, H. and Cuber, J. C. and Charnay, Y. and Chayvialle, J. A.}, title = {Peptide immunocytochemistry in afferent neurons from lower gut in rats.}, journal = {Peptides}, year = {1988}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {873--881}, abstract = {Several peptides were detected in primary sensory neurons located in nodose and dorsal root ganglia and projecting from rat cecum and rectosigmoid, through a combination of retrograde staining by the fluorescent tracer DY-2HCl and of the immunofluorescent procedure of Coons. The three larger cell populations thus identified stored immunoreactive components respectively similar to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and a peptide related to peptide histidine methionine (PHM). The later immunoreactivity consisted of a single molecular form with an apparent molecular weight smaller than PHM itself. Fewer cells contained components immunologically similar to somatostatin 14 (ST14), to the 1-14 N-terminal sequence of somatostatin 28 (1-14 S28), and to neuropeptide Y (NPY). Neonatal treatment with capsaicin resulted in a drastic reduction of immunoreactivity for SP, PHM, ST14, 1-14 S28, and in a partial reduction of CGRP-like positive perikarya. These results demonstrate that several peptides are potentially involved in the sensory innervation of the lower gut in rat.}, doi = {10.1016/0196-9781(88)90136-2}, institution = {INSERM U45, Hôpital E. Herriot, Lyon, France.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Cecum, innervation; Duodenum, innervation; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Neurons, cytology; Neuropeptides, analysis; Nodose Ganglion, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, analysis/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3067223}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cheung:1998, author = {Cheung, S. and Ballew, J. R. and Moore, K. E. and Lookingland, K. J.}, title = {Contribution of dopamine neurons in the medial zona incerta to the innervation of the central nucleus of the amygdala, horizontal diagonal band of Broca and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {808}, number = {2}, pages = {174--181}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Results of previous studies suggested that incertohypothalamic dopamine (IHDA) neurons located in the medial zona incerta (MZI) project to the central nucleus of the amygdala (cAMY), horizontal diagonal band of Broca (HDB), and paraventricular nucleus (PVN). The overall goal of the present study was to determine the relative contribution of IHDA neurons to the DA innervation of these brain regions. A combined fluorescent and in situ hybridization histochemical procedure was employed to localize the retrograde tracer fluoro-gold (FG) in cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA in the MZI following its iontophoretic injection into either the cAMY, HDB or PVN. For comparison, the numbers of dual labeled FG/TH mRNA neurons in the midbrain were also determined. One week after unilateral injection of FG into the cAMY, cells containing FG+TH mRNA were found in the ipsilateral MZI, substantia nigra zona compacta (SNC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). The total numbers of cells labeled with FG varied with the size of the injection site, but the ratio of dual labeling in the MZI to that of the SNC-VTA remained constant across animals at approximately 1:6. FG injections into the HDB resulted in a ratio of dual labeled cells in the ipsilateral MZI and VTA of approximately 1:2, but no dual labeled cells were found in the SNC. Dual labeled cells were only found in the ipsilateral MZI in animals receiving FG injections in the PVN. Thus, DA terminals in the PVN originate exclusively from IHDA neurons in the MZI, whereas these neurons provide only a portion of the DA innervation of the cAMY and HDB. The similar distribution of dual labeled cells in the MZI following FG injections into the cAMY, HDB and PVN suggests that perikarya of IHDA neurons projecting to these regions are not organized into distinct groups.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00809-9}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B-432 Life Sciences Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology; Animals; Dopamine, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; In Situ Hybridization; Iontophoresis; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways; Neurons, chemistry/enzymology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Septal Nuclei, cytology; Stilbamidines; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, genetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(98)00809-9}, pmid = {9767160}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cheung:1995, author = {S. Cheung and R. P. Hammer}, title = {Gonadal steroid hormone regulation of proopiomelanocortin gene expression in arcuate neurons that innervate the medial preoptic area of the rat.}, journal = {Neuroendocrinology}, year = {1995}, volume = {62}, number = {3}, pages = {283--292}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The density of beta-endorphin (beta-endo)-like immunoreactive (IR) fibers in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) has been shown to vary across the estrous cycle and is gonadal steroid hormone-dependent. These beta-endo-containing fibers are presumably projections of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons which are located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). POMC mRNA level varies across the estrous cycle in the ARC and its expression is differentially altered by gonadal steroid hormones. However, it is unclear how gonadal steroids regulate POMC gene expression in ARC neurons that innervate the MPOA. Therefore, combined fluorogold (FG) retrograde neuronal labeling and in situ hybridization histochemistry were used to investigate the effects of gonadal steroid hormone treatment on POMC gene expression in ARC neurons supplying the MPOA of ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. POMC-expressing cells were located in the ARC and median eminence (ME), wherein such neurons were significantly larger than unlabeled cells that surround them. A relatively greater number of ARC POMC neurons were observed to innervate the medial portion of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) than the lateral portion of the MPN. Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) treatment before FG injection did not affect the number of FG and POMC double-labeled neurons in the ARC, which suggests that hormone treatment did not alter the number of POMC-expressing neurons projecting to the MPN. In OVX animals, ARC POMC mRNA labeling was relatively low, and increased significantly in neurons of the most rostral ARC region 48 h after E2 treatment. P administration enhanced and prolonged the effect of E2 in this group of ARC neurons. E2P treatment significantly increased POMC mRNA expression beginning 13 h after P injection in all but the most caudal ARC POMC neurons. Thereafter, E2P treatment gradually increased POMC mRNA expression for at least 1 additional day. Gonadal steroid hormone treatment apparently affects POMC mRNA expression uniformly in neurons of the same ARC subdivision without regard to their efferent targets. Diurnal variation of POMC mRNA expression is present only in the most rostral ARC region, which contains a population of E2-sensitive POMC neurons. The results suggest that the relatively greater beta-endo-like IR fiber density in the medial MPN is due to a greater number of POMC neurons innervating this region. The pattern of innervation of the MPN by POMC neurons is unaffected by gonadal steroid hormone treatment, which appears to induce POMC expression in ARC neurons, and eventually to stimulate the synthesis and transport of beta-endo in POMC neuronal axons which project to the MPOA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1159/000127015}, institution = {Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass., USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Arcuate Nucleus, metabolism; Cell Count; Female; Gene Expression, genetics; In Situ Hybridization; Neurons, metabolism; Preoptic Area, metabolism; Pro-Opiomelanocortin, genetics; RNA, Messenger, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Steroids, pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8538866}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chevalier:1984, author = {G. Chevalier and J. M. Deniau}, title = {Spatio-temporal organization of a branched tecto-spinal/tecto-diencephalic neuronal system.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1984}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {427--439}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The aim of the present study was to identify in the rat the diencephalic nuclei addressed by ascending collaterals of tecto-spinal neurons. For this purpose we made use of anterograde axonal transport method to determine the pattern of diencephalic projections arising from the lateral portion of the superior colliculus where most of tecto-spinal neurons are lying. Next, we used the antidromic activation method to analyse whether some of these colliculo-diencephalic projections were provided through collaterals of tecto-spinal neurons. Following injections of wheatgerm agglutinin, conjugated with horseradish peroxidase, in the lateral part of the superior colliculus, anterograde labelling was observed in: the contralateral superior colliculus, the ipsilateral pretectal nuclei, subthalamic area (zona incerta and Forel field) and thalamic structures namely: dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate, parafascicular, posterior nuclear group, reuniens nuclei and lateral portion of medio-dorsal nucleus. Moreover, bilateral projections were revealed in the following thalamic nuclei: lateral posterior, ventro-medial, paracentral and central-lateral. In the electrophysiological study we established that the thalamic nuclei medio-dorsal/central-lateral, paracentral, ventral-medial and the zona incerta receive ascending collaterals of the tecto-spinal neurons. In addition, an axonal branch to the contralateral superior colliculus was also revealed. The various ascending and descending collaterals of each branched neuron exhibited a similar conduction time for action potentials. It is thus likely that the tecto-spinal/tecto-diencephalic neurons provide a synchronized influence on their targets. The functional implication of such a branched collicular efferent pathway is discussed. Considering that tecto-spinal neurons are one of the collicular neuronal populations on which the substantia nigra exerts its influence, new perspectives in the analysis of basal ganglia collicular relationships are given.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(84)90063-0}, keywords = {Animals; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electrophysiology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(84)90063-0}, pmid = {6462457}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chevalier:1992, author = {Chevalier, G. and Deniau, J. M. and Menetrey, A.}, title = {Evidence that biocytin is taken up by axons.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1992}, volume = {140}, number = {2}, pages = {197--199}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Unexpected anterograde labeling is systematically observed in the pontine nuclei following iontophoretic injection of biocytin in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Control experiments using WGA-HRP have led to deny the existence of a nigro-pontine pathway. The possibility that biocytin is taken up by fibers of passage has been tested. Deposits of biocytin in the corpus callosum result in a massive axonal labeling of this fibrous system. This study, in contrast to previous reports, stresses that biocytin is easily taken up and transported by axons. Hence, this tracer has to be used with careful controls when injected in structures crossed by fibrous tracts.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(92)90101-c}, institution = {Département de Neurosciences de la Vision, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, metabolism; Corpus Callosum, metabolism; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1501777}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chi:2007, author = {Chi, Fang-Lu and Jiao, Yu and Liu, Hong-Jian and Wang, Jing and Shi, Yu and Barr, Jennifer J.}, title = {Retrograde neuron tracing with microspheres reveals projection of CGRP-immunolabeled vestibular afferent neurons to the vestibular efferent nucleus in the brainstem of rats.}, journal = {Neuroendocrinology}, year = {2007}, volume = {85}, number = {3}, pages = {131--138}, abstract = {A new retrograde neuron-tracing technique with microspheres was used to explore the possible innervation of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunolabeled vestibular afferent neurons in the vestibular efferent immunolabeled nucleus in the brainstem.0.1 microl of 5\% microfluorospheres was injected into the area of the vestibular efferent nucleus, which is located lateral to the genu of the facial nerve. CGRP immunohistochemistry was processed in serial sections of the brainstem at the facial nerve genu level. Double-labeled neurons with both CGRP immunoreactivity and microfluorospheres were examined with fluorescence and confocal laser microscopy.Three types of labeled neurons were observed: (1) neurons only retrogradely microfluorosphere-labeled that were mainly located in the medial vestibular nucleus, lateral vestibular nucleus, superior vestibular nucleus and parvicellular reticular nucleus on the ipsilateral side of the injection; (2) neurons that were both immunolabeled with CGRP and also retrogradedly labeled with microfluorospheres, indicating that they are CGRP cells projecting to the area of vestibular efferent nucleus, these cells were mainly distributed in the superior vestibular nucleus and dorsal vestibular nucleus, and (3) cells only immunolabeled for CGRP that were scattered extensively in the brainstem.The presented methodical contribution demonstrates the suitability of fluorescein-labeled microspheres for retrograde neuronal tracing. The vestibular nuclei contain numerous afferent neurons that send projections to the vestibular efferent nucleus, some of which are CGRP cells. This afferent innervation provides morphological evidence that the vestibular efferent neurons receive input from the vestibular afferent neurons including CGRP cells. These vestibular primary CGRP afferent neurons may have an influence on vestibular efferent neurons. CGRP acts as an important co-transmitter or modulator in the afferent-mediated activity of vestibular efferent neurons, which in turn affect afferents in the vestibular end organs.}, doi = {10.1159/000101959}, institution = {PR China. chifanglu@yahoo.com.cn}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, metabolism; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, immunology/metabolism; Feasibility Studies; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, methods; Male; Microspheres; Models, Neurological; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Neurons, Efferent, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vestibular Nerve, metabolism; Vestibular Nuclei, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {000101959}, pmid = {17457027}, subtitle = {li}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000101959}, } @Article{Chiaia:1991, author = {N. L. Chiaia and R. W. Rhoades and C. A. Bennett-Clarke and S. E. Fish and H. P. Killackey}, title = {Thalamic processing of vibrissal information in the rat. I. Afferent input to the medial ventral posterior and posterior nuclei.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {314}, number = {2}, pages = {201--216}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Retrograde tracing with true blue (TB) and diamidino yellow (DY) and anterograde tracing with either wheatgerm agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were employed to investigate the projections from trigeminal nucleus principalis (PrV) and trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris (SpI) to their targets in the medial ventral posterior (VPM) and posterior (POm) nuclei of the thalamus. Many more cells in both PrV and SpI were labeled by tracer injections into VPM than into POm. Only a very small number of double-labeled neurons were observed in either PrV or SpI. However, a significantly higher percentage of SpI cells projected to POm or to both POm and VPM than was the case for PrV. Anterograde tracing with WGA-HRP showed that the projections from both PrV and SpI to VPM were much denser than those from the same nuclei to POm. Small injections of PHA-L into either PrV or SpI produced a focus of fairly dense labeling in VPM and much more diffuse terminal labeling in POm. These anatomical data provide evidence for two separate trigeminothalamic pathways, one originating from PrV and the second originating from SpI. Both of these pathways converge and diverge at the thalamic level. That is, information from the PrV pathway and from the SpI pathway are both provided to VPM in a morphologically restricted fashion and to POm in a morphologically widespread fashion.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903140202}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Vibrissae, innervation; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1723992}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903140202}, } @Article{Chiba:2000, author = {T. Chiba}, title = {Collateral projection from the amygdalo--hippocampal transition area and CA1 to the hypothalamus and medial prefrontal cortex in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {2000}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, pages = {373--383}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Amygdaloid and hippocampal neurons projecting to both the medial prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus by way of axon collaterals were examined in the rat by double labeling method using fluorescence retrograde tracers. Fluoro-gold was injected in the medial prefrontal cortex, while Fluoro-red was injected into the ventromedial and ventral premammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus. The results indicated that neurons which sent axon collaterals to both the medial prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus constituted 50 or 30\% of populations of medial prefrontal cortex-projecting neurons in the amygdalo-hippocampal transition area or in CA1, respectively. Possible roles of the neurons with axon collaterals in sexually related aggressive and/or defensive behavior were discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/s0168-0102(00)00183-8}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Chiba School of Medicine, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. tiba@med.m.chiba-u.ac.jp}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology/physiology; Animals; Benzoates, pharmacology; Fluorescent Dyes, pharmacology; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology; Hypothalamus, cytology/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0168010200001838}, pmid = {11164564}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chiba:1985, author = {Chiba, T. and Murata, Y.}, title = {Afferent and efferent connections of the medial preoptic area in the rat: a WGA-HRP study.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1985}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {261--272}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Afferent and efferent connections of the medial preoptic area including medial preoptic nucleus (MP) and periventricular area at the MP level were examined using WGA-HRP as a marker. Injections were performed by insertion of micropipette containing (1) small amount of HRP powder or (2) dryed HRP solution for 24 to 48 hr until the fixation or for 5 min respectively. Dorsal and ventral approaches of injection micropipettes were performed and the results were compared. Previously reported reciprocal connections with lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial amygdaloid nucleus, lateral hypothalamic nucleus, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, supramammillary nucleus, central gray at the mesencephalon, raphe dorsalis, raphe medianus, and lateral parabrachial nucleus have been confirmed. In addition, we found reciprocal connections with septo-hypothalamic nucleus, amygdalo-hipocampal nucleus, subiculum, parafascicular thalamic nucleus, posterior thalamic nucleus at the caudo-ventral subdivision, median preoptic nucleus, lateral preoptic nucleus, anterior hypothalamic nucleus, periventricular area at the caudal hypothalamic level, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal and ventral premammillary nucleus, lateral mammillary nucleus, peripeduncular nucleus, periventricular gray, ventral tegmental area, interpeduncular nucleus, nucleus raphe pontis, nucleus raphe magnus, pedunculo-pontine tegmental nucleus, gigantocellular reticular nucleus and solitary tract nucleus. The areas which had only efferent connections from MP were accumbens, caudate putamen, ventral pallidum, substantia innominata, lateral habenular nucleus, paratenial thalamic nucleus, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, reuniens thalamic nucleus, median eminence, medial mammillary nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, pars compacta of substantia nigra, oculomotor nucleus, red nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, reticular tegmental nucleus, cuneiform nucleus, nucleus locus coeruleus, and dorsal motor nucleus of vagus among which substantia innominata and median eminence were previously reported. Efferent connections to the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, interstitial nucleus of Cajal, dorsal tegmental nucleus, ventral tegmental nucleus, vestibular nuclei, nucleus raphe obsculus were very weak or abscent in the ventral approach while they were observed in dorsal approach. Previously reported afferent connections from dorsal tegmental nucleus, cuneiform nucleus, and nucleus locus ceruleus were not detected in this study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(85)90091-7}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Methods; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Preoptic Area, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3995367}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chieng:2006, author = {Billy C H Chieng and Macdonald J Christie and Peregrine B Osborne}, title = {Characterization of neurons in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala: cellular physiology, morphology, and opioid sensitivity.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2006}, volume = {497}, number = {6}, pages = {910--927}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) orchestrates autonomic and other behavioral and physiological responses to conditioned stimuli that are aversive or elicit fear. As a related CeA function is the expression of hypoalgesia induced by conditioned stimuli or systemic morphine administration, we examined postsynaptic opioid modulation of neurons in each major CeA subdivision. Following electrophysiological recording, biocytin-filled neurons were precisely located in CeA regions identified by chemoarchitecture (enkephalin-immunoreactivity) and cytoarchitecture (DAPI nuclear staining) in fixed adult rat brain slices. This revealed a striking distribution of physiological types, as 92\% of neurons in capsular CeA were classified as late-firing, whereas no neurons in the medial CeA were of this class. In contrast, 60\% or more of neurons in the lateral and medial CeA were low-threshold bursting neurons. Mu-opioid receptor (MOPR) agonists induced postsynaptic inhibitory potassium currents in 61\% of CeA cells, and this ratio was maintained in each subdivision and for each physiological class of neuron. However, MOPR agonists more frequently inhibited bipolar/fusiform cells than triangular or multipolar neurons. A subpopulation of MOPR-expressing neurons were also inhibited by delta opioid receptor agonists, whereas a separate population were inhibited kappa opioid receptors (KOPR). The MOPR agonist DAMGO inhibited 9/9 CeM neurons with projections to the parabrachial nucleus identified by retrograde tracer injection. These data support models of striatopallidal organization that have identified striatal-like and pallidal-like CeA regions. Opioids can directly inhibit output from each subdivision by activating postsynaptic MOPRs or KOPRs on distinct subpopulations of opioid-sensitive neurons.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21025}, institution = {Pain Management Research Institute, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, NSW 2065, Australia.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Amygdala, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Analgesics, Opioid, pharmacology; Animals; Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-, pharmacology; Male; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Opioid, mu, agonists/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16802333}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21025}, } @Article{Childs:1983, author = {Childs, J. A. and Gale, K.}, title = {Neurochemical evidence for a nigrotegmental GAbAergic projection.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {258}, number = {1}, pages = {109--114}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Axonal transport of [3H]GABA from substantia nigra to the pontomesencephalic tegmentum was demonstrated in rats pretreated with the GABA-transaminase inhibitor, gamma-vinyl-GABA. In addition, kainic acid lesions of substantia nigra resulted in a significant loss of glutamic acid decarboxylase activity in the vicinity of the ipsilateral pedunculopontine nucleus and in adjacent tissue of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum. These data support the thesis that the nigrotegmental projection is both diffuse and GABAergic.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)91233-7}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, pharmacology; GABA Agents, pharmacology; GABAergic Neurons, cytology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Kainic Acid, pharmacology; Male; Neural Pathways; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus, cytology/drug effects; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra, cytology/drug effects; Tegmentum Mesencephali, cytology/drug effects; Tritium, diagnostic use; Vigabatrin, pharmacology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {24010171}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chiou:2014, author = {Chiou, Ruei-Jen and Kuo, Chung-Chih and Yen, Chen-Tung}, title = {Comparisons of terminal densities of cardiovascular function-related projections from the amygdala subnuclei.}, journal = {Auton Neurosci}, year = {2014}, volume = {181}, pages = {21--30}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The amygdala is important in higher-level control of cardiovascular functions. In this study, we compared cardiovascular-related projections among the subnuclei of the amygdala. Biotinylated dextran amine was injected into the central, medial, and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala, and the distributions and densities of anterograde-labeled terminal boutons were analyzed. We found that the medial, basolateral, and central nuclei all had projections into the cardiovascular-related areas of the hypothalamus. However, only the central nucleus had a significant direct projection into the medulla. By contrast, the medial nucleus had limited projections, and the basolateral nucleus had no terminals extending into the medulla. We concluded that the medial, central, and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala may influence cardiovascular-related nuclei through monosynaptic connections with cardiovascular-related nuclei in the hypothalamus and medulla.}, doi = {10.1016/j.autneu.2013.12.002}, institution = {Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. Electronic address: ctyen@ccms.ntu.edu.tw.}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cardiovascular System, anatomy /&/ histology; Dextrans; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Neurons, cytology; Presynaptic Terminals; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S1566-0702(13)00760-1}, pmid = {24412638}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2013.12.002}, } @Article{Chitravanshi:2015, author = {Chitravanshi, Vineet C. and Kawabe, Kazumi and Sapru, Hreday N.}, title = {GABA and glycine receptors in the nucleus ambiguus mediate tachycardia elicited by chemical stimulation of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus.}, journal = {Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol}, year = {2015}, volume = {309}, number = {1}, pages = {H174--H184}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {We have previously reported that stimulation of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARCN) by microinjections of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) elicits tachycardia, which is partially mediated via inhibition of vagal inputs to the heart. The neuronal pools and neurotransmitters in them mediating tachycardia elicited from the ARCN have not been identified. We tested the hypothesis that the tachycardia elicited from the ARCN may be mediated by inhibitory neurotransmitters in the nucleus ambiguus (nAmb). Experiments were done in urethane-anesthetized, artificially ventilated, male Wistar rats. In separate groups of rats, unilateral and bilateral microinjections of muscimol (1 mM), gabazine (0.01 mM), and strychnine (0.5 mM) into the nAmb significantly attenuated tachycardia elicited by unilateral microinjections of NMDA (10 mM) into the ARCN. Histological examination of the brains showed that the microinjections sites were within the targeted nuclei. Retrograde anatomic tracing from the nAmb revealed direct bilateral projections from the ARCN and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus to the nAmb. The results of the present study suggest that tachycardia elicited by stimulation of the ARCN by microinjections of NMDA is mediated via GABAA and glycine receptors located in the nAmb.}, doi = {10.1152/ajpheart.00801.2014}, institution = {Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey sapru@njms.rutgers.edu.}, keywords = {Animals; Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus, drug effects/metabolism; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; GABA-A Receptor Agonists, pharmacology; Glycine Agents, pharmacology; Heart, drug effects; Male; Medulla Oblongata, drug effects/metabolism; Microinjections; Muscimol, pharmacology; N-Methylaspartate, pharmacology; Pyridazines, pharmacology; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, GABA-A, metabolism; Receptors, Glycine, metabolism; Stimulation, Chemical; Strychnine, pharmacology; Tachycardia, chemically induced/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {ajpheart.00801.2014}, pmc = {PMC4491522}, pmid = {25957221}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00801.2014}, } @Article{Chmielowska:1989, author = {J. Chmielowska and G. E. Carvell and D. J. Simons}, title = {Spatial organization of thalamocortical and corticothalamic projection systems in the rat SmI barrel cortex.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1989}, volume = {285}, number = {3}, pages = {325--338}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Axonal tracing techniques were used to examine the distribution of corticothalamic projection neurons in relation to the organization of the thalamocortical recipient zones in the whisker representation of the rat first somatic sensory cortex. Following injection of horseradish peroxidase into the physiologically defined vibrissa area in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus, labeling in the cortex had a columnar appearance. Dense patches of anterograde labeling were located within the centers of the layer IV barrels and extended superficially through lamina III; the septa between barrels contained considerably less reaction product. Retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in lower layer V and layer VI where they were concentrated preferentially deep to the barrel centers. Regions deep to the septa displayed less overall labeling and a lower relative number of thalamic projecting neurons. Zones having the larger numbers of retrogradely labeled cells also contained terminallike labeling of either corticothalamic or thalamocortical origin. Following an injection that included the posterior group medial to the ventrobasal complex, anterograde labeling in layer IV was located largely in the septa. In conjunction with previous findings concerning the origin and termination of other projection systems in the barrel cortex, these results suggest that a vibrissal column contains a central core zone intimately linked with the ventrobasal thalamus that is bounded by narrower regions of more diverse inputs and outputs that form an interface between adjacent cortical columns.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902850304}, institution = {Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Count; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Vibrissae, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2547850}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902850304}, } @Article{Cho:1991, author = {H. J. Cho and A. I. Basbaum}, title = {GABAergic circuitry in the rostral ventral medulla of the rat and its relationship to descending antinociceptive controls.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {303}, number = {2}, pages = {316--328}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {This study used postembedding immunocytochemistry to examine the organization of GABA-immunoreactive synapse in the rostral ventral medulla (RVM) of the rat. To determine whether the outflow neurons of the RVM are under GABAergic control, we examined the distribution of GABA-immunoreactive synapses upon bulbospinal projection neurons that were labelled by retrograde transport of wheatgerm agglutinin-HRP from the cervical spinal cord. To study the possible convergence of GABAergic and periaqueductal gray (PAG) synaptic inputs to RVM neurons, we also made lesions in the PAG and examined the relationship between degenerating PAG axons and GABA-immunoreactive terminals. Approximately 45\% of all synapses in the RVM, which includes the midline nucleus raphe magnus and the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis lateralis, were GABA-immunoreactive. The vast majority of GABA-immunoreactive terminals contained round, clear, and pleomorphic vesicles and made symmetrical axodendritic synapses; axoaxonic synapses were not found. Almost 50\% of the retrogradely labeled dendrites in the NRM were postsynaptic to GABA-immunoreactive terminals. Several examples of convergence of degenerating PAG terminals and GABAergic terminals onto the same unlabelled dendrite were also found. These data indicate that the projection neurons of the RVM are under profound GABAergic inhibitory control. The results are discussed with regard to the hypothesis that the analgesic action of narcotics and electrical stimulation of the midbrain PAG involves the regulation of tonic GABAergic inhibitory controls that are exerted upon spinally-projecting neurons of the nucleus raphe magnus.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903030212}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco 94143.}, keywords = {Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Nerve Endings, chemistry; Neurons, physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Rats; Spinal Cord, chemistry/cytology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2013643}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903030212}, } @Article{Choi:2002, author = {D. Choi and D. Li and G. Raisman}, title = {Fluorescent retrograde neuronal tracers that label the rat facial nucleus: a comparison of Fast Blue, Fluoro-ruby, Fluoro-emerald, Fluoro-Gold and DiI.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {2002}, volume = {117}, number = {2}, pages = {167--172}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Many fluorescent retrograde tracers are commercially available for neuroanatomical studies. They have been used with varying success in different models and can be very effective in the study of the facial nerve and nucleus. We compare the tracers Fast Blue (FB), Fluoro-ruby, Fluoro-emerald, Fluoro-Gold (FG), and DiI in the rat facial nucleus after application to the buccal division of the nerve. There were no significant differences between counts of cells on the left and right sides of the brain stem with any of the tracers. FB produced a lower sample variation than the other tracers, and together with DiI, demonstrated greater axonal labelling when applied to the surface of the epineurium. FB and FG resulted in strong retrograde labelling of the facial nucleus after only 2 days from injection. All the tracers produced adequate cell labelling after 1 week from nerve application. This labelling persisted for up to 8 weeks for most tracers except FG, which did not produce satisfactory labelling at 8 weeks.}, doi = {10.1016/s0165-0270(02)00098-5}, institution = {Division of Neurobiology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, NW7 1AA, London, UK. dchoi@nimr.mrc.ac.uk}, keywords = {Amidines, pharmacokinetics; Animals; Axonal Transport; Carbocyanines, pharmacokinetics; Cell Count; Dextrans, pharmacokinetics; Facial Nerve, cytology/metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, pharmacokinetics; Neural Pathways; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rhodamines, pharmacokinetics; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165027002000985}, pmid = {12100982}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Choi:2012, author = {Choi, Woong Ki and Wirtshafter, David and Park, Hyun-Jung and Lee, Mi-Sook and Her, Song and Shim, Insop}, title = {The characteristics of supramammillary cells projecting to the hippocampus in stress response in the rat.}, journal = {Korean J Physiol Pharmacol}, year = {2012}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {17--24}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortex (HPA) axis is the central mediator of the stress response. The supramammillary (SuM) region is relatively unique among the hypothalamic structures in that it sends a large, direct projection to the hippocampal formation. It has been shown that mild stress could activate the SuM cells that project to the hippocampus. However, the role of these cell populations in modulating the stress response is not known. The present study examined the effect of stress on different populations of SuM cells that project to the hippocampus by injecting the fluorescent retrograde tracer, fluorogold (FG), into the hippocampus and utilizing the immunohistochemistry of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), serotonin (5-HT), glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and NADPH-d reactivity. Immobilization (IMO) stress (2 hr) produced an increase in the expression of ChAT-immunoreactivity, and tended to increase in CRF, 5-HT, GAD, TH-immunoreactivity and nitric oxide (NO)-reactivity in the SuM cells. Fifty-three percent of 5-HT, 31\% of ChAT and 56\% of CRF cells were double stained with retrograde cells from the hippocampus. By contrast, a few retrogradely labeled cells projecting to the hippocampus were immunoreactive for dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and NO. These results suggest that the SuM region contains distinct cell populations that differentially respond to stress. In addition, the findings suggest that serotonergic, cholinergic and corticotropin releasing cells projecting to the hippocampus within the SuM nucleus may play an important role in modulating stress-related behaviors.}, doi = {10.4196/kjpp.2012.16.1.17}, institution = {Meridian Science Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {22416215}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2012.16.1.17}, } @Article{Chometton:2014, author = {Chometton, Sandrine and Cvetkovic-Lopes, Vesna and Houdayer, Christophe and Franchi, Gabrielle and Mariot, Amandine and Poncet, Fabrice and Fellmann, Dominique and Risold, Pierre-Yves}, title = {Anatomical organization of MCH connections with the pallidum and dorsal striatum in the rat.}, journal = {Front Syst Neurosci}, year = {2014}, volume = {8}, pages = {185}, abstract = {Neurons producing the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) are distributed in the posterior hypothalamus, but project massively throughout the forebrain. Many aspects regarding the anatomical organization of these projections are still obscure. The present study has two goals: first to characterize the topographical organization of neurons projecting into the cholinergic basal forebrain (globus pallidus, medial septal complex), and second to verify if MCH neurons may indirectly influence the dorsal striatum (caudoputamen) by innervating afferent sources to this structure. In the first series of experiments, the retrograde tracer fluorogold was injected into multiple sites in the pallidal and medial septal regions and the distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons were analyzed in the posterior lateral hypothalamus. In the second series of experiments, fluorogold was injected into the caudoputamen, and the innervation by MCH axons of retrogradely labeled cells was analyzed. Our results revealed that the MCH system is able to interact with the basal nuclei in several different ways. First, MCH neurons provide topographic inputs to the globus pallidus, medial septal complex, and substantia innominata. Second, striatal projecting neurons in the cortex, thalamus, and substantia nigra presumably receive only sparse inputs from MCH neurons. Third, the subthalamic nucleus is heavily innervated by MCH projections, thus, presumably serves as one important intermediate station to mediate MCH influence on other parts of the basal nuclei.}, doi = {10.3389/fnsys.2014.00185}, institution = {EA3922, SFR FED 4234, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, Université de Franche-Comté Besançon, France.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {epublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {25324738}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00185}, } @Article{Chometton:2015, author = {Chometton, Sandrine and Pedron, Solène and Peterschmitt, Yvan and {Van Waes}, Vincent and Fellmann, Dominique and Risold, Pierre-Yves}, title = {A premammillary lateral hypothalamic nuclear complex responds to hedonic but not aversive tastes in the male rat.}, journal = {Brain Struct Funct}, year = {2015}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) has two major roles: arousal/waking and food intake controls. Here, it is shown that a premammillary part of the LHA is neurochemically and cytoarchitectonically distinct from the tuberal LHA in male rats. This part contains nuclear masses, namely the parasubthalamic nucleus and the calbindin nucleus, involved in pathways that predict its participation in the control of food intake. Analyzing c-Fos expression in experiments related to feeding behavior, this region responded specifically to the ingestion of palatable nutriments.}, doi = {10.1007/s00429-015-1038-3}, institution = {Laboratoire d'histologie, EA3922, SFR-FED 4234, University of Franche-Comté, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, 25000, Besançon, France.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {25863939}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-015-1038-3}, } @Article{Chou:2002, author = {Chou, Thomas C. and Bjorkum, Alvhild A. and Gaus, Stephanie E. and Lu, Jun and Scammell, Thomas E. and Saper, Clifford B.}, title = {Afferents to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2002}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {977--990}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Sleep is influenced by diverse factors such as circadian time, affective states, ambient temperature, pain, etc., but pathways mediating these influences are unknown. To identify pathways that may influence sleep, we examined afferents to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), an area critically implicated in promoting sleep. Injections of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) into the VLPO produced modest numbers of CTB-labeled monoaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus, raphe nuclei, and ventrolateral medulla, as well as a few neurons in the locus coeruleus. Immunohistochemistry for monoaminergic markers showed dense innervation of the VLPO by histaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic fibers. Along with previous findings, these results suggest that the VLPO and monoaminergic nuclei may be reciprocally connected. Retrograde and anterograde tracing showed moderate or heavy inputs to the VLPO from hypothalamic regions including the median preoptic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), autonomic regions including the infralimbic cortex and parabrachial nucleus, and limbic regions including the lateral septal nucleus and ventral subiculum. Light to moderate inputs arose from orexin and melanin concentrating hormone neurons, but cholinergic or dopaminergic inputs were extremely sparse. Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) projections to the VLPO were sparse, but the heavy input to the VLPO from the DMH, which receives direct and indirect SCN inputs, could provide an alternate pathway regulating the circadian timing of sleep. These robust pathways suggest candidate mechanisms by which sleep may be influenced by brain systems regulating arousal, autonomic, limbic, and circadian functions.}, institution = {Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Arousal, physiology; Axonal Transport, physiology; Biogenic Monoamines, metabolism; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Brain, cytology; Cell Count; Cholera Toxin; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Circadian Rhythm, physiology; Dextrans; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, cytology/physiology; Hypothalamic Hormones, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Melanins, metabolism; Neurons, cytology; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins; Pituitary Hormones, metabolism; Preoptic Area, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Silver Staining; Sleep, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {22/3/977}, pmid = {11826126}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/22/3/977.long}, } @Article{Christensen:1999, author = {J. Christensen and J. C. Sørensen and K. Ostergaard and J. Zimmer}, title = {Early postnatal development of the rat corticostriatal pathway: an anterograde axonal tracing study using biocytin pellets.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1999}, volume = {200}, number = {1}, pages = {73--80}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The ontogenetic development of the neocortical projections to the striatum was studied in postnatal rats by sensitive anterograde tracing with biocytin. The developmental status of this mainly glutamatergic pathway is important as it plays a major role in regulation of striatal maturation and induction of excitotoxic striatal neurodegeneration resembling the type found in Huntington's disease. Biocytin pelletts were injected into the motorcortex caudal forelimb area of newborn rats and of rats aged 3, 6, 13, 27 and 61 days followed by sacrifice and visualisation of the tracer 24 h later, at P1, P7, P14, P28 and P62, respectively. Biocytin pellets were also injected into the motorcortex jaw-lip-tongue area and into the cingulate cortex of newborn and 6-day-old rats. The biocytin pellets produced intense anterograde labelling of corticofugal projection fibres from the injection sites, as well as a local Golgi-like labelling of neurons. From postnatal day 1 into adult age efferent fibres from the motorcortex caudal forelimb area displayed a progressively denser innervation of the ipsilateral and contralateral, dorsolateral striatum. The terminating fibres were most dense in the ipsilateral striatum. In the dorsolateral striatum the corticostriatal fibres displayed a patch/matrix-like arrangement from postnatal day 14 onwards. Injections into the motorcortex jaw-lip-tongue area at postnatal days 0 and 6 displayed a progressive, denser innervation of the ipsilateral and contralateral ventrolateral striatum. The cingulate corticostriatal fibre projection, was more developed at birth than the projection from the motorcortex and increased its fibre density in the ipsilateral dorsomedial striatum up to at least day 7. In conclusion: the ipsilateral corticostriatal projections from the rat motorcortex and cingulate areas are present in newborn rats. During postnatal life the pathway develops further and specialisation of the terminating fibres into a patch/matrix like arrangement can be identified by postnatal day 14.}, doi = {10.1007/s004290050261}, institution = {Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. Jakob@akhphd.au.dk}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axonal Transport, physiology; Axons, metabolism; Cerebral Cortex, growth /&/ development/metabolism; Corpus Striatum, growth /&/ development/metabolism; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Male; Nerve Fibers; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Staining and Labeling}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10395008}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Christensen:1998, author = {M. K. Christensen and C. J. Frederickson}, title = {Zinc-containing afferent projections to the rat corticomedial amygdaloid complex: a retrograde tracing study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1998}, volume = {400}, number = {3}, pages = {375--390}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The mammalian amygdaloid complex is densely innervated by zinc-containing neurons. The distribution of the terminals throughout the region has been described, but the origins of these zinc-containing fibers have not. The present work describes the origins of one major component of the zinc-containing innervation of the amygdaloid complex, namely, the component that innervates the corticomedial complex. Selective labeling of zinc-containing axons was accomplished by intracerebral microinfusion of selenium anions (SeO3(2-)), a procedure that produces a ZnSe precipitate in zinc-containing axonal boutons with subsequent retrograde transport to the neurons of origin. After infusions of SeO3(2-) into combinations of cortical, medial, or amygdalohippocampal regions, retrogradely labeled zinc-containing somata were found in all amygdaloid nuclei except for the medial and central nuclei, the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, and the anterior amygdaloid area. Extrinsic zinc-containing projections to the same amygdaloid terminal fields were found to originate from the infralimbic, cingulate, piriform, perirhinal and entorhinal cortices, and from the prosubiculum and CA1. Commissural zinc-containing projections were found to originate from the posterolateral and posteromedial cortical nuclei and from the posterior part of the basomedial nucleus. Zinc-containing neurons have been implicated in the pathophysiology of epilepsy, in cell death after seizure or stroke, and in Alzheimer's disease, all clinical conditions that involve the amygdaloid complex. Identification of the zinc-containing pathways is a prerequisite to the elucidation of zinc's role in these disorders.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19981026)400:3<375::aid-cne7>3.0.co;2-5}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus, Denmark. mkc@ana.au.dk}, keywords = {Alzheimer Disease, physiopathology; Amygdala, cytology; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Epilepsy, physiopathology; Hippocampus, cytology; Male; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar, physiology; Selenium Compounds; Zinc, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-5}, pmid = {9779942}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Christiansen:2016, author = {Christiansen, Kat and Dillingham, Christopher M. and Wright, Nicholas F. and Saunders, Richard C. and Vann, Seralynne D. and Aggleton, John P.}, title = {Complementary subicular pathways to the anterior thalamic nuclei and mammillary bodies in the rat and macaque monkey brain.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2016}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The origins of the hippocampal (subicular) projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei and mammillary bodies were compared in rats and macaque monkeys using retrograde tracers. These projections form core components of Papez circuit, which is vital for normal memory. The study revealed a complex pattern of subicular efferents, consistent with the presence of different, parallel information streams, whose segregation appears more marked in the rat brain. In both species, the cells projecting to the mammillary bodies and anterior thalamic nuclei showed laminar separation, but also differed along other hippocampal axes. In the rat, these diencephalic inputs showed complementary topographies in the proximal-distal (columnar) plane, consistent with differential involvement in object-based (proximal subiculum) and context-based (distal subiculum) information. The medial mammillary inputs, which arose along the anterior-posterior extent of the rat subiculum, favoured the central subiculum (septal hippocampus) and the more proximal subiculum (temporal hippocampus). In contrast, anterior thalamic inputs were largely confined to the dorsal (i.e., septal and intermediate) subiculum, where projections to the anteromedial nucleus favoured the proximal subiculum, while those to the anteroventral nucleus predominantly arose in the distal subiculum. In the macaque, the corresponding diencephalic inputs were again distinguished by anterior-posterior topographies, as subicular inputs to the medial mammillary bodies predominantly arose from the posterior hippocampus while subicular inputs to the anteromedial thalamic nucleus predominantly arose from the anterior hippocampus. Unlike the rat, there was no clear evidence of proximal-distal separation as all of these medial diencephalic projections preferentially arose from the more distal subiculum. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1111/ejn.13208}, institution = {School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {26855336}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13208}, } @Article{Christianson:2007, author = {Christianson, Julie A. and Liang, Ruomei and Ustinova, Elena E. and Davis, Brian M. and Fraser, Matthew O. and Pezzone, Michael A.}, title = {Convergence of bladder and colon sensory innervation occurs at the primary afferent level.}, journal = {Pain}, year = {2007}, volume = {128}, number = {3}, pages = {235--243}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Dichotomizing afferents are individual dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that innervate two distinct structures thereby providing a form of afferent convergence that may be involved in pelvic organ cross-sensitization. To determine the distribution of dichotomizing afferents supplying the distal colon and bladder of the Sprague-Dawley rat and the C57Bl/6 mouse, we performed concurrent retrograde labeling of urinary bladder and distal colon afferents using cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) fluorescent conjugates. Animals were perfused 4-5 days after sub-serosal organ injections, and the T10-S2 DRG were removed, sectioned, and analyzed using confocal microscopy. In the rat, CTB-positive afferents retrogradely labeled from the bladder were nearly three times more numerous than those labeled from the distal colon, while in the mouse, each organ was equally represented. In both species, the majority of colon and bladder afferents projected from lumbosacral (LS) ganglia and secondarily from thoracolumbar (TL) ganglia. In the rat, 17\% of the total CTB-positive neurons were retrogradely labeled from both organs with 11\% localized in TL, 6\% in LS, and 0.8\% in thoracic (TH) ganglia. In the mouse, 21\% of the total CTB-positive neurons were dually-labeled with 12\% localized in LS, 4\% in TH, and 4\% in TL ganglia. These findings support the existence of dichotomizing pelvic afferents, which provide a pre-existing neuronal substrate for possible immediate and maintained pelvic organ cross-sensitization and ultimately may play a role in the overlap of pelvic pain disorders.}, doi = {10.1016/j.pain.2006.09.023}, institution = {Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Colon, innervation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Species Specificity; Urinary Bladder, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3959(06)00496-9}, pmid = {17070995}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2006.09.023}, } @Article{Christie:1987, author = {M. J. Christie and R. J. Summers and J. A. Stephenson and C. J. Cook and P. M. Beart}, title = {Excitatory amino acid projections to the nucleus accumbens septi in the rat: a retrograde transport study utilizing D[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1987}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {425--439}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Afferents to the nucleus accumbens septi utilizing glutamate or aspartate have been investigated in the rat by autoradiography following injection and retrograde transport of D[3H]aspartate. Parallel experiments with the intra-accumbal injection of [3H]GABA were employed to establish the transmitter-selective nature of the retrograde labelling found with D[3H]aspartate. The topography of cortical and thalamic perikarya labelled by D[3H]aspartate was extremely precise. D[3H]Aspartate labelled perikarya were found in layer V of agranular insular cortex; bilaterally within prelimbic and infralimbic subareas perikarya, but predominantly ipsilaterally. Ipsilateral labelling was observed in dorsal, ventral and posterior agranular insular cortices, and in perirhinal cortex. Injections into ventral accumbens labelled perikarya in ipsilateral entorhinal cortex, while infusion of D[3H]aspartate into anterior caudate-putamen resulted in labelling of perikarya in ipsilateral cingulate and lateral precentral cortices. Following infusion of D[3H]aspartate, ipsilateral midline thalamic nuclei contained the highest density of labelled perikarya; infusions centred on nucleus accumbens resulted in heavy retrograde labelling of the parataenial nucleus, but labelling was sparse from a lateral site and not observed after injection into anterior caudate-putamen. Less prominent labelling of perikarya was seen in other thalamic nuclei (mediodorsal, central medial, rhomboid, reuniens and centrolateral), mostly near the midline. Perikaryal labelling was also found in the ipsilateral amygdaloid complex, particularly in basolateral and lateral nuclei. Only weak labelling resulted in ventral subiculum. Numerous labelled cells were present bilaterally in anterior olfactory nucleus, although perikarya were more prominent ipsilaterally. Labelled perikarya were not consistently observed in other regions (ventral tegmental area, medial substantia nigra, raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus) known to innervate nucleus accumbens. Presumptive anterograde labelling was detected in ventral pallidum/substantia innominata, ventral tegmental area and medial substantia nigra. [3H]GABA was generally not retrogradely transported to the same regions labelled by D[3H]aspartate; an exception being the anterior olfactory nucleus, where large numbers of labelled perikarya were found. [3H]GABA failed to label perikarya in thalamus and amygdala, and a topographic distribution of label was absent in neocortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(87)90345-9}, institution = {University of Melbourne, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.}, keywords = {Amino Acids, metabolism; Amygdala, metabolism/physiology; Animals; Aspartic Acid, diagnostic use; Autoradiography; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism/physiology; Male; Nucleus Accumbens, metabolism/physiology; Olfactory Pathways, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septal Nuclei, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus, metabolism/physiology; Tritium, diagnostic use; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(87)90345-9}, pmid = {2823173}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chronister:1980, author = {Chronister, R. B. and Sikes, R. W. and Wood, J. and DeFrance, J. F.}, title = {The pattern of termination of ventral tegmental afferents into nucleus accumbens: an anterograde HRP analysis.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1980}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {231--235}, month = {May}, abstract = {The input pattern from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens was examined using the anterograde transport of HRP. Following an injection of HRP into the VTA, marked heterogeneity was seen in accumbens especially in caudal regions. Here, the terminals were restricted for most part in the dorsal portions of accumbens. In rostral accumbens, the pattern was more uniform across accumbens. Glyoxylic acid induced histofluorescence supported these findings. The present results demonstrate considerable complexity in the rostral-caudal termination pattern of A10 afferent within the nucleus accumbens.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(80)90028-2}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, ultrastructure; Nucleus Accumbens, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Septal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(80)90028-2}, pmid = {7052471}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chronister:1988, author = {Chronister, R. B. and Walding, J. S. and Aldes, L. D. and Marco, L. A.}, title = {Interconnections between substantia nigra reticulata and medullary reticular formation.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1988}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {313--317}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-HRP into the medullary reticular formation (MRf) or the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) revealed the presence of reciprocating fiber connections between the two areas. Large injections in the MRf demonstrated the existence of labeled neurons in the lateral portions of the SNr. Isolated injections into the parvocellular nuclei of the MRf resulted in the presence of terminal fields in the SNr particularly its lateral portions. Injections in the SNr resulted in the presence of labeled cells in the parvocellular nuclei. The significance of these findings is discussed in terms of oro-facial dyskinesias.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(88)90246-8}, institution = {of Medicine, Mobile 36688.}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Neural Pathways, cytology; Rats; Reticular Formation, cytology; Substantia Nigra, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(88)90246-8}, pmid = {3191414}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chronwall:1985, author = {Chronwall, B. M. and Skirboll, L. R. and O'Donohue, T. L.}, title = {Demonstration of a pontine-hippocampal projection containing a ranatensin-like peptide.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1985}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {109--114}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Previous studies have demonstrated a neuronal system containing an immunoreactive ranatensin-like peptide (irRT) in rat brain. The results of the present study describe the ascending projections of a prominent irRT cell group in the pons. A major pontine irRT fiber system was shown to innervate the hippocampus but not the mammillary body.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(85)90105-3}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hippocampus, metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Oligopeptides, metabolism; Pons, metabolism; Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid, analogs /&/ derivatives; Raphe Nuclei, metabolism; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3887223}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chung:2001, author = {Chung, K. and Chung, J. M.}, title = {Sympathetic sprouting in the dorsal root ganglion after spinal nerve ligation: evidence of regenerative collateral sprouting.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2001}, volume = {895}, number = {1-2}, pages = {204--212}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {It is well documented that there is an increase in the number of sympathetic fibers within the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) after a peripheral nerve injury. The present study examined the numbers and distribution of sympathetic fibers in the DRG and their sprouting routes by utilizing various surgical manipulations and retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical staining methods in spinal nerve-ligated neuropathic rats. The appearance of many double immunostained fibers with antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) in the L5 DRG 1 week after L5 spinal nerve ligation, indicated sprouting of sympathetic fibers. The confined location of early sprouting sympathetic fibers in the distal half of the L5 DRG confirmed that sprouting fibers come primarily from the injured spinal nerve. A second cut proximal to the previously ligated L5 spinal nerve -- a process which would transect the regenerating sympathetic fibers extending from the injury site -- did not change the density of sympathetic fibers in the L5 DRG. When retrograde tracers (fast blue and diamidino yellow) were injected into the L5 spinal nerve and DRG, respectively, the number of double-labeled sympathetic postganglionic neurons was greatly increased after spinal nerve ligation, suggesting the increased number of sympathetic neurons projecting to both the spinal nerve and DRG. All these results indicate that many sympathetic fibers in the DRG are regenerating branches that are sprouting from the proximal part of the injured spinal nerve (regenerative collateral sprouting).}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02092-3}, institution = {Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-1069, USA. kchung@utmb.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, metabolism/pathology; Disease Models, Animal; Fluorescent Dyes, pharmacokinetics; GAP-43 Protein, metabolism; Ganglia, Spinal, pathology/physiopathology/surgery; Immunohistochemistry; Ligation, adverse effects; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Nerve Crush, adverse effects; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, pathology/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(01)02092-3}, pmid = {11259779}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Chung:1984, author = {Chung, K. and Kevetter, G. A. and Willis, W. D. and Coggeshall, R. E.}, title = {An estimate of the ratio of propriospinal to long tract neurons in the sacral spinal cord of the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1984}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {173--177}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {There are, to our knowledge, no estimates of the number of propriospinal and long tract neurons to mammalian spinal cord. The present study uses retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from axons transected by cutting the cervical spinal cord as a method for marking long tract neurons in the S2 segment of rat spinal cord. The findings are that long tract neurons make up approximately 1\% of the total neurons of the spinal cord. Since motor neurons make up 1-2\% of the total number of neurons in this area of cord, the remaining 97\% are almost certainly propriospinal cells and thus propriospinal neurons are numerically predominant.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(84)90077-6}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Stem, cytology; Cell Count; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology; Neurons, classification/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(84)90077-6}, pmid = {6709231}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Churchill:1994, author = {L. Churchill and P. W. Kalivas}, title = {A topographically organized gamma-aminobutyric acid projection from the ventral pallidum to the nucleus accumbens in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1994}, volume = {345}, number = {4}, pages = {579--595}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Anatomical and electrophysiological studies have indicated that a reciprocal projection from the ventral pallidum back to the nucleus accumbens exists and has functional relevance. In this study, the topographical projection from the ventral pallidum to the nucleus accumbens was examined by using retrograde tracing with fluoro-gold iontophoresed in subcompartments of the nucleus accumbens in rats combined with either in situ hybridization for glutamic acid decarboxylase and preproenkephalin mRNA or substance P immunoreactivity. Deposits made into the medial nucleus accumbens preferentially labeled neurons in the medial ventral pallidum, while deposits into the dorsolateral nucleus accumbens, at or lateral to the anterior commissure, labeled primarily cells in the dorsal and lateral ventral pallidum. A mediolateral to rostrocaudal topography was also observed, with the medial deposits preferentially labeling cells in rostral ventral pallidum and the lateral deposits resulting in retrogradely labeled cells in the ventral pallidum below the crossing of the posterior anterior commissure (subcommissural) as well as below the globus pallidus (sublenticular). The majority of cells retrogradely labeled with fluoro-gold were double-labeled for glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA. In contrast, very few retrogradely labeled neurons in the ventral pallidum were double labeled for mRNA for preproenkephalin. These data demonstrate a topographically organized projection from the ventral pallidum to the nucleus accumbens that is primarily gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic and reciprocal to the GABAergic projection from the nucleus accumbens to the ventral pallidum.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903450408}, institution = {Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6520.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Enkephalins, genetics; Fluorescent Dyes; Globus Pallidus, physiology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, genetics; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Iontophoresis; Male; Neural Pathways, chemistry/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, physiology; Protein Precursors, genetics; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, physiology; Stilbamidines; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7962701}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903450408}, } @Article{Churchill:1996, author = {Churchill, L. and Zahm, D. S. and Kalivas, P. W.}, title = {The mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in rats--I. forebrain gabaergic innervation.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1996}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, pages = {93--102}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to determine whether forebrain neurons projecting to the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in rats express glutamate decarboxylase messenger RNA as a marker for GABAergic neurons. Forebrain glutamate decarboxylase messenger RNA-containing neurons that project to the mediodorsal nucleus were identified using a combination of retrograde tracing with Fluoro-Gold and in situ hybridization for the messenger RNA encoding the 67,000 molecular weight synthetic enzyme for GABA. Glutamate decarboxylase messenger RNA-containing afferents to the mediodorsal nucleus were observed in the olfactory tubercle, vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca, ventral pallidum, sublenticular substantia innominata, globus pallidus, lateral preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and reticular nucleus of the thalamus. The largest proportions of glutamate decarboxylase messenger RNA-containing afferents to the mediodorsal nucleus were observed in the vertical limb of the diagonal band, ventral pallidal parts of the olfactory tubercle and the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. Somewhat fewer glutamate decarboxylase messenger RNA-containing, retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in the subcommissural ventral pallidum and sublenticular substantia innominata. These data suggest that a GABAergic projection from the basal forebrain to the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus can influence the function of this nucleus.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(95)00351-i}, institution = {University, Pullman 99164-6520, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cell Count; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, metabolism; Prosencephalon, physiology; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(95)00351-I}, pmid = {8848140}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cicirata:1986, author = {F. Cicirata and P. Angaut and M. Cioni and M. F. Serapide and A. Papale}, title = {Functional organization of thalamic projections to the motor cortex. An anatomical and electrophysiological study in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1986}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {81--99}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {In rats, horseradish peroxidase crystals were injected in motor cortical foci functionally identified by means of the motor effects evoked by electrical stimulations. The location in the thalamus of the neurons linked to different motor cortical foci was studied. Thalamic neurons were retrogradely labeled in both "motor" (ventralis lateralis and ventralis medialis) and "non-motor" nuclei: centralis lateralis, lateralis posterior, mediodorsalis and posterior thalamic nuclear group, as well as the ventrobasal complex. The ventrobasal complex was labeled after horseradish peroxidase injections in hindlimb and trunk motor areas. The ascending projections toward the motor cortex from both "motor" and "non-motor" thalamic nuclei are organized more precisely and more elaborately than previously reported. The motor cortical afferents from the nucleus ventralis lateralis are organized in three planes, rostrocaudally, dorsoventrally and mediolaterally. An inverted relation exists in the rostrocaudal plane between the nucleus ventralis lateralis and the motor cortex: the caudal motor cortex region (hindlimb) receives fiber inputs from the rostral region of the nucleus ventralis lateralis, whereas the caudal zone of the nucleus ventralis lateralis projects to the rostral motor cortex region (forelimb and vibrissae). A dorsoventral organization has also been observed in the rostral region of the nucleus ventralis lateralis: the ventral aspect is the source of fibers directed to the distal hindlimb region, whereas fibers originating from the dorsal aspect are directed to the proximal hindlimb area. A mediolateral relationship exists between medial and lateral sides of the nucleus ventralis lateralis and, respectively, proximal and distal forelimb cortical areas. There is some overlap between the various nuclear regions thus delineated. Four functional zones were found in the lateral half of the nucleus ventralis medialis and were classified according to their projection to the motor cortex; these are involved in motor control of the proximal and distal forelimb, vibrissae and ocular movements. The projection is topographically organized according to both an inverted rostrocaudal and a direct dorsoventral-mediolateral arrangement. Caudally, dorsal and ventral nuclear parts project to rostromedial (vibrissae) and rostrolateral (distal forelimb) regions of the motor cortex, respectively. More rostral nuclear zones project to more caudal (proximal forelimb, eye) cortical regions. There is little overlap between these four nuclear subdivisions. The nucleus centralis lateralis projects to vibrissae and proximal, as well as distal, forelimb areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(86)90007-2}, keywords = {Animals; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Extremities, innervation; Eye Movements; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(86)90007-2}, pmid = {3024065}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cicirata:1990, author = {Cicirata, F. and Angaut, P. and Serapide, M. F. and Panto, M. R.}, title = {Functional organization of the direct and indirect projection via the reticularis thalami nuclear complex from the motor cortex to the thalamic nucleus ventralis lateralis.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {79}, number = {2}, pages = {325--337}, abstract = {The projection systems which arise from the motor cortex to reach the nucleus ventralis lateralis (VL) were investigated in the rat. They included a direct as well as an indirect projection via the reticularis thalami nuclear complex (RT). The investigation was performed in two steps: i) the former concerned the projection to the VL as well as to the RT from individual cortical foci electrophysiologically identified by the motor effects evoked by electrical stimulation; the second step concerned the projection from the RT to functionally defined regions of the VL. The direct projection from the motor cortex to the VL is somatotopically arranged. The projection reciprocates the fiber system directed from the VL to the motor cortex. Thus cortical zones controlling the motor activity of the proximal segments of the limbs project onto the regions of the VL that project back to these same cortical areas. With regard to cortical zones controlling the motor activity of the distal segments of the limbs, they not only project to the region of the VL specifically related to them, but also to the region of the VL associated with the cortical areas responsible for movements of the proximal parts of the same limb. In that case fiber terminals were more dense in the VL region controlling the proximal segment than in the region controlling the distal segment of the same limb. This organization suggests that proximal adjustments may be automatically provided by the motor activity of the distal segments of the same limb. The motor cortex projects to the rostral region of the RT with a precise topographical organization. In particular, the projection shows a dorsoventral organization in the RT in relation to the caudorostral body representation in the motor cortex. The projection which arises from the rostral region of the RT also reaches the VL with a topographical arrangement. It discloses a rostrocaudal organization in the VL in relation to a dorsoventral displacement in the RT. Comparing the projection from the motor cortex to the RT and that from this nuclear complex to the VL it was shown that the regions of the VL and their receptive cortical areas were associated with the same regions of the RT. It was therefore concluded that the motor cortical projection to the VL relayed by the RT is somatotopically organized. In both direct and relayed pathways the projections from "hind-" and "forelimb" motor area are segregated, whereas the "head" projection overlaps, at least partially, the "forelimb" terminal field.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1007/bf00608242}, institution = {Institute of Human Physiology, Catania, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Motor Cortex, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1691106}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cicirata:2005, author = {Federico Cicirata and Agata Zappalà and Maria Francesca Serapide and Rosalba Parenti and Maria Rosita Pantò and Carlos Paz}, title = {Different pontine projections to the two sides of the cerebellum.}, journal = {Brain Res Brain Res Rev}, year = {2005}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {280-294}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {This study analyzed the projections of the basilar pontine nuclei (BPN) and of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) to the two sides of the cerebellum in the rat. It showed that the two sides of the cerebellar cortex were innervated by different percentages of BPN (about 82\% of the cells project to the contralateral cortex and 18\% to the ipsilateral) and NRTP cells (some 60\% project to the contralateral cortex and 40\% to the ipsilateral). In comparison to projections traced to the cortex, only a few fibers were traced to the nuclei of the same animals. Most of the projections of the BPN to the cerebellar nuclei were traced to the lateralis and posterior interpositus nucleus of the contralateral side (95\%), while a few were traced to homologous nuclei of the ipsilateral side (5\%). Thus, the BPN principally control the activity of the contralateral cerebellum, with a much less important control over the activity of the ipsilateral cerebellum. Vice versa, the NRTP, which project to the lateralis, interpositus, and medialis nuclei of the two sides, with percentages (64\% contra- and 36\% ipsilateral) similar to those reported for the projections to the cortex, is more concerned in the bilateral control of the cerebellum, although with a moderate contralateral prevalence. The fact that projections of the BPN were principally traced to the contralateral nuclei, from which the efferent projection fibers from the cerebellum originate, suggests that the BPN are principally involved in the motor control of the contralateral body. Conversely, the bilateral projections of the NRTP to the cerebellar nuclei suggest that the NRTP is mainly involved in bilateral motor activities. The comparison of the projections to the cortex and nuclei of the cerebellum of single animals supports the co-existence of coupled (i.e., projections to the cortex and the corresponding nuclei) and uncoupled (i.e., projections to the cortex but not to the nuclei) projection patterns, from both the BPN and the NRTP. These features of the pontocerebellar projections open new vistas on the functional architecture of this pathway.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.02.002}, institution = {Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiologiche, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy. cicirata@mbox.unict.it}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165-0173(05)00028-7}, pmid = {16111556}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.02.002}, } @Article{Cid-Pellitero:2011, author = {Esther del Cid-Pellitero and Miguel Garzón}, title = {Hypocretin1/OrexinA axon targeting of laterodorsal tegmental nucleus neurons projecting to the rat medial prefrontal cortex.}, journal = {Cereb Cortex}, year = {2011}, volume = {21}, number = {12}, pages = {2762--2773}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Cortical activation and goal-directed behaviors characterize wakefulness. One cortical region especially involved in these phenomena is the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which receives many inputs from cholinergic-containing neurons in brain stem structures implicated in arousal and wakefulness, such as the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT). Hypocretins/orexins (Hcrt/Ox), whose dysfunction is linked to narcolepsy, maintains arousal and stabilizes sleep-wakefulness states. We aim to determine if Hcrt1/OxA axons (1) innervate LDT neurons projecting to the mPFC, a target that would allow them to sustain arousal and wakefulness, and (2) target preferentially cholinergic versus noncholinergic LDT neurons. The retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG) was injected in the rat mPFC, and dual immunolabeling of anti-FG and either anti-choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) or anti-Hcrt1/OxA antisera was determined in LDT. Also, actual Hcrt1/OxA targeting of cholinergic LDT neurons was ascertained by dual anti-Hcrt1/OxA and anti-ChAT detection in additional noninjected animals. Many LDT FG-labeled neurons were cholinergic (52.05 ± 3.72\%). Hcrt1/OxA immunoprecipitate was observed in cytoplasm and granular vesicles within axons. Some Hcrt1/OxA-containing axons established asymmetric excitatory-type synapses with either unlabeled (46/438) or FG-labeled (7/438) dendrites. One-third of the target neurons were ChAT labeled. Hcrt1/OxA excitatory input to LDT neurons projecting to mPFC probably contributes to the wakefulness-enhancing actions of Hcrt/Ox impaired in narcoleptics.}, doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhr070}, institution = {Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immunohistochemistry; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, metabolism; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Wakefulness, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {bhr070}, pmid = {21508301}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr070}, } @Article{Cid-Pellitero:2011a, author = {Esther Del Cid-Pellitero and Miguel Garzón}, title = {Hypocretin1/OrexinA-containing axons innervate locus coeruleus neurons that project to the Rat medial prefrontal cortex. Implication in the sleep-wakefulness cycle and cortical activation.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {2011}, volume = {65}, number = {9}, pages = {843--857}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The Hypocretin1/OrexinA (Hcrt1/OxA) neuropeptides are found in a group of posterolateral hypothalamus neurons and are involved in sleep-wakefulness cycle regulation. Hcrt1/OxA neurons project widely to brainstem aminergic structures, such as the locus coeruleus (LC), which are involved in maintenance of wakefulness and EEG activation through intense projections to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Moreover, defects of the Hcrt1/OxA system are linked to narcolepsy, a disorder characterized by excessive diurnal hypersomnia and REM state disturbance. We aimed to determine whether Hcrt1/OxA neurons innervate LC neurons (noradrenergic and nonnoradrenergic) that project to the mPFC, thereby sustaining behavioral wakefulness. To assess this, we used retrograde tracing from mPFC injections and either Hcrt1/OxA or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemical labeling in single sections of rat LC. The retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG) was microinjected into mPFC and, at optimal survival periods, sections through the LC were processed for dual immunolabeling of anti-FG and either anti-Hcrt1/OxA or anti-TH antisera. Many LC neurons projecting to mPFC were nonnoradrenergic. Electron microscopy revealed a prominent localization of Hcrt1/OxA in unmyelinated axons and axon boutons (varicosities and axon terminals) within the LC. Hcrt1/OxA-immunoreactive axon boutons frequently apposed (104/1907) or made asymmetric excitatory-type synapses (60/1907) with FG-immunolabeled dendrites, indicating that Hcrt1/OxA can modulate the activity of LC neurons with cortical projections. Our results show that Hcrt1/OxA hypothalamic neurons likely excite LC neurons that project to the mPFC, and thus activate EEG and facilitate wakefulness. In narcoleptics, who are deficient in Hcrt1/OxA, impairment of this Hcrt1/OxA hypothalamic input to LC might contribute to the appearance of excessive daytime sleepiness.}, doi = {10.1002/syn.20912}, institution = {, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Cell Count; Electron Microscope Tomography; Functional Laterality; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, metabolism; Locus Coeruleus, cytology; Male; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {21308795}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.20912}, } @Article{Ciriello:1983, author = {Ciriello, J.}, title = {Brainstem projections of aortic baroreceptor afferent fibers in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1983}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, pages = {37--42}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Brainstem projections of the aortic nerve in the rat were studied using the transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase. Labeled axons were found to project predominantly to the ipsilateral interstitial nucleus and to the ipsilateral dorsolateral aspect of the nucleus of the solitary tract near the level of the obex. Lighter bilateral projections were also found to the medial, ventrolateral and dorsolateral aspects of the solitary complex, and to the commissural nucleus. These data provide evidence of direct aortic baroreceptor afferent projections to restricted regions of the solitary complex and indicate that these specific areas function in the integration of the baroreceptor reflex.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(83)90482-2}, keywords = {Animals; Aorta, anatomy /&/ histology; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cats; Male; Neurons, Afferent; Pressoreceptors; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Species Specificity}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(83)90482-2}, pmid = {6856201}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ciriello:1983a, author = {Ciriello, J. and Calaresu, F. R.}, title = {Central projections of afferent renal fibers in the rat: an anterograde transport study of horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, year = {1983}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {273--285}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The projections of afferent renal fibers (ARN) to dorsal root ganglia and into the spinal cord of the rat were studied using the anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Crystalline HRP was applied to the proximal cut ends of renal nerves or injected as a concentrated solution into the kidney, on either the right or left side. After a survival time of 40-120 h, sections of thoraco-lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord were cut and processed according to the tetramethyl benzidine method. HRP applied either to the ARN or to the kidney on the left labeled neurons in the DRG from T8 to L2. On the other hand, HRP application on the right side resulted in labeling of neurons in DRG T6 to T13. No labeled neurons were found in the contralateral DRG. Labeled neurons in the DRG were of the small (11-20 micron) and medium (30-42 micron) size and were distributed in all portions of the DRG. In the spinal cord the greatest concentration of labeled ARN from the left were found in segments T10-L1, whereas projections from the right ARN were concentrated primarily in segments T7-T10. Labeled fibers entered along the medial aspect of the ipsilateral dorsal horn and projected both rostrally and caudally in the medial portion of Lissauer's tract, sending some collaterals into lamina I. The majority of labeled fibers coursed ventrally along the medial aspect of the dorsal horn towards the midline where they terminated in the region of the dorsal gray commissure, just dorsal to the central canal. Additionally, labeled fibers from the medial projection passed into laminae III-V. No labeled fibers or terminals were observed in the contralateral spinal cord. These data show that ARN enter the spinal cord through several DRG and provide the first anatomical demonstration of central sites of termination of ARN. These spinal sites of projection of sensory information from the kidney are likely to be central sites of integration of reno-renal and visceral reflexes.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-1838(83)90110-8}, keywords = {Animals; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology; Kidney, innervation; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6668388}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ciriello:2014, author = {Ciriello, John and Caverson, Monica M.}, title = {Hypothalamic orexin-A (hypocretin-1) neuronal projections to the vestibular complex and cerebellum in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2014}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Immunohistochemistry combined with retrograde tract-tracing techniques were used to investigate the distribution of orexin-A (OX-A)- and OX-A receptor-like (OX1) immunoreactivity within the vestibular complex and cerebellum, and the location of hypothalamic OX-A neurons sending axonal projections to these regions in the Wistar rat. OX-A immunoreactive fibers and presumptive terminals were found throughout the medial (MVe) and lateral (LVe) vestibular nuclei. Light fiber labeling was also observed in the spinal and superior vestibular nuclei. Within the cerebellum, dense fiber and presumptive terminal labeling was observed in the medial cerebellar nucleus (Med; fastigial nucleus), with less dense labeling in the interposed (Int) and lateral cerebellar nuclei (Lat; dentate nucleus). A few scattered OX-A immunoreactive fibers were also observed throughout the cortex of the paraflocculus. OX1-like immunoreactivity was found densely concentrated within LVe, moderate in MVe, and scattered within the spinal and superior vestibular nuclei. Within the cerebellum, OX1-like immunoreactivity was also observed densely within Med and in the dorsolateral aspects of Int. Additionally, OX1 like-labeling was found in Lat, and within the granular layer of the caudal paraflocculus cerebellar cortex. Fluorogold (FG) microinjected into these vestibular and cerebellar regions resulted in retrogradely labeled neurons throughout the ipsilateral hypothalamus. Retrogradely labeled neurons containing OX-A like immunoreactivity were observed dorsal and caudal to the anterior hypothalamic nucleus and extending laterally into the lateral hypothalamic area, with the largest number clustered around the dorsal aspects of the fornix in the perifornical area. A few FG OX-A like-immunoreactive neurons were also observed scattered throughout the dorsomedial, and posterior hypothalamic nuclei. These data indicate that axons from OX-A neurons terminate within the vestibular complex and deep cerebellar nuclei of the cerebellum and although the function of these pathways is unknown, they likely represent pathways by which hypothalamic OX-A containing neurons co-ordinate vestibulo-cerebellar motor and autonomic functions associated with ingestive behaviors.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.008}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(14)00915-9}, pmid = {25017945}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.008}, } @Article{Ciriello:2014b, author = {Ciriello, John and Caverson, Monica M.}, title = {Carotid chemoreceptor afferent projections to leptin receptor containing neurons in nucleus of the solitary tract.}, journal = {Peptides}, year = {2014}, volume = {58}, pages = {30--35}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Neurons expressing the leptin receptor (Ob-R) exist within the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Additionally, afferent neurons expressing the Ob-R have been identified within the nodose ganglion and NTS. Furthermore, systemic injections or focal injections of leptin directly into NTS potentiate the response of NTS neurons to carotid chemoreceptor activation. However, the distribution of carotid body afferents in relation to Ob-R containing neurons within NTS is not known. In this study, chemoreceptor afferent fibers were labeled following microinjection of the anterograde tract tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the carotid body or petrosal/nodose ganglion of Wistar rats. After a survival period of 10-14 days, the NTS was processed for BDA and Ob-R immunoreactivity. Afferent axons originating in the carotid body were found to project to the lateral (Slt), gelantinosa (Sg), and medial (Sm) subnuclei of the NTS complex. A similar, but more robust distribution of BDA labeled fibers was observed in the NTS complex after injections into the petrosal/nodose ganglion. Carotid body BDA labeled fibers were observed in close apposition to Ob-R immunoreactive neurons in the region of Slt, Sg and Sm. In addition, a small number of carotid body afferents were found to contain both BDA and express Ob-R-like immunoreactivity within the regions of Slt, Sg and Sm. Taken together, these data suggest that leptin may modulate carotid chemoreceptor function not only through direct effects on NTS neurons, but also through a direct effect on carotid body primary afferent fibers that innervate NTS neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/j.peptides.01.05.20144}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0196-9781(14)00160-0}, pmid = {24905621}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.01.05.20144}, } @Article{Ciriello:2016, author = {Ciriello, John and Caverson, Monica M.}, title = {Effect of estrogen on vagal afferent projections to the brainstem in the female.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2016}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The effects of 17β-estradiol (E) on the distribution and density of brainstem projections of small or large diameter primary vagal afferents were investigated in Wistar rats using transganglionic transport of wheat germ agglutinin- (WGA; preferentially transported by non-myelinated afferent C-fibers; 2\%), or cholera toxin B-subunit- (CTB, 5\%; preferentially transported by large myelinated afferent A-fibers) conjugated horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in combination with the tetramethylbenzidine method in age matched ovariectomized (OVX) only or OVX and treated with E (OVX+E; 30pg/ml plasma) females for 12 weeks. Additionally, these projections were compared to aged matched males. Unilateral microinjection of WGA-HRP into the nodose ganglion resulted in dense anterograde labeling bilaterally, with an ipsilateral predominance in several subnuclei of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and in area postrema that was greatest in OVX+E animals compared to OVX only and males. Moderately dense anterograde labeling was also observed in paratrigeminal nucleus (PAT) of the OVX+E animals. CTB-HRP produced less dense anterograde labeling in the NTS complex, but had a wider distribution within the brainstem including the area postrema, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, PAT, the nucleus ambiguus complex and ventrolateral medulla in all groups. The distribution of CTB-HRP anterograde labeling was densest in OVX+E, less dense in OVX only females and least dense in male rats. Little, if any, labeling was found within PAT in males using either WGA-or CTB-HRP. Taken together, these data suggest that small, non-myelinated (WGA-labeled) and large myelinated (CTB-labeled) diameter vagal afferents projecting to brainstem autonomic areas are differentially affected by circulating levels of estrogen. These effects of estrogen on connectivity may contribute to the sex differences observed in central autonomic mechanisms between gender, and in females with and without estrogen.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.041}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(16)30018-X}, pmid = {26835561}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.041}, } @Article{Ciriello:2013, author = {Ciriello, J. and Caverson, M. M. and McMurray, J. C. and Bruckschwaiger, E. B.}, title = {Co-localization of hypocretin-1 and leucine-enkephalin in hypothalamic neurons projecting to the nucleus of the solitary tract and their effect on arterial pressure.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2013}, volume = {250}, pages = {599--613}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Experiments were done to investigate whether hypothalamic hypocretin-1 (hcrt-1; orexin-A) neurons that sent axonal projections to cardiovascular responsive sites in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) co-expressed leucine-enkephalin (L-Enk), and to determine the effects of co-administration of hcrt-1 and D-Ala2,D-Leu5-Enkephalin (DADL) into NTS on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate. In the first series, in the Wistar rat the retrograde tract-tracer fluorogold (FG) was microinjected (50nl) into caudal NTS sites at which L-glutamate (0.25 M; 10 nl) elicited decreases in MAP and where fibers hcrt-1 immunoreactive fibers were observed that also contained L-Enk immunoreactivity. Of the number of hypothalamic hcrt-1 immunoreactive neurons identified ipsilateral to the NTS injection site (1207 ± 78), 32.3 ± 2.3\% co-expressed L-Enk immunoreactivity and of these, 2.6 ± 1.1\% were retrogradely labeled with FG. Hcrt-1/L-Enk neurons projecting to NTS were found mainly within the perifornical region. In the second series, the region of caudal NTS found to contain axons that co-expressed hcrt-1 and L-Enk immunoreactivity was microinjected with a combination of hcrt-1 and DADL in α-chloralose anesthetized Wistar rats. Microinjection of DADL into NTS elicited depressor and bradycardia responses similar to those elicited by microinjection of hcrt-1. An hcrt-1 injection immediately after the DADL injection elicited an almost twofold increase in the magnitude of the depressor and bradycardia responses compared to those elicited by hcrt-1 alone. Prior injections of the non-specific opioid receptor antagonist naloxone or the specific opioid δ-receptor antagonist ICI 154,129 significantly attenuated the cardiovascular responses to the combined hcrt-1-DADL injections. Taken together, these data suggest that activation of hypothalamic-opioidergic neuronal systems contribute to the NTS hcrt-1 induced cardiovascular responses, and that this descending hypothalamo-medullary pathway may represent the anatomical substrate by which hcrt-1/L-Enk neurons function in the coordination of autonomic-cardiovascular responses during different behavioral states.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.054}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada. Electronic address: jciriell@uwo.ca.}, keywords = {Animals; Arterial Pressure, drug effects/physiology; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Enkephalin, Leucine, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism/pharmacology; Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Heart Rate, drug effects/physiology; Hypothalamus, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, metabolism/pharmacology; Male; Melphalan, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Microinjections; Narcotic Antagonists, pharmacology; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Neuropeptides, metabolism/pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Opioid, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(13)00648-9}, pmid = {23912034}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.054}, } @Article{Ciriello:2003, author = {John Ciriello and Jordana C McMurray and Tanja Babic and Cleusa V R de Oliveira}, title = {Collateral axonal projections from hypothalamic hypocretin neurons to cardiovascular sites in nucleus ambiguus and nucleus tractus solitarius.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2003}, volume = {991}, number = {1-2}, pages = {133--141}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Hypocretin-1 (hcrt-1)-containing axons have been shown to have an extensive distribution within the central nervous system, although the total number of hypothalamic hcrt-1 neurons has been shown to be small. This suggests that hcrt-1 neurons may innervate central structures with similar function through collateral axonal projections. Retrograde tract-tracing techniques combined with immunohistochemistry were used in this study to investigate whether hypothalamic hcrt-1-containing neurons send collateral axonal projections to cardiovascular sites in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and in the nucleus ambiguus (Amb) in the rat. Fluorogold- (FG) and/or rhodamine (Rd)-labeled latex microspheres were microinjected into either the NTS or Amb at sites that elicited bardycardia responses (L-glutamate; 0.25 M; 10 nl). After a survival period of 10-15 days, the rats were sacrificed and tissue sections of the hypothalamus were processed immunohistochemically for the identification of hcrt-1- containing cell bodies. After injection of the tract-tracers into the NTS or Amb, retrogradely labeled neurons were observed within several hypothalamic regions; the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, perifornical hypothalamic area, and posterior hypothalamus, bilaterally, but with an ipsilateral predominance. In addition, after NTS injections, retrogradely labeled neurons were found within the ipsilateral caudal arcuate nucleus. Of the total number (1107+/-97) of hcrt-1-immunoreactive neurons found bilaterally within the lateral and perifornical hypothalamic nuclei, 7.9+/-1.4\% were found to be retrogradely labeled from the NTS, 16.4+/-1.8\% from the Amb, and 3.1+/-0.5\% from both medullary sites. Hcrt-1 neurons projecting to the NTS were found mainly in and around the perifornical hypothalamic region, with a smaller number in the caudal lateral hypothalamic area. On the other hand, those innervating the Amb were primarily observed within the caudal lateral hypothalamic area, with a smaller number in the perifornical hypothalamic area. Neurons with collateral axonal projections to NTS and Amb were observed within two specific hypothalamic areas: one group of neurons was found in the perifornical hypothalamic area, and the other was observed in the lateral hypothalamic region just dorsal to the retrochiasmatic component of the supraoptic nucleus. These data indicate that axons from hcrt-1 neurons bifurcate to innervate functionally similar cardiovascular-responsive sites in the NTS and Amb. Although the function of these hcrt-1-containing hypothalamic-medullary pathways is not known, they likely represent the anatomical substrate by which the lateral hypothalamic hcrt-1 neurons simultaneously coordinate autonomic-cardiovascular responses to different behaviors.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2003.08.016}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1. john.ciriello@fmd.uwo.ca}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Bradycardia, metabolism; Cardiovascular System, innervation; Carrier Proteins, metabolism; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunohistochemistry; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Rats; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899303035492}, pmid = {14575885}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ciriello:1996, author = {J. Ciriello and M. P. Rosas-Arellano and L. P. Solano-Flores}, title = {Direct projections to subfornical organ from catecholaminergic neurons in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {726}, number = {1-2}, pages = {227--232}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Experiments were done to investigate the distribution of neurons within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) that projected directly to the subfornical organ (SFO) and to determine whether these neurons were components of the catecholaminergic cell groups in the dorsal medial medulla. Microinjection of the fluorescent tract-tracers fluorogold or rhodamine latex micro-beads were made into the SFO of the rat. Brainstem sections were then processed immunocytochemically for the identification of neuronal cell bodies containing the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) or phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT). Retrogradely labelled cell bodies that projected to the SFO were found in the NTS, bilaterally, extending from approximately the level of the rostral aspect of the area postrema (obex) caudally to the calamus scriptorius. These neurons were located predominantly in the medial, lateral and dorsolateral subdivisions of NTS. Approximately one-third of these retrogradely labelled neurons were immunoreactive to TH and DBH. On the other hand, less than 7\% of the retrogradely labelled neurons were found to contain TH and PNMT immunoreactivity. These data have demonstrated that noradrenergic neurons of the A2 cell group in the caudal NTS innervate the SFO and suggest that these neurons may be involved in relaying cardiovascular afferent information directly to a forebrain circumventricular organ involved in arterial pressure and body fluid homeostasis.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(96)00474-x}, institution = {Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. jciriell@physiology.uwo.ca}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Catecholamines, physiology; Male; Microinjections; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, physiology; Subfornical Organ, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8836565}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ciriello:1994, author = {J. Ciriello and C. G. Schultz and S. Roder}, title = {Collateral axonal projections from ventrolateral medullary non-catecholaminergic neurons to central nucleus of the amygdala.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1994}, volume = {663}, number = {2}, pages = {346--351}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Retrograde tract-tracing techniques were used to investigate whether catecholaminergic neurons in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) send collateral axonal projections to both central nuclei of the amygdala (ACe) in the rat. Rhodamine-labelled latex microspheres or fluorogold (2\%) were microinjected into the region of either the right or left ACe. After a survival period of 10-12 days, the rats were sacrificed and transverse sections of the brainstem were processed immunohistochemically for the identification of cell bodies containing the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT). Neuronal perikarya containing the retrogradely transported tracers were observed throughout the rostrocaudal extent of VLM, bilaterally. Approximately 10\% of the retrogradely labelled neurons were observed to contain both retrograde tracers. The majority (79 +/- 6.8\%) of these double labelled neurons were located within the caudal VLM and their number decreased rostrally. In addition, the proportion of double labelled neurons to single labelled neurons in VLM decreased rostrally; approximately 11\% in the caudal VLM and 6\% in the rostral VLM. Furthermore, approximately 21\% of all VLM neurons that projected to ACe were found to be catecholaminergic: 75\% of these were immunoreactive to TH and 25\% to PNMT. However, no neurons were found in VLM that contained both retrograde tracers and immunoreactivity to TH or PNMT. These data demonstrate that axons originating from non-catecholaminergic neurons in VLM bifurcate to innervate ACe bilaterally. Although the function of these VLM neurons that project to both ACe is not known, they may be the anatomical substrate by which VLM neurons relay simultaneously autonomic and/or visceral sensory information to influence the activity of ACe.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)91285-8}, institution = {Department of Physiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.}, keywords = {Amygdala, physiology/ultrastructure; Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Catecholamines, physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(94)91285-8}, pmid = {7874522}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Claiborne:1986, author = {Claiborne, B. J. and Amaral, D. G. and Cowan, W. M.}, title = {A light and electron microscopic analysis of the mossy fibers of the rat dentate gyrus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1986}, volume = {246}, number = {4}, pages = {435--458}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The axon collaterals of dentate granule cells have been analyzed with the aid of a computerized microscope, following intracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase in hippocampal slice preparations. The axon of each granule cell gives rise to approximately seven primary collaterals; these collaterals usually divide into secondary and tertiary branches, which form an extensive plexus within the hilar region of the dentate gyrus. Individual axon collaterals vary greatly in length, but most have been found to be between 100 and 300 microns long. On average, the summed lengths of the collaterals (exclusive of the parent mossy fiber) are approximately 2,300 microns. Except for an occasional collateral that is given off by a mossy fiber in the proximal part of field CA3 of the hippocampus, the collaterals of the granule cell axons are confined to the hilar region; they are rarely seen in the granule cell layer itself and have never been observed in the molecular layer. In the longitudinal dimension of the dentate gyrus, most of the collaterals are contained within a zone about 400 microns wide. The distribution of the collaterals within the hilar region is correlated with the location of the granule cell body. Those that arise from cells near the tip of the suprapyramidal blade tend to be confined to the region above field CA3; those from cells nearer the crest and from the infrapyramidal blade ramify widely throughout the hilus. Two types of varicosities are present on the collaterals. Numerous small (approximately 2 microns), round varicosities are distributed unevenly along the collaterals; in electron micrographs these varicosities can be seen to make asymmetric synaptic contacts with dendritic shafts. On average, each granule cell collateral plexus has about 160 of these varicosities. The second type of varicosity is irregular in shape and ranges from 2 to 4 microns in diameter; there is usually only one such varicosity per collateral. In all respects except size, these varicosities resemble the expansions found on the parent mossy fibers. Mossy fiber trajectories in the proximal part of field CA3 were studied after extracellular injections of HRP into localized regions of the granule cell layer. Granule cells at different locations around the blade send their mossy fibers to different depths within the pyramidal cell layer in the proximal part of field CA3. However, further distally, mossy fibers from all parts of the granule cell layer contribute to the suprapyramidal bundle that occupies the stratum lucidum.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902460403}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Female; Hippocampus, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Microinjections; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, analysis/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3700723}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902460403}, } @Article{Clancy:1999, author = {B. Clancy and L. J. Cauller}, title = {Widespread projections from subgriseal neurons (layer VII) to layer I in adult rat cortex.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {407}, number = {2}, pages = {275--286}, month = {May}, abstract = {Theories of information processing and plasticity in mammalian cortex often rely on knowledge of intracortical networks studied in rodent cortex. Accordingly, the contribution of all cells involved in this circuitry is potentially significant, including connections from a subset of neurons that persist from the developmental subplate, called subgriseal neurons in the present study. Ascending corticocortical connections from subgriseal neurons were identified by using in vivo transport of fluorescent retrograde tracers from discrete applications confined to cortical layer I (approximately 1 mm2) or from injections placed into superficial cortical layers. Applications restricted to cortical layer I can be identified by a subsequent retrograde labeling pattern that includes neurons in layers II/III and V but not those in layer IV. In contrast, when retrograde tracer is deposited in layers II/III, layer IV cells are also labeled. By using this identification technique in juvenile and adult rats, widespread interareal projections to superficial layers, including unequivocal connections to cortical layer I, were found to originate from a tangential band of neurons directly below the conventionally identified gray matter (i.e., subgriseal) and from a smaller number of cells in the white matter (WM) proper. Subgriseal and WM neurons were labeled below application and injection sites in somatosensory, auditory, visual, motor, frontal, and adjacent areas at distances of more than 4 mm. However, the subgriseal-to-superficial pathway was not sensitive to nonfluorescent retrograde tracers including horseradish peroxidase. Because neurons in the deeper cortical layers can be strongly influenced through input to their apical dendritic extensions in cortical layer I, the widespread connections described in the present study indicate that the ascending subgriseal projections should be considered in models of mature cortical function.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990503)407:2<275::aid-cne8>3.0.co;2-0}, institution = {Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. bec8@cornell.edu}, keywords = {Aging; Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Frontal Lobe, cytology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Motor Cortex, cytology/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons, classification/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Visual Cortex, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-0}, pmid = {10213095}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Clark:1991, author = {F. M. Clark and H. K. Proudfit}, title = {The projection of noradrenergic neurons in the A7 catecholamine cell group to the spinal cord in the rat demonstrated by anterograde tracing combined with immunocytochemistry.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {547}, number = {2}, pages = {279--288}, month = {May}, abstract = {Noradrenergic neurons located in the A5, A7 and locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus (LC/SC) catecholamine cell groups innervate all levels of the spinal cord. However, the specific spinal cord terminations of these neurons have not been clearly delineated. This study determined the spinal cord terminations of the A7 catecholamine cell group using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) in combination with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) immunocytochemistry. In addition, the spinal cord projections of A7 neurons were examined by measuring the reduction in the density of DBH-immunoreactive axons in specific regions of the spinal cord after a unilateral electrolytic lesion of the A7 cell group. The results of these experiments indicate that noradrenergic neurons in the A7 cell group project primarily in the ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus and terminate most heavily in the dorsal horn (laminae I-IV).}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)90972-x}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago 60680.}, keywords = {Animals; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, analysis; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, chemistry; Norepinephrine, analysis; Phytohemagglutinins; Pons, chemistry/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, chemistry/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(91)90972-X}, pmid = {1884202}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Clark:1991a, author = {F. M. Clark and H. K. Proudfit}, title = {The projection of locus coeruleus neurons to the spinal cord in the rat determined by anterograde tracing combined with immunocytochemistry.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {538}, number = {2}, pages = {231--245}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Pontospinal noradrenergic neurons located in the A5, A7 and locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus (LC/SC) nuclei are the major source of the noradrenergic innervation of the spinal cord. However, the specific terminations of spinally-projecting noradrenergic neurons located in these nuclei have not been clearly defined. The purpose of the experiments described in this report was to more precisely define the spinal terminations of neurons located in the LC/SC using the anterograde tracer phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin in combination with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H) immunocytochemistry. In addition, the spinal cord regions in which LC/SC neurons terminate was assessed by measuring the reduction in the density of D beta H-immunoreactive axon terminals in specific spinal cord regions after a unilateral electrolytic lesion that included LC/SC neurons. The results of these experiments indicate that the axons of LC neurons are located primarily in the ipsilateral ventral funiculus and terminate most heavily in the medial part of laminae VII and VIII, the motoneuron pool of lamina IX, and lamina X. LC neurons provide a moderately dense innervation of the ventral part of the dorsal horn, but only a very sparse innervation of the superficial dorsal horn. The SC projects ipsilaterally in the ventrolateral funiculus and terminates diffusely in the intermediate and ventral laminae of the spinal cord.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)90435-x}, institution = {University of Illinois, Chicago 60680.}, keywords = {Animals; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Oxazines, diagnostic use; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(91)90435-X}, pmid = {2012966}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Clark:1991d, author = {Clark, F. M. and Proudfit, H. K.}, title = {Projections of neurons in the ventromedial medulla to pontine catecholamine cell groups involved in the modulation of nociception.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {540}, number = {1-2}, pages = {105--115}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Stimulation of neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus (RMg) or the adjacent gigantocellular nucleus pars alpha (Gi alpha) and paragigantocellular nucleus (PGi) produces antinociception which is partially mediated by bulbospinal noradrenergic neurons. Since no norepinephrine-containing neurons are located in either the RMg or the Gi alpha/PGi, it is likely that neurons located in these nuclei have axonal connections with the spinally-projecting catecholamine neurons located in the A5, A6 (locus coeruleus), or A7 catecholamine cell groups. To provide evidence for such connections, the anterograde tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), was injected into the RMg or Gi alpha/PGi and labeled axons were identified near catecholamine-containing neurons labeled with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactivity (D beta H-ir). A dense field of PHA-L-positive terminals was seen within the A7 cell group which was mainly ipsilateral to PHA-L injections made into either the RMg or the Gi alpha/PGi. Many PHA-L-positive terminals were closely apposed to D beta H-ir A7 perikarya or proximal dendrites. A modest number of terminals was seen within the A5 and LC cell groups. In the second experiment, a unilateral injection of the retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold, was made into the A7 cell group and brainstem sections were processed for serotonin (5-HT) immunocytochemistry. Many neurons retrogradely labeled with Fluoro-Gold were seen in the RMg, but a much larger number were found in the Gi alpha/PGi. Less than 5\% of these Fluoro-Gold-labeled cells contained 5-HT-immunoreactivity. The results of these experiments indicate that the RMg and Gi alpha/PGi have a substantial population of non-serotonergic neurons which project to the A7 noradrenergic cell group.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)90496-i}, institution = {University of Illinois, Department of Pharmacology, Chicago 60612.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Catecholamines, physiology; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, analysis; Electric Stimulation; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Nociceptors, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(91)90496-I}, pmid = {1711394}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Clark:1992, author = {F. M. Clark and H. K. Proudfit}, title = {Anatomical evidence for genetic differences in the innervation of the rat spinal cord by noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1992}, volume = {591}, number = {1}, pages = {44--53}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Pontospinal noradrenergic neurons located in the A5, A6 (locus coeruleus, LC), and A7 cell groups are the major source of the noradrenergic innervation of the spinal cord. We have recently examined the specific terminations of these three cell groups in the spinal cord and found that the LC provides the major noradrenergic innervation of the ventral horn, while the A7 and A5 cell groups innervate the dorsal horn and intermediate zone, respectively. However, the results of similar experiments from another laboratory have shown that noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus primarily innervate the dorsal horn, while the A5 and A7 innervate the intermediate zone and the ventral horn. These conflicting results may be due to fundamental genetic differences between the rats used in our experiments (Sasco Sprague-Dawley) and those used by the other laboratory (Harlan Sprague-Dawley). This possibility was examined by determining the projections of coeruleospinal neurons in these two rat substrains using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. The results indicate that in Sasco rats the LC neurons project through the ipsilateral ventromedial funiculus and terminate almost exclusively in the medial part of laminae VII and VIII, the motoneuron pool of lamina IX, and lamina X. In contrast, LC neurons in Harlan rats project bilaterally through the superficial dorsal horn and the dorsolateral funiculus and terminate most heavily in dorsal horn laminae I-IV. In addition, the LC neurons of Sasco rats innervate cervical spinal cord segments more densely than lumbar spinal cord segments, while in Harlan rats the lumbar spinal cord is more densely innervated than the cervical spinal cord. These results indicate that the projections of coeruleospinal neurons in Sasco rats are fundamentally different from those in Harlan rats and suggest that noradrenergic LC neurons may have different physiological functions in these two rat substrains.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(92)90976-g}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago 60680.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Female; Injections; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Norepinephrine, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, administration /&/ dosage; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, genetics; Species Specificity; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1446232}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Clark:1993, author = {F. M. Clark and H. K. Proudfit}, title = {The projections of noradrenergic neurons in the A5 catecholamine cell group to the spinal cord in the rat: anatomical evidence that A5 neurons modulate nociception.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1993}, volume = {616}, number = {1-2}, pages = {200--210}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Brainstem noradrenergic neurons located in the A5, A6, and A7 catecholamine cell groups provide the entire noradrenergic innervation of the spinal cord. We have previously demonstrated that noradrenergic neurons in the A6 and A7 cell groups innervate the ventral and dorsal horns, respectively. Since the specific spinal cord terminations of the A5 cell group have not been clearly delineated, the present experiments were designed to trace the projections from this noradrenergic cell group to the spinal cord, using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) in combination with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunocytochemistry. The results of these experiments indicate that A5 noradrenergic neurons project ipsilaterally through the dorsolateral funiculus in cervical, thoracic, and lumbar segments. In cervical segments, these axons terminate primarily in the ipsilateral deep dorsal horn (laminae IV-VI) and the intermediate zone (lamina VII). In thoracic segments, the intermediolateral cell column is heavily innervated by A5 axons. In lumbar segments, the concentration of A5 axons is more diffuse and more widely distributed than that in cervical and thoracic segments. Although there is a higher density of axons in the deep dorsal horn and the intermediate zone, there are also scattered axons in the dorsal and ventral horns. The innervation of these regions of the spinal cord by A5 neurons provides anatomical support for the conclusion that these noradrenergic neurons are involved in modulating cardiovascular reflexes and nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(93)90210-e}, institution = {University of Illinois, Department of Pharmacology, Chicago 60680.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Biological Markers, analysis; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Catecholamines, metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Phytohemagglutinins; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Stilbamidines; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(93)90210-E}, pmid = {7689410}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Clark:1991c, author = {Clark, F. M. and Yeomans, D. C. and Proudfit, H. K.}, title = {The noradrenergic innervation of the spinal cord: differences between two substrains of Sprague-Dawley rats determined using retrograde tracers combined with immunocytochemistry.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1991}, volume = {125}, number = {2}, pages = {155--158}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {We have recently described the spinal cord terminations of noradrenergic neurons located in the A5, A6 and A7 cell groups. However, recent reports from another laboratory, using similar experimental methods, have described results that are profoundly different. The present experiments were designed to determine whether these discrepant results are due to fundamental differences between the substrains of rats used in the conflicting experiments. To this end, retrograde tract tracing experiments were done using Sprague-Dawley rats from either Sasco, Inc. or Harlan Sprague-Dawley, Inc. The results indicate that noradrenergic neurons in the pontine catecholamine cell groups exhibit remarkably different spinal cord projections in these two substrains of Sprague-Dawley derived rats.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(91)90015-l}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago 60680.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Stilbamidines; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1715531}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Clarke:1996, author = {N. P. Clarke and J. P. Bolam and M. D. Bevan}, title = {Glutamate-enriched inputs from the mesopontine tegmentum to the entopeduncular nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1996}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {1363--1376}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {In order to clarify the origin and to examine the synaptology of the projection from the mesopontine tegmentum to the entopeduncular nucleus, rats received discrete deposits of anterograde tracers in different regions of the mesopontine tegmentum. Anterogradely labelled fibres in the entopeduncular nucleus were analysed at the light and electron microscopic levels. To determine the neurochemistry of the projection, the distributions of GABA and glutamate immunoreactivity in anterogradely labelled boutons in the entopenducular nucleus were studied by postembedding immunocytochemistry. The morphological characteristics of anterogradely labelled structures were compared to those of choline acetyltransferase-immunopositive structures. The anterograde tracing demonstrated that the projection to the entopeduncular nucleus arises from the area defined by the cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine region and from the more medial and largely non-cholinergic, midbrain extrapyramidal area. The anterogradely labelled terminals formed asymmetrical synaptic contacts with dendritic shafts, cell bodies and more rarely spines in the entopeduncular nucleus, and they were significantly enriched in glutamate immunoreactivity compared to identified GABAergic terminals in the same region. The morphology, trajectory and synaptology of the anterogradely labelled fibres showed similarities to those of choline acetyltransferase-immunopositive fibres and terminals, providing indirect evidence in support of previous suggestions that at least part of the projection is cholinergic. The structures postsynaptic to the anterogradely labelled boutons also received input from other classes of terminals that had the morphological and neurochemical characteristics of boutons derived from the neostriatum, globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus. These findings imply that the mesopontine tegmentum sends a projection to the entopeduncular nucleus that is heterogeneous with respect to its origin and also possibly its neurochemistry. The synaptology of the projection underlies one route through which the mesopontine tegmentum can exert effects on movement by modulating the direct and indirect pathways of information flow through the basal ganglia.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01599.x}, institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit and Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK.}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, physiology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Glutamic Acid, analysis; Hypothalamus, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, chemistry; Pons, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tegmentum Mesencephali, physiology; Tissue Embedding; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8758944}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Clarke:1987, author = {P. B. Clarke and D. W. Hommer and A. Pert and L. R. Skirboll}, title = {Innervation of substantia nigra neurons by cholinergic afferents from pedunculopontine nucleus in the rat: neuroanatomical and electrophysiological evidence.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1987}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {1011--1019}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta are excited by nicotine and acetylcholine, and possess both high-affinity nicotine binding sites and intense acetylcholinesterase activity, consistent with a cholinoceptive role. A probable source of cholinergic afferents is the pedunculopontine nucleus, which forms part of a prominent group of cholinergic perikarya located caudal to the substantia nigra in the tegmentum. Although pedunculopontine efferents, many of them cholinergic, project to the substantia nigra pars compacta, it has not been established whether they terminate in this structure. In the first experiment, which combined retrograde tracing with immunohistochemical visualization of cholinergic neurons, cholinergic cells in and around the pedunculopontine nucleus were found to send projections to the substantia nigra. This projection was almost completely ipsilateral. Subsequent experiments employed anaesthetized rats; kainate was microinfused into tegmental sites in order to stimulate local cholinergic perikarya, and concurrently, extracellular recordings were made of single dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Consistent with our anatomical findings, unilateral microinfusion of kainic acid in or near the pedunculopontine nucleus increased the firing rate of dopaminergic neurons situated remotely in the ipsilateral substantia nigra. The kainate-induced excitation of nigral dopaminergic neurons was dose-related and was prevented by intravenous administration of the centrally-acting nicotinic cholinergic antagonist mecamylamine. These results suggest that cholinergic perikarya in the vicinity of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus innervate dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta via nicotinic receptors.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(87)90176-x}, institution = {Biological Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, drug effects; Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Cholinergic Fibers, drug effects/enzymology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Kainic Acid, pharmacology; Male; Mecamylamine, pharmacology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(87)90176-X}, pmid = {3437988}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Clarke:1989, author = {R. J. Clarke and R. A. Giolli and R. H. Blanks and Y. Torigoe and J. H. Fallon}, title = {Neurons of the medial terminal accessory optic nucleus of the rat are poorly collateralized.}, journal = {Vis Neurosci}, year = {1989}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, pages = {269--273}, abstract = {The vast majority of neurons of the rat medial terminal nucleus (MTN) project to the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT), but the MTN also projects to a lesser degree upon a number of other brainstem nuclei controlling optokinetic nystagmus. Because of the diversity of targets of the MTN, it is possible that individual neurons have branched axons that project to two or more brainstem nuclei. The possibility that axons of MTN-NOT neurons collateralize to innervate other MTN targets is examined in the rat with the fluorescent, double-labeling, retrograde tracer technique. Fluoro-Gold was injected into the NOT while Fast Blue was simultaneously injected into each of five other known targets of the MTN: the supraoculomotor-periaqueductal gray; the dorsal cap of the inferior olive; the visual tegmental relay zone; the dorsolateral nucleus of the basal pons; and the superior/lateral vestibular nuclei. Brainstem sections were processed for fluorescence microscopy and the MTN was examined for single- and double-labeled neurons. Results show that virtually all neurons of the MTN (greater than 97.5\%), together with neurons in the visual tegmental relay zone immediately surrounding the MTNd, are single-labeled in all paired injections involving the NOT and the other target nuclei. It was found that about 69\% of MTN neurons project exclusively to the NOT, 5-10\% project to each one of the other nuclei, and 3\% of MTN neurons project to more than one target. Based upon cell counts from the fluorescent material, and previous analysis of Nissl-stained serial sections, the findings show that virtually all MTN neurons are projection neurons. It was concluded that the MTN is comprised of independent projection systems, possibly involved in different aspects of generating optokinetic nystagmus.}, doi = {10.1017/s0952523800001188}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, California College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717.}, keywords = {Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Brain Stem, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines; Visual Pathways, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2487653}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Clavier:1979, author = {Clavier, R. M.}, title = {Afferent projections to the self-stimulation regions of the dorsal pons, including the locus coeruleus, in the rat as demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase technique.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1979}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {497--504}, abstract = {Afferent projections to the dorsal pons of the rat have been studied using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. HRP injections were made in each of the following regions: the vicinity of the locus coeruleus (LC); the periventricular gray, medial to the LC; the medial parabrachial region, lateral to the LC; the ventral cerebellum, dorsal to the LC; and the pontine reticular formation, ventral to the LC. Because intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) has been obtained in these regions, the afferents have been discussed in terms of their possible contributions to the behavior. Previous ICSS studies of the dorsal pons have focussed on the LC as playing a central role. Presently identified inputs to the LC include: the dorsal raphe nucleus: the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray: the pontine reticular formation: the areas that contain the pontine and medullary noradrenergic and adrenergic cell groups: the lateral hypothalamic area: the contralateral LC: the deep cerebellar nuclei: the ventrolateral and parafascicular thalamic nuclei: and the parabrachial regions of the pons and midbrain.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(79)90034-0}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Aqueduct, anatomy /&/ histology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Self Stimulation, physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {487203}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Clavier:1976, author = {R. M. Clavier and S. Atmadja and H. C. Fibiger}, title = {Nigrothalamic projections in the rat as demonstrated by orthograde and retrograde tracing echniques.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1976}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {379--384}, abstract = {The nigrothalamic projection of the rat was investigated by means of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry and by the autoradiographic tracing technique. The use of these techniques has permitted an extension of previous descriptions by identifying a neuron population in the substantia nigra, pars reticulata (SNR) as the nigrothalamic cells of origin. These calls (20-25 mu) were multipolar and were distributed throughout the SNR. There was a tendency however for more labelled neurons to be observed in the rostrolateral aspects of the nucleus. HRP-labelled neurons comprised roughly one-sixth of SNR neurons of comparable size, ventromedial (VM) thalamic nucleus. In addition, a smaller projection to the ipsilateral parafascicular nucleus was observed. The possible functional sifificance of the nigrothalamic projections is discussed in the light of recent anatomical, physiological and behavioral findings.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(76)90031-9}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways; Rats; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Thalamus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {61793}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Clement:1998, author = {Clement, C. I. and Keay, K. A. and Bandler, R.}, title = {Medullary catecholaminergic projections to the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray region activated by halothane anaesthesia.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1998}, volume = {86}, number = {4}, pages = {1273--1284}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Under anaesthesia, blood loss and deep pain can evoke a premature, centrally-mediated sympathoinhibition leading to decompensated shock and sometimes even death. The central circuits evoking premature vasodepressor syncope are unknown, although medullary catecholaminergic pathways have been implicated. The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray region is one of only three brain regions in which catecholamine content is increased during halothane anaesthesia. The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray also contains neurons which are selectively activated by blood loss and deep pain, and recent work from our laboratory has suggested that it is a pivotal structure in central sympathoinhibitory circuits. Using retrograde tracing techniques combined with the immunohistochemical detection of: (i) the catecholamine synthetic enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase and (ii) the protein product of the immediate-early gene c-fos as a marker of neuronal activation; the results of this study indicate that catecholaminergic projections from the A1, C1 and C2 regions of the medulla to the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray are activated by halothane anaesthesia. These data are consistent with the hypotheses that ascending catecholaminergic projections to the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray: (i) are a component of the central neural circuitry responsible for the sympathoinhibitory effects of halothane anaesthesia, and (ii) may contribute to the premature elicitation of vasodepressor syncope following blood loss and deep pain under conditions of anaesthesia.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00098-0}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.}, keywords = {Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Inhalation, pharmacology; Animals; Catecholamines, physiology; Halothane, pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(98)00098-0}, pmid = {9697132}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Clement:2000, author = {C. I. Clement and K. A. Keay and K. Podzebenko and B. D. Gordon and R. Bandler}, title = {Spinal sources of noxious visceral and noxious deep somatic afferent drive onto the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2000}, volume = {425}, number = {3}, pages = {323--344}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Studies utilizing the expression of Fos protein as a marker of neuronal activation have revealed that pain of deep somatic or visceral origin selectively activates the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG). Previous anatomical tracing studies revealed that spinal afferents to the vlPAG arose from the superficial and deep dorsal horn and nucleus of the dorsolateral funiculus at all spinal segmental levels, with approximately 50\% of vlPAG-projecting spinal neurons found within the upper cervical spinal cord. This study utilized detection of Fos protein to determine the specific populations of vlPAG-projecting spinal neurons activated by noxious deep somatic or noxious visceral stimulation. Pain of cardiac or peritoneal (i.e., visceral) origin activated neurons in the superficial and deep dorsal horn and nucleus of the dorsolateral funiculus of the thoracic cord, whereas pain of hindlimb (i.e., deep somatic) origin activated neurons in the same laminar regions but in the lumbosacral cord. Each of these deep noxious manipulations also activated neurons in the superficial and deep dorsal horn and nucleus of the dorsolateral funiculus of the upper cervical spinal cord. In a second set of experiments, the combination of retrograde tracing and Fos immunohistochemistry revealed that vlPAG-projecting spinal neurons activated by deep somatic pain were located in both the upper cervical and lumbosacral cord, whereas those activated by visceral pain were restricted to the thoracic spinal cord. Thus pain arising from visceral versus deep somatic body regions influences neural activity within the vlPAG via distinct spinal pathways. The findings also highlight the potential significance of the upper cervical cord in integrating pain arising from deep structures throughout the body.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/1096-9861(20000925)425:3<323::aid-cne1>3.0.co;2-z}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Histology, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiopathology; Animals; Heart, physiopathology; Lung, physiopathology; Male; Muscles, physiopathology; Nociceptors, physiopathology; Pain, physiopathology; Periaqueductal Gray, physiopathology; Peritoneum, physiopathology; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, physiology; Spinal Cord, pathology/physiopathology; Viscera, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-Z}, pmid = {10972936}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Clement:2012, author = {Clément, Olivier and Sapin, Emilie and Libourel, Paul-Antoine and Arthaud, Sébastien and Brischoux, Frédéric and Fort, Patrice and Luppi, Pierre-Hervé}, title = {The lateral hypothalamic area controls paradoxical (REM) sleep by means of descending projections to brainstem GABAergic neurons.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2012}, volume = {32}, number = {47}, pages = {16763--16774}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {It has recently been shown that the ventrolateral part of the periaqueductal gray (VLPAG) and the adjacent dorsal deep mesencephalic nucleus (dDpMe) contain GABAergic neurons gating paradoxical sleep (PS) onset by means of their projection to the glutamatergic PS-on neurons of the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD). To determine the mechanisms responsible for the cessation of activity of these GABAergic PS-off neurons at the onset and during PS, we combined the immunostaining of c-FOS, a marker of neuronal activation, with cholera toxin b subunit (CTb) retrograde tracing from the VLPAG/dDpMe in three groups of rats (control, PS deprived, and PS hypersomniac). We found that the lateral hypothalamic area (LH) is the only brain structure containing a very large number of neurons activated during PS hypersomnia and projecting to the VLPAG/dDpMe. We further demonstrated that 44\% of these neurons express the neuropeptide melanin concentrating hormone (MCH). We then showed that bilateral injections in the LH of two inhibitory compounds, clonidine (an α-2 adrenergic agonist) and muscimol (a GABAa agonist) induce an inhibition of PS. Furthermore, after muscimol injections in the LH, the VLPAG/dDpMe contained a large number of activated neurons, mostly GABAergic, and projecting to the SLD. Altogether, our results indicate for the first time that the activation of a population of LH neurons, in part MCH containing, is necessary for PS to occur. Furthermore, our results strongly suggest that these neurons trigger PS by means of their inhibitory projection to the PS-off GABAergic neurons located in the VLPAG/dDpMe.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1885-12.2012}, institution = {INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Centre de Recherche en Neuroscience de Lyon, Team Physiopathologie des réseaux neuronaux du cycle veille-sommeil, F-69372 Lyon, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Electroencephalography, drug effects; Electromyography, drug effects; GABAergic Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, drug effects/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Neurotensin, metabolism; Polysomnography; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sleep, REM, drug effects/physiology; Tissue Fixation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {32/47/16763}, pmid = {23175830}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1885-12.2012}, } @Article{Clements:1991, author = {J. R. Clements and K. R. Magnusson and J. Hautman and A. J. Beitz}, title = {Rat tooth pulp projections to spinal trigeminal subnucleus caudalis are glutamate-like immunoreactive.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {309}, number = {2}, pages = {281--288}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {It has been shown that glutamate-like immunoreactive axon terminals are present within the spinal trigeminal nucleus, including subnucleus caudalis. The morphology of many of these terminations is consistent with their identification as primary afferents. To establish whether primary afferent projections to subnucleus caudalis are glutamate-like immunoreactive, we injected an anterograde tract tracer into rat incisor tooth pulp, histochemically visualized this tracer within subnucleus caudalis, and then used an immunocytochemical technique to label glutamate-like immunoreactive profiles within these same sections. The anterograde tract tracer used, the B subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (B-HRP), is transported transganglionically and can be used to localize tooth pulp projection fibers in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. A majority of B-HRP projection fibers from rat lower incisors terminated ipsilaterally in axon terminals in the dorsal region of subnucleus caudalis. Labeled axon terminals were both scallop-shaped and smooth in profile. Small numbers of fibers containing B-HRP extended into laminae I-III caudally and were present in both the border zone between laminae IV and V and the most lateral region of lamina V rostrally. Approximately 75\% of the B-HRP-labeled projection fibers were glutamate-like immunoreactive, providing evidence that the excitatory amino acid glutamate functions as a neurotransmitter in a subpopulation of these fibers. Terminals reactive for both B-HRP and glutamate-like immunoreactivity contained small, spherical round vesicles, formed asymmetric synapses, and participated in axoaxonic and axodendritic synaptic junctions. These results support the hypothesis that glutamate may be a transmitter of A delta and C fibers involved in relaying nociceptive information from the tooth pulp.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903090209}, institution = {M University, College Station 77843-4458.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Cholera Toxin; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Dental Pulp, innervation; Glutamates, analysis; Glutamic Acid; Horseradish Peroxidase; Incisor, innervation; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1715892}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903090209}, } @Article{Clemow:1997, author = {Clemow, D. B. and McCarty, R. and Steers, W. D. and Tuttle, J. B.}, title = {Efferent and afferent neuronal hypertrophy associated with micturition pathways in spontaneously hypertensive rats.}, journal = {Neurourol Urodyn}, year = {1997}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {293--303}, abstract = {Elevated nerve growth factor secreted by bladder smooth muscle may be associated with noradrenergic hyperinnervation of the bladder and hyperactive voiding in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and rats with bladder outlet obstruction. The present study was undertaken to determine if changes occur in efferent and afferent pathways supplying the SHR bladder similar to those in rats with bladder outlet obstruction. Fluoro-Gold (FG) retrograde tracing studies were conducted to examine the postganglionic efferent limb (major pelvic ganglion; MPG) and sensory afferent limb (L1, L2, L6, and S1 dorsal root ganglion; DRG) of the micturition reflex pathway of the SHR and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive rat. A significant increase in cross sectional area profiles for labeled neurons in the MPG was observed in SHRs (830.5 +/- 9.0 microns2) as compared to WKYs (736.3 +/- 16.6 microns2). Neuronal cell areas in L2 (1,010.9 +/- 18.6 microns2) and S1 (1,024.6 +/- 28.3 microns2) of SHRs were significantly larger than those of WKYs (L2, 865.3 +/- 12.6 microns2, S1, 778.3 +/- 11.2 microns2). There was an increase in number of labeled cells in L6 within SHRs over WKYs. These results provide evidence that both efferent and afferent changes in neuronal innervation of the bladder occur in SHRs. The SHR strain may represent a genetic model to study changes in micturition reflex pathways that result from alterations in neuronal morphology such as those that occur with urethral outlet obstruction.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1520-6777(1997)16:4<293::aid-nau5>3.0.co;2-9}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Body Weight; Cell Count; Cell Size; Hypertrophy, pathology; Male; Neural Pathways, pathology; Neurons, Afferent, pathology; Neurons, Efferent, pathology; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Rats, Inbred WKY; Urinary Bladder, innervation/pathology; Urination}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-9}, pmid = {9220478}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Clerici:1990, author = {W. J. Clerici and J. R. Coleman}, title = {Anatomy of the rat medial geniculate body: I. Cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture, and neocortical connectivity.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {297}, number = {1}, pages = {14--31}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture, and neocortical connectivity of the rat medial geniculate body (MGB) were comprehensively studied in adult and immature rats to define major anatomical divisions and nuclei. The MGB is a highly intricate structure composed of the ventral (MGv), dorsal (MGd), and medial (MGm) divisions and component nuclei, each having reciprocal connections with auditory neocortex. The MGv lies inferior to the midgeniculate bundle and extends to the rostral, but not caudal MGB tip. The MGv is composed of ventral and ovoid nuclei bounded by a marginal zone, each region containing dark staining small and medium sized, densely packed neurons shown to have tufted dendritic morphology; in contrast to the MGd, but similar to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, only the perikarya of MGv neurons stain for Nissl in early postnatal material. Ventral nucleus cells align with afferent brachial axons, which penetrate the nucleus in a dorsoventral direction, whereas rostrocaudal cellular arrays are retrogradely labeled after injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into auditory cortex. The ovoid nucleus is a double spiraled structure encircled and penetrated by afferent fibers that determine the orientation of constituent perikarya. Neurons in the transition zone align with a spray of axons emanating from the juncture of the ovoid and midgeniculate bundles. Marginal zone neurons are oriented in parallel to the free geniculate wall. The MGd resides within and superior to the midgeniculate bundle, and is composed of several nuclei that stain palely for myelin. In immature material, both dendritic processes and somata in the MGd stain for Nissl with our protocol; many of these cells show a stellate arborization pattern that distinguishes this region from the MGv, but is similar to the staining pattern of immature neurons of the lateral posterior nucleus. The adult dorsal nucleus has medium-sized, loosely packed neurons. The deep dorsal nucleus is situated among the fibers of the midgeniculate bundle and contains loosely packed round and fusiform cells; the latter cell type constitutes a minor proportion of the adult neuronal population but the major cell type in immature animals. The caudodorsal nucleus, which occupies the caudal tip of the MGB and rostrally courses superior to the dorsal nucleus, contains small, dark staining multipolar cells; the ventrolateral nucleus courses inferior to the MGv. The suprageniculate and limitans nuclei are included in the auditory thalamus on the basis of connections with auditory neocortex; the former has medium to dark staining mixed-sized cells, and the latter has densely packed cells which form a vertical column.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902970103}, institution = {Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2376630}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902970103}, } @Article{Cliffer:1991, author = {Cliffer, K. D. and Burstein, R. and Giesler, Jr, GJ}, title = {Distributions of spinothalamic, spinohypothalamic, and spinotelencephalic fibers revealed by anterograde transport of PHA-L in rats.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1991}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {852--868}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Fibers projecting from several levels of the spinal cord to the diencephalon and telencephalon were labeled anterogradely with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin injected iontophoretically. Labeled fibers in the thalamus confirmed projections previously observed. In addition, many labeled fibers were seen in the hypothalamus and in telencephalic areas not generally recognized previously as receiving such projections. In the hypothalamus, these areas included the lateral hypothalamus (including the medial forebrain bundle), the posterior hypothalamic area, the dorsal hypothalamic area, the dorsomedial nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus, the periventricular area, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the lateral and medial preoptic areas. In the telencephalon, areas with labeled fibers included the ventral pallidum, the globus pallidus, the substantia innominata, the basal nucleus of Meynert, the amygdala (central nucleus), the horizontal and vertical limbs of the diagonal band of Broca, the medial and lateral septal nuclei, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nucleus accumbens, infralimbic cortex, and medial orbital cortex. These results suggest that somatosensory, possibly including visceral sensory, information is carried directly from the spinal cord to areas in the brain involved in autonomic regulation, motivation, emotion, attention, arousal, learning, memory, and sensory-motor integration. Many of these areas are associated with the limbic system.}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Functional Laterality; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Male; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1705972}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/11/3/852.long}, } @Article{Cliffer:1988, author = {Cliffer, K. D. and Giesler, Jr, GJ}, title = {PHA-L can be transported anterogradely through fibers of passage.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {458}, number = {1}, pages = {185--191}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Iontophoretic injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were restricted to the dorsal columns in the spinal cords of 9 rats. In 5 of these, labeling was found in the dorsal column nuclei, indicating that fibers of passage can transport PHA-L. However, labeled fibers were less dense and less intensely stained than those seen following similar injections that involved the dorsal horn.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(88)90515-x}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(88)90515-X}, pmid = {2463043}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cliffer:1989, author = {Cliffer, K. D. and Giesler, Jr, GJ}, title = {Postsynaptic dorsal column pathway of the rat. III. Distribution of ascending afferent fibers.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1989}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {3146--3168}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The distribution in the dorsal column nuclei (DCn) of post-synaptic dorsal column (PSDC) fibers was examined in rats following injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) in the spinal cord. Lemniscal neurons in the DCn were retrogradely labeled in the same animals by injecting the thalamus with Fluoro-Gold. In some experiments, primary afferent fibers were also labeled by injecting dorsal root ganglia with choleragenoid-conjugated HRP. Injections of PHA-L into the cervical enlargement labeled many fibers and varicosities throughout most of the ipsilateral cuneate nucleus. Labeled fibers were also present in the external cuneate and internal basilar nuclei. Injections of PHA-L into thoracic cord labeled fibers and varicosities in the medial cuneate and lateral gracile nuclei, as well as the external cuneate nucleus. Injections into the lumbar enlargement labeled fibers and varicosities throughout most of the gracile nucleus. Injections in sacral cord labeled fibers in the most medial part of the gracile nucleus. Dense labeling of PSDC fibers was found in areas with high densities of retrogradely labeled lemniscal neurons and areas with high densities of primary afferent fibers. In all regions of the DCn and in the external cuneate nucleus, fibers and varicosities labeled for PHA-L were seen in apposition to retrogradely labeled lemniscal cells. The distribution of postsynaptic afferent fibers in the DCn of the rat and its relationship to lemniscal neurons and primary afferent fibers contrast sharply with these features in cats.}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Stilbamidines; Synapses, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2795158}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/9/9/3146.long}, } @Article{Clowry:2004, author = {G. J. Clowry and B. M. Davies and N. S. Upile and C. L. Gibson and P. M. Bradley}, title = {Spinal cord plasticity in response to unilateral inhibition of the rat motor cortex during development: changes to gene expression, muscle afferents and the ipsilateral corticospinal projection.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2004}, volume = {20}, number = {10}, pages = {2555--2566}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {In developing Wistar albino rats, ventral horn muscle afferent boutons are lost following corticospinal innervation. Motor cortex lesions rescue a proportion of these boutons and perturb activity dependent expression of cJun and parvalbumin (PV) in the spinal cord. Therefore, we tested whether activity-dependent competition between corticospinal and proprioreceptive afferents determines the balance of these inputs to motor output pathways by delivering the inhibitory GABA agonist muscimol unilaterally to the forelimb motor cortex using slow release polymer implants from postnatal day 7 (P7) coincident with corticospinal synaptogenesis. Controls received saline. Inhibition of immature cortical neurons by muscimol was confirmed with separate in vitro electrophysiological recordings. After P28, spinal cord sections were immunostained for PV, cJun and muscle afferents transganglionically labelled with cholera toxin-B (CTB). Unilateral inhibition reduced contralaterally the number of PV positive spinal cord neurons and muscle afferent boutons in the dorsolateral ventral horn, compared to controls, and significantly altered the distribution of motoneuronal cJun expression. Separately, descending tracts were retrogradely traced with CTB from the cervical hemicord contralateral to implants. Forelimb sensorimotor cortex sections were immunostained for either CTB or PV. In muscimol treated animals, significantly fewer neurons expressed PV in the inhibited hemicortex, but as many CTB labelled corticospinal neurons were present as in controls, along with an equally large corticospinal projection from contralateral to the implant, significantly greater than in controls. Unexpectedly, unilateral inhibition of the motor cortical input did not lead to an expanded muscle afferent input. Instead, this was reduced coincident with development of a bilateral corticospinal innervation.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03713.x}, institution = {Neural Development, Plasticity and Repair Group, School of Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. g.j.clowry@ncl.ac.uk}, keywords = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Count, methods; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Efferent Pathways, growth /&/ development/metabolism; Evoked Potentials, drug effects; Functional Laterality, physiology; GABA Agonists, pharmacology; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, drug effects/physiology; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Motor Cortex, cytology/physiology; Motor Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Muscimol, pharmacology; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation/physiology; Neural Inhibition, drug effects/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, drug effects/physiology; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Polyvinyls; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun, metabolism; Pyramidal Tracts, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, drug effects/physiology; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {EJN3713}, pmid = {15548199}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03713.x}, } @Article{Clowry:2006, author = {Clowry, Gavin J. and Walker, Lauren and Davies, Pattina}, title = {The effects of botulinum neurotoxin A induced muscle paresis during a critical period upon muscle and spinal cord development in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {2006}, volume = {202}, number = {2}, pages = {456--469}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The second postnatal week is a critical period in rat motor development. The expansion of corticospinal innervation coincides with elimination of polyneuronal innervation of muscles, onset of quadrupedal locomotion and refinement of muscle afferent input to the ventral horn. Such developmental events are believed to be activity-dependent. In the present study, muscle afferent activity was temporarily reduced by injecting distal forelimb muscles with botulinum toxin A (BTX). Injections of toxin or saline were made unilaterally on postnatal day (P) 7 which in BTX-treated animals lead to a profound loss of movement in the affected limb over the next week before function returned. The neural tracer cholera toxin B (CTB) was injected into the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) at either P14 or P28. Allowing 3 days for tracer transport, the spinal cords were sectioned and immunostained for CTB and cJun. In separate experiments, behavioural testing of the forelimb was carried out between P35 and P49. Then, sections of EDC muscle were immunostained for slow myosin. An increased density of ventral horn muscle afferent boutons was observed at P17 in BTX-treated animals compared to controls, however, by P31, this difference was not significant. However, CTB labelling also revealed significantly increased motor axon terminals in the ventral Renshaw cell region in BTX-treated animals at P31, accompanied by raised expression of cJun in ipsilateral motoneurones. BTX-treated animals showed deficits in ladder walking, and their muscles contained a higher density and significantly more clustering of slow myosin expressing muscle fibres than controls. Temporary reduction in activity did not significantly alter muscle afferent development, but temporary blockade of neuromuscular junctions did affect both muscle and motor axon, in the longer term.}, doi = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.07.008}, institution = {Neural Development, Plasticity and Repair, School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. g.j.clowry@ncl.ac.uk}, keywords = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Botulinum Toxins, Type A, pharmacology; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Critical Period (Psychology); Functional Laterality; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Motor Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Muscle Development, drug effects/physiology; Neurotoxins, pharmacology; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun, metabolism; Psychomotor Performance, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Spinal Cord, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0014-4886(06)00425-0}, pmid = {16928374}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.07.008}, } @Article{Cobos:2003, author = {A. Cobos and D. Lima and A. Almeida and I. Tavares}, title = {Brain afferents to the lateral caudal ventrolateral medulla: a retrograde and anterograde tracing study in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2003}, volume = {120}, number = {2}, pages = {485--498}, abstract = {The ventrolateral medulla (VLM) modulates autonomic functions, motor reactions and pain responses. The lateralmost part of the caudal VLM (VLMlat) was recently shown to be the VLM area responsible for pain modulation. In the present study, the brain sources of VLMlat afferent fibers were determined by tract-tracing techniques. Following injection of cholera toxin subunit B into the VLMlat, retrogradely labeled neurons in the forebrain occurred at the somatosensory, insular, motor, limbic and infralimbic cortices, and at the central amygdaloid nucleus. Retrogradely labeled neurons in diencephalic regions were observed in the lateral hypothalamus, posterior hypothalamus and paraventricular nucleus. In the brainstem, retrograde labeling occurred at the periaqueductal gray, red nucleus, parabrachial area, nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus tractus solitarii, lateral reticular nucleus and dorsal and ventral medullary reticular formation. In the cerebellum, retrogradely labeled neurons occurred at the lateral nucleus. Following injections of the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the lateral hypothalamus or paraventricular nucleus, anterogradely labeled fibers were mainly observed in the VLMlat. Injections of BDA into the periaqueductal gray, red nucleus or lateral nucleus of the cerebellum resulted in anterograde labeling in the VLMlat and lateral reticular nucleus. The present study gives an account of the brain regions putatively involved in triggering the modulatory actions elicited from the VLMlat. These include areas committed to somatosensory processing, autonomic control, somatic and visceral motor activity and affective reactions. The findings suggest that the VLMlat may play a major homeostatic role in the integration of nociception with other brain functions.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00209-4}, institution = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculdade de Medicina and IBMC, University of Oporto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.}, keywords = {Adjuvants, Immunologic, pharmacokinetics; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacokinetics; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Cholera Toxin, pharmacokinetics; Dextrans, pharmacokinetics; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes, pharmacokinetics; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452203002094}, pmid = {12890518}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Code:1986, author = {R. A. Code and J. H. Fallon}, title = {Some projections of dynorphin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat central nervous system.}, journal = {Neuropeptides}, year = {1986}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {165--172}, abstract = {Dynorphin 1-8 (DYN 1-8) and Dynorphin B (DYN B) have been immunocytochemically localized to neuronal perikarya throughout the adult rat central nervous system (CNS). In order to determine if any DYN 1-8 and DYN B immunoreactive (DYN-I) cell bodies have long projections, indirect immunofluorescence was used in combination with injections of the fluorescent retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold (FG). Both DYN-I and retrogradely transported FG were found within the same neurons in the dorsal parabrachial nucleus (DPB) after FG injections in the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce). Neurons that contain both DYN-I and FG were also found in the paraventricular nucleus, the perifornical region, the dorsal area and the lateral hypothalamus after FG injections in the upper thoracic spinal cord. These results suggest that cells that contain DYN-I have long ascending and descending projections in the rat CNS, and thus may exert widespread effects.}, doi = {10.1016/0143-4179(86)90043-0}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, cytology; Dynorphins, analysis; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Male; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tissue Distribution}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2429230}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Code:1987, author = {R. A. Code and K. B. Seroogy and J. H. Fallon}, title = {Some transforming growth factor-alpha connections and their colocalization with enkephalin in the rat central nervous system.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1987}, volume = {421}, number = {1-2}, pages = {401--405}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) has been immunocytochemically localized in neuronal perikarya throughout the adult rat central nervous system (CNS). In order to determine if any TGF alpha-immunoreactive (TGF alpha-I) cell bodies have long axonal projections, indirect immunofluorescence was used in combination with injections of the fluorescent retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold (FG). Both TGF alpha-I and retrogradely transported FG were found within the same neurons in the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) after bilateral FG injections in the dorsal tegmental nucleus (DTg). Neurons that contain both TGF alpha-I and FG were also found in the raphe magnus, raphe obscurus, raphe pallidus and the gigantocellularis reticular nuclei after FG injections in the upper thoracic spinal cord. Cell bodies double-labeled with TGF alpha-I and FG were found in the dorsal parabrachial nucleus (DPB) following FG injections in the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce). In addition, Leu-enkephalin immunoreactivity (L-ENK-I) was colocalized with TGF alpha-I in the same projection neurons after the injections described above. These results suggest that cells that contain TGF and the opioid peptide, L-ENK, have long projections in the rat CNS, and that, due to their co-localization within the same neurons, they may exert their effects concomitantly.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(87)91317-5}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine 92717.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain, cytology/metabolism; Enkephalin, Leucine, analysis; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, analysis/classification; Peptides, analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, analysis/cytology; Transforming Growth Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(87)91317-5}, pmid = {3319040}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Coffield:1992, author = {J. A. Coffield and K. K. Bowen and V. Miletic}, title = {Retrograde tracing of projections between the nucleus submedius, the ventrolateral orbital cortex, and the midbrain in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {321}, number = {3}, pages = {488--499}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The fluorescent tracers fluoro-gold and 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethyl indocarbocyanine perchlorate were used as retrograde markers to examine reciprocal connections between the rat nucleus submedius and the ventrolateral orbital cortex. In addition, midbrain projections to each of these regions were examined. In the prefrontal cortex, we found that input from the nucleus submedius terminates rostrally within the lateral and ventral areas of the ventrolateral orbital cortex. Conversely, the cortical input to the nucleus submedius originates from the medial and dorsal parts of the ventrolateral orbital cortex. Our data also demonstrated that neurons from the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray and the raphe nuclei project to the midline nuclei of the thalamus, including a small projection to the nucleus submedius. We further determined that regions within the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray and raphe nuclei project to the ventrolateral orbital cortex, and that these regions overlap with those that project to the nucleus submedius. These findings suggest that the nucleus submedius might be part of a neural circuit involved in the activation of endogenous analgesia.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903210314}, institution = {Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706.}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Neurons, chemistry; Periaqueductal Gray, chemistry/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1506482}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903210314}, } @Article{Coizet:2010, author = {V. Coizet and E. J. Dommett and E. M. Klop and P. Redgrave and P. G. Overton}, title = {The parabrachial nucleus is a critical link in the transmission of short latency nociceptive information to midbrain dopaminergic neurons.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2010}, volume = {168}, number = {1}, pages = {263--272}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Many dopaminergic neurons exhibit a short-latency response to noxious stimuli, the source of which is unknown. Here we report that the nociceptive-recipient parabrachial nucleus appears to be a critical link in the transmission of pain related information to dopaminergic neurons. Injections of retrograde tracer into the substantia nigra pars compacta of the rat labelled neurons in both the lateral and medial parts of the parabrachial nucleus, and intra-parabrachial injections of anterograde tracers revealed robust projections to the pars compacta and ventral tegmental area. Axonal boutons were seen in close association with tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (presumed dopaminergic) and negative elements in these regions. Simultaneous extracellular recordings were made from parabrachial and dopaminergic neurons in the anaesthetized rat, during the application of noxious footshock. Parabrachial neurons exhibited a short-latency, short duration excitation to footshock while dopaminergic neurons exhibited a short-latency inhibition. Response latencies of dopaminergic neurons were reliably longer than those of parabrachial neurons. Intra-parabrachial injections of the local anaesthetic lidocaine or the GABA(A) receptor antagonist muscimol reduced tonic parabrachial activity and the amplitude (and in the case of lidocaine, duration) of the phasic response to footshock. Suppression of parabrachial activity with lidocaine reduced the baseline firing rate of dopaminergic neurons, while both lidocaine and muscimol reduced the amplitude of the phasic inhibitory response to footshock, in the case of lidocaine sometimes abolishing it altogether. Considered together, these results suggest that the parabrachial nucleus is an important source of short-latency nociceptive input to the dopaminergic neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.049}, institution = {Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U836, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble 38042, France.}, keywords = {Anesthetics, Local, pharmacology; Animals; Dopamine, metabolism; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Female; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; Lidocaine, pharmacology; Male; Mesencephalon, physiopathology; Muscimol, pharmacology; Neurons, physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Pons, physiopathology; Rats; Substantia Nigra, physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(10)00442-2}, pmid = {20363297}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.049}, } @Article{Coizet:2007, author = {Véronique Coizet and Paul G Overton and Peter Redgrave}, title = {Collateralization of the tectonigral projection with other major output pathways of superior colliculus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2007}, volume = {500}, number = {6}, pages = {1034--1049}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Dopaminergic (DA) neurons exhibit a short-latency, phasic response to unexpected, biologically salient stimuli. The superior colliculus (SC) is also sensitive to such stimuli and sends a projection directly to DA-containing regions of the ventral midbrain. Recent evidence suggests that the SC is a critical relay for transmitting short-latency visual information to DA neurons. An important question is whether the ventral midbrain is an exclusive target of tectonigral neurons, or whether the tectonigral projection is a collateral branch of other tectofugal pathways. Double-label retrograde anatomical tracing techniques were used to address this issue. Injections of either Diamidino Yellow or Fluorogold into substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) were combined with larger injections of True Blue into one of the following efferent projections of the SC: 1) target regions of the ipsilateral ascending projection to the thalamus; 2) the crossed descending tecto-reticulo-spinal pathway; 3) target structures of the ipsilateral descending projection; and 4) the contralateral superior colliculus. Moderate numbers of double-labeled neurons were observed following combined injections into substantia nigra and individual nuclei in the thalamus (ventromedial nucleus, 21.3\%; central lateral, 18.4\%; parafasicular nucleus 6.0\%). Much less double-labeling was associated with injections into either of the descending projections (crossed, 1.0-3.2\%; uncrossed, 0.2-2.7\%) or the contralateral SC (0.7-1.9\%). These results suggest: i) the SC may provide a coordinated input concerning the occurrence of unpredicted sensory events to both the substantia nigra and striatum (via the thalamus); and ii) few gaze-related motor signals are simultaneously relayed to DA-containing regions of the ventral midbrain.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21202}, institution = {Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TP, UK. v.coizet@sheffield.ac.uk}, keywords = {Animals; Dopamine, metabolism; Male; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, cytology/metabolism; Superior Colliculi, cytology/metabolism; Thalamus, cytology/metabolism; Visual Pathways, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {17183537}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21202}, } @Article{Colechio:2009, author = {Elizabeth M Colechio and Kevin D Alloway}, title = {Differential topography of the bilateral cortical projections to the whisker and forepaw regions in rat motor cortex.}, journal = {Brain Struct Funct}, year = {2009}, volume = {213}, number = {4-5}, pages = {423--439}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Whisker and forelimb movements in rats have distinct behavioral functions that suggest differences in the neural connections of the brain regions that control their movements. To test this hypothesis, retrograde tracing methods were used to characterize the bilateral distribution of the cortical neurons that project to the whisker and forelimb regions in primary motor (MI) cortex. Tracer injections in each MI region revealed labeled neurons in more than a dozen cortical areas, but most labeling was concentrated in the sensorimotor areas. Cortical projections to the MI forepaw region originated primarily from the primary somatosensory (SI) cortex in the ipsilateral hemisphere. In contrast, most projections to the MI whisker region originated from the MI whisker region in the contralateral hemisphere. Tracer injections in the MI whisker region also revealed a higher proportion of labeled neurons in the claustrum and in the posterior parietal cortex. Injections of different tracers into the MI whisker and forepaw regions of some rats revealed a topographic organization of neuronal labeling in several sensorimotor regions. Collectively, these findings indicate that the MI whisker and forepaw regions receive different sets of cortical inputs. Whereas the MI whisker region is most strongly influenced by callosal projections, presumably to mediate bilateral coordination of the whiskers, the MI forepaw region is influenced mainly by ipsilateral SI inputs that convey somatosensory feedback.}, doi = {10.1007/s00429-009-0215-7}, institution = {Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences H109, Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033-2255, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Forelimb, physiology; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Motor Cortex, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology; Staining and Labeling; Vibrissae, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {19672624}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-009-0215-7}, } @Article{Coleman:1980, author = {Coleman, J. and W. J. Clerici}, title = {Extrastriate projections from thalamus to posterior occipital-temporal cortex in rat}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1980}, volume = {194(1)}, pages = {205-9}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(80)91329-3}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Coleman:1987, author = {J. R. Coleman and W. J. Clerici}, title = {Sources of projections to subdivisions of the inferior colliculus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {262}, number = {2}, pages = {215--226}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Brainstem and forebrain projections to major subdivisions of the rat inferior colliculus were studied by using retrograde and anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Retrograde label from injection into the external cortex of the inferior colliculus appears bilaterally in cells of the inferior colliculus, as well as in other brainstem auditory groups including the ipsilateral dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and contralateral dorsal cochlear nucleus. The external cortex is the only collicular subdivision where an injection labels cells in the contralateral cuneate nucleus, gracile nucleus, and spinal trigeminal nucleus. Other projecting cells to the external cortex are found in the lateral nucleus of substantia nigra, the parabrachial region, the deep superior colliculus, the midbrain central gray, the periventricular nucleus, and area 39 of auditory cortex. Injection of the dorsal cortex of inferior colliculus heavily labels pyramidal cells of areas 41, 20, and 36 of the ipsilateral neocortex. Anterograde label from a large injection of auditory cortex is densely distributed in the dorsal cortex, lesser so in the external cortex, and only slightly in the central nucleus. Labelled cells appear in the central nucleus, dorsal cortex, and external cortex, primarily ipsilaterally, following dorsal cortex injection. Relatively few cells from other brainstem auditory groups show projections to the dorsal cortex. Injection of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus results in robust labelling of nuclei of the ascending auditory pathway including the anteroventral, posteroventral, and dorsal cochlear nuclei (mainly contralaterally), and bilaterally the lateral superior olive, lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body, dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, and the central nucleus, dorsal cortex, and external cortex of the colliculus. The medial superior olive, superior paraolivary nucleus, and ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body essentially show ipsilateral projections to the central nucleus. The differential distribution of afferents to the inferior colliculus provides a substrate for functional parcellation of collicular subdivisions.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902620204}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3624552}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902620204}, } @Article{Coleman:1997, author = {K. A. Coleman and G. E. Baker and J. Mitrofanis}, title = {Topography of fibre organisation in the corticofugal pathways of rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1997}, volume = {381}, number = {2}, pages = {143--157}, month = {May}, abstract = {The organisation of the long descending corticofugal pathways is poorly understood. We have examined these pathways to determine the fibre relationships along the extent of their course through the internal capsule, cerebral peduncle, longitudinal pontine fasciculus, pyramid, pyramidal decussation, and dorsal column of the spinal cord. Different cytoarchitectonic regions (e.g., lateral agranular and granular) of the rat's neocortex were injected with the axonal tracer biotinylated dextran. In other experiments, each animal had different-coloured fluorescent tracers (Fluoro Ruby and dextran-fluorescein) injected into separate cortical areas. Our results show that in the anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule, axons arising from spatially separate sites in rat neocortex occupy distinct regions of the cross-sectional area of the pathway. More caudally, within the cerebral peduncle and the longitudinal pontine fasciculus, axons from more distant cortical areas remain largely separate, but those from adjacent cortical areas begin to overlap. By the medullary pyramid, the pyramidal decussation, and the dorsal column of the spinal cord, the representations of all the cortical regions injected overlap completely; in these structures, the axons arising from each cortical area are widely intermingled. Thus, along the rostral-to-caudal course of the corticofugal pathways, there is a change in the organisation of axons. At rostral levels, the order corresponds roughly to the spatial distribution of the cells of origin, but more caudally, this changes to an arrangement of axons that has no readily apparent order. A similar change has been observed along the course of the retinofugal pathway, where a decrease of spatial order in the fibre distribution has been associated with a reordering of axons according to their temporal sequence of outgrowth.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970505)381:2<143::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-3}, institution = {Histology, University of Sydney, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Histocytochemistry; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-3}, pmid = {9130665}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Coleman:1996, author = {K. A. Coleman and J. Mitrofanis}, title = {Organization of the visual reticular thalamic nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1996}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {388--404}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The visual sector of the reticular thalamic nucleus has come under some intense scrutiny over recent years, principally because of the key role that the nucleus plays in the processing of visual information. Despite this scrutiny, we know very little of how the connections between the reticular nucleus and the different areas of visual cortex and the different visual dorsal thalamic nuclei are organized. This study examines the patterns of reticular connections with the visual cortex and the dorsal thalamus in the rat, a species where the visual pathways have been well documented. Biotinylated dextran, an anterograde and retrograde tracer, was injected into different visual cortical areas [17; rostral 18a: presumed area AL: (anterolateral); caudal 18a: presumed area LM (lateromedial); rostral 18b: presumed area AM (anteromedial); caudal 18b: presumed area PM (posteromedial)] and into different visual dorsal thalamic nuclei (posterior thalamic, lateral geniculate nuclei), and the patterns of anterograde and retrograde labelling in the reticular nucleus were examined. From the cortical injections, we find that the visual sector of the reticular nucleus is divided into subsectors that each receive an input from a distinct visual cortical area, with little or no overlap. Further, the resulting pattern of cortical terminations in the reticular nucleus reflects largely the patterns of termination in the dorsal thalamus. That is, each cortical area projects to a largely distinct subsector of the reticular nucleus, as it does to a largely distinct dorsal thalamic nucleus. As with each of the visual cortical areas, each of the visual dorsal thalamic (lateral geniculate, lateral posterior, posterior thalamic) nuclei relate to a separate territory of the reticular nucleus, with little or no overlap. Each of these dorsal thalamic territories within the reticular nucleus receives inputs from one or more of the visual cortical areas. For instance, the region to the reticular nucleus that is labelled after an injection into the lateral geniculate nucleus encompasses the reticular regions which receive afferents from cortical areas 17, rostral 18b and caudal 18b. These results suggest that individual cortical areas may influence the activity of different dorsal thalamic nuclei through their reticular connections.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01222.x}, institution = {Sydney Institute of Biomedical Research, Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, administration /&/ dosage/diagnostic use; Injections; Male; Microspheres; Rabbits; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8714709}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Coleman:1999, author = {Coleman, K. A. and Mitrofanis, J.}, title = {Does the perireticular thalamic nucleus project to the neocortex?}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1999}, volume = {200}, number = {5}, pages = {521--531}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {This study defines several features of the early connections of the developmentally transient perireticular thalamic nucleus of rats. The neocortex of developing rats was injected with either DiI, biotinylated dextran, WGA-HRP (wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated-horseradish peroxidase), fluorescent latex beads or cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) and their brains were processed for tracer detection with standard methods. In general, tracer injections into various regions of the developing neocortex revealed no labelled neurones within the perireticular nucleus, although some of these tracers (WGA-HRP, dextran) labelled many of the amoeboid microglial cells that are found within this nucleus. There were, however, many retrogradely labelled neurones in a region adjacent to the perireticular nucleus, within the nucleus basalis of the basal forebrain (medial edge of globus pallidus). Their identity was confirmed as neurones of the nucleus basalis since they were all were similar in morphology and somal size to neurones that were immunoreactive to NGFr (nerve growth factor receptor), an antigen found only among neurones of the nucleus basalis and basal forebrain. Moreover, double labelling experiments revealed that most, if not all, of the cortically labelled neurones were NGFr-immunoreactive also. Thus, in conclusion, our results suggest that the perireticular nucleus does not project to the neocortex; the only neurones in the general vicinity of the perireticular nucleus that have a cortical projection form part of the nucleus basalis.}, doi = {10.1007/s004290050300}, institution = {Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Anatomy and Histology F13, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Nucleus of Meynert, cytology/growth /&/ development; Brain, cytology/growth /&/ development; Carbocyanines, diagnostic use; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus, cytology/growth /&/ development}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {92000521.429}, pmid = {10526020}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Collazos-Castro:2005, author = {Collazos-Castro, Jorge E. and Soto, Víctor M. and Gutiérrez-Dávila, Marcos and Nieto-Sampedro, Manuel}, title = {Motoneuron loss associated with chronic locomotion impairments after spinal cord contusion in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurotrauma}, year = {2005}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, pages = {544--558}, month = {May}, abstract = {Information on the nature of deficits and adaptive mechanisms occurring after spinal cord injury is essential to the design of strategies for promoting functional recovery. Motor impairments and compensations were quantified by three-dimensional kinematic analysis in freely walking rats, 6 months after mild cervical (C7) or moderate lumbar (L2) spinal cord contusion. After C7 contusion, the animals showed reduced elbow extension and wrist movement, whereas reduced knee extension was the main impairment after L2 contusion. In both cases, the duration of the walking cycle increased and forward velocity was reduced due to a longer stance phase. Histology revealed reproducible lesions extending approximately to one spinal cord segment. In the transverse plane, the lesion involved the central gray matter and adjacent axons, including the dorsal corticospinal tract, but partially spared the ventrolateral tracts. Retrograde motoneuron tracing by nerve exposure to HRP or intramuscular injection of aminostilbamidine demonstrated that C7 contusion caused the loss of approximately 40\% of triceps brachii motoneurons, whereas approximately 30\% of quadriceps femoris motoneurons were lost after L2 contusion. These results demonstrate permanent deficits after incomplete lesions at the spinal cord enlargements and suggest that motoneuron loss contributes to their production.}, doi = {10.1089/neu.2005.22.544}, institution = {Laboratorio de Reparación Neural, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Toledo, Spain. jcollazos@sescam.org}, keywords = {Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cell Death, physiology; Cervical Vertebrae; Chronic Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Forelimb, innervation/physiopathology; Gait Disorders, Neurologic, etiology/pathology/physiopathology; Hindlimb, innervation/physiopathology; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Motor Neurons, pathology; Movement Disorders, etiology/pathology/physiopathology; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation/physiopathology; Nerve Degeneration, pathology/physiopathology; Neural Pathways, injuries/pathology/physiopathology; Paralysis, etiology/pathology/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord Injuries, pathology/physiopathology; Spinal Cord, pathology/physiopathology; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15892600}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2005.22.544}, } @Article{Collins:1991, author = {Collins, 3rd, WF and Erichsen, J. T. and Rose, R. D.}, title = {Pudendal motor and premotor neurons in the male rat: a WGA transneuronal study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {308}, number = {1}, pages = {28--41}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Anatomical studies using retrograde neuronal tracers were carried out to identify pudendal motoneurons and putative lumbosacral interneurons involved in the generation of penile reflexes in the adult male rat (Sprague-Dawley). In agreement with previous studies, injection of the direct neuronal tracers, horseradish peroxidase or fluoro-gold, into the left M. bulbospongiosus (dorsal division) resulted in direct retrograde labeling of motoneurons only in the ipsilateral dorsomedial (DM) nucleus. In contrast, similar injections of the transneuronal tracer, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), resulted in direct retrograde labeling of ipsilateral DM motoneurons as well as transneuronal labeling of contralateral DM motoneurons and of bilaterally located putative spinal interneurons. The WGA-labeling was determined to be transneuronal by a series of nerve cut experiments. The direct retrograde WGA-labeling of ipsilateral DM motoneurons and the transneuronal WGA-labeling of contralateral DM motoneurons and bilateral putative spinal interneurons occurred with different time courses. Direct retrograde labeling of ipsilateral DM motoneurons was seen at 20 hours survival and persisted up to 7 days survival. The shortest survival period for detecting transneuronal labeling of contralateral DM motoneurons and putative interneurons was 2 days. Transneuronal WGA-labeling of contralateral DM motoneurons was transient in that the intensity of label increased from 2 to 3 days survival but was markedly reduced at 7 days survival. At the same time, the number of WGA-labeled putative interneurons increased with longer survival times up to 7 days. WGA-labeled putative interneurons were located primarily in regions receiving dendritic projections from WGA-labeled DM motoneurons and, in particular, 1) the ventral gray matter between the DM and dorsolateral nuclei and 2) near the central canal and extending dorsally to the dorsal gray commissure. The rapid and extensive transneuronal transport between DM nuclei suggests that direct synaptic coupling may mediate coordinated, bilateral activation of DM motoneurons.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903080104}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, SUNY, Stony Brook 11794-5230.}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, ultrastructure; Male; Motor Neurons, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Perfusion; Perineum, innervation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology; Stilbamidines; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1874980}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903080104}, } @Article{Collins:1999, author = {Collins, J. J. and Lin, C. E. and Berthoud, H. R. and Papka, R. E.}, title = {Vagal afferents from the uterus and cervix provide direct connections to the brainstem.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {295}, number = {1}, pages = {43--54}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Previous anatomical studies demonstrated vagal innervation to the ovary and distal colon and suggested the vagus nerve has uterine inputs. Recent behavioral and physiological evidence indicated that the vagus nerves conduct sensory information from the uterus to the brainstem. The present study was undertaken to identify vagal sensory connections to the uterus. Retrograde tracers, Fluorogold and pseudorabies virus were injected into the uterus and cervix. DiI, an anterograde tracer, was injected into the nodose ganglia. Neurectomies involving the pelvic, hypogastric, ovarian and abdominal vagus nerves were performed, and then uterine whole-mounts examined for sensory nerves containing calcitonin gene-related peptide. Nodose ganglia and caudal brainstem sections were examined for the presence of estrogen receptor-containing neurons in "vagal locales." Labeling of uterine-related neurons in the nodose ganglia (Fluorogold and pseudorabies virus) and in the brainstem nuclei (pseudorabies virus) was obtained. DiI-labeled nerve fibers occurred near uterine horn and uterine cervical blood vessels, in the myometrium, and in paracervical ganglia. Rats with vagal, pelvic, hypogastric and ovarian neurectomies exhibited a marked decrease in calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerves in the uterus relative to rats with pelvic, hypogastric, and ovarian neurectomies with intact vagus nerves. Neurons in the nodose ganglia and nucleus tractus solitarius were immunoreactive for estrogen receptors. These results demonstrated: (1) the vagus nerves serve as connections between the uterus and CNS, (2) the nodose ganglia contain uterine-related vagal afferent neuron cell bodies, and (3) neurons in vagal locales contain estrogen receptors.}, doi = {10.1007/s004410051211}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, PO Box 95, 4209 State Rt. 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cervix Uteri, innervation; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Estrogen, metabolism; Uterus, innervation; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9931352}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Collins:2000, author = {Collins, J. J. and Wilson, K. and Fischer-Colbrie, R. and Papka, R. E.}, title = {Distribution and origin of secretoneurin-immunoreactive nerves in the female rat uterus.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2000}, volume = {95}, number = {1}, pages = {255--264}, abstract = {Secretoneurin is a 33-amino acid peptide derived from secretogranin II. Secretoneurin immunoreactivity has been localized in the peripheral nervous system where it exerts potent chemotactic activity for monocytes and may play a role in inflammation. Secretoneurin could play a role in this process, although the presence and distribution of secretoneurin-immunoreactive neurons in the female reproductive system has not been documented. Thus, this study was undertaken to examine secretoneurin immunoreactivity in nerves of the rat uterus and uterine cervix. A moderate plexus of secretoneurin-immunoreactive nerve fibers was present in the myometrium and endometrium of the uterus as well as in the smooth muscle and endocervix of the cervix. Many of these fibers were associated with the vasculature as well as the myometrium. Secretoneurin immunoreactivity was present in small- to medium-sized neurons of dorsal root and nodose ganglia. Retrograde tracing with FluoroGold indicated that some of these sensory neurons project axons to the cervix and uterine horns. Secretoneurin-immunoreactive terminal-like structures were associated with neurons in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus of the lumbosacral spinal cord. In addition, some secretoneurin terminals were apposed to pelvic parasympathetic neurons in the paracervical ganglia that projected axons to the uterus and cervix. Double-immunostaining indicated co-existence of calcitonin gene-related peptide or substance P with secretoneurin in some sensory neurons, in some terminals of the pelvic ganglia, as well as nerve fibers in the uterine horn and cervix. Finally, fibers in the uterus and cervix were depleted of secretoneurin by capsaicin treatment. This study indicates that secretoneurin is present in the uterus in C-afferent nerve fibers whose cell bodies are located in sensory ganglia. Some of these fibers contain both secretoneurin and calcitonin gene-related peptide or substance P. These substances have functions in inflammatory reactions. Further, secretoneurin could influence postganglionic parasympathetic "uterine-related" neurons in the pelvic ganglia and preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00396-6}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown 44272, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Cervix Uteri, innervation/metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Ganglia, Sensory, metabolism; Ganglia, metabolism; Lumbosacral Region; Nervous System, metabolism; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Pelvis, innervation; Rats; Secretogranin II; Spinal Cord, metabolism; Uterus, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452299003966}, pmid = {10619482}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Colman:1976, author = {Colman, D. R. and Scalia, F. and Cabrales, E.}, title = {Light and electron microscopic observations on the anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in the optic pathway in the mouse and rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1976}, volume = {102}, number = {1}, pages = {156--163}, month = {Jan}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(76)90582-5}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Mice; Peroxidases, metabolism; Rats; Visual Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(76)90582-5}, pmid = {55292}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Colom:2005, author = {Colom, Luis V. and Castaneda, Maria T. and Reyna, Tania and Hernandez, Sofia and Garrido-Sanabria, Emilio}, title = {Characterization of medial septal glutamatergic neurons and their projection to the hippocampus.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {2005}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, pages = {151--164}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The two neuronal populations that have been typically investigated in the septum use acetylcholine and GABA as neurotransmitters. The existence of noncholinergic, non-GABAergic, most likely glutamatergic septal neurons has recently been reported. However, their morphological characteristics, numbers, distribution, and connectivity have not been determined. Furthermore, the projection of septal glutamatergic neurons to the hippocampus has not been characterized. To address these issues, subpopulations of cholinergic and GABAergic neurons were identified by immunohistochemistry. In addition, the retrograde tracer fluorogold was injected into the hippocampus to determine the characteristics of a glutamatergic septo-hippocampal projection. Our work revealed that although glutamatergic neurons are found throughout the septum, they concentrate in medial septal regions. Using stereological probes, approximately 16,000 glutamatergic neurons were estimated in the medial septal region. Triple immunostaining showed that most glutamatergic neurons do not immunoreact with cholinergic or GABAergic neuronal markers (anti-ChAT or anti-GAD67 antibodies, respectively). Fluorogold injections into CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus showed that septal glutamatergic neurons project to each of these hippocampal regions, forming approximately 23\% of the septo-hippocampal projection. Most cell bodies of septo-hippocampal glutamatergic neurons were located in the medial septum. The remaining cell bodies were found in the diagonal band. This data shows that glutamatergic neurons constitute a significant neuronal population in the septum and that a subpopulation of these neurons projects to hippocampal regions. Thus, the septo-hippocampal projection needs to be reconsidered as a three neurotransmitter pathway.}, doi = {10.1002/syn.20184}, institution = {Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Brownsville/Texas Southmost College, Brownsville, Texas. luis.colom@utb.edu}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, metabolism; Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Cell Count; Cell Size; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Dentate Gyrus, cytology/metabolism; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Hippocampus, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Isoenzymes, metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septal Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Stilbamidines; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16108008}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.20184}, } @Article{Colussi-Mas:2007, author = {Colussi-Mas, Joyce and Geisler, Stefanie and Zimmer, Luc and Zahm, Daniel S. and Bérod, Anne}, title = {Activation of afferents to the ventral tegmental area in response to acute amphetamine: a double-labelling study.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2007}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {1011--1025}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The ventral tegmental area (VTA), primary source of the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system, is regarded as a critical site for initiation of behavioural sensitization to psychostimulants. The present study was undertaken to identify the neural pathways converging on the VTA that are potentially implicated in this process. Rats were sensitized by a single exposure to amphetamine (5 mg/kg, s.c.). The distribution of VTA-projecting neurons activated by amphetamine was examined by combining retrograde transport of the cholera toxin beta subunit (CTb), injected into the VTA, with immunodetection of Fos. The quantitative analysis of CTb-Fos double labelling demonstrates that amphetamine induced a rapid activation of Fos in a large number of brain areas projecting to the VTA. More than half of the CTb-Fos double-labelled neurons were located in the prefrontal cortex, lateral preoptic area-lateral hypothalamus, pontomesencephalic tegmentum, dorsal raphe nucleus, ventral pallidum and nucleus accumbens. In addition, scattered CTb-Fos double-labelled cells were observed in many other VTA afferent structures, such as claustrum, lateral septum, diagonal band-magnocellular preoptic nucleus, deep mesencephalic nucleus, oral part of pontine reticular nucleus and dorsomedial tegmental area. This suggests that systemic amphetamine activates a wide population of neurons projecting to the VTA that may be important for the modulation of neurobehavioural plasticity produced by this psychostimulant.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05738.x}, institution = {FRE CNRS 3006, Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie, Université Lyon 1, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/drug effects; Amphetamine, pharmacology; Animals; Cell Count; Central Nervous System Stimulants, pharmacology; Cholera Toxin, diagnostic use/pharmacology; Genes, fos, genetics; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microinjections; Neuronal Plasticity, drug effects; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stimulation, Chemical; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology/drug effects}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {EJN5738}, pmid = {17714194}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05738.x}, } @Article{Commons:2000, author = {Commons, K. G. and Aicher, S. A. and Kow, L. M. and Pfaff, D. W.}, title = {Presynaptic and postsynaptic relations of mu-opioid receptors to gamma-aminobutyric acid-immunoreactive and medullary-projecting periaqueductal gray neurons.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2000}, volume = {419}, number = {4}, pages = {532--542}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The ventrolateral portion of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) is one brain region in which ligands of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) produce analgesia. In the PAG, MOR ligands are thought to act primarily on inhibitory [e.g., gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic)] neurons to disinhibit PAG output rather than directly on medullary-projecting PAG neurons. In this study, the ultrastructural localization of MOR immunolabeling was examined with respect to either GABAergic PAG neurons or PAG projection neurons that were labeled retrogradely from the rostral ventromedial medulla. Immunoreactivity for MOR and GABA often coexisted within dendrites. Dual-labeled profiles accounted for subpopulations of dendrites containing immunoreactivity for either MOR (65 of 145 dendrites; 45\%) or GABA (65 of 183 dendrites; 35\%). In addition, nearly half of PAG neuronal profiles (148 of 344 profiles) that were labeled retrogradely from the ventromedial medulla contained MOR immunoreactivity. MOR was distributed equally among retrogradely labeled neuronal profiles in the lateral and ventrolateral columns of the caudal PAG. With respect to the presynaptic distribution of MOR, approximately half of MOR-immunolabeled axon terminals (35 of 69 terminals) also contained GABA. Some MOR and GABA dual-immunolabeled axon terminals contacted unlabeled dendrites (11 of 35 terminals), whereas others contacted GABA-immunoreactive dendrites (15 of 35 terminals). Furthermore, axon terminals synapsing on medullary-projecting PAG neurons sometimes contained immunoreactivity for MOR. These data support the model that MOR ligands can act by inhibiting GABAergic neurons, but they also provide evidence that MOR ligands may act directly on PAG output neurons. In addition, MOR at presynaptic sites could affect both GABAergic neurons and output neurons. Thus, the disinhibitory model represents only partially the potential mechanisms by which MOR ligands can modulate output of the PAG.}, institution = {Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA. commonk@yahoo.com}, keywords = {Animals; Male; Medulla Oblongata, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Periaqueductal Gray, metabolism/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Opioid, mu, analysis; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-6}, pmid = {10742719}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Commons:2003, author = {Commons, Kathryn G. and Connolley, K Ryan and Valentino, Rita J.}, title = {A neurochemically distinct dorsal raphe-limbic circuit with a potential role in affective disorders.}, journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology}, year = {2003}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, pages = {206--215}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The serotonergic system arising from the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) has long been implicated in psychiatric disorders, and is considered one site of action of classical anxiolytic and antidepressant agents. Recent studies implicate the DR as a site of action of novel anxiolytic and antidepressant agents that target neuropeptide systems, such as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and neurokinin 1 (NK1) antagonists. The present study identified unique characteristics of the dorsomedial DR that implicate this particular subregion as a key component of a circuit, which may be targeted by these diverse psychotherapeutic agents. First, it was observed that a cluster of CRF-containing cell bodies was present in the dorsomedial DR of colchicine-treated rats. Dual-labeling immunohistochemistry revealed that almost all CRF-containing neurons were serotonergic, implicating CRF as a cotransmitter with serotonin in this subpopulation of DR neurons. Moreover, dendrites laden with immunoreactivity for NK1 had a striking topographic distribution surrounding and extending into the dorsomedial subregion of the DR, suggesting that NK1 receptor ligands may selectively impact the dorsomedial DR. Finally, anterograde tract tracing from the dorsomedial DR combined with CRF immunohistochemistry revealed that CRF-containing axons from this subregion project to CRF-containing neurons of the central nucleus of the amygdala. Taken together, the present results reveal a circuit whereby NK1 receptor activation in the dorsomedial DR can impact on limbic sources of CRF that have been implicated in emotional responses. This circuit may be relevant for understanding the mechanism of action of novel psychotherapeutic agents that act through NK1 or CRF receptors.}, doi = {10.1038/sj.npp.1300045}, institution = {The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Pediatric Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. commons@email.chop.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, analysis; Limbic System, chemistry; Male; Mood Disorders, therapy; Neural Pathways, chemistry; Raphe Nuclei, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, analysis; Serotonin, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {1300045}, pmid = {12589373}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300045}, } @Article{Comoli:2012, author = {Comoli, Eliane and {Das Neves Favaro}, Plínio and Vautrelle, Nicolas and Leriche, Mariana and Overton, Paul G. and Redgrave, Peter}, title = {Segregated anatomical input to sub-regions of the rodent superior colliculus associated with approach and defense.}, journal = {Front Neuroanat}, year = {2012}, volume = {6}, pages = {9}, abstract = {The superior colliculus (SC) is responsible for sensorimotor transformations required to direct gaze toward or away from unexpected, biologically salient events. Significant changes in the external world are signaled to SC through primary multisensory afferents, spatially organized according to a retinotopic topography. For animals, where an unexpected event could indicate the presence of either predator or prey, early decisions to approach or avoid are particularly important. Rodents' ecology dictates predators are most often detected initially as movements in upper visual field (mapped in medial SC), while appetitive stimuli are normally found in lower visual field (mapped in lateral SC). Our purpose was to exploit this functional segregation to reveal neural sites that can bias or modulate initial approach or avoidance responses. Small injections of Fluoro-Gold were made into medial or lateral sub-regions of intermediate and deep layers of SC (SCm/SCl). A remarkable segregation of input to these two functionally defined areas was found. (i) There were structures that projected only to SCm (e.g., specific cortical areas, lateral geniculate and suprageniculate thalamic nuclei, ventromedial and premammillary hypothalamic nuclei, and several brainstem areas) or SCl (e.g., primary somatosensory cortex representing upper body parts and vibrissae and parvicellular reticular nucleus in the brainstem). (ii) Other structures projected to both SCm and SCl but from topographically segregated populations of neurons (e.g., zona incerta and substantia nigra pars reticulata). (iii) There were a few brainstem areas in which retrogradely labeled neurons were spatially overlapping (e.g., pedunculopontine nucleus and locus coeruleus). These results indicate significantly more structures across the rat neuraxis are in a position to modulate defense responses evoked from SCm, and that neural mechanisms modulating SC-mediated defense or appetitive behavior are almost entirely segregated.}, doi = {10.3389/fnana.2012.00009}, institution = {Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {epublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {22514521}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2012.00009}, } @Article{Comoli:2000, author = {E. Comoli and E. R. Ribeiro-Barbosa and N. S. Canteras}, title = {Afferent connections of the dorsal premammillary nucleus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2000}, volume = {423}, number = {1}, pages = {83--98}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd) is thought to play a critical role for the expression of fear responses to environmental threats. We have reported previously that during an encounter with a predator the PMd presents an impressive increase in Fos levels and cell body-specific chemical lesions therein virtually eliminate the expression of escape and freezing responses. In the present study, we carried out a systematic analysis of PMd afferent connections combining anterograde and retrograde tracing methods in the rat. We show that the nucleus receives inputs from several widely distributed areas in the forebrain and, to a much lesser extent, from the brainstem as well. From this information, it seems that the major telencephalic source of input to the PMd is the interfascicular nucleus of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis. In addition, substantial telencephalic inputs to the nucleus seem to arise from the infralimbic and prelimbic areas, and the lateral septal nucleus. In the diencephalon, massive inputs to the PMd arise from the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, specific parts of the perifornical region, the retinoceptive region of the lateral hypothalamic area, and the anterior and dorsomedial parts of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. In contrast, the ventral tegmental nucleus seems to be the only brainstem site that provides substantial inputs to the PMd. Overall, the present analysis helps to delineate prosencephalic circuits seemingly critical for the organization of innate fear responses to environmental threats, where the PMd presents a major associative role. Furthermore, by means of massive inputs from the ventral tegmental nucleus, the PMd is in a position to integrate information from a neural system involved in spatial working memory, which may be of particular relevance for an effect of attentional mechanisms on the selection of appropriate escape strategies.}, doi = {10.1002/1096-9861(20000717)423:1<83::aid-cne7>3.0.co;2-3}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Såo Paulo, Såo Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, cytology/physiology; Fear, physiology; Hypothalamus, cytology/physiology; Limbic System, cytology/physiology; Male; Memory, Short-Term, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Septal Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Telencephalon, cytology/physiology; Thalamus, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-3}, pmid = {10861538}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Compoint:1997, author = {C. Compoint and C. Buisseret-Delmas and M. Diagne and P. Buissseret and P. Angaut}, title = {Connections between the cerebellar nucleus interpositus and the vestibular nuclei: an anatomical study in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1997}, volume = {238}, number = {3}, pages = {91-94}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Interposito-vestibular connections were analysed, using the anterograde and retrograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine. The interposito-vestibular projections mainly arise from medial portions of the cerebellar nuclei interpositi anterior (NIA) and posterior (NIP), and reach each of the main vestibular nuclei, ipsilaterally. The highest density of projections is found throughout nucleus vestibularis lateralis. Fibres also reach the peripheral part of nucleus superior, the caudal part of nucleus inferior, and the lateral part of nucleus medialis. Some fibres also reach groups I, x and f. Contralaterally, few fibres reach zones of the vestibular nuclei symmetric to the ipsilateral projection. A small, reciprocal, vestibulo-interposed projection is sent from the vestibular nuclei onto NIA-NIP. Possible influences of the interposito-vestibular projections upon the major targets of the vestibular nuclei, spinal motoneurones and oculomotor neurones, are discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00864-1}, institution = {Equipe de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle des Systèmes Sensorimoteurs, UP7, Paris France.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Neural Pathways; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(97)00864-1}, pmid = {9464627}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Conde:1990, author = {F. Condé and E. Audinat and E. Maire-Lepoivre and F. Crépel}, title = {Afferent connections of the medial frontal cortex of the rat. A study using retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes. I. Thalamic afferents.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1990}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {341--354}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The present study of the medial frontal cortex of the rat was undertaken with two objectives. First, to compare the pattern of afferent thalamic neurons for each of the three subdivisions of the medial frontal cortex: the medial precentral (PrCm), dorsal anterior cingulate (ACd) and prelimbic (PL) areas. Second, to provide a firmer basis for anatomical comparisons of cortical regions between rat and monkey. Focal injections of retrogradely transported fluorescent tracers, true blue and diamidino yellow, were placed in different regions of the medial frontal cortex, to reveal the organization of afferent thalamic neurons. The PL area can be readily distinguished from PrCm and ACd areas because it receives afferents from a large number of neurons from both the medial and the lateral parts of the mediodorsal nucleus (MD) whereas only a few neurons, from the lateral MD exclusively, project to PrCm and ACd areas. Moreover, the paratenial and the paraventricular thalamic nuclei project only to the PL area, and the central medial nucleus projects mostly to the PL area. The ventrolateral nucleus projects only to the dorsal part of the medial frontal cortex. The rhomboid, reuniens, ventromedial, intralaminar, posterior and laterodorsal nuclei project to the whole medial frontal cortex. On the basis of these findings, the pattern of thalamic afferents to the PL area was compared to the pattern of thalamic afferents to cingulate and retrosplenial cortices in rat. The conclusion is that the PL area has a pattern of thalamic afferents which is different not only from those of PrCm and ACd areas but also from those of cingulate and retrosplenial cortices. On the basis of its rich innervation from the mediodorsal nucleus, the prelimbic area could very likely be a part of the prefrontal cortex of rat.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(90)90088-h}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Neuropharmacologie, CNRS URA 1121, Université Paris XI, Orsay, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Frontal Lobe, cytology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(90)90088-H}, pmid = {2337814}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Conde:1995, author = {F. Condé and E. Maire-Lepoivre and E. Audinat and F. Crépel}, title = {Afferent connections of the medial frontal cortex of the rat. II. Cortical and subcortical afferents.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {352}, number = {4}, pages = {567--593}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {In order to compare the frontal cortex of rat and macaque monkey, cortical and subcortical afferents to subdivisions of the medial frontal cortex (MFC) in the rat were analyzed with fluorescent retrograde tracers. In addition to afferent inputs common to the whole MFC, each subdivision of the MFC has a specific pattern of afferent connections. The dorsally situated precentral medial area (PrCm) was the only area to receive inputs from the somatosensory cortex. The specific pattern of afferents common to the ventrally situated prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) areas included projections from the agranular insular cortex, the entorhinal and piriform cortices, the CA1-CA2 fields of the hippocampus, the subiculum, the endopiriform nucleus, the amygdalopiriform transition, the amygdalohippocampal area, the lateral tegmentum, and the parabrachial nucleus. In all these structures, the number of retrogradely labeled cells was larger when the injection site was located in area IL. The dorsal part of the anterior cingulate area (ACd) seemed to be connectionally intermediate between the adjacent areas PrCm and PL; it receives neither the somatosensory inputs characteristic of area PrCm nor the afferents characteristic of areas PL and IL, with the exception of the afferents from the caudal part of the retrosplenial cortex. A comparison of the pattern of afferent and efferent connections of the rat MFC with the pattern of macaque prefrontal cortex suggests that PrCm and ACd areas share some properties with the macaque premotor cortex, whereas PL and IL areas may have characteristics in common with the cingulate or with medial areas 24, 25, and 32 and with orbital areas 12, 13, and 14 of macaques.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903520407}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Neuropharmacologie du Développement, Université Paris-XI, Orsay, France.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Entorhinal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Female; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7722001}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903520407}, } @Article{CondesLara:1990, author = {{Condés Lara}, M. and {León Olea}, M. and {Sánchez Alvárez}, M. and {Omaña Zapata}, I.}, title = {Mesencephalic projections to the thalamic centralis lateralis and medial prefrontal cortex: a WGA-HRP study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {509}, number = {2}, pages = {321--324}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {In order to provide anatomical information for a possible pathway involved in pain mechanisms, rats were injected with horseradish peroxidase wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) in the centralis lateralis nucleus of the thalamus (Cl) or in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFCx) from which originated retrogradely labelled cells in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), locus ceruleus (LC) and surrounding structures. The locations of the Cl and the PFCx injections were previously determined by the presence of evoked single neuronal responses to noxious stimulations. The present study gives evidence for ascending pathways which originated in DR and LC and project to the Cl and PFCx. LC and DR projections suggest a possible route to an ascending modulation pain system.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)90557-r}, institution = {Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Mexicano de Psiquiatría, México, D.F.}, keywords = {Animals; Frontal Lobe, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Locus Coeruleus, cytology; Mesencephalon, cytology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(90)90557-R}, pmid = {1691039}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Condes-Lara:2007, author = {Condés-Lara, Miguel and Martínez-Lorenzana, Guadalupe and Rojas-Piloni, Gerardo and Rodríguez-Jiménez, Javier}, title = {Branched oxytocinergic innervations from the paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei to superficial layers in the spinal cord.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2007}, volume = {1160}, pages = {20--29}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is an interesting structure with diverse functions due to its different neuronal populations, neurotransmitters, and projections to other central nervous system structures. The PVN is a primary source of oxytocin (OT) in the central nervous system. In fact, a direct PVN projection to the spinal cord has been demonstrated by retrograde and anterograde tracers, and more than the 50\% of this projection is oxytocinergic. This OT descending projection is proposed to be an endogenous system that controls the nociceptive information arriving at the spinal cord. However, we have no information about the specific organization of the OT descending innervations to the different spinal cord segments. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the projecting PVN neurons arrive at cervical regions and then continue to lumbar regions. That is, we sought to establish if the OT projecting cells have a topic or a diffuse projection in order to obtain histological data to support the endogenous OT diffuse mechanism of analgesia described elsewhere. With this purpose in mind we combined the OT immunohistochemistry technique with retrograde neuronal tracers in the spinal cord. We applied Diamidino Yellow (DY) for the superficial dorsal horn cervical segments and True Blue (TB) for the lumbar segments. Data were collected from eight rats with well-placed injections. We only used the animals in which the tracer deposits were confined to superficial layers I and II of the dorsal horn. A mainly ipsilateral projection was observed, but stained neurons were also observed in the contralateral PVN. A large fraction of the stained PVN cells was doubled labeled but some were single labeled. Combining the retrograde tracer techniques and the OT detection procedure, we observed triple-labeled neurons. The present results demonstrate that PVN neurons send collaterals at least to the superficial cervical and lumbar segments of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Moreover, some of these stained cells use OT as a neurotransmitter. These results are of great relevance since they demonstrate that the PVN plays an important role in the somatosensorial system, and they support anatomic evidence of an endogenous mechanism involved in analgesia. Finally, we also describe median raphe nucleus double-labeled cells (DY+TB) signaling diffuse descending projections for this largely studied nucleus that are involved in endogenous analgesia.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2007.05.031}, institution = {Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, México. condes@servidor.unam.mx}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Amidines, pharmacokinetics; Animals; Benzofurans, pharmacokinetics; Immunophilins, metabolism; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Oxytocin, metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology/drug effects/metabolism/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(07)01159-6}, pmid = {17599811}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.05.031}, } @Article{Connelly:1989, author = {C. A. Connelly and H. H. Ellenberger and J. L. Feldman}, title = {Are there serotonergic projections from raphe and retrotrapezoid nuclei to the ventral respiratory group in the rat?}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1989}, volume = {105}, number = {1-2}, pages = {34--40}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The relationship of serotonergic neurons in raphe and ventrolateral medullary regions to neurons projecting to the rostral ventral respiratory group in the rat were investigated using combined immunohistochemical and retrograde labeling techniques. Serotonergic and non-serotonergic neurons retrogradely labeled with rhodamine beads were found intermingled in the larger population of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in raphe pallidus, obscurus and magnus. In addition, a cell group analogous to the retrotrapezoid nucleus in the cat was identified in the rat ventrolateral medulla. Retrotrapezoid neurons, which exhibited exclusively ipsilateral projections to the ventral respiratory group, were located lateral to clusters of serotonergic cells near the ventral surface, but were not serotonin immunoreactive.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(89)90007-4}, institution = {Department of Kinesiology, University of California Los Angeles 90024-1568.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rhodamines, diagnostic use; Serotonin, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(89)90007-4}, pmid = {2485883}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Connors:1983, author = {Connors, N. A. and Sullivan, J. M. and Kubb, K. S.}, title = {An autoradiographic study of the distribution of fibers from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus to the digestive tube of the rat.}, journal = {Acta Anat (Basel)}, year = {1983}, volume = {115}, number = {3}, pages = {266--271}, abstract = {At the present time, complete agreement on the origin and course of parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to the alimentary canal has not been reached. The purpose of this study was to trace vagal fibers to the abdominal cavity and to follow the distribution of these fibers to the digestive tube. The technique used was to label neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX) with 3H-leucine and then to follow the orthograde transport. 16 albino rats were used in this experiment. The right DMX in one group of rats and the left DMX in the other group was injected with 25 microCi of 3H-leucine in three injections. The injection sites and tissue sections from various areas of the digestive tube were processed for autoradiography. A heavy label was observed in the injection site and it could be traced down the vagus nerve through the thorax into the abdomen. Labelled vagal fibers were found in the parasympathetic ganglia of the stomach, small intestine and colon.}, doi = {10.1159/000145699}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Colon, innervation; Digestive System, innervation; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology; Intestine, Small, innervation; Male; Myenteric Plexus, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Stomach, innervation; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6845965}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Conrad:1976, author = {L. C. Conrad and D. W. Pfaff}, title = {Efferents from medial basal forebrain and hypothalamus in the rat. I. An autoradiographic study of the medial preoptic area.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1976}, volume = {169}, number = {2}, pages = {185--219}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Efferent projections from the medial and periventricular preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and nuclei of the diagonal band were traced using tritiated amino acid autoradiography in albino rats. Medial and periventricular preoptic area efferents were not restricted to short-axon projections. Ascending projections from the medial preoptic area (mPOA) were traced through the diagonal band into the septum. Descending mPOA axons coursed in the medial parts of the medial forebrain bundle. Projections to most hypothalamic nuclei, including the arcuate nucleus and median eminence, were observed. In the midbrain, mPOA efferents were distributed in the central grey, raphe nuclei, ventral tegmental area and reticular formation. Projections from the mPOA were also observed to the amygdala through the stria terminalis, to the lateral habenula through the stria medullaris, and to the periventricular thalamus. Axons of the most medial and periventricular preoptic area (pvPOA) neurons had a distribution similar to more lateral mPOA neurons but their longest-axoned projections were weaker. The pvPOA did not send axons through the stria medullaris but did project more heavily than the more lateral mPOA to the arcuate nucleus and median eminence. Projections from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (nST) were in most respects similar to those from the medial preoptic area, with the major addition of a projection to the accessory olfactory bulb. The nuclei of the diagonal band of Broca (nDBB) gave a different pattern of projections than mPOA or nST, projecting, for instance, to the medial septum and hippocampus. Descending nDBB efferents ran in the ventral portion of the medial forebrain bundle. Among hypothalamic cell groups, only the medial mammillary nuclei received nDBB projections. nDBB efferents also distributed in the medial and lateral habenular nuclei and the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901690205}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways; Female; Hypothalamus, physiology; Leucine; Male; Preoptic Area, physiology; Proline; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {61212}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901690205}, } @Article{Conrad:1976a, author = {L. C. Conrad and D. W. Pfaff}, title = {Autoradiographic tracing of nucleus accumbens efferents in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1976}, volume = {113}, number = {3}, pages = {589--596}, month = {Sep}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(76)90060-3}, keywords = {Corpus Striatum, cytology; Hippocampus, cytology; Hypothalamus, Anterior, cytology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Efferent, cytology; Neurons, cytology; Preoptic Area, cytology; Septal Nuclei, cytology; Septum Pellucidum, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(76)90060-3}, pmid = {953754}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Consolazione:1985, author = {A. Consolazione and M. Bentivoglio and M. Goldstein and G. Toffano}, title = {Evidence for crossed catecholaminergic nigrostriatal projections by combining wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport and tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {338}, number = {1}, pages = {140--143}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {After unilateral injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the rat caudate-putamen, a few retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the contralateral pars compacta of the substantia nigra. These contralaterally projecting nigral cell bodies also immunoreacted positively to a specific tyrosine hydroxylase antiserum. We conclude that crossed catecholaminergic nigrostriatal projections may contribute to the reciprocal regulation exerted by the two nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)90256-2}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Transport; Brain Chemistry; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Corpus Striatum, physiology; Dopamine, analysis; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lectins, diagnostic use; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(85)90256-2}, pmid = {2862949}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Consolazione:1984, author = {A. Consolazione and J. V. Priestley and A. C. Cuello}, title = {Serotonin-containing projections to the thalamus in the rat revealed by a horseradish peroxidase and peroxidase antiperoxidase double-staining technique.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {322}, number = {2}, pages = {233--243}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been used in combination with peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemistry in order to investigate serotonin-containing projections to the thalamus of the rat. Sections were histochemically stained to reveal retrogradely transported HRP and then PAP immunostained using a monoclonal anti-serotonin (5-HT) antibody. Following HRP injections into the ventral thalamus, retrogradely labelled cells were observed in a number of sites in the brainstem and including areas known to be rich in 5-HT-containing neurons. At rostral levels of the dorsal raphe nucleus, retrogradely labelled cells were observed both on the midline and in a distinct lateral group extending diffusely into the periaqueductal gray (PAG). In both of these areas many 5-HT-immunoreactive HRP retrogradely labelled neurons were observed. However, except for the most rostral levels of the dorsal raphe nucleus, such double-labelled cells represented only a small proportion of the total population of 5-HT-immunoreactive neurons. In the lateral group, the retrograde labelling was mainly unilateral to the injection site but some contralateral labelling was also seen. At caudal levels of the dorsal raphe nucleus, retrogradely labelled cells were observed predominantly in the lateral group. At the level of the dorsolateral tegmental nucleus, few 5-HT or 5-HT/HRP labelled cells were observed in the lateral group, although HRP retrogradely labelled neurons were present. Double-stained cells were detected also in the medial raphe nucleus (corresponding to the B8 cell group according to the nomenclature of Dahlström and Fuxe), among the fibres of the medial lemniscus (B9), and in nucleus raphe pontis (B5).}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90113-6}, keywords = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Periaqueductal Gray, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling, methods; Thalamic Nuclei, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(84)90113-6}, pmid = {6210128}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Conta:2004, author = {Conta, Amanda C. and Stelzner, Dennis J.}, title = {Differential vulnerability of propriospinal tract neurons to spinal cord contusion injury.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2004}, volume = {479}, number = {4}, pages = {347--359}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The propriospinal system is important in mediating reflex control and in coordination during locomotion. Propriospinal neurons (PNs) present varied patterns of projections with ascending and/or descending fibers. Following spinal cord contusion injury (SCI) in the rat, certain supraspinal pathways, such as the corticospinal tract, appear to be completely abolished, whereas others, such as the rubrospinal and vestibuospinal tracts, are only partially damaged. The amount of damage to propriospinal axons following different severities of SCI is not fully known. In the present study retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques were used to assess the projection patterns of propriospinal neurons in order to determine how this system is affected following SCI. Our findings reveal that PNs have differential vulnerabilities to SCI. While short thoracic propriospinal axons are severely damaged after injury, 5-7\% of long descending propriospinal tract (LDPT) projections survive following 50 and 12.5-mm weight drop contusion lesions, respectively, albeit with a reduced intensity of retrograde label. Even though the axons of short thoracic propriospinal cells are damaged, their cell bodies of origin remain intact 2 weeks after injury, indicating that they have not undergone postaxotomy retrograde cell death at this time point. Thus, short PNs may constitute a very attractive population of cells to study regenerative approaches, whereas LDPT neurons with spared axons could be targeted with therapeutic interventions, seeking to enhance recovery of function following incomplete lesions to the spinal cord.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20319}, institution = {Neuroscience Program, College of Graduate Studies, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, pathology/physiology; Cell Death, physiology; Cell Size; Cell Survival, physiology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Nerve Degeneration, pathology/physiopathology; Neural Pathways, pathology/physiopathology; Neurons, pathology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Spinal Cord Injuries, pathology/physiopathology; Spinal Cord, pathology/physiopathology; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15514981}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20319}, } @InBook{Conta:2009, chapter = {The propriospinal system}, pages = {180-190}, title = {The spinal cord}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {2009}, author = {Conta, A.C.; Stelzner, D.J.}, editor = {C. Watson and G. Paxinos and G. Kayalioglu}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Contamina:1992, author = {P. Contamina and E. Boada}, title = {Time of origin of cortico-collicular projection neurons in the rat visual cortex.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {323}, number = {4}, pages = {570--576}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The time of origin and the radial gradient of neurogenesis of cortico-collicular neurons have been studied in the rat visual area 17. We used a combined technique for the histochemical detection of the retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase from the superior colliculus and the autoradiographic detection of the [3H]-thymidine administered during the gestational period. The cortico-collicular neurons of visual area 17 are located in layer V and are generated on gestational day (GD) 15 (59.78\%), GD 16 (36.21\%), and GD 17 (4.01\%). This finding reveals that, for the cortico-collicular neuronal population, the birth date is well-correlated with the laminar position in the adult animal. To see whether the cortico-collicular neurons located at various radial levels of layer V are generated concurrently, or whether they follow an "inside-out" pattern of positioning, we divided layer V into three (upper, middle and lower) sublaminae. Most cortico-collicular neurons located in the lower two-thirds of layer V are generated on GD 15 (65\%), whereas the neurons located in the upper third of the layer are generated both on GD 15 and GD 16 in almost equal proportions (52.53\% and 44.39\%, respectively).}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903230409}, institution = {Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, physiology; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Superior Colliculi, physiology; Thymidine, diagnostic use; Visual Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Visual Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1430323}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903230409}, } @Article{Conte:2008, author = {William L Conte and Hiroaki Kamishina and James V Corwin and Roger L Reep}, title = {Topography in the projections of lateral posterior thalamus with cingulate and medial agranular cortex in relation to circuitry for directed attention and neglect.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2008}, volume = {1240}, pages = {87--95}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {In the rat, the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus (LP) has reciprocal connections with areas of the cortex and the striatum involved in directed attention and its dysfunctional counterpart, contralateral neglect. It has also been shown that the medial portion of the mediorostral part of LP (mLPMR) is of special interest because it has connections with the dorsocentral striatum, a key node in this circuitry. In the present study we used neuroanatomical tracers to map the specific connections and topography of LP with the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and medial agranular cortex (AGm). We primarily used Alexa Fluor conjugates of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B, and injected two different colored conjugates into ACC and AGm in the same animal in order to directly compare the differential topography of the thalamocortical connections of mLPMR. The bidirectional tracer, dextran amine, was also used to examine anterograde corticothalamic projections of AGm and ACC. We found that mLPMR consists of two distinct groups of neurons, with the more dorsal group projecting to ACC and the more ventral group projecting to AGm. This is mirrored by a similar corticothalamic topography. These findings suggest that the ventral mLPMR is specifically associated with AGm and dorsocentral striatum, while dorsal mLPMR is associated with ACC. They also suggest that ACC may play a role in the circuitry for directed attention and contralateral neglect, as it is known to do in humans.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.013}, institution = {Department of Physiological Sciences and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. billy.conte@mbi.ufl.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Attention, physiology; Brain, cytology/physiology; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, cytology; Perceptual Disorders, physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(08)02243-9}, pmid = {18817759}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.013}, } @Article{Conte:2009, author = {William L Conte and Hiroaki Kamishina and Roger L Reep}, title = {The efficacy of the fluorescent conjugates of cholera toxin subunit B for multiple retrograde tract tracing in the central nervous system.}, journal = {Brain Struct Funct}, year = {2009}, volume = {213}, number = {4-5}, pages = {367--373}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) is a sensitive neuroanatomical tracer that generally transports retrogradely in the nervous system, and has been used extensively in brightfield microscopy. Recently, Alexa Fluor (AF) conjugates of CTB have been made available, which now allows multiple tracing with CTB. In this study, we examined the efficacy of these new AF-CTB conjugates when injected into the brain, and compared the results to our previous experiences using fluorescent 3k dextran amines. To test this, we injected AF 488 and AF 594 CTB into the anterior cingulate cortex and the medial agranular cortex in the rat, and examined the retrograde transport to the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. We found that CTB was very viscous but yet very sensitive: small injection sites revealed very intense and detailed retrograde labeling. Anterograde transport was seen only when tissue at the injection site was damaged. These findings suggest that AF-CTB is a very reliable and sensitive retrograde tracer, and should be the first choice retrograde tracer for experiments examining multiple pathways within the same brain.}, doi = {10.1007/s00429-009-0212-x}, institution = {Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Box 100144, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. billy.conte@mbi.ufl.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Gyrus Cinguli, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Posterior Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Staining and Labeling}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {19621243}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-009-0212-x}, } @Article{Conte-Perales:2010, author = {Lorena Conte-Perales and Pedro Barroso-Chinea and Alberto J Rico and Virginia Gómez-Bautista and Iciar P López and Elvira Roda and Floris G Wouterlood and José L Lanciego}, title = {Neuroanatomical tracing combined with in situ hybridization: analysis of gene expression patterns within brain circuits of interest.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {2010}, volume = {194}, number = {1}, pages = {28--33}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Most of our current understanding of brain circuits is based on hodological studies carried out using neuroanatomical tract-tracing. Our aim is to advance one step further by visualizing the functional correlate in a given circuit. In this regard, we believe it is feasible to combine retrograde tracing with fluorescence, non-radioactive in situ hybridization (ISH) protocols. The subsequent detection at the single-cell level of the expression of a given mRNA within retrograde-labeled neurons provides information regarding cellular function. This may be of particular interest when trying to elucidate the performance of brain circuits of interest in animal models of brain diseases. Several combinations of retrograde tracing with either single- and double-ISH are presented here, together with some criteria that influence the selection of the tracer to be used in conjunction with the strong demands of the ISH.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.11.021}, institution = {Area de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra and Centro de Investigación en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Pamplona, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Chemistry, genetics; Dopamine, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Gene Expression, physiology; Globus Pallidus, cytology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Haplorhini; In Situ Hybridization, methods; Microscopy, Confocal; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Neuroanatomy, methods; Oligonucleotides, Antisense, chemical synthesis; Perfusion; RNA, biosynthesis/genetics; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stilbamidines; Subthalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Survival; Tissue Fixation; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, biosynthesis/genetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165-0270(09)00619-0}, pmid = {19961877}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.11.021}, } @Article{Contestabile:1981, author = {A. Contestabile and B. A. Flumerfelt}, title = {Afferent connections of the interpeduncular nucleus and the topographic organization of the habenulo-interpeduncular pathway: an HRP study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1981}, volume = {196}, number = {2}, pages = {253--270}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The HRP tracing method was employed to investigate the organization and afferent connections of the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) in the rat. To study the topographical features of the different projections, a method was devised for obtaining HRP placements of limited size in different areas of the IPN. The main afferent connection of the IPN is a topographically organized projection from the medial habenula (Hb). This projection follows a reversed caudorostral pattern, terminating throughout all but the caudalmost part of the IPN. The dorsal part of the IPN receives a sparse innervation arising mainly from a narrow lateral and ventrolateral area of the medial Hb. The ventral two thirds of the IPN receives a much heavier projection, as follows: A large ventrolateral area of the medial Hb projects to the lateral part of the IPN in a completely bilateral way. An additional projection, which is predominantly ipsilateral, arises from the rostral half of the dorsolateral part of the medial Hb and terminates in the caudal IPN. The medial part of the medial Hb projects preferentially to central areas of the IPN. The projection from the lateral Hb is quantitatively much smaller but appears to be distributed to the entire length of the IPN, following a nonreversed caudorostral arrangement, with the ipsilateral projection predominating. The projections from the medial and lateral Hb to the IPN were confirmed by tracing anterogradely transported HRP as well. No reciprocal connection from the IPN to the Hb could be demonstrated. A sparse projection to the IPN with a strong ipsilateral predominance arises from the horizontal limbs of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. This was the only projection observed from the septal region. Sparse projections from the premammillary and supramammillary nuclei were also demonstrated. Confirmatory data and some details of organization were also obtained for projections to the IPN from other areas, including the medial and dorsal raphe nuclei, the dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden, and the adjacent dorsolateral tegmental nucleus. Very small projections from the ventral tegmental nucleus and the locus coeruleus were also found.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901960206}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, anatomy /&/ histology; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Median Eminence, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Septal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7217357}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901960206}, } @Article{Conti:1990, author = {Conti, F. and {De Biasi}, S. and Giuffrida, R. and Rustioni, A.}, title = {Substance P-containing projections in the dorsal columns of rats and cats.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1990}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, pages = {607--621}, abstract = {Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical methods were used to study the distribution and the morphology of substance P-positive fibers and axon terminals in the dorsal column nuclei of rats and cats, and to determine whether they are part of an ascending input to these nuclei. In rats, substance P-positive fibers and axon terminals are present throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the dorsal column nuclei. In cats, immunostained fibers and terminals are mostly confined to the ventral region of the caudal and middle portions of these nuclei but they are more homogeneously distributed at rostral levels. In both species, substance P-positive neurons are not present in the same nuclear complex. At the electron microscope level, substance P-positive terminals are small- to medium-sized and dome-shaped; they form asymmetric contacts on dendrites and contain many round, agranular vesicles and sparse dense core vesicles. In double-labeling experiments, visualization of substance P- immunoreactivity in the dorsal root ganglia and dorsal horn of the spinal cord was combined with the retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase or of colloidal gold-labeled wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to enzymatically inactive horseradish peroxidase. These experiments show that substance P-positive axon terminals may originate from both small dorsal root ganglion neurons and from spinodorsal column nuclei neurons in lamina IV. Although quantitative evaluation of the contribution of these two pathways to the substance P innervation of the dorsal column nuclei has not been performed and other sources cannot be discarded on the basis of the present evidence, it is proposed that non-primary afferents to the dorsal column nuclei account for most of the substance P-positive fibers and terminals in the dorsal column nuclei. The experiments support previous findings suggesting that nociceptive input may access the dorsal column nuclei and that this may be mediated, though to a very limited extent, directly by way of small dorsal root ganglion neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90168-4}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599.}, keywords = {Animals; Cats; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism; Substance P, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(90)90168-4}, pmid = {1693760}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Contreras:1982, author = {R. J. Contreras and R. M. Beckstead and R. Norgren}, title = {The central projections of the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves: an autoradiographic study in the rat.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, year = {1982}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {303--322}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The central distributions of primary afferent axons in the facial, trigeminal (mandibular branch), glossopharyngeal, and vagal nerves of the rat have been re-examined using the autoradiographic tracing technique after injections of [3H]proline or [3H]leucine into their peripheral ganglia. Within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), the labeled terminals from VII, V, IX and X form a continuous distribution that spans the length of this nucleus. Sensory axons in VII terminate mainly within the lateral division of the rostral NST, although some of the terminals extend further caudally within the nucleus. Immediately caudal to the rostral NST, the distribution continues with major contributions from V and IX. Both are confined mainly to the lateral division of the NST, although some of the fibers in IX terminate within the medial division. Injections into the inferior ganglion of X confirm the extensive distribution of vagal axons as they ramify significantly within the lateral division, and virtually monopolize the medial division of the NST. Thus, the major zone of convergency for these 4 cranial nerves is the lateral division of the nucleus from the level of the entering fascicles of IX caudally to the level of the area postrema. Furthermore, only X has a crossed projection as vagal axons invade the commissural nucleus and the medial division of the contralateral NST. Vagal fibers also enter the area postrema bilaterally. Finally, some afferent fibers from VII, IX and X descend in the dorsal part of the spinal trigeminal tract and terminate within the marginal subdivision of the spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis, as well as the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0165-1838(82)90003-0}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping; Facial Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology; Glossopharyngeal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, Afferent; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7169500}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Contreras:1980, author = {R. J. Contreras and M. M. Gomez and R. Norgren}, title = {Central origins of cranial nerve parasympathetic neurons in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1980}, volume = {190}, number = {2}, pages = {373--394}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The location of central neurons that contribute preganglionic parasympathetic axons to cranial nerves VII, IX, and X in rats has been identified using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing methods. Collectively, these neurons form an uninterrupted dorsal column that extends over the entire length of the medulla. The cephalic end of this column turns ventrally with neurons scattered in the parvicellular reticular formation between the rostral pole of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and the facial motor nucleus. Applying HRP crystals to the cut cervical vagus labels neurons in the classically defined dorsal motor nucleus. Rostrally, this distribution continues along the medial edge of NST, ending just caudal to neurons exiting in the lingual-tonsilar branch of IX. At the rostral pole of the NST and ventral to it, neurons occur that serve the lingual-tonsilar and tympanic branches of IX, as well as the chorda tympani and greater superficial petrosal (GSP) branches of VII. Central neurons of the chorda tympani and tympanic nerves spread ventrally from NST into a sparse but largely coextensive distribution in the reticular formation lateral to the ascending radiations of the facial motor nucleus. Immediately ventral to this distribution, a dense accumulation of GSP efferent neurons appears rostrolateral to the facial motor nucleus. Although they vary considerably in number and packing density, the neurons of the dorsal efferent column and those extending from it into the reticular formation have similar morphological characteristics. The somata are medium-sized, fusiform, or multipolar, but with usually no more than five or six major processes.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901900211}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic; Brain Mapping; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Chorda Tympani Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Facial Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Glossopharyngeal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Laryngeal Nerves, anatomy /&/ histology; Lingual Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, Efferent; Parasympathetic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7381063}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901900211}, } @Article{Coogan:1988, author = {T. A. Coogan and A. Burkhalter}, title = {Sequential development of connections between striate and extrastriate visual cortical areas in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1988}, volume = {278}, number = {2}, pages = {242--252}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {In these experiments we have asked whether the projection from the rat's primary visual cortex, area 17, to the extrastriate visual cortical area 18a is formed in a sequence and whether that sequence resembles the pattern of inside-out cortical neurogenesis. For this purpose fluorescent retrograde tracers were injected into area 18a at different postnatal ages (P1, P5, adult). Animals survived until 3-4 weeks of age, after migration is complete and neurons have arrived at their final laminar location. In the ipsilateral cortex, P1 injections retrogradely labeled cells in layers 5 and 6 of area 17. Labeling after P5 injections extended into more superficial layers and included the bottom of layer 2/3 and layers 4-6. After P5, more labeled cells were found at the top of layer 2/3, producing the adult laminar pattern, where the projection originates predominantly from layer 2/3. A similar sequence of laminar labeling was observed in the transcallosal connection of area 18a. This sequence of labeling, deep layers before superficial, resembles the pattern in which cortical neurons are born and indicates that axons arrive at their cortical targets in the order the cells were generated.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902780207}, institution = {Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Callosum, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Time Factors; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3230163}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902780207}, } @Article{Coogan:1990, author = {Coogan, T. A. and A. Burkhalter}, title = {Conserved patterns of cortico-cortical connections define areal hierarchy in rat visual cortex}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {80(1)}, pages = {49-53}, doi = {10.1007/bf00228846}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Coogan:1993, author = {T. A. Coogan and A. Burkhalter}, title = {Hierarchical organization of areas in rat visual cortex.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1993}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {3749--3772}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {To test the hypothesis that areas within rat visual cortex are organized in a multilevel hierarchy, we have employed Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin as an anterograde axonal tracer to visualize the laminar patterns of connections between different cortical areas. For identification of cortical areas, we used a combination of markers that included callosal connections, the patterns of inputs and outputs to ipsilateral cortical and subcortical targets, and geographical location. Projections from area 17 to every identified extrastriate target area extend throughout all layers of cortex and include layer 4. Area LM (lateromedial), contained within the cytoarchitectonic subdivision 18a, projects to area 17, area AL (anterolateral), area RL (rostrolateral), multiple sites within the posterior complex (PX), the anterior complex (AX), the far lateral complex (FLX), the medial complex (MX), perirhinal, entorhinal, retrosplenial, and presubicular cortex. Each of the projections to extrastriate areas resembles those originating from area 17. Only the projection to area 17 differs, and terminates largely in layers outside of lamina 4. Such projections are designated as feedback (Coogan and Burkhalter, 1990). The projections of a second area, AL, of the cytoarchitectonic subdivision 18a are similar to those of LM: all terminate in layers 1-6, except the inputs to area 17, LM, and a site in FLX, which spare layer 4. The feedback projection to LM provides further support that LM and AL constitute distinct cortical areas. Projections from additional distinct sites within area 18a that are located immediately lateral to LM and AL and are designated FLX make feedback projections to area 17 and projections involving all layers to LM and AL. Thus, unlike the asymmetrical laminar organization of reciprocal connections between area 17 and LM, 17 and AL, and LM and AL, the connections between LM and at least one site in FLX are symmetrical. Projections that include layer 4 can, therefore, be components of connections between different hierarchical levels as well as components of connections on the same hierarchical level. The MX sites contained within the cytoarchitectonic subdivision 18b send feedback projections to striate cortex, LM, AL, and PX within 18a. Thus, the connections between these areas are reciprocal and the laminar organization is asymmetrical. The projections to FLX include layer 4, and the projections to frontal, cingulate, and retrosplenial cortex resemble forward projections. Although the areal organization of extrastriate cortex is not yet fully resolved, using the patterns of intracortical connections we are able to construct a provisional hierarchy of cortical areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7690066}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/13/9/3749.long}, } @Article{Cook:2001, author = {Cook, J. E. and Podugolnikova, T. A.}, title = {Evidence for spatial regularity among retinal ganglion cells that project to the accessory optic system in a frog, a reptile, a bird, and a mammal.}, journal = {Vis Neurosci}, year = {2001}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {289--297}, abstract = {The vertebrate retina contains only five major neuronal classes but these embrace a great diversity of discrete types, many of them hard to define by classical methods. Consideration of their spatial distributions (mosaics) has allowed new types, including large ganglion cells, to be resolved across a wide range of vertebrates. However, one category of large ganglion cells has seemed refractory to mosaic analysis: those that project to the accessory optic system (AOS) and serve vestibulocerebellar mechanisms of motion detection and image stabilization. Whenever AOS-projecting cells have been analyzed by nearest-neighbor methods, their distribution has appeared almost random. This is puzzling, because most aspects of visual processing require the visual scene to be sampled regularly. Here, spatial correlogram methods are applied to distributions of large ganglion cells, labeled retrogradely from the AOS in frogs, turtles, and rats, and to the AOS-projecting displaced ganglion cells of chickens. These methods reveal hidden spatial order among AOS-projecting populations, of a form that can be simulated either by superimposing a single regular mosaic on a random population or, more interestingly, by overlapping three or more regular, similar but spatially independent mosaics. The rabbit is known to have direction-selective ganglion cells (not, however, AOS projecting) that can be subdivided into functionally distinct, regular mosaics by their tracer-coupling patterns even though they are morphologically homogeneous. The present results imply that the direction-selective AOS-projecting ganglion cells of all vertebrates may, likewise, be subdivided into regular, independent mosaics.}, doi = {10.1017/s0952523801182131}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK. j.cook@ucl.ac.uk}, keywords = {Accessory Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Chickens, anatomy /&/ histology; Rana temporaria, anatomy /&/ histology; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology; Turtles, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0952523801182131}, pmid = {11417803}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cooke:2005, author = {Bradley M Cooke and Richard B Simerly}, title = {Ontogeny of bidirectional connections between the medial nucleus of the amygdala and the principal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2005}, volume = {489}, number = {1}, pages = {42--58}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Nuclei in the amygdala and bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST) form functionally organized units that are linked by topographically organized connections. The posterodorsal part of the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MEApd) and the principal nucleus of the BST (BSTpr) share strong birectional connections that project primarily through the stria terminalis. The presence of structural and neurochemical sexual dimorphisms in both the MEApd and BSTpr suggests that connections between the nuclei may develop during the postnatal critical period for sexual differentiation. In this study, 1,1'dioctadecyl-3,3,3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) axonal labeling was used to define the ontogeny of this bidirectional pathway. Placement of DiI crystals into the MEApd of rats perfused on embryonic day (E) 20 resulted in DiI-labeled fibers with axonal morphology in the BSTpr, but similar labeling was not evident in the MEApd until after birth. However, as early as E14, tracer implants into the caudal MEA (the presumptive MEApd) labeled elongated cellular processes in the region of the stria terminalis that extended into the presumptive BSTpr. Based on the correspondence of these DiI-labeled processes with immunostaining for vimentin, these cellular processes are probably derived from glial cells. Implants of DiI into the posterior BST also labeled cellular processes that extended through the medial part of the stria terminalis, but they remained confined to the molecular layer of the MEApd from E14 through P1. Labeled axons derived from the BSTpr were not observed in the MEApd until P5, demonstrating that the bidirectional connections that exist between the MEApd and BSTpr in mature rats do not develop simultaneously. The density of connections between the BSTpr and MEApd increased during the postnatal period and was similar to that of adults by P15. These findings suggest that projections from the MEApd through the stria terminalis to the BSTpr may be specified initially by a glial substrate and that return projections to the amygdala from the BSTpr develop secondary to its innervation by the MEApd.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20612}, institution = {sity, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA.}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology/growth /&/ development; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biological Markers; Coloring Agents; Female; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development; Neurofilament Proteins, metabolism; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septal Nuclei, cytology/growth /&/ development; Sex Characteristics; Vimentin, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15977169}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20612}, } @Article{Coolen:1998, author = {L.M. Coolen and H.J. Peters and J.G. Veening}, title = {Anatomical interrelationships of the medial preoptic area and other brain regions activated following male sexual behavior: a combined fos and tract-tracing study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1998}, volume = {397}, pages = {421-435}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980803)397:3<421::aid-cne8>3.0.co;2-4}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cooper:2002, author = {A. J. Cooper and I. M. Stanford}, title = {Calbindin D-28k positive projection neurones and calretinin positive interneurones of the rat globus pallidus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2002}, volume = {929}, number = {2}, pages = {243--251}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Immunohistochemistry for three calcium-binding proteins calbindin D-28k, calretinin, and parvalbumin revealed neuronal heterogeneity within the GP. Each neurone appeared to express either a single type of calcium binding protein or none at all. The co-localisation of calcium binding proteins was not observed. Combined immunohistochemistry and retrograde tract tracing using colloidal gold particles injected into the projection fields, the substantia nigra or subthalamic nucleus, revealed that projection neurones could be labelled with either calbindin or parvalbumin. These cells were of medium size (22 x 12 microm), multipolar and moderate varicose dendritic trees. In contrast, calretinin-positive neurones were never retrogradely labelled, even in regions where neuronal colloidal gold deposits were numerous. This, combined with their rarity (<1\%) and small size (11 x 9 microm), suggests that calretinin may be a neurochemical marker for putative rat globus pallidus interneurones. Calcium- binding proteins are known to have unique buffering characteristics that may confer specific functional properties upon pallidal neurones. Indeed, differential calcium binding protein expression may underlie the electrophysiological heterogeneity observed in the rat globus pallidus.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03263-2}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Division of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.}, keywords = {Animals; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, metabolism; Globus Pallidus, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Gold Colloid; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Interneurons, metabolism; Male; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Staining and Labeling; Synaptic Transmission; Tissue Distribution}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899301032632}, pmid = {11864630}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cooper:1990, author = {A. M. Cooper and A. Cowey}, title = {Retinal topography of the neonatal crossed aberrant exuberant projection to the inferior colliculus in the pigmented rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1990}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {345--354}, abstract = {The retinal topography of the neonatal transient projection to the inferior colliculus was investigated in pigmented rats by injecting the retrograde fluorescent tracer Fast Blue into the colliculi. The results show that the projection arises from a small population of ganglion cells scattered across the entire contralateral retina, and that the transient projection is therefore not merely an overshoot of axons from the peripheral nasal retina whose appropriate target is the caudal pole of the superior colliculus.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90088-l}, institution = {Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, U.K.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Amidines; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axonal Transport; Fluorescent Dyes; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Optic Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Pigmentation, physiology; Rats; Retina, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(90)90088-L}, pmid = {1696361}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Coote:1998, author = {Coote, J. H. and Yang, Z. and Pyner, S. and Deering, J.}, title = {Control of sympathetic outflows by the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.}, journal = {Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol}, year = {1998}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {461--463}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {1. The functional role of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) has been examined by studying its connections with cardiovascular neurons in the medulla and spinal cord and its influence on activity in several sympathetic nerves. 2. Chemical stimulation of neurons within the PVN can elicit pressor responses and can excite reticulo-spinal vasomotor neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). 3. The PVN-RVLM excitation is blocked by kynurenic acid applied iontophoretically in the vicinity of RVLM-spinal neurons, suggesting this is a glutamate-dependent pathway. 4. Electrical stimulation of PVN neurons evoked action potentials in RVLM neurons after 27 ms with a small variability. 5. Anterograde and retrograde labelling of PVN and RVLM neurons revealed PVN terminals closely associated with RVLM-spinal neurons and showed that the PVN is connected to the spinal cord via three pathways. 6. Chemical activation of PVN neurons can produce a pattern of activation of cardiovascular neurons similar to that occurring in defence against plasma volume expansion. 7. It is concluded that the PVN connections with the RVLM and spinal cord are important to a role in defending against life-threatening disturbances.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02235.x}, institution = {Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. J.H.Coote@bham.ac.uk}, keywords = {Animals; Blood Pressure, drug effects; Cardiovascular System, drug effects/innervation; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Neurons, drug effects; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology/drug effects; Sympathetic Nervous System, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9673825}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Copray:1990, author = {J. C. Copray and R. S. Liem and G. J. Ter Horst and J. D. van Willigen}, title = {Dopaminergic afferents to the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus of the rat: a light and electron microscope immunocytochemistry study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {514}, number = {2}, pages = {343--348}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The localization and sources of dopaminergic projections on the primary afferent neurons in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Me5) of the rat were studied using light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical staining techniques combined with anterograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tract tracing methods. Me5 neurons were found to receive a dopaminergic input that is part of a dopaminergic fibre plexus extending over the neighbouring nucleus parabrachialis and locus coeruleus. These dopaminergic afferents originate from the substantia nigra, the ventral tegmental area and the medial hypothalamus.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)91430-o}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Oral Physiology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Animals; Dopamine, metabolism/physiology; Hypothalamus, Middle, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, cytology/metabolism; Tegmentum Mesencephali, cytology/metabolism; Trigeminal Nuclei, metabolism/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(90)91430-O}, pmid = {2357546}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Copray:1991, author = {J. C. Copray and R. S. Liem and G. J. Ter Horst and J. D. van Willigen}, title = {Origin, distribution and morphology of serotonergic afferents to the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1991}, volume = {121}, number = {1-2}, pages = {97--101}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {We have studied the localization, the morphology and sources of serotonergic input on the primary afferent neurons in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Me5) of the rat with light and electronmicroscopy immunocytochemistry and with anterograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tract tracing methods. Me5 neurons were found to receive a serotonergic input that is part of a serotonergic fibre plexus extending over the neighbouring parabrachial nucleus and locus coeruleus. These serotonergic afferents originate predominantly from serotonergic cells in the dorsal raphe nucleus.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(91)90658-g}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Oral Physiology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mesencephalon, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Neurons, Afferent, ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Raphe Nuclei, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, physiology; Stereotaxic Techniques; Trigeminal Nuclei, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2020396}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Corbett:1982, author = {D. Corbett and E. Fox and P. M. Milner}, title = {Fiber pathways associated with cerebellar self-stimulation in the rat: a retrograde and anterograde tracing study.}, journal = {Behav Brain Res}, year = {1982}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {167--184}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) was obtained from an area of cerebellum just rostro-ventral to the fastigial nucleus. The acquisition of cerebellar ICSS was slow, although this depended in part on the type of operant task required. The afferent and efferent fiber connections of the region of cerebellum supporting ICSS were identified using silver-degeneration and horseradish peroxidase tracing techniques. Two major pathways, one ascending to the ventromedial thalamus and one descending to the paramedian reticular formation and the region of the solitary nucleus, are discussed as possible substrates of ICSS at sites in the cerebellum as well as from other pontine and medullary regions.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Conditioning, Operant, physiology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Self Stimulation, physiology; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0166-4328(82)90012-2}, pmid = {7138644}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0166432882900122}, } @Article{Corbett:2007, author = {Eric K A Corbett and David A S G Mary and Peter N McWilliam and Trevor F C Batten}, title = {Age-related loss of cardiac vagal preganglionic neurones in spontaneously hypertensive rats.}, journal = {Exp Physiol}, year = {2007}, volume = {92}, number = {6}, pages = {1005--1013}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Despite the findings that impaired vagal control of the heart rate occurs in human hypertension, leading to greater cardiovascular risk, the mechanism of this impairment is as yet unknown. Observations in humans and experiments in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) suggested that such impairment may be related to an anomaly in central vagal neurones. We therefore set out to determine whether the numbers and distribution of cardiac-projecting vagal preganglionic neurones in the medulla of adult (12 week) hypertensive SHR are different from those in young (4 week) prehypertensive SHR and in age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats of two age groups. The number of vagal neurones, identified by labelling with the fluorescent tracer DiI applied to the heart, was essentially similar in the three areas of the medulla analysed (dorsal vagal nucleus, nucleus ambiguus and intermediate reticular zone) in young SHR and young or adult WKY rats. In contrast, fewer vagal neurones were labelled in adult SHR compared with young SHR or WKY rats. This difference was due to highly significant reductions in vagal neurones in the dorsal vagal nucleus and nucleus ambiguus on the right side of the medulla. These observations suggest that a loss of parasympathetic preganglionic neurones supplying the heart with axons in the right vagus nerve, or a remodelling of their cardiac projections, may explain the known impairment of the baroreceptor reflex gain controlling heart rate in hypertension.}, doi = {10.1113/expphysiol.2007.038216}, institution = {y of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.}, keywords = {Aging, pathology/physiology; Animals; Arteries, innervation/pathology/physiopathology; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, pathology/physiology; Baroreflex, physiology; Blood Pressure, physiology; Disease Models, Animal; Fluorescent Dyes; Heart Rate, physiology; Heart, innervation/physiology; Hypertension, pathology/physiopathology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, pathology/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Rats, Inbred WKY; Sinoatrial Node, innervation/pathology/physiopathology; Vagus Nerve, pathology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {expphysiol.2007.038216}, pmid = {17644704}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2007.038216}, } @Article{Corbett:2005, author = {E. K A Corbett and J. K. Sinfield and P. N. McWilliam and J. Deuchars and T. F C Batten}, title = {Differential expression of vesicular glutamate transporters by vagal afferent terminals in rat nucleus of the solitary tract: projections from the heart preferentially express vesicular glutamate transporter 1.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2005}, volume = {135}, number = {1}, pages = {133--145}, abstract = {The central projections and neurochemistry of vagal afferent neurones supplying the heart in the rat were investigated by injecting cholera toxin B-subunit into the pericardium. Transganglionically transported cholera toxin B-subunit was visualized in the medulla oblongata in axons and varicosities that were predominantly aggregated in the dorsomedial, dorsolateral, ventrolateral and commissural subnuclei of the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract. Unilateral vagal section in control rats prevented cholera toxin B-subunit labeling on the ipsilateral side of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Fluorescent and electron microscopic dual labeling showed colocalization of immunoreactivity for vesicular glutamate transporter 1, but only rarely vesicular glutamate transporters 2 or 3 with cholera toxin B-subunit in terminals in nucleus of the solitary tract, suggesting that cardiac vagal axons release glutamate as a neurotransmitter. In contrast, populations of vagal afferent fibers labeled by injection of cholera toxin B-subunit, tetra-methylrhodamine dextran or biotin dextran amine into the aortic nerve, stomach or nodose ganglion colocalized vesicular glutamate transporter 2 more frequently than vesicular glutamate transporter 1. The presence of other neurochemical markers of primary afferent neurones was examined in nucleus of the solitary tract axons and nodose ganglion cells labeled by pericardial cholera toxin B-subunit injections. Immunoreactivity for a 200-kDa neurofilament protein in many large, cholera toxin B-subunit-labeled nodose ganglion cells indicated that the cardiac afferent fibers labeled are mostly myelinated, whereas binding of Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 to fewer small cholera toxin B-subunit-labeled ganglion cells suggested that tracer was also taken up by some non-myelinated axons. A few labeled nucleus of the solitary tract axons and ganglion cells were positive for substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, which are considered as peptide markers of nociceptive afferent neurones. These data suggest that the population of cardiac vagal afferents labeled by pericardial cholera toxin B-subunit injection is neurochemically varied, which may be related to a functional heterogeneity of baroreceptive, chemoreceptive and nociceptive afferent fibers. A high proportion of cardiac neurones appear to be glutamatergic, but differ from other vagal afferents in expressing vesicular glutamate transporter 1.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.010}, institution = {School of Medicine, Worsley Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.}, keywords = {Animals; Aorta, Thoracic, innervation/metabolism; Biological Markers; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Dextrans; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Heart, innervation; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Nodose Ganglion, cytology/physiology; Pericardium, cytology/innervation/metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Stomach, innervation/metabolism; Tissue Fixation; Vagus Nerve, cytology/physiology; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1, biosynthesis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(05)00624-X}, pmid = {16084661}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.010}, } @Article{Cordero-Erausquin:2009, author = {Cordero-Erausquin, Matilde and Allard, Simon and Dolique, Tiphaine and Bachand, Karine and Ribeiro-da-Silva, Alfredo and {De Koninck}, Yves}, title = {Dorsal horn neurons presynaptic to lamina I spinoparabrachial neurons revealed by transynaptic labeling.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2009}, volume = {517}, number = {5}, pages = {601--615}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Sensory input to supraspinally projecting lamina I (LI) neurons arises both directly from primary afferents and via neurons intrinsic to the spinal dorsal horn. The types of neurons presynaptic to those projection neurons remain poorly known. To address this question we used retrogradely transported adenoviral vectors encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a GFP-TTC (fragment C of the tetanus toxin) fusion protein, labeling respectively spinoparabrachial projection neurons and neurons presynaptic to them. The expression of GFP by infected neurons labeled the entire dendritic tree, enabling a more complete and quantitative morphological description of spinoparabrachial neurons than previous methods. These neurons were located in spinal LI, with dendritic arbors oriented extensively in the rostrocaudal axis (1,089.8 +/- 91.5 microm) and displaying low spine density. In contrast, their dendrites did not extend significantly ventrally (29.2 +/- 3.5 microm). The use of transynaptic tracer GFP-TTC revealed a population of local circuit LI neurons presynaptic to LI projection neurons. These local circuit LI neurons had distinct morphological properties, in particular significantly longer ventrally oriented dendrites (80.1 +/- 10.1 microm). The transynaptic tracer also revealed a population of stalked cells, some being highly spiny, directly in contact with spinal projection neurons. However, stalked cells were not the only lamina II cells in direct contact with projection neurons. Intracellular injections with Lucifer yellow in parasagittal slices of fixed tissue confirmed the above observations. Overall, these experiments demonstrated that neurons projecting to the parabrachial nucleus had their dendritic branching almost exclusively in LI and had sparse dendritic spines, in contrast with local circuit neurons that often extended ventrally and could be very spiny.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.22179}, institution = {Centre de Recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Québec G1J 2G3, QC, Canada. cordero@neurochem.u-strasbg.fr}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Dendritic Spines, classification; Mesencephalon, cytology; Nerve Net, cytology; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques, methods; Pons, cytology; Posterior Horn Cells, cytology; Presynaptic Terminals; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {19824098}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22179}, } @Article{Cornwall:1990, author = {J. Cornwall and J. D. Cooper and O. T. Phillipson}, title = {Projections to the rostral reticular thalamic nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {80}, number = {1}, pages = {157--171}, abstract = {Afferent pathways to the rostral reticular thalamic nucleus (Rt) in the rat were studied using anterograde and retrograde lectin tracing techniques, with sensitive immunocytochemical methods. The analysis was carried out to further investigate previously described subregions of the reticular thalamic nucleus, which are related to subdivisions of the dorsal thalamus, in the paraventricular and midline nuclei and three segments of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. Cortical inputs to the rostral reticular nucleus were found from lamina VI of cingulate, orbital and infralimbic cortex. These projected with a clear topography to lateral, intermediate and medial reticular nucleus respectively. Thalamic inputs were found from lateral and central segments of the mediodorsal nucleus to the lateral and intermediate rostral reticular nucleus respectively and heavy paraventricular thalamic inputs were found to the medial reticular nucleus. In the basal forebrain, afferents were found from the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band, substantia innominata, ventral pallidum and medial globus pallidus. Brainstem projections were identified from ventrolateral periaqueductal grey and adjacent sites in the mesencephalic reticular formation, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, pedunculopontine nucleus, medial pretectum and ventral tegmental area. The results suggest a general similarity in the organisation of some brainstem Rt afferents in rat and cat, but also show previously unsuspected inputs. Furthermore, there appear to be at least two functional subdivisions of rostral Rt which is reflected by their connections with cortex and thalamus. The studies also extend recent findings that the ventral striatum, via inputs from the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, is included in the circuitry of the rostral Rt, providing further evidence that basal ganglia may function in concert with Rt. Evidence is also outlined with regard to the possibility that rostral Rt plays a significant role in visuomotor functions. }, doi = {10.1007/bf00228857}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University Walk, Bristol, UK.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2358025}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cornwall:1990a, author = {J. Cornwall and J. D. Cooper and O. T. Phillipson}, title = {Afferent and efferent connections of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1990}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {271--284}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The connections of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg) have been investigated using anterograde and retrograde lectin tracers with immunocytochemical detection. Inputs to LDTg were found from frontal cortex, diagonal band, preoptic areas, lateral hypothalamus, lateral mamillary nucleus, lateral habenula; the interpeduncular nucleus, ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and retrorubral fields; the medial terminal nucleus, interstitial nucleus, supraoculomotor central grey, medial pretectum, nucleus of the posterior commissure, paramedian pontine reticular formation, paraabducens and paratrochlear region; the parabrachial nuclei and nucleus of the tractus solitarius. Terminal labelling from PHA-L injections of LDTg was found in infralimbic, cingulate and hippocampal cortex, lateral septum, septofimbrial and triangular nuclei, horizontal limb of diagonal band and preoptic areas; in the anterior, mediodorsal, reuniens, centrolateral, parafascicular, paraventricular and laterodorsal thalamic nuclei, rostral reticular thalamic nucleus, and zona incerta; the lateral habenula and the lateral hypothalamus. A number of brainstem structures apparently associated with visual functions were also innervated, mainly the superior colliculus, medial pretectum, medial terminal nucleus, paramedian pontine reticular formation, inferior olive, supraoculomotor, paraabducens and supragenual regions, prepositus hypoglossi and nucleus of the posterior commissure. Also innervated were substantia nigra compacta, ventral tegmental area, interfascicular nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, dorsal and medial raphe, pedunculopontine tegmental region, parabrachial nuclei, and nucleus of the tractus solitarius. These findings suggest the LDTg to be a highly differentiated part of the ascending "reticular activating" system, concerned not only with specific cortical and thalamic regions, especially those associated with the limbic system, but also with the basal ganglia, and visual (particularly oculomotor) mechanisms. Additional links with the habenula-interpeduncular system are discussed in this context.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(90)90072-8}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Stereotaxic Techniques; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(90)90072-8}, pmid = {1699638}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cornwall:1988, author = {J. Cornwall and O. T. Phillipson}, title = {Afferent projections to the dorsal thalamus of the rat as shown by retrograde lectin transport. II. The midline nuclei.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1988}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {147--161}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Afferent projections to midline thalamic cell groups which innervate nucleus accumbens, were identified by the retrograde transport of unconjugated wheat germ agglutinin followed by the identification of labelled cell groups with immunocytochemistry. Large numbers of neurones were labelled in a variety of hypothalamic nuclei; principally in the medial preoptic area, anterior hypothalamic area, ventromedial, periventricular, arcuate and posterior hypothalamic nuclei, and in the supramammillary and lateral hypothalamic areas. Following rostral thalamic injections labelled cells were also found in the lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and zona incerta. Prominent and localised label was found in the nucleus reticularis of thalamus at its most rostral medial tip. Cortical label was found in the ventral subiculum following rostral injections, and in the perirhinal cortex following mid-thalamic injections. In the brainstem label was found in central grey, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, raphe, dorsal and ventral parabranchial nuclei and nucleus of the tractus solitarius. The results are discussed in the context of striatal function, particularly the nucleus accumbens, which is a component of the ventral striatum. Thus, the midline thalamic nuclei may provide an interface where a variety of inputs from many limbic regions and hypothalamic nuclei can influence nucleus accumbens function. Comparison of afferents to several thalamic nuclei directly related to striatal function and the prefrontal cortex show, that forebrain thalamic afferents from pallidal and hypothalamic sites, are organised with a clear topography. Some afferents suggest specific routes which may allow the reticular activating system to participate in the regulation of basal ganglia function.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(88)90227-4}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Brain Stem, cytology; Hypothalamus, cytology; Lectins, diagnostic use; Male; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology; Rats; Septal Nuclei, cytology; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology; Thalamus, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(88)90227-4}, pmid = {3191403}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cornwall:1988a, author = {J. Cornwall and O. T. Phillipson}, title = {Afferent projections to the dorsal thalamus of the rat as shown by retrograde lectin transport--I. The mediodorsal nucleus.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1988}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {1035--1049}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The topography of afferent projections to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus of the rat has been studied using the retrograde transport of unconjugated wheat germ agglutinin as identified by immunocytochemistry. Inputs were defined according to the lateral, central or medial segments of the nucleus injected, and controlled by additional injections into the habenula, central medial and paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus. Cortical afferents to the lateral segment arose from anterior cingulate and prelimbic areas on the medial surface of the hemisphere, those to the central segment arose mainly from ventral orbital area, whilst those to the medial segment arose from the infra-limbic and agranular insular areas. This strict cortical topography was matched by the organization of afferents from the reticular thalamic nucleus; i.e. lateral, intermediate and medial reticular neurons from the rostral nucleus projected to lateral, central and medial segments of the mediodorsal thalamus respectively. In the basal forebrain ventral pallidum projected only to the medial segment, whilst magnocellular preoptic region projected only to the central segment. Lateral preoptic area projected to lateral and central segments and the diagonal band mainly to central segment. Projections from substantia innominata were found regardless of the area of mediodorsal nucleus injected. The paraventricular nucleus of thalamus, lateral habenula and substantia nigra reticulata projected to the lateral segment only, whilst central gray projected only to the medial segment. Projections from amygdala (mainly basolateral and central nucleus) were found only following central and medial segment injections. All regions of the mediodorsal nucleus injected received input from the lateral hypothalamus, the ventral tegmental area and the dorsal tegmental gray. The results are discussed and particular emphasis is placed on the possible functions of the thalamocortical connections and the role of the reticular thalamic nucleus as a potential regulator of thalamocortical activity.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(88)90085-1}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Bristol, U.K.}, keywords = {Animals; Histocytochemistry; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reference Values; Thalamus, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3380295}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cornwall:1988b, author = {J. Cornwall and O. T. Phillipson}, title = {Afferent projections to the parafascicular thalamic nucleus of the rat, as shown by the retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1988}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {139--150}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Afferent projections to the parafascicular nucleus of the rat have been mapped using the retrograde transport of unconjugated wheat germ agglutinin and immunohistochemistry using very short survival times. Retrogradely labelled neurones were found in laminae V and V1 of primary motor cortex, lamina V1 of primary somatosensory cortex, and deep laminae of gustatory cortex; in the reticular thalamic nucleus and zona incerta; and in the caudate-putamen, entopeduncular nucleus, mesencephalic reticular formation and pretectum. Additional label was found in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus, dorsal and ventral parabrachial nuclei, vestibular nuclei and the lateral cervical, medial and interpositus nuclei of the cerebellum. These results are discussed in the context of the connections of parafascicular nucleus with the motor system, particularly the basal ganglia. Of particular interest are inputs from laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, nucleus reticularis of thalamus, mesencephalic reticular formation, nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus, primary motor cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei. These indicate that the parafascicular nucleus lies at an interface between the reticular activating system on the one hand, and the motor system on the other. This result thus enlarges on present concepts of the parafascicular nucleus. Comparison of afferent projections to a variety of non-specific thalamic nuclei, the parafascicular, paraventricular and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei, indicate a remarkable set of topographic parallels from cortical, reticular thalamic, hypothalamic and brainstem sites. These comparisons provide clues as to the organisational principles of these non-specific thalamic nuclei, particularly in the context of the reticular activating system.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(88)90171-2}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Medical School University of Bristol, U.K.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Biological Transport; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(88)90171-2}, pmid = {2836036}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cornwall:1988c, author = {J. Cornwall and O. T. Phillipson}, title = {Mediodorsal and reticular thalamic nuclei receive collateral axons from prefrontal cortex and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1988}, volume = {88}, number = {2}, pages = {121--126}, month = {May}, abstract = {Quantitative analysis of the branching pattern of output projections from the prefrontal cortex and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus of the brainstem, has been carried out using the newly developed method for double retrograde labelling of neurons with fluorescent labelled latex microspheres. At least 34\% of cortical mediodorsal projection neurones in lamina VI send collateral axons to the reticular thalamic nucleus, and at least 40\% of cortical reticular projection neurones and collateral axons to mediodorsal nucleus. In the brainstem, laterodorsal neurones are also highly collateralized; at least 44\% of mediodorsal projection neurones also innervating nucleus reticularis, and at least 47\% of reticularis projection neurones innervating the mediodorsal nucleus.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(88)90111-5}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Bristol, U.K.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Count; Coumarins; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rhodamines; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3380351}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cornwall:1988f, author = {Cornwall, J. and Phillipson, O. T.}, title = {Quantitative analysis of axonal branching using the retrograde transport of fluorescent latex microspheres.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {1988}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {1--9}, month = {May}, abstract = {A method is described for the quantitative analysis of double retrograde labelled neuronal cell bodies following labelling of branched axonal projections. This exploits the known ability of retrograde translocator proteins to transport latex microspheres following their uptake at nerve terminals. Conditions necessary for uptake and transport include small bead diameter (0.05-micron) and carboxylation of the latex particle. Using coumarin- and rhodamine-labelled microspheres a reliable, sensitive, rapid method has been developed, which results in double retrograde cell labelling in branched axonal pathways from the frontal cortex, basal forebrain, and brainstem. The technique has several advantages over currently available double retrograde labelling methods and yields repeatable quantitative estimates of populations of neurones bearing branched axons.}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Bristol, U.K.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, analysis/physiology; Biological Transport; Brain Chemistry; Brain, cytology/metabolism; Coumarins, analysis/metabolism; Microspheres; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rhodamines, analysis/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3386298}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(88)90028-3}, } @Article{Cornwall:1989, author = {J. Cornwall and O. T. Phillipson}, title = {Single neurones of the basal forebrain and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus project by collateral axons to the olfactory bulb and the mediodorsal nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1989}, volume = {491}, number = {1}, pages = {194--198}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The branching pattern of axons arising from cells in the basal forebrain and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus of the pontine grey, was examined using the double retrograde transport of rhodamine- and coumarin-labelled latex microspheres injected into the olfactory bulb and the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. About 30-50\% of basal forebrain neurones were double-labelled, and approximately 30-40\% of laterodorsal tegmental neurones were double-labelled ipsilateral to the injections. No contralateral single or double label was observed in the basal forebrain, but approximately 30\% of the contralateral laterodorsal tegmental projection was also double-labelled.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)90105-4}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Bristol, U.K.}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Microspheres; Olfactory Bulb, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rhodamines; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(89)90105-4}, pmid = {2765882}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Corodimas:1990, author = {Corodimas, KP and Morrell, JI}, title = {Preoptic area estradiol-concentrating neurons project to the hypothalamus in female rats}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {80}, pages = {381-386}, doi = {10.1007/bf00228165}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Corodimas:1990a, author = {Corodimas, KP and Morrell, JI}, title = {Estradiol-concentrating forebrain and midbrain neurons project directly to the medulla}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {291}, pages = {609-620}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902910408}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Corodimas:1993, author = {Corodimas, K. P. and Rosenblatt, J. S. and Canfield, M. E. and Morrell, J. I.}, title = {Neurons in the lateral subdivision of the habenular complex mediate the hormonal onset of maternal behavior in rats.}, journal = {Behav Neurosci}, year = {1993}, volume = {107}, number = {5}, pages = {827--843}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Expanding on research showing that radio-frequency-induced lesions of the habenular complex disrupt the hormonal onset of maternal behavior in rats, we explored the importance of neurons in the lateral (Lhb) subdivision of the habenular complex for the onset of maternal behavior. On Day 12 of pregnancy, bilateral cytotoxic lesions were produced in the Lhb with kainic acid or, as a control, just dorsal in the medial hippocampus. A 3rd group had radio-frequency-induced Lhb and medial (Mhb) lesions. On Day 16 of pregnancy, Ss were hysterectomized-ovariectomized, given estradiol, and tested 48 hr later for 10 days. Neuroanatomical tracing with fluoro-gold was then used to directly quantify the extent and location of Lhb neuron loss and to verify that Mhb neurons were intact. Cytotoxic lesions of the entire Lhb prevented the onset of all components of maternal behavior compared with controls. Results show that neurons in the Lhb, not the Mhb, are important for onset of maternal behavior in rats.}, institution = {Institute of Animal Behavior, Rutgers State University of New Jersey.}, keywords = {Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Estrogens, physiology; Female; Hippocampus, physiology; Kainic Acid; Lactation, physiology; Limbic System, physiology; Maternal Behavior; Mesencephalon, physiology; Nesting Behavior, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Pregnancy; Preoptic Area, physiology; Progesterone, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Innominata, physiology; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8280392}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&id=1994-08586-001}, } @Article{Corvaja:1993, author = {N. Corvaja and G. Doucet and J. P. Bolam}, title = {Ultrastructure and synaptic targets of the raphe-nigral projection in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1993}, volume = {55}, number = {2}, pages = {417--427}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {A major input to the substantia nigra is from the 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus. In order to examine the morphology and distribution of this projection, rats were given injections of the anterograde tracers, Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin or biocytin, in the dorsal raphe nucleus and the substantia nigra was examined at both the light and electron microscopic levels. In addition, sections of the substantia nigra were immunostained for 5-hydroxytryptamine and examined in both the light and electron microscopes. Since dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra are known to be responsive to stimulation of the raphe and to applied 5-hydroxytryptamine, sections that contained anterogradely labelled terminals were further processed to reveal tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity to determine whether the raphe input makes direct synaptic contact with dopaminergic neurons. Light microscopic analysis revealed that all divisions of the substantia nigra received input from the dorsal raphe which, in agreement with previous observations, showed a topographical organization. In that formed asymmetrical synaptic contact with dendritic shafts and spines. The synaptic boutons were often associated with subjunctional dense bodies. Terminals that displayed immunoreactivity for 5-hydroxytryptamine had a similar morphology, synaptic specialisations and postsynaptic targets to the anterogradely labelled terminals. In those sections that were stained for both anterogradely labelled terminals and tyrosine hydroxylase, the raphe-nigral terminals were seen to form asymmetrical synaptic contact with the dendrites of the dopaminergic neurons. It is concluded that dendrites of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata represent at least one of the synaptic targets of the raphe-nigral projection and that these contacts provide an anatomical substrate for the effects of the dorsal raphe, and presumably 5-hydroxytryptamine, on dopaminergic systems in the substantia nigra.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(93)90510-m}, institution = {Départment de Pathologie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Neurons, cytology/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar, anatomy /&/ histology; Serotonin, analysis; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/ultrastructure; Synapses, ultrastructure; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(93)90510-M}, pmid = {7690910}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cosenza:1984, author = {R. M. Cosenza and R. Y. Moore}, title = {Afferent connections of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus in the rat: an HRP study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {310}, number = {2}, pages = {367--370}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The afferent connections of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (VLGN) of the albino rat were studied using the HRP-retrograde transport method. Neurons projecting to the VLGN were found in 4 visual systems areas: layer V of the ipsilateral visual cortex (areas 17 and 18), the stratum griseum superficiale of the ipsilateral superior colliculus, the ipsilateral olivary, anterior and posterior pretectal nuclei and in the contralateral medial divisions of the VLGN. Labeled neurons were also found bilaterally in the nucleus raphe dorsalis and nucleus locus coeruleus.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90162-8}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Female; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(84)90162-8}, pmid = {6488027}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Costello:1991, author = {J. F. Costello and M. R. Brown and T. S. Gray}, title = {Bombesin immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus innervate the dorsal vagal complex in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {542}, number = {1}, pages = {77--82}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Bombesin-like immunoreactivity has been localized within neuronal cell bodies of the hypothalamus and nerve terminals within the dorsal vagal complex. The possibility that the hypothalamus is a source for bombesin-like immunoreactive terminals within the dorsal vagal complex was examined using the combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical technique. After injections of retrograde tracer were made into the dorsal vagal complex, cells in the hypothalamus labeled with both retrograde tracer and bombesin immunoreactivity were localized in the parvocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus. In the paraventricular nucleus most of the vagal projecting bombesin immunoreactive neurons were located within the medial parvocellular subdivision. Approximately 30\% of the bombesin immunoreactive neurons in this subnucleus projected to the dorsal vagal complex. The results suggest that the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus is a major source of bombesin terminals within the dorsal vagal complex. This pathway may mediate some of the autonomic nervous system changes that are observed when bombesin is injected within the central nervous system. Additionally, this data adds to a growing amount of evidence supporting the role of bombesin as a peptide neurotransmitter.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)91000-q}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loyola Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153.}, keywords = {Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Bombesin, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vagus Nerve, cytology/metabolism/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(91)91000-Q}, pmid = {2054661}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cothron:2008, author = {Kyle J Cothron and James M Massey and Stephen M Onifer and Charles H Hubscher}, title = {Identification of penile inputs to the rat gracile nucleus.}, journal = {Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol}, year = {2008}, volume = {294}, number = {3}, pages = {R1015--R1023}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Neurons in the medullary reticular formation (MRF) of the rat receive a vast array of urogenital inputs. Using select acute and chronic spinal cord lesions to identify the location of the ascending neural circuitries providing either direct or indirect inputs to MRF from the penis, our previous studies demonstrated that the dorsal columns and dorsal half of the lateral funiculus convey low- and high-threshold inputs, respectively. In the present study, the gracile nucleus was targeted as one of the likely sources of low-threshold information from the penis to MRF. Both electrophysiological recordings and neuroanatomical tracing [injection of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) into a dorsal nerve of the penis] were used. After discrimination of a single neuron responding to penile stimulation, testing for somatovisceral convergence was done (mechanical stimulation of the distal colon and the skin over the entire hindquarters). In 12 rats, a limited number of neurons (43 in total) responded to penile stimulation. Many of these neurons also responded to scrotal stimulation (53.5\%, dorsal and/or ventral scrotum) and/or prepuce stimulation (46.5\%). Histological reconstruction of the electrode tracks showed that the majority of neurons responding to penile stimulation were located ventrally within the medial one-third of the gracile nucleus surrounding obex. This location corresponded to sparse innervation by CTB-immunoreactive primary afferent terminals. These results indicate that neurons in the gracile nucleus are likely part of the pathway that provides low-threshold penile inputs to MRF, a region known to play an important role in mating processes.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1152/ajpregu.00656.2007}, institution = {Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Electrophysiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Microelectrodes; Microscopy, Confocal; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Penis, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation/physiology; Physical Stimulation; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {00656.2007}, pmid = {18171689}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00656.2007}, } @Article{Couto:2006, author = {Couto, Lucélio Bernardes and Moroni, Cristian Rogério and {dos Reis Ferreira}, Célio Marcos and Elias-Filho, Daoud Hibrahim and Parada, Carlos Amílcar and Pelá, Irene Rosemir and Coimbra, Norberto Cysne}, title = {Descriptive and functional neuroanatomy of locus coeruleus-noradrenaline-containing neurons involvement in bradykinin-induced antinociception on principal sensory trigeminal nucleus.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {2006}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {28--45}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The present study was carried out in Wistar rats, using the jaw-opening reflex and dental pulp stimulation, to investigate noradrenaline- and serotonin-mediated antinociceptive circuits. The effects of microinjections of bradykinin into the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (PSTN) before and after neurochemical lesions of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons were studied. Neuroanatomical experiments showed evidence for reciprocal neuronal pathways connecting the locus coeruleus (LC) to trigeminal sensory nuclei and linking monoaminergic nuclei of the pain inhibitory system to spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN). Fast blue (FB) injections in the locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus region retrogradely labeled neurons in the contralateral PSTN and LC. Microinjections of FB into the STN showed neurons labeled in both ipsilateral and contralateral LC, as well as in the ipsilateral Barrington's nucleus and subcoeruleus area. Retrograde tract-tracing with FB also showed that the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus sends neural pathways towards the ipsilateral PSTN, with outputs from cranial and caudal aspects of the brainstem. In addition, neurons from the lateral and dorsolateral columns of periaqueductal gray matter also send outputs to the ipsilateral PSTN. Microinjections of FB in the interpolar and caudal divisions of the STN labeled neurons in the caudal subdivision of STN. Microinjections in the STN interpolar and caudal divisions also retrogradely labeled serotonin- and noradrenaline-containing nucleus of the brainstem pain inhibitory system. Finally, the gigantocellularis complex (nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis/paragigantocellularis), nucleus raphe magnus and nucleus raphe pallidus also projected to the caudal divisions of the STN. Microinjections of bradykinin in the PSTN caused a statistically significant long-lasting antinociception, antagonized by the damage of locus coeruleus-noradrenergic neuronal fibres with (N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine) (DSP4), a neurotoxin that specifically depleted noradrenaline from locus coeruleus terminal fields. These data suggest that serotonin- and noradrenaline-containing nuclei of the endogenous pain inhibitory system exert a key-role in the antinociceptive mechanisms of bradykinin and the locus coeruleus is crucially involved in this effect.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jchemneu.2006.03.003}, institution = {Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 3900, Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil.}, keywords = {Animals; Bradykinin, pharmacology; Electrodes, Implanted; Electrophysiology; Locus Coeruleus, cytology/metabolism; Microelectrodes; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Pain, chemically induced/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0891-0618(06)00034-2}, pmid = {16678997}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2006.03.003}, } @Article{Cowan:1972, author = {Cowan, W. M. and Gottlieb, D. I. and Hendrickson, A. E. and Price, J. L. and Woolsey, T. A.}, title = {The autoradiographic demonstration of axonal connections in the central nervous system.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1972}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {21--51}, month = {Feb}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(72)90344-7}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Axons, metabolism; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Chickens; Haplorhini; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Leucine, metabolism; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Methods; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Rats; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Tritium; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(72)90344-7}, pmid = {4110604}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cowey:1979, author = {Cowey, A. and V. H. Perry}, title = {The projection of the temporal retina in rats, studied by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1979}, volume = {35(3)}, pages = {457-64}, doi = {10.1007/bf00236764}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Crabtree:1998, author = {J.W. Crabtree and G.L. Collingridge and J.T.R. Isaac}, title = {A new intrathalamic pathway linking modality-related nuclei in the dorsal thalamus}, journal = {Nature Neurosci}, year = {1998}, volume = {1}, pages = {389-394}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Craig:1981, author = {A. D. Craig and H. Burton}, title = {Spinal and medullary lamina I projection to nucleus submedius in medial thalamus: a possible pain center.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {1981}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {443--466}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {1. Results obtained with the anterograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and autoradiographic techniques have revealed a dense and compact spinal and trigeminal projection to the dorsal portion of the nucleus submedius (Sm) in the medial thalamus of the cat. A homologous projection was observed in two cases in the monkey and in three cases in the rat with the anterograde HRP method. 2. The projection to Sm in topographically organized rostrocaudally, with trigeminal terminations located caudally and spinal terminations rostrally. The rostrocaudal extent of the trigeminal field in Sm (ca. 1 mm) is larger than that of the spinal field (ca. 0.8 mm). There is a considerable ipsilateral trigeminal projection, whereas there is a minimal uncrossed spinal projection to Sm. 3. Retrogradely labeled cells were analyzed in cases with small injections of HRP in medial thalamus in the cat. The results indicate that the projections to Sm identified in the anterograde experiments arise from lamina I cells of the spinal and medullary dorsal horm, probably exclusive of lamina V and other spinothalamic cells. The retrograde results corroborate the topographic observations made in the anterograde experiments. 4. These results suggest that Sm may be critically involved in specific nociception.}, keywords = {Animals; Cats; Efferent Pathways, physiology/physiopathology; Haplorhini; Horseradish Peroxidase; Medulla Oblongata, physiology/physiopathology; Pain, physiopathology; Rats; Spinal Cord, physiology/physiopathology; Stereotaxic Techniques; Thalamus, physiology/physiopathology; Trigeminal Nerve, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6783739}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Crane:2003, author = {Crane, James W. and Buller, Kathryn M. and Day, Trevor A.}, title = {Evidence that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis contributes to the modulation of hypophysiotropic corticotropin-releasing factor cell responses to systemic interleukin-1beta.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2003}, volume = {467}, number = {2}, pages = {232--242}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Systemic infection activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and brainstem catecholamine cells have been shown to contribute to this response. However, recent work also suggests an important role for the central amygdala (CeA). Because direct connections between the CeA and the hypothalamic apex of the HPA axis are minimal, the present study investigated whether the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) might act as a relay between them. This was done by using an animal model of acute systemic infection involving intravascular delivery of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta, 1 microg/kg). Unilateral ibotenic acid lesions encompassing the ventral BNST significantly reduced both IL-1beta-induced increases in Fos immunoreactivity in corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) cells of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and corresponding increases in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion. Similar lesions had no effect on CRF cell responses to physical restraint, suggesting that the effects of BNST lesions were not due to a nonspecific effect on stress responses. In further studies, we examined the functional connections between PVN, BNST, and CeA by combining retrograde tracing with mapping of IL-1beta-induced increases in Fos in BNST and CeA cells. In the case of the BNST, these studies showed that systemic IL-1beta administration recruits ventral BNST cells that project directly to the PVN. In the case of the CeA, the results obtained were consistent with an arrangement whereby lateral CeA cells recruited by systemic IL-1beta could regulate the activity of medial CeA cells projecting directly to the BNST. In conclusion, the present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the BNST acts as a relay between the CeA and PVN, thereby contributing to CeA modulation of hypophysiotropic CRF cell responses to systemic administration of IL-1beta.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10918}, institution = {School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.}, keywords = {Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, metabolism; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Animals; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, metabolism; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Interleukin-1, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Pituitary-Adrenal System, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Septal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Stress, Psychological, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {14595770}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10918}, } @Article{Crane:2003a, author = {Crane, J. W. and Ebner, K. and Day, T. A.}, title = {Medial prefrontal cortex suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to a physical stressor, systemic delivery of interleukin-1beta.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2003}, volume = {17}, number = {7}, pages = {1473--1481}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Previous studies have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex can suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress. However, this effect appears to vary with the type of stressor. Furthermore, the absence of direct projections between the medial prefrontal cortex and corticotropin-releasing factor cells at the apex of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suggest that other brain regions must act as a relay when this inhibitory mechanism is activated. In the present study, we first established that electrolytic lesions involving the prelimbic and infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex increased plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone levels seen in response to a physical stressor, the systemic delivery of interleukin-1beta. However, medial prefrontal cortex lesions did not alter plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone levels seen in response to a psychological stressor, noise. To identify brain regions that might mediate the effect of medial prefrontal cortex lesions on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to systemic interleukin-1beta, we next mapped the effects of similar lesions on interleukin-1beta-induced Fos expression in regions previously shown to regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to this stressor. It was found that medial prefrontal cortex lesions reduced the number of Fos-positive cells in the ventral aspect of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. However, the final experiment, which involved combining retrograde tracing with Fos immunolabelling, revealed that bed nucleus of the stria terminalis-projecting medial prefrontal cortex neurons were largely separate from medial prefrontal cortex neurons recruited by systemic interleukin-1beta, an outcome that is difficult to reconcile with a simple medial prefrontal cortex-bed nucleus of the stria terminalis-corticotropin-releasing factor cell control circuit.}, institution = {School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia 4072.}, keywords = {Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, blood; Animals; Cell Count, methods; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, physiology; Interleukin-1, pharmacology; Iontophoresis; Male; Neural Pathways, drug effects; Neurons, chemistry/metabolism; Noise, adverse effects; Oncogene Proteins v-fos, metabolism; Pituitary-Adrenal System, physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, drug effects/injuries/physiology; Radioimmunoassay, methods; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Septal Nuclei, metabolism/pathology; Stress, Physiological, metabolism/physiopathology; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {2568}, pmid = {12713650}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Crawley:1985, author = {Crawley, J. N. and Olschowka, J. A. and Diz, D. I. and Jacobowitz, D. M.}, title = {Behavioral investigation of the coexistence of substance P, corticotropin releasing factor, and acetylcholinesterase in lateral dorsal tegmental neurons projecting to the medial frontal cortex of the rat.}, journal = {Peptides}, year = {1985}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {891--901}, abstract = {Colocalization of substance P (SP), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was detected by retrograde tracing and immunocytochemical staining in the nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis lateralis (ntdl) projecting to the medial frontal cortex (MFC), septum, and thalamus of the rat. The histochemical results suggest that SP and CRF coexist within a subpopulation of ntdl cholinergic neurons that project to a number of forebrain regions including the MFC. Behavioral studies of the effects of SP, CRF, and the cholinergic agonist, carbachol, employed microinjections into the MFC of rats. SP and CRF did not elicit any behavioral effects when administered alone. Carbachol (1-5 micrograms/side) produced a stereotyped motor behavior, consisting of rapid forepaw treading while in an upright posture, resembling "boxing." SP (1 micrograms/side) increased carbachol-induced "boxing." CRF (1-10 ng/side) decreased carbachol-induced "boxing." One possible functional significance of the coexistence of SP, CRF, and acetylcholinesterase, in neurons projecting to the medial frontal cortex in rats, appears to be a modulatory potentiation of cholinergic response by SP, and a modulatory inhibition of the cholinergic response by CRF.}, doi = {10.1016/0196-9781(85)90320-1}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, analysis; Animals; Carbachol, pharmacology; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, analysis/physiology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Frontal Lobe, analysis; Histocytochemistry; Male; Motor Activity, drug effects/physiology; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stereotyped Behavior, drug effects; Substance P, analysis; Tegmentum Mesencephali, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0196-9781(85)90320-1}, pmid = {2417203}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cream:2002, author = {Cream, Carlos and Li, Aihua and Nattie, Eugene}, title = {The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN): local cytoarchitecture and afferent connections.}, journal = {Respir Physiol Neurobiol}, year = {2002}, volume = {130}, number = {2}, pages = {121--137}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) provides a source of tonic drive to respiratory neurons and is one of many sites for central chemoreception. Here we evaluate in the rat the local neuronal cytoarchitecture in the RTN histologically 2-4 h after neurobiotin injection and the afferent connections to the RTN 24 h after injection. Our neurobiotin injections often overlapped the RTN and the adjacent neurons of the parapyramidal region, so we group these two regions together in this study. The RTN is made up of small and medium sized neurons and has a low neuronal density compared to other nuclei. The organization of the RTN is reticular in nature and there are prominent small neurons at the ventral medullary border. Adjacent to the pyramids there are medium sized neurons with connections to the raphé pallidus. Major afferent connections include the regions of the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups, the medullary raphé, the contralateral parapyramidal and RTN regions, portions of the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis, and portions of the reticular fields. Other sources of input include the Kölliker-fuse nucleus, subceruleus, A5 region, and the paralemniscal zone.}, doi = {10.1016/s0034-5687(01)00338-3}, institution = {Department of Physiology, 706E Borwell Building, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756-0001, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/drug effects/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Raphe Nuclei, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiration, drug effects; Reticular Formation, cytology; Solitary Nucleus, cytology; Staining and Labeling, methods; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12380003}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cressman:2010, author = {Victoria L Cressman and Jordan Balaban and Sara Steinfeld and Alexei Shemyakin and Peter Graham and Nelly Parisot and Holly Moore}, title = {Prefrontal cortical inputs to the basal amygdala undergo pruning during late adolescence in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2010}, volume = {518}, number = {14}, pages = {2693--2709}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Transformations in affective and social behaviors, many of which involve amygdalar circuits, are hallmarks of adolescence in many mammalian species. In this study, using the rat as a model, we provide the first evidence that afferents of the basal amygdala (BA) undergo significant structural remodeling during adolescence. We used quantitative tract-tracing and gene expression profiling methods to characterize changes in the medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) inputs to the BA across ages analogous to the late juvenile period [postnatal day (P) 25], late adolescence (P45), and adulthood (P90) in the rat. As assessed after deposition of Fluorogold into the BA, the number of BA-projecting neurons in the mPFC remained stable between P25 and P45 but decreased by about 50\% between P45 and P90. Anterograde tract tracing with biotin dextran amine deposits centered in the ventral prelimbic cortex revealed that, during this period, the density of mPFC-derived axon terminals in the BA also decrease significantly, an effect particularly evident in the dorsal basolateral nucleus. Within the BA, there were also highly significant changes in gene expression indicative of neurite or synaptic plasticity, most notably in the Ras/GTPase superfamily, and in pathways that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and steroid synthesis/lipid metabolism. These data provide convergent evidence that mPFC inputs to the BA are pruned during late adolescence or early adulthood. Moreover, the structural remodeling within these afferents may be accompanied by significant changes in neurite plasticity within the BA.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.22359}, institution = {Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.}, keywords = {Aging; Amygdala, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Animals; Axons, physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cell Count; Dextrans; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Neurites, physiology; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Photomicrography; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {20506471}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22359}, } @Article{Creutz:2004, author = {Creutz, Lela M. and Kritzer, Mary F.}, title = {Mesostriatal and mesolimbic projections of midbrain neurons immunoreactive for estrogen receptor beta or androgen receptors in rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2004}, volume = {476}, number = {4}, pages = {348--362}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The dopamine (DA) inputs to the caudate putamen, the nucleus accumbens, and the amygdala in rats are sensitive to circulating estrogens and androgens. One mechanism for the hormone modulation of these systems may be via actions at cognate intracellular estrogen and androgen receptors. However, although it is known that specific subsets of midbrain DA neurons are immunopositive for estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) or androgen receptors (ARs), it is not known where these receptor-bearing cells project. To address this issue, we combined double-label immunocytochemistry with retrograde tract tracing to identify the forebrain projections of ERbeta- or AR-immunoreactive (IR) midbrain neurons. Specifically, Fluoro-Gold and/or cholera toxin were injected into discrete subregions of the caudate-putamen, the nucleus accumbens, or the amygdala. Evaluations of the resultant midbrain labeling revealed that ERbeta-IR neurons sent collateral projections mainly to both the ventral caudate- putamen and the amygdala, but not to the dorsal caudate or nucleus accumbens. In contrast, AR-IR neurons projected either to the amygdala or the nucleus accumbens but not to the caudate-putamen. The organization of these forebrain projections concurs with some of the known hormone sensitivities of mesostriatal and mesolimbic DA systems in rats and provides an anatomical model that predicts separate influences for androgens and estrogens over mesostriatal and mesolimbic DA systems.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20229}, institution = {Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5230, USA. lcreutz@ic.sunysb.edu}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology/metabolism; Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Basal Ganglia, cytology/metabolism; Brain Mapping; Caudate Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Dopamine, metabolism; Estrogen Receptor beta; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology/metabolism; Prosencephalon, cytology/metabolism; Putamen, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Androgen, metabolism; Receptors, Estrogen, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15282710}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20229}, } @Article{Crockett:1993, author = {D. P. Crockett and S. Maslany and S. L. Harris and M. D. Egger}, title = {Enhanced cytochrome-oxidase staining of the cuneate nucleus in the rat reveals a modifiable somatotopic map.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1993}, volume = {612}, number = {1-2}, pages = {41--55}, month = {May}, abstract = {Existing cytochrome oxidase (CO)-staining techniques were modified to enhance sensitivity and contrast in order to examine patterns of CO-activity in the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) of adult Long-Evans rats. Within a rostrocaudally limited region in the middle of the cuneate nucleus (CN) distinctive blotches of intense CO-activity were observed. The CO-staining was maximally differentiated approximately 0.3-0.7 mm caudal to the obex. No CO-blotches were observed anywhere else in the DCN. Transganglionic labelling (WGA-HRP) demonstrated that some of the CO-blotches in the rat CN are related to the terminal projection fields of primary afferents from the skin of the forepaws. The corresponding location of primary afferent termination fields and CO-staining patterns supports a tripartite rostrocaudal division in the rat CN, similar to that described by other investigators in cats, monkeys and raccoons. Comparing the patterns of CO-staining to (1) the cytoarchitecture (Nissl-stained sections), or to (2) the dendritoarchitecture (distribution of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) or to (3) the organization of retrogradely labelled (WGA-HRP/HRP) cuneothalamic cells, revealed no topographical organization corresponding to the CO-blotches. Postnatal (at least up to 11 days postpartum) forepaw deafferentation or removal disrupted the CO-staining pattern in the CN.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(93)91642-6}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway 08854-5635.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Electron Transport Complex IV, analysis; Female; Ganglia, cytology/enzymology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Nerve Fibers, enzymology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Thalamus, cytology/enzymology; Tissue Fixation; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7687194}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cross:2007, author = {Devin J Cross and José E Cavazos}, title = {Synaptic reorganization in subiculum and CA3 after early-life status epilepticus in the kainic acid rat model.}, journal = {Epilepsy Res}, year = {2007}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {156--165}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The immature rat brain is highly susceptible to seizures, but has a resistance to pathological changes induced by seizures as compared to adult rats. However, prolonged seizures during early-life enhance cellular injury and hyperexcitability induced by convulsive insults later in adulthood. The mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not understood. In adult models, the CA1 axons reorganize their projections to subiculum. Seizure induced plasticity in this pathway has not been investigated in immature seizure models, and may contribute to the vulnerability to later seizures.On postnatal day 15, rats experienced convulsive status epilepticus with kainic acid (KA). Seizure induced plasticity was examined with Timm histochemistry and iontophoretic injections of sodium selenite, a retrograde tracer. Cellular injury was evaluated with Fluoro-Jade B histochemistry.Retrograde tracing experiments determined a 67\% larger dorsoventral extent of retrograde labeling in the CA1 pyramidal region after tracer injections in subiculum. The synaptic reorganization of the CA1 projection to subiculum was noted in the absence of overt neuronal injury in subiculum or CA1. In contrast, mossy fiber sprouting was detected into the stratum oriens of CA3 with limited neuronal injury to CA3 pyramidal neurons. No mossy fiber sprouting into the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, or CA1 sprouting into the stratum moleculare of CA1 were noted.The results indicate that the developing brain has distinct mechanisms of seizure induced reorganization as compared to the adult brain. Our experiments show that the concept of "resistance of the immature brain to excitotoxicity" is considerably more complicated than generally believed. Morphological plasticity in the immature brain appears more extensive in distal, but not proximal, projections of hippocampal pathways, and across hippocampal lamellae. The abnormal connectivity between hippocampal lamellae might play a role in the increased susceptibility to injury and hyperexcitability associated with later convulsive insults.}, doi = {10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2006.09.004}, institution = {Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Hippocampus, pathology/physiopathology; Kainic Acid, administration /&/ dosage; Kindling, Neurologic; Male; Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal, drug effects/pathology/physiopathology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Pyramidal Cells, drug effects/pathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium Selenite, pharmacokinetics; Status Epilepticus, chemically induced/pathology/physiopathology; Synapses, pathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0920-1211(06)00385-8}, pmid = {17070016}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2006.09.004}, } @Article{Cruce:1977, author = {J. A. Cruce}, title = {An autoradiographic study of the descending connections of the mammillary nuclei of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1977}, volume = {176}, number = {4}, pages = {631--644}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The descending connections of the mammillary nuclei of the rat were studied using the autoradiographic technique to trace anterograde axonal connections. Injections of tritiated leucine or tritiated proline were stereotaxically aimed at either the medial or lateral mammillary nucleus. Label in the medial and lateral mammillary nuclei was rated as either high or low. With a rating of high in both medial and lateral mammillary nuclei (11 animals) three major projection sites were seen: the dorsal tegmental nucleus (DTN), the ventral tegmental nucleus (VTN) and a pontine region which included both the pontine grey and the tegmental reticular nucleus. In the nine animals in which the medial mammillary nucleus was rated high but the lateral mammillary nucleus was rated low, no label was present in DTN, although the other two regions were labeled. The one animal in which the lateral mammillary nucleus was high but the medial was low, had label in all three major projection sites; since fibers destined for the DTN pass through the VTN, it could not be determined whether or not lateral mammillary efferents were in synaptic contact with the VTN. Labeled fibers were present throughout a wide dorsal-ventral extenf of the mesencephalon; these fibers are components of the mammilotegmental system and not part of the mammillary peduncle.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901760411}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping; Female; Male; Mamillary Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {411808}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901760411}, } @Article{Crutcher:1981, author = {K. A. Crutcher and L. Brothers and J. N. Davis}, title = {Sympathetic noradrenergic sprouting in response to central cholinergic denervation; a histochemical study of neuronal sprouting in the rat hippocampal formation.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1981}, volume = {210}, number = {1-2}, pages = {115--128}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {An unusual example of neuronal sprouting occurs in the rat brain. Several weeks after fimbrial transection or septal lesions, peripheral sympathetic fibers appear in the dentate and hippocampal gyri. We compared the distribution of normal cholinergic septohippocampal fibers and nerve terminals with the distribution of noradrenergic sympathetic (sympathohippocampal) fibers after septal lesions using anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and fluorescence histochemistry. In addition, we destroyed other afferents to the hippocampal formation and examined the effect of subtotal septal lesions on acetylcholinesterase staining and the distribution of sympathohippocampal fibers. The combined results of these experiments suggest that peripheral noradrenergic fibers sprout specifically in response to destruction of central cholinergic fibers after septal lesions. This appears to be the first model of neuronal sprouting in the central nervous system where one identified transmitter system ( noradrenergic) sprouts only in response to, and perhaps to replace, another specific transmitter system (cholinergic).}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(81)90889-1}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Denervation; Ganglia, Sympathetic, physiology; Hippocampus, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neurons, physiology; Norepinephrine, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, physiology; Rats; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(81)90889-1}, pmid = {6164438}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Crutcher:1981a, author = {K. A. Crutcher and R. Madison and J. N. Davis}, title = {A study of the rat septohippocampal pathway using anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1981}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, pages = {1961--1973}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(81)90036-1}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Transport; Hippocampus, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Peroxidases, metabolism; Photomicrography; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septum Pellucidum, physiology; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(81)90036-1}, pmid = {6272155}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cruz:1993, author = {Cruz, F. and Lima, D. and Coimbra, A.}, title = {Periterminal synaptic organization of primary afferents in laminae I and IIo of the rat spinal cord, as shown after anterograde HRP labelling.}, journal = {J Neurocytol}, year = {1993}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {191--204}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The fine structure and periterminal synaptology of the primary afferent terminations in laminae I and IIo are examined in the rat, following anterograde labelling with horseradish peroxidase applied to the right C5-dorsal root. Labelled varicosities observed along the terminal arbors in parasagittal thick sections were relocated in ultrathin sections by electron microscopy. The labelled terminal profiles generated by the three primary afferent plexuses which can be identified by light microscopy in laminae I-IIo had similar fine structural features, except that axo-axonal contacts, although rare, were more frequent in the medial network plexus. Primary boutons were packed with agranular spherical vesicles and some large granular vesicles, and were mostly presynaptic to profiles of dendritic trunks of marginal cells. Unlabelled axonal profiles, either light with some flattened vesicles, or dense with round vesicles, were also presynaptic at symmetrical or asymmetrical contacts, respectively, to those dendritic profiles. It is suggested that such knobs of intrinsic origin are responsible for postsynaptic modulation of the primary noxious input. Although the 20 microns wide lamina IIo belongs cytoarchitectonically to lamina II and can be distinguished from lamina I by a decreased amount of myelinated fibres and large dendritic profiles, the periterminal synaptology was here found to be the same as in lamina I.}, doi = {10.1007/bf01246358}, institution = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Porto, Portugal.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, ultrastructure; Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, ultrastructure; Synapses, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8478641}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cruz:1991, author = {Cruz, F. and Lima, D. and Zieglgänsberger, W. and Coimbra, A.}, title = {Fine structure and synaptic architecture of HRP-labelled primary afferent terminations in lamina IIi of the rat dorsal horn.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {305}, number = {1}, pages = {3--16}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The fine structure and synaptic architecture of the afferent terminations in dorsal horn lamina II are studied using a combined light and electron microscopic procedure after anterograde labelling with horseradish peroxidase. Vibratome parasagittal sections, stained with heavy metal intensified diaminobenzidine after tracer application to the dorsal roots, were flat-embedded in Epon. The five types of labelled terminal arbors occurring in lamina IIi (Cruz et al., '87: J. Comp. Neurol. 261:221-236) were drawn and relocated in 5-microns sections cut serially from the thick sections. Ultrathin sections were then cut from the 5-microns sections so that the terminal fibers and swellings observed in the light microscope could be traced in the electron microscope. The flame-shaped arbors arose from fine myelinated stem fibers. Terminal strands generated large oval central terminals of type II synaptic glomeruli (CII), which established frequent axoaxonal contacts. Similar terminals have been labelled in the cat after tracer injections into hair-follicle fibers (Réthelyi et al., '82: J. Comp. Neurol. 207:381-393). The other four plexuses arose from unmyelinated stem fibers. The swarms of ultrafine boutons consisted of extremely thin terminal fibers generating very small, round, or polygonal glomerular terminals containing tightly packed agranular synaptic vesicles of variable size and one mitochondrion at best. The terminal strands of the bouquet plexus bore long and scalloped central varicosities of type I synaptic glomeruli (CI) with pleomorphic agranular vesicles and a relative abundance of dendroaxonal contacts. These features, together with the location in dorsal lamina IIi, suggest their belonging to the fluoride resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP)-reactive population. The boutons of the undulating fibers and those of the lateral plexus were, like those of the bouquets, scalloped and elongated rostrocaudally (CI), but contained a few large granular vesicles. The occurrence of the swarm, undulating, and lateral plexuses in ventral lamina IIi, which seems to lack FRAP or peptidergic terminals, suggests an origin from other, still unidentified neurochemical populations of fine primary afferents.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903050103}, institution = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Portugal.}, keywords = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology/ultrastructure; Synapses, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2033122}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903050103}, } @Article{Csaki:2000, author = {Csáki, A. and Kocsis, K. and Halász, B. and Kiss, J.}, title = {Localization of glutamatergic/aspartatergic neurons projecting to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus studied by retrograde transport of [3H]D-aspartate autoradiography.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2000}, volume = {101}, number = {3}, pages = {637--655}, abstract = {Morphological and functional data indicate that glutamatergic innervation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus plays an important role in the control of this prominent cell group. Sources of this neural input are unknown. The present investigations were aimed at studying this question. The retrograde tracer [3H]D-aspartate, which is selectively taken up by the terminals of neurons that use glutamate or aspartate as a neurotransmitter, and is retrogradely transported to their perikarya, was injected into the paraventricular nucleus. The brain was examined for labelled neurons visualized by autoradiography. Labelled neurons were detected in the paraventricular nucleus itself, in several hypothalamic areas including medial and lateral preoptic area, suprachiasmatic nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area, ventromedial nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, posterior part of arcuate nucleus, ventral premammillary nucleus and supramammillary nucleus. Outside the hypothalamus labelled neurons were found in the thalamic paraventricular nucleus and in certain telencephalic regions including lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and amygdala. All of them are known to project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. We failed to detect labelled neurons in the lower brainstem. From these findings we conclude that firstly, there are glutamatergic/aspartatergic interneurons in the paraventricular nucleus; secondly, all intrahypothalamic and telencephalic, but not lower brainstem afferents to this nucleus contain glutamatergic/aspartatergic fibres; and thirdly, the glutamatergic/aspartatergic innervation of this heterogeneous cell group is extremely complex.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00411-5}, institution = {Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism; Amygdala, metabolism; Animals; Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus, metabolism; Arcuate Nucleus, metabolism; Aspartic Acid, metabolism; Autoradiography; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, metabolism; Male; Midline Thalamic Nuclei, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, metabolism; Preoptic Area, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septal Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Stereoisomerism; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, metabolism; Tritium, diagnostic use; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(00)00411-5}, pmid = {11113313}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Csaki:2002, author = {A. Csáki and K. Kocsis and J. Kiss and B. Halász}, title = {Localization of putative glutamatergic/aspartatergic neurons projecting to the supraoptic nucleus area of the rat hypothalamus.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2002}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {55--68}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Oxytocin and vasopressin neurosecretory neurons of the supraoptic nucleus receive a rich glutamatergic innervation. The nerve cells of this prominent structure express various ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes and there is converging evidence that glutamate acts as an excitatory transmitter in the control of release of oxytocin and vasopressin synthesized in this cell group. The location of the glutamatergic neurons projecting to this hypothalamic region is unknown. The aim of the present investigation was to study this question. [(3)H]D-aspartate, which is selectively taken up by high-affinity uptake sites at presynaptic endings that use glutamate as a transmitter, and is transported back to the cell body, was injected into the supraoptic nucleus area. The neurons retrogradely labelled with [(3)H]D-aspartate were detected autoradiographically. Labelled nerve cells were found in several diencephalic and telencephalic structures, but not in the brainstem. Diencephalic cell groups included the supraoptic nucleus itself, its perinuclear area, hypothalamic paraventricular, suprachiasmatic, ventromedial, dorsomedial, ventral premammillary, supramammillary and thalamic paraventricular nuclei. Within the telencephalon, labelled neurons were detected in the septum, amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and preoptic area. The findings provide neuromorphological data on the location of putative glutamatergic neurons projecting to the supraoptic nucleus and its perinuclear area. Furthermore, they indicate that local putative glutamatergic neurons as well as several diencephalic and telencephalic structures contribute to the glutamatergic innervation of the cell group and thus are involved in the control of oxytocin and vasopressin release by neurosecretory neurons of the nucleus.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02059.x}, institution = {Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Tüzoltó u. 58. H-1094 Budapest, Hungary.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Autoradiography; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Glutamic Acid; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Supraoptic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {2059}, pmid = {12153531}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Csaki:2015, author = {Csáki, Ágnes and Vígh, Béla and Boldogkői, Zsolt and Vereczki, Viktoria and Szél, Ágoston and Köves, Katalin}, title = {Is a neuronal chain between the pineal body and the retina in rats and hamsters?}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {2015}, volume = {588}, pages = {1-6}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Neuronal chains between the retina and the pineal body were investigated. Transneuronal tracers, retrograde spreading pseudorabies virus (labeled with green fluorescent protein, memGreen-RV) and virus spreading in both ante- and retrograde directions (labeled with red fluorescent protein, Ka-VHS-mCherry-A-RV) were injected into the right eye of vitreous body of intact or bilaterally sympathectomized Wistar male rats. Intact golden hamsters also received memGreen-RV into the eye and Ka-VHS-mCherry-A-RV into the pineal body. Four-five days later the animals were sacrificed. Frozen sections were prepared from the removed structures. In intact rats memGreen-RV resulted in green fluorescent labeling in the trigeminal and the superior cervical ganglia, the lateral horn of the spinal cord, the paraventricular and the suprachiasmatic nuclei, the perifornical region, the ventrolateral medulla, the locus ceruleus, and the raphe nuclei. In sympathectomized rats the labeling was missing from the brainstem but further existed in the hypothalamus. This observation indicates that the hypothalamic labeling is not mediated by the sympathetic system. One labeled neuron in the pineal body was only observed in 2/13 rats. It was independent from the sympathectomy. When the animals received Ka-VHS-mCherry-A-RV the distribution of the labeling was very similar to that of the intact group receiving retrograde virus. In golden hamsters the memGreen-RV labeled structures were seen in similar places as in rats, but virus labeled nerve cell bodies were always seen in the pineal body. Injection of Ka-VHS-mCherry-A-RV into the pineal body of hamsters resulted in labeling of the retina at both sides. It was concluded that the retinopetal neuronal chain in golden hamsters is always present but in rats it is stochastic.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neulet.2014.12.043}, institution = {Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: koves.katalin@med.semmelweis-univ.hu.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(14)00988-4}, pmid = {25543029}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2014.12.043}, } @Article{Cservenak:2013, author = {Cservenák, Melinda and Szabó, Eva R. and Bodnár, Ibolya and Lékó, András and Palkovits, Miklós and Nagy, György M. and Usdin, Ted B. and Dobolyi, Arpád}, title = {Thalamic neuropeptide mediating the effects of nursing on lactation and maternal motivation.}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, year = {2013}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Nursing has important physiological and psychological consequences on mothers during the postpartum period. Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) may contribute to its effects on prolactin release and maternal motivation. Since TIP39-containing fibers and the receptor for TIP39, the parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2 receptor) are abundant in the arcuate nucleus and the medial preoptic area, we antagonized TIP39 action locally to reveal its actions. Mediobasal hypothalamic injection of a virus encoding an antagonist of the PTH2 receptor markedly decreased basal serum prolactin levels and the suckling-induced prolactin release. In contrast, injecting this virus into the preoptic area had no effect on prolactin levels, but did dampen maternal motivation, judged by reduced time in a pup-associated cage during a place preference test. In support of an effect of TIP39 on maternal motivation, we observed that TIP39 containing fibers and terminals had the same distribution within the preoptic area as neurons expressing Fos in response to suckling. Furthermore, TIP39 terminals closely apposed the plasma membrane of 82\% of Fos-ir neurons. Retrograde tracer injected into the arcuate nucleus and the medial preoptic area labeled TIP39 neurons in the posterior intralaminar complex of the thalamus (PIL), indicating that these cells but not other groups of TIP39 neurons project to these hypothalamic regions. We also found that TIP39 mRNA levels in the PIL markedly increased around parturition and remained elevated throughout the lactation period, demonstrating the availability of the peptide in postpartum mothers. Furthermore, suckling, but not pup exposure without physical contact, increased Fos expression by PIL TIP39 neurons. These results indicate that suckling activates TIP39 neurons in the PIL that affect prolactin release and maternal motivation via projections to the arcuate nucleus and the preoptic area, respectively.}, doi = {10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.004}, institution = {Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1094, Hungary; Research Group of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1051, Hungary.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4530(13)00323-5}, pmid = {24094875}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.004}, } @Article{Cuccurazzu:2007, author = {Cuccurazzu, B. and Deriu, F. and Tolu, E. and Yates, B. J. and Billig, I.}, title = {A monosynaptic pathway links the vestibular nuclei and masseter muscle motoneurons in rats.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {2007}, volume = {176}, number = {4}, pages = {665--671}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Physiological evidence indicates that vestibular signals modulate the activity of motoneurons innervating the masseter muscle. Recently, experiments using transynaptic retrograde transport of pseudorabies virus provided anatomical evidence that many neurons concentrated in the dorsomedial part of the parvicellular division of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVePC) and the caudal prepositus hypoglossi (PH) provide inputs to motoneurons innervating the lower third of the superficial layer of the masseter muscle. However, it was not clear whether this vestibulo-trigeminal projection was monosynaptic or polysynaptic. The present study sought to determine whether neurons in the MVePC or PH project directly to motoneurons controlling the masseter muscle in rats. For this purpose, an anterograde tracer (biotinylated dextran amine, BDA) was injected into vestibular nuclei (mainly MVePC) or PH and a retrograde tracer (the beta-subunit of cholera toxin, b-CT) was injected into the masseter muscle ipsilateral or contralateral to the BDA injection site. Following injections of BDA into the vestibular nuclei or PH, anterogradely labeled axon terminals were observed bilaterally in the motor trigeminal nucleus (Mo5), particularly in the ventral, medial, and lateral portions of the nucleus; projections to dorsal Mo5 were sparse. In addition, retrogradely labeled motoneurons were located in the ventral and lateral portions of the ipsilateral Mo5. Moreover, anterogradely labeled terminals were observed to be in close proximity to motoneurons in the Mo5 that were retrogradely labeled from b-CT injections into the masseter muscle. This study provides direct evidence that a monosynaptic pathway exists between the MVePC and PH and masseter motoneurons.}, doi = {10.1007/s00221-006-0834-7}, institution = {Department of Otolaryngology, Eye and Ear Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cholera Toxin; Dextrans; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Male; Mandibular Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Masseter Muscle, innervation/physiology; Mastication, physiology; Motor Neurons, cytology/physiology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Postural Balance, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stomatognathic System, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Vestibule, Labyrinth, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {17216144}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-0834-7}, } @Article{Cuccurazzu:2008, author = {Cuccurazzu, Bruna and Halberstadt, Adam L.}, title = {Projections from the vestibular nuclei and nucleus prepositus hypoglossi to dorsal raphe nucleus in rats.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {2008}, volume = {439}, number = {1}, pages = {70--74}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The serotonergic system regulates processing in components of the vestibular nuclear complex, including the medial vestibular nucleus (MVe) and nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (PH). Recent studies using anterograde and retrograde tracers have shown that vestibular nuclei are targeted by regionally selective projections from the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus. The objective of the present investigation was to determine whether the DRN is targeted by projections from the vestibular nuclear complex in rats, using the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). After injection of BDA into PH or the caudal parvicellular division of MVe, labeled fibers and terminals were observed in the ventromedial and lateral subdivisions of DRN. These findings indicate that projections from the vestibular nuclei and PH are organized to modulate processing within specific functional domains of the DRN.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neulet.2008.04.094}, institution = {Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Brain Mapping; Dextrans, metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tegmentum Mesencephali, physiology; Vestibular Nuclei, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(08)00602-2}, pmid = {18511198}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.04.094}, } @Article{Cui:2013, author = {Cui, Jingjing and Ha, Lijuan and Zhu, Xinlong and Wang, Fuchun and Jing, Xianghong and Bai, Wanzhu}, title = {Specificity of Sensory and Motor Neurons Associated with BL40 and GB30 in the Rat: A Dual Fluorescent Labeling Study.}, journal = {Evid Based Complement Alternat Med}, year = {2013}, volume = {2013}, pages = {643403}, abstract = {The purpose of this study is to investigate the specific innervations on "Weizhong" (BL40) and "Huantiao" (GB30) by using a dual neural tracing technique. After Alexa Fluor 488 and 594 conjugates of cholera toxin subunit B (AF488/594-CTB) were, respectively, injected into BL40 and GB30 in the same rat, the labeled sensory and motor neurons were examined in the rat's dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal cord at thoracic (T) and lumbar (L) segments with a laser scanning confocal microscope. In the cases of BL40 injection, AF488-CTB labeled sensory and motor neurons were located in L2-6 DRGs and on the mediolateral part of spinal ventral horn from L3 to L5 segments, respectively. By contrast, in the cases of GB30 injection, AF594-CTB labeled sensory and motor neurons were distributed in T13-L6 DRGs and on the anterolateral part of spinal ventral horn from L1 to L5 segments, respectively. These results indicate that the sensory and motor neurons associated with BL40 and GB30 are located in different spinal segments and regions in the nervous system, providing the neuroanatomical evidence to serve the specificity of acupoints.}, doi = {10.1155/2013/643403}, institution = {Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {24027595}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/643403}, } @Article{Cui:2013a, author = {Cui, Jing-Jing and Ha, Li-Juan and Zhu, Xin-Long and Shi, Hong and Wang, Fu-Chun and Jing, Xiang-Hong and Bai, Wan-Zhu}, title = {Neuroanatomical basis for acupuncture point PC8 in the rat: neural tracing study with cholera toxin subunit B.}, journal = {Acupunct Med}, year = {2013}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {389--394}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {This study was performed to investigate the innervations related to acupuncture point PC8 in rats using a neural tracing technique.After 6 ?L of 1\% cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) was injected into the site between the second and third metacarpal bone in rats, a corresponding site to acupuncture point PC8 in the human body, CTB labelling was examined with immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal cord and brainstem.All CTB labelling appeared on the ipsilateral side of the injection. The labelled sensory neurons distributed from cervical (C)6 to thoracic (T)1 DRG, while the labelled motor neurons were located on the dorsolateral part of the spinal ventral horn ranging from the C6 to T1 segments. In addition, the transganglionically-labelled axonal terminals were found to be dense in the medial part of laminae 3-4 from C6 to the T1 spinal dorsal horn, as far as in the cuneate nucleus.These results indicate that sensory and motor neurons associated with PC8 distribute in a distinct segmental pattern. The sensory information from PC8 could be transganglionically transported to the spinal dorsal horn and cuneate nucleus.}, doi = {10.1136/acupmed-2013-010400}, institution = {Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, , Beijing, China.}, keywords = {Acupuncture Points; Animals; Cholera Toxin, chemistry/metabolism; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry/metabolism; Male; Motor Neurons, chemistry/metabolism; Neuroanatomy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Receptor Cells, chemistry/metabolism; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry/metabolism; Staining and Labeling}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {acupmed-2013-010400}, pmid = {23956381}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2013-010400}, } @Article{Cull:1975, author = {Cull, R. E.}, title = {Rôle of axonal transport in maintaining central synaptic connections.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1975}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {97--101}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Synaptic boutons on the somata of rat hypoglossal neurones have been stained with Zinc Iodide-Osmium, and counted using light microscopy. Two weeks after Silastic cuffs containing colchicine or vinblastine were applied to the hypoglossal nerve, the number of boutons on parent nerve cell bodies was significantly lower than controls. These drugs inhibited retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase, but did not affect neuromuscular conduction or the number of axons in the nerve trunk. Cuffs containing lignocaine did not affect boutons or axonal transport significantly.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00236020}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects; Colchicine, pharmacology; Electrophysiology; Hypoglossal Nerve, physiology; Lidocaine, pharmacology; Male; Muscles, physiology; Rats; Synapses, physiology; Vinblastine, pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {54262}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cullinan:1996, author = {Cullinan, W. E. and Helmreich, D. L. and Watson, S. J.}, title = {Fos expression in forebrain afferents to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus following swim stress.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1996}, volume = {368}, number = {1}, pages = {88--99}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) serves as the origin of the final common pathway in the secretion of glucocorticoid hormones in response to stress. Various stress-related inputs converge upon the cells of the medial parvocellular division of the PVN. These neurons, which synthesize and release corticotropin-releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin, and other secretagogues, are responsible for a cascade of events which culminates in the adrenocorticotropin-induced release of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex. Previous data have suggested complex afferent regulation of PVN neurons, although the neuronal pathways by which the effects of stress are mediated remain to be fully disclosed. The present experiment sought to identify forebrain areas potentially involved in afferent regulation of the PVN in response to an acute stressor. Discrete injections of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-gold were delivered to the PVN, and rats were subsequently subjected to an acute swim stress. Brains were processed immunocytochemically for the simultaneous detection of the tracer and Fos, the protein product of the immediate early gene c-fos, utilized as a marker for neuronal activation. The majority of Fluoro-gold/Fos labeled neurons were detected in the parastrial nucleus, the medial preoptic area, the anterior hypothalamic area, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and adjacent posterior hypothalamic area, and, to a lesser extent, the supramammillary nucleus. These findings are discussed in relation to neural pathways mediating activation and inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis.}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-G}, institution = {Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0720, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Prosencephalon, cytology/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Stress, Physiological, metabolism; Swimming}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-G}, pmid = {8725295}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-G}, } @Article{Cullinan:1993, author = {W. E. Cullinan and J. P. Herman and S. J. Watson}, title = {Ventral subicular interaction with the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: evidence for a relay in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1993}, volume = {332}, number = {1}, pages = {1--20}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The axonal projections of the ventral subiculum to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) were examined in the rat with the anterograde neuronal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Axons originating in the ventral subiculum coursed to the BST through either the fimbria-fornix, or a pathway involving the stria terminalis via the amygdala. Ventral subicular axons gave rise to dense terminal networks that were preferentially distributed in medial and ventral subregions of the BST. The distribution of subicular fibers and terminals was examined in relation to BST neurons that project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). In these cases, discrete iontophoretic injections of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-gold were made in the PVN, with PHA-L delivered to the ipsilateral ventral subiculum. An immunocytochemical double-labeling protocol was then employed for the simultaneous detection of PHA-L and Fluoro-gold, and provided light microscopic evidence for subicular input to PVN-projecting cells located within the BST. In a second series of experiments, the gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)ergic nature of the BST was examined by in situ hybridization histochemistry for detection of transcripts encoding GAD67 mRNA. The studies revealed that a high proportion of BST neurons express GAD67 transcripts. Also, experiments combining Fluoro-gold tracing with GAD67 in situ hybridization suggested that a proportion of PVN-projecting neurons in the BST are GABAergic. Taken together, the results of these sets of studies suggest that the inhibitory influences of the hippocampus on the PVN might be relayed through specific portions of the BST. These findings may have important implications for our understanding of the neural regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903320102}, institution = {Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0720.}, keywords = {Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Fluorescent Dyes; Glutamate Decarboxylase, analysis; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; In Situ Hybridization; Iontophoresis; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7685778}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903320102}, } @Article{Cullinan:1991, author = {W. E. Cullinan and L. Záborszky}, title = {Organization of ascending hypothalamic projections to the rostral forebrain with special reference to the innervation of cholinergic projection neurons.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {306}, number = {4}, pages = {631--667}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Axonal projections from hypothalamic nuclei to the basal forebrain, and their relation to cholinergic projection neurons in particular, were studied in the rat by using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) in combination with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunocytochemistry. Discrete iontophoretic PHA-L injections were delivered to different portions of the caudal lateral hypothalamus, as well as to various medial hypothalamic areas, including the ventromedial, dorsomedial, and paraventricular nuclei, and anterior hypothalamic and medial preoptic areas. The simultaneous detection of PHA-L-labeled fibers/terminals and ChAT-positive neurons was performed by using nickel-enhanced diaminobenzidine (DAB) and nonenhanced DAB as chromogens. Selected cases were investigated at the electron microscopic level. Ascending hypothalamic projections maintained an orderly lateromedial arrangement within the different components of the medial forebrain bundle, as well as with respect to their terminal projection fields (e.g., within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and lateral septal nucleus). The distribution pattern of hypothalamic inputs to cholinergic projection neurons corresponded to the topography of ascending hypothalamic axons. Axons originating from neurons in the far-lateral hypothalamus reached cholinergic neurons in a zone that extended from the dorsal part of the sublenticular substantia innominata (SI) caudolaterally, to the lateral portion of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis rostromedially, encompassing a narrow band along the ventral part of the globus pallidus and medial portion of the internal capsule. Axons originating from cells in the medial portion of the lateral hypothalamus reached cholinergic cells primarily in more medial and ventral parts of the SI, and in the magnocellular preoptic nucleus and horizontal limb of the diagonal band nucleus (HDB). Axons from medial hypothalamic cells appeared to contact cholinergic neurons primarily in the medial part of the HDB, and in the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band complex. Electron microscopic double-labeling experiments confirmed contacts between labeled terminals and cholinergic cells in the HDB and SI. Individual hypothalamic axons established synapses with both cholinergic and noncholinergic neuronal elements in the same regions. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the organization of afferents to the basal forebrain cholinergic projection system.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903060408}, institution = {Department of Otolaryngology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Cholinergic Fibers, chemistry; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Male; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Preoptic Area, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2071698}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903060408}, } @Article{Cunfeng:1989, author = {Cunfeng, Pu and Qunyuan, Xu and Jiajun, Yang and Chunli, Zhao}, title = {The projections from the external cuneate nucleus to the cerebellum of the rat. Immunohistochemical localization of axonally transported plant lectin phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L)}, journal = {Chin J Neuroanat}, year = {1989}, volume = {1}, pages = {017}, abstract = {Projection system from the external cuneate nucleus to the cerebellum was studied in the rat by anterogradely transported Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin(PHA-L). The morphology of the labeled neurons, mossy fibers, and rosette terminals was well revealed by ABC immunohistochemical method after the PHA-L had been delivered iontophoretically into the external cuneate nucleus of the rat. The result indicates that the fibers project from the external cuneate nucleus to the cerebellum via ipsilateral restiform body, and that mossy fibers terminate mainly in the inner part of the cerebellar granular layer. The fibers areas comprise the anterior and posterior vermis bilaterally and the ipsilateral hemispheral parts of the anterior lobe and the paravermis of lobule ?, ipsilateral ?a as well as the medial part of the ipsilateral paramedian lobule, Of which the most intensive appears in ?-? lobules showing three terminal bands parallel to the sagittal line of the cerebellum. A few projections to the ipsilateral Crus ? and ?b were found. The result also suggests that the external cuneate nucleus has no fiber terminals in the central cerebellar nuclei.}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-SJJP198901017.htm}, } @Article{Cunningham:1990, author = {E. T. Cunningham and M. C. Bohn and P. E. Sawchenko}, title = {Organization of adrenergic inputs to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {292}, number = {4}, pages = {651--667}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Anterograde transport, retrograde transport, and immunohistochemical techniques were used to characterize the organization of neural inputs to the paraventricular (PVH) and supraoptic (SO) nuclei from the C1, C2, and C3 adrenergic cell groups in the rostral medulla. The results are as follows: 1) Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive (PNMT-IR) fibers and terminals were distributed to all parts of the parvicellular division of the PVH; the dorsal and dorsal medial subdivisions received the most prominent inputs, the lateral and ventral medial parts the least. Sparse terminal fields were found consistently in the magnocellular division of the PVH and in the SO. 2) A combined retrograde transport-immunohistochemical method was used to estimate the number and proportion of cells in the regions of the C1, C2, and C3 cell groups that contribute to the PNMT-IR innervation of the PVH. On average, 232 +/- 37 retrogradely labeled cells in the C1 cell group, 73 +/- 32 in the C2 cell group, and 96 +/- 26 in the C3 group stained positively for PNMT-IR. These values comprised 70\%, 84\%, and 89\%, respectively, of all retrogradely labeled neurons in these regions. 3) Fibers and terminals arising from the regions of each of the three adrenergic cell groups were labeled by local injections of the anterogradely transported plant lectin PHA-L. Each component projection was found to distribute in a very similar fashion and to mimic the overall distribution of PNMT-IR; differential projection patterns within the PVH or SO were not seen consistently following deposits in any of the individual adrenergic cell groups or at different rostrocaudal levels of any individual cell group. 4) A dual anterograde tracing (PHA-L)-immunohistochemical (PNMT) labeling method revealed an appreciable number of varicosities arising from the regions of C1, C2, and C3 cell groups to contain PNMT-IR. These results suggest that adrenergic inputs to the PVH and SO, while arising from distinct medullary cell groups and presumably relaying different types of sensory information, are in a position to influence similar groups of parvicellular neurosecretory and/or autonomic-related projection neurons.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902920413}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego.}, keywords = {Adrenergic Fibers, metabolism/physiology; Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Supraoptic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2324319}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902920413}, } @Article{Cunningham:1988, author = {E. T. Cunningham and P. E. Sawchenko}, title = {Anatomical specificity of noradrenergic inputs to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat hypothalamus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1988}, volume = {274}, number = {1}, pages = {60--76}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The distribution of neural inputs to the paraventricular (PVH) and supraoptic (SO) nuclei from the regions of the A1, the A2, and the A6 (locus coeruleus) noradrenergic cell groups was investigated by using a plant lectin, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), as an anterogradely transported tracer. An immunofluorescence double-labeling procedure was used to determine the extent to which individual anterogradely labeled fibers and terminals in the PVH and the SO also displayed immunoreactive dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), a marker for catecholaminergic neurons. The results may be summarized as follows: (1) Projections from the A1 region were found primarily, and in some experiments almost exclusively, in those parts of the magnocellular division of the PVH and the SO known to contain vasopressinergic neurons. (2) Projections from the A2 region were distributed primarily throughout the parvicellular division of the PVH and were most dense in the dorsal medial part, a region known to contain a prominent population of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-immunoreactive neurons. In addition, a less-dense projection to the magnocellular division of the PVH and to the SO was consistently found. (3) Fibers originating from the locus coeruleus were distributed almost exclusively to the parvicellular division of the PVH, with the most prominent input localized to the periventricular zone, a part of the PVH known to contain dopamine-, somatostatin-, and thyrotropin-releasing-hormone-containing neurons. We found no evidence for a projection from A6 to the SO. (4) The majority of fibers originating from the A1, the A2 or the A6 regions contained DBH immunoreactivity, although an appreciable number did not. These results suggest that each of the three brainstem noradrenergic cell groups that contribute to the innervation of the PVH and/or the SO is in a position to modulate the activity of anatomically and chemically distinct groups of neurosecretory neurons.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902740107}, institution = {Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Histocytochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Norepinephrine, physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Supraoptic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2458397}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902740107}, } @Article{Cunningham:1989, author = {E. T. Cunningham and P. E. Sawchenko}, title = {A circumscribed projection from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the nucleus ambiguus in the rat: anatomical evidence for somatostatin-28-immunoreactive interneurons subserving reflex control of esophageal motility.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1989}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {1668--1682}, month = {May}, abstract = {Axonal transport and immunohistochemical methods were used to investigate the anatomical and biochemical organization of projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) to the rostral, esophageal, part of the nucleus ambiguus (NA) in the rat. Discrete iontophoretic deposits of a retrogradely transported tracer, fluorogold, placed in the rostral NA labeled a column of cells within the NTS, termed the central part of the NTS (after Ross et al., 1985), situated just medial to the solitary tract and extending from about 300 to 1000 microns rostral to the obex. Iontophoretic deposits of the anterogradely transported tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), placed in the central part of the NTS gave rise to dense and topographically restricted projections to the rostral NA. More caudal and ventral aspects of the NA did not receive prominent inputs from the central part of the NTS, and deposits that spared the central part of the NTS gave rise to only sparse projections to the rostral NA. Antisera against somatostatin-28 (SS-28) stained cell bodies within the central part of the NTS. In addition, a double-labeling procedure, capable of colocalizing anterogradely transported PHA-L and endogenous peptides to individual fibers and/or terminals, demonstrated an appreciable number of SS-28-immunoreactive terminals within the rostral NA that arose from the NTS. Correspondingly, unilateral lesions that involved the central part of the NTS resulted in a marked depletion of SS-28 immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral rostral NA. These data provide evidence for a discrete, partly somatostatinergic, projection from the central part of the NTS to the rostral NA. Anatomical and physiological studies implicating the central part of the NTS and the rostral NA in esophageal function suggest this pathway to be involved in the reflex control of esophageal motility.}, institution = {Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Esophagus, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, metabolism; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Peristalsis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reflex, physiology; Somatostatin, metabolism; Somatostatin-28; Staining and Labeling; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2470875}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/9/5/1668.full.pdf}, } @Article{Cunningham:2000, author = {E. T. Cunningham and P. E. Sawchenko}, title = {Dorsal medullary pathways subserving oromotor reflexes in the rat: implications for the central neural control of swallowing.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2000}, volume = {417}, number = {4}, pages = {448--466}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Retrograde and anterograde axonal transport techniques were used to investigate the organization of inputs from the dorsomedial medulla, a region known to elicit patterned swallowing reflexes following focal stimulation, to the fifth (MoV), seventh (VII), tenth (nucleus ambiguus, NA), and twelfth (XII) cranial nerve motor nuclei in the rat, those motor nuclei most directly involved in the control of deglutition. The results may be summarized as follows. 1) Dorsal medullary inputs to MoV, VII, and XII arise primarily from an extended region of the caudal reticular formation immediately ventral to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), which we term the dorsal medullary reticular column (DMRC). Projections from the DMRC are largely bilateral and are distributed preferentially to the ventral subdivision of MoV, to the dorsal and intermediate subdivisions of VII, and to both the dorsal and the ventral subdivisions of XII. In addition, a subpopulation of large multipolar neurons embedded within the DMRC gives rise to a primarily crossed input to the dorsal subdivision of MoV. 2) Dorsal medullary inputs to the NA arise from the NTS, are largely uncrossed, and are organized such that the ventrolateral, intermediate, and interstitial subdivisions of the NTS project to the semicompact formation and to the rostral extension of the compact formation (which supplies the pharynx) and to the loose formation (larynx), whereas the central subdivision of the NTS provides input to the compact formation (esophagus). 3) Neither the NTS nor the DMRC gives rise to significant projections to the central subnucleus of the NTS. Together, these results provide evidence for discrete medullary pathways subserving sequential activation of swallowing reflexes.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000221)417:4<448::aid-cne5>3.0.co;2-s}, institution = {Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, and The Foundation for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. emmett@itsa.ucsf.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Deglutition, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Mouth, physiology; Muscles, physiology; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, physiology; Reflex, physiology; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-S}, pmid = {10701866}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cunningham:1991, author = {E. T. Cunningham and D. M. Simmons and L. W. Swanson and P. E. Sawchenko}, title = {Enkephalin immunoreactivity and messenger RNA in a discrete projection from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the nucleus ambiguous in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {307}, number = {1}, pages = {1--16}, month = {May}, abstract = {Previous work described in the rat a circumscribed, partly somatostatinergic, interneuronal projection from the esophageal afferent part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTSc) to esophageal motor neurons in the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguous (NAcf: Cunningham and Sawchenko, J Neurosci 9:1668, 1989). In the present study, axonal transport, immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization histochemical techniques were used to determine whether enkephalin (ENK), a peptide known to be expressed in a number of somatostatin-containing medullary cell groups, is also expressed in the projection from the NTSc to the NAcf. The results may be summarized as follows: 1) cells immunoreactive (IR) for prepro-enkephalin (ppENK)-derived peptides were found in the NTSc in colchicine-pretreated animals; in untreated animals, a dense ENK-IR terminal field was observed in the NAcf: sections stained with antisera against dynorphin-related peptides showed sparse staining in both regions; 2) signal indicating the presence of ppENK messenger RNA (mRNA) was found over the NTSc, including over a majority of cells identified using a retrograde tracing technique as projecting to the region of the NAcf; the signal for ppENK mRNA signal was greater than that for prepro-somatostatin (ppSS) in the NTSc; 3) a combined anterograde tracing-immunohistochemical technique demonstrated a strong correspondence between the distribution of inputs from the NTS to the NAcf, and the distribution of endogenous ENK-IR varicosities; in addition, leucine (L)-ENK-IR was found in an appreciable number of varicosities in the NAcf that had been anterogradely labeled from the NTSc; 4) unilateral electrolytic lesions of the rostromedial NTS, which included the central subnucleus, virtually eliminated ENK-IR in the ipsilateral NAcf, while staining on the contralateral side was unaffected. Taken together, these studies provide evidence that ppENK- and ppSS-derived peptides are expressed in the pathway from the NTSc to the NAcf, a pathway thought to play a role in the reflex control of esophageal peristalsis.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903070102}, institution = {Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California 92186.}, keywords = {Animals; Colchicine, pharmacology; Enkephalins, immunology/metabolism; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immunohistochemistry; Iontophoresis; Male; Medulla Oblongata, immunology/metabolism; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; RNA, Messenger, immunology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spectrometry, Fluorescence}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1856314}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903070102}, } @Article{Cunningham:1994, author = {Cunningham, Jr, ET and Miselis, R. R. and Sawchenko, P. E.}, title = {The relationship of efferent projections from the area postrema to vagal motor and brain stem catecholamine-containing cell groups: an axonal transport and immunohistochemical study in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1994}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, pages = {635--648}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The area postrema has been implicated as a major station for the processing of visceral sensory information, involved primarily in eliciting rapid homeostatic responses to fluid and nutrient imbalances. Yet the precise relationship of efferent projections from the area postrema to medullary motor and relay nuclei involved in such functions remains unclear. In this study, axonal transport and immunohistochemical techniques were used to investigate the relationship of efferent projections from the area postrema to vagal motor neurons and medullary catecholamine-containing cell groups in the rat. The results may be summarized as follows: (1) The area postrema gives rise to dense inputs to the commissural and medial parts of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Many of these projections are intimately associated with catecholamine-containing neurons in the A2 and C2 cell groups, including a particularly prominent input to a caudally placed cluster of adrenergic neurons (the C2d cell group) in the dorsal aspect of the medial part of the nucleus of the solitary tract. (2) The area postrema provides a dense input to the external lateral part of the parabrachial nucleus. (3) The area postrema does not project significantly to vagal motor neurons in either the dorsal motor nucleus or the nucleus ambiguus, although the possibility for inputs to distal dendrites of dorsal vagal motor neurons cannot be excluded. (4) En route to the parabrachial nucleus, axons of area postrema neurons traverse the regions of the A1, C1 and A5 cell groups, although these fibers make few arborizations, suggesting little functional contact. Together, these results suggest that sensory information received by the area postrema is dispatched to a restricted set of neurons in the commissural, medial, and dorsal parts of the nucleus of the solitary tract, most probably including catecholamine-containing cells in the A2, C2, and C2d cell groups, and to the external lateral portion of the parabrachial nucleus. The targets of area postrema projections are, in turn, in a position to effect adaptive changes in the activities of hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons, vagal motor neurons, and limbic forebrain regions in response to perturbations in fluid and nutrient homeostasis.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(94)90087-6}, institution = {Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA 92186.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Brain Stem, cytology/physiology; Catecholamines, metabolism; Cerebral Ventricles, cytology/physiology; Cholera Toxin; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Iontophoresis; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Motor Neurons, physiology; Neurons, Efferent, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Pons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, immunology/metabolism; Vagus Nerve, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(94)90087-6}, pmid = {7513390}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cunningham:2007, author = {Cunningham, Miles G. and Ames, Heather M. and Christensen, Mette-Kirstine and Sorensen, Jens Christian}, title = {Zincergic innervation of medial prefrontal cortex by basolateral projection neurons.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, year = {2007}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, pages = {531--535}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The basolateral amygdaloid complex is a site of origin for zinc-containing pathways in the brain; it is also known for its massive innervation of the medial prefrontal cortex. The presence, and potential neuromodulatory role, of zinc within this fundamental corticolimbic circuit has not been described. For this study, basolateral neurons innervating the medial prefrontal cortex were retrogradely labeled with FluoroGold, and zinc-containing neurons were identified using autometallography to visualize zinc selenium precipitates. Upon quantification of single-labeled and double-labeled cells, 35\% of basolateral neurons projecting to medial prefrontal cortex were found to also contain zinc. We conclude that zinc may act as a neuromodulator for a substantial proportion of basolateral-medial prefrontal cortical innervation, therefore implicating zinc in corticolimbic function as well as pathology.}, doi = {10.1097/WNR.0b013e328091c212}, institution = {Laboratory for Neural Reconstruction, McLean Hospital, Program in Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. mcunningham@mclean.harvard.edu}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology/metabolism; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Glutamic Acid, physiology; Gyrus Cinguli, cytology/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred WKY; Sodium Selenite; Stilbamidines; Synapses, metabolism; Zinc, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {00001756-200704160-00002}, pmid = {17413652}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e328091c212}, } @Article{Cunningham:2002, author = {Cunningham, Miles Gregory and Bhattacharyya, Sujoy and Benes, Francine Mary}, title = {Amygdalo-cortical sprouting continues into early adulthood: implications for the development of normal and abnormal function during adolescence.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2002}, volume = {453}, number = {2}, pages = {116--130}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Adolescence is a critical stage for the development of emotional maturity and diverse forms of psychopathology. The posterior basolateral nucleus of the amygdala is known to mediate fear and anxiety and is important in assigning emotional valence to cognitive processes. The medial prefrontal cortex, a homologue of the human anterior cingulate cortex, mediates emotional, attentional, and motivational behaviors at the cortical level. We postulate that the development of connectivity between these two corticolimbic regions contributes to an enhanced integration of emotion and cognition during the postnatal period. In order to characterize the development of this relay, injections of the anterograde tracer biocytin were stereotaxically placed within the posterior basolateral nucleus of the amygdala of rats at successive postnatal time points (postnatal days 6-120). Labeled fibers in the medial prefrontal cortex were evaluated using a combination of brightfield, confocal, and electron microscopy. We found that the density of labeled fibers originating from the posterior basolateral nucleus shows a sharp curvilinear increase within layers II and V of the anterior cingulate cortex and the infralimbic subdivisions of medial prefrontal cortex during the late postweanling period. This increase was paralleled by a linear rise in the number of axospinous and axodendritic synapses present in the neuropil. Based on these results, we propose that late maturation of amygdalo-cortical connectivity may provide an anatomical basis for the development and integration of normal and possibly abnormal emotional behavior during adolescence and early adulthood.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10376}, institution = {Laboratory of Structural Neuroscience, McLean Hospita,; Program in Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02478, USA.}, keywords = {Age Factors; Amygdala, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Animals; Cognition, physiology; Emotions, physiology; Gyrus Cinguli, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, growth /&/ development}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12373778}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10376}, } @Article{Cunningham:2008, author = {Miles G Cunningham and Sujoy Bhattacharyya and Francine M Benes}, title = {Increasing Interaction of amygdalar afferents with GABAergic interneurons between birth and adulthood.}, journal = {Cereb Cortex}, year = {2008}, volume = {18}, number = {7}, pages = {1529--1535}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Previous work in animal models has shown that projections from the basolateral amygdala (BLA) progressively infiltrate the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) from birth to adulthood, with the most dramatic sprouting occurring during the postweanling period. GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acidergic) interneurons in the human homolog of the rat mPFC have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, an illness with an onset that is delayed until late adolescence. Here we investigated the interaction of BLA fibers with mPFC GABAergic interneurons from postnatal day 6 (P6) to P120 using anterograde tracing and immunocytochemistry. We found a 3-fold increase in axosomatic and an 8-fold increase in axo-dendritic contacts in both layers II and V of the mPFC. Ultrastructural analysis using a colloidal gold immunolocalization demonstrated that the greatest proportion of BLA appositions were with GABA-negative spines (30.8\%) and GABA-positive dendritic shafts (35.5\%). Although GABA-negative interactions demonstrated well-defined axo-spinous synapses, membrane specializations could not be identified with confidence in GABA-positive elements. Our findings suggest that GABAergic interneurons are major targets for BLA fibers projecting to the mPFC. The establishment of this circuitry, largely during adolescence, may contribute to the integration of emotional responses with attentional and other cognitive processes mediated within this region during corticolimbic development.}, doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhm183}, institution = {Laboratory of Structural Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02478, USA.}, keywords = {Aging, physiology; Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Interneurons, physiology; Male; Nerve Net, physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {bhm183}, pmid = {17971342}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm183}, } @Article{Cunningham:1977, author = {T. J. Cunningham and J. A. Freeman}, title = {Bilateral ganglion cell branches in the normal rat: a demonstration with electrophysiological collision and cobalt tracing methods.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1977}, volume = {172}, number = {1}, pages = {165--175}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The application of microelectrode recording and anatomical tracing methods to the subcortical optic projections of the normal rat shows that the uncrossed pathway from the retina of this mammal is substantially composed of branches of crossed axons. In the recording experiments, paired stimuli to the optic tracts produces an attenuated antidromic response in the optic nerve which is best explained by the collision of impulses which travel in branches of the same parent axon. Cobalt injection of one optic tract results in retrograde filling of axons in the entire contralateral optic nerve and filling of axons in restricted regions of the ipsilateral optic nerve. This procedure also results in the filling of axons in the opposite optic tract. The locations of the filled axons in the opposite tract correspond to the positions of crossed and uncrossed projections from the temporal retinae: ventrolateral and dorsomedial, respectively. The position of the temporal retinal projections in both optic tracts was determined by applying silver degeneration methods after small lesions of the retina.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901720108}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cobalt; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Ganglia; Nerve Degeneration; Optic Nerve, physiology; Rats; Retina, cytology/physiology; Superior Colliculi, physiology; Visual Pathways}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {65362}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901720108}, } @Article{Curfs:1993, author = {Curfs, M. H. and Gribnau, A. A. and Dederen, P. J.}, title = {Postnatal maturation of the dendritic fields of motoneuron pools supplying flexor and extensor muscles of the distal forelimb in the rat.}, journal = {Development}, year = {1993}, volume = {117}, number = {2}, pages = {535--541}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {In the rat cervical spinal cord the corticospinal projection on motoneurons either direct or indirect (via interneurons) comes about postnatally making it accessible for experimental research. Therefore, the postnatal developmental changes of motoneurons and in particular their dendritic fields were examined. Motoneurons innervating the two antagonistic muscles in the distal forepaw, the m. flexor digitorum profundus and the m. extensor digitorum communis, were retrogradely labelled by intramuscular injections of cholera toxin subunit B conjugated with horseradish peroxidase in rats of various postnatal ages. Following a 48-72 hour survival period the motoneurons and their dendritic fields were studied in the seventh and eighth cervical spinal cord segments. Both the number and the position of motoneurons were found to remain constant throughout postnatal development. Extensor motoneurons were positioned dorsolaterally in the ventral horn at the border of grey and white matter, flexor motoneurons were in general medial to extensor motoneurons. The results on the dendritic field demonstrate firstly, that during postnatal development the extension of the dendrites of both flexor and extensor motoneurons changes from spreading out in all directions at postnatal day 2 to spreading in only a few, specific directions from postnatal day 21 onwards, with the restriction that both motoneuron pools follow a different time scale to achieve this. Secondly, both pools have a temporal dendritic component extending into the white matter of the lateral funiculus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Animals; Dendrites, physiology; Female; Forelimb; Male; Motor Neurons, physiology; Muscles, innervation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, growth /&/ development}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8330524}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Curfs:1996a, author = {M. H. Curfs and A. A. Gribnau and P. J. Dederen}, title = {Direct cortico-motoneuronal synaptic contacts are present in the adult rat cervical spinal cord and are first established at postnatal day 7.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1996}, volume = {205}, number = {2}, pages = {123--126}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {In order to demonstrate direct cortico-motoneuronal synaptic contacts in the cervical spinal cord of the rat and to determine at which postnatal age these contacts are established, an electron microscopic study using double labelling was performed. Corticospinal axons were anterogradely labelled after horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-gel implantation into the cerebral motor cortex and motoneurons were retrogradely labelled after cholera toxin subunit B conjugated to HRP (CTB-HRP) injections into the distal forelimb flexor muscle. With the histochemical procedures used, both tracers yield similar needle-like crystalline deposits. Labelled axons, however, can be well differentiated from labelled motoneuronal dendrites and somata on morphological grounds. In adult rats, direct cortico-motoneuronal contacts were encountered. Experiments in developing postnatal rats demonstrated that these synapses are first present on postnatal day 7.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(96)12396-x}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways; Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Motor Neurons, cytology/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology/growth /&/ development; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology; Synapses, ultrastructure; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(96)12396-X}, pmid = {8907332}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Curfs:1996, author = {M. H. Curfs and A. A. Gribnau and P. J. Dederen and I. W. Bergervoet-Vernooij}, title = {Induction of c-fos expression in cervical spinal interneurons after kainate stimulation of the motor cortex in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {725}, number = {1}, pages = {88--94}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos was used as a marker of neuronal activity to investigate the cervical spinal interneuron populations involved in the corticomotoneuronal pathway. Adult rats received unilateral kainate injections in the forelimb area of the primary motor cortex. After a survival period of 90 min, during which the animals showed vehement twitching of the contralateral forelimb, the rats were perfused and their brains and cervical spinal cords processed for Fos-like immunoreactivity. In the cervical spinal cord Fos-like immunoreactive neurons were found bilaterally in the dorsal horn and in the intermediate zone, though contralaterally significantly more labelled nuclei were encountered in two different areas. One area closely resembles the corticospinal terminal field as demonstrated with anterograde horseradish-peroxidase tract-tracing and the other reflecting primary afferent and noxious sensory neurons in the dorsal horn. Thus by monitoring the evoked expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos, structural components of the rat motor system can be identified.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(96)00365-4}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Nijmegen, Netherlands.}, keywords = {Animals; Cervical Vertebrae, metabolism; Interneurons, metabolism; Kainic Acid, pharmacology; Motor Cortex, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(96)00365-4}, pmid = {8828590}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Curtetti:2002, author = {Roberta Curtetti and Diego Garbossa and Alessandro Vercelli}, title = {Development of dendritic bundles of pyramidal neurons in the rat visual cortex.}, journal = {Mech Ageing Dev}, year = {2002}, volume = {123}, number = {5}, pages = {473--479}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex form vertical bundles whose distribution and density vary across species and areas. To understand their relationships with cortical columns, we labeled retrogradely neurons from the white matter underlying the visual cortex with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) at P3 and P10 and with biotinylated dextran amine at P30. We also mapped the distribution of apical dendrites in tangential sections, immunostained for microtubule-associated proteins (MAP2). Their composition and distribution were studied with Neurolucida and NeuroExplorer software. The apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons formed different bundle types: at P3 we found bundles formed (a) by neurons located in cortical plate; (b) by layer V neurons; and (c) by upper layer V neurons and cortical plate neurons. At P10, the amount of supragranular neurons participating in the bundles increased. The inter-dendritic and inter-bundle distances increased with age. These findings confirm that dendritic bundles are present in the rat visual cortex early in development and are formed by neurons belonging to different cortical layers. The existence of different types of bundles relative to the layer of location of their parent neurons suggests that they are heterogeneous from each other in nature and in the pattern of connectivity.}, doi = {10.1016/s0047-6374(01)00357-8}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, University of Torino Medical School, Corso M. D'Azeglio 52, Torino, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Carbocyanines; Dendritic Cells, cytology/metabolism; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Microtomy; Microtubule-Associated Proteins, metabolism; Pyramidal Cells, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Visual Cortex, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0047637401003578}, pmid = {11796132}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Curtis:2002, author = {A. L. Curtis and N. T. Bello and K. R. Connolly and R. J. Valentino}, title = {Corticotropin-releasing factor neurones of the central nucleus of the amygdala mediate locus coeruleus activation by cardiovascular stress.}, journal = {J Neuroendocrinol}, year = {2002}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {667--682}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Hypotensive stress engages corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) release within the rat locus coeruleus (LC), which activates LC neurones, initiating norepinephrine release in forebrain and activation of forebrain electroencephalographic activity. This study identified CRF afferents to the LC that are engaged during hypotensive stress. One of two potential CRF afferents, the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) or bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), was electrolytically lesioned and LC activation during hypotensive stress was quantified. Neither lesion altered LC spontaneous discharge rate or activation by intra-LC administered CRF. By contrast, LC activation by hypotensive stress was greatly attenuated in CNA-lesioned, but not BNST-lesioned, rats. Hypotensive stress-induced changes in transcriptional activation were immunohistochemically identified in CRF neurones that were retrogradely labelled from the LC region. c-fos immunoreactivity was prevalent in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), CNA and BNST. However, only the PVN contained a substantial number of neurones that were doubly immunolabelled for CRF and c-fos, and few of these were retrogradely labelled from the LC. By contrast, immunoreactivity for the phosporylated form of cyclic AMP response-element binding protein (PCREB) was prevalent in CRF neurones in the CNA and BNST. Moreover, approximately one-third of the PCREB-expressing CRF neurones in the CNA were retrogradely labelled from the LC. These electrophysiological and anatomical findings implicate the CNA as a primary source of CRF that activates the LC during hypotensive stress. Additionally, CREB phosphorylation, rather than c-fos induction, is associated with hypotensive activation of CRF-CNA neurones that project to the LC.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2826.2002.00821.x}, institution = {The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 402 Abramson Pediatric Research Center, Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.}, keywords = {Amygdala, metabolism; Animals; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, metabolism; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein, analysis; Electrophysiology; Hypotension, physiopathology; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, chemistry/metabolism/physiopathology; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stress, Physiological, physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {821}, pmid = {12153469}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cusick:1981a, author = {Cusick, C. G. and Lund, R. D.}, title = {The distribution of the callosal projection to the occipital visual cortex in rats and mice.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1981}, volume = {214}, number = {2}, pages = {239--259}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The principal finding in this study is that the callosal projection to the occipital cortex in rats and mice follows a complex and highly reproducible pattern which has not previously been described in detail. In some regions, the callosal projection is associated with well defined cytoarchitectonic boundaries such as the border between areas 17 and 18a. However, extrastriate cortex lateral to area 17 receives callosal inputs which are not related to previously defined cytoarchitectonic boundaries. Following intraocular injections of [3H]fucose, transneuronal label occupies area 17 and mainly the posterior part of area 18a. A region in posterolateral area 18a which is 'subdivided' into callosal and sparsely callosal regions appears to receive an input from the lateral geniculate nucleus, based on transneuronal autoradiography. Comparison of the distribution of callosal axons and transneuronal label suggests that regions of murid cortex similar to areas 18, 19 and lateral suprasylvian cortex in cats may be located posteriorly in area 18a.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(81)91192-6}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Callosum, anatomy /&/ histology; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Retina, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(81)91192-6}, pmid = {7237170}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cuthbertson:2003, author = {Cuthbertson, Sherry and LeDoux, Mark S. and Jones, Seth and Jones, Julia and Zhou, Qihong and Gong, Suzhen and Ryan, Patrick and Reiner, Anton}, title = {Localization of preganglionic neurons that innervate choroidal neurons of pterygopalatine ganglion.}, journal = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci}, year = {2003}, volume = {44}, number = {9}, pages = {3713--3724}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) receives preganglionic input from the superior salivatory nucleus (SSN) of the facial motor complex and is the main source of parasympathetic input to the choroid in mammals. The present study was undertaken to determine in rats the location and neurotransmitters of SSN neurons innervating those PPG neurons that target the choroid and to determine the location and neurotransmitters of the PPG choroidal neurons themselves.Retrograde labeling from rat choroid using a fluorescent tracer, in combination with immunofluorescence labeling for nitric oxide synthase (NOS), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), was used to characterize the location and neurotransmitters of choroidal PPG neurons. To identify SSN neurons that innervate the choroidal PPG neurons, the Bartha strain of the retrograde transneuronal tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV-Ba) was injected into rat choroid, and immunolabeling for NOS or ChAT was used to characterize their neurochemistry.Fluorescent retrograde labeling showed that PPG neurons projecting to the choroid contained NOS, VIP, and ChAT and were widely distributed in PPG and its preganglionic root, the greater petrosal nerve. SSN neurons were ChAT(+), and a subset of them was found to contain NOS. PRV-Ba transneuronal retrograde labeling revealed that choroidal preganglionic neurons were localized to the rostral medioventral part of the ipsilateral SSN. The choroidal SSN neurons were ChAT(+) and appeared largely to correspond to the NOS(+) neurons of the SSN.These results show that preganglionic neurons in rats that are presumed to regulate choroidal blood flow through the PPG reside within the rostral medioventral SSN, and that NOS is a marker for these SSN neurons.}, doi = {10.1167/iovs.02-1207}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, metabolism; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Choroid, blood supply/innervation; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; Nitric Oxide Synthase, metabolism; Palate, innervation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sphenoid Bone, innervation; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12939284}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cutler:1999, author = {Cutler, D.J. and Morris, R. and Sheridhara, V. and Wattam, T.A.K. and Holmes, S. and Patel, S. and Arch, J.R.S. and Wilson, S. and Buckingham, R.E. and Evans, M.L. and Leslie, R.A. and Williams, G.}, title = {Differential distribution of orexin-A and orexin-B immunoreactivity in the rat brain and spinal cord}, journal = {Peptides}, year = {1999}, volume = {20}, pages = {1455-1470}, doi = {10.1016/s0196-9781(99)00157-6}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cvetkovic:2003, author = {V. Cvetkovic and F. Brischoux and B. Griffond and G. Bernard and C. Jacquemard and D. Fellmann and P-Y. Risold}, title = {Evidence of melanin-concentrating hormone-containing neurons supplying both cortical and neuroendocrine projections.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2003}, volume = {116}, number = {1}, pages = {31--35}, abstract = {In the rat, melanin-concentrating hormone-containing projections are detected in the median eminence and in the neural lobe of the pituitary. After vascular injections of the retrograde tracers fluorogold or fastblue, melanin-concentrating hormone neurons are retrogradely labeled in the rostromedial zona incerta and adjacent perifornical region. These neurons may be the source of the melanin-concentrating hormone projections toward the median eminence and posterior pituitary, and may release their secretory products into the bloodstream. After fastblue injections in the cerebral cortex and vascular fluorogold injections, some melaninconcentrating hormone neurons contain both tracers, indicating that they send collaterals in the cerebral cortex and in the median eminence/posterior pituitary. No such collaterals have been described for the classical neuroendocrine systems. The melanin-concentrating hormone system is thought to play a role in arousal in correlation with specific goal oriented behaviors such as feeding or reproduction. Some MCH neurons may be involved in such functions by modulating directly cortical activity as well as being neuroendocrine.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00557-2}, institution = {Laboratoire d'Histologie, Embryologie, Cytogénétique, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Franche-Comté, Place St Jacques, Besançon Cedex 25030, France.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Melanins, analysis; Neurons, chemistry; Pituitary Gland, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Subthalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452202005572}, pmid = {12535935}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Cvetkovic:2003a, author = {Cvetkovic, V. and Poncet, F. and Fellmann, D. and Griffond, B. and Risold, P. Y.}, title = {Diencephalic neurons producing melanin-concentrating hormone are influenced by local and multiple extra-hypothalamic tachykininergic projections through the neurokinin 3 receptor.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2003}, volume = {119}, number = {4}, pages = {1113--1145}, abstract = {As melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons express the neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3) in the rat diencephalon, their innervation by tachykininergic fibers, the origin of this innervation and the effect of a NK3 agonist on MCH mRNA expression were researched. The obtained results show that the tachykininergic system develops complex relationships with MCH neurons. Overall, MCH cell bodies appeared targeted by both NKB- and SP-inputs. These afferents have multiple hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic origins, but a local (intra-lateral hypothalamic area) origin from small interneurons was suspected as well. MCH cell bodies do not express NK1, but around 2.7\% of the MCH neurons contained SP after colchicine injection. Senktide, a NK3 agonist, produced an increase of the MCH mRNA expression in cultured hypothalamic slices. This effect was reversed by two NK3 antagonists. Tachykinins enhance MCH mRNA expression, and, thus, may modulate the effect of MCH in functions such as feeding and reproductive behaviors in which this peptide has been experimentally involved.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00146-5}, institution = {Laboratoire d'Histologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Franche-Comté, Place St Jacques, 25030, Besançon, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain, cytology/metabolism; Colchicine, metabolism; Feeding Behavior, physiology; Hypothalamic Hormones, metabolism; Hypothalamus, cytology/metabolism; Interneurons, cytology/metabolism; Male; Melanins, metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neurokinin B, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Organ Culture Techniques; Peptide Fragments, pharmacology; Piperidines, pharmacology; Pituitary Hormones, metabolism; RNA, Messenger, drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, agonists/genetics; Receptors, Neurokinin-3, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors/genetics; Sexual Behavior, physiology; Substance P, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism/pharmacology; Tachykinins, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452203001465}, pmid = {12831868}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Czaja:2006, author = {Czaja, Krzysztof and Ritter, Robert C. and Burns, Gilbert A.}, title = {Vagal afferent neurons projecting to the stomach and small intestine exhibit multiple N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit phenotypes.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2006}, volume = {1119}, number = {1}, pages = {86--93}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Previous reports suggest that NMDA receptors participate in control of food intake via vagal afferent neurons that innervate the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. While messenger RNA coding for the NR1 NMDA receptor subunit is present in a majority of vagal afferent neurons of nodose ganglia (NG), immunoreactivity for other NMDA receptor subunits (NR2B, NR2C and NR2D) are expressed in more limited subpopulations of vagal afferents. To determine whether vagal afferent neurons that project to the stomach or duodenum exhibit distinct NMDA receptor subunit phenotypes, we examined immunoreactivity (IR) for NMDA receptor NR1, NR2B, NR2C and NR2D subunits in NG neurons that were labeled by injections of the retrograde tracer Fast Blue (FB) into the wall of the stomach or duodenum. FB injections into the fundus or corpus of the stomach labeled comparable numbers of neurons in both the left and right NG, while proximal duodenal injections labeled only neurons of left NG. NR1-IR expression was observed in most neurons innervating the upper GI tract (fundus, 97\%; corpus, 95\%; duodenum, 98\%). Likewise, most neurons that innervated the upper GI tract expressed NR2B-IR (fundus, 98\%; corpus, 85\%; duodenum, 81\%). NR2C-IR was observed in only 52\%, 46\% and 32\% of FB-positive neurons projecting to the fundus, corpus or duodenum respectively, while NR2D-IR occurred in an even more restricted FB-labeled subpopulation (fundus, 13\%; corpus, 26\%; and duodenum, 18\%). Our observations indicate that different subpopulations of vagal afferents express distinct NMDA receptor subunit phenotypes. However, the neuronal distribution of NMDA receptor subunits is not correlated with innervation of either the stomach or duodenum.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.042}, institution = {Department of Veterinary, Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163-6520, USA.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Cell Count; Duodenum, innervation/physiology; Gastrointestinal Tract, innervation/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism; Nodose Ganglion, cytology/metabolism; Phenotype; Protein Subunits, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, metabolism; Sensory Receptor Cells, cytology/metabolism; Stomach, innervation/physiology; Vagus Nerve, cytology/metabolism; Visceral Afferents, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(06)02435-8}, pmid = {16989781}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.042}, } @Article{Czajkowski:2013, author = {Czajkowski, Rafał and Sugar, Jørgen and Zhang, Sheng-Jia and Couey, Jonathan J. and Ye, Jing and Witter, Menno P.}, title = {Superficially projecting principal neurons in layer V of medial entorhinal cortex in the rat receive excitatory retrosplenial input.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2013}, volume = {33}, number = {40}, pages = {15779--15792}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Principal cells in layer V of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) have a nodal position in the cortical-hippocampal network. They are the main recipients of hippocampal output and receive inputs from several cortical areas, including a prominent one from the retrosplenial cortex (RSC), likely targeting basal dendrites of layer V neurons. The latter project to extrahippocampal structures but also relay information to the superficial layers of MEC, closing the hippocampal-entorhinal loop. In the rat, we electrophysiologically and morphologically characterized RSC input into MEC and conclude that RSC provides an excitatory input to layer V pyramidal cells. Ultrastructural analyses of anterogradely labeled RSC projections showed that RSC axons in layer V of MEC form predominantly asymmetrical, likely excitatory, synapses on dendritic spines (90\%) or shafts (8\%), with 2\% symmetrical, likely inhibitory, synapses on shafts and spines. The overall excitatory nature of the RSC input was confirmed by an optogenetic approach. Patterned laser stimulation of channelrhodopsin-expressing presynaptic RSC axons evoked exclusively EPSPs in recorded postsynaptic layer V cells. All responding layer V pyramidal cells had an axon extending toward the white matter. Half of these neurons also sent an axon to superficial layers. Confocal imaging of RSC synapses onto MEC layer V neurons shown to project superficially by way of retrogradely labeling from superficial layers confirmed that proximal dendrites of superficially projecting cells are among the targets of inputs from RSC. The excitatory RSC input thus interacts with both entorhinal-cortical and entorhinal-hippocampal circuits.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2646-13.2013}, institution = {Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway, and Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Entorhinal Cortex, physiology/ultrastructure; Female; Gyrus Cinguli, physiology/ultrastructure; Hippocampus, physiology/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {33/40/15779}, pmid = {24089485}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2646-13.2013}, } @Article{Czyzyk-Krzeska:1991, author = {Czyzyk-Krzeska, M. F. and Bayliss, D. A. and Lawson, E. E. and Millhorn, D. E.}, title = {Expression of messenger RNAs for peptides and tyrosine hydroxylase in primary sensory neurons that innervate arterial baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1991}, volume = {129}, number = {1}, pages = {98--102}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Retrograde fiber tracing and in situ hybridization were used to determine expression of mRNAs for preprotachykinin A (ppTA), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), preproenkephalin A (ENK), neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) and somatostatin (SOM) as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the petrosal ganglia primary sensory neurons which innervate carotid sinus baroreceptors and carotid body chemoreceptors. Perfusion of the carotid sinus with the retrogradely transported dye (Fluoro-Gold) labeled primary sensory neurons in petrosal ganglion. Numerous somata in the petrosal ganglion labeled with dye contained mRNAs for all the above peptides, except SOM. Moreover, TH mRNA was found in a substantial number of retrogradely labeled cells in the petrosal ganglion. This study provides information concerning which of the numerous peptides identified in sensory neurons of petrosal ganglion may be involved in modulation of the arterial baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(91)90729-d}, institution = {Department of Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.}, keywords = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, genetics; Carotid Body, physiology; Carotid Sinus, physiology; Enkephalins, genetics; Male; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry; Neuropeptide Y, genetics; Protein Precursors, genetics; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Somatostatin, genetics; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, genetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(91)90729-D}, pmid = {1681484}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{DHanis:2007, author = {D'Hanis, W. and Linke, R. and Yilmazer-Hanke, D. M.}, title = {Topography of thalamic and parabrachial calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactive neurons projecting to subnuclei of the amygdala and extended amygdala.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2007}, volume = {505}, number = {3}, pages = {268--291}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Injections of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) into the amygdala evoke fear-related behaviors and antinociceptive effects. In the present study we therefore characterized CGRP-containing amygdaloid afferents by injecting the retrograde tracer FluoroGold (FG) into subnuclei of the amygdala and adjacent divisions of the extended amygdala, namely, the lateral (LA) and central (CE) amygdaloid nuclei, interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure (IPAC), and the amygdalostriatal area (AStr). The distribution of retrogradely FG-labeled neurons and colocalization of CGRP-immunoreactivity with FG-labeling were mapped in the posterior paralaminar thalamic complex and parabrachial nuclei. The analysis of the posterior thalamus revealed that about 50\% of CGRP-containing neurons projected to the AStr, the projections originating in the medial part of the medial geniculate body, posterior intralaminar nucleus, parvicellular subparafascicular nucleus, and peripeduncular nucleus. However, the percentage of CGRP-containing thalamic neurons projecting to the adjacent LA, medial part of the CE, and ventrocaudal part of the caudatoputamen rapidly dropped to 3-9\%. There were no double-labeled cells after injections into the lateral and capsular parts of the CE and the IPAC. Thus, the AStr received the heaviest CGRP-containing projection from the posterior thalamus. CGRP-containing parabrachial neurons projected to the AStr and lateral, capsular, and medial parts of the CE, the projections originating in the external, crescent, and central parts of the lateral parabrachial nucleus and external part of the medial parabrachial nucleus. The results demonstrate a distinct projection pattern of CGRP-containing thalamic and parabrachial neurons to subnuclei of the amygdala and extended amygdala.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21495}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {17879271}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21495}, } @Article{daSilva:2013, author = {{da Silva}, André V. and Torres, Kelly R. and Haemmerle, Carlos A. and Céspedes, Isabel C. and Bittencourt, Jackson C.}, title = {The Edinger-Westphal nucleus II: Hypothalamic afferents in the rat.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {2013}, volume = {54}, pages = {5--19}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Numerous functions have been attributed to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW), including those related to feeding behavior, pain control, alcohol consumption and the stress response. The EW is thought to consist of two parts: one controls accommodation, choroidal blood flow and pupillary constriction, primarily comprising cholinergic cells and projecting to the ciliary ganglion; and the other would be involved in the non-ocular functions mentioned above, comprising peptide-producing neurons and projecting to the brainstem, spinal cord and prosencephalic regions. Despite the fact that the EW is well known, its connections have yet to be described in detail. The aim of this work was to produce a map of the hypothalamic sources of afferents to the EW in the rat. We injected the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold into the EW, and using biotinylated dextran amine, injected into afferent sources as the anterograde control. We found retrogradely labeled cells in the following regions: subfornical organ, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, zona incerta, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, medial vestibular nucleus and cerebellar interpositus nucleus. After injecting BDA into the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area and posterior hypothalamic nucleus, we found anterogradely labeled fibers in close apposition to and potential synaptic contact with urocortin 1-immunoreactive cells in the EW. On the basis of our findings, we can suggest that the connections between the EW and the hypothalamic nuclei are involved in controlling stress responses and feeding behavior.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.04.001}, institution = {Laboratory of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, 18618-970 Botucatu, Brazil.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0891-0618(13)00031-8}, pmid = {23619059}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.04.001}, } @Article{Dacey:2003, author = {Dennis M Dacey and Beth B Peterson and Farrel R Robinson and Paul D Gamlin}, title = {Fireworks in the primate retina: in vitro photodynamics reveals diverse LGN-projecting ganglion cell types.}, journal = {Neuron}, year = {2003}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {15--27}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Diverse cell types and parallel pathways are characteristic of the vertebrate nervous system, yet it remains a challenge to define the basic components of most neural structures. We describe a process termed retrograde photodynamics that allowed us to rapidly make the link between morphology, physiology, and connectivity for ganglion cells in the macaque retina that project to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Rhodamine dextran injected into the LGN was transported retrogradely and sequestered within the cytoplasm of ganglion cell bodies. Exposure of the retina to light in vitro liberated the tracer and allowed it to diffuse throughout the dendrites, revealing the cell's complete morphology. Eight previously unknown LGN-projecting cell types were identified. Cells could also be targeted in vitro for intracellular recording and physiological analysis. The photodynamic process was also observed in pyramidal cells in a rat neocortical slice.}, institution = {Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98175, USA. dmd@u.washington.edu}, keywords = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects/physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Dextrans, diagnostic use; Diffusion, drug effects; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/physiology; Macaca; Microscopy, Fluorescence, instrumentation/methods; Organ Culture Techniques; Photic Stimulation, instrumentation/methods; Pyramidal Cells, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time, drug effects/physiology; Retinal Ganglion Cells, classification/cytology/physiology; Rhodamines, diagnostic use; Visual Cortex, cytology/physiology; Visual Pathways, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0896627302011431}, pmid = {12526769}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dado:1990, author = {Dado, R. J. and Giesler, Jr, GJ}, title = {Afferent input to nucleus submedius in rats: retrograde labeling of neurons in the spinal cord and caudal medulla.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1990}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {2672--2686}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {In cats, spinal and medullary input to the thalamic nucleus submedius (Sm) arises almost exclusively from neurons in the marginal zone. As a result, it has been proposed that Sm may be specifically involved in nociception. In the present study, we determined the locations of neurons in the spinal cord and caudal medulla that project to Sm in rats. Iontophoretic injections of Fluoro-Gold or pressure injections of Fast blue were made into Sm. In each of the 6 rats that received small injections of Fluoro-Gold into Sm, only a small number (mean = 90) of retrogradely labeled neurons were found throughout the 18 segments of the spinal cord examined. Surprisingly, almost no labeled neurons (less than 1\%) were counted in the marginal zone of the spinal cord. The majority were located in the deep dorsal horn and intermediate zone/ventral horn. In contrast, many neurons were labeled in the marginal zone of nucleus caudalis. Injections of Fluoro-Gold into any of a number of nuclei near Sm also labeled only a small number of neurons in the spinal cord and almost no neurons in the marginal zone. Using identical injection parameters, we injected Fluoro-Gold into the ventrobasal complex or posterior thalamic group. Hundreds of neurons in the spinal cord, including many in the marginal zone, were labeled following these injections. These results indicate that the techniques used to inject Fluoro-Gold into Sm were capable of labeling many projection neurons, including those in the marginal zone. Larger pressure injections of Fast blue were also made into Sm of 3 rats. The distribution of labeled neurons in nucleus caudalis and the spinal cord was similar to that following iontophoretic injections of Fluoro-Gold. Again, few marginal zone neurons were labeled in the spinal cord in any of these rats. Therefore, our results indicate that few spinothalamic tract neurons appear to project to Sm or any of several adjacent nuclei, and virtually no marginal zone neurons in the spinal cord project to these areas.}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Injections; Medulla Oblongata; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Spinal Cord, physiology; Stilbamidines; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2388083}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/10/8/2672.long}, } @Article{Dafny:1983, author = {Dafny, N.}, title = {Evidence that the rat pineal has neuronal connections via the pineal stalk.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {1983}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, pages = {858--861}, month = {Mar}, doi = {10.1016/0014-4886(83)90048-1}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Pineal Gland, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6186516}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dagerlind:1995, author = {Dagerlind, A. and Pelto-Huikko, M. and Diez, M. and Hökfelt, T.}, title = {Adrenal medullary ganglion neurons project into the splanchnic nerve.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1995}, volume = {69}, number = {4}, pages = {1019--1023}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Retrograde tract-tracing was used to study the projections of adrenal medullary ganglion neurons. The splanchnic nerve was cut close to the suprarenal ganglia and the retrograde tracer FluoroGold was applied at the site of nerve transection. Groups of adrenal medullary ganglion neurons exhibited FlurorGold- or Fast Blue-induced fluorescence restricted to the perikarya. Using immunohistochemistry most retrogradely labelled ganglion neurons showed immunoreactivity for neuropeptide Y. In addition, after splanchnicotomy most ganglion neurons expressed galanin and galanin message-associated peptide immunoreactivities which could not be observed in control adrenals. Taken together, the present results strongly indicate that adrenal medullary ganglion neurons project back into the splanchnic nerve perhaps representing feedback system modulating the preganglionic innervation of the adrenal gland.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(95)00305-3}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.}, keywords = {Adrenal Glands, anatomy /&/ histology; Adrenal Medulla, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Ganglia, Sympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology; Histocytochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Splanchnic Nerves, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(95)00305-3}, pmid = {8848091}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dagnew:2003, author = {Elias Dagnew and Kalyan Latchamsetty and Joseph P Erinjeri and Brad Miller and Kevin Fox and Thomas A Woolsey}, title = {Glutamate receptor blockade alters the development of intracortical connections in rat barrel cortex.}, journal = {Somatosens Mot Res}, year = {2003}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {77--84}, abstract = {We tested the hypothesis that glutamate receptor mediated activity is required for the postnatal development of intracortical connections in layers II/III of rodent barrel cortex. To block glutamate receptors, a slow release polymer (elvax) loaded with a glutamate receptor antagonist (D-AP5) was targeted subdurally over the future rat barrel cortex on P0 (day of birth). On P14-16 biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected under the elvax into all layers to label neurons retrogradely. A BDA injection was made stereotactically at the mirror site of the untreated hemisphere of each animal. The animals survived to P22-24. Injection sites and retrogradely labeled cell bodies were identified in tangential sections in relation to the barrel map. D-AP5 treated and untreated hemispheres were matched according to the location of the injection site in the barrel map. Glutamate receptor blockade did not prevent the growth of intrinsic projections, but altered their organization. The normal row-like asymmetry of connections in untreated hemispheres was lacking in the D-AP5 treated cortex (ANOVA, p=0.02). Cortical activity mediated through glutamate receptors contributes to the correct development of connections between barrel columns in layers II/III.}, doi = {10.1080/0899022031000083852}, institution = {James L. O'Leary Division of Experimental Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Department of Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. woolseyt@medicine.wustl.edu}, keywords = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate, pharmacology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Neural Pathways, drug effects; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Receptors, Glutamate, drug effects; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {J3DR9PFR01U6CUPD}, pmid = {12745446}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0899022031000083852}, } @Article{Dahlqvist:1994, author = {Dahlqvist, A. and Neuhuber, W. L. and Forsgren, S.}, title = {Innervation of laryngeal nerve paraganglia: an anterograde tracing and immunohistochemical study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1994}, volume = {345}, number = {3}, pages = {440--446}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Carotid body-like organs, paraganglia, frequently occur in the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves. The paraganglia are supplied with a rich innervation of unknown origin. In the present study, the origin of the innervation of the paraganglia of the rat was studied with two different techniques. One approach was anterograde tracing of wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase after injection into the nodose and jugular ganglia of the vagus and the superior cervical ganglion. The other approach was immunohistochemical staining for neuropeptides after excision of the superior cervical ganglion, or vagotomy. Antisera against neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and calcitonin gene-related peptide were utilized. Both the tracing method and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunohistochemistry after vagotomy showed that the paraganglia receive sensory innervation from the vagal ganglia. No labeling was detected in the paraganglia after injection of wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase in the superior cervical ganglion. Excision of this ganglion did not lead to a decrease in the neuropeptide-Y innervation in the paraganglia, but most of this innervation in the surrounding blood vessels disappeared. The observations show that the superior cervical ganglion does not contribute to the innervation in the paraganglia and that the neuropeptide-Y innervation of the blood vessels originates from the superior cervical ganglion whereas that of the paraganglia has another origin, most likely local ganglionic cells. The results also suggest that the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide innervation in the paraganglia arises from local ganglionic cells. The two approaches complemented each other in mapping the afferent and efferent nerve supply of the paraganglia.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903450310}, institution = {Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Umeå, Sweden.}, keywords = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, biosynthesis; Ganglia, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Laryngeal Nerves, physiology; Male; Nerve Endings, physiology; Neuropeptide Y, biosynthesis; Nodose Ganglion, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superior Cervical Ganglion, cytology/physiology; Sympathectomy; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, immunology/metabolism; Vagotomy; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, biosynthesis; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7523463}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903450310}, } @Article{Dai:2009, author = {Dai, Haining and MacArthur, Linda and McAtee, Marietta and Hockenbury, Nicole and Tidwell, J Lille and McHugh, Brian and Mansfield, Kevin and Finn, Tom and Hamers, Frank P T. and Bregman, Barbara S.}, title = {Activity-based therapies to promote forelimb use after a cervical spinal cord injury.}, journal = {J Neurotrauma}, year = {2009}, volume = {26}, number = {10}, pages = {1719--1732}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Significant interest exists in strategies for improving forelimb function following spinal cord injury. We investigated the effect of enriched housing combined with skilled training on the recovery of skilled and automatic forelimb function after a cervical spinal cord injury in adult rats. All animals were pretrained in skilled reaching, gridwalk crossing, and overground locomotion. Some received a cervical over-hemisection lesion at C4-5, interrupting the right side of the spinal cord and dorsal columns bilaterally, and were housed in standard housing alone or enriched environments with daily training. A subset of animals received rolipram to promote neuronal plasticity. Animals were tested weekly for 4 weeks to measure reaching, errors on the gridwalk, locomotion, and vertical exploration. Biotinylated dextran amine was injected into the cortex to label the corticospinal tract. Enriched environments/daily training significantly increased the number and success of left reaches compared to standard housing. Animals also made fewer errors on the gridwalk, a measure of coordinated forelimb function. However, there were no significant improvements in forelimb use during vertical exploration or locomotion. Likewise, rolipram did not improve any of the behaviors tested. Both enriched housing and rolipram increased plasticity of the corticospinal tract rostral to the lesion. These studies indicate that skilled training after a cervical spinal cord injury improves recovery of skilled forelimb use (reaching) and coordinated limb function (gridwalk) but does not improve automatic forelimb function (locomotion and vertical exploration). These studies suggest that rehabilitating forelimb function after spinal cord injury will require separate strategies for descending and segmental pathways.}, doi = {10.1089/neu.2008-0592}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cervical Vertebrae, injuries; Dextrans; Disease Models, Animal; Environment, Controlled; Exercise Therapy, methods; Exploratory Behavior, physiology; Female; Forelimb, innervation/physiopathology; Gait Disorders, Neurologic, drug therapy/physiopathology/rehabilitation; Movement Disorders, drug therapy/physiopathology/rehabilitation; Neuronal Plasticity, drug effects/physiology; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Paralysis, drug therapy/physiopathology/rehabilitation; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors, pharmacology/therapeutic use; Physical Conditioning, Animal, physiology; Pyramidal Tracts, drug effects/injuries/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recovery of Function, drug effects/physiology; Rolipram, pharmacology/therapeutic use; Spinal Cord Injuries, drug therapy/physiopathology/rehabilitation; Treatment Outcome}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {19317604}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2008-0592}, } @Article{Dail:1990, author = {Dail, W. G. and Carrillo, Y. and Walton, G.}, title = {Innervation of the anococcygeus muscle of the rat.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {259}, number = {1}, pages = {139--146}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The innervation of the anococcygeus muscle of the rat was investigated with regard to the histochemical features of nerve fibers within the muscle and to the location of the postganglionic autonomic neurons which are the source of these fibers. Acetylcholinesterase-positive fibers and catecholaminergic fibers are abundant in the anococcygeus as well as the related retractor penis muscle. Neuronal somata, either between muscle bundles of the anococcygeus or in the connective tissue sheath, are also acetylcholinesterase-positive. Nerve fibers and a minority of the ganglion cells in the anococcygeus and retractor penis muscles are immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Injection of the retrogradely transported dye Fluorogold into the anococcygeus muscle filled neurons in the abdomino-pelvic sympathetic chain, pelvic plexus and a small number of neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglion. In the pelvic plexus, some neurons were located in the major pelvic ganglion but most were found along the main penile nerve and its branches to the anococcygeus muscle. Immunocytochemistry of these identified neurons indicates that about one half of them are positive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. These results raise the possibility that both acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide are important neurotransmitters in autonomic nerves to the anococcygeus muscle.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00571438}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of New Mexico, School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131.}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Adrenergic Fibers, physiology; Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, cytology/metabolism; Cholinergic Fibers, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Muscle, Smooth, innervation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2297780}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dail:1999, author = {Dail, W. G. and Harji, F. and Gonzales, J. and Galindo, R.}, title = {Multiple vasodilator pathways from the pelvic plexus to the penis of the rat.}, journal = {Int J Impot Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {277--285}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The main penile or cavernous nerve is usually regarded as the most important vasodilator projection in the rat. Although other descending pathways have been described, there is little detailed information on their importance. In this present report, we provide topographic and quantitative information on lateral and ventral penile branches and examine the vasodilator fibers which join the pudendal neurovascular bundle. Seventeen Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The techniques included injection of dye in the penis to label neurons in the pelvic plexus in combination with transection of the main penile nerve (MPN). NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry was used to assess the effects of transection of vasodilator pathways on innervation of the penis and for in situ staining of the pelvic plexus. Distinct clusters of penile neurons are aggregated at the origin of several nerve tracts leaving the posterior margin of the major pelvic ganglion (MPG). Multiple NADPH-d+ fiber bundles coursed over the anterior surface of the prostate to reach the penis. Branches from these tracts joined the pudendal neurovascular bundle proximal to the hilum of the penis and provided innervation to the artery throughout its course in the pudendal canal. Consistent with the presence of multiple penile pathways, transection of the MPN reduced, but did not eliminate retrograde labeling of penile neurons in the MPG and only modestly decreased NADPH-d+ fibers in the penis. This study confirms that there are multiple pathways by which vasodilator fibers reach the penis. If a similar allocation of vasodilator output is present in man, preservation of finer branches of the pelvic plexus would be important in surgical procedures on the prostate.}, doi = {10.1038/sj.ijir.3900434}, institution = {Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131-5223, USA. Wdail@salud.unm.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Arteries, innervation; Denervation; Histocytochemistry; Male; NADPH Dehydrogenase, analysis; Nerve Fibers, enzymology/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways; Penis, blood supply/innervation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vasodilation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10553807}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dail:1985, author = {Dail, W. G. and Manzanares, K. and Moll, M. A. and Minorsky, N.}, title = {The hypogastric nerve innervates a population of penile neurons in the pelvic plexus.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1985}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {1041--1046}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Retrograde dye staining, enkephalin immunocytochemistry and nerve lesion paradigms were used to determine if penile neurons in the pelvic plexus are innervated by fibers in the hypogastric nerve. In the intact major pelvic ganglion of the rat, some 80\% of penile neurons are enclosed by an enkephalin-positive fiber plexus. Following surgical interruption of the pelvic nerve, 20\% of penile neurons were still surrounded by an enkephalin plexus. After interruption of the pelvic nerve and the hypogastric nerve, the enkephalin plexus in the ganglion was virtually absent, including the plexus around penile neurons. Therefore, possible intrinsic sources of the enkephalin fibers such as enkephalin-positive principal neurons and small intensely fluorescent cells, do not account for the delicate enkephalin fiber system in the pelvic ganglion. It is concluded that the pelvic nerve is the major source of preganglionic innervation to penile neurons in the major pelvic ganglion. However, it is significant that the hypogastric nerve is preganglionic to about 20\% of penile neurons. The pathway through the hypogastric nerve may represent an alternate vasodilator system to penile erectile tissue.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(85)90114-9}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic; Enkephalins, metabolism; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Ganglia, Autonomic, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Hypogastric Plexus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Penis, innervation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Nerves, anatomy /&/ histology; Vasomotor System, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(85)90114-9}, pmid = {3912677}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dail:1986, author = {Dail, W. G. and Minorsky, N. and Moll, M. A. and Manzanares, K.}, title = {The hypogastric nerve pathway to penile erectile tissue: histochemical evidence supporting a vasodilator role.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, year = {1986}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {341--349}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Retrograde dye staining, combined with histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques, were used to characterize penile neurons in the major pelvic ganglion of the rat. Of the penile neurons 92\% were immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, while 95\% of penile neurons stained intensely for acetylcholinesterase. None of the neurons were immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase. Penile neurons in the pelvic plexus receive preganglionic input from the pelvic and the hypogastric nerve, yet the shared histochemical features of the postganglionic neurons suggest that the two pathways have a similar role in penile erectile tissue.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-1838(86)90019-6}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Histocytochemistry; Hypogastric Plexus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Male; Penis, innervation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, metabolism; Vasodilation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2871063}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dallel:2004, author = {Radhouane Dallel and Olivier Ricard and Patrick Raboisson}, title = {Organization of parabrachial projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus oralis: an anterograde tracing study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2004}, volume = {470}, number = {2}, pages = {181--191}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {In recent years, we have accumulated data showing that the spinal trigeminal nucleus oralis (Sp5O) contributes to the processing of somatosensory inputs from the orofacial region. Although the parabrachial area (PB) represents the main brainstem relay for autonomic, nociceptive, and gustatory afferents, few data are available regarding the topographical distribution of the efferent projections from the Sp5O to the PB. We have addressed this question with the rat, by using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. A dense trigeminoparabrachial pathway from the Sp5O toward, predominantly, the ipsilateral PB was revealed. Projections come mainly from the dorsal part of the Sp5O that was found to innervate densely the medial, external medial, and ventral lateral subnuclei. In contrast, the ventral part of the Sp5O projected almost exclusively to an as yet not formally described region, located dorsally and laterally to the lateral tip of the brachium conjunctivum, close to the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus. These results suggest that distinct regions within the Sp5O may be involved in the processing of gustatory and nociceptive information.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.11043}, institution = {Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale E 0216, Neurobiologie de La Douleur Trigéminale, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France. radhouane.dallel@u-clermont1.fr}, keywords = {Animals; Immunochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, chemistry/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, chemistry/physiology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, chemistry/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {14750160}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.11043}, } @Article{Dallimore:2002, author = {Elizabeth J Dallimore and Qi Cui and Lyn D Beazley and Alan R Harvey}, title = {Postnatal innervation of the rat superior colliculus by axons of late-born retinal ganglion cells.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2002}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {1295--1304}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are generated between embryonic day (E) 13 and E19. Retinal axons first reach the superior colliculus at E16/16.5 but the time of arrival of axons from late-born RGCs is unknown. This study examined (i) whether there is a correlation between RGC genesis and the timing of retinotectal innervation and (ii) when axons of late-born RGCs reach the superior colliculus. Pregnant Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on E16, E18 or E19. Pups from these litters received unilateral superior colliculus injections of fluorogold (FG) at ages between postnatal (P) day P0 and P6, and were perfused 1-2 days later. RGCs in 3 rats from each BrdU litter were labelled in adulthood by placing FG onto transected optic nerve. Retinas were cryosectioned and the number of FG, BrdU and double-labelled (FG+/BrdU+) RGCs quantified. In the E16 group, the proportion of FG-labelled RGCs that were BrdU+ did not vary with age, indicating that axons from these cells had reached the superior colliculus by P0/P1. In contrast, for the smaller cohorts of RGCs born on E18 or E19, the proportion of BrdU+ cells that were FG+ increased significantly after birth; axons from most RGCs born on E19 were not retrogradely FG-labelled until P4/P5. Thus there is a correlation between birthdate and innervation in rat retinotectal pathways. Furthermore, compared to the earliest born RGCs, axons from late-born RGCs take about three times longer to reach the superior colliculus. Later-arriving axons presumably encounter comparatively different growth terrains en route and eventually innervate more differentiated target structures.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02178.x}, institution = {School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bromodeoxyuridine; Cell Division; Gold; Neural Pathways, growth /&/ development; Optic Nerve Injuries; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology/physiology; Staining and Labeling; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {2178}, pmid = {12405990}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dallimore:2010, author = {Elizabeth J Dallimore and Kevin K Park and Margaret A Pollett and Jeremy S H Taylor and Alan R Harvey}, title = {The life, death and regenerative ability of immature and mature rat retinal ganglion cells are influenced by their birthdate.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {2010}, volume = {225}, number = {2}, pages = {353--365}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Acetate is readily taken up by cells and is activated to acetyl-CoA in both the cytosol and mitochondria by acetyl-CoA synthetase. Acetyl-CoA is a common metabolic intermediate for synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, which are then incorporated into membrane tissue (1). Acetyl-CoA is oxidized in mitochondria by the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to carbon dioxide and water. Some of the acetate is converted to amino acids. In normal myocardium, acetate is metabolized to CO2 via the TCA cycle as the dominant pathway. In contrast, tumor cells convert most of the acetate into fatty acids by a key enzyme fatty acid synthetase, which is overexpressed in cancer cells (2). Acetate is predominantly incorporated into intracellular phosphatidylcholine membrane microdomains that are important for tumor growth and metastasis (3). [11C]Acetate is used as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer in the study of myocardial oxidative metabolism and regional myocardial blood flow (4). [ 11C]Acetate is a promising PET tracer for renal, pancreatic, and prostate tumors (5). Under normal conditions, glucose is converted to acetate to feed into the TCA cycle for energy generation. However, ketone bodies (acetoacetate and hydroxybutyrate) are produced by the liver when the carbohydrate intake is low or during fasting. Liver cells do not utilize the ketone bodies because of a lack of acetoacetyl-CoA transferase for the metabolism of acetoacetate. The ketone bodies became the primary source of energy for the brain, heart, kidney, and skeletal muscle, where they are converted to acetyl-CoA. Human mammary carcinomas and rat hepatomas were found to express increased levels of acetoacetyl-CoA transferase activity in correlation with their growth rates (6, 7). [11C]Acetoacetate ([11C]ACAC ) is being evaluated as a PET agent to measure ketone body utilization by the tumors and brain (8, 9).The extensive period of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neurogenesis in the rat is associated with a protracted sequence of arrival of their axons into central targets such as the superior colliculus (SC) (Dallimore et al., 2002). Using in utero 5-bromo-2'-deoxyrudine (BrdU) injections to label early (embryonic day (E) 15) or late (E18 or E19) born RGCs, we now show that E15 RGCs with axons that enter the SC prenatally undergo programmed cell death earlier than late-born RGCs whose axons only reach the SC late in the first postnatal week. These late-born RGCs do not begin to die until postnatal day (P) 5/6. Removal of retrograde trophic support by P1 SC ablation initially only affects E15 RGCs; however by P5 death of late-born RGCs is increased, confirming that a switch to target dependency is delayed in this cohort. In a further experiment it was found that, following complete rostral SC transection at P2, the proportion of post-lesion axons originating from E19 RGCs was significantly greater than the proportion that normally makes up the retinotectal projection. Thus, even in neonatal brain, uninjured late-arriving axons are more likely to grow across a lesion site than injured axons undergoing regeneration. To study if birth date also affects regenerative potential in adulthood, autologous peripheral nerve (PN) was grafted onto the cut optic nerve in mature BrdU labelled rats. We found that, compared to E15 RGCs, a significantly greater proportion of late-born RGCs survived axotomy, but comparatively fewer of these surviving E19 RGCs regrew an axon into a graft. In summary, this research shows that the birthdate of RGCs significantly impacts on their subsequent life history and response to injury. Understanding how developing central nervous system (CNS) neurons acquire dependency on target-derived trophic support may lead to new strategies for enhancing survival and regeneration in adult CNS.}, doi = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.07.007}, institution = {School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Apoptosis, physiology; Axons, physiology; Brain, metabolism; Cell Count; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neurogenesis, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology/physiology; Superior Colliculi, physiology}, language = {engeng}, medline-pst = {ppublishppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0014-4886(10)00245-1}, pmid = {20641818}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.07.007}, } @Article{Dalsgaard:1985, author = {Dalsgaard, C. J. and Ygge, J.}, title = {Separate populations of primary sensory neurons project to the splanchnic nerve and thoracic spinal nerve rami of the rat. A fluorescent double labelling study.}, journal = {Med Biol}, year = {1985}, volume = {63}, number = {2}, pages = {88--91}, abstract = {Using fluorescent double labelling technique with one tracer applied to the greater splanchnic nerve and a second to the ventral or dorsal spinal nerve ramus at the T9 level, it was shown that two separate populations of sensory nerve cell bodies in the T9 dorsal root ganglion were projecting to the splanchnic nerve and spinal rami, respectively. Only two double labelled cells were detected. The results support the theory that spinal and/or supraspinal interactions and not dichotomizing sensory axons are responsible for referred pain.}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/physiology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Spinal Nerves, cytology; Splanchnic Nerves, cytology; Staining and Labeling}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2415785}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dalsgaard:1984, author = {Dalsgaard, C. J. and Ygge, J. and Vincent, S. R. and Ohrling, M. and Dockray, G. J. and Elde, R.}, title = {Peripheral projections and neuropeptide coexistence in a subpopulation of fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase reactive spinal primary sensory neurons.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1984}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {139--144}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Combined retrograde axonal tracing with the fluorescent dye Fast Blue and fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP) histochemistry revealed that the FRAP-containing sensory neurons project to both somatic and autonomic peripheral nerves. Furthermore, the combination of indirect immunohistochemistry after colchicine treatment and FRAP histochemistry showed that a population of FRAP-containing sensory neurons are also substance P, cholecystokinin or somatostatin positive.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(84)90275-1}, keywords = {Acid Phosphatase, metabolism; Animals; Drug Resistance; Fluorides, pharmacology; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/enzymology; Intercostal Nerves, physiology; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, enzymology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Splanchnic Nerves, physiology; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(84)90275-1}, pmid = {6096769}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Damico:2012, author = {Damico, J. P. and Ervolino, E. and Torres, K. R. and {Sabino Batagello}, D. and Cruz-Rizzolo, R. J. and {Aparecido Casatti}, C. and {Arruda Bauer}, J.}, title = {Phenotypic alterations of neuropeptide Y and calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing neurons innervating the rat temporomandibular joint during carrageenan-induced arthritis.}, journal = {Eur J Histochem}, year = {2012}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, pages = {e31}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to identify immunoreactive neuropeptide Y (NPY) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) neurons in the autonomic and sensory ganglia, specifically neurons that innervate the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ). A possible variation between the percentages of these neurons in acute and chronic phases of carrageenan-induced arthritis was examined. Retrograde neuronal tracing was combined with indirect immunofluorescence to identify NPY-immunoreactive (NPY-IR) and CGRP-immunoreactive (CGRP-IR) neurons that send nerve fibers to the normal and arthritic temporomandibular joint. In normal joints, NPY-IR neurons constitute 78±3\%, 77±6\% and 10±4\% of double-labeled nucleated neuronal profile originated from the superior cervical, stellate and otic ganglia, respectively. These percentages in the sympathetic ganglia were significantly decreased in acute (58±2\% for superior cervical ganglion and 58±8\% for stellate ganglion) and chronic (60±2\% for superior cervical ganglion and 59±15\% for stellate ganglion) phases of arthritis, while in the otic ganglion these percentages were significantly increased to 19±5\% and 13±3\%, respectively. In the trigeminal ganglion, CGRP-IR neurons innervating the joint significantly increased from 31±3\% in normal animals to 54±2\% and 49±3\% in the acute and chronic phases of arthritis, respectively. It can be concluded that NPY neurons that send nerve fibers to the rat temporomandibular joint are located mainly in the superior cervical, stellate and otic ganglia. Acute and chronic phases of carrageenan-induced arthritis lead to an increase in the percentage of NPY-IR parasympathetic and CGRP-IR sensory neurons and to a decrease in the percentage of NPY-IR sympathetic neurons related to TMJ innervation.}, doi = {10.4081/ejh.2012.e31}, institution = {Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences,University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.}, keywords = {Animals; Arthritis, chemically induced; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Carrageenan; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Phenotype; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Temporomandibular Joint, innervation/pathology; Trigeminal Ganglion, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {epublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {ejh.2012.e31}, pmid = {23027347}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ejh.2012.e31}, } @Article{Dang:2013, author = {Dang, Khoa and Bielefeldt, Klaus and Gebhart, G. F.}, title = {Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis reduces ASIC channel but enhances TRPV1 receptor function in rat bladder sensory neurons.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {2013}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, pages = {408--417}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Using patch-clamp techniques, we studied the plasticity of acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC) and transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1) channel function in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons retrogradely labeled from the bladder. Saline (control) or cyclophosphamide (CYP) was given intraperitoneally on days 1, 3, and 5. On day 6, lumbosacral (LS, L6-S2) or thoracolumbar (TL, T13-L2) DRG were removed and dissociated. Bladders and bladder DRG neurons from CYP-treated rats showed signs of inflammation (greater myeloperoxidase activity; lower intramuscular wall pH) and increased size (whole cell capacitance), respectively, compared with controls. Most bladder neurons (>90\%) responded to protons and capsaicin. Protons produced multiphasic currents with distinct kinetics, whereas capsaicin always triggered a sustained response. The TRPV1 receptor antagonist A-425619 abolished capsaicin-triggered currents and raised the threshold of heat-activated currents. Prolonged exposure to an acidic environment (pH range: 7.2 to 6.6) inhibited proton-evoked currents, potentiated the capsaicin-evoked current, and reduced the threshold of heat-activated currents in LS and TL bladder neurons. CYP treatment reduced density but not kinetics of all current components triggered by pH 5. In contrast, CYP-treatment was associated with an increased current density in response to capsaicin in LS and TL bladder neurons. Correspondingly, heat triggered current at a significantly lower temperature in bladder neurons from CYP-treated rats compared with controls. These results reveal that cystitis differentially affects TRPV1- and ASIC-mediated currents in both bladder sensory pathways. Acidification of the bladder wall during inflammation may contribute to changes in nociceptive transmission mediated through the TRPV1 receptor, suggesting a role for TRPV1 in hypersensitivity associated with cystitis.}, doi = {10.1152/jn.00945.2012}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.}, keywords = {Acid Sensing Ion Channels, physiology; Animals; Cyclophosphamide; Cystitis, chemically induced/physiopathology; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Receptor Cells, physiology; TRPV Cation Channels, drug effects/physiology; Urinary Bladder, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {jn.00945.2012}, pmid = {23636721}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00945.2012}, } @Article{Dang:2005, author = {Dang, K. and Bielfeldt, K. and Lamb, K. and Gebhart, G. F.}, title = {Gastric ulcers evoke hyperexcitability and enhance P2X receptor function in rat gastric sensory neurons.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {2005}, volume = {93}, number = {6}, pages = {3112--3119}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Tissue inflammation contributes to the development of hyperalgesia, which is at least in part due to altered properties of primary afferent neurons. We hypothesized that gastric ulcers enhance the excitability of gastric sensory neurons and increase their response to purinergic agonists. The rat stomach was surgically exposed, and a retrograde tracer [1.1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,'3-tetramethylindocarbocyanine methanesulfonate (DiI)] was injected into the wall of the distal stomach. Kissing ulcers (KUs) were produced by a single injection of acetic acid (0.1 ml for 45 s; 60\%) into the clamped gastric lumen. Saline injection served as control. Gastric nodose ganglion (NG) or dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells were harvested 7 days later and acutely dissociated for whole cell recordings. Based on whole cell capacitance, gastric DRG neurons exhibited larger cell size than NG neurons. Significantly more control gastric DRG neurons compared with NG counterparts had TTX-resistant action potentials. Almost all control NG neurons (90\%) compared with significantly less DRG neurons (< or =38\%) responded to ATP or alpha,beta-metATP. Whereas none of the control cells exhibited spontaneous activity, about 20\% of the neurons from KU animals generated spontaneous action potentials. KUs enhanced excitability as shown by a decrease in threshold for action potential generation, which was in part due to an increased input resistance. This was associated with an increase in the fraction of neurons with TTX-resistant action potentials and cells responding to capsaicin and purinergic agonists. KU doubled the current density evoked by the P2X receptor agonist alpha,beta-metATP and slowed decay of the slowly desensitizing component of the current without affecting the concentration dependence of the response. These data show that KU sensitizes vagal and spinal gastric afferents by affecting both voltage- and ligand-gated channels, thereby potentially contributing to the development of dyspeptic symptoms.}, doi = {10.1152/jn.01127.2004}, institution = {Dept. of Pharmacology, Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. khoa-dang@uiowa.edu}, keywords = {Acetic Acid; Adenosine Triphosphate, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Animals; Carbocyanines, metabolism; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electric Capacitance; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Male; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Neurons, classification/drug effects/physiology; Nodose Ganglion, cytology; Patch-Clamp Techniques, methods; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Purinergic P2, physiology; Receptors, Purinergic P2X2; Stomach Ulcer, chemically induced/physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {01127.2004}, pmid = {15673552}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01127.2004}, } @Article{Dang:2008, author = {Dang, Khoa and Lamb, Kenneth and Cohen, Michael and Bielefeldt, Klaus and Gebhart, G. F.}, title = {Cyclophosphamide-induced bladder inflammation sensitizes and enhances P2X receptor function in rat bladder sensory neurons.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {2008}, volume = {99}, number = {1}, pages = {49--59}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {We studied sensitization of retrogradely labeled bladder sensory neurons and plasticity of P2X receptor function in a model of cystitis using patch-clamp techniques. Saline (control) or cyclophosphamide (CYP) was given intraperitoneally to rats on days 0, 2, and 4. On day 5, lumbosacral (LS, L6-S2) or thoracolumbar (TL, T12-L2) dorsal root ganglia were removed and dissociated. Bladders from CYP-treated rats showed partial loss of the urothelium and greater myeloperoxidase activity compared with controls. Bladder neurons from CYP-treated rats were increased in size (based on whole cell capacitance) compared with controls and exhibited lower activation threshold, increased action potential width, and greater number of action potentials in response to current injection or application of purinergic agonists. Most control LS bladder neurons (>85\%) responded to ATP or alpha,beta-metATP with a slowly desensitizing current; these agonists affected only half of TL neurons, producing predominantly fast/mixed desensitizing currents. CYP treatment increased the fraction of TL bladder neurons sensitive to purinergic agonists (>80\%) and significantly increased current density in both LS and TL bladder neurons compared with control. Importantly, LS and TL neurons from CYP-treated rats showed a selective increase in the functional expression of heteromeric P2X(2/3) and homomeric P2X(3) receptors, respectively. Although desensitizing kinetics were slower in LS neurons from CYP-treated compared with control rats, recovery kinetics were similar. The present results demonstrate that bladder inflammation sensitizes and increases P2X receptor expression and/or function for both pelvic and lumbar splanchnic pathways, which contribute, in part, to the hypersensitivity associated with cystitis.}, doi = {10.1152/jn.00211.2007}, institution = {Departments of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Adenosine Triphosphate, metabolism; Animals; Carbocyanines; Cell Size; Cyclophosphamide; Cystitis, Interstitial, chemically induced/metabolism/physiopathology; Disease Models, Animal; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Hypogastric Plexus, drug effects/metabolism/physiopathology; Inflammation Mediators; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Purines, agonists; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Purinergic P2, drug effects/metabolism; Receptors, Purinergic P2X; Receptors, Purinergic P2X2; Receptors, Purinergic P2X3; Splanchnic Nerves, drug effects/metabolism/physiopathology; Urinary Bladder, innervation/metabolism/physiopathology; Urothelium, drug effects/pathology/physiopathology; Visceral Afferents, drug effects/metabolism/physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {00211.2007}, pmid = {17959738}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00211.2007}, } @Article{Daniel:1988, author = {H. Daniel and P. Angaut and C. Batini and J. M. Billard}, title = {Topographic organization of the interpositorubral connections in the rat. A WGA-HRP study.}, journal = {Behav Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {28}, number = {1-2}, pages = {69-70}, abstract = {The projections from the anterior (NIA) and posterior (NIP) interposed nuclei to the magnocellular red nucleus (RNm) have been investigated in the rat, using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase-wheatgerm agglutinin conjugate. Projections from the NIA extend throughout the RNm, whereas those from the NIP only reach its medial aspect. In addition, a topographical organization of the NIA-RNm pathway was found, such that the medial NIA projects ventrally, the lateral NIA projects dorsally.}, doi = {10.1016/0166-4328(88)90078-2}, institution = {Unité INSERM U 161, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Red Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0166-4328(88)90078-2}, pmid = {2454639}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Daniel:1987, author = {H. Daniel and J. M. Billard and P. Angaut and C. Batini}, title = {The interposito-rubrospinal system. Anatomical tracing of a motor control pathway in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {1987}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {87-112}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The cerebello-rubromotor pathway, impinging on both spinal and facial motor nuclei, has been traced in the rat, using the bidirectional transport of horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin conjugate. After injection of the tracer in the red nucleus (NR), retrograde labelling shows a topical arrangement of the cerebellorubral connection. The nucleus lateralis projects to the parvocellular NR (NRp) and the nucleus interpositus to the magnocellular NR (NRm). The nucleus interpositus anterior (NIA) reaches the entire NRm and this projection is topographically arranged: the medial NIA sends fibres ventrally, the lateral NIA dorsally. The medial two-thirds of the nucleus interpositus posterior (NIP) project only to the medial aspect of the NRm, with no apparent organization. No connection has been found between the lateral third of NIP and the NRm. After injection of the tracer in the spinal cord or the nucleus of the facial nerve, retrograde labelling is observed almost throughout the entire caudorostral extent of the NR, although labelling is more scant in NRp than in NRm. Rubrospinal and rubrofacial projections are somatotopically arranged in the dorsoventral direction: ventrolateral regions of NR reach the lumbar cord, medioventral regions the lower cervical levels, intermediary regions the upper cervical levels and finally the dorsalmost part of the NR projects to the nucleus of the facial nerve. After injection of the tracer in the cerebellar nuclei, anterograde labelling in the NR shows that interpositorubral connections determine two subregions in the NR: a lateral one under the exclusive control of the NIA, and a medial one under the control of both NIA-NIP afferents. It confirms in addition the topography of the NIA-NRm projection and shows the preponderant participation of the NIA afferents to the interpositorubral connection. Thus, it appears from our results that the cerebellorubral arrangement matches, to a great extent, the "rubromotor" efferent organization.}, doi = {10.1016/0168-0102(87)90027-7}, institution = {Unité de Recherches de Neurophysiologie Pharmacologique, I.N.S.E.R.M. (U. 161), Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellar Nuclei, physiology; Cerebellum, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Motor Activity, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Red Nucleus, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0168-0102(87)90027-7}, pmid = {3431757}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Daniels:1999, author = {Daniels, D. and Miselis, R. R. and Flanagan-Cato, L. M.}, title = {Central neuronal circuit innervating the lordosis-producing muscles defined by transneuronal transport of pseudorabies virus.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1999}, volume = {19}, number = {7}, pages = {2823--2833}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The lordosis reflex is a hormone-dependent behavior displayed by female rats during mating. This study used the transneuronal tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV) to investigate the CNS network that controls the lumbar epaxial muscles that produce this posture. After PRV was injected into lumbar epaxial muscles, the time course analysis of CNS viral infection showed progressively more PRV-labeled neurons in higher brain structures after longer survival times. In particular, the medullary reticular formation, periaqueductal gray (PAG), and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) were sequentially labeled with PRV, which supports the proposed hierarchical network of lordosis control. Closer inspection of the PRV-immunoreactive neurons in the PAG revealed a marked preponderance of spheroid neurons, rather than fusiform or triangular morphologies. Furthermore, PRV-immunoreactive neurons were concentrated in the ventrolateral column, rather than the dorsal, dorsolateral, or lateral columns of the PAG. Localization of the PRV-labeled neurons in the VMN indicated that the majority were located in the ventrolateral subdivision, although some were also in other subdivisions of the VMN. As expected, labeled cells also were found in areas traditionally associated with sympathetic outflow to blood vessels and motor pathways, including the intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, the red nucleus, and the motor cortex. These results suggest that the various brain regions along the neuraxis previously implicated in the lordosis reflex are indeed serially connected.}, institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6196, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Transport, physiology; Female; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Mesencephalon, physiology; Muscle, Skeletal, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Pons, physiology; Posture, physiology; Prosencephalon, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10087093}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/7/2823.long}, } @Article{Daniels:2001, author = {Daniels, D. and Miselis, R. R. and Flanagan-Cato, L. M.}, title = {Transneuronal tracing from sympathectomized lumbar epaxial muscle in female rats.}, journal = {J Neurobiol}, year = {2001}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {278--290}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Pseudorabies virus (PRV) has been used as a transneuronal tracer to study central neural networks, including the central control of the lordosis-producing, lumbar epaxial muscles. Within muscles, however, the sympathetic innervation of blood vessels poses a confounding source of tracer labeling in the CNS. The present study destroyed sympathetic nerves before injection of PRV, thereby allowing for a more selective uptake by somatic motoneurons. Specifically, a focal sympathectomy was created by the injection of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunotoxin (DHIT). When PRV was injected into control rats, both somatic motoneurons within the ventral horn of the spinal cord and sympathetic preganglionic neurons within the intermediolateral column (IML) of the spinal cord became labeled. Additionally, labeled neurons were observed in many brain regions, including those previously implicated in the control of the lordosis reflex (e.g., the medullary reticular formation; MRF) and those previously implicated in the control of vasomotor tone (e.g., the rostral ventrolateral medulla; RVLM). When injected into DHIT-pretreated animals, PRV labeling in ventral horn neurons persisted in many animals; however, labeling in IML was eliminated in almost every case. In these animals, PRV labeling was absent in brain areas traditionally associated with vasomotor tone, such as RVLM, whereas labeling persisted in brain areas previously implicated in the control of the lordosis response, such as MRF. The results support the connectivity of spinal and medullary structures with the somatic control of the lordosis-producing muscles and provide a more detailed description of these portions of the putative lordosis-relevant neurocircuitry.}, doi = {10.1002/neu.1057}, institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA. derekd@psych.upenn.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Brain, cytology/physiology/virology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Lumbosacral Region; Motor Neurons, physiology/virology; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Posture, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology/virology; Stilbamidines; Sympathectomy, Chemical}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {10.1002/neu.1057}, pmid = {11500841}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Daniels:2003, author = {Daniels, Derek and Miselis, Richard R. and Flanagan-Cato, Loretta M.}, title = {Hypothalamic co-localization of substance P receptor and transneuronal tracer from the lordosis-relevant lumbar epaxial muscles in the female rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {2003}, volume = {338}, number = {2}, pages = {111--114}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Previous studies indicated that within the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)-containing neurons express substance P (SP), but do not comprise the majority of projection neurons. The present study tested the hypothesis that projection neurons within the VMH express SP receptors (NK1), allowing responsiveness to signals from ERalpha-containing neurons. Pseudorabies virus was transneuronally transported from the lordosis-relevant lumbar epaxial muscles to the VMH, labeling 28\% of the NK1-containing neurons in the VMH and surrounding area. Thus, SP may influence sexual behavior through its release from the ERalpha-containing neurons, perhaps synaptically affecting NK1 receptor-labeled lordosis-relevant projection neurons within the VMH.}, doi = {10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01368-x}, institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Hypothalamus, metabolism/virology; Immunohistochemistry; Lordosis; Muscle, Skeletal, virology; Neurons, metabolism/virology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, metabolism; Spine; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S030439400201368X}, pmid = {12566165}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Danielsen:1989, author = {E. H. Danielsen and D. J. Magnuson and T. S. Gray}, title = {The central amygdaloid nucleus innervation of the dorsal vagal complex in rat: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin lectin anterograde tracing study.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1989}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {705--715}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The central nucleus of amygdala (Ce) participates in expression of autonomic responses associated with fear or stress-related behaviors. The Ce can alter autonomic activity through its direct projection to the dorsal vagal complex [i.e., nucleus of the solitary tract (nTS) and the dorsal vagal nucleus]. In order to more precisely define the anatomical organization of the neurons within the Ce and their terminal fields within the dorsal vagal complex, the Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin lectin (PHA-L) anterograde tracing method was employed in rats. In cases where injections of PHA-L were centered within the medial Ce, dense axon terminal labeling was observed within the medial nTS at rostral levels. Terminal boutons were also observed within the ventral part of the lateral nTS, the dorsal vagal nucleus and contralateral medial nTS. At and just rostral to the obex, numerous axonal boutons were seen within the medial and commissural parts of the nTS and adjacent parts of the dorsal vagal nucleus. Contralateral axon terminal labeling was present within the medial and commissural parts of the nTS. Caudal to the obex, PHA-L immunoreactive boutons were concentrated bilaterally within the medial and commissural nTS and dorsal vagal nucleus. In cases where injections of PHA-L were centered within the lateral Ce moderate axon terminal labeling was observed throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the medial and commissural part of the nTS. Very few PHA-L immunoreactive terminals were observed within the ventral part of the lateral nTS, dorsal vagal nucleus and contralateral medial nTS. The results demonstrate that the medial Ce projects bilaterally to the medial and commissural subnuclei of the nTS and the dorsal vagal nucleus. The lateral Ce projects mainly to the ipsilateral medial and commissural nTS. Thus, both the medial and lateral Ce can directly influence regions of the nTS where peripheral cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary and gastric afferents terminate. The medial Ce can also directly affect vagal nerve outflow through its projection to neurons within the dorsal motor nucleus.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(89)90090-7}, institution = {153.}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Vagus Nerve, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(89)90090-7}, pmid = {2736396}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dann:1987, author = {J. F. Dann and E. H. Buhl}, title = {Retinal ganglion cells projecting to the accessory optic system in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {262}, number = {1}, pages = {141--158}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The present data identify the distribution and morphological features of a homogeneous group of rat retinal ganglion cells. These cells were labelled after injection of either horseradish peroxidase or a fluorescent tracer, Fast Blue, into the medial terminal nucleus (MTN) of the accessory optic system. After retrograde fluorescent labelling, MTN-projecting retinal ganglion cells were intracellularly injected with Lucifer Yellow to reveal their complete dendritic morphology. There were on average 1,750 MTN-projecting cells fairly evenly distributed over the entire retinal ganglion cell layer. Their density ranged from 40-49 cells/mm2 in superior retina to 10-19 cells/mm2 towards the peripheral regions of both inferior and superior retina. The area of highest density formed a nasal-temporal band suggestive of a visual streak. Soma diameters ranged from 8.7 to 14.5 micron centrally and from 9.9 to 17.1 microns peripherally. Maximal dendritic field diameter ranged from 431 to 644 micron and averaged 516 micron with no obvious eccentricity dependence. The majority of MTN-projecting cells were bistratified. Dendrites stratified predominantly in the inner sublamina of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) with a varying number of branches from the remaining dendrites contained within the outer IPL, both strata presumably corresponding to the electrophysiologically determined on-off dichotomy. Cells projecting to the MTN were characterised by higher-order dendritic branching patterns that resulted in a dense dendritic tree with minor dendritic overlap. The slender dendrites had a beaded appearance and displayed spiny protrusions. The dendritic coverage of 5-6, stratification pattern, and overall morphological appearance of rat MTN-projecting cells renders them suitable candidates for on-direction--selective cells shown electrophysiologically to be linked with the MTN of the accessory optic system.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902620111}, keywords = {Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Cell Count; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Isoquinolines, diagnostic use; Rats; Retina, cytology; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology/ultrastructure; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3624547}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902620111}, } @Article{Das:2007, author = {Mahasweta Das and Christopher S Vihlen and Gabor Legradi}, title = {Hypothalamic and brainstem sources of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide nerve fibers innervating the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2007}, volume = {500}, number = {4}, pages = {761--776}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) coordinates major neuroendocrine and behavioral mechanisms, particularly responses to homeostatic challenges. Parvocellular and magnocellular PVN neurons are richly innervated by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) axons. Our recent functional observations have also suggested that PACAP may be an excitatory neuropeptide at the level of the PVN. Nevertheless, the exact localization of PACAP-producing neurons that project to the PVN is not understood. The present study examined the specific contribution of various brain areas sending PACAP innervation to the rat PVN by using iontophoretic microinjections of the retrograde neuroanatomical tracer cholera toxin B subunit (CTb). Retrograde transport was evaluated from hypothalamic and brainstem sections by using multiple labeling immunofluorescence for CTb and PACAP. PACAP-containing cell groups were found to be retrogradely labeled from the PVN in the median preoptic nucleus; preoptic and lateral hypothalamic areas; arcuate, dorsomedial, ventromedial, and supramammillary nuclei; ventrolateral midbrain periaqueductal gray; rostral and midlevel ventrolateral medulla, including the C1 catecholamine cell group; nucleus of the solitary tract; and dorsal motor nucleus of vagus. Minor PACAP projections with scattered double-labeled neurons originated from the parabrachial nucleus, pericoeruleus area, and caudal regions of the nucleus of the solitary tract and ventrolateral medulla. These observations indicate a multisite origin of PACAP innervation to the PVN and provide a strong chemical neuroanatomical foundation for interaction between PACAP and its potential target neurons in the PVN, such as parvocellular CRH neurons, controlling physiologic responses to stressful challenges and other neuroendocrine or preautonomic PVN neurons.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21212}, institution = {Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, cytology/metabolism; Hypothalamus, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Fibers, metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {17154257}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21212}, } @Article{Dashtipour:2001, author = {K. Dashtipour and P. H. Tran and M. M. Okazaki and J. V. Nadler and C. E. Ribak}, title = {Ultrastructural features and synaptic connections of hilar ectopic granule cells in the rat dentate gyrus are different from those of granule cells in the granule cell layer.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2001}, volume = {890}, number = {2}, pages = {261--271}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Several investigators have shown the existence of dentate granule cells in ectopic locations within the hilus and molecular layer using both Golgi and retrograde tracing studies but the ultrastructural features and synaptic connections of ectopic granule cells were not previously examined. In the present study, the biocytin retrograde tracing technique was used to label ectopic granule cells following injections into stratum lucidum of CA3b of hippocampal slices obtained from epileptic rats. Electron microscopy was used to study hilar ectopic granule cells that were located 20-40 microm from the granule cell layer (GCL). They had ultrastructural features similar to those of granule cells in the GCL but showed differences, including nuclei that often displayed infoldings and thicker apical dendrites. At their origin, these dendrites were 6 microm in diameter and they tapered down to 2 microm at the border with the GCL. Both biocytin-labeled and unlabeled axon terminals formed exclusively asymmetric synapses with the somata and proximal dendrites of hilar ectopic granule cells. The mean number of axosomatic synapses for these cells was three times that for granule cells in the GCL. Together, these data indicate that hilar ectopic granule cells are postsynaptic to mossy fibers and have less inhibitory input on their somata and proximal dendrites than granule cells in the GCL. This finding is consistent with recent physiological results showing that hilar ectopic granule cells from epileptic rats are more hyperexcitable than granule cells in the GCL.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03119-x}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California at Irvine, College of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Dentate Gyrus, physiology/ultrastructure; Epilepsy, pathology/physiopathology; Immunohistochemistry; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal, physiology/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(00)03119-X}, pmid = {11164792}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dashtipour:2002, author = {Dashtipour, Khashayar and Yan, Xiao-Xin and Dinh, Trinh T. and Okazaki, Maxine M. and Nadler, J Victor and Ribak, Charles E.}, title = {Quantitative and morphological analysis of dentate granule cells with recurrent basal dendrites from normal and epileptic rats.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {2002}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {235--244}, abstract = {Granule cells with recurrent basal dendrites (RBDs) were previously reported in both control and epileptic rats. RBDs are dendrites that arise from the basal half of granule cell bodies and curve toward and extend into the molecular layer. They are increased in frequency in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy. The present study was undertaken to analyze the distribution and morphology of granule cells with RBDs and the synaptic connections of RBDs. Granule cells were labeled by retrograde transport of biocytin. Those with an RBD were found throughout the granule cell layer, but were most numerous at the hilar border. The morphology of these cells varied in the different depths of the granule cell layer; the angle of their cell body's long axis was mainly vertical at the hilar margin, and changed to virtually horizontal close to the molecular layer border. Quantitative data on the distribution of granule cells with RBDs and the angle of the cell body's long axis confirmed these descriptions. At the electron microscopic level, RBDs showed the typical features of dendrites and formed numerous axodendritic and axospinous synapses with labeled and unlabeled axon terminals. These results showed that RBDs of granule cells from epileptic rats are postsynaptic to axon terminals, including mossy fibers, and thus are involved in a similar synaptic circuitry as apical dendrites of granule cells from these animals.}, doi = {10.1002/hipo.1114}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, 92697-1275, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Size, physiology; Dendrites, classification/pathology/ultrastructure; Dentate Gyrus, pathology/physiology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Microscopy, Electron; Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Status Epilepticus, pathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12000120}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.1114}, } @Article{Date:2000, author = {Date, Y. and Mondal, M.S. and Matsukura, S. and Ueta, Y. and Yamashita, H. and Kaiya, H. and Kangawa, K. and Nakazato, M.}, title = {Distribution of orexin/hypocretin in the rat median eminence and pituitary}, journal = {Mol Brain Res}, year = {2000}, volume = {76}, pages = {1-6}, doi = {10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00317-4}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Date:1999, author = {Date, Y. and Ueta, Y. and Yamashita, H. and Yamaguchi, H. and Matsukura, S. and Kangawa, K. and Sakurai, T. and Yanagisawa, M. and Nakazato, M.}, title = {Orexins, orexigenic hypothalamic peptides, interact with autonomic, neuroendocrine and neuroregulatory systems}, journal = {PNAS}, year = {1999}, volume = {96}, pages = {748-753}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.96.2.748}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Datiche:1996, author = {F. Datiche and M. Cattarelli}, title = {Reciprocal and topographic connections between the piriform and prefrontal cortices in the rat: a tracing study using the B subunit of the cholera toxin.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1996}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, pages = {391--398}, abstract = {In the present study, the reciprocal connections between the piriform cortex and the prefrontal areas are described on the basis of experiments using the anterograde and the retrograde transport of the cholera toxin B subunit (CTb). Following CTb injections placed in the anterior part of the piriform cortex, retrogradely labeled cells and anterogradely labeled fibers were mainly found in the ventrolateral and lateral orbital areas as well as in the anterior part of the agranular insular cortex. Following injections placed in the posterior part of the piriform cortex, the CTb labeling was primarily observed in the infralimbic area and the posterior part of the agranular insular cortex. Thus, we described a topographical organization of the direct reciprocal connections between the anterior and the posterior parts of the piriform cortex parts and some prefrontal areas. This could support a differential modulation of the olfactory processing along the rostrocaudal dimension of the piriform cortex.}, doi = {10.1016/s0361-9230(96)00082-2}, institution = {Université Claude Bernard Lyon I/CNRS URA 180, Villeurbanne, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Cholera Toxin, pharmacology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Olfactory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0361-9230(96)00082-2}, pmid = {8973845}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Datiche:1996a, author = {F. Datiche and M. Cattarelli}, title = {Catecholamine innervation of the piriform cortex: a tracing and immunohistochemical study in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {710}, number = {1-2}, pages = {69--78}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {In order to determine the origin of the catecholamine innervation of the rat piriform cortex (PC), we combined retrograde transport of the B subunit of the cholera toxin (CTb) with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry. A substantial number of CTb retrogradely labeled cells was found in the parabrachial pigmented, paranigral and interfascicular nuclei of the ventral tegmental area and the dorsal part of the locus coeruleus, whereas nearly no labeling was noted in the substantia nigra. Following TH immunohistochemistry on the same sections, most if not all of the CTb labeled cells were also TH immunoreactive. Occasional double-labeled cells were also observed in the anterior part of the raphe dorsal nucleus. As visualized with dopamine beta-hydroxylase, dopamine or TH immunohistochemistry, the noradrenaline fibers were homogeneously distributed whereas the dopamine fibers showed rostro-caudal and latero-medial differences. The distribution of TH fibers overlapped both patterns. Our report suggests that the heterogeneous distribution of the DA fibers could support a differential centrifugal modulation of the olfactory information processing throughout the PC.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)01279-6}, institution = {Physiologie Neurosensorielle, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon I CNRS URA 180, Villeurbanne, France. datiche@neurosens.univ-lyon1.fr}, keywords = {Animals; Catecholamines, physiology; Cholera Toxin, pharmacokinetics; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Dopamine, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Olfactory Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(95)01279-6}, pmid = {8963680}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Datiche:1996b, author = {F. Datiche and P. Litaudon and M. Cattarelli}, title = {Intrinsic association fiber system of the piriform cortex: a quantitative study based on a cholera toxin B subunit tracing in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1996}, volume = {376}, number = {2}, pages = {265--277}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {By using retrograde and anterograde transport of the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTb), we examined quantitatively the association fiber systems, i.e., the collaterals of pyramidal cell axons, that reciprocally connect both the rostral and the caudal parts of the piriform cortex (PC). Well-defined CTb injections were obtained in layers Ib or II-III of the rostral and the caudal parts of the PC. Using precision counting, we determined the proportion of cellular profiles in layers II and III that gave rise to association fibers and thus demonstrated a predominance of rostrocaudal fibers over the caudorostral ones. Our data also support a precise laminar organization of the PC in which the rostrocaudal fibers originated mainly from layer II and the caudorostral fibers primarily from layer III. Cholera toxin injections into layer Ib produced a peak of labeled profiles 2 mm from the site, indicating that a large proportion of the association fibers from layer II travel for at least 2 mm and then synapse in layer Ib. At either end of the PC, the association projections with respect to olfactory processing, propagation of the activity within the PC, and the possible role of intrinsic fibers in olfactory memory.}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-1}, institution = {Physiologie Neurosensorielle, Université Claude Bernard LYON I/CNRS URA 180, Villeurbanne, France. datiche@dijon.inra.fr}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cell Count; Cholera Toxin; Coloring Agents, diagnostic use; Male; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neuronal Plasticity; Olfactory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-1}, pmid = {8951642}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-1}, } @Article{Datiche:1995, author = {F. Datiche and P. H. Luppi and M. Cattarelli}, title = {Projection from nucleus reuniens thalami to piriform cortex: a tracing study in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1995}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {87--92}, abstract = {To study the cells of origin and area of termination of the projection from the nucleus reuniens thalami (NRe) to the piriform cortex (PC) we used anterograde and retrograde tracing with the B subunit of the cholera toxin. Tracer injections in the NRe resulted in anterogradely labeled fibers in the dorsolateral part of the PC layers and I and III. Following injections in the PC, retrogradely labeled cells were observed primarily in the dorsal subdivision of the NRe. Moreover, a topographical organization was observed in this subdivision: its anterior part projects to the posterior part of the PC, whereas its middle part projects to the anterior part of the PC. The present findings suggest that the NRe may exert different modulatory influences on the dorsolateral part of both anterior and posterior PC areas. The possible role of the NRe in the olfactory information processing is discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(95)00075-p}, institution = {Physiologie Neurosensorielle, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I/CNRS URA 180, Villeurbanne, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Cholera Toxin; Coloring Agents; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {036192309500075P}, pmid = {7552379}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Datiche:1995a, author = {F. Datiche and P. H. Luppi and M. Cattarelli}, title = {Serotonergic and non-serotonergic projections from the raphe nuclei to the piriform cortex in the rat: a cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) and 5-HT immunohistochemical study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {671}, number = {1}, pages = {27--37}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Retrograde axonal transport of the cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) was combined with 5-HT immunohistochemistry to determine the origin of the serotonergic innervation of the piriform cortex (PC) in the rat. After iontophoretic CTb injections in the PC, a substantial number of retrogradely labeled cells were found in the middle and medio-ventral part of the dorsal raphe nucleus (RD). A few retrogradely labeled cells were also observed in the median raphe nucleus (MnR) and the B9 serotonergic cell groups. Following CTb and 5-HT immunohistochemistry on the same sections, double-labeled cells were observed in the RD, MnR and B9 groups. In the RD, 30\% of CTb stained cells were immunoreactive to 5-HT. After colchicine or nialamide (a monoamine oxidase inhibitor) pretreatment the percentage of these double-labeled cells reached 70\%. These results indicate that both 5-HT and non-5-HT neurons in the RD innervate the PC and that the percentage of double-labeled cells is influenced by drug pretreatment. To determine the terminal fields of the RD efferent fibers in the PC, injections of the anterograde tracer PHA-L were also performed. Analysis of the fiber distribution in the PC further revealed some medio-lateral and antero-posterior differences.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)01293-q}, institution = {Université Claude Bernard Lyon I/CNRS URA 180, Villeurbanne, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, chemistry/cytology; Cholera Toxin; Colchicine; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways; Nialamide; Phytohemagglutinins; Raphe Nuclei, chemistry/cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin Receptor Agonists, analysis; Serotonin, analysis; Staining and Labeling}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(94)01293-Q}, pmid = {7537163}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Datta:1999, author = {S. Datta and E. H. Patterson and D. F. Siwek}, title = {Brainstem afferents of the cholinoceptive pontine wave generation sites in the rat.}, journal = {Sleep Res Online}, year = {1999}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, pages = {79--82}, abstract = {The present study was designed to investigate the distribution of brainstem neurons projecting to the pontine wave (P-wave)-generating sites in the rat. In six rats, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was microinjected into the physiologically identified cholinoceptive P-wave generation site. In all cases, microinjections of BDA in the cholinoceptive P-wave generating site resulted in retrograde labeling of cell bodies in many parts of the brainstem. The majority of those retrogradely labeled cells were in the pedunculopontine tegmentum, pontine reticular nucleus oralis, parabrachial nucleus, vestibular nucleus, and gigantocellular reticular nucleus. The results presented in this study provide anatomical evidence that the cholinoceptive P-wave generation site in the rat receives anatomical projections from other parts of the brainstem known to be involved in the REM sleep-generation mechanism.}, institution = {Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. subimal@bu.edu}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacokinetics; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, physiology; Brain, metabolism; Dextrans, pharmacokinetics; Fluorescent Dyes, pharmacokinetics; Male; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Pons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Cholinergic, physiology; Sleep, REM, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11382887}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Datta:1998, author = {S. Datta and D. F. Siwek and E. H. Patterson and P. B. Cipolloni}, title = {Localization of pontine PGO wave generation sites and their anatomical projections in the rat.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {1998}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {409--423}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {A number of experimental and theoretical reports have suggested that the ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) wave-generating cells are involved in the generation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and REM sleep dependent cognitive functions. No studies to date have examined anatomical projections from PGO-generating cells to those brain structures involved in REM sleep generation and cognitive functions. In the present study, pontine PGO wave-generating sites were mapped by microinjecting carbachol in 74 sites of the rat brainstem. Those microinjections elicited PGO waves only when made in the dorsal part of the nucleus subcoeruleus of the pons. In six rats, the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was microinjected into the physiologically identified cholinoceptive pontine PGO-generating site to identify brain structures receiving efferent projections from those PGO-generating sites. In all cases, small volume injections of BDA in the cholinoceptive pontine PGO- generating sites resulted in anterograde labeling of fibers and terminals in many regions of the brain. The most important output structures of those PGO-generating cells were the occipital cortex, entorhinal cortex, piriform cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and many other thalamic, hypothalamic, and brainstem nuclei that participate in the generation of REM sleep. These findings provide anatomical evidence for the hypothesis that the PGO-generating cells in the pons could be involved in the generation of REM sleep. Since PGO-generating cells project to the entorhinal cortex, piriform cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, these PGO-generating cells could also be involved in the modulation of cognitive functions.}, doi = {3.0.CO;2-}, institution = {Center for Behavioral Development and Mental Retardation, Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118, USA. subimal@bu.edu}, keywords = {Action Potentials, drug effects; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Brain Mapping, methods; Carbachol, pharmacology; Cholinergic Fibers, physiology; Dextrans; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Electroencephalography; Fluorescent Dyes; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/physiology; Male; Microinjections; Neurons, physiology; Occipital Lobe, cytology/physiology; Pons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-}, pmid = {9826233}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/3.0.CO;2-}, } @Article{Daunicht:1985, author = {W. J. Daunicht and E. Jaworski and R. Eckmiller}, title = {Afferent innervation of extraocular muscles in the rat studied by retrograde and anterograde horseradish peroxidase transport.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1985}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, pages = {143--148}, month = {May}, abstract = {After injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into extraocular muscles of rat perikarya were labeled mainly along the medial edge of the ophthalmic subdivision of the trigeminal ganglion but not in the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Injections of HRP into the trigeminal ganglion labeled simple as well as branching and meandering free fiber endings in extraocular muscles. No evidence for muscle spindles was found, but the meandering endings may be considered as candidates for stretch receptors.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(85)90120-x}, keywords = {Animals; Mechanoreceptors; Oculomotor Muscles, innervation; Rats; Trigeminal Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(85)90120-X}, pmid = {3874378}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dautan:2014, author = {Dautan, Daniel and Huerta-Ocampo, Icnelia and Witten, Ilana B. and Deisseroth, Karl and Bolam, J Paul and Gerdjikov, Todor and Mena-Segovia, Juan}, title = {A major external source of cholinergic innervation of the striatum and nucleus accumbens originates in the brainstem.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2014}, volume = {34}, number = {13}, pages = {4509--4518}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Cholinergic transmission in the striatal complex is critical for the modulation of the activity of local microcircuits and dopamine release. Release of acetylcholine has been considered to originate exclusively from a subtype of striatal interneuron that provides widespread innervation of the striatum. Cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine (PPN) and laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) nuclei indirectly influence the activity of the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens through their innervation of dopamine and thalamic neurons, which in turn converge at the same striatal levels. Here we show that cholinergic neurons in the brainstem also provide a direct innervation of the striatal complex. By the expression of fluorescent proteins in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)::Cre(+) transgenic rats, we selectively labeled cholinergic neurons in the rostral PPN, caudal PPN, and LDT. We show that cholinergic neurons topographically innervate wide areas of the striatal complex: rostral PPN preferentially innervates the dorsolateral striatum, and LDT preferentially innervates the medial striatum and nucleus accumbens core in which they principally form asymmetric synapses. Retrograde labeling combined with immunohistochemistry in wild-type rats confirmed the topography and cholinergic nature of the projection. Furthermore, transynaptic gene activation and conventional double retrograde labeling suggest that LDT neurons that innervate the nucleus accumbens also send collaterals to the thalamus and the dopaminergic midbrain, thus providing both direct and indirect projections, to the striatal complex. The differential activity of cholinergic interneurons and cholinergic neurons of the brainstem during reward-related paradigms suggest that the two systems play different but complementary roles in the processing of information in the striatum.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5071-13.2014}, institution = {Medical Research Council Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TH, United Kingdom, School of Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom, Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton New Jersey 08540, and Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, metabolism; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Brain Stem, physiology; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, genetics/metabolism; Corpus Striatum, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Female; Luminescent Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Male; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Rats, Transgenic; Rhodopsin, genetics; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure; Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins, metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {34/13/4509}, pmid = {24671996}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5071-13.2014}, } @Article{Dauvergne:2004, author = {Céline Dauvergne and Awa Ndiaye and Catherine Buisseret-Delmas and Pierre Buisseret and Frans Vanderwerf and Gabrielle Pinganaud}, title = {Projections from the superior colliculus to the trigeminal system and facial nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2004}, volume = {478}, number = {3}, pages = {233--247}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {To determine the influence of the superior colliculus (SC) in orienting behaviors, we examined SC projections to the sensory trigeminal complex, the juxtatrigeminal region, and the facial motor nucleus in rats. Anterograde tracer experiments in the SC demonstrated predominantly contralateral colliculotrigeminal projections. Microinjections in the deep layers of the lateral portion showed labeled nerve fibers and terminals in the ventromedial parts of the caudal principal nucleus and of the rostral oral subnucleus and in the medial part of the interpolar subnucleus. Some terminals were also observed in the juxtatrigeminal region and in the dorsolateral part of the facial motor nucleus contralaterally, overlying the orbicularis oculi motoneuronal region. Verification by retrograde tracer injections into the trigeminal target regions showed labeled SC neurons mostly in lateral portions of layers 4-7. When the juxtatrigeminal region was involved, a remarkable increase of labeled neurons was observed, having a patch-like arrangement with a decreasing gradient from lateral to medial SC portions. Retrograde tracer injections in the dorsolateral VII nucleus showed bilateral labeled neurons mainly in the deep lateral SC portion. Retrograde BDA microinjections into the same trigeminal or juxtatrigeminal regions, followed by gold-HRP into the dorsolateral VII nucleus, demonstrated a significant number of SC neurons in deep layers 6-7 projecting to both structures by axon collaterals. These neurons are mediolaterally grouped in patches along the rostrocaudal SC extent; a subset of them are immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). They could be involved in the coordination of facial movements. Simultaneous anterograde and retrograde tracer injections into the lateral SC portion and the VII nucleus respectively localized trigeminofacial neurons receiving collicular input in the trigeminal principal nucleus and pars oralis. Therefore the SC should play a crucial role in regulating motor programs of both eye and eyelid movements.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20262}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle des Systèmes Sensorimoteurs, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacokinetics; Brain Mapping; Cell Count, methods; Dextrans, pharmacokinetics; Facial Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Functional Laterality; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Gold, pharmacokinetics; Horseradish Peroxidase, pharmacokinetics; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Movement, physiology; Neural Networks (Computer); Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, classification/metabolism; Pons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superior Colliculi, cytology/physiology; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15368536}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20262}, } @Article{Dauvergne:2001, author = {C. Dauvergne and G. Pinganaud and P. Buisseret and C. Buisseret-Delmas and F. Zerari-Mailly}, title = {Reticular premotor neurons projecting to both facial and hypoglossal nuclei receive trigeminal afferents in rats.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {2001}, volume = {311}, number = {2}, pages = {109--112}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The distribution of premotor neurons projecting to motor nuclei of both the VIIth (VII) and XIIth (XII) nerves was examined in the pontomedullary reticular formation (RF) of the rat by using retrograde double labeling. After injection of two different tracers in the VII and the XII, most of the double labeled neurons were found caudally in the dorsal RF whereas rostrally they were located in the ventral RF. In some experiments, additional injections of an anterograde tracer were made in the sensory trigeminal nuclei. Anterogradely labeled trigeminal boutons were found in contact with retrogradely double labeled neurons throughout the pontomedullary RF. These neurons were mainly encountered ventral to the trigeminal motor nucleus and dorsal to the VII. Functionally, this region is known to be involved in eye protection mechanisms.}, doi = {10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02150-4}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle des Systèmes Sensorimoteurs, EA3107, UP7, 2 place Jussieu, case 7077, 75251 cedex 05, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cholera Toxin; Dextrans; Facial Nerve, cytology; Gold Colloid; Hypoglossal Nerve, cytology; Motor Neurons, cytology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Reticular Formation, cytology; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(01)02150-4}, pmid = {11567790}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dauvergne:2008, author = {Céline Dauvergne and Albertine Ellen Smit and Jocelyne Valla and Monique Diagne and Catherine Buisseret-Delmas and Pierre Buisseret and Gabrielle Pinganaud and Frans Vanderwerf}, title = {Are locus coeruleus neurons involved in blinking?}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {2008}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, pages = {182--191}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {To investigate the involvement of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) in the reflex blink circuit, c-Fos and neuronal tracer experiments were performed in the rat. LC neurons involved in reflex blink were localized by analyzing c-Fos protein expression after electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve. Subsequently, neuronal tracers were injected in two different nuclei which are part of the reflex blink circuit. Anterograde tracer experiments in the sensory trigeminal complex (STC) explored the trigemino-coerulear connection; retrograde tracer experiments in the latero-caudal portion of the superior colliculus (SC) established coerulear-collicular connections. The combination of retrograde tracer injections into the latero-caudal SC portion combined with electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve identified c-Fos positive LC neurons that project to the latero-caudal SC. Our results revealed the existence of a STC-LC-SC loop.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neures.2008.02.005}, institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Manducation, UP7, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Blinking, physiology; Eyelids, innervation; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, cytology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0168-0102(08)00073-4}, pmid = {18400323}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2008.02.005}, } @Article{Dauvergne:2002, author = {Céline Dauvergne and Fawzia Zerari-Mailly and Pierre Buisseret and Catherine Buisseret-Delmas and Gabrielle Pinganaud}, title = {The sensory trigeminal complex projects contralaterally to the facial motor and the accessory abducens nuclei in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {2002}, volume = {329}, number = {2}, pages = {169--172}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Anterograde tracer injections in the rat sensory trigeminal complex are shown here to demonstrate projections to the contralateral facial motor (VII) and accessory abducens (VIacc) nuclei. Most of the trigeminal fibres originated within the pars oralis (5o) and contacted neurones in the medial and intermediate VII. Moderate projections from the pars caudalis (5c) and interpolaris (5i) reached the lateral and dorsolateral VII. Rare projections from the principal nucleus (5P) were found. Trigeminal projections to the contralateral VIacc originated mainly from the 5P and 5o. Few projections from the 5i and 5c to the contralateral VIacc were found. Retrograde tracer injections in the VII showed premotor neurones to the contralateral VII scattered throughout the 5o and in the ventromedial portion of the caudal 5i and the 5c. Double retrograde tracing experiments provide evidence that neurones in the 5o and 5c project to both the ipsi- and contralateral VII. Such collateralization would play a significant role in the co-ordination of the musculature of the face.}, doi = {10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00656-0}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle des Systèmes Sensorimoteurs, EA 3107, UP7, 2 Place Jussieu, Case 7077, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France.}, keywords = {Abducens Nerve, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Brain Mapping; Facial Nerve, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Trigeminal Nerve, physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304394002006560}, pmid = {12165404}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Davila:2008, author = {Davila, Hugo H. and Mamcarz, Maggie and Nadelhaft, Irving and Salup, Raoul and Lockhart, Jorge and Carrion, Rafael E.}, title = {Visualization of the neurovascular bundles and major pelvic ganglion with fluorescent tracers after penile injection in the rat.}, journal = {BJU Int}, year = {2008}, volume = {101}, number = {8}, pages = {1048--1051}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {To evaluate whether fluorescent tracers can consistently label the neurovascular bundles (NVBs) and major pelvic ganglion (MPG) after an intracavernosal penile injection, as the reported incidence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in men after radical prostatectomy (RP) is 55-65\% and thus preservation of erectile function, sparing one or both of the NVBs remains one of the most vital factors.Male Sprague-Dawley rats (3 months old) received penile injections (20 microL; seven rats/group) of either deionized water (DW), Fluoro-Gold (FG), Fast-Blue (FB), Fluoro-Ruby (FR) or green fluorescent pseudorabies virus (GF-PRv). The rats were killed at 2, 3 and 14 days after injection and the NVBs and MPG were harvested and placed directly under fluorescence light. Image analysis was done by computer, coupled to a microscope equipped with a digital camera. Each NVB and MPG were analysed for its staining pattern and consistency.When compared with the FB, FR and GF-PRv rats, the FG-injected rats had better staining of the NVB at 2, 3 and 14 days after injection. Under x200, FG highlighted the axons of the cavernous nerve (CN) and cell bodies (MPG). This indicates that FG injection into the penis induced the strongest CN labelling (positive staining) at 2 and 3 days after injection as compared with FB-, FR- and GF-PRv-injected rats.FG injection into the penis has consistent retrograde staining of the NVBs and MPG after 3 days. Therefore, we predict that FG could potentially be used to improve the identification of the NVB in other models. However, further studies need to be carried out before these tracers can be used in humans.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07344.x}, institution = {Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology at Moffitt Cancer Center, Division of Urology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Erectile Dysfunction, prevention /&/ control; Injections; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence, standards; Penile Erection, physiology; Penis, innervation/physiopathology; Prostatectomy, adverse effects; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {BJU7344}, pmid = {18070171}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07344.x}, } @Article{Davis:1982, author = {J. N. Davis and P. N. McKinnon}, title = {Anterograde and transcellular transport of a fluorescent dye, bisbenzimide, in the rat visual system.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1982}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {207--212}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Fluorescent labeling was seen in rat brain after injections of 10 microliters of 10\% bisbenzimide into the posterior chamber of the eye. Small and spindle shaped fluorescent nuclei were seen in the ipsilateral optic nerve, chiasm and contralateral optic tract, while larger apparently neuronal nuclei were seen in regions such as the lateral geniculate and superior colliculus where the retinal projection terminates. These experiments suggest that, like radioactive compounds, fluorescent dyes undergo anterograde and transcellular transport following large injections. Although limited by sensitivity and the large injection volumes required, this anterograde transport and transcellular transfer of bisbenzimide may be useful in identifying cell populations near the terminal projections of specific neuronal pathways.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(82)90318-4}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Bisbenzimidazole; Brain, physiology; Functional Laterality; Male; Neurons, physiology; Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Optic Chiasm, physiology; Optic Nerve, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retina, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6179013}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Davis:1982a, author = {Davis, M. and Gendelman, D. S. and Tischler, M. D. and Gendelman, P. M.}, title = {A primary acoustic startle circuit: lesion and stimulation studies.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1982}, volume = {2}, number = {6}, pages = {791--805}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The latency of the acoustic startle reflex in the rat is 8 msec, measured from tone onset to the beginning of the electromyographic response in the hindleg. This extremely short latency indicates that only a few synapses could be involved in some primary acoustic startle circuit. Acoustic startle is being used as a model system for studying habituation, sensitization, prepulse inhibition, classical conditioning, fear or anxiety, and drug effects on behavior. The present study attempted to delineate a short latency acoustic startle circuit, since this would provide critical information for further study in all of these areas. Bilateral lesions of the ventral cochlear nucleus, which receives the primary auditory input, abolish acoustic startle. Electrical, single pulse stimulation of the ventral cochlear nucleus elicits startle-like responses with a latency of about 7 msec. Bilateral lesions of the dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, which receive direct input from the ventral cochlear nuclei, abolish acoustic startle. Electrical stimulation of these nuclei elicits startle-like responses with a latency of about 6 msec. Bilateral lesions of ventral regions of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, which contain cell bodies that give rise to the reticulospinal tract, abolish acoustic startle. Electrical stimulation of these points elicits startle-like responses with a latency of about 5 msec. Reaction product from horseradish peroxidase iontophoresed into this area is found in the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. In contrast, lesions of the dorsal cochlear nuclei, vestibular nuclei, nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, and dorsal regions of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis fail to abolish acoustic startle. Also, "startle" cannot be elicited electrically from these areas. The data suggest that a primary acoustic startle circuit in the rat consists of auditory nerve, ventral cochlear nucleus, nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, spinal interneuron, lower motor neuron, and muscles. Hence, five synapses, plus the neuromuscular junction, are probably involved.}, keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Brain Stem, physiology; Brain, physiology; Cochlear Nerve, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Electromyography; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Models, Neurological; Muscles, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Pons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology; Startle Reaction, physiology; Vestibulocochlear Nerve, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7086484}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/2/6/791.long}, } @Article{Davis:1979, author = {Davis, R. E. and Kent, E. W.}, title = {Transection of direct anterior thalamic afferents from the hippocampus: effects on activity and active avoidance in rats.}, journal = {J Comp Physiol Psychol}, year = {1979}, volume = {93}, number = {6}, pages = {1182--1192}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {This investigation demonstrates the importance of the direct hippocampo-anterior thalamic component of the postcommissural fornix in the control of general locomotion and active avoidance. Transection of anterior thalamic afferents from the hippocampal formation (subicular cortex), at the point where they exit from the fornix posterior to the septum, is sufficient to enhance bidirectional active avoidance acquisition and increase general activity. This transection may also interrupt fibers to or from other thalamic nuclei and the anterior septum. However, destruction of connections of the anterior septum with the hippocampus, habenula, and thalamus by transection in the coronal plane anterior to the descending fornix columns, without damage to the subiculothalamic fibers, increases general activity levels without damage to the subiculothalamic fibers, increases general activity levels without affecting active avoidance behavior. The activity increase in this case resembles that seen after septal lesions rather than that seen after hippocampal lesions. Thus, destruction of a single fornix component contributing afferents to the anterior thalamic nuclei reproduces at least part of the hippocampal syndrome. This suggests that these fibers contribute significantly to the control of these behaviors and may mediate active avoidance changes resulting from hippocampal and fornix damage.}, doi = {10.1037/h0077633}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Avoidance Learning, physiology; Brain Mapping; Hippocampus, physiology; Male; Motor Activity, physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Rats; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {521527}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dawson:1985, author = {D. R. Dawson and H. P. Killackey}, title = {Distinguishing topography and somatotopy in the thalamocortical projections of the developing rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {349}, number = {1-2}, pages = {309--313}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {We placed discrete injections of HRP into the somatosensory cortex of the rat on the day of birth and found discrete, ordered patterns of retrogradely labelled cells in the ventral posterior nucleus. We interpret these results as suggesting that topographic relations between thalamus and cortex develop independently of the periphery.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-3806(85)90162-2}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, growth /&/ development; Animals; Parietal Lobe, growth /&/ development; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamic Nuclei, growth /&/ development}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3986598}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dawson:1992, author = {Dawson, N. J. and Schmid, H. and Pierau, F. K.}, title = {Pre-spinal convergence between thoracic and visceral nerves of the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1992}, volume = {138}, number = {1}, pages = {149--152}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Dichotomizing sensory axons have been demonstrated in a number of species and are of significance in understanding the possible mechanisms underlying referred pain. The present study reviews work employing fluorescent dyes as tracers to demonstrate afferent dichotomization in the peripheral nervous system. Dichotomization between the intercostal and splanchnic nerves of the rat was demonstrated by means of intraneural transport of Diamidino yellow or Fast blue. Frequency of pre-spinal somato-visceral convergence averaged 2\% (range 0.1-21\%). Average frequency of convergence was 8.3\% (range 2-23.1\%) between internal and external intercostal nerves. Control experiments in which axoplasmic transport was inhibited by vinblastine ruled out the possibility of errors from non-axoplasmic transport of the markers. Thoraco-visceral pre-spinal convergence occurs in the rat and is variable in extent.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(92)90493-q}, institution = {Max-Planck-Institut für physiologische und klinische Forschung, W.G. Kerckhoff-Institut, Bad Nauheim, FRG.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Splanchnic Nerves, anatomy /&/ histology; Thoracic Nerves, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(92)90493-Q}, pmid = {1383876}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Day:1980, author = {Day, T. A. and Blessing, W. and Willoughby, J. O.}, title = {Noradrenergic and dopaminergic projections to the medial preoptic area of the rat. A combined horseradish peroxidase/catecholamine fluorescence study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1980}, volume = {193}, number = {2}, pages = {543--548}, month = {Jul}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(80)90185-7}, keywords = {Animals; Dopamine, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Preoptic Area, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(80)90185-7}, pmid = {7388608}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Day:1988, author = {Day, T. A. and Sibbald, J. R.}, title = {Direct catecholaminergic projection from nucleus tractus solitarii to supraoptic nucleus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {454}, number = {1-2}, pages = {387--392}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {To determine whether the supraoptic nucleus (SON) receives a direct projection from catecholamine cells of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), retrograde transport of rhodamine-tagged latex microspheres was combined with a procedure for the fluorescence histochemical visualization of catecholamines. SON tracer injections, made via transpharyngeal approach, retrogradely labelled cells at all levels of NTS, although the majority were located caudal to obex with an ipsilateral predominance. Approximately half of these cells were also identified as catecholaminergic; the relatively caudal level in the dorsomedial medulla of most of these cells suggests that they probably correspond to the A2 catecholamine cell group.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(88)90843-8}, institution = {Department of Physiology, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand.}, keywords = {Animals; Catecholamines, analysis; Male; Medulla Oblongata, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology; Microspheres; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rhodamines, diagnostic use; Supraoptic Nucleus, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(88)90843-8}, pmid = {3409022}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dayas:1999, author = {Dayas, CV and Buller, KM and Day, TA}, title = {Neuroendocrine responses to an emotional stressor: evidence for involvement of the medial but not the central amygdala}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1999}, volume = {11}, pages = {2312-2322}, doi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00645.x}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dayas:2001, author = {Dayas, C. V. and Buller, K. M. and Day, T. A.}, title = {Medullary neurones regulate hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor cell responses to an emotional stressor.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2001}, volume = {105}, number = {3}, pages = {707--719}, abstract = {Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation is a hallmark of the stress response. In the case of physical stressors, there is considerable evidence that medullary catecholamine neurones are critical to the activation of the paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing factor cells that constitute the apex of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In contrast, it has been thought that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to emotional stressors do not involve brainstem neurones. To investigate this issue we have mapped patterns of restraint-induced neuronal c-fos expression in intact animals and in animals prepared with either paraventricular nucleus-directed injections of a retrograde tracer, lesions of paraventricular nucleus catecholamine terminals, or lesions of the medulla corresponding to the A1 or A2 noradrenergic cell groups. Restraint-induced patterns of neuronal activation within the medulla of intact animals were very similar to those previously reported in response to physical stressors, including the fact that most stressor-responsive, paraventricular nucleus-projecting cells were certainly catecholaminergic and probably noradrenergic. Despite this, the destruction of paraventricular nucleus catecholamine terminals with 6-hydroxydopamine did not alter corticotropin-releasing factor cell responses to restraint. However, animals with ibotenic acid lesions encompassing either the A1 or A2 noradrenergic cell groups displayed significantly suppressed corticotropin-releasing factor cell responses to restraint. Notably, these medullary lesions also suppressed neuronal responses in the medial amygdala, an area that is now considered critical to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to emotional stressors and that is also known to display a significant increase in noradrenaline turnover during restraint. We conclude that medullary neurones influence corticotropin-releasing factor cell responses to emotional stressors via a multisynaptic pathway that may involve a noradrenergic input to the medial amygdala. These results overturn the idea that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to emotional stressors can occur independently of the brainstem.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00213-5}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. c.dayas@mailbox.uq.edu.au}, keywords = {Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, metabolism/secretion; Amygdala, cytology/metabolism; Animals; Catecholamines, metabolism; Cell Count; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, metabolism; Denervation; Gold Colloid, pharmacokinetics; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism; Nerve Degeneration, chemically induced; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Oxidopamine, pharmacology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, drug effects/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Restraint, Physical, adverse effects; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Stress, Physiological, metabolism/physiopathology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, pharmacokinetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(01)00213-5}, pmid = {11516835}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dayas:2004, author = {Dayas, Christopher V. and Buller, Kathryn M. and Day, Trevor A.}, title = {Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons regulate medullary catecholamine cell responses to restraint stress.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2004}, volume = {478}, number = {1}, pages = {22--34}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Both physical and psychological stressors recruit catecholamine cells (CA) located in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). In the case of physical stressors, this effect is initiated by signals that first access the central nervous system at or below the level of the medulla. For psychological stressors, however, CA cell recruitment depends on higher structures within the neuraxis. Indeed, we have recently provided evidence of a pivotal role for the medial amygdala (MeA) in this regard, although such a role must involve a relay, as MeA neurons do not project directly to the medulla. However, some of the MeA neurons that respond to psychological stress have been found to project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), a structure that provides significant input to the medulla. To determine whether the PVN might regulate medullary CA cell responses to psychological stress, animals were prepared with unilateral injections of the neurotoxin ibotenic acid into the PVN (Experiment 1), or with unilateral injections of the retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin-gold (WGA-Au) into the CA cell columns of the VLM or NTS (Experiment 2). Seven days later, animals were subjected to a psychological stressor (restraint; 15 minutes), and their brains were subsequently processed for Fos plus appropriate cytoplasmic markers (Experiment 1), or Fos plus WGA-Au (Experiment 2). PVN lesions significantly suppressed the stress-related induction of Fos in both VLM and NTS CA cells, whereas tracer deposits in the VLM or NTS retrogradely labeled substantial numbers of PVN cells that were also Fos-positive after stress. Considered in concert with previous results, these data suggest that the activation of medullary CA cells in response to psychological stress may involve a critical input from the PVN.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20259}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. cvdayas@scripps.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Catecholamines, metabolism; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, administration /&/ dosage; Ibotenic Acid, administration /&/ dosage; Immunohistochemistry; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Medulla Oblongata, drug effects/metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, drug effects/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Restraint, Physical; Stress, Psychological, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15334647}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20259}, } @Article{Dayas:2002, author = {Dayas, C. V. and Day, T. A.}, title = {Opposing roles for medial and central amygdala in the initiation of noradrenergic cell responses to a psychological stressor.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2002}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {1712--1718}, month = {May}, abstract = {Psychological stressors trigger the activation of medullary noradrenergic cells, an effect that has been shown to depend upon yet-to-be-identified structures located higher in the brain. To test whether the amygdala is important in this regard, we examined the effects of amygdala lesions on noradrenergic cell responses to restraint, and also looked at whether any amygdala cells that respond to restraint project directly to the medulla. Ibotenic acid lesions of the medial amygdala completely abolished restraint-induced Fos expression in A1 and A2 noradrenergic cells. In contrast, lesions of the central amygdala actually facilitated noradrenergic cell responses to restraint. Tracer deposits in the dorsomedial (but not ventrolateral) medulla retrogradely labelled many cells in the central nucleus of the amygdala, but none of these cells expressed Fos in response to restraint. These data suggest for the first time that the medial amygdala is critical to the activation of medullary noradrenergic cells by a psychological stressor whereas the central nucleus exerts an opposing, inhibitory influence upon noradrenergic cell recruitment. The initiation of noradrenergic cell responses by the medial amygdala does not involve a direct projection to the medulla. Accordingly, a relay through some other structure, such as the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, warrants careful consideration.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2001.02011.x}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia.}, keywords = {Amygdala, metabolism/pathology; Animals; Brain Diseases, chemically induced/metabolism; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Ibotenic Acid; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiopathology; Neurons, metabolism; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Restraint, Physical; Solitary Nucleus, physiopathology; Stress, Psychological, metabolism; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {2011}, pmid = {12059979}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dayawansa:2011, author = {Dayawansa, S. and Peckins, S. and Ruch, S. and Norgren, R.}, title = {Parabrachial and hypothalamic interaction in sodium appetite.}, journal = {Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol}, year = {2011}, volume = {300}, number = {5}, pages = {R1091--R1099}, month = {May}, abstract = {Rats with bilateral lesions of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) fail to exhibit sodium appetite. Lesions of the parabrachial nuclei (PBN) also block salt appetite. The PBN projection to the LH is largely ipsilateral. If these deficits are functionally dependent, damaging the PBN on one side and the LH on the other should also block Na appetite. First, bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the LH were needed because the electrolytic damage used previously destroyed both cells and axons. The ibotenic LH lesions produced substantial weight loss and eliminated Na appetite. Controls with ipsilateral PBN and LH lesions gained weight and displayed robust sodium appetite. The rats with asymmetric PBN-LH lesions also gained weight, but after sodium depletion consistently failed to increase intake of 0.5 M NaCl. These results dissociate loss of sodium appetite from the classic weight loss after LH damage and prove that Na appetite requires communication between neurons in the LH and the PBN.}, doi = {10.1152/ajpregu.00615.2010}, institution = {Dept. of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Appetite; Drinking; Eating; Feeding Behavior; Hypothalamus, physiology/surgery; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Pons, physiology/surgery; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium, Dietary, administration /&/ dosage; Time Factors; Weight Loss}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {ajpregu.00615.2010}, pmid = {21270347}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00615.2010}, } @Article{deAraujo:1993, author = {{de Araujo}, E. G. and Linden, R.}, title = {Trophic factors produced by retinal cells increase the survival of retinal ganglion cells in vitro.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1993}, volume = {5}, number = {9}, pages = {1181--1188}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The naturally occurring neuron death of normal development has been shown to depend on trophic factors produced and released by target cells. It has also been shown that the afferent supply and local interactions play a role in the control of this degenerative phenomenon. We studied the effect of trophic factors produced by intrinsic retinal cells on the survival of retinal ganglion cells in vitro. Retinae of newborn hooded rats were retrogradely labelled with horseradish peroxidase injected into the superior colliculus to permit the identification of retinal ganglion cells in culture. We tested the effect of conditioned media either from aggregates or from explants of retinal cells from neonatal rats on the survival of ganglion cells in vitro. Our results showed that both conditioned media increased the survival of these cells. The trophic activity was dose-dependent, was maintained after dialysis against a 12 kDa membrane, was abolished by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, and was not found in conditioned medium from cerebral cortical explants. Conditioned medium obtained without fetal calf serum presented the same trophic effect. These results suggest that the local control of developmental neuron death by intrinsic retinal cells may be mediated by neurotrophic factors.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00972.x}, institution = {Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media, Conditioned, metabolism/pharmacology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hot Temperature; Nerve Growth Factors, metabolism; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism/pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retina, cytology/metabolism; Retinal Ganglion Cells, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8281322}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{DeBiasi:1988, author = {{De Biasi}, S. and Frassoni, C. and Spreafico, R.}, title = {The intrinsic organization of the ventroposterolateral nucleus and related reticular thalamic nucleus of the rat: a double-labeling ultrastructural investigation with gamma-aminobutyric acid immunogold staining and lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Somatosens Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {187--203}, abstract = {An electron-microscopic investigation of the synaptic organization of the rat's ventroposterolateral nucleus (VPL) and of a reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) area related to somatosensory thalamic nucleus was performed. In a group of 11 rats, wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA:HRP) was injected either in the first somatosensory area of cortex (SI) or in the dorsal column nuclei (DCN). The retrogradely and/or anterogradely transported enzyme was visualized using paraphenylenediamine-pyrocatechol (PPD-PC) as substrate. In a second series of six experiments, an immunocytochemical procedure using a specific anti-gamma-aminobutyric acid (anti-GABA) was employed. Postembedding localization of GABA was performed for ultrastructural observation by means of the colloidal gold immunostaining procedure. Thin sections of recognized VPL and RTN areas from WGA:HRP-injected animals were further processed for immunocytochemistry in order to localize simultaneously, at the electron-microscopic level, the transported enzyme and GABA. The results obtained with this procedure demonstrated that HRP-labeled terminals from DCN contacted the soma and proximal dendrites of VPL neurons, while the terminals labeled after SI cortical injections were predominantly localized to the distal portion of the dendrites. The same cortical injection also determined the presence of labeled synaptic boutons contacting the soma, and both proximal and distal dendrites of RTN neurons. GABA-immunolabeled terminals were observed in VPL in a number larger than those observed with other methods, since not only typical F terminals were labeled but also terminals containing round and/or pleomorphic vesicles. GABA-ergic terminals contacted the soma and the proximal and distal dendrites of VPL neurons, while in RTN cells they made synaptic contact mainly with the soma and proximal dendrites. In the double-labeling experiments, terminals containing both HRP and specific immunogold GABA staining were never observed. The present data provide a direct demonstration of the presence of a strong inhibitory input from RTN upon VPL neurons and of the existence of autoinhibition within RTN neurons.}, institution = {Department of General Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Milano, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Injections; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Synaptic Membranes, ultrastructure; Synaptic Vesicles, ultrastructure; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology/ultrastructure; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, immunology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, administration /&/ dosage/immunology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3282295}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{DeBiasi:1990, author = {{De Biasi}, S. and Rustioni, A.}, title = {Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of excitatory amino acids in the somatosensory system.}, journal = {J Histochem Cytochem}, year = {1990}, volume = {38}, number = {12}, pages = {1745--1754}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {We studied the ultrastructure and the synaptic arrangement of glutamate-immunoreactive terminals in rats, in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord, the brainstem cuneate nucleus, and the thalamic ventroposterolateral nucleus, where a role for glutamate as neurotransmitter has been suggested by biochemical, physiological and pharmacological approaches. The antiserum employed was raised against glutaramate conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin with glutaraldehyde, and was used for pre-embedding staining with an avidin-biotin-peroxidase method and for post-embedding staining with an immunogold procedure. Both methods yielded similar results, consisting of labeling of selected terminals in all the areas examined. Double immunogold labeling on the same thin section using antisera against gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) or substance P (SP), in combination with the anti-glutamate serum, showed that staining for glutamate and GABA was present in different terminals in all the regions examined; glutamate and SP were co-localized in a few terminals only in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord. By performing immunogold staining in combination with anterograde tracing, glutamate immunoreactivity could be localized in identified primary afferents to the dorsal spinal cord and cuneate nucleus, and in lemniscal afferents to the thalamus.}, doi = {10.1177/38.12.1701456}, institution = {Dipartimento di Fisiologia, Sezione di Istologia ed Anatomia Umana, Milano, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Chemistry; Glutamates, analysis; Glutamic Acid; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Medulla Oblongata, chemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Spinal Cord, chemistry/ultrastructure; Substance P, analysis; Synapses, chemistry/ultrastructure; Thalamic Nuclei, chemistry; Tissue Distribution; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1701456}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Groat:1998a, author = {{de Groat}, W. C. and Araki, I. and Vizzard, M. A. and Yoshiyama, M. and Yoshimura, N. and Sugaya, K. and Tai, C. and Roppolo, J. R.}, title = {Developmental and injury induced plasticity in the micturition reflex pathway.}, journal = {Behav Brain Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, pages = {127--140}, month = {May}, abstract = {The storage and periodic elimination of urine are dependent upon neural circuits in the brain and spinal cord that co-ordinate the activity of the urinary bladder, the urethra and the striated urethral sphincter. This study utilized anatomical, electrophysiological and pharmacological techniques to examine: (1) the organization of the parasympathetic excitatory reflex mechanisms that control the urinary bladder of the rat and the cat; and (2) the changes in these reflexes during postnatal development and after spinal cord injury. In normal adult cats and rats, the parasympathetic excitatory input to the bladder is dependent upon a spinobulbospinal reflex pathway that is activated by myelinated (Adelta) bladder afferents and that passes through an integrative center (the pontine micturition center, PMC) in the rostral brain stem. Transneuronal tracing studies using pseudorabies virus as well as physiological methods have revealed that the PMC is located in close proximity to the locus coeruleus. Single unit recordings indicate that neurons in the PMC respond to afferent input from the bladder and are excited prior to or during reflex bladder contractions. Glutamic acid is the major excitatory transmitter in the micturition reflex pathway. Glutamatergic transmission which is mediated by AMPA/kainate and NMDA receptors can be modulated by a variety of other transmitters. In neonatal animals, a spinal micturition reflex is activated by somatic afferent fibers from the perigenital region. This reflex is suppressed during postnatal development, but can be unmasked in adult animals following spinal cord injury. Spinal injury also causes the emergence of a spinal bladder-to-bladder reflex which in the cat is activated by capsaicin-sensitive C-fiber bladder afferents. Patch clamp studies in spinal cord slice preparations indicate that developmental and spinal cord injury induced plasticity in sacral parasympathetic reflex pathways is due in part to alterations in glutamatergic excitatory transmission between interneurons and preganglionic neurons. Changes in the electrical properties of bladder afferent pathways may also contribute to the reorganization of bladder reflexes in paraplegic animals.}, doi = {10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00185-x}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA. degroat@prophet.pharm.pitt.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Cats; Female; Male; Neural Pathways, injuries/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Rats; Reflex, physiology; Urination, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S016643289700185X}, pmid = {9638955}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Rosa-Pietro:2009, author = {{de la Rosa-Prieto}, C. and Ubeda-Banon, I. and Mohedano-Moriano, A. and Pro-Sistiaga, P. and Saiz-Sanchez, D. and Insausti, R. and Martinez-Marcos, A.}, title = {Subicular and CA1 hippocampal projections to the accessory olfactory bulb.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {2009}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {124--129}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The hippocampal formation is anatomically and functionally related to the olfactory structures especially in rodents. The entorhinal cortex (EC) receives afferent projections from the main olfactory bulb; this constitutes an olfactory pathway to the hippocampus. In addition to the olfactory system, most mammals possess an accessory olfactory (or vomeronasal) system. The relationships between the hippocampal formation and the vomeronasal system are virtually unexplored. Recently, a centrifugal projection from CA1 to the accessory olfactory bulb has been identified using anterograde tracers. In the study reported herein, experiments using anterograde tracers confirm this projection, and injections of retrograde tracers show the distribution and morphology of a population of CA1 and ventral subicular neurons projecting to the accessory olfactory bulb of rats. These results extend previous descriptions of hippocampal projections to the accessory olfactory bulb by including the ventral subiculum and characterizing the morphology, neurochemistry (double labeling with somatostatin), and distribution of such neurons. These data suggest feedback hippocampal control of chemosensory stimuli in the accessory olfactory bulb. Whether this projection processes spatial information on conspecifics or is involved in learning and memory processes associated with chemical stimuli remains to be elucidated.}, doi = {10.1002/hipo.20495}, institution = {Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Dextrans; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, metabolism; Olfactory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines; Somatostatin, metabolism; Vomeronasal Organ, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {18777562}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20495}, } @Article{deOlmos:1978, author = {{de Olmos}, J. and Hardy, H. and Heimer, L.}, title = {The afferent connections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb formations in the rat: an experimental HRP-study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1978}, volume = {181}, number = {2}, pages = {213--244}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The afferent connections of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs in the rat were examined by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into one or the other of these structures either by microelectrophoresis or by hydraulic pressure. Alternate sections were stained with newly developed HRP-procedures using either benzidine dihydrochloride (de Olmos and Heimer, '77) or tetramethyl-benzidine. Eighteen to twenty-four hours after unilateral HRP injections confined to the main olfactory bulb, a large number of HRP-labeled perikaria appeared in the following telencephalic structures on the ipsilateral side: All portions of the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) except its external part, the lateral transitional field (LT) between AON and the paleocortex, the whole extent of the primary olfactory cortex (POC); the medial forebrain bundle area deep to the olfactory tubercle, the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band (NHDB) and the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (NLOT). A moderate to small number of labeled cells, furthermore, were seen in the dorsal (DT) and medial (MT) transition fields, the ventral praecommissural hippocampus (tt2), the ventral superficial part of the nucleus of the vertical limb of the diagonal band (NVDB), the sublenticular part of the substantia innominata (SI), the anterior amygdaloid area, the posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus (C2) and the transition region (28 L') between the olfactory cortex and the lateral entorhinal area proper. On the contralateral side a large number of labeled cells were found in all parts of the AON, with especially heavy labeling in its external part. A moderate number of labeled cells could also be detected in the lateral transition field (LT) and the NLOT. In the diencephalon and the brain stem a moderate number of HRP-labeled perikaria were observed in the dorsal, perifornical, and lateral hypothalamus, as well as in locus coeruleus and the dorsal and medial raphae nuclei. Following large HRP injections in the main olfactory bulb a moderate to small number of labeled cells were seen also in the posterior and premammillary hypothalamus and in field CA1 of the retrocommissural hippocampus on the ipsilateral side, as well as in POC on the contralateral side. It is possible, however, that the uptake of label took place in an undetected pool of HRP in the very rostal part of AON rather than in the olfactory bulb. HRP injections in the accessory olfactory bulb resulted in labeled neurons in the posterior ventro-lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, the rostrodorsal portions of the medial amygdaloid nucleus, and the whole extent of the posteromedial cortical amygdaloid nucleus (C3) on the ipsilateral side. A few lightly labeled cells were seen also in the contralateral C3.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901810202}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, Afferent; Olfactory Bulb, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Terminology as Topic}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {690266}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901810202}, } @Article{DeOlmos:1980, author = {{De Olmos}, J. and Heimer, L.}, title = {Double and triple labeling of neurons with fluorescent substances; the study of collateral pathways in the ascending raphe system.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1980}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {7--12}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {A retrograde labeling procedure utilizing fluorescent substances (Granular Blue, Nuclear Yellow and propidium iodide) was used to establish the presence of branching axons in the ascending raphe system of young rats. After injections in septum, medial thalamus and olfactory cortex, the number of double-labeled cells in various combinations was found to be relatively large in the dorsal raphe nucleus, whereas triple-labeled cells occurred more rarely. Each class of neurons, i.e. single-, double- and triple-labeled, were shown to have a predominant distribution within specific parts of the nucleus.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(80)90247-5}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Central Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Olfactory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7052515}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{deOlmos:1977, author = {{de Olmos}, J. S.}, title = {An improved HRP method for the study of central nervous connections.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1977}, volume = {29}, number = {3-4}, pages = {541--551}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The HRP tract-tracing method has been modified by the introduction of cryoprotective agents, thereby allowing the enzymatic reaction to take place at sub-zero temperatures. By using cold temperatures the enzymatic reaction can be better controlled, which in turn makes it possible to "push" the method to its maximum without obtaining excessive crystallization. The addition of antifreeze agents, however, changes the acid-base phenomena, which in turn have to be adjusted by the use of appropriate buffers. The overall result is a considerable increase in efficiency as compared with the commonly used HRP procedure.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00236191}, keywords = {Acid-Base Equilibrium; Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Buffers; Central Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology; Cryoprotective Agents, pharmacology; Histological Techniques; Horseradish Peroxidase; Methods; Mice; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Peroxidases; Staining and Labeling}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {72001}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{deOlmos:1999, author = {{de Olmos}, J. S. and Heimer, L.}, title = {The concepts of the ventral striatopallidal system and extended amygdala.}, journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci}, year = {1999}, volume = {877}, pages = {1--32}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The concepts of the ventral striatopallidal system and extended amygdala have significantly improved our understanding of basal forebrain organization. As a result of these and other advances during the last twenty years, many of the most prominent basal forebrain structures, including the nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and amygdaloid body, have all but lost their relevance as independent functional anatomical units. In order to appreciate the distinct differences that exist between the ventral striatopallidal system and the extended amygdala, and as a way of explaining the choice of the terms ventral striatopallidal system and extended amygdala, we will review the discovery and subsequent elaboration of these two systems. On the background of these discussions, we will then proceed to dispel some recently published misgivings regarding the usefulness of the extended amygdaloid concept.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09258.x}, institution = {Instituto de Investigación Médica, Córdoba, Argentina.}, keywords = {Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Corpus Striatum, physiology; Globus Pallidus, physiology; Humans; Neural Pathways, physiology; Prosencephalon, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10415640}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{DeVelasco:2015, author = {{De Velasco}, P. C. and Sandre, P. C. and {Tavares Do Carmo}, M. G. and Faria-Melibeu, A. C. and Campello-Costa, P. and Ferraz, A. C. and {Andrade Da Costa}, B L S. and Serfaty, C. A.}, title = {A critical period for omega-3 nutritional supplementation in the development of the rodent visual system.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2015}, volume = {1615}, pages = {106--115}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Retinocollicular connections form precise topographical maps that are normally completed through the selective elimination of misplaced axons and the stabilization of topographically ordered axon terminals during early development. Omega-3 fatty acids, acquired exclusively through the diet, and its main metabolite, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are involved in brain development and synaptic maturation. We have previously shown that the nutritional restriction of omega-3/DHA results in abnormal retinocollicular topographical fine-tuning. Therefore, we studied the role of omega-3 fatty acids nutritional supplementation and the developmental time windows during which this postnatal supplementation would restore normal topographical maps in the visual system. Female rats and their litters were chronically fed with either control (soy oil) or restricted omega-3 (coconut oil) diets. Fish oil supplementation was introduced between either postnatal day (PND) 7-13, PND7-28 or PND21-42. At PND13, PND28 or PND42, animals received an anterograde eye injection of a neuronal tracer to visualize retinocollicular axons. Confirming previous observations we found that an omega-3/DHA deficiency resulted in an abnormally high innervation density of retinal axons at the visual layers of the superior colliculus (SC). Although a short-term fish oil supplementation between PND7-13 could not restore normal retinocollicular topography, an extended treatment between PND7-28 completely recovered normal innervation densities of retinotectal axons. However, a late onset supplementation protocol, between PND28-42, was no longer effective in the restoration of the abnormal topographical pattern induced by an early omega-3 nutritional malnutrition. The results suggest a critical period for omega3/DHA dietary intake for the proper development of visual topographical maps.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.036}, institution = {Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil. Electronic address: claudio.serfaty@gmail.com.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(15)00332-7}, pmid = {25916576}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.036}, } @Article{Deacon:1983, author = {T. W. Deacon and H. Eichenbaum and P. Rosenberg and K. W. Eckmann}, title = {Afferent connections of the perirhinal cortex in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1983}, volume = {220}, number = {2}, pages = {168--190}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Connections of the perirhinal cortex in the rat brain were studied using anterograde (3H-proline/leucine) and retrograde (horseradish peroxidase) tracers. The perirhinal cortex receives major projections from medial precentral, anterior cingulate, prelimbic, ventral lateral orbital, ventral and posterior agranular insular, temporal, superior and granular parietal, lateral occipital, agranular retrosplenial, and ectorhinal cortices, and from the presubiculum, subiculum, and diagonal band of Broca. Rostral neocortical areas project predominantly to rostral perirhinal regions while more caudal neocortical and subicular areas project predominantly to caudal perirhinal regions. Terminal fields are further segregated within perirhinal cortex to either the dorsal or ventral banks of the rhinal sulcus. All afferents from frontal areas terminate predominantly in the deep layers of its ventral bank; afferents from temporal, parietal, and lateral occipital areas terminate predominantly in the deep and superficial layers along its dorsal bank; and afferents from ectorhinal cortex terminate in a column within its dorsal bank. Cortical cells which project to perirhinal areas are found predominantly in layer II and the superficial part of layer III. However, ventrolateral orbital, parietal, and lateral occipital cortex projections originate predominantly from layer V. Perirhinal areas also receive afferents from the nucleus reuniens of the thalamus, lateral nucleus of the amygdala, claustrum, supramammillary nuclei, and the dorsal raphe nuclei.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902200205}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Corpus Callosum, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Muridae; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Species Specificity; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6643724}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902200205}, } @Article{Decavel:1992, author = {Decavel, C. and {van den Pol}, A. N.}, title = {Converging GABA- and glutamate-immunoreactive axons make synaptic contact with identified hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {316}, number = {1}, pages = {104--116}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {To study the neurochemical identity of axons in synaptic contact with identified hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons in rats, we combined retrograde axonal transport of a marker molecule with postembedding immunogold staining for amino acid neurotransmitters. After intravenous injections of horseradish peroxidase, neurosecretory neurons with axons in the median eminence or neurohypophysis transported the peroxidase retrogradely back to the cell body of origin. Serial ultrathin sections from the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei were immunostained with glutamate or GABA antisera. Peroxidase-labeled neurons and their dendrites received synaptic contact from colloidal gold-labeled axons immunoreactive for GABA or for glutamate. Axons which were highly immunoreactive for GABA and other axons immunoreactive for glutamate but not for GABA consistently made converging synaptic contact with the same peroxidase-labeled cell. Some of the peroxidase-labeled neurons from the arcuate nucleus which were postsynaptic to both GABA and glutamate axons were themselves identified as being GABA immunoreactive. Serial ultrathin sections revealed that multiple presynaptic axons immunoreactive for glutamate or GABA made repeated contacts with single neurons. These results suggest a widespread convergence of the major inhibitory and excitatory amino acid transmitter on the neurons which control both the anterior and posterior pituitary hormones.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903160109}, institution = {Section of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, immunology/physiology; Glutamates, metabolism/physiology; Glutamic Acid; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurosecretory Systems, cytology/physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, immunology/physiology; Tissue Embedding; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, immunology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1349310}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903160109}, } @Article{Decker:1995, author = {K. Decker and U. Disque-Kaiser and M. Schreckenberger and S. Reuss}, title = {Demonstration of retinal afferents in the RCS rat, with reference to the retinohypothalamic projection and suprachiasmatic nucleus.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {282}, number = {3}, pages = {473--480}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {In the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat, characterized by inherited retinal dystrophy, retinal projections to the brain were studied using anterograde neuronal transport of cholera toxin B subunit upon injection into one eye. The respective immunoreactivity was found predominantly contralateral to the injection site in the lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, nucleus of the optic tract, medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract, and bilateral hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei. Although terminal density was somewhat reduced in dystrophic rats, the projection patterns in these animals appeared similar to those seen in their congenic controls and were comparable to the visual pathways described for the rat previously. In dystrophic rats, the number of cell bodies exhibiting immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, viz. a population of suprachiasmatic neurons receiving major retinohypothalamic input, was reduced by one-third, and some differences were observed in the termination pattern of the geniculohypothalamic tract, as revealed by immunoreactivity to neuropeptide Y in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00318879}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Saarstrasse 19-21, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism/pathology; Animals; Cholera Toxin, immunology/pharmacology; Female; Geniculate Bodies, metabolism; Hypothalamus, immunology/pathology; Male; Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retina, metabolism/pathology; Retinal Degeneration, pathology; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, pathology; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8581941}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{DeCosta-Fortune:2015, author = {DeCosta-Fortune, Tina M. and Li, Cheng X. and {de Jongh Curry}, Amy L. and Waters, Robert S.}, title = {Differential pattern of interhemispheric projection of layer v neurons in forelimb and shoulder representations in rat first somatosensory cortex (SI).}, journal = {Anat Rec (Hoboken)}, year = {2015}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Layer V neurons in forelimb and shoulder representations in rat first somatosensory cortex (SI) project to the contralateral SI. However, few studies have addressed whether projections from specific subregions of the forelimb representation, namely forepaw, wrist, or forearm, terminate at homotopic sites in the contralateral SI. Neuroanatomical retrograde (cholera toxin B subunit [CT-B]) or anterograde (biodextran amine [BDA]) tracers were injected into physiologically identified sites in layer V in specific forelimb and/or shoulder representations in SI to examine the projection to contralateral SI in young adult rats (N=17). Injection and target sites were flattened and cut in a tangential plane to relate labeling to the body map or cut along a coronal plane to relate labeling to cortical layers. Results indicate that layer V neurons project to cortical laminae II-VI in contralateral SI, with the densest labeling in layer V followed by layer III. In contrast, layer V neurons send sparse projections to layer IV. Furthermore, layer V neurons in wrist, forearm, and shoulder project to homotopic sites in contralateral layer V, while neurons in the forepaw representation project largely to sites in perigranular and dysgranular cortex adjacent to their homotopic territory. Our results provide evidence for a differential pattern of interhemispheric projections from forelimb and shoulder representations to the opposite SI and a detailed description of areal and laminar projection patterns of layer V neurons in the SI forelimb and shoulder cortices. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1002/ar.23262}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 855 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, TN., 38163, USA.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {26332205}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.23262}, } @Article{Dederen:1994, author = {Dederen, P. J. and Gribnau, A. A. and Curfs, M. H.}, title = {Retrograde neuronal tracing with cholera toxin B subunit: comparison of three different visualization methods.}, journal = {Histochem J}, year = {1994}, volume = {26}, number = {11}, pages = {856--862}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {In this report a comparison is made of three different visualization methods of rat cervical motoneurons retrogradely labelled with cholera toxin B subunit (CTb). CTb conjugates such as CTb-HRP and CTb-FITC or CTb-TRITC, which can be visualized after histochemical detection and by fluorescence microscopy, respectively. The following results were obtained. (1) Immunochemical detection of CTb with peroxidase and DAB-Ni incubation provides the best labelling of the cell bodies and their processes, whereas immunochemical detection with FITC produces less effective labelling of the dendrites. (2) Histochemical visualization of CTb-HRP conjugate gives results similar to those of CTb immunochemistry but produces a much more granular appearance of the label, which may affect the identification of distal dendrites. In addition, direct electron-microscopic analysis of labelled structures can be achieved. (3) CTb-FITC and CTb-TRITC visualization permit double-labelling experiments but the labelled cells exhibit fluorescence only in their somata and proximal dendrites. (4) Factors other than labelling intensity, e.g. double-labelling, preservation of the label, compatibility with other techniques and even economic reasons must be taken into consideration when a selection of visualization methods is to be made.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00162931}, institution = {Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Nijmegen, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Animals; Cervix Uteri, innervation; Cholera Toxin; Female; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; Fluorescent Dyes; Forelimb; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Motor Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rhodamines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7868356}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Degos:2008, author = {Bertrand Degos and Jean-Michel Deniau and Julie Le Cam and Philippe Mailly and Nicolas Maurice}, title = {Evidence for a direct subthalamo-cortical loop circuit in the rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2008}, volume = {27}, number = {10}, pages = {2599--2610}, month = {May}, abstract = {The subthalamic nucleus (STN), a major component of the basal ganglia (BG), plays a crucial role in motor activity and cognitive functions. In current models of the BG, the STN is considered to act by activating the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons of the BG output nuclei, thus inhibiting their thalamic and brain stem targets. However, in addition to the BG output nuclei, the STN has also been reported to innervate the cerebral cortex and the striatum. Here, the anatomo-functional organization of STN projections to the cerebral cortex was investigated using anatomical and electrophysiological approaches. First, wheatgerm agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase was injected into defined areas of the cerebral cortex to analyse the spatial distribution of retrogradely labelled STN neurons. The mode of cortical innervation by the STN was then determined using extracellular deposits of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin into the STN. Finally, the functional organization of the cortico-STN relationships was investigated by extracellularly recording single STN units antidromically driven from the cerebral cortex. Our results indicate that STN innervates the sensory-motor and prefrontal cortices, the densest projections terminating in cortical layers I-III of the orofacial motor area. The matching between the topographic distribution of subthalamo-cortical neurons and cortico-subthalamic projections forms the basis of a functional cortico-STN loop circuit that is partially opened. In pathological situations such as Parkinson's disease and epilepsy, the STN-cortex loop circuit might contribute to propagate pathological oscillations favouring the emergence of abnormal synchronized activities and a loss of functional selectivity in the cortico-BG network.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06229.x}, institution = {Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.667, Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75 231 Paris Cedex 05, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electrophysiology; Epilepsy, physiopathology; Male; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Movement, physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Parkinson Disease, physiopathology; Phytohemagglutinins; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Subthalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {EJN6229}, pmid = {18547246}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06229.x}, } @Article{Degroot:2004, author = {Degroot, Aldemar and Treit, Dallas}, title = {Anxiety is functionally segregated within the septo-hippocampal system.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2004}, volume = {1001}, number = {1-2}, pages = {60--71}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Previous lesion studies have suggested that the septal-hippocampal system is involved in fear and anxiety. In this study we examined the effects on anxiety of temporary neuronal inhibition of various aspects of the septo-hippocampal system in rats. Infusions of tetrodotoxin (TTX) were used to induce reversible lesions in the fimbria fornix, medial septum, dorsal hippocampus, and ventral hippocampus. To assess anxiety we used the elevated plus-maze and the shock-probe burying tests. A reduction in anxiety in the elevated plus-maze is indicated by increased open arm exploration, whereas a reduction in anxiety in the shock-probe burying test is indicated by decreased burying behavior or increased contacts with the shock-probe. The results suggested that inhibition of the septal-hippocampal system induced site-specific anxiolytic effects that vary in nature. Tetrodotoxin lesions of the fimbria fornix increased both open arm exploration and the number of shocks taken by the rats, while having no effect on burying behavior. Both septal and ventral hippocampal lesions increased open arm exploration and decreased burying behavior, but had no effect on the number of probe shocks. Finally, TTX lesions of the dorsal hippocampus increased the number of shocks taken by the rats, but did not affect open arm activity or burying behavior. Neuroanatomical studies indicated that the effect on the number of shocks induced by dorsal hippocampal TTX lesions was not likely mediated by the amygdala. Collectively, the data suggest that the control of specific anxiety reactions is functionally segregated within different aspects of the septo-hippocampal system.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2003.10.065}, institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9. degrootab@lilly.com}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance; Anesthetics, Local, pharmacology; Animals; Anxiety, chemically induced/physiopathology; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Dextrans, metabolism; Electroshock, adverse effects; Exploratory Behavior, drug effects/radiation effects; Fornix, Brain, drug effects/physiology; Hippocampus, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Male; Maze Learning, drug effects; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time, radiation effects; Septal Nuclei, physiology; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899303040939}, pmid = {14972654}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2003.10.065}, } @Article{Dekker:1981, author = {J. J. Dekker}, title = {Anatomical evidence for direct fiber projections from the cerebellar nucleus interpositus to rubrospinal neurons. A quantitative EM study in the rat combining anterograde and retrograde intra-axonal tracing methods.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1981}, volume = {205}, number = {2}, pages = {229-244}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {A quantitative electron microscopic (EM) study combining the anterograde intra-axonal transport of radioactive amino acids and the retrograde intra-axonal transport of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was performed in the magnocellular red nucleus of the rat to obtain anatomical evidence as to whether there is a direct projection from the cerebellar nucleus interpositus to the cells in the red nucleus that give rise to the rubrospinal tract. Large asymmetrical synaptic terminals were radioactively labeled in the magnocellular red nucleus following injections of [3H]leucine into the cerebellar nucleus interpositus. In these same animals, the postsynaptic target neurons were labeled with HRP granules after injection of this substance in the rubrospinal tract. A quantitative analysis showed that more than 85\% of the large and giant neurons in the magnocellular red nucleus were labeled with HRP granules and also received synaptic contacts from radioactively-labeled terminals. Thus, it can be concluded that in the rat, afferents from the cerebellar nucleus interpositus establish asymmetrical synaptic contacts with large and giant rubrospinal neurons, thus confirming and extending the previous physiological evidence of such direct monosynaptic connections.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(81)90335-8}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Red Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Synapses, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(81)90335-8}, pmid = {6162512}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dekker:1975, author = {Dekker, J. J. and Kuypers, H. G.}, title = {Electron microscopy study of forebrain connections by means of the radioactive labeled amino acid tracer technique.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1975}, volume = {85}, number = {2}, pages = {229--235}, month = {Feb}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(75)90074-8}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography, methods; Brain Mapping; Gyrus Cinguli, metabolism/ultrastructure; Leucine, metabolism; Mamillary Bodies, metabolism/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways; Rats; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure; Thalamic Nuclei, metabolism/ultrastructure; Tritium}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(75)90074-8}, pmid = {803394}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dekker:1976, author = {Dekker, J. J. and Kuypers, H. G.}, title = {Quantitative EM study of projection terminal in the rats AV thalamic nucleus. Autoradiographic and degeneration techniques compared.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1976}, volume = {117}, number = {3}, pages = {399--422}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {An attempt was made to determine whether the labeled amino acid tracing technique combined with electron microscope (EM) autoradiography can be used to identify reliably the terminals of different to a cell group in the brain, using the rat's antero-ventral thalamic (AVTh) nucleus as a model. For this purpose in one group of rats [3H]leucine was injected in cingulate cortex, hippocampus and mammilary bodies, respectively, and in another group lesions were made in these structures. With one month autoradiographic exposure time it could be demonstrated that after cortical and hippocampal injections the radioactivity was transported to small terminals on distal dendrites, while after mammillary body injections it was transported to large terminals on proximal dendrites. After 4 months exposure time altogether 12\% of the small terminals and 80\% of the large ones had been labelled; A comparison with the degeneration findings showed that the EM autoradiography is in many respects more efficient in identifying the various terminals than the EM degeneration technique.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(76)90750-2}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping, methods; Gyrus Cinguli, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Mamillary Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent; Rats; Synapses, ultrastructure; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {825195}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{DelCid-Pellitero:2011a, author = {{Del Cid-Pellitero}, E. and Garzón, M.}, title = {Medial prefrontal cortex receives input from dorsal raphe nucleus neurons targeted by hypocretin1/orexinA-containing axons.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2011}, volume = {172}, pages = {30--43}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is strongly involved in cognition and behavior. It receives input from brainstem nuclei implicated in behavioral wakefulness and electrographic cortical activation, such as the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Moreover, the hypocretinergic/orexinergic (Hcrt/Ox) hypothalamic neurons innervate DRN, thus modulating its activity and presumably allowing transitions between sleep-wakefulness cycle states. Dysfunction in this system is associated with narcolepsy. In this study we aimed to determine the precise location of DRN neurons projecting to mPFC and the extent to which they contain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine); we have also assessed whether Hcrt1/OxA neurons innervate DRN neurons that could sustain behavioral wakefulness through their projections to mPFC. The retrograde tracer Fluorogold was injected into mPFC and DRN sections were processed for double immunolabeling of anti-Fluorogold and either anti-5-hydroxytryptamine or anti-Hcrt1/OxA antisera. Most DRN neurons projecting to mPFC were located in the ventral sector of the rostral and intermediate DRN, and around half of them were serotonergic. Hcrt1/OxA-immunoreactivity in DRN was observed in unmyelinated axons and axon boutons (varicosities or axon terminals). Hcrt1/OxA immunoreactivity was observed within the cytoplasm and in dense-cored vesicles of these axons. Hcrt1/OxA-labeled boutons established both asymmetric synapses (n=30) and appositional contacts (n=102) with Fluorogold-labeled dendrites belonging to DRN neurons projecting to mPFC. Our results show that Hcrt1/OxA neurons may exert a direct synaptic influence on DRN neurons that could facilitate wakefulness, although other non-synaptic actions through volume transmission are also suggested.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.10.058}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autónoma University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IDIPAZ), Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, metabolism/physiology; Electroencephalography; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, metabolism/physiology; Male; Mesencephalon, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Neuropeptides, metabolism/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/physiology; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Wakefulness, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(10)01413-2}, pmid = {21036204}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.10.058}, } @Article{DelCid-Pellitero:2014, author = {{Del Cid-Pellitero}, Esther and Garzón, Miguel}, title = {Hypocretin1/orexinA-immunoreactive axons form few synaptic contacts on rat ventral tegmental area neurons that project to the medial prefrontal cortex.}, journal = {BMC Neurosci}, year = {2014}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {105}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Hypocretins/orexins (Hcrt/Ox) are hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in sleep-wakefulness regulation. Deficiency in Hcrt/Ox neurotransmission results in the sleep disorder narcolepsy, which is characterized by an inability to maintain wakefulness. The Hcrt/Ox neurons are maximally active during wakefulness and project widely to the ventral tegmental area (VTA). A dopamine-containing nucleus projecting extensively to the cerebral cortex, the VTA enhances wakefulness. In the present study, we used retrograde tracing from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to examine whether Hcrt1/OxA neurons target VTA neurons that could sustain behavioral wakefulness through their projections to mPFC.The retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG) was injected into mPFC and, after an optimal survival period, sections through the VTA were processed for dual immunolabeling of anti-FG and either anti-Hcrt1/OxA or anti-TH antisera. Most VTA neurons projecting to the mPFC were located in the parabrachial nucleus of the ipsilateral VTA and were non-dopaminergic. Only axonal profiles showed Hcrt1/OxA-immunoreactivity in VTA. Hcrt1/OxA reactivity was observed in axonal boutons and many unmyelinated axons. The Hcrt1/OxA immunoreactivity was found filling axons but it was also observed in parts of the cytoplasm and dense-core vesicles. Hcrt1/OxA-labeled boutons frequently apposed FG-immunolabeled dendrites. However, Hcrt1/OxA-labeled boutons rarely established synapses, which, when they were established, were mainly asymmetric (excitatory-type), with either FG-labeled or unlabeled dendrites.Our results provide ultrastructural evidence that Hcrt1/OxA neurons may exert a direct synaptic influence on mesocortical neurons that would facilitate arousal and wakefulness. The paucity of synapses, however, suggest that the activity of VTA neurons with cortical projections might also be modulated by Hcrt1/OxA non-synaptic actions. In addition, Hcrt1/OxA could modulate the postsynaptic excitatory responses of VTA neurons with cortical projections to a co-released excitatory transmitter from Hcrt1/OxA axons. Our observation of Hcrt1/OxA targeting of mesocortical neurons supports Hcrt1/OxA wakefulness enhancement in the VTA and could help explain the characteristic hypersomnia present in narcoleptic patients.}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2202-15-105}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {1471-2202-15-105}, pmid = {25194917}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-15-105}, } @Article{Delatour:2002, author = {B. Delatour and M. P. Witter}, title = {Projections from the parahippocampal region to the prefrontal cortex in the rat: evidence of multiple pathways.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2002}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {1400--1407}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The purpose of the present study was to investigate, by means of anterograde tracing methods, the detailed organization of the parahippocampal-prefrontal projections in the rat brain. Efferents from the perirhinal cortex were found to terminate principally in both the ventromedial (prelimbic and infralimbic cortices) and lateral (agranular insular cortex) regions of the prefrontal cortex. Terminal fields were observed mainly in the superficial layers of the prefrontal cortex. Projections arising from the dorsolateral entorhinal cortex, which borders the perirhinal cortex along its ventral extent, were similarly directed to the ventromedial and lateral prefrontal cortices but also encompassed other frontal areas (dorsomedial and orbital prefrontal regions). Terminal fields of entorhinal projections were also found in the superficial layers of the prefrontal cortex. A third pathway, taking its source in the post-rhinal cortex, presented striking topographical differences with the two other output systems. Hence, post-rhinal efferences terminated only in the ventrolateral orbital area. The results indicate that two main routes originate from the parahippocampal region to reach the prefrontal cortex. One pathway involves the rostral and lateral portions of the parahippocampal region (perirhinal and dorsolateral entorhinal cortices), and the other relies on its most caudal region, the post-rhinal cortex. The presence of such different multiple parahippocampal-prefrontal pathways may have functional relevance for learning and memory processes.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01973.x}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Apprentissage de la Mémoire et de la Communication, University Paris XI, CNRS UMR 8620, Université Paris Sud, Bât 446, 91405 Orsay, France. benoit.delatour@ibaic.u-psud.fr}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Dextrans, diagnostic use; Entorhinal Cortex, cytology/physiology; Female; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Parahippocampal Gyrus, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {1973}, pmid = {11994135}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Delaviz:2011, author = {Delaviz, Hamdollah and Faghihi, Abolfazel and {Azizzadeh Delshad}, Alireza and Bahadori, Mohamad Hadi and Mohamadi, Jamshid and Roozbehi, Amrollah}, title = {Repair of peripheral nerve defects using a polyvinylidene fluoride channel containing nerve growth factor and collagen gel in adult rats.}, journal = {Cell J}, year = {2011}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {137--142}, abstract = {As effectiveness of the autologous graft in the repair of long nerve defects is very limited an effective substitute is needed. This study was conducted to determine the poled polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) tube as an alternative to nerve autograft.The left sciatic nerve was transected in 45 male Wistar rats. The animals were then divided randomly into three groups: in an epineural group the nerve was sutured end to end; in an autograft group a 10 mm piece of sciatic nerve was cut, rotated 180° and sutured in the nerve gap; and in a nerve guidance channel group (NGC), PVDF, tube containing nerve growth factor (NGF) and collagen gel was placed in the gap. In a control (n=15) group the sciatic nerve was exposed but not transected. To determine axonal regeneration, retrograde DiI tracer was injected into the gastrocnemius muscle. One week later, retrograde-labeled neurons were counted in the L4-L6 spinal segments and one way ANOVA analysis was performed to compare groups. Neuronal morphology changes were studied by electron microscopy.Significant statistical decreases in the mean number of labeled motoneurons were observed in all surgical groups compared to the control group; and in the autograft and the NGC groups compared to epinural suture group (p<0.01). No significant difference in the mean number of motoneurons was observed between the autograft and NGC groups. Chromatin condensation, dilated endoplasmic reticulum and large vacuoles were observed in the autograft and NGC groups.Regarding the positive effects of PVDF tube containing NGF and Collagen gel on the sciatic nerve regeneration, authors suggest that it may be useful in peripheral nerve repair.}, institution = {1. Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj, Iran.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {23508804}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Del-Fava:2007, author = {F. Del-Fava and R. H. Hasue and J. G P Ferreira and S. J. Shammah-Lagnado}, title = {Efferent connections of the rostral linear nucleus of the ventral tegmental area in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2007}, volume = {145}, number = {3}, pages = {1059--1076}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is crucially involved in brain reward, motivated behaviors, and drug addiction. This district is functionally heterogeneous, and studying the connections of its different parts may contribute to clarify the structural basis of intra-VTA functional specializations. Here, the efferents of the rostral linear nucleus (RLi), a midline VTA component, were traced in rats with the Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) technique. The results show that the RLi heavily innervates the olfactory tubercle (mainly the polymorph layer) and the ventrolateral part of the ventral pallidum, but largely avoids the accumbens. The RLi also sends substantial projections to the magnocellular preoptic nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, central division of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, lateral part of the lateral habenula and supraoculomotor region, and light projections to the prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, and dorsal raphe nucleus. A similar set of projections was observed after injections in rostromedial VTA districts adjacent to RLi, but these districts also send major outputs to the lateral ventral striatum. Overall, the data suggest that the RLi is a distinct VTA component in that it projects primarily to pallidal regions of the olfactory tubercle and to their diencephalic targets, the central division of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and the lateral part of the lateral habenula. Because the rat RLi reportedly contains a lower density of dopaminergic neurons as compared with most of the VTA, its unusual projections may reflect a non-dopaminergic, putative GABAergic, phenotype, and this distinctive cell population seemingly extends beyond RLi boundaries into the laterally adjacent VTA. By being connected to the central division of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (directly and via ventral striatopallidal system) and to the magnocellular preoptic nucleus, the RLi and its surroundings may play a role in olfactory-guided behaviors, which are part of the approach responses associated with appetitive motivational states.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.039}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.}, keywords = {Animals; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Female; Phytohemagglutinins; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Ventral Tegmental Area, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(06)01742-8}, pmid = {17270353}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.039}, } @Article{Delfini:2000, author = {C. Delfini and M. Diagne and P. Angaut and P. Buisseret and C. Buisseret-Delmas}, title = {Dentatovestibular projections in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {2000}, volume = {135}, number = {3}, pages = {285-292}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The dentatovestibular connections were investigated using anterograde and retrograde tracing methods. All parts of the cerebellar nucleus lateralis (NL) or dentate nucleus sent fibers onto the ipsilateral vestibular nuclear complex. In spite of their apparently widespread area of termination, dentatovestibular fibers were distributed differentially, according to the subregion of the NL they arose from. Fibers from the main, magnocellular region and the dorsolateral hump (dlh) reached the four main vestibular nuclei, but preferentially the superior (SV) and inferior (IV) vestibular nuclei. The projections to the lateral and the medial vestibular nuclei, which were less abundant, essentially originated from neurons located in the dlh. Fibers arising from the parvocellular subregion of Flood and Jansen terminated within the SV and IV only. Some rare reciprocal vestibulodentate projections were observed. These observations suggest highly integrated activities of dentatovestibular connections related to postural, but also vestibulo-oculomotor functions.}, doi = {10.1007/s002210000516}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle des Systèmes Sensorimoteurs, EA3107, UP7, 2 Place Jussieu, Case 7077, 75251 Paris, France. delfini@ccr.jussieu.fr}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11146806}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Delfs:1998, author = {J. M. Delfs and Y. Zhu and J. P. Druhan and G. S. Aston-Jones}, title = {Origin of noradrenergic afferents to the shell subregion of the nucleus accumbens: anterograde and retrograde tract-tracing studies in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {806}, number = {2}, pages = {127--140}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) can be subdivided into 'core' and 'shell' based on anatomical connections and histochemical markers. Previous studies have demonstrated dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunoreactive (DBH-ir) fibers in the NAcc shell, but the source of these noradrenergic (NE) afferents has not been determined. Therefore, we have investigated in detail the anatomy of NE afferents to this subregion. Dual immunohistochemistry for DBH and substance P demonstrated numerous DBH-ir fibers in the caudal NAcc shell. Neurons projecting to the NAcc were identified with Fluoro-Gold (FG) or cholera toxin B (CTb) retrograde tracing and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry. Single- and double-labeled neurons were observed in the A2 and A1 NE cell groups following FG injections into the caudal NAcc shell. Numerous FG and CTb single-labeled neurons were found in the rostral locus coeruleus (LC), subcoeruleus and pericoerulear dendritic region, with an occasional double-labeled neuron in the LC. Few labeled neurons were seen in the brainstem after FG injections into the NAcc core, consistent with the lack of DBH-ir in this subterritory. To confirm these results, injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin or biotinylated dextran amine were made into the LC or nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Virtually no labeled fibers were observed in the NAcc following injections into central LC. However, fibers were observed in the NAcc shell after injections in the NTS. These results indicate that the primary source(s) of NE afferents to the NAcc shell is the A2 region of the NTS, with lesser contributions from A1 and LC.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00672-6}, institution = {University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Behavior, VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Cholera Toxin; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Locus Coeruleus, physiology; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Norepinephrine, physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, physiology; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(98)00672-6}, pmid = {9739125}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deller:1998, author = {T. Deller}, title = {The anatomical organization of the rat fascia dentata: new aspects of laminar organization as revealed by anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-Luecoagglutinin (PHAL).}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1998}, volume = {197}, number = {2}, pages = {89--103}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The rat fascia dentata is characterized by a simple cytoarchitecture and characteristic lamination of afferents. Entorhinal afferents are believed to terminate exclusively in the outer two thirds of the molecular layer, whereas commissural fibers are believed to terminate exclusively in the inner molecular layer of the fascia dentata. A sharp border divides these two major afferent fiber systems and is regarded as the main boundary of the fascia dentata. This concept of a highly laminated brain structure has made the fascia dentata attractive for studies analyzing normal or pathological processes of the brain. Recently, entorhinal as well as commissural fibers have been identified which do not follow the classical lamination of the fascia dentata. Using anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-Leucoagglutinin, an entorhino-dentate projection to the molecular layer, granule cell layer, and hilus of the fascia dentata was described. With the same technique, GABAergic commissural fibers to the outer molecular layer of the fascia dentata were revealed and a previously unknown heterogeneity of the commissural projection was demonstrated. These previously unknown fiber systems complicate the interpretation of lesion effects in this brain region and have to be taken into account as possible sources of sprouting fibers following the partial denervation of the fascia dentata.}, doi = {10.1007/s004290050122}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Germany. dellerth@sun2.ruf.uni-freiburg.de}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Dentate Gyrus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Entorhinal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9497153}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deller:1996, author = {T. Deller and G. Adelmann and R. Nitsch and M. Frotscher}, title = {The alvear pathway of the rat hippocampus.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {286}, number = {3}, pages = {293--303}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Neurons of the entorhinal cortex project to the hippocampus proper and dentate gyrus. This projection is called the "perforant pathway" because it perforates the subiculum; current usage applies this term to all entorhino-hippocampal fibers. However, entorhinal fibers also reach Ammon's horn via the alveus ("alvear pathway"), an alternative route first described by Cajal. The anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) was used in order to analyze the contribution of this pathway to the temporo-ammonic projection. In the temporal portion of the rat hippocampus, most of the entorhinal fibers reach Ammon's horn after perforating the subiculum (classical perforant pathway). At more septal levels, the number of entorhinal fibers that take the alvear pathway increases; in the septal portion of the hippocampal formation, most of the entorhinal fibers to hippocampal subfield CA1 reach this subfield via the alveus. These fibers make sharp right-angle turns in the alveus, perforate the pyramidal cell layer, and finally terminate in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare. The crossed temporo-ammonic fibers reach their termination area in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare of CA1 almost exclusively via the alveus. These data indicate that the alveus is a major route by which entorhinal fibers reach their targets in CA1.}, doi = {10.1007/s004410050699}, institution = {Anatomisches Institut I, Universität Freiburg, Postfach 111, D-79001 Freiburg, Germany. dellerth@sun2.ruf.uni-freiburg.de}, keywords = {Animals; Dentate Gyrus, physiology/ultrastructure; Entorhinal Cortex, physiology/ultrastructure; Female; Hippocampus, physiology/ultrastructure; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8929332}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deller:2007, author = {Deller, Thomas and {Del Turco}, Domenico and Rappert, Angelika and Bechmann, Ingo}, title = {Structural reorganization of the dentate gyrus following entorhinal denervation: species differences between rat and mouse.}, journal = {Prog Brain Res}, year = {2007}, volume = {163}, pages = {501--528}, abstract = {Deafferentation of the dentate gyrus by unilateral entorhinal cortex lesion or unilateral perforant pathway transection is a classical model to study the response of the central nervous system (CNS) to denervation. This model has been extensively characterized in the rat to clarify mechanisms underlying denervation-induced gliosis, transneuronal degeneration of denervated neurons, and collateral sprouting of surviving axons. As a result, candidate molecules have been identified which could regulate these changes, but a causal link between these molecules and the postlesional changes has not yet been demonstrated. To this end, mutant mice are currently studied by many groups. A tacit assumption is that data from the rat can be generalized to the mouse, and fundamental species differences in hippocampal architecture and the fiber systems involved in sprouting are often ignored. In this review, we will (1) provide an overview of some of the basics and technical aspects of the entorhinal denervation model, (2) identify anatomical species differences between rats and mice and will point out their relevance for the axonal reorganization process, (3) describe glial and local inflammatory changes, (4) consider transneuronal changes of denervated dentate neurons and the potential role of reactive glia in this context, and (5) summarize the differences in the reorganization of the dentate gyrus between the two species. Finally, we will discuss the use of the entorhinal denervation model in mutant mice.}, doi = {10.1016/S0079-6123(07)63027-1}, institution = {Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, J.W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany. T.Deller@em.uni-frankfurt.de}, keywords = {Animals; Denervation; Dentate Gyrus, cytology/physiology; Entorhinal Cortex, injuries/physiology; Mice; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0079-6123(07)63027-1}, pmid = {17765735}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(07)63027-1}, } @Article{Deller:1995c, author = {T. Deller and M. Frotscher and R. Nitsch}, title = {Morphological evidence for the sprouting of inhibitory commissural fibers in response to the lesion of the excitatory entorhinal input to the rat dentate gyrus.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1995}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {6868--6878}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Recently a commissural fiber projection that terminates in the outer molecular layer of the fascia dentata was described in normal rats (Deller et al., 1995). In the present article, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) tracing was used to analyze the contribution of this previously unknown projection to the commissural sprouting response after entorhinal cortex lesion. Rats 4-8 weeks after unilateral entorhinal lesion received a single PHAL deposit into the hilus of the fascia dentata contralateral to the lesion side. Unlesioned control animals received a similar PHAL deposit. The degree of axonal arborization and the bouton density per axon length were determined for individual PHAL-labeled commissural axons to the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. A significant increase in both parameters was observed in the lesioned group. The PHAL-labeled commissural fibers established symmetric synapses in the denervated outer molecular layer. Postembedding immunocytochemistry indicated that some of these sprouting commissural fibers are GABAergic. Our findings provide morphological evidence for lamina-specific sprouting of an inhibitory commissural projection that normally terminates in the outer molecular layer. This suggests that inhibitory fibers participate in the replacement of the excitatory perforant pathway after entorhinal lesion.}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Germany.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Dentate Gyrus, physiology; Entorhinal Cortex, physiology; Female; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Nerve Regeneration; Neural Inhibition; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7472444}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/15/10/6868.long}, } @Article{Deller:1996h, author = {Deller, T. and Frotscher, M. and Nitsch, R.}, title = {Sprouting of crossed entorhinodentate fibers after a unilateral entorhinal lesion: anterograde tracing of fiber reorganization with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHAL).}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1996}, volume = {365}, number = {1}, pages = {42--55}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Fibers from the contralateral entorhinal cortex (EC) to the dentate gyrus partially replace the input lost after an ipsilateral EC lesion. To study the morphology and course of single sprouted crossed entorhinodentate fibers, the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHAL) was used. Rats that survived for 4 to 8 weeks after a unilateral entorhinal lesion received PHAL deposits into the entorhinal cortex contralateral to the lesion. Control animals received a similar PHAL deposit. Single PHAL-labeled fibers in the molecular layer of the contralateral (EC lesion) fascia dentata were drawn with a camera lucida, and an axon-branching index (branch points/100 microns axon length) was calculated for these crossed entorhinodentate fibers in controls and operated animals. In animals with EC lesions, the density of PHAL-labeled crossed entorhinodentate fibers had increased remarkably. Single crossed entorhinodentate axons showed significantly more axon branch points in experimental than in control animals. In addition, some axon segments displayed high densities of small axonal extensions. Frequently, tanglelike structures were observed in the denervated outer molecular layer. These tangles consisted of one or more PHAL-labeled axons that intertwined and formed an axon tangle filled completely with branches, extensions, and boutons. Our data indicate that crossed EC fibers sprout by forming additional collaterals, axonal extensions, and tangles. Abnormal neurite formations are a characteristic feature of plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Future studies must be done to show whether or not there is a close relationship between axonal tangles and plaques in Alzheimer's disease, which, like the present lesion paradigm, severely affects entorhinal projection neurons.}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-J}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Germany.}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Dentate Gyrus, cytology/ultrastructure; Entorhinal Cortex, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Female; Histocytochemistry; Ionophores; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Neurofibrillary Tangles, physiology/ultrastructure; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Presynaptic Terminals, enzymology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-J}, pmid = {8821440}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-J}, } @Article{Deller:1990, author = {T. Deller and C. Leranth}, title = {Synaptic connections of neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactive neurons in the hilar area of the rat hippocampus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {300}, number = {3}, pages = {433--447}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Synaptic connections and fine structural characteristics of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive (NPY-i) neurons in the fascia dentata were studied using an antiserum against NPY. Normal and colchicine pretreated rats were examined to study the synaptic connections of NPY-i neurons in the normal fascia dentata. The perforant pathway and fimbria fornix were transected to label afferent fibers to NPY-positive cells. Horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin (HRP-WGA) was injected into the contralateral hippocampus to study commissural projections of hippocampal NPY-i neurons, and to search for NPY-i synaptic contacts on immunonegative commissural cells. Since earlier reports have shown that at least half of the NPY-i neurons also contain somatostatin (SS), the distribution of NPY-i neurons in the hilar area was determined and compared with that of SS-i neurons. Four types of dentate NPY-i neurons were distinguished: Type 1: large multipolar cells in the deep hilus (9\%) . Type 2: medium-sized multipolar and fusiform hilar neurons with dendrites occasionally reaching the outer molecular layer (64\%). Type 3: pyramidal shaped cells in the granule cell layer with long apical dendrites reaching the outer molecular layer (20\%). Type 4: small multipolar NPY-i cells located in the molecular layer (7\%). Our results indicate two overlapping but not identical cell populations of NPY-i and SS-i neurons. Light and electron microscopic analysis of the normal fascia dentata demonstrated that the majority of NPY-i terminals are located in the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, where they establish symmetric synaptic contacts on dendritic shafts and occasionally on spines of granule cells. A moderate number of NPY-i synapses were also found on dendrites in the inner molecular layer and on the cell body of granule cells. Numerous symmetric NPY-i synapses were found on dendrites and somata of neurons in the hilar area. Some NPY-i dendrites in the hilar area received mossy axon collateral input. After transection of the perforant pathway degenerated axon terminals could be found in synaptic contact with NPY-i dendrites in the outer molecular layer. Commissurotomy revealed direct commissural input to NPY-i dendrites in the inner molecular layer and in the hilus. After injection of HRP-WGA into the contralateral hippocampus 2\% of hilar NPY-i neurons were retrogradely labeled and symmetric NPY-i synapses were found on the cell bodies and dendrites of unstained HRP-WGA labeled neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903000312}, institution = {Section of Neuroanatomy, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.}, keywords = {Animals; Hippocampus, cytology/injuries; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Neuropeptide Y, analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, ultrastructure; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2266195}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903000312}, } @Article{Deller:1994a, author = {T. Deller and C. Leranth and M. Frotscher}, title = {Reciprocal connections of lateral septal neurons and neurons in the lateral hypothalamus in the rat: a combined phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and Fluoro-Gold immunocytochemical study.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1994}, volume = {168}, number = {1-2}, pages = {119--122}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Reciprocal connections between lateral septal neurons and neurons in the lateral hypothalamus/lateral preoptic area were studied in the rat. The anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG) were simultaneously injected into the lateral septum. After double-immunocytochemistry, PHA-L-labeled terminals were found in synaptic contact with dendrites of retrogradely FG-labeled neurons in the lateral hypothalamic/lateral preoptic area.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(94)90430-8}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, FRG.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Fluorescent Dyes; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Preoptic Area, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7518057}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deller:1996b, author = {T. Deller and A. Martinez and R. Nitsch and M. Frotscher}, title = {A novel entorhinal projection to the rat dentate gyrus: direct innervation of proximal dendrites and cell bodies of granule cells and GABAergic neurons.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1996}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {3322--3333}, month = {May}, abstract = {Entorhinal fibers to the fascia dentata originating from layer II stellate neurons are known to terminate exclusively in the outer two thirds of the molecular layer, where they innervate distal dendritic portions of dentate neurons. Using anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, we unraveled a previously unknown entorhinal projection that directly innervates proximal dendritic portions and somata of granule cells and GABAergic neurons. This projection originates from neurons located in entorhinal layers IV-VI of the medial entorhinal area. These fibers enter the outer two thirds of the molecular layer, traverse the inner molecular layer (IML) and granule cell layer, where they form numerous boutons, and finally arborize subjacent to the granule cells. Correlated light and electron microscopy revealed that the boutons formed by these fibers establish asymmetric synapses on dendrites in the IML, on spines and somata of granule cells, and on spineless dendrites subjacent to the granule cell layer. Postembedding immunogold staining indicates that this entorhino-dentate projection is not GABAergic and that it also terminates on GABAergic inhibitory neurons. These data demonstrate that not all entorhino-dentate fibers display a similar high laminar specificity for the outer molecular layer (OML). Although fibers from the superficial layers of the entorhinal cortex terminate exclusively in the OML, entorhinal fibers arising from deeper layers are not confined to laminar boundaries. Finally, the possibility that these supposedly excitatory entorhinal afferents may monosynaptically activate proximal dendrites and somata of dentate neurons needs to be incorporated into contemporary concepts of the hippocampal network.}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Dentate Gyrus, anatomy /&/ histology; Entorhinal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8627369}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/16/10/3322.long}, } @Article{Deller:2000a, author = {Deller, T. and Naumann, T. and Frotscher, M.}, title = {Retrograde and anterograde tracing combined with transmitter identification and electron microscopy.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {2000}, volume = {103}, number = {1}, pages = {117--126}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Fiber tracts in the brain are formed by neurochemically heterogeneous neuron populations. To distinguish between the different neurons that contribute to a fiber tract it is necessary to combine anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques with immunocytochemistry. In this article, we describe two techniques which allow for the neurochemical identification of retrogradely labeled neurons and anterogradely labeled axons on the ultrastructural level. The identification of the neurotransmitter identity of retrogradely labeled neurons is achieved by combining retrograde Fluoro-Gold tracing with preembedding immunocytochemistry, while the neurotransmitter identity of anterogradely labeled axons can be revealed by combining anterograde Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHAL) tracing and postembedding immunostaining.}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, PO Box 111, D-79001, Freiburg, Germany. dellerth@uni-freiburg.de}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects/physiology; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Brain, physiology/ultrastructure; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Microscopy, Electron, methods; Neural Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurotransmitter Agents, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Stilbamidines; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165027000003010}, pmid = {11074101}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0270(00)00301-0}, } @Article{Deller:1995b, author = {T. Deller and R. Nitsch}, title = {Selective rostral transection of the fornix spares the hippocampal commissural pathway in the rat: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin tracing study.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, pages = {243--248}, abstract = {This study describes an approach for disconnecting the septal region from the hippocampus by fimbria-fornix lesions while sparing the commissural projections. After a frontal cut through the rostral fornix, commissural fibres were labelled with the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. The commissural fibre bundle located in the posterior-basal fornix (ventral hippocampal commissure) remained unaffected by the rostral fornix transection, whereas the absence of septal fibres in the hippocampus could be verified using AChE histochemistry. Thus, using this approach, selective studies of the septo-hippocampal projection can be performed while leaving the overwhelming portion of the commissural fibre system intact.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00242010}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Germany.}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Hippocampus, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septal Nuclei, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7672017}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deller:1994, author = {T. Deller and R. Nitsch and M. Frotscher}, title = {Associational and commissural afferents of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat hippocampus: a combined immunocytochemical and PHA-L study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1994}, volume = {350}, number = {4}, pages = {612--622}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Nonpyramidal neurons containing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) are one of the inhibitory elements of the hippocampal network. Previous studies have indicated that they are involved in septohippocampal disinhibitory circuits. This study analyzes the commissural and ipsilateral associational afferents of parvalbumin neurons. Injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into the hilus of the fascia dentata labeled numerous axons in the molecular layer that established synaptic contacts with parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons on both the injection and the contralateral side. Mossy fibers, labeled by injections into the granule cell layer, terminated on parvalbumin neurons in the hilus and in CA3. Injections of PHA-L into CA3 resulted in a dense labeling of fibers in the hilus and in CA3, CA2, and CA1 on both the injection and the contralateral side. In all these hippocampal fields, PHA-L-labeled fibers established asymmetric contacts with PV-immunoreactive, presumably GABAergic, inhibitory neurons. These observations indicate that parvalbumin-immunoreactive inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus are targets of presumably excitatory associational and commissural projections and suggest that they are involved in feed-forward and feed-back circuits.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903500408}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Hippocampus, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Nerve Fibers, metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7890833}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903500408}, } @Article{Deller:1995, author = {T. Deller and R. Nitsch and M. Frotscher}, title = {Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin tracing of commissural fibers to the rat dentate gyrus: evidence for a previously unknown commissural projection to the outer molecular layer.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {352}, number = {1}, pages = {55--68}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Numerous studies have shown a lamina-specific termination of commissural fibers to the dentate gyrus in the inner molecular layer. However, the exact course and arborization pattern of individual fibers remained unknown. In this study, the commissural fiber tract to the dentate gyrus of the rat has been studied using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), which labels individual axons and their collaterals. Following iontophoretic application of the tracer, anterogradely labeled fibers were followed through the posterior basal fornix and medial fimbria where they formed a dense fiber bundle. Labeled fibers then entered the dentate gyrus close to the medial blade of the granule cell layer where they separated and traversed the hilus. Only in those cases where the injection also involved CA3 pyramidal cells could axons arborizing in the hilus be observed. Typically, fibers that continued into the molecular layer did not arborize in the hilus. Upon their entrance into the molecular layer, these fibers changed direction, gave off several collaterals, and followed a new path parallel to the granule cell layer where they preferentially formed en passant contacts. These commissural fibers to the inner molecular layer terminated in a wide septotemporal (longitudinal) extension. However, a considerable number of fibers reached the outer molecular layer where some of them formed extensive arborizations. Moreover, these commissural fibers to the outer molecular layer appeared to be restricted to the hippocampal lamella, corresponding to the level of the contralateral injection site. These data suggest the existence of three commissural projections to the rat dentate gyrus: (1) commissural fibers to the hilus arising from CA3 neurons, (2) commissural fibers to the inner molecular layer, and, (3) commissural fibers to the outer molecular layer.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903520105}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellar Nuclei, physiology; Female; Hippocampus, ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Limbic System; Male; Projection; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Temporal Lobe}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7714239}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903520105}, } @Article{Deller:1996a, author = {T. Deller and R. Nitsch and M. Frotscher}, title = {Heterogeneity of the commissural projection to the rat dentate gyrus: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin tracing study.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1996}, volume = {75}, number = {1}, pages = {111--121}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The commissural and associational projections to the rat dentate gyrus are believed to be anatomically homologous fiber systems. They are often referred to as the so-called commissural/ associational system of the dentate gyrus. However, whereas characteristic laminar termination patterns within the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus have been described for the different cells of origin of the associational projection, the axons of the different cell types of commissural neurons have long been believed to terminate exclusively within the inner molecular layer. Only recently, a previously unknown commissural projection to the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus was described and the question was raised whether the commissural fibers could exhibit a heterogeneity similar to that of the associational projections. Using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, which labels individual axons and their collaterals, we have studied the termination pattern of commissural axons in the dentate gyrus of the septal hippocampus. At least four different commissural fiber types could be revealed on the basis of their laminar termination pattern: fibers to the inner molecular layer (type 1), fibers to the outer molecular layer (type 2), fibers terminating throughout the molecular layer (type 3), and fibers terminating in both the granule cell layer and the molecular layer (type 4). These observations demonstrate a previously underestimated heterogeneity of the commissural projection. In addition, there is a great deal of parallelism between the different commissural and associational fibers, pointing to a coordinated action of the two systems in the two hippocampi.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(96)00255-2}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Germany.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Dentate Gyrus, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Male; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, classification/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306452296002552}, pmid = {8923527}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deller:1996c, author = {T. Deller and R. Nitsch and M. Frotscher}, title = {Layer-specific sprouting of commissural fibres to the rat fascia dentata after unilateral entorhinal cortex lesion: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin tracing study.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1996}, volume = {71}, number = {3}, pages = {651--660}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {After unilateral entorhinal cortex lesion commissural fibres to the inner molecular layer of the rat fascia dentata are said to sprout into the former termination zone of entorhinal afferents. This sprouting process has not yet been demonstrated at the level of individual fibres. In the present study, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin tracing was used to analyse the commissural projection to the inner molecular layer in rats with longstanding entorhinal cortex lesions. In comparison with controls, the commissural fibre plexus in the inner molecular layer had expanded by 20-45 microns outwards on the side of the entorhinal lesion. Unexpectedly, only a small number of axons arising from the bulk of commissural fibres in the inner molecular layer left the main fibre plexus and entered the outer molecular layer. Thus, there was still a clearly recognizable border between the Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin-labelled commissural fibre plexus in the inner molecular layer and the unstained outer molecular layer. The few commissural axons invading the outer molecular layer rarely branched but formed multiple en passant boutons, and occasionally exhibited growth cones. The data indicate that only few commissural fibres appear to be able to sprout beyond the border of their appropriate layer suggesting that the characteristic laminar specificity of hippocampal afferents is largely retained following deafferentation.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(95)00475-0}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Dentate Gyrus, metabolism; Entorhinal Cortex, metabolism/physiology; Female; Hippocampus, metabolism/physiology; Histocytochemistry; Male; Nerve Fibers, metabolism/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(95)00475-0}, pmid = {8867038}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dembrow:2010, author = {Nikolai C Dembrow and Raymond A Chitwood and Daniel Johnston}, title = {Projection-specific neuromodulation of medial prefrontal cortex neurons.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2010}, volume = {30}, number = {50}, pages = {16922--16937}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Mnemonic persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) constitutes the neural basis of working memory. To understand how neuromodulators contribute to the generation of persistent activity, it is necessary to identify the intrinsic properties of the layer V pyramidal neurons that transfer this information to downstream networks. Here we show that the somatic dynamic and integrative properties of layer V pyramidal neurons in the rat medial PFC depend on whether they project subcortically to the pons [corticopontine (CPn)] or to the contralateral cortex [commissural (COM)]. CPn neurons display low temporal summation and accelerate in firing frequency when depolarized, whereas COM neurons have high temporal summation and display spike frequency accommodation. In response to dynamic stimuli, COM neurons act as low-pass filters, whereas CPn neurons act as bandpass filters, resonating in the theta frequency range (3-6 Hz). The disparate subthreshold properties of COM and CPn neurons can be accounted for by differences in the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated cation h-current. Interestingly, neuromodulators hypothesized to enhance mnemonic persistent activity affect COM and CPn neurons distinctly. Adrenergic modulation shifts the dynamic properties of CPn but not COM neurons and increases the excitability of CPn neurons significantly more than COM neurons. In response to cholinergic modulation, CPn neurons were much more likely to display activity-dependent intrinsic persistent firing than COM neurons. Together, these data suggest that the two categories of projection neurons may subserve separate functions in PFC and may be engaged differently during working memory processes.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3644-10.2010}, institution = {Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA. nikolai@mail.clm.utexas.edu}, keywords = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Carbachol, pharmacology; Clonidine, pharmacology; Male; Membrane Potentials; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques, methods; Neurotransmitter Agents, physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, drug effects/physiology; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {30/50/16922}, pmid = {21159963}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3644-10.2010}, } @Article{Denes:2005, author = {Dénes, A. and Boldogkoi, Z. and Uhereczky, G. and Hornyák, A. and Rusvai, M. and Palkovits, M. and Kovács, K. J.}, title = {Central autonomic control of the bone marrow: multisynaptic tract tracing by recombinant pseudorabies virus.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2005}, volume = {134}, number = {3}, pages = {947--963}, abstract = {Bone marrow is the primary place of hematopoiesis, where the development, survival and release of multipotent stem cells, progenitors, precursors and mature cells are under continuous humoral and neural control. Dense network of nerve fibers, containing various neurotransmitters is found in the bone marrow, however, the central neuronal circuit that regulates the activities of the bone marrow through these fibers remained unexplored. Transsynaptically connected neurons were mapped by virus-based transneuronal tracing technique using two isogenic, genetically engineered pseudorabies viruses, Bartha-DupGreen and Ba-DupLac expressing green fluorescent protein and beta-galactosidase, respectively. Bartha-DupGreen was injected into the femoral bone marrow of male rats and the progression of infection was followed 4-7 days post-inoculation. Virus-labeled cells were revealed in ganglia of the paravertebral chain and in the intermediolateral cell column of the lower thoracic spinal cord. Neurons were retrogradely labeled in the C1, A5, A7 catecholaminergic cell groups and several other nuclei of the ventrolateral and ventromedial medulla, the periaqueductal gray matter, the paraventricular and other hypothalamic nuclei, and in the insular and piriform cortex. Nerve transections and double-virus tracing from the bone marrow and the surrounding muscles were used to confirm the specific spreading of the virus. These results provide anatomical evidence for the CNS control of the bone marrow and identify putative brain areas, which are involved in autonomic regulation of the hematopoiesis, the release of progenitor cells, the blood supply and the immune cell function in the bone marrow.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.060}, institution = {Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony u. 43, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary.}, keywords = {Animals; Bone Marrow, physiology/virology; Central Nervous System, cytology/metabolism/virology; Glycoside Hydrolases, metabolism; Green Fluorescent Proteins, metabolism; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism/virology; Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Time Factors; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(05)00311-8}, pmid = {15994021}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.060}, } @Article{Deng:2006a, author = {Deng, Jin-Bo and Yu, Dong-Ming and Li, Ming-Shan}, title = {Formation of the entorhino-hippocampal pathway: a tracing study in vitro and in vivo.}, journal = {Neurosci Bull}, year = {2006}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {305--314}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Objective The entorhino-hippocampal pathway is the major excitatory input from neurons of the entorhinal cortex on both ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus/dentate gyrus. This fiber tract consists of the alvear path, the perforant path and a crossed commissural projection. In this study, the histogenesis and development of the various subsets of the entorhino-hippocampal projection have been investigated. Methods DiI, DiO and fast blue tracing as well as anti-calretinin immunocytochemistry were carried out with prenatal and postnatal rats at different ages. Results The alvear path and the commissural pathway started to develop as early as embryonic day (E) 16, while the first perforant afferents reached the stratum lacunosum-moleculare of the hippocampus at E17 and the outer molecular layer of dentate gyrus at postnatal day (P) 2, respectively. Retrograde tracing with DiI identified entorhinal neurons in layer II to IV as the origin of entorhino-hippocampal pathway. Furthermore, anti-calretinin immunocytochemistry revealed transitory Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare of the hippocampus from as early as E16. DiI labeling of entorhinal cortex fibers and combined calretinin-immunocytochemistry showed a close association between CR cells and entorhinal afferents. Conclusion The subsets of entorhino-hippocampal pathway appear in the developmental hippocampus during E16-P2. The temporal and spatial relationship between CR cell and perforant afferent suggests the role of this cell type as a guiding cue for entorhinal afferents at early cortical development.}, institution = {Institute of Neurobiology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; E-mail: jinbo_deng@henu.edu.cn.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {17690715}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deng:2007a, author = {Deng, Y. P. and Xie, J. P. and Wang, H. B. and Lei, W. L. and Chen, Q. and Reiner, A.}, title = {Differential localization of the GluR1 and GluR2 subunits of the AMPA-type glutamate receptor among striatal neuron types in rats.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {2007}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {167--192}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Differences among the various striatal projection neuron and interneuron types in cortical input, function, and vulnerability to degenerative insults may be related to differences among them in AMPA-type glutamate receptor abundance and subunit configuration. We therefore used immunolabeling to assess the frequency and abundance of GluR1 and GluR2, the most common AMPA subunits in striatum, in the main striatal neuron types. All neurons projecting to the external pallidum (GPe), internal pallidum (GPi) or substantia nigra, as identified by retrograde labeling, possessed perikaryal GluR2, while GluR1 was more common in striato-GPe than striato-GPi perikarya. The frequency and intensity of immunostaining indicated the rank order of their perikaryal GluR1:GluR2 ratio to be striato-GPe>striatonigral>striato-GPi. Ultrastructural studies suggested a differential localization of GluR1 and GluR2 to striatal projection neuron dendritic spines as well, with GluR1 seemingly more common in striato-GPe spines and GluR2 more common in striato-GPi and/or striatonigral spines. Comparisons among projection neurons and interneurons revealed GluR1 to be most common and abundant in parvalbuminergic interneurons, and GluR2 most common and abundant in projection neurons, with the rank order for the GluR1:GluR2 ratio being parvalbuminergic interneurons>calretinergic interneurons>cholinergic interneurons>projection neurons>somatostatinergic interneurons. Striosomal projection neurons had a higher GluR1:GluR2 ratio than did matrix projection neurons. The abundance of both GluR1 and GluR2 in striatal parvalbuminergic interneurons and projection neurons is consistent with their prominent cortical input and susceptibility to excitotoxic insult, while differences in GluR1:GluR2 ratio among projection neurons are likely to yield differences in Ca(2+) permeability, desensitization, and single channel current, which may contribute to differences among them in plasticity, synaptic integration, and excitotoxic vulnerability. The apparent association of the GluR1 subunit with synaptic plasticity, in particular, suggests striato-GPe neuron spines as a particular site of corticostriatal synaptic plasticity, presumably associated with motor learning.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.02.008}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, metabolism; Animals; Calcium Signaling, physiology; Calcium-Binding Proteins, metabolism; Corpus Striatum, metabolism/ultrastructure; Dendritic Spines, metabolism/ultrastructure; Entopeduncular Nucleus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Globus Pallidus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Interneurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Neostriatum, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA, metabolism; Somatostatin, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0891-0618(07)00046-4}, pmid = {17446041}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.02.008}, } @Article{Deng:2006, author = {Yun-Ping Deng and Wan-Long Lei and Anton Reiner}, title = {Differential perikaryal localization in rats of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors on striatal projection neuron types identified by retrograde labeling.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {2006}, volume = {32}, number = {2-4}, pages = {101--116}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The localization of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors to striatal projection neuron types has been controversial, with some data favoring segregation of D1 to direct pathway neurons (substance P-containing) and D2 to indirect pathway neurons (enkephalinergic), and others reporting significant colocalization of D1 and D2 on individual projection neuron types. In the present study, we used subtype-specific antibodies against D1 and D2 and confocal laser scanning microscopy to determine their perikaryal localization in striatum in general, and in direct and indirect pathway neuron perikarya defined by retrograde labeling in particular. We found that D1 in rat was detectable on 49.5\% of NeuN-immunolabeled striatal perikarya, and D2 on 61.6\% of NeuN-immunolabeled perikarya, implying that at least 15-20\% of D1+ neurons must possess D2 and vice versa. Secondly, we retrogradely labeled neuronal perikarya from the external globus pallidus (GPe), internal globus pallidus (GPi) or substantia nigra with rhodamine dextran amine 3 kDa (RDA3k). We found that 92\% of perikarya labeled from nigra and 96\% of perikarya labeled from GPi immunolabeled for D1, but only 23\% of perikarya labeled from GPe immunolabeled for D1. Since direct pathway neurons (striato-nigral and striato-GPi) have a collateral projection to GPe, it is possible that many of the D1+ striatal perikarya retrogradely labeled from GPe were direct pathway neurons. About 96\% of perikarya retrogradely labeled from GPe were immunolabeled for D2, while about 40\% of those retrogradely labeled from GPi and 44\% of those retrogradely labeled from nigra immunolabeled for D2. These findings suggest that: (1) while many striato-GPi/SN neurons possess D1 and D2, the majority mainly or exclusively possess D1 and (2) the vast majority of striato-GPe neurons mainly or exclusively possess D2.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jchemneu.2006.07.001}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Ave., Memphis, TN 38163, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, cytology/metabolism; Dopamine, metabolism; Efferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Globus Pallidus, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Nuclear Proteins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Dopamine D1, metabolism; Receptors, Dopamine D2, metabolism; Substantia Nigra, cytology/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0891-0618(06)00057-3}, pmid = {16914290}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2006.07.001}, } @Article{Deniau:1992b, author = {J. M. Deniau and G. Chevalier}, title = {The lamellar organization of the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata: distribution of projection neurons.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1992}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, pages = {361--377}, abstract = {As a major output station of the basal ganglia, the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra has stimulated much interest. In the past two decades there has been a growing body of evidence for a partition of this structure into separate channels to express the striatal processing. To further our knowledge on the functional partitioning of the rodent substantia nigra pars reticulata, the regional distribution of the nigral efferent cell groups that provide innervation of thalamus, colliculus and tegmentum has been detailed in rat using the wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase as an axonal tracer. To ensure a total visualization of the nigral efferent neurons we have, in a preliminary study, determined the total extent of the nigral terminal field in each of the nigral target structures using the anterograde transport of wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. At variance with the classical view that nigral cells innervating distinct target structures form functionally distinct subnuclei, the results suggest a nigral compartmentation that rather relies upon specific associations of efferent cell groups. As disclosed, these associations are specified by topographic rules and spatially ordered in a series of curved laminae enveloping an excentrated dorsolateral core. In this onion-like model of the substantia nigra pars reticulata, each lamella defines an associative unit composed of a set of neurons innervating particular loci of thalamus, colliculus and/or tegmentum. This lamellar partitioning bestows the ability upon the substantia nigra to dispatch the striatal outflow via parallel and divergent channels to functionally associated target areas in thalamus and brainstem.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(92)90058-a}, institution = {Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Département des Neurosciences de la Vision, Institut des Neurosciences, U.A. 1199, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, physiology; Oculomotor Nerve, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, cytology; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, cytology; Thalamus, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(92)90058-A}, pmid = {1542412}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deniau:1992, author = {J. M. Deniau and H. Kita and S. T. Kitai}, title = {Patterns of termination of cerebellar and basal ganglia efferents in the rat thalamus. Strictly segregated and partly overlapping projections.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1992}, volume = {144}, number = {1-2}, pages = {202--206}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {There is a widely held view that the cerebellum and basal ganglia act via separate subcortical channels. In rodent, however, electrophysiological evidence suggests that the output of these two systems is partly sent to a common set of thalamic neurons. In this study, the pattern of thalamic innervations provided by the deep cerebellar nuclei, the entopeduncular nucleus, and the substantia nigra pars reticulata was reinvestigated in the rat using the anterograde tracers Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin. Although the results confirm the existence of some overlap in the cerebellar and basal ganglia projection fields, they also show that in such convergent areas the cerebellar innervation is modest and consists of sparsely distributed fibers of thin diameter that provide a few scattered terminal boutons. These observations are consistent with the view that, in rodent as in higher mammalian species, the cerebellum and the basal ganglia act mainly via distinct thalamo- cortical channels.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(92)90750-2}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163.}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, cytology; Cerebellum, cytology; Efferent Pathways, cytology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neurons, Efferent, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus, cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1279485}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deniau:1996, author = {J. M. Deniau and A. Menetrey and S. Charpier}, title = {The lamellar organization of the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata: segregated patterns of striatal afferents and relationship to the topography of corticostriatal projections.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1996}, volume = {73}, number = {3}, pages = {761--781}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The striatonigral pathway provides one of the most direct routes for information flow through the basal ganglia system. Via this pathway information from sensory, motor and associative areas of the cerebral cortex are routed to a variety of thalamocortical and brainstem networks involved in the organization of motor behaviour. In a previous analysis of the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata we have shown that the nigral cells which project to thalamus, tectum and tegmentum are topographically ordered along a series of curved laminae. Extending these observations, the present study examined how striatal regions related to particular areas of the cerebral cortex innervate the lamellar keyboard of nigral output neurons. For this purpose, small microiontophoretic injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase were performed in the striatum and the distribution of retrogradely-labelled cells in the cerebral cortex and anterogradely-labelled axons in the substantia nigra were conjointly examined. The results indicate that with the exception of the striatal region related to the allocortex, all the various components of the striatal functional mosaic are represented in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. This representation is organized under the form of longitudinal bands which compose a series of curved laminae enveloping a core located dorsolaterally in the substantia nigra. The striatal mapping in substantia nigra pars reticulata is such that the projections of the auditory and visual compartments are confined to the most ventral lamina. More dorsally, an ordered representation of the body is achieved by the nigral lamination. The oral and perioral body parts are centred on the dorsolateral core and the more distal parts of the face and limbs are progressively set out in more peripheral laminae. In the region affiliated to the prefrontal cortex, the dorsal cingulate district innervate a ventromedial lamina, the prelimbic/insular district lie dorsal to it. Projections from lateral orbital and insular compartments extend laterally along the dorsal margin of the pars reticulata. Since the "onion-like" distribution of striatal inputs is precisely the form observed in the distribution of nigral efferent neurons, the present observations favour the view that the nigral lamination underlies formation of specific input-output channels of processing. Evidence is considered that these channels are specialized for particular classes of movements or behaviours and integrate the various information relevant to the completion of these movements or behaviours.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(96)00088-7}, institution = {Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Département de Neurochimie-Anatomie, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Histocytochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(96)00088-7}, pmid = {8809796}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deniau:1994, author = {J. M. Deniau and A. Menetrey and A. M. Thierry}, title = {Indirect nucleus accumbens input to the prefrontal cortex via the substantia nigra pars reticulata: a combined anatomical and electrophysiological study in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1994}, volume = {61}, number = {3}, pages = {533--545}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The nucleus accumbens is a major component of the ventral striatum through which most of the limbic affiliated cortical areas gain access to the basal ganglia circuitry. In this study, the organization of the pathways linking the nucleus accumbens to the thalamus, via the substantia nigra pars reticulata, was examined in the rat using anatomical and electrophysiological methods. Use of anterograde and retrograde transport of wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase has established that the core of the nucleus accumbens innervates a dorsal region of the substantia nigra pars reticulata which projects to subfields of the mediodorsal and ventral medial thalamic nuclei. These subfields consist of the rostral pole of the mediodorsal nucleus with the exception of its central segment and a region of the ventral medial nucleus, medial to the mammillothalamic tract. Confirming the existence of a nucleus accumbens nigrothalamic link, we have observed that electrical or chemical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens induces an inhibition of the spontaneous discharges of the nigral cells which project to the mediodorsal and ventral medial thalamic nuclei. Finally, the cortical projections of the thalamic subfields involved in the nucleus accumbens nigrothalamic circuit were determined using the anterograde and retrograde axonal transport of wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. These subfields innervate mainly the prelimbic and to a lesser degree the orbital areas of the prefrontal cortex. The present data show that the substantia nigra pars reticulata is a major link between the core of the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex and provide further evidence for the concept of a parallel architecture in the basal ganglia thalamocortical circuits of the ventral striatum.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(94)90432-4}, institution = {ance.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Electrophysiology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Conduction, physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(94)90432-4}, pmid = {7526269}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dennison:1981, author = {S. J. Dennison and B. L. O'Connor and M. H. Aprison and V. E. Merritt and D. L. Felten}, title = {Viscerotopic localization of preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies of origin of the anterior and posterior subdiaphragmatic vagus nerves.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1981}, volume = {197}, number = {2}, pages = {259--269}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Utilizing the retrograde HRP transport method, fibers from anterior and posterior subdiaphragmatic branches of the vagus nerve in the rat were traced to their cells of origin in the brainstem. Efferents to the gut supplied by the subdiaphragmatic vagus nerves derive from cell bodies organized in a viscerotopic, spindle-shaped longitudinal cell column throughout the longitudinal extent of the classically described dorsal nucleus of the vagus (DNV) and in regions of nucleus commissuralis (NC), caudal to the DNV. This entire longitudinal group of cells is called the DNV cell column. In the caudal one third of the DNV cell column, the cell bodies were found in the midline and paramedian posterior portion of the NC, and in the anterior portion of the caudal DNV, in a horizontally oriented cluster of cells when viewed in cross section. In the middle one third of the DNV cell column, the cell bodies moved laterally, but still maintained their anterior position in the nucleus. In the rostral one third of the cell column, the cell bodies were located at the lateral margin of the DNV. A few scattered cell bodies extended caudally from the DNV cell column into the dorsal region of lamina X of spinal cord, and reached as far caudal as the C5-C6 segments. The anterior subdiaphragmatic branch of the vagus contained axons whose cell bodies were mainly but not exclusively located in the ipsilateral (left) side of the medulla, while the posterior subdiaphragmatic branch of the vagus contained axons whose cell bodies were found bilaterally in the medulla, with a majority (approx. 60\%) located on the ipsilateral (right) side, and approximately 40\% located on the contralateral (left) side.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901970207}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, anatomy /&/ histology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7276235}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901970207}, } @Article{Dergacheva:2005, author = {Dergacheva, Olga and Wang, Xin and Huang, Zheng-Gui and Bouairi, Evguenia and Stephens, Christopher and Gorini, Chistopher and Mendelowitz, David}, title = {Hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) facilitates inhibitory and diminishes excitatory synaptic pathways to cardiac vagal neurons in the nucleus ambiguus.}, journal = {J Pharmacol Exp Ther}, year = {2005}, volume = {314}, number = {3}, pages = {1322--1327}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Hypocretin-1 is a neuropeptide recently shown to be involved in autonomic regulation. Hypocretin-1 is expressed by hypothalamic neurons, which project to many regions of the central nervous system, including the nucleus ambiguus. One possible site of action of hypocretin-1 could be cardioinhibitory parasympathetic vagal neurons within the nucleus ambiguus. This study examines whether hypocretin-1 modulates inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic currents in cardiac vagal neurons in the rat nucleus ambiguus. GABAergic, glycinergic, and glutamatergic activity to cardiac vagal neurons was examined using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in an in vitro brain slice preparation. Hypocretin-1 (1 microM) produced a significant increase in the frequency and amplitude of both GABAergic and glycinergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents and a significant decrease in the frequency of glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents. Application of tetrodotoxin (0.5 microM) blocked all of the responses to hypocretin-1, indicating the changes in neurotransmission with hypocretin-1 do not occur at presynaptic terminals but rather occur at the preceding GABAergic, glycinergic, and glutamatergic neurons that project to cardiac vagal neurons. The increase in GABAergic and glycinergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents, and the decrease in glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents, could be mechanisms by which hypocretin-1 affects heart rate and cardiac function.}, doi = {10.1124/jpet.105.086421}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, drug effects; Animals; Heart, innervation; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, pharmacology; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Neural Inhibition, drug effects; Neuropeptides, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects; Vagus Nerve, drug effects/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, secretion}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {jpet.105.086421}, pmid = {15947034}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.105.086421}, } @Article{Dering:1998, author = {Dering, M. A. and Santer, R. M. and Watson, A. H.}, title = {Age-related changes in the morphology of preganglionic neurons projecting to the paracervical ganglion of nulliparous and multiparous rats.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {780}, number = {2}, pages = {245--252}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate age-related changes in preganglionic neurons in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord of the female rat that may underlie impaired control of the urogenital system in old age. Preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons of young adult, aged nulliparous and aged multiparous rats were identified by retrograde tracing with cholera toxin subunit-B and subsequent immunocytochemistry. Labeled preganglionic neurons were scanned, processed and analyzed using the confocal microscope. Measurements were made of soma area, number of primary dendrites, number of dendritic branch points and total dendritic length. There were significant decreases in the number of primary dendrites, number of dendritic branch points and total dendritic length of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in both nulliparous and multiparous aged rats compared to the young adult group. No significant differences were found in the dendritic morphology of aged parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. Soma area was not significantly different between age groups for sympathetic or parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. These changes in dendritic morphology may result in altered control of the lower urogenital tract in aged nulliparous and multiparous female rats.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01199-2}, institution = {Anatomy Unit, School of Molecular and Medical Biosciences, University of Wales Cardiff, UK.}, keywords = {Aging, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Cell Size; Cholera Toxin; Dendrites; Female; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, cytology; Ganglia, Sympathetic, cytology; Microscopy, Confocal; Neural Pathways; Neurons, cytology/ultrastructure; Pelvis, innervation; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal, physiology; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(97)01199-2}, pmid = {9507153}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Derouiche:1994, author = {A. Derouiche and M. Berry and J. Sievers}, title = {Regeneration of axons into the trochlear rootlet after anterior medullary lesions in the rat is specific for ipsilateral IVth nerve motoneurones.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1994}, volume = {341}, number = {3}, pages = {340-350}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The fibre projection from the IVth nerve nucleus to the superior oblique muscle was determined quantitatively in the normal rat by defining fibre numbers in transverse sections of the IVth nerve, and neurone numbers after retrograde labelling by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection into the muscle. There were 183 +/- 27 (S.E.) labelled neurones in the nucleus contralateral to the injected muscle and only 2 +/- 1 ipsilateral. The ipsilateral fibre number was 234 +/- 7 and the cell/axon ratio 0.8 +/- 0.1. Extensive analysis of all HRP retrogradely labelled material revealed no central fibre contribution to the IVth nerve other than from neurones resident in the trochlear nucleus. The central portion of the trochlear nerve tract was severed at its point of decussation in the anterior medullary velum. Ninety days after lesion, 10 +/- 4 (6\% of control) neurones were labelled in the ipsilateral trochlear nucleus; none were labelled in the contralateral nucleus or in any other part of the midbrain, pons, medulla, or cerebellum. The number of myelinated fibres in the IVth nerve had decreased to 21 +/- 5 (9\% of control) so that the cell/axon ratio was 0.4 +/- 0.2, thus suggesting that a single motoneurone has more fibres after lesion. In electron micrographs of the IVth nerve, larger than normal numbers of unmyelinated fibres were seen. Many myelinated fibres displayed signs of abnormal myelination. After regeneration, the projection was exclusively ipsilateral and not crossed as in the normal. These findings establish that there is a high degree of specificity after regeneration since no myelinated central nervous system axons other than trochlear fibres select the IVth nerve root as a trajectory over which to regenerate.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903410305}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Frankfurt/M, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Microscopy, Electron; Motor Neurons, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Muscles, innervation; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Nerve Regeneration; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Trochlear Nerve, physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7515080}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903410305}, } @Article{Desbois:1999, author = {C. Desbois and D. Le Bars and L. Villanueva}, title = {Organization of cortical projections to the medullary subnucleus reticularis dorsalis: a retrograde and anterograde tracing study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {410}, number = {2}, pages = {178--196}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The distribution and organization of cortical projections to the subnucleus reticularis dorsalis (SRD), the neighboring cuneate nucleus (Cu), and trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5C) were studied in the rat using microinjections of wheat germ agglutinin-apo horseradish peroxidase-gold and Biotin-Dextran. Cortical cells projecting to the caudal medulla were confined to the contralateral layer V with their descending axons crossing the midline at the level of pyramidal decussation. Cortical afferents to Sp5C originated from cells located mainly in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and the insular cortex, whereas cortical projections to the Cu originated mainly from the primary motor cortex (M1), the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex (S1 and S2). The SRD received dense cortical afferents from larger, widespread cortical areas: M1, M2, S1, S2, and the insular cortex. The existence of dense cortico-SRD connections supports the possibility of a pyramidal influence over SRD neurons, which might modify nociceptive information ascending to the cortex itself. This proposal is consistent with the fact that SRD efferents terminate densely in thalamic areas that influence sensorimotor cortical regions which in turn project to the SRD. Moreover, these corticofugal mechanisms could allow the cortex to select its own input by suppressing or augmenting transmission of signals through SRD-hindbrain/forebrain pathways or by coordinating activities in spino-SRD-spinal circuits and thus selecting the relevant information produced by the noxious stimulus.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990726)410:2<178::aid-cne2>3.0.co;2-f}, institution = {INSERM U-161, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Dextrans, pharmacokinetics; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Reticular Formation, cytology/metabolism; Thalamus, cytology/metabolism; Trigeminal Nerve, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, pharmacokinetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-F}, pmid = {10414526}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Desbois:2001, author = {C. Desbois and L. Villanueva}, title = {The organization of lateral ventromedial thalamic connections in the rat: a link for the distribution of nociceptive signals to widespread cortical regions.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2001}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, pages = {885--898}, abstract = {We have used several anatomical tracing techniques to study the organization of the lateral ventromedial thalamic nucleus in the rat, a region that is selectively activated by cutaneous nociceptive inputs from any part of the body. The lateral ventromedial thalamic projections are organized as a widespread dense band covering mainly layer I of the dorsolateral anterior-most aspect of the cortex. This band diminishes progressively as one moves caudally, disappearing completely at 1mm caudal to bregma level. These widespread projections contrast with the circumscribed projections to the deep layers of the primary somatosensory and insular cortices from the adjacent ventral posteromedial and ventroposterior parvicellular thalamic regions, respectively. Injections into the lateral part of the ventromedial thalamic nucleus of an anterograde/retrograde tracer showed that the cortical layer I areas showing the densest projections from this thalamic region also contain the greatest number of retrogradely labeled cells in cortical layers V and VI. The same injections retrogradely labeled numerous cells which were confined to the dorsal subnucleus reticularis dorsalis in an area that contains a concentration of neurons with widespread nociceptive convergence. Finally, the lateral part of the ventromedial thalamic nucleus was also differentially labeled following a topical application of tetramethylrhodamine-labeled dextran on the dorsolateral anterior cortex. These findings suggest that lateral ventromedial thalamic neurons could be part of a spino-reticulo-thalamo-cortical network that allows signals of pain from any part of the body surface to spread across widespread cortical areas.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00537-6}, institution = {INSERM, U-161, 2, Rue d'Alésia, 75014, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Microinjections; Motor Cortex, cytology; Nociceptors, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Posterior Horn Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, cytology; Rhodamines; Subthalamic Nucleus, cytology; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(00)00537-6}, pmid = {11182250}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Descarries:1986, author = {L. Descarries and F. Berthelet and S. Garcia and A. Beaudet}, title = {Dopaminergic projection from nucleus raphe dorsalis to neostriatum in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1986}, volume = {249}, number = {4}, pages = {511--20, 484-5}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The existence of a dopamine (DA) projection from nucleus raphe dorsalis (RD) to neostriatum was demonstrated in the rat by combined tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry and radioautography after retrograde axonal transport of [3H]noradrenaline ([3H]NA). Intrastriatal injections of [3H]NA were carried out in normal rats or after ipsilateral destruction of the nigrostriatal DA system by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the substantia nigra. Some 1,000 TH-positive nerve cell bodies were counted within the confines of RD as defined by its content in serotonin (5-HT) neurons. These DA neurons occupied the upper third of the RD and they were part of its small cell population. In all cases, a small proportion of the TH-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies in RD were retrogradely radiolabeled. Radiolabeled but immunonegative cells were exceedingly rare. The double-labeled neurons were generally more numerous after elimination of the nigrostriatal DA innervation than in normal rats. They mostly lay within the ventral portion of the medial subdivision of RD and always predominated on the [3H]NA- injected side. Some were also present in nucleus linearis caudalis. It was concluded that [3H]NA had been taken up and retrogradely transported exclusively by catecholamine neurons; part of the DA cell group in RD projects to the neostriatum; and that most if not all non-5-HT neurons projecting from RD to neostriatum are likely to be dopaminergic.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902490407}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Cell Count; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Dopamine, physiology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Norepinephrine, analysis; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2427554}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deschenes:1996a, author = {M. Deschênes and J. Bourassa and V. D. Doan and A. Parent}, title = {A single-cell study of the axonal projections arising from the posterior intralaminar thalamic nuclei in the rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1996}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {329--343}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Thalamostriatal projections arising from the posterior intralaminar nuclei (P1; the parafascicular nucleus and the adjacent caudalmost part of the posterior thalamic group) were studied in rats by tracing the axons of small pools of neurons labelled anterogradely with biocytin. Thirteen P1 cells were also stained by juxta cellular application of the tracer. Relay cells of P1 nuclei have a morphology that differs radically from the classical descriptions of the bushy cells which represent the main neuronal type of the sensory thalamic relay nuclei. P1 cells have ovoid or polygonal somata of approximately 20-25 microm, from which emerge four or five thick, long and poorly branched dendrites bearing spines and filamentous appendages; their dendritic domains extend for up to 1.5 mm. Before leaving the nucleus 20\% of axons give off collaterals that ramify locally. All axons course through the thalamic reticular nucleus, where they also distribute collaterals, and arborize massively in the striatum and sparsely in the cerebral cortex. At the striatal level four or five collaterals leave the main axon and terminate in patches scattered dorsoventrally within a rostrocaudally oriented slab. As revealed by calbindin D-28k immunohistochemistry, only the matrix compartment receives terminations from P1 axons. The cortical branch form small terminal puffs centred upon layer VI of the motor cortex. Before entering the striatum some axons of the parafascicular nucleus give rise to descending collaterals that arborize in the entopeduncular nucleus, in the subthalamic nucleus and in the vicinity of the red nucleus. Other axons arising from the caudal part of the posterior group send descending branches only to the entopeduncular nucleus. These findings show that P1 cells belong to a distinct category of thalamic relay neurons which, beside their massive projection to the striatum, also distribute collaterals to other components of the basal ganglia. Moreover, these results provide the first direct evidence that virtually all P1 cells project to both striatum and cerebral cortex. Finally, it is proposed on the basis of morphological, histochemical and hodological criteria that the caudal part of the posterior thalamic group in the rat is homologous to the suprageniculate-limitans nuclei of cats and primates.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01217.x}, institution = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Université Laval, 1401, 18ème rue, Québec, Canada G1J 1Z4.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Cats, anatomy /&/ histology; Coloring Agents, diagnostic use; Corpus Striatum, cytology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Motor Cortex, cytology; Neuronal Plasticity; Primates, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8714704}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deschenes:1996, author = {M. Deschenes and J. Bourassa and A. Parent}, title = {Striatal and cortical projections of single neurons from the central lateral thalamic nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1996}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, pages = {679--687}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Striatal and cortical projections arising from the central lateral thalamic nucleus were studied in rats by tracing the axons of small pools of neurons labeled anterogradely with biocytin. Cells of the central lateral nucleus have a morphology that conforms to the classic descriptions of the bushy cells which represent the main neuronal type of most thalamic nuclei. They display many short radiating dendrites studded with sessile spines, protrusions and grapelike appendages. The total extent of their dendritic fields is about 250 mu m. After leaving the nucleus, all central lateral axons course through the rostrolateral pole of the thalamic reticular nucleus, where they branch profusely, enter the striatum, where they distribute collaterals, and arborize in the motor cortex. At striatal level, central lateral fibers form a loosely organized network composed of varicose axonal branches that appear to contact en passant several striatal neurons. In the cortex. central lateral axons from multiple (four to five patches of terminations in layers Va and III aligned along the rostrocaudal extent of the motor area. The projection to layers I and II is very sparse, consisting of occasional branches which show few ramifications. Our results indicate that most, and perhaps all, central lateral relay neurons project to both the striatum and cerebral cortex. The patchy innervation of mid cortical layers of the frontal motor areas by central lateral afferents strongly argues against the nonspecific character of this projection. It is proposed that the central lateral nucleus, which receives a strong innervation from brainstem cholinergic afferents, takes part in a mechanism of attention related to the central initiation of directed patterns of movements.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(96)00001-2}, institution = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hospital de l'Enfant-Jesus, Universite Laval, Quebec City, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(96)00001-2}, pmid = {9157314}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deschenes:1995, author = {M. Deschênes and J. Bourassa and A. Parent}, title = {Two different types of thalamic fibers innervate the rat striatum.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {701}, number = {1-2}, pages = {288--292}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Thalamostriatal projections were studied in rats by tracing the axons of small pools of thalamic neurons labeled anterogradely with biocytin. Single-cell mapping of these projections revealed two types of thalamostriatal fibers. The first type arises from the bushy relay cells of the central lateral and associative thalamic nuclei which arborize sparsely in the striatum by means of long varicose axon collaterals. The second type of fiber arises from large, reticular-like, relay cells located in the parafascicular and ethmoid nuclei. These latter fibers form dense clusters of terminations within the striatum and they also send branches to other components of the basal ganglia. These different morphological features suggest that the two types of fibers subserve different functions.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)01124-3}, institution = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Histocytochemistry; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Neostriatum, cytology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stereotaxic Techniques; Thalamus, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(95)01124-3}, pmid = {8925293}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deschenes:1994, author = {Deschênes, M. and Bourassa, J. and Pinault, D.}, title = {Corticothalamic projections from layer V cells in rat are collaterals of long-range corticofugal axons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1994}, volume = {664}, number = {1-2}, pages = {215--219}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The vast majority of corticothalamic (CT) axons projecting to sensory-specific thalamic nuclei arise from layer VI cells but intralaminar and associative thalamic nuclei also receive, to various degrees, a cortical input from layer V pyramidal cells. It is also well established that all long-range corticofugal projections reaching the brainstem and spinal cord arise exclusively from layer V neurons. These observations raise the possibility that the CT input from layer V cells may be collaterals of those long-range axons projecting below thalamic level. The thalamic projections of layer V cells were mapped at a single cell level following small microiontophoretic injections of biocytin performed in the motor, somatosensory and visual cortices in rats. Camera lucida reconstruction of these CT axons revealed that they are all collaterals of long-range corticofugal axons. These collaterals do not give off axonal branches within the thalamic reticular nucleus and they arborize exclusively within intralaminar and associative thalamic nuclei where they from small clusters of varicose endings. As layer V cells are involved in motor commands everywhere in the neocortex, these CT projections and their thalamic targets should be directly involved in the central organization of motor programs.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)91974-7}, institution = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Female; Iontophoresis; Lysine, administration /&/ dosage/analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Micromanipulation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(94)91974-7}, pmid = {7895031}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deschenes:1998, author = {M. Deschênes and P. Veinante and Z. W. Zhang}, title = {The organization of corticothalamic projections: reciprocity versus parity.}, journal = {Brain Res Brain Res Rev}, year = {1998}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {286--308}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {All neocortical areas receive inputs from and project back to the thalamus. It is often said that the corticothalamic projections are organized in a way that reciprocates the spatial distribution of thalamocortical pathways. The present review examines to what extent this rule of reciprocity is actually supported by the most recent neuroanatomical data, particularly those relating to the central organization of the vibrissal sensory system in the rat. A critical survey of previous studies is made and new results are presented concerning the fine-grained organization of corticothalamic projections in this sensory system. Together, prior results and the present set of new data confirm the existence of both, reciprocal and nonreciprocal patterns of corticothalamic connectivity. This conclusion leads us to propose that the spatial organization of corticothalamic connections complies with a more fundamental rule, the rule of parity, from which reciprocity follows as a general, but not obligatory consequence. The rule of parity states that the distribution of corticothalamic projections across and within the thalamic nuclei is determined by the branching patterns of the different classes of prethalamic afferents. The anatomical, developmental and physiological consequences of this rule are discussed. The rule of parity suggests that, according to the behavioral context, both prethalamic and corticothalamic pathways may function in a feedback mode.}, doi = {10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00017-4}, institution = {Centre de Recherche Université Laval-Robert Giffard, Hôpital Robert Giffard, 2601 de la Canardière, Beauport, Québec, Canada. martind@microtec.net}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Humans; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165017398000174}, pmid = {9858751}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Desilets-Roy:2002, author = {Barthélémy Desîlets-Roy and Caroline Varga and Philippe Lavallée and Martin Deschênes}, title = {Substrate for cross-talk inhibition between thalamic barreloids.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2002}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {RC218}, month = {May}, abstract = {A double-labeling protocol was used to determine whether thalamocortical and reticular thalamic cells with overlapping receptive fields form open or closed loop connections in the vibrissal system of the rat. Results show that individual reticular cells exclusively project to the barreloid representing the principal whisker of their receptive field. Furthermore, solid retrograde labeling of relay cells reveals that a large number extend dendrites outside their home barreloid. This feature, together with previous demonstrations that reticular thalamic axons principally contact the dendrites of relay cells, provide a morphological substrate for cross-talk inhibition between thalamic barreloids.}, doi = {20026338}, institution = {Centre de Recherche, Université Laval-Robert Giffard, Hôpital Robert-Giffard, Québec G1J 2G3, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/physiology; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Nerve Net, cytology/physiology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Thalamus, cytology/physiology; Vibrissae, innervation/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {20026338}, pmid = {11978859}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/20026338}, } @Article{Desmond:1994, author = {Desmond, N. L. and Scott, C. A. and Jane, Jr, JA and Levy, W. B.}, title = {Ultrastructural identification of entorhinal cortical synapses in CA1 stratum lacunosum-moleculare of the rat.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {1994}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {594--600}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The goal of the present study was to identify and characterize, at the electron microscopic level, the synapses formed by entorhinal cortical (EC) axons in the hippocampal CA1 stratum lacunosum-moleculare of the adult rat. Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin was ionotophoresed at various loci throughout the mediolateral and dorsoventral extent of the EC to label EC-CA1 synapses. Virtually all labeled synapses were asymmetric and axospinous. EC axons did not preferentially synapse with any particular type of dendritic spine; rather, EC axons formed synapses with the range of dendritic spine morphologies observed in CA1 s. lacunosum-moleculare. Spines with either perforated or nonperforated postsynaptic densities were contacted by EC axons. Occasionally both a labeled and an unlabeled axon synapsed on a single dendritic spine head. The data are discussed in relation to the morphology of other afferent systems synapsing in s. lacunosum-moleculare and to the physiology of the EC-CA1 system.}, doi = {10.1002/hipo.450040509}, institution = {Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Entorhinal Cortex, ultrastructure; Hippocampus, ultrastructure; Male; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7534172}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450040509}, } @Article{Dessem:2011, author = {Dessem, Dean}, title = {Physiological, morphological and neurochemical characterization of neurons modulated by movement.}, journal = {J Vis Exp}, year = {2011}, number = {50}, abstract = {The role of individual neurons and their function in neuronal circuits is fundamental to understanding the neuronal mechanisms of sensory and motor functions. Most investigations of sensorimotor mechanisms rely on either examination of neurons while an animal is static or record extracellular neuronal activity during a movement. While these studies have provided the fundamental background for sensorimotor function, they either do not evaluate functional information which occurs during a movement or are limited in their ability to fully characterize the anatomy, physiology and neurochemical phenotype of the neuron. A technique is shown here which allows extensive characterization of individual neurons during an in vivo movement. This technique can be used not only to study primary afferent neurons but also to characterize motoneurons and sensorimotor interneurons. Initially the response of a single neuron is recorded using electrophysiological methods during various movements of the mandible followed by determination of the receptive field for the neuron. A neuronal tracer is then intracellularly injected into the neuron and the brain is processed so that the neuron can be visualized with light, electron or confocal microscopy (Fig. 1). The detailed morphology of the characterized neuron is then reconstructed so that neuronal morphology can be correlated with the physiological response of the neuron (Figs. 2,3). In this communication important key details and tips for successful implementation of this technique are provided. Valuable additional information can be determined for the neuron under study by combining this method with other techniques. Retrograde neuronal labeling can be used to determine neurons with which the labeled neuron synapses; thus allowing detailed determination of neuronal circuitry. Immunocytochemistry can be combined with this method to examine neurotransmitters within the labeled neuron and to determine the chemical phenotypes of neurons with which the labeled neuron synapses. The labeled neuron can also be processed for electron microscopy to determine the ultrastructural features and microcircuitry of the labeled neuron. Overall this technique is a powerful method to thoroughly characterize neurons during in vivo movement thus allowing substantial insight into the role of the neuron in sensorimotor function.}, doi = {10.3791/2650}, institution = {Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland, USA. ddessem@umaryland.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Movement, physiology; Neurochemistry, methods; Neurons, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Rats; Synapses, chemistry/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {epublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {2650}, pmid = {21540820}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3791/2650}, } @Article{Dessem:1999, author = {D. Dessem and P. Luo}, title = {Jaw-muscle spindle afferent feedback to the cervical spinal cord in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {128}, number = {4}, pages = {451--459}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Putative synaptic contacts between masticatory-muscle spindle afferents and brainstem neurons which project to the cervical spinal cord were studied in rats by combining retrograde and intracellular neuronal labeling. Spinal cord projecting neurons were retrogradely labeled via injection of horseradish peroxidase unilaterally or bilaterally into cervical spinal cord segments C2 through C5. Twenty-four hours after the injection of horseradish peroxidase, one to five jaw-muscle spindle afferent axons were physiologically identified and intracellularly stained with biotinamide on each side of the brainstem. Horseradish-peroxidase-labeled neurons were found bilaterally in the supratrigeminal region, trigeminal principal sensory nucleus, parvicellular reticular nucleus including its alpha division, spinal trigeminal subnuclei oralis and interpolaris and the medullary reticular formation. Retrogradely labeled neurons were most numerous in the spinal trigeminal subnucleus oralis, parvicellular reticular formation and the ventral part of the spinal trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris. A small number of horseradish-peroxidase-labeled neurons were also present in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus and spinal trigeminal subnucleus caudalis. Appositions between jaw-muscle spindle afferent boutons and spinal projecting neurons were found in the supratrigeminal region, dorsomedial portions of the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus and spinal trigeminal subnuclei oralis and interpolaris, and the parvicellular reticular formation including its alpha division. Putative synaptic contacts were most frequent in the parvicellular reticular formation and the dorsomedial portion of the trigeminal subnucleus oralis. These results indicate that some orofacial proprioceptive feedback transmitted via the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus reaches the cervical spinal cord directly and suggests that jaw-muscle spindle afferent feedback reaches the cervical spinal cord predominately via relays in the dorsomedial part of the spinal trigeminal subnucleus oralis and the parvicellular reticular formation. It is hypothesized that these pathways are primarily involved in the coordination of jaw and neck movement during mastication and biting.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1007/s002210050868}, institution = {Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, 666 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1586, USA. ddessem@umabnet.ab.umd.edu}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Cervical Vertebrae; Feedback; Male; Masticatory Muscles, innervation; Mesencephalon, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology; Trigeminal Nerve, physiology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {91280451.221}, pmid = {10541739}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dessem:1989, author = {D. Dessem and A. Taylor}, title = {Morphology of jaw-muscle spindle afferents in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1989}, volume = {282}, number = {3}, pages = {389-403}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The morphology of jaw-muscle spindle afferents in the rat has been studied by intra-axonal injection of horseradish peroxidase. All stained axons were located in the motor root of the trigeminal nerve and could be traced dorsomedially to the vicinity of the trigeminal motor nucleus, where they divided into an ascending branch in the tract of the mesencephalic nucleus and a descending branch in the tract of Probst. Axon collaterals and swellings on fine collateral branches presumed to be synaptic boutons were located in the following regions: the trigeminal motor nucleus, the region dorsal to the trigeminal motor nucleus including the supratrigeminal nucleus, the parvicellular reticular formation immediately caudal to the trigeminal motor nucleus, the reticular formation at the level of the facial nucleus, and the caudal portion of the mesencephalic nucleus. No evidence of a projection to the cerebellum was observed. Boutons were most numerous in the region surrounding the trigeminal motor nucleus, especially dorsally. Here they were not demonstrated in close proximity to counterstained cells, and therefore it was not possible to determine how many of these contacts are located on cells in this region and how many are on the distal dendrites of trigeminal motorneurons. Boutons located within the trigeminal motor nucleus were always confined to a small portion of the nucleus and were significantly larger than those located dorsally. Some boutons were found in close apposition to trigeminal motorneurons and presumably make somatic contacts. These results suggest that jaw-muscle spindle afferents make somatic and proximal dendritic contacts with only a limited number of trigeminal motorneurons and also project to masticatory interneuronal regions dorsal and caudal to the motor nucleus.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902820306}, institution = {Sherrington School of Physiology, United Medical School, St. Thomas's Hospital, London, England.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Male; Masticatory Muscles, injuries; Muscle Spindles, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2523904}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902820306}, } @Article{Deuchars:1996, author = {Deuchars, J. and Thomson, A. M.}, title = {CA1 pyramid-pyramid connections in rat hippocampus in vitro: dual intracellular recordings with biocytin filling.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1996}, volume = {74}, number = {4}, pages = {1009--1018}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {In adult rat hippocampus, simultaneous intracellular recordings from 989 pairs of CA1 pyramidal cells revealed nine monosynaptic, excitatory connections. Six of these pairs were sufficiently stable for electrophysiological analysis. Mean excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitude recorded at a postsynaptic membrane potential between -67 and -70 mV was 0.7 +/- 0.5 mV (0.17-1.5 mV), mean 10-90\% rise time was 2.7 +/- 0.9 ms (1.5-3.8 ms) and mean width at half-amplitude was 16.8 +/- 4.1 ms (11.6-25 ms). Cells were labelled with biocytin and identified histologically. For one pair that was fully reconstructed morphologically, excitatory postsynaptic potential average amplitude was 1.5 mV, 10-90\% rise time 2.8 ms and width at half-amplitude 11.6 ms (at -67 mV). In this pair, correlated light and electron microscopy revealed that the presynaptic axon formed two synaptic contacts with third-order basal dendrites of the postsynaptic pyramid, one with a dendritic spine, the other with a dendritic shaft. In the four pairs tested, postsynaptic depolarization increased excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitude and duration. In two, D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (50 microM) reduced the amplitude and duration of the excitatory postsynaptic potential. The remainder of the excitatory postsynaptic potential now increased with postsynaptic hyperpolarization and was abolished by 20 microM 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (n = 1). Paired-pulse depression was evident in the four excitatory postsynaptic potentials tested. This depression decreased with increasing inter-spike interval. These results provide the first combined electrophysiological and morphological illustration of synaptic contacts between pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus and confirm that connections between CA1 pyramidal neurons are mediated by both N-methyl-D-aspartate and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate/kainate receptors.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(96)00251-5}, institution = {Department of Physiology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, U.K.}, keywords = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate, pharmacology; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Male; Membrane Potentials, physiology; N-Methylaspartate, pharmacology; Pyramidal Cells, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, drug effects/physiology; Synapses, drug effects/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(96)00251-5}, pmid = {8895869}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deuchars:2001, author = {Deuchars, S. A. and Atkinson, L. and Brooke, R. E. and Musa, H. and Milligan, C. J. and Batten, T. F. and Buckley, N. J. and Parson, S. H. and Deuchars, J.}, title = {Neuronal P2X7 receptors are targeted to presynaptic terminals in the central and peripheral nervous systems.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2001}, volume = {21}, number = {18}, pages = {7143--7152}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The ionotropic ATP receptor subunits P2X(1-6) receptors play important roles in synaptic transmission, yet the P2X(7) receptor has been reported as absent from neurons in the normal adult brain. Here we use RT-PCR to demonstrate that transcripts for the P2X(7) receptor are present in extracts from the medulla oblongata, spinal cord, and nodose ganglion. Using in situ hybridization mRNA encoding, the P2X(7) receptor was detected in numerous neurons throughout the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. Localizing the P2X(7) receptor protein with immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy revealed that it is targeted to presynaptic terminals in the CNS. Anterograde labeling of vagal afferent terminals before immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of the receptor in excitatory terminals. Pharmacological activation of the receptor in spinal cord slices by addition of 2'- and 3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate (BzATP; 30 microm) resulted in glutamate mediated excitation of recorded neurons, blocked by P2X(7) receptor antagonists oxidized ATP (100 microm) and Brilliant Blue G (2 microm). At the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) immunohistochemistry revealed that the P2X(7) receptor was present in motor nerve terminals. Furthermore, motor nerve terminals loaded with the vital dye FM1-43 in isolated NMJ preparations destained after application of BzATP (30 microm). This BzATP evoked destaining is blocked by oxidized ATP (100 microm) and Brilliant Blue G (1 microm). This indicates that activation of the P2X(7) receptor promotes release of vesicular contents from presynaptic terminals. Such a widespread distribution and functional role suggests that the receptor may be involved in the fundamental regulation of synaptic transmission at the presynaptic site.}, institution = {School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9NQ, Leeds, United Kingdom. J.Deuchars@leeds.ac.uk}, keywords = {Animals; Central Nervous System, chemistry/cytology/metabolism; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Medulla Oblongata, chemistry/cytology/metabolism; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation; Neuromuscular Junction, metabolism/secretion; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Neurotransmitter Agents, secretion; Nodose Ganglion, chemistry/cytology/metabolism; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Peripheral Nervous System, chemistry/cytology/metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism; RNA, Messenger, analysis/biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Purinergic P2, genetics/metabolism; Receptors, Purinergic P2X7; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Spinal Cord, chemistry/cytology/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {21/18/7143}, pmid = {11549725}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/18/7143.long}, } @Article{Deurveilher:2002, author = {Samuel Deurveilher and Joan Burns and Kazue Semba}, title = {Indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus: a dual tract-tracing study in rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2002}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {1195--1213}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) contains a master clock for most circadian rhythms in mammals, including daily sleep-wake cycles. The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) plays a key role in sleep generation and, as such, might be an important target of the SCN circadian signal. However, direct SCN projections to the VLPO are limited, suggesting that most of the SCN output to the VLPO might be conveyed indirectly. We examined this possibility by microinjecting selected known major targets of SCN efferents with biotinylated dextran-amine and/or cholera toxin B subunit, followed by analyses of retrograde labelling in the SCN and anterograde labelling in the VLPO. Retrograde labelling results confirmed that the medial preoptic area, subparaventricular zone, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and posterior hypothalamic area all received projections from the SCN; these projections arose predominantly from the shell, as opposed to the core, of the SCN. Anterograde labelling results indicated that these same nuclei also projected to the VLPO, mainly its medial and ventral aspects. Comparison of the results of injections of similar sizes across different target groups indicated that the rostral part of the medial preoptic area and the caudal part of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus were particularly noteworthy for the abundance of both SCN source neurons and efferent fibres and terminals in the VLPO. These results suggest that the SCN might provide indirect input to the VLPO via the medial preoptic area and the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, and that these indirect neuronal pathways might play a major role in circadian control of sleep-wake cycles.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02196.x}, institution = {Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cholera Toxin; Circadian Rhythm; Dextrans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Preoptic Area, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Staining and Labeling; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {2196}, pmid = {12405980}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deurveilher:2003, author = {Samuel Deurveilher and Kazue Semba}, title = {Indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the median preoptic nucleus in rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2003}, volume = {987}, number = {1}, pages = {100--106}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {We recently showed, using dual tract-tracing, that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the site of the principal circadian clock in mammals, may have indirect projections to the sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) via relays in the medial preoptic area (MPA), dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), and, to a lesser extent, the subparaventricular zone (SPVZ). Here, we found that the injection of the rostral MPA, the periventricular nucleus/medial SPVZ, and the caudal DMH with a mixture of anterograde and retrograde tracers resulted in dense anterograde labeling in the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), another key sleep-promoting nucleus in the preoptic region. The retrograde labeling in the SCN was evident as previously reported. The injections in either the MPA or the DMH produced similar densities of varicose fibers between the MnPO and the VLPO, while the injections in the SPVZ yielded a greater density of varicose fibers in the MnPO than in the VLPO. These results suggest that the MPA and DMH are potential relay nuclei to mediate SCN output to the MnPO, as well as to the VLPO, for the circadian control of sleep-wake states.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03295-5}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, NS B3H 1X5, Halifax, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Histological Techniques; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Preoptic Area, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899303032955}, pmid = {14499951}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deurveilher:2005, author = {S. Deurveilher and K. Semba}, title = {Indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to major arousal-promoting cell groups in rat: implications for the circadian control of behavioural state.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2005}, volume = {130}, number = {1}, pages = {165--183}, abstract = {The circadian clock housed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) controls various circadian rhythms including daily sleep-wake cycles. Using dual tract-tracing, we recently showed that the medial preoptic area (MPA), subparaventricular zone (SPVZ) and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) are well positioned to relay SCN output to two key sleep-promoting nuclei, namely, the ventrolateral and median preoptic nuclei. The present study examined the possibility that these three nuclei may link the SCN with wake-regulatory neuronal groups. Biotinylated dextran-amine with or without cholera toxin B subunit was injected into selected main targets of SCN efferents; the retrograde labeling in the SCN was previously analyzed. Here, anterograde labeling was analyzed in immunohistochemically identified cholinergic, orexin/hypocretin-containing and aminergic cell groups. Tracer injections into the MPA, SPVZ and DMH resulted in moderate to dense anterograde labeling of varicose fibers in the orexin field and the tuberomammillary nucleus. The locus coeruleus, particularly the dendritic field, contained moderate anterograde labeling from the MPA and DMH. The ventral tegmental area, dorsal raphe nucleus, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus all showed moderate anterograde labeling from the DMH. The substantia innominata showed moderate anterograde labeling from the MPA. These results suggest that the MPA, SPVZ and DMH are possible relay nuclei for indirect SCN projections not only to sleep-promoting preoptic nuclei as previously shown, but also to wake-regulatory cell groups throughout the brain. In the absence of major direct SCN projections to most of these sleep/wake-regulatory regions, indirect neuronal pathways probably play an important role in the circadian control of sleep-wake cycles and other physiological functions.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.08.030}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 1X5, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Arousal, physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Cell Count, methods; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Circadian Rhythm, physiology; Dextrans, metabolism; Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Functional Laterality, physiology; Histidine Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Preoptic Area, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin, metabolism; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(04)00744-4}, pmid = {15561433}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.08.030}, } @Article{Deutch:1988, author = {A. Y. Deutch and M. Goldstein and F. Baldino and R. H. Roth}, title = {Telencephalic projections of the A8 dopamine cell group.}, journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci}, year = {1988}, volume = {537}, pages = {27--50}, abstract = {The telencephalic projections of the A8 dopamine cell group of the rat were assessed using both anterograde and combined retrograde-immunohistochemical methods. The projections of the A8 neurons onto the forebrain were more extensive than hitherto realized, and encompassed striatal, limbic, and allocortical regions. The A8 neurons were shown to contribute to the dopaminergic innervation of the striatum, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercles, amygdala, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and also innervate the pyriform and entorhinal cortices. In addition, projections within the midbrain were observed, and suggested that there may be direct interconnections between the dopaminergic neurons of the A8, A9, and A10 cell groups. These data therefore suggest that the A8 dopamine cell group is uniquely situated to modulate functional activity within both nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic regions, and further suggests that heterogeneities of the midbrain dopamine neurons are embedded within a larger homogeneous mesotelencephalic dopamine system.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb42095.x}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Dopamine, metabolism; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Limbic System, cytology; Mesencephalon, cytology; Neural Pathways, cytology; Telencephalon, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2462395}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deutch:1986, author = {Deutch, A. Y. and Goldstein, M. and Roth, R. H.}, title = {The ascending projections of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, zona reticulata: a combined retrograde tracer-immunohistochemical study.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1986}, volume = {71}, number = {3}, pages = {257--263}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The efferent projections of the dopaminergic neurons in the zona reticulata of the substantia nigra were examined using a combined retrograde tracer-immunohistochemical method. These dopamine (DA) neurons were found to project exclusively to striatal targets in a topographically defined fashion. The zona reticulata DA neurons do not innervate mesolimbic or mesocortical dopaminergic terminal fields, nor do they project to the superior colliculus or the ventromedial thalamic nucleus. These data suggest that the dopaminergic neurons of the zona reticulata represent a ventrally placed subset of the nigrostriatal DA cells of the pars compacta.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(86)90630-0}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Dopamine, physiology; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2879262}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-50404-9_1}, } @Article{Deutch:1986a, author = {Deutch, A. Y. and Goldstein, M. and Roth, R. H.}, title = {Activation of the locus coeruleus induced by selective stimulation of the ventral tegmental area.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {363}, number = {2}, pages = {307--314}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The effects of selective stimulation of perikarya, but not axons of passage, within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) on the locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic system were examined. Anterograde and combined retrograde-immunohistochemical studies indicated both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic projections to the region of the LC originating from the VTA. Kainic acid (KA) stimulation of the VTA resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the levels of the dopamine metabolite dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the prefrontal cortex, and also elevated levels of the norepinephrine (NE) metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenolglycol (MHPG). Prefrontal cortical MHPG levels did not increase in response to vehicle injection or KA infusion into the hippocampus, nor did concentrations of this metabolite increase in the prefrontal cortex in response to intra-VTA KA in animals with neurotoxic lesions of the VTA. KA injection into the VTA resulted in increased MHPG levels in the hippocampus, but not the hypothalamus. Dorsal noradrenergic bundle knife cuts prevented the KA-elicited prefrontal cortical MHPG increase. These data suggest that stimulation of the mesocoeruleo dopaminergic projection arising from the VTA results in selective excitation of the LC-derived dorsal bundle noradrenergic system.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)91016-4}, keywords = {Animals; Dopamine, analysis; Frontal Lobe, analysis; Hippocampus, analysis; Hypothalamus, analysis; Kainic Acid, pharmacology; Locus Coeruleus, physiology; Male; Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol, analysis; Neural Pathways, physiology; Norepinephrine, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tegmentum Mesencephali, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(86)91016-4}, pmid = {3942901}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Deutch:1991, author = {A. Y. Deutch and M. C. Lee and M. H. Gillham and D. A. Cameron and M. Goldstein and M. J. Iadarola}, title = {Stress selectively increases fos protein in dopamine neurons innervating the prefrontal cortex.}, journal = {Cereb Cortex}, year = {1991}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {273--292}, abstract = {Stress-induced alterations in expression of c-fos protein (Fos) in mesencephalic dopamine (DA) neurons of the rat were examined in order to discern which midbrain DA neurons are metabolically activated by stress. Restraint stress for 30 min increased the number of DA neurons exhibiting Fos-like immunoreactivity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), but not in the substantia nigra or retrorubral field. Stress elicited an increase in the number of DA neurons expressing Fos in specific nuclei within the VTA. Administration of the anxiogenic beta-carboline FG 7142 also increased the total number of VTA DA neurons expressing Fos protein, whereas pretreatment with an anxiolytic benzodiazepine (diazepam) partially prevented the stress-induced increase in Fos expression. Restraint stress for 30 min increased concentrations of the DA metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the nucleus accumbens and striatum, as well as in the prefrontal cortex. Retrograde tracer studies revealed that stress increased Fos protein expression in a distinct subset of DA neurons projecting to the prefrontal cortex. In contrast, Fos expression was not increased in any DA neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens. The present data indicate that there are at least two functionally distinct DA systems embedded within the prefrontal cortex of the rat.}, doi = {10.1093/cercor/1.4.273}, institution = {Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06508.}, keywords = {Animals; Carbolines, pharmacology; Diazepam, pharmacology; Dopamine, physiology; Frontal Lobe, cytology/metabolism; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; Immunohistochemistry; Mesencephalon, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stress, Psychological, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1668366}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Devoize:2010, author = {Laurent Devoize and Sophie Doméjean and Céline Melin and Patrick Raboisson and Alain Artola and Radhouane Dallel}, title = {Organization of projections from the spinal trigeminal subnucleus oralis to the spinal cord in the rat: a neuroanatomical substrate for reciprocal orofacial-cervical interactions.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2010}, volume = {1343}, pages = {75--82}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The organization of efferent projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus oralis (Sp5O) to the spinal cord in the rat was studied using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. Sp5O projections to the spinal cord are restricted to the cervical cord. No labeled terminal can be detected in the thoracic and lumbar cord. The organization of these projections happens to critically depend on the dorso-ventral location of the injection site. On the one hand, the dorsal part of the Sp5O projects to the medial part of the dorsal horn (laminae III-V) at the C1 level, on the ipsilateral side, and to the ventral horn, on both sides but mainly on the ipsilateral one. Ipsilateral labeled terminals are distributed throughout laminae VII to IX but tend to cluster around the dorso-medial motor nuclei, especially at C3-C5 levels. Within the contralateral ventral horn, label terminals are found particularly in the region of the ventro-medial motor nucleus. This projection extends as far caudally as C3 or C4 level. On the other hand, the ventral part of the Sp5O projects to the lateral part of the dorsal horn (laminae III-V) at the C1 level, on the ipsilateral side, and to the ventral horn, on both sides but mainly on the contralateral one. Contralateral labeled terminals are distributed within the region of the dorso- and ventro-medial motor nuclei at C1-C4 levels whereas they are restricted to the dorso-medial motor nucleus at C5-C8 levels. These findings suggest that Sp5O is involved in the coordination of neck movements and in the modulation of incoming sensory information at the cervical spinal cord.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.076}, institution = {Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Neurobiologie de la Douleur Trigéminale, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Anterior Horn Cells, cytology/physiology; Efferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Face, innervation/physiology; Male; Mouth Mucosa, innervation/physiology; Neck, innervation/physiology; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Neuronal Tract-Tracers, diagnostic use; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(10)01012-7}, pmid = {20450895}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.076}, } @Article{Dewey:1985, author = {Dewey, S. L. and West, J. R.}, title = {Organization of the commissural projection to the dentate gyrus is unaltered by heavy ethanol exposure during gestation.}, journal = {Alcohol}, year = {1985}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {617--622}, abstract = {The anterograde horseradish peroxidase method was used to determine if prenatal exposure to ethanol affected the development of the characteristic afferent lamination pattern of the commissural projection to the dentate gyrus. Mean ethanol consumption for the ethanol-consuming dams was 12.7 g/kg +/- 0.3 g per day. Adult offspring of rats that consumed a liquid diet containing 35\% ethanol-derived calories during days 1-21 of gestation, and both pair-fed and normal controls were examined. Brain weights and volumes of the ethanol and pair-fed control rats did not differ significantly from normal controls. However, body weights of ethanol-exposed rats were significantly reduced compared to normal controls. Computer-assisted image analysis of the HRP-labeling revealed that in spite of the heavy ethanol exposure there was no evidence of alterations in the spatial distribution of the commissural terminal field.}, doi = {10.1016/0741-8329(85)90089-8}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Body Weight; Female; Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, pathology; Hippocampus, pathology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0741-8329(85)90089-8}, pmid = {4026985}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dewey:1985b, author = {Dewey, S. L. and West, J. R.}, title = {Perforant pathway lamination in the dentate gyrus is unaffected by prenatal ethanol exposure.}, journal = {Alcohol}, year = {1985}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {221--225}, abstract = {The entorhinal (perforant path) projection to the dentate gyrus was labeled with an anterograde horseradish peroxidase method to test whether prenatal exposure to ethanol affected the normal development of afferent lamination. Mean ethanol consumption of the ethanol-consuming dams was 12.7 g/kg +/- 0.3 g per day during days 1-21 of gestation. Adult offspring of normal and pair-fed controls as well as ethanol-exposed rats were analyzed. Computer-assisted image analysis of the entorhinal terminal field organization revealed no permanent changes in the development of the afferent lamination pattern in the dentate gyrus molecular layer in spite of the heavy in utero ethanol exposure.}, doi = {10.1016/0741-8329(85)90049-7}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, pathology; Female; Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, pathology; Hippocampus, pathology; Limbic System, pathology; Neural Pathways, pathology; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {4015845}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dexing:1989, author = {Dexing, Zhang and Shenglin, Qin and Jinfa, Tan and Minghua, Ke}, title = {The origin of the afferent 5-ht fibres of the nucleus accumbens in the rat brain stem}, journal = {Chinese Journal of Anatomy}, year = {1989}, volume = {1}, pages = {007}, keywords = {accumbens nucleus, brain stem}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, review = {Fluorescent retrograde labeling combined with the FAGLU method has performed in 42 rats to demonstrate the origins of the afferent 5-HT fibres of the nucleus accumbens (acb) in the brain stem. In the ipsilateral group, fluorescent tracer PI, DAPI or Bb was injected into acb individually. The animals survived for 2 1/2-3 days (for PI, DAPI) or 12-15 hours (for Bb). Before perfusion via the left cardiac ventricle with the FAGLU solution, colchicine-reserpire-parpyline-L-tryptophan was administered individually to enhance 5-HT fluorescence. The retrograde fluorescent -labeling cells showing specific 5-HT fluorescence were traced under OLYMPUS fluorescence microscope in dried transverse frozen serial sections of the brain stem. The results were as follows: The retrograde fluorescent labeled cells showing 5-HT fluorescence were found in B9, B8. B7, B6. In the bilateral group, PI was injected into acb, and DAPI or Bb was injected into the opposite acb. A few retrograde double fluorescent labeled cells showing 5-HT fluorescence were found in B7 and B6. It was indicated that acb received the afferent fibres of 5-HT cells in B9, B8, B7, B6 in the brain stem. In addition a few of the 5-HT cells in B7, B6 projected their collateral fibres to acb on both sides.}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-JPXZ198901007.htm}, } @Article{Di:1994, author = {S. Di and B. Brett and D. S. Barth}, title = {Polysensory evoked potentials in rat parietotemporal cortex: combined auditory and somatosensory responses.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1994}, volume = {642}, number = {1-2}, pages = {267--280}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {A 64 channel microelectrode array was used to map auditory evoked potentials (AEP), somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) as well as combined auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials (ASEP) from a 7 x 7 mm2 area in rat parietotemporal neocortex. Cytochrome oxidase (CO) stained sections of layer IV were obtained in the same animals to provide anatomical information underlying epicortical field potentials. Epicortical responses evoked by click or vibrissa stimuli replicated earlier findings from our laboratory, and appeared as a family of waveforms centered on primary auditory (AI) or somatosensory (SI) cortical areas as determined from CO histology. Selective microinjections of HRP to AI and SI further confirmed their specific sensory relay nuclei in the thalamus. A small polysensory area between AI and SI, responded uniquely with an enhanced negative sharp wave to combined auditory and somatosensory stimuli. HRP retrograde labeling revealed that the thalamocortical projections to this area were from the posterior nuclear group (Po) and medial division of the medial geniculate (MGm). These data establish close relationships between epicortical AEP, SEP, and especially ASEP and corresponding cortical structures and thalamocortical projections. The neurogenesis of unimodal and polysensory evoked potentials is discussed in terms of specific and non-specific systems.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)90931-8}, institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0345.}, keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Brain Mapping; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, physiology; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory, physiology; Microelectrodes; Neural Pathways, physiology; Parietal Lobe, physiology; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Temporal Lobe, physiology; Thalamus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(94)90931-8}, pmid = {8032888}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Diagne:2001, author = {M. Diagne and C. Delfini and P. Angaut and P. Buisseret and C. Buisseret-Delmas}, title = {Fastigiovestibular projections in the rat: retrograde tracing coupled with gammaamino-butyric acid and glutamate immunohistochemistry.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {2001}, volume = {308}, number = {1}, pages = {49-53}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {In this study, a double labeling technique using retrograde tracing with protein-gold complex (gold-HRP) in conjunction with a gammaamino-butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate immunohistochemical procedure was performed to identify GABA (GABA-IR) and glutamate (Glu-IR) immunoreactive neurons in the cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) that projects to the vestibular nuclei (VN). The results show that FN neurons projecting to the VN consist of both GABA-IR and Glu-IR neurons with a predominance of glutamatergic ones. Because GABAergic neurons in the cerebellar nuclei project to the inferior olive (IO), double retrograde labeling experiments were performed with injections of gold-HRP in the IO and of biotilynated dextran amine in the VN. This showed that the GABA-IR fastigiovestibular neurons project by axon collaterals to both the VN and the IO.}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle des Systèmes Sensorimoteurs, EA 3107, UP7, 2 Place Jussieu, case 7077, 75251 Cedex 05, Paris, France. diagne@ccr.jussieu.fr}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects/physiology; Cell Count; Cell Size, physiology; Cerebellar Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Gold Compounds, pharmacokinetics; Horseradish Peroxidase, pharmacokinetics; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Vestibular Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(01)01969-3}, pmid = {11445283}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Diagne:2006, author = {Diagne, Monique and Valla, Jocelyne and Delfini, Christian and Buisseret-Delmas, Catherine and Buisseret, Pierre}, title = {Trigeminovestibular and trigeminospinal pathways in rats: retrograde tracing compared with glutamic acid decarboxylase and glutamate immunohistochemistry.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2006}, volume = {496}, number = {6}, pages = {759--772}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {This study identified neurons in the sensory trigeminal complex with connections to the medial (MVN), inferior (IVN), lateral (LVN), and superior (SVN) vestibular nuclei or the spinal cord. Trigeminovestibular and trigeminospinal neurons were localized by injection of retrograde tracers. Immunohistochemical processing revealed gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)- and glutamate-containing neurons in these two populations. Trigeminovestibular neurons projecting to the MVN and the IVN were in the caudal principal nucleus (5P), pars oralis (5o), interpolaris (5i), and caudalis (5c) and scattered throughout the rostral 5P. Projections were bilateral to the IVN, with an ipsilateral dominance to the MVN, except from the rostral 5P, which was contralateral. Neurons projecting to the LVN were numerous in the ventral caudal 5P and the 5o and less abundant in the rostral 5P, 5i, and 5c. Our results suggested that only 5P and 5o project to the dorsal LVN. Neurons projecting to the SVN were in the dorsal 5P, 5o, and 5i but not in 5c. Trigeminospinal neurons were mainly in the ventral 5o and 5i and in the lateral 5c, rarely or never in 5P. Among trigeminovestibular neurons, most of the somas were immunoreactive for glutamate, but some reacted for GABA. Among trigeminospinal neurons, the number of somas immunoreactive for each of the two amino acids was similar. Trigeminal terminals were observed in contact with vestibulospinal neurons in the IVN and LVN, giving evidence of a trigeminovestibulospinal pathway. Therefore, inhibitory and excitatory facial inputs may contribute through trigeminospinal or trigeminovestibulospinal pathways to the control of head/neck movements.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20964}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle des Systèmes Sensorimoteurs, Paris, France. diagne@ccr.jussieu.fr}, keywords = {Animals; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Signal Transduction; Spinal Cord, physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, physiology; Vestibular Nuclei, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16628616}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20964}, } @Article{Diano:1998, author = {S. Diano and F. Naftolin and F. Goglia and V. Csernus and T. L. Horvath}, title = {Monosynaptic pathway between the arcuate nucleus expressing glial type II iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase mRNA and the median eminence-projective TRH cells of the rat paraventricular nucleus.}, journal = {J Neuroendocrinol}, year = {1998}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {731--742}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Recent evidence suggests that the thyroid regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus involves the activation of other hypothalamic neural circuits. For example, the arcuate nucleus and not the paraventricular nucleus contains the highest enzyme activity of 5'-deiodinase type II, an enzyme that is pivotal for the local synthesis of T3. This experiment was undertaken to demonstrate whether a monosynaptic pathway exists between the arcuate nucleus and those TRH cells of the paraventricular nucleus that are neuroendocrine, i.e. project to the external layer of the median eminence. A specific cRNA probe derived from the coding region of deiodinase type II was used for the in situ hybridization histochemistry which was combined with immunocytochemistry for a specific marker of glial cells, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The hybridization signals were present within the hypothalamus in the arcuate nucleus-median eminence region and in the periventricular area. The periventricular labeling was localized to the ependymal layer of the third ventricle and no hybridization product was detected in the paraventricular nucleus and other hypothalamic nuclei adjacent to the third ventricle. Within the median eminence, numerous cells containing the hybridization product were located in the internal layer adjacent to the floor of the third ventricle and in the external layer adjacent to the surface of the brain. In the dorso- and ventromedial regions of the arcuate nucleus, deiodinase type II mRNA-containing cells were also detected. Numerous type II deiodinase mRNA-containing cells in the median eminence and arcuate nucleus were also found to be immunopositive for GFAP. The abundance of arcuate cells expressing the hybridization product was lower than those in the periventricular region or in the median eminence. The anterograde tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, was injected into the medial parts of the arcuate nucleus where the in situ hybridization experiment detected deiodinase type II mRNA. Simultaneously with the anterograde tracing, the retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold, was injected into either the median eminence or the general circulation. Light and electron microscopic double and triple immunolabeling experiments on vibratome sections of colchicine-pretreated animals revealed that arcuate fibers innervate TRH cells within the parvicellular region of the paraventricular nucleus. Populations of these TRH cells receiving afferents from the arcuate nucleus were also retrogradely labelled from either the median eminence or the general circulation indicating their direct role in the regulation of thyrotropin secretion from the anterior pituitary. The majority of arcuate nucleus efferents on TRH cells were found to establish symmetrical synaptic connections. The present results provided direct evidence of a monosynaptic pathway between the hypothalamic site of local thyroid hormone production, the arcuate nucleus, and neuroendocrine TRH cells in the paraventricular nucleus. This signalling modality may play an important role in thyroid feedback on TRH cells. Since the arcuate nucleus is involved in the regulation of central mechanisms controlling diverse homeostatic functions, including reproduction and feeding, the pathway described in this study may also carry integrated signals related to reproduction and ingestion to TRH-producing cells.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2826.1998.00204.x}, institution = {Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Arcuate Nucleus, cytology/enzymology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Iodide Peroxidase, biosynthesis; Isoenzymes, biosynthesis; Male; Median Eminence, cytology/enzymology; Neural Pathways, cytology/enzymology; Neuroglia, enzymology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/enzymology; Phytohemagglutinins; RNA, Messenger, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9792325}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Diaz-Cintra:2009, author = {Sofia Díaz-Cintra and Baogang Xue and Igor Spigelman and K. Van and Alan M Wong and Andre Obenaus and Charles E Ribak}, title = {Dentate granule cells form hilar basal dendrites in a rat model of hypoxia-ischemia.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2009}, volume = {1285}, pages = {182--187}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Hilar basal dendrites form on dentate granule cells following seizures. To determine whether other brain insults cause the formation of hilar basal dendrites, a model of global cerebral hypoxia/ischemia was used. Rats underwent a transient induction of ischemia by occlusion of both common carotid arteries followed by reperfusion. Hippocampal slices were prepared from these animals 1 month after the ischemic insult, and granule cells were labeled with a retrograde tracing technique after biocytin injections into stratum lucidum of CA3b. Ischemic rats had numerous biocytin-labeled granule cells with hilar basal dendrites located at the hilar border of the granule cell layer. Quantitative analysis of ischemic rats compared to controls showed a significant increase in the percentage of biocytin-labeled granule cells with hilar basal dendrites. These data demonstrate that other brain insults in addition to epilepsy may result in the formation of hilar basal dendrites on granule cells. }, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.034}, institution = {Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, C.P., Mexico.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Infarction, pathology/physiopathology; Dendrites, pathology; Dentate Gyrus, pathology/physiopathology; Disease Models, Animal; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain, pathology/physiopathology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Nerve Degeneration, etiology/pathology/physiopathology; Neural Pathways, pathology/physiopathology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Organ Culture Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reperfusion Injury, pathology/physiopathology; Staining and Labeling}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(09)01228-1}, pmid = {19539612}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.034}, } @Article{Didier-Bazes:1997, author = {M. Didier-Bazes and B. Voutsinos and M. Aguera and C. Peyron and H. Akaoka and M. F. Belin}, title = {Specific potentialities of embryonic rat serotonergic neurons to innervate different periventricular targets in the adult brain.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1997}, volume = {382}, number = {1}, pages = {29--45}, month = {May}, abstract = {During the development of the central nervous system, neurons are directed by both genetic and environmental factors to differentiate and form connections with their targets. We took advantage of the abundant homogeneous serotonergic innervations of the ependyma forming the supra- and subependymal plexuses to investigate possible commitment of embryonic neurons to innervate specific targets during axogenesis in the rat. The origin of the supraependymal innervation was determined by retrograde transport of cholera toxin (CT) from the ventricles. The supraependymal plexuses of the fourth ventricle mainly originated from neurons in the dorsocaudal region of the raphe dorsalis (DRN), while the rostral DRN and raphe centralis (CRN) contained perikarya projecting into the third ventricle. This suggested the existence, along the rostrocaudal axis of the raphe, of different neuronal subsets able to form distinct supraependymal plexuses in the third or fourth ventricle. To determine whether serotonergic neurons were committed to innervate specific areas of the ependyma, different embryonic metencephalic segments (rostral, median, or caudal) from 14-day-old rat embryos were independently grafted into the third or fourth ventricle of an adult brain in which the serotonergic neurons had been previously destroyed. The distinctive patterns of re-innervation specific to each of grafted segments indicate that subsets of embryonic serotonergic neurons are indeed committed to innervate certain restricted ependymal areas of the adult brain, presumably in response to different neurotropic and/or neurotrophic cues.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970526)382:1<29::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-m}, institution = {INSERM U 433, Faculté Laennec, Lyon, France. bazes@cimac-res.univ-lyon1.fr}, keywords = {5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology; Brain Tissue Transplantation; Cerebral Ventricles, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Cholera Toxin; Ependyma, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Fetal Tissue Transplantation; Male; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Pons, embryology/physiology/transplantation; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-M}, pmid = {9136810}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Diener:1998, author = {P. S. Diener and B. S. Bregman}, title = {Fetal spinal cord transplants support growth of supraspinal and segmental projections after cervical spinal cord hemisection in the neonatal rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1998}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {779--793}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Cervical spinal cord injury at birth permanently disrupts forelimb function in goal-directed reaching. Transplants of fetal spinal cord tissue permit the development of skilled forelimb use and associated postural adjustments (, companion article). The aim of this study was to determine whether transplants of fetal spinal cord tissue support the remodeling of supraspinal and segmental pathways that may underlie recovery of postural reflexes and forelimb movements. Although brainstem-spinal and segmental projections to the cervical spinal cord are present at birth, skilled forelimb reaching has not yet developed. Three-day-old rats received a cervical spinal cord overhemisection with or without transplantation of fetal spinal cord tissue (embryonic day 14); unoperated pups served as normal controls. Neuroanatomical tracing techniques were used to examine the organization of CNS pathways that may influence target-directed reaching. In animals with hemisections only, corticospinal, brainstem- spinal, and dorsal root projections within the spinal cord were decreased in number and extent. In contrast, animals receiving hemisections plus transplants exhibited growth of these projections throughout the transplant and over long distances within the host spinal cord caudal to the transplant. Raphespinal axons were apposed to numerous propriospinal neurons in control and transplant animals; these associations were greatly reduced in the lesion-only animals. These observations suggest that after neonatal cervical spinal cord injury, embryonic transplants support axonal growth of CNS pathways and specifically supraspinal input to propriospinal neurons. We suggest that after neonatal spinal injury in the rat, the transplant-mediated reestablishment of supraspinal input to spinal circuitry is the mechanism underlying the development of target-directed reaching and associated postural adjustments.}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology, Division of Neurobiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20007, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axonal Transport, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Fetal Tissue Transplantation; Motor Neurons, physiology; Nerve Tissue, transplantation; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Red Nucleus, cytology; Spinal Cord Injuries, surgery; Spinal Cord, surgery}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9425019}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/18/2/779.long}, } @Article{Dietrichs:1985, author = {E. Dietrichs and D. E. Haines}, title = {Do hypothalamo-cerebellar fibres terminate in all layers of the cerebellar cortex?}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1985}, volume = {173}, number = {2}, pages = {279-284}, abstract = {The terminal distribution of hypothalamo-cerebellar fibres has been studied with anterograde transport of the wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase complex in the cat and rat. The hypothalamo-cerebellar fibres appear to enter all three layers of the cerebellar cortex. Anterogradely labelled branching axons were found in the granular layer and near the Purkinje cell perikarya. In addition, anterogradely filled hypothalamo-cerebellar axons could be traced into the molecular layer, where they ramified. The branches ran parallel to the long axis of the folia, resembling parallel fibres. Our findings give evidence that the hypothalamo-cerebellar fibres are neither mossy fibres nor climbing fibres, but represent a third type of cerebellar cortical afferents. Fibres of this third category are tentatively called multi-layered fibres. It appears from the literature that some other cerebellar afferent projections show the same general pattern of cortical terminal distribution.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00316310}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Cats; Cerebellar Cortex, physiology; Cerebellum, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Hypothalamus, physiology; Lectins, diagnostic use; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Rats; Synaptic Transmission; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3002209}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dietrichs:1992, author = {E. Dietrichs and L. Wiklund and D. E. Haines}, title = {The hypothalamo-cerebellar projection in the rat: origin and transmitter.}, journal = {Arch Ital Biol}, year = {1992}, volume = {130}, number = {3}, pages = {203-211}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Hypothalamic neurons projecting to cerebellum were identified by retrograde tracing with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the rat. Selective D-[3H]aspartate labelling was used to investigate whether any of these connections may use excitatory amino acids as transmitters. The WGA-HRP experiments revealed that the hypothalamo-cerebellar fibers have their main origins in the lateral, dorsal and posterior hypothalamic areas, and the tubero-mammillary nucleus, while smaller numbers of cells were observed in tuber cinereum, the anterior hypothalamic area, and the periventricular and paraventricular nuclei. After injections of D-[3H]aspartate into the cerebellar cortex, intense labelling of the olivocerebellar climbing fiber system was observed, but hypothalamic cells were not retrogradely labelled with this selective tracer. The absence of D-[3H]aspartate labelling indicates that hypothalamo-cerebellar neurons lack specific uptake mechanisms for excitatory amino acids, but it does not entirely preclude the possibility that some of these hypothalamic neurons may use such transmitters. Many cerebellar projecting cells were located in the tubero-mammillary nucleus, which is known to contain histaminergic and GABAergic neurons, and it was concluded that part of the hypothalamo-cerebellar pathways may use histamine and/or GABA as transmitters. The transmitter remains unknown for other parts of the hypothalamo-cerebellar pathways.}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, National Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Aspartic Acid, diagnostic use/pharmacokinetics; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Receptors, Amino Acid; Receptors, Cell Surface, analysis; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1380793}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{DiFiglia:1990, author = {M. DiFiglia and N. Aronin}, title = {Synaptic interactions between GABAergic neurons and trigeminothalamic cells in the rat trigeminal nucleus caudalis.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {1990}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {358--363}, abstract = {Synaptic interactions between GABAergic neurons and thalamic projecting cells within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis were examined using a combined method of GABA immunohistochemistry and retrograde WGA-HRP labeling of the trigeminothalamic pathway. Results showed that GABA-positive neurons and projecting cells were separate but closely intermingled within the spinal trigeminal nucleus. GABAergic axon terminals formed symmetric synaptic connections with the cell bodies and dendrites of trigeminothalamic neurons. In turn, some WGA-HRP filled axon terminals, presumed to originate from axon collaterals of the projecting neurons, formed synaptic connections with GABA containing neurons. The results suggest that in the spinal trigeminal nucleus there is a reciprocal modulation between GABA neurons and trigeminothalamic cells.}, doi = {10.1002/syn.890060408}, institution = {Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02129.}, keywords = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, physiology; Thalamus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1705057}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.890060408}, } @Article{Difiglia:1988, author = {Difiglia, M. and Rafols, J. A.}, title = {Synaptic organization of the globus pallidus.}, journal = {J Electron Microsc Tech}, year = {1988}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {247--263}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The synaptic organization of the globus pallidus is reviewed with respect to present knowledge about neurons, fibers, axon terminals, and their intrinsic synaptic relationships. Information derived from studies employing Nissl stains, Golgi impregnations, lesion degeneration techniques, immunohistochemistry, and anterograde axonal labeling in various species are presented along with ultrastructural data. Studies indicate that the globus pallidus contains a principal efferent neuron with smooth or spiny dendrites and simple or complex terminal dendritic arborizations. This cell type receives convergent inputs from intrinsic and extrinsic sources and uses gamma-aminobutyric acid as a transmitter. A smaller and separate population of pallidal projection neurons contains acetylcholine. Two other less frequent neuronal types, of small and medium size, have also been recognized. Three to six types of axonal boutons forming synaptic contacts with pallidal neurons have been recognized in various studies. Among these, three types (types I, II, and III) are the most prevalent. Studies indicate that the most frequent category (type I) originates from neostriatal neurons via radial fiber projections and contains immunoreactive GABA and enkephalins. The synaptic architecture of the globus pallidus is dominated by a mosaic-like arrangement of long dendrites that are ensheathed by longitudinally oriented axons making synapses en passant. Triadic synapses involving dendrites that are pre- and postsynaptic are encountered infrequently. Because both striatopallidal and pallidothalamic connections are inhibitory, pallidal target neurons in the thalamus may be "disinhibited" when the neostriatum is activated.}, doi = {10.1002/jemt.1060100304}, institution = {Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Globus Pallidus, ultrastructure; Immunochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways; Neurons, ultrastructure; Neurotransmitter Agents, analysis; Rats; Synapses, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2906997}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060100304}, } @Article{Dillingham:2015, author = {Dillingham, Christopher M. and Erichsen, Jonathan T. and O'Mara, Shane M. and Aggleton, John P. and Vann, Seralynne D.}, title = {Fornical and non-fornical projections from the rat hippocampal formation to the anterior thalamic nuclei}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {2015}, pages = {n/a--n/a}, issn = {1098-1063}, abstract = {The hippocampal formation and anterior thalamic nuclei form part of an interconnected network thought to support memory. A central pathway in this mnemonic network comprises the direct projections from the hippocampal formation to the anterior thalamic nuclei, projections that, in the primate brain, originate in the subicular cortices to reach the anterior thalamic nuclei by way of the fornix. In the rat brain, additional pathways involving the internal capsule have been described, linking the dorsal subiculum to the anteromedial thalamic nucleus, as well as the postsubiculum to the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus. Confirming such pathways is essential in order to appreciate how information is transferred from the hippocampal formation to the anterior thalamus and how it may be disrupted by fornix pathology. Accordingly, in the present study, pathway tracers were injected into the anterior thalamic nuclei and the dorsal subiculum of rats with fornix lesions. Contrary to previous descriptions, projections from the subiculum to the anteromedial thalamic nucleus overwhelmingly relied on the fornix. Dorsal subiculum projections to the majority of the anteroventral nucleus also predominantly relied on the fornix, although postsubicular inputs to the lateral dorsal part of the anteroventral nucleus, as well as to the anterodorsal and laterodorsal thalamic nuclei, largely involved a non-fornical pathway, via the internal capsule. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1002/hipo.22421}, keywords = {anatomy, fornix, hippocampus, memory, postsubiculum, subiculum}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22421}, } @Article{DiNardo:1997, author = {L. A. DiNardo and J. B. Travers}, title = {Distribution of fos-like immunoreactivity in the medullary reticular formation of the rat after gustatory elicited ingestion and rejection behaviors.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1997}, volume = {17}, number = {10}, pages = {3826--3839}, month = {May}, abstract = {The distribution of neurons in the medullary reticular formation (RF) activated by the ingestion of sucrose or rejection of quinine was examined using standard immunohistochemical techniques to detect the expression of the Fos protein product of the immediate-early gene c-fos. Double-labeling techniques were used to gain further insight into the possible functional significance of RF neurons exhibiting Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI). Compared with sucrose and unstimulated controls, quinine elicited significantly more FLI neurons in three specific RF subdivisions: parvocellular reticular nucleus (PCRt), intermediate reticular nucleus (IRt), and dorsal medullary reticular nucleus (MdD). Moreover, the number of FLI neurons in the RF of quinine-stimulated animals was significantly correlated with the degree of oromotor activity. Thus, the distinct distribution of FLI neurons throughout the RF after quinine may reflect the activation of a specific oral rejection circuit. The double-labeling results indicated a high degree of segregation between FLI neurons and premotor projection neurons to the hypoglossal nucleus (mXII) retrogradely labeled with Fluorogold. Thus, although there were a significant number of double-labeled neurons in the RF, the major concentration of premotor projection neurons to mXII in IRt were medial to the preponderance of FLI neurons in the PCRt. In contrast, there was substantial overlap between FLI neurons in the RF and labeled fibers after injections of the anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran into the rostral (gustatory) portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract. These results support a medial (premotor)/lateral (sensory) functional topography of the medullary RF.}, institution = {Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Conditioning (Psychology), physiology; Feeding Behavior, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Food Preferences, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Muscle Relaxants, Central, pharmacology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, chemistry/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis/immunology; Quinine, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, chemistry/cytology; Stilbamidines; Taste, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9133401}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/17/10/3826.long}, } @Article{Ding:2001, author = {D. C. Ding and P. L. Gabbott and S. Totterdell}, title = {Differences in the laminar origin of projections from the medial prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens shell and core regions in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2001}, volume = {917}, number = {1}, pages = {81--89}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) projects to the nucleus accumbens shell, core and rostral pole. In this retrograde tract-tracing study of rat mPFC to nucleus accumbens projection neurons, the advantages of Neurobiotin are utilised in order to reveal the detailed morphology of labelled projection cells, and to permit an examination of the laminar projections to shell and core compartments The retrogradely transported Neurobiotin was found in somata, proximal and distal dendrites of neurons that project from the mPFC to the nucleus accumbens. The morphology of these projection neurons was revealed in great detail and confirmed that the projection arises wholly from pyramidal cells. Interestingly, it was also found that retrogradely labelled neurons were exclusively located in prelimbic and infralimbic regions in layers V and VI, after shell injections, but also in layer II following core sites. This observation may reflect possibly different roles for cortical laminae on the nucleus accumbens.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02912-2}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK. ding.ding@pharm.ox.ac.uk}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(01)02912-2}, pmid = {11602231}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ding:2001b, author = {S. L. Ding and A. J. Elberger}, title = {Postnatal development of biotinylated dextran amine-labeled corpus callosum axons projecting from the visual and auditory cortices to the visual cortex of the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {2001}, volume = {136}, number = {2}, pages = {179--193}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The distribution and morphology of developing corpus callosum (CC) axons in rat visual cortex was studied by unilateral application of the in vivo anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) to the visual or auditory cortex of newborns through adults. Changes in the distribution and morphology of CC axons during development were observed. Following BDA placement only in visual cortex, nearly all CC projections were to visual cortex (homotopic CC projections). At postnatal day (PND) 5-8, labeled CC axons were found throughout the contralateral visual cortex, including area 17; these CC axons could be followed from the white matter to layer I. By PND 13, few CC axons were found in medial area 17, indicating the existence of transitory CC axons in area 17 at younger ages. Morphological changes were investigated at the area 17/18a border and showed that CC axon collaterals were not formed until PND 8, and terminal arbors were not visible until PND 13; by PND 17, the adult CC-axon terminal pattern was present. At all ages, only a few heterotopic CC projections from visual to auditory cortex were found in the gray matter, although many labeled CC axons extended laterally into the white matter underlying the auditory cortex. Following BDA placement only in auditory cortex, CC projections to both auditory (homotopic CC projections) and visual (heterotopic CC projections) cortex were observed. At all ages, the homotopic CC projections were present throughout the auditory cortex, but were not distributed homogeneously; densely labeled CC axons showed a distinct columnar organization. The heterotopic CC projections were present in all visual cortical areas, including medial area 17, in significant numbers until PND 24, but were mostly eliminated by PND 28, at which time a labeling pattern similar to the adult was found. Thus, most of the heterotopic CC projections were transitory. The present study confirms the existence of transitory CC axons projecting through all layers of the visual cortex, as revealed by DiI, and extends the DiI results by showing that these transitory CC axons arise from both homotopic and heterotopic origins. Furthermore, different sources of transitory CC axons have different timetables for elimination.}, doi = {10.1007/s002210000576}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee at Memphis, 38163, USA.}, keywords = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Auditory Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development; Axons, ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Corpus Callosum, cytology/growth /&/ development; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Functional Laterality, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Visual Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11206280}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ding:1999a, author = {Y. Q. Ding and J. Shi and D. S. Wang and J. Q. Xu and J. L. Li and G. Ju}, title = {Primary afferent fibers of the pelvic nerve terminate in the gracile nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1999}, volume = {272}, number = {3}, pages = {211--214}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {After injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the pelvic nerve of the rat, a small number of HRP-labeled axon terminals were found in the gracile nucleus. Double labeling experiments were also performed: Fluoro-Gold (FG) was injected into the pelvic nerve, while cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) was injected into the gracile nucleus or dorsal faciculus at the fifth and sixth cervical cord segments ipsilateral to the FG injection. About 5\% of FG-labeled neurons were labeled with CTb in the L6-, S1- and S2-dorsal root ganglia ipsilateral to the tracer injection. The results suggest that some primary afferent information from pelvic visceral organs may be directly conveyed to gracile nucleus by the primary afferent neurons.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00599-6}, institution = {Institute of Neurosciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China. patchclp@fmmu.edu.cn}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/physiology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Humans; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Peripheral Nerves, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304394099005996}, pmid = {10505618}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ding:1995b, author = {Y. Q. Ding and M. Takada and R. Shigemoto and N. Mizumo}, title = {Spinoparabrachial tract neurons showing substance P receptor-like immunoreactivity in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {674}, number = {2}, pages = {336--340}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {By using substance P receptor (SPR) immunofluorescence histochemistry combined with fluorescent retrograde labeling, SPR-like immunoreactive (SPR-LI) neurons sending their axons to the lateral parabrachial region were observed in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat. After injection of Fluoro-Gold into the lateral parabrachial region, retrogradely labeled neurons with SPR-LI were seen frequently in lamina I and the lateral spinal nucleus, and occasionally in laminae IV and V, with a predominantly contralateral distribution. Some of these neurons, especially those in lamina I, may convey nociceptive information to the lateral parabrachial region.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)00022-i}, institution = {Department of Morpholgoical Brain Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Nociceptors, physiology; Pons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, metabolism; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {000689939500022I}, pmid = {7796113}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ding:1995, author = {Y. Q. Ding and M. Takada and R. Shigemoto and N. Mizuno}, title = {Trigeminoparabrachial projection neurons showing substance P receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {415--418}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {By means of substance P receptor (SPR) immunofluorescence histochemistry combined with Fluoro-Gold fluorescent retrograde labeling, SPR-like immunoreactive neurons in the caudal subnucleus of the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the rat were observed to send their axons to the nucleus of Kölliker-Fuse and ventrolateral part of the lateral parabrachial nucleus bilaterally with a clear ipsilateral dominance. These neurons were distributed mainly in lamina I, and additionally in lamina III.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0168-0102(95)00961-R}, institution = {Department of Morphological Brain Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Antibody Specificity; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/immunology; Neurons, chemistry/immunology; Nociceptors, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, immunology; Substance P, analysis/immunology; Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus, chemistry/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0168-0102(95)00961-R}, pmid = {8602281}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-0102(95)00961-R}, } @Article{Ding:1995a, author = {Y. Q. Ding and M. Takada and H. Tokuno and N. Mizuno}, title = {Direct projections from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to pudendal motoneurons innervating the external urethral sphincter muscle in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {357}, number = {2}, pages = {318--330}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Direct projections from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to pudendal motoneurons innervating the external urethral sphincter and the external and sphincter muscles were examined in the rat by the tract-tracing methods utilizing retrograde transport of cholera toxin B subunit and anterograde transport of biotinylated dextran amine. The dorsolateral pontine tegmental region, corresponding to the micturition reflex center of Barrington, was confirmed to send bilaterally, with an ipsilateral dominance, projection fibers to the spinal parasympathetic nucleus (inferior intermediolateral nucleus). The micturition reflex center of Barrington, however, did not seem to send many projection fibers to the ventral horn of the lumbosacral cord segments, whereas the region immediately ventral to the micturition reflex center of Barrington was found to send bilaterally, with a contralateral dominance, projection fibers to the dorsolateral group of pudendal motoneurons in both the male and female rats. In the female rat, the dorsolateral group of pudendal motoneurons are comprised primarily of motoneurons that innervate the external urethral sphincter muscle. The dorsomedial group of pudendal motoneurons, which contain motoneurons that innervate the external and sphincter and the bulbocavernosus muscles, did not seem to receive major projections from the dorsolateral pontine tegmental regions. It was also observed that the locus coeruleus sent some projection fibers bilaterally to the spinal parasympathetic nucleus but only a few to the ventral horn of the lumbosacral cord segments. Thus, the present results indicate that the dorsolateral group of pudendal motoneurons containing those innervating the external urethral sphincter muscle receive pontospinal projection fibers mainly from the dorsolateral pontine tegmental region immediately ventral to the micturition reflex center of Barrington.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903570210}, institution = {Department of Morphological Brain Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.}, keywords = {Anal Canal, innervation; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cholera Toxin; Dextrans; Female; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, cytology; Histocytochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, cytology; Male; Motor Neurons, physiology; Muscle, Smooth, innervation; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Pons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sex Characteristics; Urethra, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7545190}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903570210}, } @Article{Ding:1998, author = {Ding, Y. Q. and Wang, D. and Nie, H. and Guan, Z. L. and Lü, B. Z. and Li, J. S.}, title = {Direct projections from the periaqueductal gray to pontine micturition center neurons projecting to the lumbosacral cord segments: an electron microscopic study in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1998}, volume = {242}, number = {2}, pages = {97--100}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Direct projections from the periaqueductal gray (PAG) to the pontine micturition center neurons directly projecting to the lumbosacral cord segments were observed electron microscopically in the rat by a double labeling method. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the PAG and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the lumbosacral cord segments. After injection of BDA into the ventrolateral part of the PAG, many BDA-labeled axons were seen light microscopically in Barrington's nucleus; a moderate number of them were found in the pontine tegmental region just ventral to Barrington's nucleus (D-region [Ding, Y-Q., Takada, M., Tokuno, H. and Mizuno, N., J. Comp. Neurol., 357 (1996) 318-330]). On the other hand, after injection of BDA into the dorsolateral part of the PAG, only a few BDA-labeled axons were seen in Barrington's nucleus or the D-region. BDA-labeled axon terminals were electron microscopically confirmed to be in synaptic contact with HRP-labeled dendrites and somata in Barrington's nucleus and the D-region. The results indicate that the ventrolateral part of the PAG is implicated in regulation of the micturition reflex.}, doi = {10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00056-1}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China. patchclp@fmmu.edu.cn}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Motor Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology; Pons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reflex, physiology; Spinal Cord, cytology; Urination, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(98)00056-1}, pmid = {9533403}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ding:1999b, author = {Ding, Y. Q. and Wang, D. and Xu, J. Q. and Ju, G.}, title = {Direct projections from the medial preoptic area to spinally-projecting neurons in Barrington's nucleus: an electron microscope study in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1999}, volume = {271}, number = {3}, pages = {175--178}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Direct projections from the medial preoptic area (MPO) to the pontine micturition center neurons directly projecting to the lumbosacral spinal cord were revealed electron microscopically in the rat by a double labeling method. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the MPO and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the lumbosacral cord segments. At light microscopic level, BDA-labeled presumptive axon terminals completely overlapped with HRP-labeled neurons in Barrington's nucleus. Electron microscopic observation showed that some BDA-labeled axon terminals made synaptic contacts with dendrites of HRP-labeled neurons in Barrington's nucleus. The present results indicated that the MPO may be involved in the modulation of the pontine micturition reflex in the rat.}, doi = {10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00562-5}, institution = {Institute of Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China. patchclp@fmmu.edu.cn}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Neural Pathways; Neurons, ultrastructure; Pons, cytology; Preoptic Area, cytology; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology; Urination}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304394099005625}, pmid = {10507697}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ding:1997, author = {Y. Q. Ding and H. X. Zheng and L. W. Gong and Y. Lu and H. Zhao and B. Z. Qin}, title = {Direct projections from the lumbosacral spinal cord to Barrington's nucleus in the rat: a special reference to micturition reflex.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1997}, volume = {389}, number = {1}, pages = {149--160}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {In the present study, direct projections from the lumbosacral cord to Barrington's nucleus in the rat were investigated by using retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques. After injection of cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) into Barrington's nucleus, a number of moderately CTb-labeled neurons were observed in the lumbosacral cord, with a slight ipsilateral dominance; most were located in the spinal parasympathetic and dorsal commissural nuclei of the lumbosacral cord. In addition, some retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the periaqueductal gray (PAG). These findings were confirmed by an anterograde labeling experiment. After biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the lumbosacral cord, dense BDA-labeled axon terminals were found in Barrington's nucleus as well as in the PAG. Injection of BDA into the PAG resulted in many BDA-labeled terminals in Barrington's nucleus. The present results provided clear evidence for a direct projection from the spinal parasympathetic and dorsal commissural nuclei to Barrington's nucleus that could subserve conveying bladder-filling information from the lumbosacral cord to Barrington's nucleus in the micturition reflex of the rat.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19971208)389:1<149::aid-cne11>3.0.co;2-g}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Biotinylation; Cholera Toxin; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/physiology; Pons, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reflex, physiology; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Urination, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-G}, pmid = {9390766}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ding:1999, author = {Y. Q. Ding and H. X. Zheng and D. S. Wang and B. Z. Lu and J. Q. Xu}, title = {Localization of Barrington's nucleus in the pontine dorsolateral tegmentum of the rabbit.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1999}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, pages = {375--381}, abstract = {The localization of Barrington's nucleus in the dorsolateral pons of the rabbit and its projections to the sacral spinal cord were examined by using retrograde and anterograde labeling methods combined with immunohistochemistry. After injection of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) or a fluorescence tracer, tetramethylrhodamine-dextran amine (TMR), into the sacral spinal cord segments, a cluster of neurons labeled with WGA-HRP or TMR were seen in the pontine dorsolateral tegmentum. To identify whether the retrogradely labeled neurons were situated within the locus coeruleus, the sections containing TMR-labeled neurons through the pons were incubated with anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibody and observed under epifluorescence microscope. It was shown that the cluster of TMR-labeled neurons in the dorsolateral tegmentum were surrounded by TH-positive neurons, but they were negatively immunostained with TH-like immunoreactivity. In anterograde experiment, injection of WGA-HRP into the dorsolateral tegmentum resulted in many anterogradely labeled nerve fibers and terminals in the sacral spinal cord, including the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. The present results suggest that the cluster of neurons in the dorsolateral tegmentum of the rabbit may correspond to Barrington's nucleus revealed in the rat and cat, and thus may be involved in micturtion reflex of the rabbit.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China. patchclp@fmmu.edu.cn}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cats; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rabbits, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10536870}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dinopoulos:1991b, author = {A. Dinopoulos and I. Dori and J. G. Parnavelas}, title = {Immunohistochemical localization of aspartate in corticofugal pathways.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1991}, volume = {121}, number = {1-2}, pages = {25--28}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {In the present study we used immunohistochemistry, with an antibody directed against aspartate (Asp), in conjunction with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) histochemistry to examine the Asp-containing neurons in the motor and somatosensory cortices of the rat that project to the caudate/putamen or the pons. Injections of WGA-HRP in the caudate/putamen labelled cells in layer V of both cortical areas. In the motor cortex, retrogradely labelled neurons were distributed throughout layer V; 59\% of these cells were also Asp-immunoreactive. In the somatosensory cortex labelled neurons were found mainly in layer Vb; 57\% of these cells were double labelled. A similar percentage of cells were double labelled in this cortical area following WGA-HRP injections into the pontine nuclei. These observations taken together with previous findings (Exp. Neurol., 105 (1989) 36-44) suggest that nearly equal proportions of neurons that give rise to the corticostriatal and corticopontine pathways may use either Asp or glutamate (Glu) as putative neurotransmitters.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(91)90640-f}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Veterinary School, University of Thessaloniki, Greece.}, keywords = {Animals; Aspartic Acid, analysis/metabolism; Caudate Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Motor Neurons, metabolism; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Putamen, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1708481}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dinopoulos:1989, author = {A. Dinopoulos and L. A. Eadie and I. Dori and J. G. Parnavelas}, title = {The development of basal forebrain projections to the rat visual cortex.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1989}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, pages = {563--571}, abstract = {The development of the basal forebrain projections to the visual cortex of the rat were studied using retrograde tracer techniques. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase placed in the visual cortex of newborn animals resulted in labelling of neurons throughout the basal forebrain nuclei. Although at this time the overall distribution of retrogradely labelled cells within the basal forebrain appeared similar to that seen in the adult, cells were smaller and weakly stained. It was only at the end of the second postnatal week that the somata of stained neurons showed sizes and staining intensity comparable to the adult. This precedes or coincides with the reported significant increases in cortical and basal forebrain ChAT activity and the first detection of ChAT-labelled fibres in this cortical area. These data suggest an important developmental point around the end of the second postnatal week that may correspond to the time when a significant number of cholinergic axons first appear within the visual cortex. They also suggest that the cholinergic projections to the visual cortex develop late in comparison with the thalamic and other subcortical afferents in this cortical area.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00248913}, institution = {Laboratory of Anatomy, Veterinary School, University of Thessaloniki, Greece.}, keywords = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn, growth /&/ development/physiology; Basal Ganglia, enzymology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Cholinergic Fibers, enzymology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, enzymology/growth /&/ development; Neurons, enzymology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Visual Cortex, enzymology/growth /&/ development/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2792246}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dinopoulos:1989a, author = {Dinopoulos, A. and Papadopoulos, G. C. and Parnavelas, J. G. and Antonopoulos, J. and Karamanlidis, A. N.}, title = {Basal forebrain projections to the lower brain stem in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {1989}, volume = {105}, number = {3}, pages = {316--319}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The projections of the magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain to the lower brain stem were studied using the WGA-HRP method. Of these nuclei, the nucleus of the vertical and the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca, the magnocellular preoptic nucleus, and the substantia innominata were found to project bilaterally to the caudal midbrain, pons, and medulla. Labeled cells in the medial septal nucleus and in the nucleus basalis were found ipsilaterally only when injections stained the caudal part of the interpeduncular nucleus. The present findings together with other recent reports reveal a more extensive distribution of basal forebrain efferents than was previously thought.}, doi = {10.1016/0014-4886(89)90136-2}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaloniki, Greece.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2475363}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dinopoulos:1991, author = {A. Dinopoulos and J. G. Parnavelas}, title = {The development of ventral tegmental area (VTA) projections to the visual cortex of the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1991}, volume = {134}, number = {1}, pages = {12--16}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The development of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) projections to the rat visual cortex was studied with the wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) retrograde tracing technique. Large injections of WGA-HRP in the visual cortex of newborn, early postnatal, and adult rats resulted in a substantial number of retrogradely labelled neurons in the VTA showing the same distribution pattern at all ages examined. Contrary to other reports, labelled cells were never found in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra but occasionally were seen in the contralateral VTA near the midline. These neurons showed a continuous growth from the day of birth to the end of the second postnatal week, when they acquired morphological features comparable to the adult; they subsequently showed a substantial decrease in soma size. The present results clearly demonstrate that there exists a substantial mesocortical projection to the rat visual cortex which arises exclusively from the VTA. This projection is already established at birth, but the neurons which give rise to it appear morphologically immature during the first two postnatal weeks.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(91)90497-h}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaloniki, Greece.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development; Tegmentum Mesencephali, cytology/growth /&/ development; Visual Cortex, growth /&/ development; Visual Pathways, growth /&/ development}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(91)90497-H}, pmid = {1815143}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Discenza:2012, author = {Discenza, Claire B. and Reinagel, Pamela}, title = {Dorsal lateral geniculate substructure in the long-evans rat: a cholera toxin B subunit study.}, journal = {Front Neuroanat}, year = {2012}, volume = {6}, pages = {40}, abstract = {The pigmented rat is an increasingly important model in visual neuroscience research, yet the lamination of retinal projections in the dLGN has not been examined in sufficient detail. From previous studies it was known that most of the rat dLGN receives monocular input from the contralateral eye, with a small island receiving predominantly ipsilateral projections. Here we revisit the question using cholera toxin B subunit, a tracer that efficiently fills retinal terminals after intra-ocular injection. We imaged retinal termini throughout the dLGN at 0.5 μm resolution and traced areas of ipsilateral and contralateral terminals to obtain a high resolution 3D reconstruction of the projection pattern. Retinal termini in the dLGN are well segregated by eye of origin, as expected. We find, however, that the ipsilateral projections form multiple discrete projection zones in three dimensions, not the single island previously described. It remains to be determined whether these subdomains represent distinct functional sublaminae, as is the case in other mammals.}, doi = {10.3389/fnana.2012.00040}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA, USA.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {epublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {23055955}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2012.00040}, } @Article{Distler:1993, author = {P. G. Distler and R. T. Robertson}, title = {Formation of synapses between basal forebrain afferents and cerebral cortex neurons: an electron microscopic study in organotypic slice cultures.}, journal = {J Neurocytol}, year = {1993}, volume = {22}, number = {8}, pages = {627--643}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Co-cultures of rat basal forebrain and cerebral cortex were maintained from 1 to 5 weeks in vitro with serum-free defined medium. The formation of synaptic connections between basal forebrain afferent fibres and cortical neurons was studied by specific labelling with three staining techniques, including (i) neuronal tract tracing with the fluorescent dye 1,1'-dioctodecyl-3,3,3'3'- tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate, (ii) acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, and (iii) choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry. Both basal forebrain and cerebral cortex tissue displayed organotypic characteristics in culture. Cerebral cortex revealed a dense innervation by axonal projections from the basal forebrain. All three labelling techniques produced similar results at the light microscopic level, with densest innervation located in the marginal zone. At the fine structural level, the 1,1'-dioctodecyl-3,3,3'3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate-, acetylcholinesterase- and choline acetyltransferase-stained basal forebrain afferents all revealed a number of synaptic contacts with cortical neurons. The contacts displayed consistent synaptic features, including presynaptic accumulation of small round vesicles, cleft widening, and postsynaptic densities forming symmetric synapses. These morphological characteristics of connections formed in vitro are similar to basal forebrain cholinergic projections to cerebral cortex in normal brain. Based on these results, this tissue culture model appears to be an useful tool for investigations of the development of cholinergic innervation of cerebral cortex.}, doi = {10.1007/bf01181489}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717.}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase; Afferent Pathways, ultrastructure; Animals; Carbocyanines; Cerebral Cortex, ultrastructure; Choline O-Acetyltransferase; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, ultrastructure; Organ Culture Techniques; Prosencephalon, ultrastructure; Rats; Synapses, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8229089}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ditting:2012, author = {Ditting, Tilmann and Linz, Peter and Freisinger, Wolfgang and Heinlein, Sonja and Reeh, Peter W. and Fiedler, Christian and Siegel, Kirsten and Scrogin, Karie E. and Neuhuber, Winfried and Veelken, Roland}, title = {Norepinephrine reduces ω-conotoxin-sensitive Ca2+ currents in renal afferent neurons in rats.}, journal = {Am J Physiol Renal Physiol}, year = {2012}, volume = {302}, number = {3}, pages = {F350--F357}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Sympathetic efferent and peptidergic afferent renal nerves likely influence hypertensive and inflammatory kidney disease. Our recent investigation with confocal microscopy revealed that in the kidney sympathetic nerve endings are colocalized with afferent nerve fibers (Ditting T, Tiegs G, Rodionova K, Reeh PW, Neuhuber W, Freisinger W, Veelken R. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 297: F1427-F1434, 2009; Veelken R, Vogel EM, Hilgers K, Amman K, Hartner A, Sass G, Neuhuber W, Tiegs G. J Am Soc Nephrol 19: 1371-1378, 2008). However, it is not known whether renal afferent nerves are influenced by sympathetic nerve activity. We tested the hypothesis that norepinephrine (NE) influences voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel currents in cultured renal dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, i.e., the first-order neuron of the renal afferent pathway. DRG neurons (T11-L2) retrogradely labeled from the kidney and subsequently cultured, were investigated by whole-cell patch clamp. Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) were investigated by voltage ramps (-100 to +80 mV, 300 ms, every 20 s). NE and appropriate adrenergic receptor antagonists were administered by microperfusion. NE (20 μM) reduced VGCC-mediated currents by 10.4 ± 3.0\% (P < 0.01). This reduction was abolished by the α-adrenoreceptor inhibitor phentolamine and the α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine. The β-adrenoreceptor antagonist propranolol and the α(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin had no effect. The inhibitory effect of NE was abolished when N-type currents were blocked by ω-conotoxin GVIA, but was unaffected by other specific Ca(2+) channel inhibitors (ω-agatoxin IVA; nimodipine). Confocal microscopy revealed sympathetic innervation of DRGs and confirmed colocalization of afferent and efferent fibers within in the kidney. Hence NE released from intrarenal sympathetic nerve endings, or sympathetic fibers within the DRGs, or even circulating catecholamines, may influence the activity of peptidergic afferent nerve fibers through N- type Ca(2+) channels via an α(2)-adrenoceptor-dependent mechanism. However, the exact site and the functional role of this interaction remains to be elucidated.}, doi = {10.1152/ajprenal.00681.2010}, institution = {Dept. of Internal Medicine 4, Nephrology and Hypertension, Erlangen, Germany. tilmann.ditting@uk-erlangen.de}, keywords = {Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists, pharmacology; Animals; Calcium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Calcium Channels, physiology; Cells, Cultured; Drug Interactions; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/physiology; Kidney, innervation; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Norepinephrine, pharmacology; Organ Culture Techniques; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2, physiology; Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic, drug effects/physiology; Yohimbine, pharmacology; omega-Conotoxins, pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {ajprenal.00681.2010}, pmid = {22049399}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00681.2010}, } @Article{Divac:1975, author = {Divac, I.}, title = {Magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain project to neocortex, brain stem, and olfactory bulb. Review of some functional correlates.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1975}, volume = {93}, number = {3}, pages = {385--398}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Horseradish peroxidase was injected into the neocortex of squirrel monkeys, rats, tree shrews and one opossum, in the brain stem of one squirrel monkey and rats, and in the olfactory bulb, the corpus vitreum or the vascular system of rats. Following the cortical, brain stem and bulbar injections labeled cells were found (predominatly ipsilaterally) in the magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain: nucleus of the diagonal band, the magnocellular preoptic nucleus and nucleus basalis. These nuclei may, therefore, be classified together hodologically as well as cytologically and histochemically. The number of labeled cells was proportional to the size of the injected region. It is uncertain whether the same cells project to all target regions. Large labeled cells were found scattered among pallidal and entopeduncular neurons in rats with cortical or brain stem injections. These neurons may be the equivalent to the nucleus basalis in other species.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(75)90178-x}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Eye; Horseradish Peroxidase; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Olfactory Bulb, anatomy /&/ histology; Opossums; Rats; Saimiri; Shrews; Sleep, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(75)90178-X}, pmid = {1174977}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Divac:1979, author = {Divac, I.}, title = {Patterns of subcortico-cortical projections as revealed by somatopetal horseradish peroxidase tracing.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1979}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {455--461}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(79)90123-4}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(79)90123-4}, pmid = {431824}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Divac:1978, author = {Divac, I. and Björklund, A. and Lindvall, O. and Passingham, R. E.}, title = {Converging projections from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons to the neocortex in three species.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1978}, volume = {180}, number = {1}, pages = {59--71}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Previous studies in the rat have shown that the neocortical dopaminergic afferents, originating in the mesencephalon, terminate in those areas of the frontal lobe which receive projections from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus i.e., the prefrontal cortex. In order to clarify whether this overlap is accidental for the rat or a consistent feature of several species we have compared the projection areas of the ventral tegmental area and the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in three species, rat, opossum and tree shrew, using HRP injections in combination with glyoxylic acid histofluorescence method. The results have shown, first, that the area innervated by the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus is localized in a different part of the frontal lobe in each species: dorsolateral in the opossum, anteromedial, polar and suprarhinal in the rat and frontopolar in the tree shrew. Secondly, this area alone in each species receives projections from the ventral tegmental area. Thirdly, this area alone receives a dense innervation in the deep cortical layers by fluorescent fibres probably containing dopamine. The neighbouring neocortical areas receive afferents neither from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus nor from the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum; their catecholamine innervation is mainly confined to the superficial layers and appears to be of noradrenergic nature. Although the techniques used did not allow a precise determination of the borders of the two projection areas and, therefore, the exact degree of overlap, it appears that mesencephalic dopaminergic innervation is a characteristic feature of the prefrontal cortex in the mammalian brain.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901800105}, keywords = {Animals; Catecholamines, analysis; Frontal Lobe, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Mesencephalon, cytology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, cytology; Opossums, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Receptors, Dopamine, analysis; Shrews, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {649789}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901800105}, } @Article{Divac:1978a, author = {Divac, I. and Kosmal, A. and Björklund, A. and Lindvall, O.}, title = {Subcortical projections to the prefrontal cortex in the rat as revealed by the horseradish peroxidase technique.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1978}, volume = {3}, number = {9}, pages = {785--796}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(78)90031-3}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(78)90031-3}, pmid = {714251}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Divac:1987, author = {I. Divac and S. Marinkovi? and J. Mogensen and W. Schwerdtfeger and J. Regidor}, title = {Vertical ascending connections in the isocortex.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1987}, volume = {175}, number = {4}, pages = {443--455}, abstract = {Different fluorescent tracers were applied to the surface of the cortex of rats, marmosets and one hedgehog. Irrespective of the kind of tracer and the depth of penetration, some perikarya of layer VI were labelled in each specimen and in all cortical regions. In the rat almost all labelled neurons were packed in sublayer VIb, in the marmoset such cells were dispersed throughout layer VI, whereas in the hedgehog the degree of their segregation to sublayer VIb was intermediate. Additional experiments in the rat indicated that most of the medium-sized neurons in the VIb layer project to layer I, that most of the perikarya projecting to the thalamus are localized in sublayer VIa, that different neurons project to the thalamus and to the surface of the cortex, and that only very few perikarya in deep parts of layers III and V and of sublayer VIa send axons or axon collaterals to layers I and II.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00309680}, keywords = {Animals; Callitrichinae, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes; Hedgehogs, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3107429}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Divac:1990, author = {Divac, I. and Mogensen, J.}, title = {Long-term retrograde labelling of neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {524}, number = {2}, pages = {339--341}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The intensity of labelling of neuronal perikarya with Fluoro-gold or rhodamine microspheres appeared unchanged in rats surviving one year after surgery. These tracers may be used for sequential labelling with long intervals and to study brain connections in precious specimens.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)90713-l}, institution = {Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Copenhagen, School of Medicine, Denmark.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, cytology/physiology; Cell Survival; Fluorescent Dyes; Microspheres; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rhodamines; Stilbamidines; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(90)90713-L}, pmid = {1705466}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Divac:1987a, author = {Divac, I. and Mogensen, J. and Marinkovic, S. and Mårtensson, R.}, title = {On the projections from the neostriatum to the cerebral cortex: the "displaced" neurons.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1987}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {197--205}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The entire dorsal and lateral cortex of one cerebral hemisphere of rats was infiltrated with different fluorescent tracers and the neostriatum was examined for labelled perikarya. In spite of the extensive infiltration of the cortex, such neurons were seen only sporadically in the ipsilateral neostriatum and almost only in the vicinity of the globus pallidus and the subcortical white matter. The size and shape of these neurons, and particularly their proximity to some cell groups which surround the neostriatum and project to the cerebral cortex, suggest that these neurons belong to the neighbouring structures such as the magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain, the claustrum and the VIb cortical layer.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(87)90333-2}, keywords = {Animals; Caudate Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Putamen, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3601075}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Divac:1993, author = {I. Divac and J. Mogensen and B. Petrovic-Minic and K. Zilles and J. Regidor}, title = {Cortical projections of the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus in the rat. Definition of the prefrontal cortex.}, journal = {Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars)}, year = {1993}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, pages = {425--429}, abstract = {Deposits of somatopetal tracers, that filled the entire dorsolateral cortex of one hemisphere, labelled only a few cell bodies in the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus (MD). Further experiments served to confirm the existence of strong projections from MD to the mesial and suprarhinal areas of the frontal cortex. Thus, only a very small proportion of the MD neurones in the rat projects outside the cortical areas described first by Leonard (1969). We conclude that at least in the rat, cortical projections of the MD are selective enough to be used as the basis for definition of the prefrontal cortex.}, institution = {Institute of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.}, keywords = {Animals; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8213271}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Divac:1995, author = {Divac, I. and Regidor, J. and Milosevic, S. and Mogensen, J. and Zilles, K.}, title = {Afferents to different layers of the dorsolateral isocortex in rats.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1995}, volume = {192}, number = {1}, pages = {63--75}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Fluorescent somatopetal tracers were used to infiltrate, by diffusion rather than injections, the dorsolateral cortex of one hemisphere in rats. In different animals the tracers penetrated into the cortex to different depths. We found several interesting features of the commissural system: first, there were no areas without commissural neurons. At least a few labelled cell bodies were present in a single-cell layer also in "acallosal" cortical areas. Secondly, there is a considerable variety of laminar distribution patterns of labelled perikarya in different areas. Thirdly, some cortical fields, which cytoarchitecturally appear uniform, can be subdivided according to different distributions of cell bodies with commissural projections. Fourthly, when only supragranular layers were infiltrated, labelled cell bodies were present mainly in the supragranular layers of the contralateral cortex. Infiltration of the first layer alone did not label any neurons in the contralateral cortex but did label neurons in layer VIb ipsilaterally. In the subcortex, the labelled perikarya were found in the structures already known to project directly to the cortex. In rats with the tracer restricted mainly to the supragranular layers, a conspicuously reduced labelling was found in the basal forebrain and the thalamus. In the thalami of those animals, labelled neurons were found only in paralamellar nuclei. The high sensitivity of the tracer used, together with infiltration of the entire dorsolateral cortex, allows us to conclude that probably all sources of innervation of the isocortex in rats have been seen.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00186992}, institution = {Department of Medical Physiology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Benzofurans, diagnostic use; Bisbenzimidazole, diagnostic use; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar, anatomy /&/ histology; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7486002}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Divac:1976, author = {Divac, I. and Segal, M.}, title = {Effects of apomorphine and haloperidol on somatopetal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the nigro-striatal pathway.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1976}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {185--189}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Labeling of cell bodies in pars compacta of substantia nigra (SNc) following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the neostriatum was not affected by repeated systemic injections of apomorphine or haloperidol during the survival time. These drugs decelerate and accelerate, respectively, the firing of SNc neurons. Provided the used standard method was sensitive enough, it could be concluded that at least in these neurons the somatopetal transport and accumulation of the tracer do not depend on the rate of electrical activity. Consequently, the intensity of labeling with HRP is not a sensitive index of neuronal activity.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(76)90071-9}, institution = {Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Denmark.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(76)90071-9}, pmid = {19604884}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dixon:2006, author = {Kirsty J Dixon and Rachel M Sherrard}, title = {Brain-derived neurotrophic factor induces post-lesion transcommissural growth of olivary axons that develop normal climbing fibers on mature Purkinje cells.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {2006}, volume = {202}, number = {1}, pages = {44-56}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {In the adult mammalian central nervous system, reinnervation and recovery from trauma is limited. During development, however, post-lesion plasticity may generate alternate paths providing models to investigate factors that promote reinnervation to appropriate targets. Following unilateral transection of the neonatal rat olivocerebellar pathway, axons from the remaining inferior olive reinnervate the denervated hemicerebellum and develop climbing fiber arbors on Purkinje cells. However, the capacity to recreate this accurate target reinnervation in a mature system remains unknown. In rats lesioned on day 15 (P15) or 30 and treated with intracerebellar injection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or vehicle 24 h later, the morphology and organisation of transcommissural olivocerebellar reinnervation was examined using neuronal tracing and immunohistochemistry. In all animals BDNF, but not vehicle, induced transcommissural olivocerebellar axonal growth into the denervated hemicerebellum. The distribution of reinnervating climbing fibers was not confined to the injection sites but extended throughout the denervated hemivermis and, less densely, up to 3.5 mm into the hemisphere. Transcommissural olivocerebellar axons were organised into parasagittal microzones that were almost symmetrical to those in the right hemicerebellum. Reinnervating climbing fiber arbors were predominantly normal, but in the P30-lesioned group 10\% were either branched within the molecular layer forming a smaller secondary arbor or were less branched, and in the P15 lesion group the reinnervating arbors extended their terminals almost to the pial surface and were larger than control arbors (P < 0.02). These results show that BDNF can induce transcommissural olivocerebellar reinnervation, which resembles developmental neuroplasticity to promote appropriate target reinnervation in a mature environment.}, doi = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.05.010}, institution = {School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Australia. k.dixon@anhb.uwa.edu.au}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, pathology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, drug effects; Brain Injuries, drug therapy/pathology; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, therapeutic use; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, metabolism; Cerebellum, pathology; Denervation, methods; Dextrans, metabolism; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Olivary Nucleus, pathology; Purkinje Cells, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rhodamines, metabolism; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0014-4886(06)00296-2}, pmid = {16790241}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.05.010}, } @Article{Dobberfuhl:2014, author = {Dobberfuhl, Amy D. and Oti, Takumi and Sakamoto, Hirotaka and Marson, Lesley}, title = {Identification of CNS neurons innervating the levator ani and ventral bulbospongiosus muscles in male rats.}, journal = {J Sex Med}, year = {2014}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {664--677}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The pelvic striated muscles play an important role in mediating erections and ejaculation, and together these muscles compose a tightly coordinated neuromuscular system that is androgen sensitive and sexually dimorphic.To identify spinal and brains neurons involved in the control of the levator ani (LA) and bulbospongiosus (BS) in the male adult and preadolescent rat.Rats were anesthetized, and the transsynaptic retrograde tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV) was injected into the LA muscle of adults or the ventral BS muscle in 30-day-old rats. After 3-5 days rats were sacrificed, and PRV-labeled neurons in the spinal cords and brains were identified using immunohistochemistry. The presence of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) in the lumbar spinal neurons was examined.The location and number of PRV-labeled neurons in the spinal cord and brain and GRP colocalization in the lumbar spinal cord.PRV-labeled spinal interneurons were found distributed throughout T11-S1 of the spinal cord, subsequent to dorsal medial motoneuron infection. The majority of spinal interneurons were found in the lumbosacral spinal cord in the region of the dorsal gray commissure and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. Preadolescent rats had more PRV-labeled spinal interneurons at L5-S1 where the motoneurons were located but relatively less spread rostrally in the spinal cord compared with adults. Lumbar spinothalmic neurons in medial gray of L3-L4 co-localized PRV and GRP. In the brain consistent labeling was seen in areas known to be involved in male sexual behavior including the ventrolateral medulla, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, and medial preoptic area.Common spinal and brain pathways project to the LA and BS muscles in the rat suggesting that these muscles act together to coordinate male sexual reflexes. Differences may exist in the amount of synaptic connections/neuronal pathways in adolescents compared with adults.}, doi = {10.1111/jsm.12418}, institution = {Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {24373488}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12418}, } @Article{Dobbins:1995, author = {Dobbins, E. G. and Feldman, J. L.}, title = {Differential innervation of protruder and retractor muscles of the tongue in rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {357}, number = {3}, pages = {376--394}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Protrusion and retraction of the tongue are essential components of such orofacial behaviors as mastication, respiration, and swallowing. Stimulation of the medial branch of the hypoglossal nerve yields tongue protrusion, while stimulation of the lateral branch yields tongue retraction in rat. We exploited the transsynaptic transport capabilities of pseudorabies virus to determine specific circuits that innervate protruder and retractor muscles of the rat tongue. Each group of muscles is innervated by distinct populations of hypoglossal motoneurons: caudal ventral and ventrolateral motoneurons form the largest proportion of those innervating protruders, whereas rostral dorsal motoneurons innervate retractors. Our primary finding was differential innervation of protruder and retractor motoneurons by premotoneurons in the lateral tegmental field: premotoneurons innervating protruder motoneurons were more ventral and ventromedial than those innervating retractor motoneurons. In addition, protruder motoneurons received projections from the ipsilateral lateral parabrachial nucleus but not spinal trigeminal nucleus or medial and ventral subnuclei of the solitary tract; the converse was true for retractor motoneurons. These results suggest segregation of functional networks that control hypoglossal motoneurons. The dorsal medulla, in or around the solitary tract, contains neurons specific to retractor motoneurons, and the region ventrolateral to the hypoglossal nucleus contains circuitry specific to protruder motoneurons. Common innervation of medial and lateral branch motoneurons is provided by premotoneurons in the raphe and gigantocellular reticular formation of the medial medulla. The midline medullary nuclei with diverse projections may coordinate complex behavior or modulate general motoneuron excitability, whereas the lateral reticular formation, with anatomically discrete projections, may control motoneurons that contribute to distinct orofacial behaviors.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903570305}, institution = {Department of Physiological Science, University of California Los Angeles 90015-1527, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Injections; Male; Motor Neurons, physiology; Neuromuscular Junction, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tongue, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7673474}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903570305}, } @Article{Doerffler-Melly:1988, author = {Doerffler-Melly, J. and Neuhuber, W. L.}, title = {Rectospinal neurons: evidence for a direct projection from the enteric to the central nervous system in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1988}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, pages = {121--125}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and Fluorogold injections were made into the spinal cord segments L4-S2, and HRP was applied to cut L6 and S1 dorsal roots in the rat. These procedures resulted in retrograde labeling of neuronal cell bodies in the rectal wall. Labeled neurons were found both inside and outside myenteric ganglia. Their occurrence was restricted to 5 mm proximal of the external anal sphincter. These cell bodies might represent an additional type of afferent neuron, furnishing a direct information pathway from the rectal wall to the spinal cord.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(88)90046-8}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Switzerland.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Myenteric Plexus, cytology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rectum, innervation; Spinal Cord, cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(88)90046-8}, pmid = {2460806}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dohm:2000, author = {Dohm, Stephan and Streppel, Michael and Guntinas-Lichius, Orlando and Pesheva, Penka and Probstmeier, Rainer and Walther, Michael and Neiss, Wolfram F. and Stennert, Eberhard and Angelov, Doychin N.}, title = {Local application of extracellular matrix proteins fails to reduce the number of axonal branches after varying reconstructive surgery on rat facial nerve.}, journal = {Restor Neurol Neurosci}, year = {2000}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {117--126}, abstract = {PURPOSE: A major reason for the poor functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury is the outgrowth of supernumerary axonal branches at the lesion site. Projecting within several nerve fascicles, the branches of one axon often re-innervate synchronously muscles with antagonis-tic functions and impair any coordinated activity. We hypothetized that accelerated axonal elongation through extracellular matrix proteins fos-tering neurite outgrowth might reduce axonal branching and improve recovery of function. METHODS: In a control group of rats, ramus zygomaticus, ramus buccalis, and ramus marginalis mandibulae of the facial nerve were transected and the stumps labeled with DiI, Fluoro-Gold (FG), and Fast Blue (FB). RESULTS: Neuron counts showed that the zygomatic ramus contained axons of 204 +/- 88 DiI-labeled motoneurons in the dorsal facial subnu-cleus. No perikarya were labeled by 2 or 3 tracers. After transection and suture of the facial nerve trunk, the zygomatic ramus contained axons of 328 +/- 50 motoneurons dispersed throughout the whole facial nucleus. The occurrence of double-labeled (DiI+FG and DiI+FB) motoneu-rons showed that about 30 \% of all axons in the zygomatic ramus had a twin branch projecting within the buccal and/or mandibular ramus. CONCLUSIONS: Entubulation of transected facial nerve in a silicone tube containing phosphate buffered saline, collagen type I, laminin, fibronectin, or tenascin did not reduce the portion of double-labeled motoneurons. We conclude that (i) axonal branching follows a rather con-stant pattern regardless of changes in the local microenvironment; (ii) despite their known effect to support neurite outgrowth, all tested extra-cellular matrix proteins do not suppress axonal branching in the rat facial nerve model.}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12671214}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Doi:1997, author = {Doi, K. and Seki, M. and Kuroda, Y. and Okamura, N. and Ito, H. and Hayakawa, T. and Zyo, K.}, title = {Direct and indirect thalamic afferents arising from the vestibular nuclear complex of rats: medial and spinal vestibular nuclei.}, journal = {Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn}, year = {1997}, volume = {74}, number = {1}, pages = {9--31}, month = {May}, abstract = {We examined the afferent pathways and terminations in the thalamus from the medial vestibular nucleus (MVe) and the spinal vestibular nucleus (SpVe) with anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) and retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Following PHAL injection into the MVe, many anterogradely labeled fibers and terminal-like boutons were recognized in the central lateral nucleus of the thalamus. Sparse projections were found in the zona incerta, the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and the compact region of the laterodorsal thalamic nucleus. When PHAL was injected into the SpVe, labeled ascending fibers ran along the lateral lemniscus forming a loose bundle, and terminated in the medial part of the rostrocaudal extent of the medial geniculate body, and the posterior and ventral thalamic nuclei. Furthermore, a few fibers projected to the central lateral nucleus. In order to confirm the indirect thalamic afferents via the spinal trigeminal nucleus, we injected WGA-HRP into the submedius nucleus of the thalamus after PHAL injection into the SpVe. Many anterogradely labeled terminal-like boutons from SpVe were recognized apposing retrogradely labeled spinal trigeminal neurons. Thus, the present results indicate the existence of dual vestibulo-thalamic pathways; a direct projection to the thalamus, and an indirect projection to the submedius nucleus via the spinal trigeminal nucleus.}, doi = {10.2535/ofaj1936.74.1_9}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Hyogo College of Medicine, Japan.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Nerves, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9301272}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dolbeare:2003, author = {Dolbeare, Dirk and Houle, John D.}, title = {Restriction of axonal retraction and promotion of axonal regeneration by chronically injured neurons after intraspinal treatment with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF).}, journal = {J Neurotrauma}, year = {2003}, volume = {20}, number = {11}, pages = {1251--1261}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The response of supraspinal neurons to acute or delayed treatment with GDNF following a spinal cord injury was examined. A cervical level 3 hemisection lesion cavity was created by tissue aspiration in adult, female rats. In one experiment gel foam saturated with GDNF was placed into the lesion cavity immediately after injury to determine if the extent of axonal retraction was affected by neurotrophic factor treatment. One week prior to sacrifice animals received a microinjection of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the red nucleus and reticular formation to label descending spinal pathways by anterograde transport mechanisms. Animals were sacrificed 1 or 4 weeks after injury and treatment with GDNF. The terminal end of injured BDA-labeled rubrospinal and reticulospinal tract axons was identified and the distance from the lesion was measured. In comparison to PBS-treated animals, GDNF-treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the extent of axonal retraction of both rubrospinal and reticulospinal tract axons at 1 week after spinal cord injury for both tracts. At 4 weeks after injury the mean distance from the lesion was less than 240 microm following GDNF-treatment for both tracts, compared to over 480 microm following PBS-treatment. In the second experiment injured supraspinal neurons were labeled by retrograde transport of True Blue that had been placed into the lesion cavity. One month later scar tissue was removed from the cavity by aspiration to enlarge the cavity by approximately 500 microm in a rostral direction. GDNF-saturated gel foam was placed into the cavity for 60 min prior to apposition of an autologous peripheral nerve (PN) graft to the rostral cavity wall. One month later Nuclear Yellow was applied to the distal end of the PN graft and animals were sacrificed after 2 days. The number of supraspinal neurons containing both True Blue and Nuclear Yellow was counted as a measure of axonal regeneration by chronically injured neurons. There was a seven-fold increase in the number of regenerating neurons after GDNF-treatment, with the majority (65\%) of dual-labeled neurons located within the reticular formation. These results indicate that GDNF has neuroprotective effects when provided acutely after injury and promotes axonal regeneration when provided in a chronic injury situation.}, doi = {10.1089/089771503770802916}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, drug effects/pathology; Drug Delivery Systems, methods; Female; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Nerve Growth Factors, administration /&/ dosage/therapeutic use; Nerve Regeneration, drug effects; Neuroprotective Agents, administration /&/ dosage/therapeutic use; Peripheral Nerves, drug effects/transplantation; Rats; Spinal Cord Injuries, drug therapy/pathology; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {14651811}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/089771503770802916}, } @Article{Dolleman-VanderWeel:1994, author = {{Dolleman-Van der Weel}, M. J. and Wouterlood, F. G. and Witter, M. P.}, title = {Multiple anterograde tracing, combining Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin with rhodamine- and biotin-conjugated dextran amine.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {1994}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {9--21}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The simultaneous use of different neuroanatomical anterograde tracers provides a potentially powerful method to study the convergence of afferent systems in a particular brain area. However, a simple routine procedure to apply multiple anterograde tracers in conjunction with their simultaneous visualization is still missing. We report an easy and straightforward application of three sensitive anterograde tracers: Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), rhodamine-conjugated dextran amine (RDA) and biotin-conjugated dextran amine (BDA). These tracers can be visualized simultaneously and permanently through a triple-staining procedure with nickel-enhanced diaminobenzidine (DAB-Ni), DAB and 1-naphthol/Azur B as chromogens. Our test model comprised the projections from the nucleus reuniens thalami and entorhinal cortex. Both projection systems show a high degree of overlap in their terminal fields in the hippocampus. Two tracers were injected in the left and right entorhinal cortex, respectively; a third tracer was injected in the nucleus reuniens. This combination of injections provided a good opportunity to compare the three tracers in one and the same animal. PHA-L, RDA and BDA, injected in either of the injection sites, turned out to be equally sensitive and revealed the morphology of the involved projection systems in great detail. The triple-staining protocol yielded an excellent, simultaneous detectability of the three tracers with a remarkably low background level. Thus, the combination of the anterograde tracers PHA-L, RDA and BDA, in conjunction with the triple-staining procedure, offers a very attractive approach for neuroanatomical research.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-0270(94)90021-3}, institution = {Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Netherlands.}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Transport; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacokinetics; Blood Vessels, cytology; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Cross Reactions; Dextrans, pharmacokinetics; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Limbic System, physiology; Methods; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins, pharmacokinetics; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rhodamines, pharmacokinetics; Sensitivity and Specificity; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0165-0270(94)90021-3}, pmid = {7514701}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dolorfo:1998, author = {C. L. Dolorfo and D. G. Amaral}, title = {Entorhinal cortex of the rat: topographic organization of the cells of origin of the perforant path projection to the dentate gyrus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1998}, volume = {398}, number = {1}, pages = {25--48}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {By using three-dimensional computer reconstruction techniques and the production of two-dimensional unfolded maps, we analyzed the topographic organization of projections from the entorhinal cortex of the rat to the dentate gyrus. The retrograde tracers, Fast blue and Diamidino yellow, were injected at all septotemporal levels of the dentate gyrus, and the distribution of retrogradely labeled layer II cells in the entorhinal cortex was plotted by using computer-aided microscopy systems. Discrete injections of fluorescent dyes into the dentate gyrus labeled bands of layer II neurons in the entorhinal cortex that covered approximately 45\% of its surface area. Injections confined to the septal half of the dentate gyrus resulted in a band that occupied the most lateral and caudomedial portions of the entorhinal cortex. Although there were subtle changes in the density of labeled cells in this region, essentially the same region of cells was labeled after any injection into the septal half of the dentate gyrus. Injections into mid-septotemporal levels of the dentate gyrus (50-75\% of the distance from the septal pole) led to a distinctly different pattern of retrograde labeling. A more medial portion of the lateral entorhinal cortex and a more rostral portion of the medial entorhinal area were labeled in these cases. Another change in entorhinal labeling occurred when the injection involved the most temporal quarter of the dentate gyrus. Injections into this area led to a constrained region of entorhinal labeling that included the most medial portion of the lateral entorhinal area and the most rostral portion of the medial entorhinal area. Although the domains of cells projecting to septal, mid-septotemporal, and temporal levels of the dentate gyrus were not entirely segregated, there was relatively little overlap of the three populations of neurons. These data raise the possibility that different portions of the entorhinal-hippocampal circuit are capable of semiautonomous information processing, at least at the stage of input to the dentate gyrus.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980817)398:1<25::aid-cne3>3.3.co;2-d}, institution = {Group in Neuroscience, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92193, USA.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Brain Mapping; Dentate Gyrus, chemistry/cytology; Fluorescent Dyes; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Parvalbumins, analysis; Perforant Pathway, chemistry/cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology; Septal Nuclei, chemistry/cytology; Temporal Lobe, chemistry/cytology; Terminology as Topic}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-B}, pmid = {9703026}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dolorfo:1998a, author = {Dolorfo, C. L. and Amaral, D. G.}, title = {Entorhinal cortex of the rat: organization of intrinsic connections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1998}, volume = {398}, number = {1}, pages = {49--82}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Two sets of experiments were carried out to examine the organization of associational connections within the rat entorhinal cortex. First, a comprehensive analysis of the areal and laminar distribution of intrinsic projections was performed by using the anterograde tracers Phaseolus vulgaris-leuocoagglutinin (PHA-L) and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). Second, retrograde tracers were injected into the dentate gyrus and PHA-L and BDA were injected into the entorhinal cortex to determine the extent to which entorhinal neurons that project to different septotemporal levels of the dentate gyrus are linked by intrinsic connections. The regional distribution of intrinsic projections within the entorhinal cortex was related to the location of the cells of origin along the mediolateral axis of the entorhinal cortex. Cells located in the lateral regions of the entorhinal cortex gave rise to intrinsic connections that largely remained within the lateral reaches of the entorhinal cortex, i.e., within the rostrocaudally situated entorhinal band of cells that projected to septal levels of the dentate gyrus. Cells located in the medial regions of the entorhinal cortex gave rise to intrinsic projections confined to the medial portion of the entorhinal cortex. Injections made into mid-mediolateral regions of the entorhinal cortex mainly gave rise to projections to mid-mediolateral levels, although some fibers did enter either lateral or medial portions of the entorhinal cortex. These patterns were the same regardless of whether the projections originated from the superficial (II-III) or deep (V-VI) layers of the entorhinal cortex. This organizational scheme indicates, and our combined retrograde/anterograde labeling studies confirmed, that laterally situated entorhinal neurons that project to septal levels of the dentate gyrus are not in direct communication with neurons projecting to the temporal portions of the dentate gyrus. These results suggest that entorhinal intrinsic connections allow for both integration (within a band) and segregation (across bands) of entorhinal cortical information processing.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980817)398:1<49::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-9}, institution = {Group in Neuroscience, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92193, USA.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Dentate Gyrus, cytology; Dextrans; Entorhinal Cortex, cytology; Fluorescent Dyes; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Neural Pathways; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-9}, pmid = {9703027}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Domesick:1969, author = {Domesick, V. B.}, title = {Projections from the cingulate cortex in the rat}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1969}, volume = {12(2)}, pages = {296-320}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(69)90002-x}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Domoto:1995, author = {Domoto, T. and Teramoto, M. and Tanigawa, K. and Tamura, K. and Yasui, Y.}, title = {Origins of nerve fibers containing nitric oxide synthase in the rat celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {281}, number = {2}, pages = {215--221}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The origin of nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve fibers in rat celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion was examined using retrograde tracing techniques combined with the immunofluorescence method. Fluoro-Gold was injected into the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion. Neuronal cell bodies retrogradely labeled with Fluoro-Gold in the thoracic spinal cord, the dorsal root ganglia at the thoracic level, the nodose ganglion, and the intestine from the duodenum to the proximal colon were examined for nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity. About 60\% of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the intermediolateral nucleus projecting to the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion were immunoreactive for nitric oxide synthase, as were approximately 27\% of nodose ganglion neurons and about 65\% of dorsal root ganglion neurons projecting to the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion. Neurons projecting to the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion were found in the myenteric plexus of the small and large intestine. In the proximal colon, about 23\% of such neurons were immunoreactive for nitric oxide synthase. However, in the small intestine, no immunoreactivity was found in these neurons.}, doi = {10.1007/s004410050418}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Shimane Medical University, Izumo, Japan.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Oxidoreductases, metabolism; Animals; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Ganglia, Sensory, cytology/enzymology; Ganglia, Sympathetic, enzymology; Intestines, cytology/enzymology/innervation; Male; Nerve Fibers, enzymology; Neurons, cytology/enzymology; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology/enzymology; Thorax}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7544241}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Domoto:1992, author = {Domoto, T. and Yang, H. and Bishop, A. E. and Polak, J. M. and Oki, M.}, title = {Distribution and origin of extrinsic nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and galanin in the rat upper rectum.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {1992}, volume = {15}, number = {1-2}, pages = {64--73}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The distributions of nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and galanin (GAL) were examined in the rat rectum of mutants rats, aganglionic rats (AGRs), which completely lack the intramural nerve cells in the large intestine, and of their normal littermates. The origin of extrinsic peptide-containing nerve fibers was examined using retrograde tracing combined with immunohistochemistry in normal rats. In the rectum of normal rats, CGRP-, SP- and GAL-immunoreactive varicose fibers were observed throughout all layers of the rectal wall, and immunoreactive nerve cells were present in the enteric ganglia of colchicine-treated rats. In the aganglionic rectum of AGR, a rich supply of CGRP-immunoreactive fibers was observed in the mucosa, around the blood vessels, and in the submucous and intermuscular spaces. SP- and GAL-immunoreactive fibers in the aganglionic rectum showed a similar distribution to CGRP-immunoreactive fibers but were less dense. These results suggest that most of CGRP-positive fibers in the rectum are extrinsic whereas a large part of SP- or GAL-positive fibers are intrinsic. Fluoro-gold injected into the upper rectum of normal rat labelled nerve cells (less than 10\% of total ganglion cells) in the lumbar (L1 and L2) and lumbosacral (L6 and S1) dorsal root ganglia. More than half of nerve cells in the dorsal root ganglia (L6 and S1) projecting to the rectum were immunoreactive for CGRP, and less than 10\% were immunoreactive for SP or GAL. Comparison of serial sections of the dorsal root ganglion revealed that about half of the CGRP-immunoreactive cells were also positive for SP or GAL. These results indicate that SP- or GAL-positive neurons projecting to the rectum are scarce in the dorsal root ganglia. The present investigation suggests that CGRP-containing nerves are visceral afferents forming a major component of the sensory innervation of the rat rectum, and SP- and GAL-containing nerves which share their extrinsic origins appear to form a lesser proportion of the sensory innervation.}, doi = {10.1016/0168-0102(92)90018-8}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Shimane Medical University, Izumo, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Galanin; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Nerve Fibers, metabolism/physiology; Peptides, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rectum, innervation/metabolism; Stilbamidines; Substance P, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1283008}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Domoto:1994, author = {Domoto, T. and Zhang, W. B. and Tsumori, T. and Oki, M.}, title = {Distribution of extrinsic enkephalin-containing nerve fibers in the rat rectum and their origin in the major pelvic ganglion.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, year = {1994}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {135--146}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The distribution of nerve fibers containing enkephalin (ENK)-like immunoreactivity was examined in the rectum of aganglionosis rats (AGRs) which completely lack the intramural ganglion cells in the large intestine, and was compared with that of their normal littermates. Furthermore, Met5-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MEAGL)-like immunoreactive neurons projecting to the rectum were examined using retrograde tracing combined with immunohistochemistry in the major pelvic ganglion of normal male rats. In the intermuscular space of the aganglionic rectum of AGRs, unlike the pattern of the normal intermuscular plexus, moderate numbers of ENK-like-immunoreactive fibers were arranged in an irregular, coarse network; greatly diminished numbers of immunoreactive fibers were found in the submucosa. No ENK-like-immunoreactive fibers were seen in the circular muscle layer and mucosa. In the normal rat rectum, ENK-like-immunoreactive fibers were seen throughout all layers, and immunoreactive nerve cells were found predominantly in the myenteric plexus of colchicine-treated animals. Fluoro-Gold injected into the upper rectum labelled numerous principal ganglion neurons in the major pelvic and inferior mesenteric ganglia. Less than 10\% of tracer-labelled neurons were positive for fluorescein immunolabelling of MEAGL in the major pelvic ganglion; no immunoreactive neurons were found in the inferior mesenteric ganglion. In the major pelvic ganglion of the colchicine-treated normal rats, about 5\% of principal ganglion neurons were immunoreactive for MEAGL. Comparison of serial paraffin sections of the major pelvic ganglion stained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), MEAGL and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), respectively, revealed that more than half of MEAGL-like immunoreactive neurons were also positive for TH; there was no case showing co-existence of MEAGL with VIP in the principal neurons. These results indicate that a small number of enkephalin-containing neurons in the major pelvic ganglion project to the rectum, and that more than half of these neurons are postganglionic sympathetic. They may terminate mainly in the myenteric ganglia in the rectum.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-1838(94)90133-3}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Shimane Medical University, Izumo, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Colchicine, pharmacology; Enkephalin, Methionine, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Enkephalins, metabolism; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Autonomic, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Hirschsprung Disease, pathology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Fibers, metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rectum, innervation/metabolism; Stilbamidines; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7806766}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Donahue:1988, author = {Donahue, P. E. and Yoshida, J. and Polley, E. H. and Nyhus, L. M.}, title = {Preganglionic vagus nerve fibers also enter the greater curvature of the stomach in rats and ferrets.}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, year = {1988}, volume = {94}, number = {6}, pages = {1292--1299}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The efferent gastric vagus nerve fibers appear to enter the stomach by several routes. For example, the rate of gastric acid secretion is directly affected by the nerves of the greater curvature of the stomach. Specifically, acid secretion decreases abruptly after division of the gastroepiploic nerve(s). To determine whether efferent vagus nerve fibers are contained in the gastroepiploic nerve(s), horseradish peroxidase, a protein that undergoes retrograde axonal transport, was applied to these nerves; the brainstem locus of the nuclei of the vagus nerves was examined 2 days later. Typical peroxidase labeling was observed in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve in 5 of 6 rats and 3 of 3 ferrets; the hypothesis that efferent vagus nerves enter the greater curvature of the stomach was thus supported in two vertebrate species. These previously unrecognized nerves should be considered in the interpretation of experimental and clinical phenomena.}, doi = {10.1016/0016-5085(88)90666-x}, institution = {Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cell Count; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Ferrets; Neurons, Efferent, cytology; Pilot Projects; Rats; Species Specificity; Stomach, innervation; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0016508588001714}, pmid = {3360257}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{DonCarlos:1990, author = {L. L. DonCarlos and J. I. Morrell}, title = {A subset of progesterone target neurons have axonal projections to the midbrain.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {521}, number = {1-2}, pages = {213--220}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Progestin-concentrating neurons in the preoptic area and hypothalamus that project to the midbrain in the female rat were identified using the combined steroid hormone autoradiography-retrograde axonal tracing technique. Progesterone target neurons were most abundant in the periventricular preoptic area and the medial preoptic nucleus, and in the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus. In the medial preoptic area as a whole, about 14\% of the progestin-concentrating cells were afferent to the midbrain. More specifically, 23\% of medial preoptic nucleus progesterone target neurons communicated directly with midbrain cell groups, whereas a much smaller percentage (2\%) of periventricular preoptic target neurons projected to the midbrain. In the medial basal hypothalamus as a whole, 11\% of the progestin-concentrating cells detected sent axons to the midbrain. This proportion was slightly higher in the ventromedial nucleus (15\%), and much lower in the arcuate nucleus (3\%). In the dorsal and lateral hypothalamic areas, close to 30\% of the progesterone target neurons sent axons to the midbrain, although the total number and density of target cells in the two latter areas was low. These data support the idea that transduction by forebrain target neurons of the progesterone signal into altered synaptic transmission in the midbrain is one route through which progesterone can influence a variety of behaviors.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)91545-r}, institution = {Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Count; Female; Hypothalamus, cytology/metabolism; Mesencephalon, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Progesterone, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(90)91545-R}, pmid = {2207660}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dong:2013, author = {Dong, Chuanjiang and Gao, Wansheng and Jia, Renfeng and Li, Shuqiang and Shen, Zhou and Li, Bing}, title = {Reconstruction of anorectal function through end-to-side neurorrhaphy by autonomic nerves and somatic nerve in rats.}, journal = {J Surg Res}, year = {2013}, volume = {180}, number = {2}, pages = {e63--e71}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {End-to-side nerve repair is a new tool in managing certain nerve injuries. In previous studies, it was limited to somatic nerves. Herein, we evaluate the feasibility of anorectal reinnervation after end-to-side coaptation of autonomic nerve to somatic nerve.Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: end-to-side coaptation group (n = 16), the left L6 and S1 spinal nerves were transected, and the distal stump of L6 ventral root (L6VR) was sutured to L4VR (L4VR) through end-to-side neurorrhaphy; no coaptation group (n = 12), rats received the same operation as the end-to-side coaptation group but without coaptation; and control group (n = 12), rats received the same operation as the end-to-side coaptation group but the L6VR was preserved. At 16 wk, using double retrograde tracing and histomorphological technique and anorectal manometry, morphological and functional properties of regenerated nerve were investigated.Retrograde tracing indicated that the new neural pathway was established and the main nerve regeneration mechanism was axon collateral sprouting. Histology showed good axonal regeneration with end-to-side neurorrhaphy. The wet weight and morphology of left tibialis anterior muscles appeared no detrimental effect on donor nerve. Anorectal manometry showed good anorectal functional recovery.These results suggest that the somatic motor axon ingrowth into autonomic nerve could be through collateral sprouting after end-to-side coaptation of autonomic nerve to somatic nerve. Our innovative technique of end-to-side coaptation may be of great value in anorectal reinnervation without functional impairment of the donor somatic nerve.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jss.2012.03.053}, institution = {Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277, Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430022, China.}, keywords = {Anal Canal, innervation; Anastomosis, Surgical, methods; Animals; Autonomic Pathways, surgery; Male; Manometry; Nerve Transfer, methods; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures; Rectum, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0022-4804(12)00266-1}, pmid = {22521222}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2012.03.053}, } @Article{Dong:2001, author = {H.W. Dong and G.D. Petrovich and L.W. Swanson}, title = {Topography of projections from amygdala to bed nuclei of the stria terminalis}, journal = {Brain Res Rev}, year = {2001}, volume = {38}, pages = {192-246}, doi = {10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00079-0}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dong:2000, author = {Dong, H. and Petrovich, G. D. and Swanson, L. W.}, title = {Organization of projections from the juxtacapsular nucleus of the BST: a PHAL study in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2000}, volume = {859}, number = {1}, pages = {1--14}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The axonal projections of the juxtacapsular nucleus of the anterior division of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BSTju) were examined with the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHAL) method in the adult male rat. Our results indicate that the BSTju displays a relatively simple projection pattern. First, it densely innervates the medial central amygdalar nucleus and the subcommissural zone and caudal anterolateral area of the BST - cell groups involved in visceromotor responses. Second, it provides inputs to the ventromedial caudoputamen (CP) and anterior basolateral amygdalar nucleus - areas presumably modulating somatomotor outflow. Third, the BSTju sends dense projections to the caudal substantia innominata, a distinct caudal dorsolateral region of the compact part of the substantia nigra, and the adjacent mesencephalic reticular nucleus and retrorubral area. And fourth, the BSTju provides light inputs to the prelimbic, infralimbic, and ventral CA1 cortical areas; to the posterior basolateral, posterior basomedial, and lateral amygdalar nuclei; to the paraventricular and medial mediodorsal thalamic nuclei; to the subthalamic and parasubthalamic nuclei of the hypothalamus; and to the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray. These projections, in part, suggest a role for the BSTju in circuitry integrating autonomic responses with somatomotor activity in adaptive behaviors.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02246-5}, institution = {Neuroscience Program and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Hedco Neuroscience Building, Room 428, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2520, USA.}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology; Animals; Male; Medial Forebrain Bundle, cytology; Neural Pathways, cytology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septal Nuclei, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899399022465}, pmid = {10720609}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dong:2003, author = {Dong, H.W. and Swanson, L.W.}, title = {Projections from the rhomboid nucleus of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis: implications for cerebral hemisphere regulation of ingestive behaviors.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2003}, volume = {463}, pages = {434-472}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10758}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dong:2004, author = {Dong, H.W. and Swanson, L.W.}, title = {Organization of axonal projections from the anterolateral area of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2004}, volume = {468}, pages = {277-298}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10949}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dong:2001a, author = {H. W. Dong and G. D. Petrovich and A. G. Watts and L. W. Swanson}, title = {Basic organization of projections from the oval and fusiform nuclei of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis in adult rat brain.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2001}, volume = {436}, number = {4}, pages = {430--455}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The organization of axonal projections from the oval and fusiform nuclei of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST) was characterized with the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHAL) anterograde tracing method in adult male rats. Within the BST, the oval nucleus (BSTov) projects very densely to the fusiform nucleus (BSTfu) and also innervates the caudal anterolateral area, anterodorsal area, rhomboid nucleus, and subcommissural zone. Outside the BST, its heaviest inputs are to the caudal substantia innominata and adjacent central amygdalar nucleus, retrorubral area, and lateral parabrachial nucleus. It generates moderate inputs to the caudal nucleus accumbens, parasubthalamic nucleus, and medial and ventrolateral divisions of the periaqueductal gray, and it sends a light input to the anterior parvicellular part of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and nucleus of the solitary tract. The BSTfu displays a much more complex projection pattern. Within the BST, it densely innervates the anterodorsal area, dorsomedial nucleus, and caudal anterolateral area, and it moderately innervates the BSTov, subcommissural zone, and rhomboid nucleus. Outside the BST, the BSTfu provides dense inputs to the nucleus accumbens, caudal substantia innominata and central amygdalar nucleus, thalamic paraventricular nucleus, hypothalamic paraventricular and periventricular nuclei, hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus, perifornical lateral hypothalamic area, and lateral tegmental nucleus. Moderately dense inputs are found in the parastrial, tuberal, dorsal raphé, and parabrachial nuclei and in the retrorubral area, ventrolateral division of the periaqueductal gray, and pontine central gray. Light projections end in the olfactory tubercle, lateral septal nucleus, posterior basolateral amygdalar nucleus, supramammillary nucleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract. These and other results suggest that the BSTov and BSTfu are basal telencephalic parts of a circuit that coordinates autonomic, neuroendocrine, and ingestive behavioral responses during stress.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.1079}, institution = {Neuroscience Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2520, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Histocytochemistry; Hypothalamus, cytology/physiology; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Medial Forebrain Bundle, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Terminology as Topic}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11447588}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dong:2006, author = {Dong, H.-W, and Swanson, L.W.}, title = {Projections from bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, magnocellular nucleus: implications for cerebral hemisphere regulation of micturition, defecation, and penile erection}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2006}, volume = {494}, pages = {108-141}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20789}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dong:2006a, author = {Dong, H.-W, and Swanson, L.W.}, title = {Projections from bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, dorsomedial nucleus: implications for cerebral hemisphere integration of neuroendocrine, autonomic, and drinking responses}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2006}, volume = {494}, pages = {75-107}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20790}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dong:2004a, author = {Dong, Hong-Wei and Swanson, Larry W.}, title = {Projections from bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, posterior division: implications for cerebral hemisphere regulation of defensive and reproductive behaviors.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2004}, volume = {471}, number = {4}, pages = {396--433}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The posterior division of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis has three major nuclei: principal, interfascicular, and transverse, which receive topographically ordered inputs from the medial amygdalar nucleus. The overall pattern of axonal projections from each nucleus was determined in male rats with the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin method. Together, these nuclei project topographically back to the medial amygdalar nucleus, to the adjacent lateral septal nucleus, to the nucleus accumbens and substantia innominata, to hypothalamic parts of the behavior control column, and to the hypothalamic periventricular region, which controls patterned neuroendocrine and autonomic responses. The principal nucleus preferentially innervates septal and hypothalamic regions that control reproductive behavior and visceromotor responses, confirming a similar analysis by Gu et al. (J Comp Neurol [2003] 460:542-562). In contrast, the interfascicular and transverse nuclei differentially innervate septal and hypothalamic regions that control defensive as well as reproductive behaviors. In addition, the transverse nucleus projects significantly to midbrain parts of the behavior control column concerned with foraging/exploratory behavior. All three posterior division nuclei also project to thalamocortical feedback loops (by means of the nucleus reuniens and paraventricular nucleus). These structural data may be interpreted to suggest that the bed nuclei posterior division forms part (pallidal) of a corticostriatopallidal system involved in controlling two major classes of social (defensive and reproductive) behavior.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20002}, institution = {Neuroscience Program and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2520, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Male; Nerve Net, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reproduction, physiology; Septal Nuclei, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology; Telencephalon, chemistry/cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15022261}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20002}, } @Article{Dong:2006b, author = {Hong-Wei Dong and Larry W Swanson}, title = {Projections from bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, anteromedial area: cerebral hemisphere integration of neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral aspects of energy balance.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2006}, volume = {494}, number = {1}, pages = {142--178}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The anteromedial area of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BSTam) is the relatively undifferentiated region of the anterior medial (anteromedial) group of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BSTamg), which also includes the more distinct dorsomedial, magnocellular, and ventral nuclei. The overall pattern of axonal projections from the rat BSTam was analyzed with the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin anterograde pathway tracing method. Brain areas receiving relatively moderate to strong inputs from the BSTam fall into five general categories: neuroendocrine system (regions containing pools of magnocellular oxytocin neurons, and parvicellular corticotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin, and dopamine neurons); central autonomic control network (central amygdalar nucleus, descending paraventricular nucleus, and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray); hypothalamic visceromotor pattern generator network (five of six known components); behavior control column (descending paraventricular nucleus and associated arcuate nucleus; ventral tegmental area and associated nucleus accumbens and substantia innominata); and behavioral state control (supramammillary and tuberomammillary nuclei). The BSTam projects lightly to thalamocortical feedback loops (via the medial-midline-intralaminar thalamus). Its pattern of axonal projections, combined with its pattern of neural inputs (the most varied of all BST cell groups), suggests that the BSTam is part of a striatopallidal differentiation involved in coordinating neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral or somatic responses associated with maintaining energy balance homeostasis.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20788}, institution = {Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089-2520, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, physiology; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Brain Mapping; Endocrine System, physiology; Energy Metabolism, physiology; Hypothalamus, cytology/metabolism; Male; Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Networks (Computer); Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Thalamus, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16304685}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20788}, } @Article{Dong:1996, author = {K. Dong and A. K. Ahmed and T. Qu and K. Sugioka and K. Yamada and T. Yamadori}, title = {Retrograde fluorescent double-labeling study of bilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells in albino rats at different stages of development.}, journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {95}, number = {1}, pages = {55--62}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Injection of the fluorescent tracers 10\% Evans blue (EB) and 4\% fluoro-gold (FG) into the right and the left dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, respectively, of albino rats at different stages of development demonstrated the presence of double-labeled retinal ganglion cells that projected bilaterally into both the dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei (dLGN). Findings confirmed that the distribution of these double-labeled cells was gradually reduced after birth, being confined to the peripheral temporoventral quarter (temporal-ventral crescent) of the retina after postnatal day 15. We estimated the proportion of double-labeled cells to total labeled cells in the same area at different stages of development (0-90 days); values ranged from 35.3\% in the neonate to 5.27\% in the adult rat which suggests that the majority of double-labeled cells and/or their axons were lost early in development. That a small number of ganglion cells were observed to project bilaterally in the adult rats suggested that these cells conduct the same visual information to both hemispheres throughout the animal's life.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-3806(96)00056-9}, institution = {First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Count; Evans Blue; Fluorescent Dyes; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/growth /&/ development; Histocytochemistry; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retina, cytology/growth /&/ development; Retinal Ganglion Cells, physiology; Stilbamidines; Visual Pathways, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0165380696000569}, pmid = {8873976}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dong:1986, author = {X. W. Dong and E. Shen}, title = {Origin of monoaminergic innervation of the nucleus raphe magnus--a combined monoamine histochemistry and fluorescent retrograde tracing study in the rat.}, journal = {Sci Sin B}, year = {1986}, volume = {29}, number = {6}, pages = {599--608}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {By the use of the fluorescent retrograde tracer, Fast Blue (FB), in combination with monoamine fluorescence histochemistry, the origin of monoaminergic input to the region of the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) was investigated in the rat. After microinjection of FB into the NRM, a great number of FB-labeled NA-containing cells were found in the region of the nucleus reticularis lateralis (corresponding to A1 NA areas), the reticular formation just dorsolateral to the nucleus olivaris inferior (corresponding to the A3 NA area), the ventral part of the locus coeruleus (A6 NA area), and the lateral parts of the nucleus raphe dorsalis (B7 area). In the other NA cell groups of the brain stem, FB-labeled cells could not be observed. Serotoninergic input originating from nucleus raphe obscurus (B2), nucleus raphe pallidus (B1) and nucleus raphe pontis (B5-B6) to the NRM was also observed. A large number of cells containing serotonin (5-HT) in the B2 and B6 areas were labeled by FB, while only a few FB-labeled 5-HT cells in B8, B9 were seen. In addition to the FB-labeled monoaminergic (NA and 5-HT) cells, many FB-labeled non-monoamine containing neurons were observed in the nucleus olivaris inferior and various parts of the reticular formation (FR), particularly in the reticular formation of the pons. In conclusion, our study has extended wider the previous HRP finding. It is shown that the NRM receives noradrenergic, serotoninergic and non-monoaminergic innervation from many regions of the brain stem. The afferent projections containing different neurotransmitters provided an important structural basis for studying the function of the NRM.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Biogenic Amines, analysis/physiology; Brain Stem, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Neurons, analysis; Norepinephrine, analysis/physiology; Raphe Nuclei, metabolism; Rats; Serotonin, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3810119}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dong:2011, author = {Yulin Dong and Jinlian Li and Fuxing Zhang and Yunqing Li}, title = {Nociceptive afferents to the premotor neurons that send axons simultaneously to the facial and hypoglossal motoneurons by means of axon collaterals.}, journal = {PLoS One}, year = {2011}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, pages = {e25615}, abstract = {It is well known that the brainstem premotor neurons of the facial nucleus and hypoglossal nucleus coordinate orofacial nociceptive reflex (ONR) responses. However, whether the brainstem PNs receive the nociceptive projection directly from the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus is still kept unclear. Our present study focuses on the distribution of premotor neurons in the ONR pathways of rats and the collateral projection of the premotor neurons which are involved in the brainstem local pathways of the orofacial nociceptive reflexes of rat. Retrograde tracer Fluoro-gold (FG) or FG/tetramethylrhodamine-dextran amine (TMR-DA) were injected into the VII or/and XII, and anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus (Vc). The tracing studies indicated that FG-labeled neurons receiving BDA-labeled fibers from the Vc were mainly distributed bilaterally in the parvicellular reticular formation (PCRt), dorsal and ventral medullary reticular formation (MdD, MdV), supratrigeminal nucleus (Vsup) and parabrachial nucleus (PBN) with an ipsilateral dominance. Some FG/TMR-DA double-labeled premotor neurons, which were observed bilaterally in the PCRt, MdD, dorsal part of the MdV, peri-motor nucleus regions, contacted with BDA-labeled axonal terminals and expressed c-fos protein-like immunoreactivity which induced by subcutaneous injection of formalin into the lip. After retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into VII or XII and BDA into Vc, electron microscopic study revealed that some BDA-labeled axonal terminals made mainly asymmetric synapses on the dendritic and somatic profiles of WGA-HRP-labeled premotor neurons. These data indicate that some premotor neurons could integrate the orofacial nociceptive input from the Vc and transfer these signals simultaneously to different brainstem motonuclei by axonal collaterals.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0025615}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {PONE-D-11-12042}, pmid = {21980505}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025615}, } @Article{Dong:1997, author = {Dong, Y. X. and Han, Z. A. and Xiong, K. H. and Rao, Z. R.}, title = {Fos expression in serotonergic midbrain neurons projecting to the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus after noxious stimulation of the stomach: a triple labeling study in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {1997}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {155--160}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was stereotaxically injected into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) and visceral noxious stimulation was given by an administration of formalin into the stomach. The brain sections were subjected to HRP histochemistry and immunostained with Fos and serotonin antibodies. The periaqueductal gray (PAG) and dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) contained single-labeled (Fos, 5HT, HRP), double-labeled (Fos/HRP, Fos/5HT, HRP/5HT) and triple-labeled (HRP/Fos/5HT) neurons. Triple-labeled neurons were mainly observed in the DR and in discrete areas of the PAG ipsilateral to side of the HRP injection. These findings suggest that a population of serotonergic midbrain neurons receive nociceptive visceral information and project to the PVH.}, doi = {10.1016/s0168-0102(96)01143-1}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.}, keywords = {Animals; Gene Expression, physiology; Genes, fos, genetics; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Mesencephalon, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/physiology; Physical Stimulation; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin, physiology; Stomach, innervation/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0168-0102(96)01143-1}, pmid = {9100257}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dong:2012, author = {Dong, Yu-lin and Wang, Wen and Li, Hui and Li, Zhi-hong and Zhang, Fu-xing and Zhang, Ting and Lu, Ya-cheng and Li, Jin-lian and Wu, Sheng-xi and Li, Yun-qing}, title = {Neurochemical properties of the synapses in the pathways of orofacial nociceptive reflexes.}, journal = {PLoS One}, year = {2012}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {e34435}, abstract = {The brainstem premotor neurons of the facial nucleus (VII) and hypoglossal (XII) nucleus can integrate orofacial nociceptive input from the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus (Vc) and coordinate orofacial nociceptive reflex (ONR) responses. However, the synaptoarchitectures of the ONR pathways are still unknown. In the current study, we examined the distribution of GABAergic premotor neurons in the brainstem local ONR pathways, their connections with the Vc projections joining the brainstem ONR pathways and the neurochemical properties of these connections. Retrograde tracer fluoro-gold (FG) was injected into the VII or XII, and anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the Vc. Immunofluorescence histochemical labeling for inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmitters combined with BDA/FG tracing showed that GABAergic premotor neurons were mainly distributed bilaterally in the ponto-medullary reticular formation with an ipsilateral dominance. Some GABAergic premotor neurons made close appositions to the BDA-labeled fibers coming from the Vc, and these appostions were mainly distributed in the parvicellular reticular formation (PCRt), dorsal medullary reticular formation (MdD), and supratrigeminal nucleus (Vsup). We further examined the synaptic relationships between the Vc projecting fibers and premotor neurons in the VII or XII under the confocal laser-scanning microscope and electron microscope, and found that the BDA-labeled axonal terminals that made asymmetric synapses on premotor neurons showed vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGluT2) like immunoreactivity. These results indicate that the GABAergic premotor neurons receive excitatory neurotransmission from the Vc and may contribute to modulating the generation of the tonic ONR.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0034435}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.}, keywords = {Animals; Hypoglossal Nerve, physiology; Male; Neurons, physiology; Nociceptors, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reflex; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission; Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus, physiology; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, analysis; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {PONE-D-11-24310}, pmid = {22479630}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034435}, } @Article{Dongen:2005, author = {Y. C. van Dongen and J-M. Deniau and C. M A Pennartz and Y. Galis-de Graaf and P. Voorn and A-M. Thierry and H. J. Groenewegen}, title = {Anatomical evidence for direct connections between the shell and core subregions of the rat nucleus accumbens.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2005}, volume = {136}, number = {4}, pages = {1049--1071}, abstract = {The nucleus accumbens is thought to subserve different aspects of adaptive and emotional behaviors. The anatomical substrates for such actions are multiple, parallel ventral striatopallidal output circuits originating in the nucleus accumbens shell and core subregions. Several indirect ways of interaction between the two subregions and their associated circuitry have been proposed, in particular through striato-pallido-thalamic and dopaminergic pathways. In this study, using anterograde neuroanatomical tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and biotinylated dextran amine as well as single-cell juxtacellular filling with neurobiotin, we investigated the intra-accumbens distribution of local axon collaterals for the identification of possible direct connections between the shell and core subregions. Our results show widespread intra-accumbens projection patterns, including reciprocal projections between specific parts of the shell and core. However, fibers originating in the core reach more distant areas of the shell, including the rostral pole (i.e. the calbindin-poor part of the shell anterior to the core) and striatal parts of the olfactory tubercle, than those arising in the shell and projecting to the core. The latter projections are more restricted to the border region between the shell and core. The density of the fiber labeling within both the shell and core was very similar. Moreover, specific intrinsic projections within shell and core were identified, including a relatively strong projection from the rostral pole to the rostral shell, reciprocal projections between the rostral and caudal shell, as well as projections within the core that have a caudal-to-rostral predominance. The results of the juxtacellular filling experiments show that medium-sized spiny projection neurons and medium-sized aspiny neurons (most likely fast-spiking) contribute to these intra-accumbens projections. While such neurons are GABAergic, the intrastriatal projection patterns indicate the existence of lateral inhibitory interactions within, as well as between, shell and core subregions of the nucleus accumbens.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.08.050}, institution = {Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Research Institute Neurosciences Vrije Universiteit, VU University Medical Center, Department of Anatomy, P.O. Box 7057, MF-G102, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Brain Mapping; Dextrans, metabolism; Female; Histocytochemistry, methods; Iontophoresis, methods; Male; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Neurons, classification/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology/metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(05)00943-7}, pmid = {16226842}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.08.050}, } @InCollection{Dongen:2002a, author = {van Dongen, Yvette C and Groenewegen, Henk J}, title = {Core and Shell of the Nucleus Accumbens are Interconnected Via Intrastriatal Projections}, booktitle = {The Basal Ganglia VII}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {2002}, pages = {191--200}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4615-0715-4_21}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @InCollection{Dongen:2009, author = {van Dongen, Yvette C and Kolomiets, Bogdan P and Groenewegen, Henk J and Thierry, Anne-Marie and Deniau, Jean-Michel}, title = {A subpopulation of mesencephalic dopamine neurons interfaces the shell of nucleus accumbens and the dorsolateral striatum in rats}, booktitle = {The Basal Ganglia IX}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {2009}, pages = {119--130}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/132/chp%253A10.1007%252F978-1-4419-0340-2_10.pdf?auth66=1415608572_c65a50d85f5f5bf9193eee36e29c8206&ext=.pdf}, } @Article{vanDongen:2008, author = {Yvette C van Dongen and Philippe Mailly and Anne-Marie Thierry and Henk J Groenewegen and Jean-Michel Deniau}, title = {Three-dimensional organization of dendrites and local axon collaterals of shell and core medium-sized spiny projection neurons of the rat nucleus accumbens.}, journal = {Brain Struct Funct}, year = {2008}, volume = {213}, number = {1-2}, pages = {129--147}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Medium-sized spiny projection neurons (MSN) in the head of the primate caudate nucleus are thought to have preferred dendritic orientations that tend to parallel the orientations of the striosomes. Moreover, recurrent axon collaterals of MSN in the rat dorsal striatum have been categorized into two types, i.e., restricted and widespread. The nucleus accumbens (Acb) has a highly complex compartmental organization, and the spatial organization of dendritic and axonal arbors of MSN has not yet been systematically studied. In this study, using single-cell juxtacellular labeling with neurobiotin as well as anterograde neuroanatomical tracing with biotinylated dextran amine, we investigated the three-dimensional (3D) organization of dendrites and axons of MSN of the rat Acb in relation to subregional (shell-core) and compartmental (patch-matrix) boundaries. Our results show that dendritic arbors of MSN in both the Acb shell and core subregions are preferentially oriented, i.e., they are flattened in at least one of the 3D-planes. The preferred orientations are influenced by shell-core and patch-matrix boundaries, suggesting parallel and independent processing of information. Dendritic orientations of MSN of the Acb core are more heterogeneous than those of the shell and the dorsal striatum, suggesting a more complex distribution of striatal inputs within the core. Although dendrites respect the shell-core and patch-matrix boundaries, recurrent axon collaterals may cross these boundaries. Finally, different degrees of overlap between dendritic and axonal arborizations of individual MSN were identified, suggesting various possibilities of lateral inhibitory interactions within and between, functionally distinct territories of the Acb.}, doi = {10.1007/s00429-008-0173-5}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, Research Institute Neurosciences Vrije Universiteit, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, MF-G102, 1007 MC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Biotin, administration /&/ dosage/analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Dendrites, physiology; Dendritic Spines, physiology; Dextrans, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Electrophysiology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional, methods; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microinjections; Nerve Net, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Nucleus Accumbens, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {18239939}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-008-0173-5}, } @Article{Donishi:2006, author = {T. Donishi and A. Kimura and K. Okamoto and Y. Tamai}, title = {"Ventral" area in the rat auditory cortex: a major auditory field connected with the dorsal division of the medial geniculate body.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {141}, number = {3}, pages = {1553--1567}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The rat auditory cortex is made up of multiple auditory fields. A precise correlation between anatomical and physiological areal extents of auditory fields, however, is not yet fully established, mainly because non-primary auditory fields remain undetermined. In the present study, based on thalamocortical connection, electrical stimulation and auditory response, we delineated a non-primary auditory field in the cortical region ventral to the primary auditory area and anterior auditory field. We designated it as "ventral" area after its relative location. At first, based on anterograde labeling of thalamocortical projection with biocytin, ventral auditory area was delineated as a main cortical terminal field of thalamic afferents that arise from the dorsal division of the medial geniculate body. Cortical terminal field (ventral auditory area) extended into the ventral margin of temporal cortex area 1 (Te1) and the dorsal part of temporal cortex area 3, ventral (Te3V), from 3.2-4. 6 mm posterior to bregma. Electrical stimulation of the dorsal division of the medial geniculate body; evoked epicortical field potentials confined to the comparable cortical region. On the basis of epicortical field potentials evoked by pure tones, best frequencies were further estimated at and around the cortical region where electrical stimulation of the dorsal division of the medial geniculate body evoked field potentials. Ventral auditory area was found to represent frequencies primarily below 15 kHz, which contrasts with our previous finding that the posterodorsal area, the other major recipient of the dorsal division of the medial geniculate body; projection, represents primarily high frequencies (>15 kHz). The posterodorsal area is thought to play a pivotal role in auditory spatial processing [Kimura A, Donishi T, Okamoto K, Tamai Y (2004) Efferent connections of "posterodorsal" auditory area in the rat cortex: implications for auditory spatial processing. Neuroscience 128:399-419]. The ventral auditory area, as the other main cortical region that would relay auditory input from the dorsal division of the medial geniculate body to higher cortical information processing, could serve an important extralemniscal function in tandem with the posterodorsal area. The results provide insight into structural and functional organization of the rat auditory cortex.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.04.037}, institution = {Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama Kimiidera 811-1, 641-8509 Japan.}, keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation, methods; Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Auditory Pathways, physiology; Brain Mapping; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Electric Stimulation, methods; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, physiology/radiation effects; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(06)00561-6}, pmid = {16750887}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.04.037}, } @Article{Donnelly:1983, author = {J. F. Donnelly and S. M. Thompson and R. T. Robertson}, title = {Organization of projections from the superior colliculus to the thalamic lateral posterior nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {288}, number = {1-2}, pages = {315--319}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Injections of horseradish peroxidase into the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the rat thalamus resulted in retrograde labeling of neurons in the superior colliculus (SC). Approximately 80\% of the labeled cells occurred in the stratum opticum and 20\% in the stratum griseum superficiale. The system of projections is organized such that medial parts of SC project to dorsal LP and lateral parts of SC project to ventral LP.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)90109-9}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Rats; Superior Colliculi, physiology; Thalamus, physiology; Visual Pathways, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(83)90109-9}, pmid = {6198028}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Donoghue:1986, author = {J.P. Donoghue and M. Herkenham}, title = {Neostriatal projections from individual cortical fields conform to histochemically distinct striatal compartments in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {365}, pages = {397-403}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)91658-6}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Donoghue:1979, author = {Donoghue, J. P. and Kerman, K. L. and Ebner, F. F.}, title = {Evidence for two organizational plans within the somatic sensory-motor cortex of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1979}, volume = {183}, number = {3}, pages = {647--663}, month = {Feb}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901830312}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Face, innervation; Haplorhini; Hindlimb, innervation; Mammals, anatomy /&/ histology; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {103941}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901830312}, } @Article{Donoghue:1981, author = {J. P. Donoghue and S. T. Kitai}, title = {A collateral pathway to the neostriatum from corticofugal neurons of the rat sensory-motor cortex: an intracellular HRP study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1981}, volume = {201}, number = {1}, pages = {1--13}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {A projection from large pyramidal cells in layer V of the rat somatic sensory-motor (SSM) cortex both to the neostriatum and the brainstem was demonstrated by intracellular recording and injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Layer V neurons that project to the brainstem were identified either by antidromic activation from the cerebral peduncle or by tracing the HRP-labeled axon into the internal capsule in histochemically processed sections. Intracellular responses to stimulation of the hindlimb, forelimb or mystacial pad were also examined. Five of 20 HRP-injected neurons that project to the brainstem had a fine collateral branch within the striatum. These branched corticostriatal cells respond at short latency (7--12 msec) to somatic sensory stimulation. All of the injected corticofugal neurons that had a striatal collateral were large pyramidal neurons located in layer Vb of the forelimb and head areas of SSM cortex. Branched corticofugal neurons have a rich basal dendritic field and a prominent apical dendrite that arborizes in the superficial cortical layers. Intracortical axon collaterals from the branched cells ramify in layers V and VI, and also project to the upper layers of cortex near the apical dentrite. Beyond the cortex, the main axon has no collateral branches, except for a single laterally directed branch in the neostriatum. The diameter of the striatal collateral is small (about 0.5 micrometer) compared to that of the main axon (2.0--2.5 micrometers). It is concluded that these branched cells provided a parallel input to the neostriatum and to brainstem or spinal motor centers.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902010102}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Forelimb, innervation; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology; Hindlimb, innervation; Horseradish Peroxidase; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7276247}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902010102}, } @Article{Donoghue:1983, author = {J. P. Donoghue and C. Parham}, title = {Afferent connections of the lateral agranular field of the rat motor cortex.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1983}, volume = {217}, number = {4}, pages = {390--404}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Retrograde axonal transport techniques were used to identify the afferent connections of the lateral agranular field (AG1) of the rat frontal cortex. This cytoarchitectonically distinct cortical field forms the bulk of the primary motor cortex (MI) as defined by intracortical microstimulation studies (Donoghue and Wise, '82). Following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to HRP into AG1, retrogradely labeled cells are found in the forebrain, thalamus, and brainstem. Within the cerebral cortex labeled neurons are mainly present in the first somatic sensory area (SI), the second somatic sensory area (SII), and the medial agranular field, which lies medial and rostral to AG1. In SI, labeled cells are found primarily in a cytoarchitecturally distinct region called the dysgranular field of SI. Labeled neurons are present in layers II and III, Va, and the deepest part of layer VI in this field and in SII. Labeled cells are also present in layers Va and VI of the densely granular field of SI, which is the part of SI that is strongly activated by cutaneous inputs. Commissural inputs to AG1 arise from layers II-VI of the contralateral AG1 and thalamic inputs arise from the ventrolateral, ventromedial, posterior medial, and central lateral nuclei. Additional afferent fibers originate from neurons in the basal forebrain, the ventral thalamus, the midbrain raphé nuclei, and the locus coeruleus. This combination of inputs to AG1 from somatic sensory and frontal cortical fields, thalamic motor centers, and several other subcortical areas implies that AG1 forms a subdivision of sensorimotor cortex that is important in centrally directed movements as well as those that are guided by somatic sensory feedback.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902170404}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6886060}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902170404}, } @Article{Donovan:1983a, author = {Donovan, M. K. and Winternitz, S. R. and Wyss, J. M.}, title = {An analysis of the sensory innervation of the urinary system in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1983}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {321--324}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The neuronal cell bodies of the afferent fibers innervating the urinary system and the adrenal gland were identified utilizing the method of the retrograde transport of the fluorescent dyes, fast blue and nuclear yellow. Fast blue was injected into the bladder, left ureter, or left adrenal gland, and nuclear yellow was injected into the left kidney of the same animal. The results demonstrate that each organ receives a discrete sensory innervation and that none of the sensory neurons innervating the organs have collateral inputs to the kidney. The location of the DRG cell bodies indicates that more caudally placed organs are innervated by more caudally placed DRG. These findings confirm previous localization studies of the kidney afferents, and support the effectiveness of the use of the fluorescent dye method to localize peripheral afferent cell bodies.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(83)90168-5}, keywords = {Adrenal Glands, innervation; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology; Kidney, innervation; Male; Neurons, Afferent; Rats; Spinal Nerves, anatomy /&/ histology; Ureter, innervation; Urinary Bladder, innervation; Urinary Tract, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6640363}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Donovan:1983, author = {M. K. Donovan and J. M. Wyss}, title = {Evidence for some collateralization between cortical and diencephalic efferent axons of the rat subicular cortex.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {259}, number = {2}, pages = {181--192}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The present study has used the fluorescent dye tracing technique in order to determine the exact location of neuronal somata within the subicular cortex which project to the diencephalon, telencephalon (entorhinal cortex), or to both via axonal collaterals. The greatest collateralization to the two sites is found in the neurons of the subiculum proper. In this region approximately one-third of all neurons project to both the entorhinal cortex and the hypothalamus (either the mammillary bodies or the ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus). The hypothalamic and cortical projection cell bodies in this region are intermingled extensively with each other. In the cytoarchitectonically more organized regions of the subicular cortex, i.e. the pre-, para- and postsubiculum, the situation is quite different. In these areas neurons project to the hypothalamus or entorhinal cortex but very seldom does a single neuron project to both areas, and the neuronal somata are spatially segregated according to their projections. The entorhinal cortex projecting somata are located in layer two whereas the hypothalamic neurons are in the deeper layer. The somata projecting to the thalamus are the most deeply located neurons in all regions of the subicular cortex, and extremely few collateralize to the entorhinal cortex.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)91249-0}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Mamillary Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Muridae; Neurons, ultrastructure; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(83)91249-0}, pmid = {6402268}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dorfman:2015, author = {Dorfman, Dami{\'{a}}n and Aranda, Marcos L. and Rosenstein, Ruth E.}, title = {Enriched Environment Protects the Optic Nerve from Early Diabetes-Induced Damage in Adult Rats.}, journal = {PLoS One}, year = {2015}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0136637}, abstract = {Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of reduced visual acuity and acquired blindness. Axoglial alterations of the distal (close to the chiasm) optic nerve (ON) could be the first structural change of the visual pathway in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats. We analyzed the effect of environmental enrichment on axoglial alterations of the ON provoked by experimental diabetes. For this purpose, three days after vehicle or STZ injection, animals were housed in enriched environment (EE) or remained in a standard environment (SE) for 6 weeks. Anterograde transport, retinal morphology, optic nerve axons (toluidine blue staining and phosphorylated neurofilament heavy immunoreactivity), microglia/macrophages (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) immunoreactivity), astrocyte reactivity (glial fibrillary acid protein-immunostaining), myelin (myelin basic protein immunoreactivity), ultrastructure, and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were assessed in non-diabetic and diabetic animals housed in SE or EE. No differences in retinal morphology or retinal ganglion cell number were observed among groups. EE housing which did not affect the STZ-induced weight loss and hyperglycemia, prevented a decrease in the anterograde transport from the retina to the superior colliculus, ON axon number, and phosphorylated neurofilament heavy immunoreactivity. Moreover, EE housing prevented an increase in Iba-1 immunoreactivity, and astrocyte reactivity, as well as ultrastructural myelin alterations in the ON distal portion at early stages of diabetes. In addition, EE housing avoided a decrease in BDNF levels induced by experimental diabetes. These results suggest that EE induced neuroprotection in the diabetic visual pathway.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0136637}, institution = {Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {epublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {PONE-D-15-26357}, pmc = {PMC4552300}, pmid = {26312758}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136637}, } @Article{Dori:1992, author = {I. Dori and A. Dinopoulos and M. E. Cavanagh and J. G. Parnavelas}, title = {Proportion of glutamate- and aspartate-immunoreactive neurons in the efferent pathways of the rat visual cortex varies according to the target.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {319}, number = {2}, pages = {191--204}, month = {May}, abstract = {Immunohistochemistry, with antisera directed against glutamate (Glu) or aspartate (Asp), was combined with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) histochemistry to examine the distribution, morphology, and proportions of Glu- and Asp-containing neurons that give rise to corticofugal and callosal projections of the rat visual cortex. WGA-HRP injections in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus resulted in retrograde labelling of small and medium-sized cells throughout layer VI of the visual cortex. Of these cells, 60\% were also Glu-immunoreactive and 61\% Asp-positive. WGA-HRP injections in the superior colliculus labelled large and medium-sized neurons in the upper portion of layer V of the visual cortex. Of these cells, 46\% were also stained for Glu and 66\% for Asp. Injections in the pontine nuclei resulted in retrograde labelling of cells in the deeper part of cortical layer V. Retrogradely labelled cells, which were also immunoreactive for Glu or Asp, were large pyramidal cells. Corticopontine neurons, which were also Glu-positive, accounted for 42\% of the total number of WGA-HRP labelled cells, whilst for Asp-positive neurons this percentage was 51\%. Finally, after injections in the visual cortex, retrogradely labelled small and medium-sized cells were found throughout layers II-VI in the contralateral visual cortex. Of these neurons, 38\% were also labelled for Glu while 49\% were also Asp-immunoreactive. The present results demonstrate that substantial proportions of projection neurons in the rat visual cortex are immunoreactive for Glu or Asp, suggesting that these excitatory amino acids are the major transmitters used by the cortical efferent systems examined. Furthermore, the proportions of these immunoreactive neurons in the efferent pathways vary according to the target.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903190202}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Veterinary School, University of Thessaloniki, Greece.}, keywords = {Animals; Aspartic Acid, analysis; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Functional Laterality; Glutamates, analysis; Glutamic Acid; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, cytology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1381727}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903190202}, } @Article{Dornan:1990, author = {Dornan, W. A. and Akesson, T. R. and Micevych, P. E.}, title = {A substance P projection from the VMH to the dorsal midbrain central gray: implication for lordosis.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1990}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {791--796}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Substance P has been implicated in the modulation of lordosis behavior at the level of the dorsal midbrain central gray (dMCG). Bilateral injections of substance P into the dMCG facilitate estrogen-induced lordosis behavior in ovariectomized female rats. Input from the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) to the dMCG is a vital link in the central nervous system control that mediates the expression of lordosis behavior. Substance P-containing cells have been localized in the VMH and substance P binding sites are localized in the dMCG; this suggested to us that substance P neurons originating in the VMH may terminate in the dMCG. The present study examined the projection of substance P-immunoreactive neurons (SP-IR) in the VMH to the dMCG. The present study examined the projection of substance P-immunoreactive neurons (SP-IR) in the VMH to the dMCG. The retrograde tract tracer fluorogold revealed cell bodies throughout the extent of the VMH and sP immunofluorescence labelled a subpopulation of these cells particularly in the ventrolateral part of the VMH. The majority of sP-projection cells was localized in the caudal two-thirds of the VMH. Thirteen percent of the sP-IR cells were observed to project to the dMCG, while approximately 17\% of the sP-IR cells of the ventrolateral part of the VMH projected to the dMCG. These results provide morphological evidence for a substance P projection from the VMH to an area where substance P has been demonstrated to facilitate lordosis behavior.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(90)90061-4}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, U.C.L.A. School of Medicine 90024.}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Mesencephalon, chemistry/physiology; Neural Pathways, chemistry/physiology; Rats; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology; Substance P, analysis/physiology; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, chemistry/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1705159}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Doron:1999, author = {N. N. Doron and J. E. Ledoux}, title = {Organization of projections to the lateral amygdala from auditory and visual areas of the thalamus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {412}, number = {3}, pages = {383--409}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Projections to the amygdala from the auditory thalamus have been implicated in the associative conditioning of fear responses to acoustic stimuli. Thalamo-amygdala auditory projections enter the amygdala via the lateral nucleus (LA). It is well documented that these projections originate in the medial division (MGm) of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), the posterior intralaminar nucleus (PIN), and the suprageniculate nucleus (Sg). It is not known, however, whether these thalamic projections terminate in a topographic fashion within the LA. We therefore used several retrograde tract tracing techniques to determine whether the terminations of thalamo-amygdala fibers have a topographic organization within the LA. These tracers were injected into various locations within the LA, and the distribution of the retrogradely labeled cells throughout the thalamus was analyzed. In general, rostral to caudal distinctions in the thalamus are maintained in the LA, such that projections from throughout the MGN terminate in the anterior part of the LA, whereas the caudal part of the MGN projects to the caudal part of the LA. Furthermore, the density of cells that give rise to thalamo-amygdala projections varies within each thalamic nucleus along the rostro-caudal axis. The patterns of thalamo-amygdala connectivity observed support previous parcellation schemes that segregate the LA into dorsal, medial, and lateral areas, and suggest that the LA should be further divided into anterior and posterior parts. In addition to the well-known projections to the LA originating from PIN, MGN, and Sg, we also found substantial projections from the dorsal portion of the MGN (MGd) and the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus (LP). These findings suggest that some of the functional segregation in the thalamus may be preserved in the LA, and that the role of the MGd and LP in thalamo-amygdala transmission should be reconsidered.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990927)412:3<383::aid-cne2>3.0.co;2-5}, institution = {W.M. Keck Laboratory of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.}, keywords = {Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Auditory Pathways, physiology; Brain Mapping; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Terminology as Topic; Thalamus, physiology; Visual Pathways, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-5}, pmid = {10441229}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Doron:2000, author = {N. N. Doron and J. E. Ledoux}, title = {Cells in the posterior thalamus project to both amygdala and temporal cortex: a quantitative retrograde double-labeling study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2000}, volume = {425}, number = {2}, pages = {257--274}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Auditory information from the posterior thalamus reaches the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) by way of two pathways: a direct thalamo-amygdala projection and a polysynaptic thalamo-cortico-amygdala projection. However, the quantitative extent of thalamic neurons that project to the LA or to the auditory association cortex (AAC) is not known. Furthermore, the extent and topographical distribution of bifurcating cells that project to both LA and AAC are also unknown. Therefore, separate tracers were injected into LA and either into all of AAC or within discrete regions of AAC, such as temporal areas TE3 or perirhinal cortex (PRh), and quantitative analyses were performed on labeling within the subregions of the auditory thalamus in rats. Following LA injections, retrogradely labeled cells were most numerous in the posterior intralaminar nucleus (PIN; 48.0\% of all labeled thalamic cells), whereas labeled cells following injections of the entire AAC were most numerous in the dorsal division of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGd; 32.9\% of all labeled thalamic cells). Following AAC injections localized to only TE3, the MGd again had the majority of labeled cells (35.9\%), whereas following AAC injections localized to PRh, the PIN had the most labeled cells (32.8\%). Double-labeled cells were found in all the thalamic regions studied and were most commonly observed in the PIN (43.7\% of all double-labeled cells following injections into LA and throughout the AAC). The percentage of double-labeled cells as a proportion of either LA-projecting or AAC-projecting cells varied among the thalamic nuclei studied, ranging from 2.9\% up to 42.4\%. The topographic distribution of double-labeled cells in the thalamic nuclei resembled that of single-labeled cells following LA injections more than single-labeled cells following AAC injection. These findings suggest that double-labeled cells contribute substantially to many of the direct thalamo-amygdala and indirect thalamo-AAC-amygdala projections. Among other functions, these bifurcating cells may help regulate the processing of input to the LA arriving from these two pathways to allow for certain types of plasticity in the LA during fear conditioning.}, doi = {10.1002/1096-9861(20000918)425:2<257::aid-cne8>3.0.co;2-y}, institution = {W.M. Keck Laboratories of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology/physiology; Animals; Auditory Cortex, cytology/physiology; Cell Count; Conditioning (Psychology), physiology; Fear, physiology; Injections, methods; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Posterior Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-Y}, pmid = {10954844}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Doroshenko:1987a, author = {Doroshenko, NZ and Maiskii, VA}, title = {Distribution of retrogradely primulene-labeled dopamine-containing neurons forming spinal projections}, journal = {Neurophysiology}, year = {1987}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, pages = {559--565}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, publisher = {Springer}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/973/art%253A10.1007%252FBF01056922.pdf?auth66=1415009535_7ae26a0668ab3cb33773b4b990922285&ext=.pdf}, } @Article{Doroshenko:1986, author = {N. Z. Doroshenko and V. A. Maĭskiĭ}, title = {[Bulbar and pontine sources of catecholaminergic innervation of the spinal cord of the rat studied using monoamine fluorescence and retrograde labeling technics].}, journal = {Neirofiziologiia}, year = {1986}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {503--512}, abstract = {Organization of the neuroanatomical substrate providing the supraspinal catecholaminergic innervation of upper thoracic spinal cord in rat was studied by the retrograde neuronal labelling by means of primuline and HRP combined with simultaneous catecholamine fluorescence. It was shown that the pontine catecholaminergic neurons located within the ventral part of nucleus locus coeruleus (group A6), reticular formation (subcoeruleus, group A7) as well as lateral to the superior olivary complex (group A5) project to the spinal cord. At the same time there are only few neurons located within the rostral part of the medullary catecholaminergic group A1 which give rise to the funicular projections. It is suggested that the pontine catecholaminergic neurons taking part in the spinal innervation are noradrenaline-containing neurons whereas those of medulla oblongata--adrenaline-containing ones.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, keywords = {Animals; Catecholamines, metabolism; Efferent Pathways, metabolism; Epinephrine, metabolism; Female; Locus Coeruleus, metabolism; Male; Medulla Oblongata, metabolism; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Pons, metabolism; Rats; Reticular Formation, metabolism; Spinal Cord, metabolism}, language = {rus}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3762795}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Doroshenko:1987, author = {Doroshenko, N. Z. and Maĭskiĭ, V. A.}, title = {[Distribution in the diencephalon of the rat of retrogradely primuline-labelled dopamine-containing neurons forming spinal projections].}, journal = {Neirofiziologiia}, year = {1987}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, pages = {771--779}, abstract = {Distribution of primuline-labeled dopamine-containing neurons in the rat diencephalon following injection of fluorochrome into upper thoracic spinal cord was studied using a combination of catecholamine fluorescence method and retrograde cell-labeling. It was shown that only neurons of group A11 located in the dorsal hypothalamus and caudal thalamus give rise to the spinal projections. Non-catecholamine cells were also labeled in this region. Group A11 comprised 173 +/- 4 catecholamine-containing neurons. Most of them (up to 86\%) were retrogradely labeled with primuline. The number of labeled dopamine-containing neurons increased in the rostro-caudal direction. Possible functional role of the dopaminergic diencephalon-spinal neuronal system is discussed.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects; Cell Count, drug effects; Diencephalon, cytology/metabolism; Dopamine, metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Mesencephalon, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology; Thiazoles, diagnostic use}, language = {rus}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2452353}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{DosSantosJunior:2015, author = {{Dos Santos J{\'{u}}nior}, Edmilson D. and {Da Silva}, Andr{\'{e}} V. and {Da Silva}, Kelly R T. and Haemmerle, Carlos A S. and Batagello, Daniella S. and {Da Silva}, Joelcimar M. and Lima, Leandro B. and {Da Silva}, Renata J. and Diniz, Giovanne B. and Sita, Luciane V. and Elias, Carol F. and Bittencourt, Jackson C.}, title = {The centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus--I: Efferents in the rat brain.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {2015}, volume = {68}, pages = {22--38}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The oculomotor accessory nucleus, often referred to as the Edinger-Westphal nucleus [EW], was first identified in the 17th century. Although its most well known function is the control of pupil diameter, some controversy has arisen regarding the exact location of these preganglionic neurons. Currently, the EW is thought to consist of two different parts. The first part [termed the preganglionic EW-EWpg], which controls lens accommodation, choroidal blood flow and pupillary constriction, primarily consists of cholinergic cells that project to the ciliary ganglion. The second part [termed the centrally projecting EW-EWcp], which is involved in non-ocular functions such as feeding behavior, stress responses, addiction and pain, consists of peptidergic neurons that project to the brainstem, the spinal cord and prosencephalic regions. However, in the literature, we found few reports related to either ascending or descending projections from the EWcp that are compatible with its currently described functions. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to systematically investigate the ascending and descending projections of the EW in the rat brain. We injected the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine into the EW or the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B into multiple EW targets as controls. Additionally, we investigated the potential EW-mediated innervation of neuronal populations with known neurochemical signatures, such as melanin-concentrating hormone in the lateral hypothalamic area [LHA] and corticotropin-releasing factor in the central nucleus of the amygdala [CeM]. We observed anterogradely labeled fibers in the LHA, the reuniens thalamic nucleus, the oval part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the medial part of the central nucleus of the amygdala, and the zona incerta. We confirmed our EW-LHA and EW-CeM connections using retrograde tracers. We also observed moderate EW-mediated innervation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the posterior hypothalamus. Our findings provide anatomical bases for previously unrecognized roles of the EW in the modulation of several physiologic systems.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.07.002}, institution = {Laboratory of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Center of Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, 05508-030 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: jcbitten@icb.usp.br.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0891-0618(15)00033-2}, pmid = {26206178}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.07.002}, } @Article{Dossat:2011, author = {Dossat, Amanda M. and Lilly, Nicole and Kay, Kristen and Williams, Diana L.}, title = {Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors in nucleus accumbens affect food intake.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2011}, volume = {31}, number = {41}, pages = {14453--14457}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Central glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) stimulation suppresses food intake, and hindbrain GLP-1 neurons project to numerous feeding-relevant brain regions. One such region is the nucleus accumbens (NAc), which plays a role in reward and motivated behavior. Using immunohistochemical and retrograde tracing techniques in rats, we identified a robust projection from GLP-1 neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract to the NAc. We hypothesized that activation of NAc GLP-1Rs suppresses feeding. When injected into the NAc core of rats at doses subthreshold for effect when administered to the lateral ventricle, GLP-1 significantly reduced food intake relative to vehicle at 1, 2, and 24 h posttreatment. The same doses had no effect when injected into the NAc shell. NAc core treatment with ventricle-subthreshold doses of the GLP-1R antagonist exendin (9-39) caused significant hyperphagia at 2 h posttreatment, suggesting that endogenous stimulation of NAc core GLP-1Rs plays a role in limiting food intake. It has been suggested that GLP-1 can cause nausea, but we found that NAc core administration of GLP-1 did not cause a conditioned taste aversion to saccharin, suggesting that the anorexic effect of NAc core GLP-1 is not caused by malaise. Finally, we observed that NAc core injection of GLP-1 significantly increased c-Fos expression in the NAc core. We conclude that that GLP-1Rs in the NAc play a physiologic role in food intake control, and suggest that the GLP-1 projection to NAc core may link satiation signal processing in the hindbrain with forebrain processing of food reward.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3262-11.2011}, institution = {da State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4301, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Avoidance Learning, drug effects; Conditioning (Psychology), drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eating, drug effects/physiology; Gene Expression Regulation, drug effects; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, metabolism/pharmacology; Injections, Intraventricular, methods; Male; Nucleus Accumbens, drug effects/metabolism; Peptide Fragments, pharmacology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Glucagon, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/physiology; Saccharin, administration /&/ dosage; Stilbamidines; Sweetening Agents, administration /&/ dosage; Taste, drug effects; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {31/41/14453}, pmid = {21994361}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3262-11.2011}, } @Article{Dou:2013, author = {Dou, Xiao Liang and Qin, Rong Liang and Qu, Juan and Liao, Yong Hui and Lu, Ya cheng and Zhang, Ting and Shao, Chen and Li, Yun Qing}, title = {Synaptic connections between endomorphin 2-immunoreactive terminals and μ-opioid receptor-expressing neurons in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {PLoS One}, year = {2013}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e62028}, abstract = {The urinary bladder is innervated by parasympathetic preganglionic neurons (PPNs) that express μ-opioid receptors (MOR) in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) at lumbosacral segments L6-S1. The SPN also contains endomorphin 2 (EM2)-immunoreactive (IR) fibers and terminals. EM2 is the endogenous ligand of MOR. In the present study, retrograde tract-tracing with cholera toxin subunit b (CTb) or wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) via the pelvic nerve combined with immunohistochemical staining for EM2 and MOR to identify PPNs within the SPN as well as synaptic connections between the EM2-IR terminals and MOR-expressing PPNs in the SPN of the rat. After CTb was injected into the pelvic nerve, CTb retrogradely labeled neurons were almost exclusively located in the lateral part of the intermediolateral gray matter at L6-S1 of the lumbosacral spinal cord. All of the them also expressed MOR. EM2-IR terminals formed symmetric synapses with MOR-IR, WGA- HRP-labeled and WGA-HRP/MOR double-labeled neuronal cell bodies and dendrites within the SPN. These results provided morphological evidence that EM2-containing axon terminals formed symmetric synapses with MOR-expressing PPNs in the SPN. The present results also show that EM2 and MOR might be involved in both the homeostatic control and information transmission of micturition.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0062028}, institution = {Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, metabolism; Homeostasis; Lumbosacral Region, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Oligopeptides, metabolism; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Opioid, mu, metabolism; Spinal Cord, cytology; Staining and Labeling; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure; Urinary Bladder, innervation; Urination}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {epublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {PONE-D-12-38990}, pmid = {23671582}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062028}, } @Article{Doucet:1997, author = {Doucet, JR and Ryugo, DK}, title = {Projections from the ventral cochlear nucleus to the dorsal cochlear nucleus in rats}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1997}, volume = {385}, pages = {245-264}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970825)385:2<245::aid-cne5>3.0.co;2-1}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Doucet:1996, author = {J. P. Doucet and Y. Nakabeppu and P. J. Bedard and B. T. Hope and E. J. Nestler and B. J. Jasmin and J. S. Chen and M. J. Iadarola and M. St-Jean and N. Wigle and P. Blanchet and R. Grondin and G. S. Robertson}, title = {Chronic alterations in dopaminergic neurotransmission produce a persistent elevation of deltaFosB-like protein(s) in both the rodent and primate striatum.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1996}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {365--381}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Using an antibody that recognizes the products of all known members of the fos family of immediate early genes, it was demonstrated that destruction of the nigrostriatal pathway by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the medial forebrain bundle produces a prolonged (>3 months) elevation of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the striatum. Using retrograde tract tracing techniques, we have previously shown that this increase in Fos-like immunoreactivity is located predominantly in striatal neurons that project to the globus pallidus. In the present study, Western blots were performed on nuclear extracts from the intact and denervated striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats to determine the nature of Fos-immunoreactive protein(s) responsible for this increase. Approximately 6 weeks after the 6-OHDA lesion, expression of two Fos-related antigens with apparent molecular masses of 43 and 45 kDa was enhanced in the denervated striatum. Chronic haloperidol administration also selectively elevated expression of these Fos-related antigens, suggesting that their induction after dopaminergic denervation is mediated by reduced activation of D2-like dopamine receptors. Western blot immunostaining using an antibody which recognizes the N-terminus of FosB indicated that the 43 and 45 kDa Fos-related antigens induced by dopaminergic denervation and chronic haloperidol administration may be related to a truncated form of FosB known as deltaFosB. Consistent with this proposal, retrograde tracing experiments confirmed that deltaFosB-like immunoreactivity in the deafferented striatum was located predominantly in striatopallidal neurons. Gel shift experiments demonstrated that elevated AP-1 binding activity in denervated striata contained FosB-like protein(s), suggesting that enhanced deltaFosB levels may mediate some of the effects of prolonged dopamine depletion on AP-1-regulated genes in striatopallidal neurons. In contrast, chronic administration of the D1-like receptor agonist CY 208243 to 6-OHDA-lesioned rats dramatically enhanced deltaFosB-like immunoreactivity in striatal neurons projecting to the substantia nigra. Western blot immunostaining revealed that deltaFosB and, to a lesser extent, FosB are elevated by chronic D1-like agonist administration. Both the quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and the ribonuclease protection assay demonstrated that deltafosB mRNA levels were substantially enhanced in the denervated striatum by chronic D1-like agonist administration. Lastly, we examined the effects of chronic administration ofD1-like and D2-like dopamine receptor agonists on striatal deltaFosB expression in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) primate model of Parkinson's disease. In monkeys rendered Parkinsonian by MPTP, there was a modest increase in deltaFosB-like protein(s), while the development of dyskinesia produced by chronic D1-like agonist administration was accompanied by large increases in DeltaFosB-like protein(s). In contrast, administration of the long-acting D2-like agonist cabergoline, which alleviated Parkinsonian symptoms without producing dyskinesia reduced deltaFosB levels to near normal. Taken together, these results demonstrate that chronic alterations in dopaminergic neurotransmission produce a persistent elevation of deltaFosB-like protein(s) in both the rodent and primate striatum.}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.}, keywords = {Animals; Bacterial Proteins, biosynthesis/genetics; Base Sequence; Benzazepines, pharmacology; Blotting, Western; Corpus Striatum, drug effects/metabolism; Denervation; Dopamine Agonists, pharmacology; Dopamine Antagonists, toxicity; Ergolines, pharmacology; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, drug effects; Genes, fos; Haloperidol, toxicity; Indoles, pharmacology; MPTP Poisoning; Macaca fascicularis; Male; Molecular Weight; Nerve Tissue Proteins, biosynthesis/genetics; Oxidopamine, toxicity; Parkinson Disease, Secondary, chemically induced/metabolism; Phenanthridines, pharmacology; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; RNA, Messenger, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Dopamine D1, agonists; Receptors, Dopamine D2, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Species Specificity; Time Factors; Transcription Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8714707}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Doucet:2009, author = {John R Doucet and Nicole M Lenihan and Bradford J May}, title = {Commissural neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus.}, journal = {J Assoc Res Otolaryngol}, year = {2009}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {269--280}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Commissural neurons connect the cochlear nucleus complexes of both ears. Previous studies have suggested that the neurons may be separated into two anatomical subtypes on the basis of percent apposition (PA); that is, the percentage of the soma apposed by synaptic terminals. The present study combined tract tracing with synaptic immunolabeling to compare the soma area, relative number, and location of Type I (low PA) and Type II (high PA) commissural neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) of rats. Confocal microscopic analysis revealed that 261 of 377 (69\%) commissural neurons have medium-sized somata with Type I axosomatic innervation. The commissural neurons also showed distinct topographical distributions. The majority of Type I neurons were located in the small cell cap of the VCN, which serves as a nexus for regulatory pathways within the auditory brainstem. Most Type II neurons were found in the magnocellular core. This anatomical dichotomy should broaden current views on the function of the commissural pathway that stress the fast inhibitory interactions generated by Type II neurons. The more prevalent Type I neurons may underlie slow regulatory influences that enhance binaural processing or the recovery of function after injury.}, doi = {10.1007/s10162-008-0155-6}, institution = {Center for Hearing and Balance, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Traylor Research Building, Room 521, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.}, keywords = {Algorithms; Animals; Auditory Pathways, cytology; Cell Count; Cell Polarity; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Neural Inhibition; Neurons, classification/cytology; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {19172356}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10162-008-0155-6}, } @Article{Doucet:2003, author = {John R Doucet and Diana L Molavi and David K Ryugo}, title = {The source of corticocollicular and corticobulbar projections in area Te1 of the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {2003}, volume = {153}, number = {4}, pages = {461--466}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Cortical area Te1 in the rat commonly is associated with primary auditory cortex. It is the source of direct projections to the inferior colliculus (IC), superior olivary complex (SOC), and the cochlear nucleus (CN). A question that arises is whether these descending pathways derive from a common source or separate populations of cortical neurons. We addressed this question in seven rats by injecting either Diamidino yellow (DiY) or Fast blue (FB) into the IC and injecting the other tracer into the CN (n=4) or SOC (n=3). All injections were made on the left side of the brain. In a sample of sections through area Te1 in both hemispheres, we counted single- and double-labeled cells. We estimate that IC-projecting cells outnumber those projecting to the CN or SOC by at least a factor of ten. The source of corticofugal pathways to the left IC was heavily biased towards the same side of the brain (ipsi/contra ratio 8 +/- 2.5), whereas it was more equally distributed between the two hemispheres for the left CN and SOC (ipsi/contra ratios ranged from 0.7-2.3). Finally, we observed that only 10-20\% of those cells filled with a tracer injection in the CN or SOC also contained the tracer injected into the IC. In a previous study, we observed a similarly small percentage of double labeled cells when FB and DiY were injected into the CN and SOC, respectively. Combined with the distinct laminar distribution of IC-, SOC-, and CN-projecting neurons within layer V, the results suggest that these three pathways largely derive from different populations of cortical neurons.}, doi = {10.1007/s00221-003-1604-4}, institution = {Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Center for Hearing Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. jdoucet@bme.jhu.edu}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Auditory Cortex, cytology/physiology; Auditory Pathways, cytology/physiology; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Inferior Colliculi, cytology/physiology; Male; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Pons, cytology/physiology; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {13680047}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-003-1604-4}, } @Article{Doucet:2002, author = {John R Doucet and Liana Rose and David K Ryugo}, title = {The cellular origin of corticofugal projections to the superior olivary complex in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2002}, volume = {925}, number = {1}, pages = {28--41}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Corticofugal pathways originating in auditory cortex innervate most subcortical auditory nuclei in the ascending pathway [Auditory Neurosci. 1 (1995) 287-308; J. Comp. Neurol. 371 (1996) 15-40]. Our goal is to determine if these projections arise from the same neurons or if different neurons project to each of the separate structures. We also seek to identify the layers and fields of auditory cortex from which these neurons originate. In the present study, we answer these questions with respect to the projections to the superior olivary complex (SOC). Fluorescent retrograde tracers, Fast Blue (FB) or Diamidino Yellow (DiY), were injected into the SOC and the pattern of labeled cells was determined in temporal neocortex. We also injected FB into the granule cell domain (GCD) of the cochlear nucleus. Cortical projections to the GCD derive exclusively from layer V pyramidal cells in primary auditory cortex [Brain Res. 706 (1996) 97-102]. Thus the pattern of labeling produced by injections in the GCD provided a reference for interpreting the labeling after SOC injections. Layer V pyramidal cells project to the SOC, and these neurons were distributed bilaterally in primary and secondary areas of auditory cortex. The projections to the SOC from primary auditory cortex are predominantly uncrossed, whereas those from secondary auditory cortex are nearly equal for the two hemispheres. In animals that received injections of FB in the GCD and DiY in the SOC, cells labeled by each injection had a different laminar distribution and very few cells were double labeled. These data suggest that the cortical pathways ending in the cochlear nucleus and SOC are largely independent. We discuss the implications of these findings with respect to the multifunctional nature of the SOC in brainstem auditory processing.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03248-6}, institution = {Center for Hearing Sciences, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. jdoucet@bme.jhu.edu}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Auditory Cortex, cytology; Auditory Pathways, cytology; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Olivary Nucleus, cytology; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899301032486}, pmid = {11755898}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Doucet:1999, author = {J. R. Doucet and A. T. Ross and M. B. Gillespie and D. K. Ryugo}, title = {Glycine immunoreactivity of multipolar neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus which project to the dorsal cochlear nucleus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {408}, number = {4}, pages = {515--531}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Certain distinct populations of neurons in the dorsal cochlear nucleus are inhibited by a neural source that is responsive to a wide range of acoustic frequencies. In this study, we examined the glycine immunoreactivity of two types of ventral cochlear nucleus neurons (planar and radiate) in the rat which project to the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) and thus, might be responsible for this inhibition. Previously, we proposed that planar neurons provided a tonotopic and narrowly tuned input to the DCN, whereas radiate neurons provided a broadly tuned input and thus, were strong candidates as the source of broadband inhibition (Doucet and Ryugo [1997] J. Comp. Neurol. 385:245-264). We tested this idea by combining retrograde labeling and glycine immunohistochemical protocols. Planar and radiate neurons were first retrogradely labeled by injecting biotinylated dextran amine into a restricted region of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. The labeled cells were visualized using streptavidin conjugated to indocarbocyanine (Cy3), a fluorescent marker. Sections that contained planar or radiate neurons were then processed for glycine immunocytochemistry using diaminobenzidine as the chromogen. Immunostaining of planar neurons was light, comparable to that of excitatory neurons (pyramidal neurons in the DCN), whereas immunostaining of radiate neurons was dark, comparable to that of glycinergic neurons (cartwheel cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus and principal cells in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that radiate neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus subserve the wideband inhibition observed in the dorsal cochlear nucleus.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990614)408:4<515::aid-cne6>3.0.co;2-o}, institution = {Center for Hearing Sciences, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. jdoucet@bme.jhu.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, cytology/physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Dextrans; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Glycine, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-O}, pmid = {10340502}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Doucet:2006, author = {Doucet, John R. and Ryugo, David K.}, title = {Structural and functional classes of multipolar cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus.}, journal = {Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol}, year = {2006}, volume = {288}, number = {4}, pages = {331--344}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Multipolar cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) are a structurally and functionally diverse group of projection neurons. Understanding their role in the ascending pathway involves partitioning multipolar cells into distinct populations and determining where in the brain each sends its coded messages. In this study, we used retrograde labeling techniques in rats to identify multipolar neurons that project their axons to the ipsilateral dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), the contralateral CN, or both structures. Three rats received injections of biotinylated dextran amine in the ipsilateral DCN and diamidino yellow in the contralateral CN. Several radiate multipolar neurons (defined by their axonal projections to the ipsilateral DCN and their dendrites that traverse VCN isofrequency sheets) were double-labeled but over 70\% were not. This result suggests two distinct populations: (1) radiate-commissural (RC) multipolar cells that project to the ipsilateral DCN and the contralateral CN, and (2) radiate multipolar cells that project exclusively (in this context) to the ipsilateral DCN. In a different group of animals, we retrogradely labeled multipolar neurons that project their axons to the contralateral CN and measured the size of their cell bodies. The mean size of this population (266 +/- 156 microm2) was significantly smaller than those of RC-multipolar cells (418 +/- 140 microm2). We conclude that the CN commissural pathway is composed of at least two components: (1) RC multipolar cells and (2) commissural multipolar cells that are small- and medium-sized neurons that project exclusively (in this context) to the contralateral CN. These results identify separate structural groups of multipolar cells that may correspond to physiological unit types described in the literature. They also provide protocols for isolating and studying different populations of multipolar cells to determine the neural mechanisms that govern their responses to sound.}, doi = {10.1002/ar.a.20294}, institution = {Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. johndoucet@yahoo.com}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Auditory Pathways, cytology/physiology; Axons; Cats; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Guinea Pigs; Male; Neurons, classification/cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Staining and Labeling}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16550550}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.20294}, } @Article{Doughty:1991, author = {Doughty, S. E. and Atkinson, M. E. and Shehab, S. A.}, title = {A quantitative study of neuropeptide immunoreactive cell bodies of primary afferent sensory neurons following rat sciatic nerve peripheral axotomy.}, journal = {Regul Pept}, year = {1991}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, pages = {59--72}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Following peripheral axotomy, fluoride resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP) and most neuropeptides are depleted in the central terminals of axotomised nerves and reduced in their corresponding cell bodies (DRG) but vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) increases. The increase in VIP probably results from a change in gene expression in other ganglion cells which do not normally express VIP. A quantitative study was performed to investigate the proportion of DRG cells immunoreactive for different peptides at increasing times after sciatic nerve section. Retrograde fluorescent neuronal labelling of sciatic nerve cell bodies by injection of fast blue into the proximal stump was combined with unlabelled antibody immunohistochemistry for CGRP and VIP. The proportion of cells immunoreactive for these peptides was quantified between two and fourteen days post-axotomy. The number of VIP immunoreactive profiles increased significantly in the first 4 days post-axotomy, followed by a slight decrease before rising again. In contrast, the number of and CGRP-immunoreactive cell profiles declined to zero by 14 days post-axotomy. 4 days post-axotomy 50\% of VIP positive cells were also immunoreactive for CGRP. There was neither colocalisation between VIP and FRAP nor between CGRP and FRAP. It is concluded that many peptidergic DRG cell bodies switch their expression of peptide to VIP after injury, whereas non-peptide-containing subpopulations do not.}, doi = {10.1016/0167-0115(91)90254-e}, institution = {Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, U.K.}, keywords = {Acid Phosphatase, analysis; Animals; Axons, physiology; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, analysis; Cell Count; Male; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Neuropeptide Y, analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sciatic Nerve, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Staining and Labeling; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1718018}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Douglas:2002, author = {A. J. Douglas and R. J. Bicknell and G. Leng and J. A. Russell and S. L. Meddle}, title = {Beta-endorphin cells in the arcuate nucleus: projections to the supraoptic nucleus and changes in expression during pregnancy and parturition.}, journal = {J Neuroendocrinol}, year = {2002}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {768--777}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Supraoptic nucleus oxytocin neurone activity and secretion are inhibited in late pregnancy and parturition by endogenous opioids. Here, we investigated alterations in the projections and gene expression of beta-endorphin/pro-opiomelanocortin neurones in the arcuate nucleus in the pregnant rat. All regions of the arcuate nucleus were found to contain cells immunoreactive for beta-endorphin fluorescent microbeads retrogradely transported from the supraoptic nucleus, and double-labelled neurones (beta-endorphin plus microbeads), showing that beta-endorphin neurones throughout the arcuate nucleus project to the supraoptic nucleus. There was an increase in the number of beta-endorphin-immunoreactive cells in the arcuate nucleus and an increase in the density of beta-endorphin fibres within the supraoptic nucleus and peri-supraoptic region in late pregnancy and parturition, suggesting enhanced expression of beta-endorphin and increased beta-endorphin innervation of the supraoptic nucleus. Pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus increased in late compared to early pregnancy: the number of positive neurones significantly increased in the caudal region. Fos expression (an indicator of neuronal activation) in the arcuate nucleus was colocalized in beta-endorphin neurones in both proestrus and parturient rats, but the number of positive cells did not increase during parturition, suggesting lack of activation of beta-endorphin neurones at birth. Thus, beta-endorphin cells in the arcuate nucleus project to the supraoptic nucleus and increased innervation during pregnancy may explain the enhanced endogenous opioid inhibition of oxytocin neurones.}, institution = {Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh, UK. alison.j.douglas@ed.ac.uk}, keywords = {Animals; Arcuate Nucleus, cytology; Female; Gene Expression, physiology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, chemistry/physiology; Parturition, physiology; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal, physiology; Pro-Opiomelanocortin, genetics; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Supraoptic Nucleus, cytology; beta-Endorphin, analysis/genetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {837}, pmid = {12372001}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Douglas:1987, author = {Douglas, R. and Kellaway, L. and Mintz, M. and {van Wageningen}, G.}, title = {The crossed nigrostriatal projection decussates in the ventral tegmental decussation.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1987}, volume = {418}, number = {1}, pages = {111--121}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tract-tracing techniques were used in 44 rats in order to establish the site of decussation of the crossed nigrostriatal projection. Somata in both the ipsilateral and the contralateral ventromedial mesencephalon were labelled after injection of HRP into the caudate nucleus. In agreement with previous studies, contralateral labelling constituted about 3\% of the ipsilateral labelling. Midsagittal transection of the mesodiencephalic junction did not prevent the contralateral labelling. However, mid-sagittal transection of the ventral mesencephalon, or selective 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the ventral tegmental decussation did prevent the contralateral labelling. Moreover, 6-OHDA lesions of the substantia nigra ipsilateral to the horseradish peroxidase injection also prevented contralateral labelling. We conclude that the crossed nigrostriatal projection decussates in the ventral tegmental decussation, and that this projection is susceptible to damage by standard 6-OHDA lesions located on the opposite side to the origin of the crossed pathway.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(87)90967-x}, institution = {University of Cape Town Medical School, Department of Physiology, South Africa.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Count; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Functional Laterality; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Hydroxydopamines; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Oxidopamine; Rats; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/drug effects; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3117325}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Doutova:1996, author = {Doutova, E. A. and Moss, N. G.}, title = {Age-related changes in calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in renal afferent nerve soma in the rat. Association with afferent renal nerve activity.}, journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, pages = {260--268}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Renal afferent neurons were retrogradely labeled with FluoroGold in Sprague-Dawley rats at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 110, 130 and 200 days of age. Recordings of afferent renal nerve activity (ARNA) and immunofluorescent assessment of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity (LI) and substance P (SP)-LI in spinal ganglia T10-L1 were obtained in the same rats. The frequency of renal afferent neurons positive for CGRP-LI declined abruptly from 88\% in animals younger than 100 days of age (342 of 388 total cells) to 63\% in rats older than 100 days of age (223 of the 353 total cells). The intensity of CGRP-LI (scaled 1-3) in renal afferent CGRP-positive neurons also declined significantly from a mean of 2.23 +/- 0.04 before 100 days to 1.48 +/- 0.05 in older rats (P < 0.001 in each age group). SP-LI positive neurons declined from 44\% to 28\% (P < 0.001). These changes in neuropeptide immunofluorescence coincided with an altered pattern of ARNA in which the excitatory response to complete renal ischemia increased from 274 +/- 69\% above background to 1167 +/- 124\% after the age of 100 days. Previous studies have shown that this alteration in the ARNA response to renal ischemia is due to the appearance of activity from R1 chemoreceptor nerves in ARNA. These data demonstrated that this transition in the electrophysiologic characteristics of ARNA is accompanied by profound alterations in CGRP-LI and SP-LI levels in renal afferent nerve cell bodies.}, doi = {10.1016/s0165-3806(96)00157-5}, institution = {Department of Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism; Aging, metabolism; Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Chemoreceptor Cells, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Kidney, innervation; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substance P, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165380696001575}, pmid = {8997510}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dovas:1998, author = {A. Dovas and M. L. Lucchi and R. Bortolami and A. Grandis and A. R. Palladino and E. Banelli and M. Carretta and F. Magni and N. Paolocci}, title = {Collaterals of recurrent laryngeal nerve fibres innervate the thymus: a fluorescent tracer and HRP investigation of efferent vagal neurons in the rat brainstem.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {809}, number = {2}, pages = {141--148}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The origin and course of efferent vagal fibers, which innervate the rat thymus, were investigated by a fluorescent retrograde double labeling method, using Fast blue (FB) and Diamidino yellow dihydrochloride (DY) as tracers. In the same animal, one tracer was injected into the cranial portion of the right lobe of the thymus and the other dye was deposited around the cut end of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve. The neuronal population giving origin to the recurrent nerve was mapped by using retrograde labeling with HRP applied to the central stump of the nerve. The HRP retrograde axonal transport showed that most efferent vagal fibers of the recurrent nerve have their perikarya in the nucleus retroambigualis (NRA), nucleus ambiguus (NA), and to a lesser extent in the nucleus retrofacialis (NRF). In fluorescent retrograde double labeling of thymus and recurrent laryngeal nerve both single and double labeled cells were found. The cells labeled by the injections into the thymus were colocalized with the neurons labeled by the tracer deposited in the recurrent laryngeal nerve to the NRA, NA, and NRF. Moreover along the rostrocaudal extent of the NRF and NA double labeled cells were present, showing that some of the thymic efferents are collaterals of the recurrent nerve fibers. Our experiments shown that some thymic vagal fibres originate from neurons of nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi (NDV) as demonstrated both by HRP and FB injected thymuses. The possible role of these efferents in thymic function is briefly discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00705-7}, institution = {Istituto di Patologia Generale, Cattedra di Fisiologia Umana, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Italy.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Horseradish Peroxidase; Laryngeal Nerves, cytology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neurons, Efferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thymus Gland, innervation; Vagus Nerve, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(98)00705-7}, pmid = {9853104}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Draganov:2005, author = {Draganov, M and Itzev, D and Lazarov, N}, title = {An anterograde tracer study of a direct trigemino-nigral projection in the rat brain using biotinylated dextran amide (BDA)}, journal = {Trakia Journal of Sciences}, year = {2005}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {6--9}, abstract = {The mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN) is a unique structure in the central nervous system (CNS). It is composed of primary sensory neurons, which are mainly typical of dorsal root ganglia. The afferent projections of the MTN neurons are relatively well studied, although the data about the efferents are still controversial. The goal of the present study was to verify the MTN projections to the substantia nigra (SN) in the rat brain via anterograde tracing using the marker BDA. Anterograde tracing experiments showed the presence of a direct projection arising from the MTN neurons, located in the caudal portion of the nucleus, to the SN. Single ipsilateral projection fibres were found in the SN pars compacta dorsal part, and then penetrated its pars reticulata. It can be inferred from the study results that the MTN is bi-directionally linked with the SN, which probably in a way determines the mandibular motor activity and oro-facial dyskinesias.}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://tru.uni-sz.bg/tsj/vol3No4_1_files/Lazarov%20N%20et%20al.pdf}, } @Article{Drake:2007, author = {Drake, Carrie T. and {De Oliveira}, Andrew X. and Harris, Jonathan A. and Connor, Denise M. and Winkler, Clayton W. and Aicher, Sue A.}, title = {Kappa opioid receptors in the rostral ventromedial medulla of male and female rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2007}, volume = {500}, number = {3}, pages = {465--476}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) ligands alter nociceptive responses when applied to the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). However, the effects of kappa opioid receptor ligands are distinct in males and females. The present study examined the distribution of kappa opioid receptor immunoreactivity in the RVM of male and female rats. KOR immunoreactivity was found at pre- and postsynaptic sites within the RVM of both sexes. The most common KOR-immunoreactive (KOR-ir) neuronal structures were unmyelinated axons, followed by axon terminals, dendrites, and somata. Different proportions of KOR-ir axon terminals and dendrites were found in females at different estrous stages. Specifically, dendrites containing KOR immunoreactivity were less abundant in proestrus females compared with estrus females and showed a trend toward being less abundant in males, suggesting that KOR ligands applied to the RVM may be less potent in proestrus females. These findings suggest that the distribution of KORs in the RVM may be influenced by reproductive hormone levels. We also found KOR immunoreactivity in many spinally projecting neurons within the RVM of female rats. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that KOR ligands influence nociceptive behaviors by altering the activity of specific populations of neurons within the RVM. The abundance of KOR in axons and axon terminals in RVM indicates a substantial role for presynaptic effects of KOR ligands through pathways that have not been clearly delineated. Altering the balance between pre- and postsynaptic receptive sites may underlie differences in the effects of KOR agonists on nociceptive responses in males and females.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21184}, institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Dendrites, metabolism/ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Estrous Cycle, physiology; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, metabolism/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Opioid Peptides, metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Receptors, Opioid, kappa, metabolism; Reproduction, physiology; Reticular Formation, metabolism/ultrastructure; Sex Characteristics; Synaptic Membranes, metabolism/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {17120286}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21184}, } @Article{Dreher:1990, author = {Dreher, B. and Dehay, C. and Bullier, J.}, title = {Bihemispheric collateralization of the cortical and subcortical afferents to the rats visual-cortex}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1990}, volume = {2(4)}, pages = {317-331}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1990.tb00424.x}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dreher:1985, author = {Dreher, B. and Sefton, A.J. and Ni, S.Y. and Nisbett, G.}, title = {The morphology, number, distribution and central projections of Class I retinal ganglion cells in albino and hooded rats}, journal = {Brain Behav Evolut}, year = {1985}, volume = {26(1)}, pages = {10-48}, doi = {DOI:10.1159/000118764}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dreher:1985a, author = {Dreher, B. and Thong, I. G. and Shameem, N. and McCall, M. J.}, title = {Development of cortical afferents and cortico-tectal efferents of the mammalian (rat) primary visual cortex.}, journal = {Aust N Z J Ophthalmol}, year = {1985}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {251--261}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {At the time when the fibres from the striate cortex (area 17) begin to innervate the superficial layers of the superior colliculus of the young rat (postnatal days 4 and 5) a high degree of specificity in the organization of this newly formed cortico-tectal projection is already apparent. Thus, in young rats, as in adult mammals of virtually all species studied so far, the somata of cortico-tectal neurones are confined to lamina V of the ipsilateral cortex. However, this high degree of laminar (radial) specificity in young animals is accompanied by a substantial degree of exuberance as indicated by a tangential distribution of the cortico-tectal cells which is wider than that in the adult. The exuberant projections are pruned during the second postnatal week. The cortico-cortical associational and commissural fibres start to enter the grey matter of the rat striate cortex after postnatal day 7. Again a high degree of specificity in the laminar distribution of those newly established projections is apparent. However, the cortico-cortical projection, at the time when cortico-cortical fibres enter the cortical laminae, is clearly exuberant since the tangential spread of cortical cells projecting to the striate cortex is wider than that in the adult. Pruning of these excessive projections takes place some time after postnatal day 14. It is believed that understanding the mechanism(s) underlying the development of connections of the rat visual cortex might be of general importance in understanding developmental abnormalities in the pattern of interconnections of the visual cortices of other mammalian orders.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1442-9071.1985.tb00432.x}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, growth /&/ development; Animals; Animals, Newborn, growth /&/ development; Brain Mapping; Efferent Pathways, growth /&/ development; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Superior Colliculi, growth /&/ development; Synaptic Transmission; Visual Cortex, growth /&/ development}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3000410}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Drew:2009, author = {Geoffrey M Drew and Benjamin K Lau and Christopher W Vaughan}, title = {Substance P drives endocannabinoid-mediated disinhibition in a midbrain descending analgesic pathway.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2009}, volume = {29}, number = {22}, pages = {7220--7229}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Substance P is thought to play an essential role in several forms of supraspinally mediated analgesia. The actions of substance P on synaptic transmission within descending analgesic pathways, however, are largely unknown. Here, we used whole-cell recordings from rat midbrain slices to examine the effects of substance P on GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission within the periaqueductal gray (PAG), a key component of a descending analgesic pathway that projects via the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) to the spinal cord dorsal horn. We found that substance P reversibly decreased the amplitude and increased the paired-pulse ratio of evoked IPSCs recorded from identified PAG-RVM projection neurons and from unidentified PAG neurons. Substance P had no effect on miniature IPSCs, implying an indirect mode of action. The effects of substance P were abolished by metabotropic glutamate type 5 and cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists, but unaltered by NMDA, GABA(B), mu,delta-opioid, adenosine A(1), and 5HT(1A) receptor antagonists. Consistent with a role for endogenous glutamate in this process, substance P increased the frequency of action potential-dependent spontaneous EPSCs. Moreover, the effect of substance P on evoked IPSCs was mimicked and occluded by a glutamate transport inhibitor. Finally, these effects were dependent on postsynaptic G-protein activation and diacylglycerol lipase activity, suggesting the requirement for retrograde signaling by the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Thus, substance P may facilitate descending analgesia in part by enhancing glutamate-mediated excitation and endocannabinoid-mediated disinhibition of PAG-RVM projection neurons.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4362-08.2009}, institution = {Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia. gdrew@med.usyd.edu.au}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Drug Interactions; Electric Stimulation, methods; Endocannabinoids, agonists/metabolism; Enzyme Inhibitors, pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Agents, pharmacology; Female; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neurons, drug effects; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Tachykinin, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Signal Transduction, drug effects; Substance P, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/pharmacology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {29/22/7220}, pmid = {19494144}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4362-08.2009}, } @Article{Drolet:1992, author = {G. Drolet and E. J. Van Bockstaele and G. Aston-Jones}, title = {Robust enkephalin innervation of the locus coeruleus from the rostral medulla.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1992}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {3162--3174}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Substantial evidence indicates that the noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) is a key target of endogenous opioid neurons, and an important structure in mediating opiate effects. However, the detailed distribution of opioid fibers and terminals in the LC, and the sources of its opioid innervation are unknown. In the present study, the enkephalin innervation of the LC was investigated in the rat using an antibody directed against the extended enkephalin peptide Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (ENK), which is derived exclusively from the enkephalin precursor proenkephalin A. An antibody directed against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the synthetic enzyme for catecholaminergic neurons, was also applied to the same tissue sections to delineate LC neurons and their dendrites. Enkephalin fibers in the LC were dense and highly varicose. In horizontal sections, ENK-like-immunoreactive (ENK-ir) fibers of considerable length coursed throughout the rostrocaudal orientation of the LC proper, whereas in frontal sections ENK-ir processes appeared punctate, suggesting a rostrocaudal orientation. Dense ENK-ir fibers were also identified in the rostromedial and caudal juxtaependymal pericoerulear regions where extranuclear dendrites of LC neurons are extensive. As previously reported, there were no ENK-ir neurons in the LC nucleus proper, but such cells were present in neighboring structures such as the parabrachial, sphenoid, and Barrington's nuclei as well as in the central gray and in the subcoeruleus area. ENK-ir neurons were also present in nuclei of the rostral medulla reported to be major afferents of the LC, the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (PrH), and the nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi). In the dorsomedial medulla, numerous ENK-ir neurons were identified in the medial aspect of the PrH and along the medial longitudinal fasciculus in the perifascicular reticular formation. In the ventrolateral medulla, ENK-ir neurons were distributed in a conical caudorostral column throughout the PGi. Retrograde transport of a WGA-colloidal gold conjugate (WGA-apoHRP-Au) from LC, combined with immunohistochemistry for ENK in the same tissue sections, revealed that LC afferents in the PGi and PrH were interdigitated with ENK-ir neurons. Furthermore, an unexpectedly high incidence of doubly labeled neurons were identified in both PGi and PrH. Overall, 57\% and 56\% of the LC-projecting neurons in PGi and PrH, respectively, were also immunoreactive for ENK, suggesting that enkephalinergic neurons of PGi and PrH are major afferents to noradrenergic LC neurons.}, institution = {Department of Mental Health Sciences, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102-1192.}, keywords = {Animals; Enkephalins, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; Locus Coeruleus, cytology/metabolism; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Nerve Fibers, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tissue Distribution; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1379635}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/12/8/3162.long}, } @Article{Drouyer:2008, author = {Drouyer, Elise and Dkhissi-Benyahya, Ouria and Chiquet, Christophe and WoldeMussie, Elizabeth and Ruiz, Guadalupe and Wheeler, Larry A. and Denis, Philippe and Cooper, Howard M.}, title = {Glaucoma alters the circadian timing system.}, journal = {PLoS One}, year = {2008}, volume = {3}, number = {12}, pages = {e3931}, abstract = {Glaucoma is a widespread ocular disease and major cause of blindness characterized by progressive, irreversible damage of the optic nerve. Although the degenerative loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and visual deficits associated with glaucoma have been extensively studied, we hypothesize that glaucoma will also lead to alteration of the circadian timing system. Circadian and non-visual responses to light are mediated by a specialized subset of melanopsin expressing RGCs that provide photic input to mammalian endogenous clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). In order to explore the molecular, anatomical and functional consequences of glaucoma we used a rodent model of chronic ocular hypertension, a primary causal factor of the pathology. Quantitative analysis of retinal projections using sensitive anterograde tracing demonstrates a significant reduction (approximately 50-70\%) of RGC axon terminals in all visual and non-visual structures and notably in the SCN. The capacity of glaucomatous rats to entrain to light was challenged by exposure to successive shifts of the light dark (LD) cycle associated with step-wise decreases in light intensity. Although glaucomatous rats are able to entrain their locomotor activity to the LD cycle at all light levels, they require more time to re-adjust to a shifted LD cycle and show significantly greater variability in activity onsets in comparison with normal rats. Quantitative PCR reveals the novel finding that melanopsin as well as rod and cone opsin mRNAs are significantly reduced in glaucomatous retinas. Our findings demonstrate that glaucoma impacts on all these aspects of the circadian timing system. In light of these results, the classical view of glaucoma as pathology unique to the visual system should be extended to include anatomical and functional alterations of the circadian timing system.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0003931}, institution = {Department of Chronobiology, INSERM, U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, metabolism; Biological Markers, metabolism; Circadian Rhythm, physiology/radiation effects; Gene Expression Regulation, radiation effects; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/radiation effects; Glaucoma, physiopathology; Intraocular Pressure, physiology/radiation effects; Laser Coagulation; Light; Male; Motor Activity, physiology; Opsins, genetics/metabolism; Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, genetics/metabolism; RNA, Messenger, genetics/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology/metabolism/radiation effects; Superior Colliculi, cytology/radiation effects; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, cytology/radiation effects; Time Factors; Visual Pathways, physiopathology/radiation effects}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {19079596}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003931}, } @Article{Druga:1980, author = {Druga, R.}, title = {Efferent neurons of the rat olfactory bulb. (An experimental study using horseradish peroxidase).}, journal = {Physiol Bohemoslov}, year = {1980}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {345--350}, abstract = {1) Two efferent neurone populations - mitral and tufted cells - are present in the main structure of the rat olfactory bulb. 2) The tufted cells, whose axons leave the olfactory bulb, are scattered throughout the whole of the outer plexiform layer and some of them lie in the periglomelural layer. 3) The axons of some of the tufted cells lead to the rostral part of the prepyriform cortex (the anterior olfactory nucleus). 4) Our findings do not indicate that the tufted cells ensure monosynapltic interbulbar connection.}, keywords = {Animals; Central Nervous System; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neurons, Efferent, anatomy /&/ histology; Olfactory Bulb, anatomy /&/ histology; Olfactory Pathways; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6448421}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Druga:1982, author = {R. Druga}, title = {Claustro-neocortical connections in the cat and rat demonstrated by HRP tracing technique.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1982}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {191--202}, abstract = {1) Following HRP injections (Sigma VI) into the sensorimotor, association and auditory cortex of the cat HRP positive neurons were found in the dorsal claustrum (claustrum dorsale, cl. insulare) on the side of the injection and contralaterally. The finding of HRP positive neurons in the ipsilateral and contralateral claustrum is considered an evidence of uncrossed as well as of crossed claustro-neocortical projections. 2) HRP positive neurons in the ipsilateral claustrum multipolar in number the labeled neurons of the contralateral claustrum. 3) The uncrossed and crossed claustro-neocortical projections in the cat are arranged anteroposteriorly. 4) The neurons of the claustrum containing retrogradely transported HRP possess middle size and large perikarya of multiply, pyramidal, triangular and spindle shape. 5) Between the neocortical formation and the dorsal claustrum of the cat there is a cortico-claustral and claustro-cortical interconnection. 6) Following an HRP injection into the frontal parietal cortex of the rat we observed in the ipsilateral claustrum a small number of HRP positive mulipolarr and triangular perikarya.}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology; Cats; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Parietal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7108198}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Druga:1985, author = {R. Druga}, title = {[Neurons forming striatonigral connections in the rat brain].}, journal = {Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki}, year = {1985}, number = {6}, pages = {55--59}, abstract = {Using the retrograde axonic transport of horseradish peroxidase method the striatal neurons projections to substance nigra have been studied in rats. After peroxidase injection into substance nigra a considerable number of small and medium sized neurons (10-20 mkm) become labelled in the ipsilateral striatum. Large labelled striatal cells (20-25 mkm) have been found. Among labelled striatal neurons multipolar cells with triangular and oval body prevailed. The number of cells with elongated multipolar or spindle-shaped body was less. The data obtained disprove the conception that only large ("giant") neurons form the efferent striatal pathways to substance nigra.}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, cytology; Efferent Pathways, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Staining and Labeling, methods; Substantia Nigra, cytology}, language = {rus}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2411302}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Druga:1988, author = {Druga, R.}, title = {Projections from the substantia nigra (pars reticulata) to the rostral part of the rat striatum. A horseradish peroxidase study.}, journal = {Folia Morphol (Praha)}, year = {1988}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, pages = {42--46}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Rats; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3391455}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Druga:1989, author = {R. Druga}, title = {Nigrostriatal projections in the rat as demonstrated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. I. Projections to the rostral striatum.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1989}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {11--21}, abstract = {The distribution of nigral neurons projecting to the rostral part of the striatum was studied in 12 rats using the horseradish peroxidase or the wheatgerm lectin bound horseradish peroxidase labelling techniques. Labelled neurons localized in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) were demonstrated throughout the anteroposterior extent of the nucleus. Most of the labelled neurons were localized in the medial half of the SNc, predominantly in its basal part. Labelled neurons localized in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) predominated in the caudal half of the nucleus where they were found in its medial, central and lateral parts. A quantitative evaluation of the shape and size of the labelled neurons showed no statistically significant differences between the SNc and SNr as to the shape of the labelled perikarya. In contrast, nigrostriatal neurons in the SNc were found to have larger perikarya than their counterparts in the SNr.}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, Charles University Medical Faculty, Prague.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Corpus Striatum, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Substantia Nigra, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2723408}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Druga:1992, author = {R. Druga}, title = {Nigrostriatal projections in the rat as demonstrated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. II. Projection to the caudal striatum.}, journal = {Funct Dev Morphol}, year = {1992}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {235--239}, abstract = {The distribution of nigral neurons projecting to the caudal and basal parts of the striatum was studied in 9 rats by means of the horseradish peroxidase labelling technique. Labelled neurons localized in the substantia nigra pars compacta were demonstrated throughout the antero-posterior extent of the nucleus. Most of them were found in the lateral half of the SNc. Labelled neurons localized in the substantia nigra part reticulata predominated in the caudolateral part of the SNr. Characteristic features included major perikaryal polymorphism and size range of the nigrostriatal neurons.}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University Prague, Czechoslovakia.}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Transport, physiology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1303106}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Druga:1993, author = {Druga, R. and Chen, S. and Bentivoglio, M.}, title = {Parvalbumin and calbindin in the rat claustrum: an immunocytochemical study combined with retrograde tracing frontoparietal cortex.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {1993}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {399--406}, abstract = {The distribution of the calcium binding proteins parvalbumin and calbindin D-28k was examined in the claustrum of the rat by means of immunohistochemistry. The two proteins displayed a different and largely complementary pattern of distribution. Parvalbumin-immunostaining was intense in the neuropil of the dorsal claustrum and virtually absent in the neuropil of the ventral claustrum; parvalbumin-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were relatively numerous in the dorsal claustrum and were detected only occasionally in the ventral region. On the other hand, calbindin-immunostaining was prevalent in the ventral claustrum; very few calbindin-positive neurons were seen in the dorsal sector of the nucleus, whereas they were relatively more numerous in the ventral claustrum. The cell bodies of the majority of the claustral parvalbumin- or calbindin-immunoreactive neurons were oval or round, but immunostained polymorphous neurons were also observed. The surface of the immunopositive dendritic branches was smooth, with no evidence of spines. Fluorescent retrograde tracing was combined with immunohistofluorescence to determine whether the parvalbumin-containing claustral cells project to the frontoparietal cortex. Neurons labelled after large fluorogold injections in frontoparietal cortical fields were highly intermingled in the dorsal claustrum with parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells but the two neuronal populations were separate. These data show that parvalbumin-immunoreactive claustral neurons do not project to the frontoparietal cortex. In addition, although these cells may project to other cortical or subcortical targets, the present findings suggest that they may represent, at least in part, local circuit claustral neurons, corresponding to the aspiny intrinsic neurons described in the rat claustrum in studies based on Golgi impregnation.}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy and Histology, University of Verona, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Calbindins; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins, immunology/metabolism; Parietal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Parvalbumins, immunology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G, immunology/metabolism; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8142075}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Druga:1984, author = {Druga, R. and Syka, J.}, title = {Projections from auditory structures to the superior colliculus in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1984}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {247--252}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Auditory inputs to the middle and deep layers of the central area of the superior colliculus were studied in rats with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections into the superior colliculus. The most powerful projections were found from the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus bilaterally, with prevailing ipsilateral projections. A smaller number of labelled cells was observed in the ipsilateral external nucleus of the inferior colliculus and a few labelled cells were distributed in the dorsomedial part of the inferior colliculus ipsilaterally. Descending connections from the auditory cortex originated from the dorsal part of the ipsilateral auditory cortical area, in layer Vb.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(84)90234-9}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6728318}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Druga:1984a, author = {R. Druga and J. Syka}, title = {Ascending and descending projections to the inferior colliculus in the rat.}, journal = {Physiol Bohemoslov}, year = {1984}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {31--42}, abstract = {The ascending and descending projections to the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IC) were studied with the aid of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP-labelled cells were found in contralateral cochlear nuclei, where the majority of different cell types was stained. Few labelled cells were observed in the ipsilateral cochlear nuclei. HRP-positive neurones were found in all nuclei of the superior olivary complex on the ipsilateral side with the exception of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, which was never labelled either ipsilaterally or contralaterally. The largest concentration of HRP-labelled cells was usually observed in the ipsilateral superior olivary nucleus. Smaller numbers of labelled cells were present in contralateral nuclei of the superior olivary complex. Massive projections to the inferior colliculus were found from the contralateral and ipsilateral dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and ipsilateral ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. Many neurones of the central and external nuclei of the contralateral inferior colliculus were labelled with HRP. Topographic organisation of the pathways ascending to the colliculus was expressed in the cochlear nuclei, lateral superior olivary nucleus and in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. HRP--positive cells were found in layer V of the ipsilateral auditory cortex, however, the evidence for topographic organisation was lacking.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Cochlea, innervation; Efferent Pathways, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Inferior Colliculi, cytology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6709726}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Druga:1984b, author = {R. Druga and J. Syka}, title = {Neocortical projections to the inferior colliculus in the rat. (An experimental study using anterograde degeneration techniques).}, journal = {Physiol Bohemoslov}, year = {1984}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, pages = {251--253}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6473544}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Druga:1997, author = {R. Druga and J. Syka and G. Rajkowska}, title = {Projections of auditory cortex onto the inferior colliculus in the rat.}, journal = {Physiol Res}, year = {1997}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {215--222}, abstract = {The organization of the neocortical projection to the inferior colliculus (IC) was studied in 36 rats using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or horseradish peroxidase conjugated with lectin (WGA-HRP). Projection to the external and dorsal cortices originates in the temporal neocortical areas Te 1, Te 2 and Te 3 and in the parietal area Par 2. The corticocollicular projection is predominantly ipsilateral with a weak contralateral contribution. Projection to the rostromedial and rostrolateral part of the external cortex (EC) of the IC arises mainly from the areas Par 2 and Te 1. The participation of the cortical areas Te 2 and Te 3 in this projection is only small. The fibres to the caudobasal part of the external cortex descend from the caudal parts of areas Te 1, Te 2, and Te 3. The corticocollicular projections to the dorsal part of the IC are more numerous than the projections to the EC and originate in all temporal areas, i.e. in area Te 1, Te 2 and Te 3. However, the topographical organization of the corticocollicular projection is more pronounced in the part which projects to the EC. We suggest that the topographical organization of the projections to the EC corresponds with the map of auditory space in the EC. The source of corticocollicular fibres are exclusively neurones of lamina V of all cortical areas sending their fibres to the IC.}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Axonal Transport; Cell Count; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9728510}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{DuBeau:2012, author = {{Du Beau}, A. and {Shakya Shrestha}, S. and Bannatyne, B. A. and Jalicy, S. M. and Linnen, S. and Maxwell, D. J.}, title = {Neurotransmitter phenotypes of descending systems in the rat lumbar spinal cord.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2012}, volume = {227}, pages = {67--79}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Descending systems from the brain exert a major influence over sensory and motor processes within the spinal cord. Although it is known that many descending systems have an excitatory effect on spinal neurons, there are still gaps in our knowledge regarding the transmitter phenotypes used by them. In this study we investigated transmitter phenotypes of axons in the corticospinal tract (CST); the rubrospinal tract (RST); the lateral component of the vestibulospinal tract (VST); and the reticulospinal tract (ReST). They were labelled anterogradely by stereotaxic injection of the b subunit of cholera toxin (CTb) into the motor cortex, red nucleus, lateral vestibular nucleus and medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF) to label CST, RST, VST and ReST axons respectively. Neurotransmitter content of labelled axons was investigated in lumbar segments by using immunoflurescence; antibodies against vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1 and VGLUT2) were used to identify glutamatergic terminals and the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) was used to identify GABA- and glycinergic terminals. The results show that almost all CST (96\%) axons contain VGLUT1 whereas almost all RST (97\%) and VST (97\%) axons contain VGLUT2. Although the majority of ReST axons contain VGLUT2 (59\%), a sizable minority contains VGAT (20\%) and most of these terminals can be subdivided into those that are GABAergic or those that are glycinergic because only limited evidence for co-localisation was found for the two transmitters. In addition, there is a population of ReST terminals that apparently does not contain markers for the transmitters tested and is not serotoninergic. We can conclude that the CST, RST and VST are 'pure' excitatory systems whereas the ReST consists of a heterogeneous population of excitatory and inhibitory axons. It is anticipated that this information will enable inputs to spinal networks to be defined with greater confidence.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.037}, institution = {Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.}, keywords = {Animals; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Efferent Pathways, physiology; GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, metabolism; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Lumbosacral Region; Male; Neurotransmitter Agents, metabolism; Phenotype; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin, metabolism; Spinal Cord; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1, metabolism; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(12)00957-8}, pmid = {23018001}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.037}, } @Article{Du:1989, author = {H. J. Du}, title = {Medullary neurons with projections to lamina X of the rat as demonstrated by retrograde labeling after HRP microelectrophoresis.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1989}, volume = {505}, number = {1}, pages = {135--140}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Brainstem neurons were retrogradely labeled with microelectrophoresis of HRP or WGA-HRP into lamina X of the cervical or lumbar cord of rats. The results reveal that lamina X of the lumbar cord receives bulbar projections originating mainly within the nucleus raphe magnus and the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis (including the medial or alpha-ventral part and lateral part) and that lamina X of the cervical cord receives projections from similar but more extensive regions in the lower brainstem. These findings provide a neuroanatomical substrate for medullary descending modulation of nociceptive transmission in lamina X.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)90124-8}, institution = {Shanghai Brain Research Institute, Academia Sinica, China.}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Neural Pathways; Pain, physiopathology; Peroxidases, diagnostic use; Raphe Nuclei, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(89)90124-8}, pmid = {2611667}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Du:1990, author = {J. H. Du and J. T. Qiao}, title = {Habenulopetal catecholaminergic projections in the rat brain: a combined Fluoro-Gold/catecholamine fluorescence study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {533}, number = {2}, pages = {334--337}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Habenulopetal catecholamine (CA)-containing neurons were determined using Fluoro-Gold retrograde tracing combined with a CA-fluorescence technique. A robust number of habenulopetal CA neurons were found mainly in the ipsilateral locus coeruleus (LC), while a considerable number of habenulopetal non-CA neurons were found in the LC, subcoeruleus, A5, A4 and A7 areas.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)91359-o}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Shanxi Medical College, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Catecholamines, analysis; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Locus Coeruleus, chemistry/cytology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Neurons, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(90)91359-O}, pmid = {2289148}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Du:2007, author = {Du, Shuqi and Araki, Isao and Yoshiyama, Mitsuharu and Nomura, Teruhisa and Takeda, Masayuki}, title = {Transient receptor potential channel A1 involved in sensory transduction of rat urinary bladder through C-fiber pathway.}, journal = {Urology}, year = {2007}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, pages = {826--831}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {To investigate the expression and function of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel A1 in the afferent pathway of rat urinary bladder. The TRPA1 is a candidate for both mechanosensory transduction and nociception.Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescent staining was used to investigate the expression of TRPA1 in primary sensory neurons innervating the rat bladder. Cystometry was performed by intravesically infusing agonists of TRPA1 (trans-cinnamaldehyde or allyl isothiocyanate) in normal and capsaicin-pretreated urethane-anesthetized rats.TRPA1 mRNA was expressed in L6-S1 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and bladder. The expression level for DRG/bladder mucosa/bladder muscular layer was 199:16:1. Its immunoreactivity was found in the small neurons of L6-S1 DRG. Of the bladder-innervating DRG neurons identified by retrograde labeling, 50.8\% showed TRPA1 immunoreactivity. TRPA1 and calcitonin-gene related peptide were co-localized in subepithelial sensory nerves of the bladder. Intravesical perfusion of 600 microM trans-cinnamaldehyde significantly decreased the intercontraction interval and pressure threshold to 59.8\% and 83.8\% of their control value, respectively. The effects of trans-cinnamaldehyde were reversible by washing out the drug. Desensitization of C-fibers by capsaicin markedly attenuated the trans-cinnamaldehyde effects. Also, 400 microM allyl isothiocyanate reversibly and significantly decreased the intercontraction interval to 64.7\% of its control value.TRPA1 is expressed in the bladder-innervating primary sensory neurons. Its agonists cause bladder hyperreflexia through C-fiber-mediated afferent pathway. TRPA1 might be involved in the bladder afferent transduction as a mechanotransducer and/or nociceptor.}, doi = {10.1016/j.urology.2007.06.1110}, institution = {Department of Urology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan. du_shuqi@hotmail.com}, keywords = {Acrolein, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Afferent Pathways; Animals; Ankyrins; Calcium Channel Agonists, pharmacology; Calcium Channels, metabolism/physiology; Capsaicin, pharmacology; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism; Isothiocyanates, pharmacology; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Nociceptors, physiology; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensation, physiology; Sensory System Agents, pharmacology; TRPC Cation Channels; Urinary Bladder, innervation/metabolism/physiology; Urodynamics, drug effects}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0090-4295(07)01789-X}, pmid = {17991581}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2007.06.1110}, } @Article{Duale:2009, author = {Duale, Hanad and Hou, Shaoping and Derbenev, Andrei V. and Smith, Bret N. and Rabchevsky, Alexander G.}, title = {Spinal cord injury reduces the efficacy of pseudorabies virus labeling of sympathetic preganglionic neurons.}, journal = {J Neuropathol Exp Neurol}, year = {2009}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, pages = {168--178}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The retrograde transsynaptic tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV) is used as a marker for synaptic connectivity in the spinal cord. Using PRV, we sought to document putative synaptic plasticity below a high thoracic (T) spinal cord transection. This lesion has been linked to the development of a number of debilitating conditions, including autonomic dysreflexia. Two weeks after injury, complete T4-transected and/or T4-hemisected and sham rats were injected with PRV-expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP1) into the kidneys. We expected greater PRV labeling after injury because of the plasticity of spinal circuitry, but 96 hours post-PRV-EGFP inoculation, we found fewer EGFP+ cells in the thoracolumbar gray matter of T4-transected compared with sham rats (p < 0.01); Western blot analysis corroborated decreased EGFP protein levels (p < 0.01). Moreover, viral glycoproteins that are critical for cell adsorption and entry were also reduced in the thoracolumbar spinal cord of injured versus sham rats (p < 0.01). Pseudorabies virus labeling of sympathetic postganglionic neurons in the celiac ganglia innervating the kidneys was also significantly reduced in injured versus sham rats (p < 0.01). By contrast, the numbers and distribution of Fluoro-Gold-labeled (intraperitoneal injection) sympathetic preganglionic neurons throughout the sampled regions appeared similar in injured and sham rats. These results question whether spinal cord injury exclusively retards PRV expression and/or transport or whether this injury broadly affects host cell-viral interactions.}, doi = {10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181967df7}, institution = {Kentucky 40536-0509, USA.}, keywords = {Adrenergic Fibers, physiology; Animals; Autonomic Dysreflexia, etiology/metabolism/physiopathology; Axonal Transport, physiology; Down-Regulation, physiology; Female; Ganglia, Sympathetic, metabolism/physiopathology; Green Fluorescent Proteins, genetics; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, metabolism; Kidney, innervation; Luminescent Proteins, genetics; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord Injuries, complications/metabolism/physiopathology; Staining and Labeling, methods; Stilbamidines; Sympathetic Nervous System, metabolism/physiopathology; Viral Fusion Proteins, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {19151624}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181967df7}, } @Article{Duale:2010, author = {Duale, Hanad and Lyttle, Travis S. and Smith, Bret N. and Rabchevsky, Alexander G.}, title = {Noxious colorectal distention in spinalized rats reduces pseudorabies virus labeling of sympathetic neurons.}, journal = {J Neurotrauma}, year = {2010}, volume = {27}, number = {8}, pages = {1369--1378}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The retrograde transsynaptic tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV) has been widely used as a marker for synaptic connectivity in the spinal cord. Notably, the PRV-152 construct expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). We recently reported a significant attenuation of PRV-152 labeling of the intermediolateral cell column (IML) and celiac ganglia after complete T4 spinal cord transection versus sham injury in rats at 96 h after PRV-152 inoculation of the left kidney. Here we found a significant increase in noxious colorectal distention (CRD)-evoked c-Fos expression in spinal cords of injured versus sham rats without PRV infection. In order to assess whether enhancing neuronal activity in spinalized rats might increase PRV-152 labeling, we subjected awake spinalized rats to 1.5 h of intermittent noxious CRD either: (1) just prior to inoculation, or (2) 96 h after inoculation (n = 3/group). Equal numbers of spinalized rats in both groups received PRV-152 inoculations without CRD (non-stimulated; n = 3/group). At 96 h post-inoculation fixed spinal cords and left celiac ganglionic tissues were assessed for the distribution and quantification of EGFP-labeled cells. The injured cohort that received CRD just prior to PRV injection showed a significant reduction in EGFP-labeled cells in both the IML and left celiac ganglion compared to non-stimulated injured rats. In contrast, the injured cohort that received CRD 96 h after PRV-152 inoculation showed no differences in EGFP-labeled cell numbers in the IML or celiac ganglia versus non-stimulated injured rats. Interestingly, microglia near c-Fos-positive cells after acute CRD appeared more reactive compared to non-stimulated spinalized rats, and activated microglial cells markedly reduce viral transduction and progression following PRV inoculation of the CNS. Hence our results imply that increased CRD-induced c-Fos expression in the injured paradigm, prior to but not after PRV injection, further attenuates PRV-152 uptake, perhaps through changes in neuronal activity and/or innate neuro-immune responses.}, doi = {10.1089/neu.2010.1321}, institution = {iversity of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, pathology; Cell Count; Colon, physiology; Decerebrate State, physiopathology; Female; Ganglia, Sympathetic, pathology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Microglia, pathology; Neurons, pathology; Physical Stimulation; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Pseudorabies, pathology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rectum, physiology; Spinal Cord Injuries, pathology; Spinal Cord, metabolism/pathology; Sympathetic Nervous System, pathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {20528165}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2010.1321}, } @Article{Duan:2008, author = {Ping-Guo Duan and Hitoshi Kawano and Sadahiko Masuko}, title = {Collateral projections from the subfornical organ to the median preoptic nucleus and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2008}, volume = {1198}, pages = {68--72}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {It is morphologically demonstrated that the subfornical organ (SFO) projects to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) and also projects to the nucleus preopticus medianus (POMe), a relay nucleus of indirect projections from the SFO to PVN. However, it remains unknown, whether or not SFO neurons project collaterally to the POMe and PVN. To confirm this, a double retrograde labeling method was performed on rats using two fluorescent tracers. One tracer (red-colored FluoSpheres: FSR) was injected into the POMe and the other (Fast Blue: FB) was injected into the unilateral PVN at the same time. As a result, many retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the entire SFO. Of these, some neurons showed both FSR and FB fluorescence. Double-labeled neurons were found in about 8.7\% of FSR-labeled neurons and 15.5\% of FB-labeled neurons. The existence of double-labeled neurons indicates that single neurons in the SFO project simultaneously to the POMe and PVN via collateral axon branches. The data suggest that there are complicated neuronal pathways originating from the SFO in regulating cardiovascular and body fluid homeostasis.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.035}, institution = {Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330003, China.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Fluorescent Dyes; Homeostasis, physiology; Male; Microspheres; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Preoptic Area, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Subfornical Organ, anatomy /&/ histology; Water-Electrolyte Balance, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(08)00044-9}, pmid = {18262505}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.035}, } @Article{Duan:2009, author = {Duan, Yang-Can and Xu, Bo and Shi, Zhen and Gao, Juan and Zhang, Shu-Juan and Wang, Wei and Chen, Qi and Zhu, Guo-Qing}, title = {Nucleus of solitary tract mediates cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in rats.}, journal = {Pflugers Arch}, year = {2009}, volume = {459}, number = {1}, pages = {1--9}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {This study is to determine whether the nucleus of solitary tract (NTS) is an important component of the central neurocircuitry of the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR) and whether the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the NTS modulates the CSAR. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded in sinoaortic-denervated and cervical-vagotomized anesthetized rats. The CSAR was evaluated by the RSNA response to epicardial application of capsaicin. The NTS microinjection of lidocaine or NTS electrolytic lesion inhibited the CSAR without significant effect on the RSNA and MAP. Selective lesion of the neuronal perikarya in NTS with kainic acid inhibited the CSAR and induced rapid decreases in RSNA and MAP followed by a slight increase in MAP. The NTS microinjection of GABA(A) receptor agonist isoguvacine or GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen enhanced the CSAR, and increased the RSNA and MAP. GABA(A) receptor antagonist gabazine or GABA(B) receptor antagonist CGP-35348 attenuated the CSAR, and decreased the RSNA and MAP. The effects of isoguvacine and baclofen were abolished by the pretreatment with gabazine and CGP-35348, respectively. Nine days after iontophoretic injection of biotin-dextran (a retrograde tracer) into the dorsal horn of upper thoracic spinal cord, biotin-dextran-labeled terminations were found in the vicinity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (a marker for GABA neurons) staining neurons. The results indicate that the NTS is an important component of the central neurocircuitry of the CSAR. Both GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors in NTS modulate the CSAR and these receptors play a tonic role in enhancing the CSAR.}, doi = {10.1007/s00424-009-0699-2}, institution = {Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Heart, innervation/physiology; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, GABA-A, metabolism; Receptors, GABA-B, metabolism; Reflex, physiology; Solitary Nucleus, physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {19629518}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-009-0699-2}, } @Article{Dube:1988, author = {L. Dubé and A. D. Smith and J. P. Bolam}, title = {Identification of synaptic terminals of thalamic or cortical origin in contact with distinct medium-size spiny neurons in the rat neostriatum.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1988}, volume = {267}, number = {4}, pages = {455--471}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {In order to determine what types of neurons in the striatum receive direct synaptic input from corticostriatal and thalamostriatal fibres and whether these afferents converge on individual striatal neurons, double anterograde labelling of axon terminals was combined with Golgi impregnation at both the light and electron microscopic levels. The area of the central neostriatum that receives input from both the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus and the somatosensory cortex was identified by retrograde transport of a conjugate of horseradish peroxidase and wheat germ agglutinin (HRP-WGA). The same region of the neostriatum was studied in rats that had received multiple electrolytic lesions in the somatosensory cortex and also an injection of HRP-WGA in different parts of the parafascicular nucleus. Sections of this part of the neostriatum were impregnated by the single-section Golgi procedure after revealing anterogradely transported HRP-WGA. Twelve Golgi-impregnated spiny neurons were recovered and examined in the light and electron microscope after gold-toning. Ten of these neurons were typical very densely spiny medium-size neurons and they were all found to receive asymmetric synaptic input on dendritic spines from degenerating corticostriatal boutons. However, even though numerous boutons labelled anterogradely by HRP-WGA from the parafascicular nucleus were found within the dendritic fields of neurons that received cortical input, none of the terminals from the thalamus made synaptic contact with these neurons. Instead, all 96 thalamostriatal boutons studied were found in asymmetric synaptic contact with dendritic shafts of other neurons. Two such neurons that received input from the parafascicular nucleus were Golgi-impregnated and appeared to be medium-size spiny neurons, but they had a lower density of spines than the typical very densely spiny neurons. An independent confirmation that the targets of thalamostriatal neurons originating in the parafascicular nucleus are dendritic shafts was provided by studying the boutons labelled following electrolytic lesioning or injection of the lectin Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into this nucleus: these boutons were also found to form asymmetric synaptic contacts with dendritic shafts within the neostriatum. It is concluded that although afferents from the somatosensory cortex and from the parafascicular nucleus converge upon the same part of the neostriatum, they probably do not converge upon the same spiny neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902670402}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, England.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Communication; Cerebral Cortex, physiology/ultrastructure; Corpus Striatum, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Female; Golgi Apparatus, ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neurons, classification/cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, physiology; Thalamus, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3346370}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902670402}, } @Article{Dubois-Dauphin:1985b, author = {Dubois-Dauphin, M. and Armstrong, W. E. and Tribollet, E. and Dreifuss, J. J.}, title = {Somatosensory systems and the milk-ejection reflex in the rat. I. Lesions of the mesencephalic lateral tegmentum disrupt the reflex and damage mesencephalic somatosensory connections.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1985}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {1111--1129}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Bilateral electrolytic lesions and unilateral tracer injections were performed in lactating rats in order to study the participation of the mesencephalic lateral tegmentum in the milk-ejection reflex. The release of oxytocin was detected as a rise in intramammary pressure during each milk ejection. In animals with lesions, the lateral part of the deep grey layers of the superior colliculus, the intercollicular area and the rostromedial portion of the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus were destroyed. The mesencephalic lateral tegmentum of animals in which the milk-ejection reflex was blocked sustained a larger damage than in rats where the frequency of the milk-ejection response was only slowed down. Solutions of True Blue, horseradish peroxidase or horseradish peroxidase coupled to wheat germ agglutinin were injected in the mesencephalic lateral tegmentum of rats with and without lesions. Retrogradely labelled cells were found in several nuclei of the somatosensory pathways: the principal sensory and spinal parts of the trigeminal complex, the cuneate and gracile nuclei, the lateral cervical nucleus and the nucleus proprius of the spinal cord. Labelled cells were also found in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, the ventral parabrachial nucleus, the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, the lateral nucleus of the substantia nigra, the prerubral nucleus of the thalamus, the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus, the zona incerta and in the anterior and lateral hypothalamic areas. Labelled fibres and "terminal-like" labelling were found in the anterior pretectal area, in the thalamic parafascicular nucleus, in the posterior nucleus and the ventroposterior complex, in the zona incerta and in the fields of Forel, but none were observed in the supraoptic or paraventricular nuclei. Injections made in the area of the lateral cervical nucleus and in the cuneate and gracile nuclei labelled fibres and "terminal-like" fields in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus, the intercollicular area, the deep grey layers of the superior colliculus and in the mesencephalic lateral tegmentum. After injections in the posterior nucleus and ventroposterior complex of the thalamus, retrogradely labelled cells were found in the lateral tegmentum, the intercollicular area and the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus. These results indicate that bilateral lesioning of the mesencephalic lateral tegmentum, which disrupts the milk-ejection response, could damage somatosensory projections originating from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, the lateral cervical nucleus, the dorsal column nuclei and the sensory and spinal trigeminal nuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(85)90256-8}, keywords = {Animals; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Lactation; Milk Ejection; Nerve Block; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reflex, physiology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(85)90256-8}, pmid = {3840236}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dudley:1992, author = {Dudley, C. A. and Sudderth, S. B. and Moss, R. L.}, title = {LHRH neurons in the medial septal-diagonal band-preoptic area do not project directly to the hippocampus: a double-labeling immunohistochemical study.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {1992}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {139--146}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {While neurons containing immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) are scattered primarily in the medial septal-diagonal band of Broca-medial preoptic area (mS-dbB-PO) complex, autoradiographic studies have demonstrated dense concentrations of LHRH receptors in the hippocampus. The route by which LHRH is transported to its hippocampal receptors is unknown. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that LHRH-containing neurons in the mS-dbB-PO complex project to hippocampal sites containing LHRH receptors, thereby serving as a source of innervation to these receptors. Large (0.10 microliters) or small (0.02 microliters) volumes of the retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) were injected unilaterally into four separate hippocampal locations in six ovariectomized female rats. In an additional five females, a 0.15 microliter volume of the retrograde tracer fluorogold (FG) was similarly injected. After a five day survival period, the animals were sacrificed. Vibratome sections of the brain were stained for both WGA and LHRH with a dual immunohistochemical technique. Since FG is a fluorescent chromagen, brains of animals injected with FG only required processing for LHRH immunofluorescence. As a positive control, some sections containing retrogradely labeled cells filled with either WGA or FG were processed for choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) immunoreactivity. The WGA and FG injections covered targeted hippocampal sites and neurons containing retrogradely transported WGA or FG were found in abundance in the mS-dbB-PO complex. In accord with previous reports, many CHAT-positive and fewer LHRH-positive neurons were found in this complex. Approximately 5-10\% of the CHAT-positive neurons also contained WGA or FG; however, no neurons were found to co-localize LHRH and either of the retrograde tracers. The results indicate that LHRH neurons in the mS-dbB-PO complex do not project directly to hippocampal sites containing LHRH receptors.}, doi = {10.1002/syn.890120207}, institution = {Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9040.}, keywords = {Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Frontal Lobe, cytology/physiology; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, physiology; Hippocampus, physiology; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, enzymology/physiology; Preoptic Area, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septum Pellucidum, cytology/physiology; Stilbamidines; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1481135}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.890120207}, } @Article{Dugas:2008, author = {Dugas, Jason C. and Mandemakers, Wim and Rogers, Madolyn and Ibrahim, Adiljan and Daneman, Richard and Barres, Ben A.}, title = {A novel purification method for CNS projection neurons leads to the identification of brain vascular cells as a source of trophic support for corticospinal motor neurons.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2008}, volume = {28}, number = {33}, pages = {8294--8305}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {One of the difficulties in studying cellular interactions in the CNS is the lack of effective methods to purify specific neuronal populations of interest. We report the development of a novel purification scheme, cholera toxin beta (CTB) immunopanning, in which a particular CNS neuron population is selectively labeled via retrograde axonal transport of the cell-surface epitope CTB, and then purified via immobilization with anti-CTB antibody. We have demonstrated the usefulness and versatility of this method by purifying both retinal ganglion cells and corticospinal motor neurons (CSMNs). Genomic expression analyses of purified CSMNs revealed that they express significant levels of many receptors for growth factors produced by brain endothelial cells; three of these factors, CXCL12, pleiotrophin, and IGF2 significantly enhanced purified CSMN survival, similar to previously characterized CSMN trophic factors BDNF and IGF1. In addition, endothelial cell conditioned medium significantly promoted CSMN neurite outgrowth. These findings demonstrate a useful method for the purification of several different types of CNS projection neurons, which in principle should work in many mammalian species, and provide evidence that endothelial-derived factors may represent an overlooked source of trophic support for neurons in the brain.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2010-08.2008}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5125, USA.jcdugas@alum.mit.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Brain, blood supply/cytology/physiology; Cell Separation, methods; Cells, Cultured; Cholera Toxin, physiology; Endothelial Cells, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Motor Neurons, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Nerve Growth Factors, biosynthesis/genetics/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Pyramidal Tracts, blood supply/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {28/33/8294}, pmid = {18701692}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2010-08.2008}, } @Article{Dugladze:2001, author = {Dugladze, T. and Heinemann, U. and Gloveli, T.}, title = {Entorhinal cortex projection cells to the hippocampal formation in vitro.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2001}, volume = {905}, number = {1-2}, pages = {224--231}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Retrogradely labeled cells in superficial and deep layers of the entorhinal cortex (EC) were analyzed following application of the fluorescent tracer rhodamine-dextran-amine in different sites of the hippocampal formation in a slice preparation. The results demonstrate a strong projection from layer IV/V to the dentate gyrus, that is in slices significantly stronger than that from layer II. In deep layers a large number of multipolar cells were found which were only labeled by dye application to the subiculum. Patch-clamp recordings from these cells revealed intrinsic low threshold membrane potential oscillations, suggesting their possible contribution to oscillatory network activity of the EC and subiculum.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02419-2}, institution = {Johannes-Müller-Institute of Physiology at the Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Tucholskystrasse 2, 10117 Berlin, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Biological Clocks, physiology; Cell Size, physiology; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Dextrans, pharmacokinetics; Entorhinal Cortex, cytology/physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, pharmacokinetics; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Organ Culture Techniques; Rats; Rhodamines, pharmacokinetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(01)02419-2}, pmid = {11423098}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dumont:2008, author = {Dumont, E. C. and Rycroft, B. K. and Maiz, J. and Williams, J. T.}, title = {Morphine produces circuit-specific neuroplasticity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2008}, volume = {153}, number = {1}, pages = {232--239}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) is a brain structure located at the interface of the cortex and the cerebrospinal trunk. The BST is a cluster of nuclei organized in a complex intrinsic network that receives inputs from cortical and subcortical sources, and that sends a widespread top-down projection. There is growing evidence that the BST is a key component in the neurobiological basis of substance abuse. In the present study, the regulation of excitatory inputs onto identified neurons in the BST was examined in rats treated chronically with morphine. Neurons projecting to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) were identified by retrograde transport of fluorescent microspheres and recorded in the whole-cell voltage clamp configuration in brain slices. Selective excitatory inputs to these neurons were electrically evoked with electrodes placed in the medial and lateral aspects of the dorsal BST. The chronic morphine treatment selectively increased AMPA-dependent excitatory postsynaptic currents in a subset of inputs activated by dorso-lateral stimulation in the BST. Inputs activated by medial stimulation were not affected by morphine. Likewise, the inputs to neurons that did not project to the VTA were not changed by morphine. Altogether, these results extend the understanding of neuronal circuits intrinsically sensitive to drugs of abuse within the BST.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.039}, institution = {Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6. eric.dumont@queensu.ca}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Drug Administration Schedule; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Morphine, pharmacology; Narcotics, pharmacology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, drug effects/physiology; Opioid-Related Disorders, metabolism/physiopathology; Organ Culture Techniques; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA, drug effects/metabolism; Septal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(08)00167-X}, pmid = {18343592}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.039}, } @Article{Dumont:2004, author = {Dumont, Eric C. and Williams, John T.}, title = {Noradrenaline triggers GABAA inhibition of bed nucleus of the stria terminalis neurons projecting to the ventral tegmental area.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2004}, volume = {24}, number = {38}, pages = {8198--8204}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The lateral part of the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vlBNST) is a critical site for the antiaversive effects of noradrenergic drugs during opioid withdrawal. The objective of the present study is to identify the cellular action(s) of noradrenaline in the vlBNST after withdrawal from a 5d treatment with morphine. The vlBNST is a heterogeneous cell group with multiple efferent projections. Therefore, neurons projecting to the midbrain were identified by retrograde transport of fluorescent microspheres injected in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings of these neurons and of those sharing physiological properties were done in brain slices. Noradrenaline activated alpha1-adrenergic receptors to increase GABA(A)-IPSC frequency. Noradrenaline produced a similar increase in GABA(A)-IPSCs during acute opioid withdrawal, but this increase resulted from activation of beta-adrenergic receptors, adenylyl cyclase, and protein kinase A, as well as alpha1-adrenergic receptors. Given that neurons in the vlBNST send an excitatory projection to the VTA, noradrenaline may reduce excitatory drive to mesolimbic dopamine cells. This mechanism might contribute to the withdrawal-induced inhibition of dopamine neurons and explain how noradrenergic drugs microinjected into the vlBNST reduce aversive aspects of opioid withdrawal.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0425-04.2004}, institution = {Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.}, keywords = {Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists, pharmacology; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, pharmacology; Animals; Dopamine, biosynthesis; Membrane Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Morphine, adverse effects; Narcotic Antagonists, pharmacology; Neural Inhibition, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, classification/drug effects/physiology; Norepinephrine, pharmacology; Organ Culture Techniques; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, GABA-A, drug effects/metabolism; Septal Nuclei, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Signal Transduction, drug effects/physiology; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {24/38/8198}, pmid = {15385602}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0425-04.2004}, } @Article{Dun:1993, author = {N. J. Dun and S. L. Dun and N. L. Chiaia}, title = {Hemorrhage induces Fos immunoreactivity in rat medullary catecholaminergic neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1993}, volume = {608}, number = {2}, pages = {223--232}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {In urethane anesthetized rats one hour after lowering the systolic blood pressure to 70-75 mmHg by withdrawing 3-4 ml of blood, Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-IR), confined to the cell nucleus, was detected bilaterally in numerous cells of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and ventrolateral medulla (VLM). A few Fos-IR neurons were observed in the lateral reticular nucleus, dorsal medullary reticular nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, medial inferior olive, interfasciculus hypoglossi and paramedian rostral medulla. In sham-operated animals, a much smaller number of Fos-IR neurons were scattered in the NTS, VLM and other nuclei mentioned above. Double labeling with antisera to tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH) and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) showed that 60\% of TH-positive neurons in the NTS contained Fos-IR, and 70-80\% of TH-positive neurons in the caudal VLM and 50-60\% of PMNT-positive neurons in the rostral VLM expressed Fos-IR. Only a few TH- or PNMT-positive neurons in the C2, C3 (paramedian rostral medulla) areas and within the medial longitudinal fasciculus were Fos-IR. About 40\% of PNMT/Fos-IR neurons in the rostral VLM contained the retrograde tracer fluorogold, which was injected (< 1 microliter) into the white matter dorsolateral to the intermediolateral cell column of T2-T3 segments 2 to 3 days prior to hemorrhagic experiments. Very few TH-positive neurons in the caudal VLM contained fluorogold. Finally, clusters of Fos-IR neurons, which also labeled with antisera to choline acetyltransferase, were detected in the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord. The results indicate that during hemorrhage aminergic neurons in the caudal and rostral VLM and in the NTS are activated insofar as c-fos expression is concerned. As a corollary, the monoaminergic neurons in the medulla constitute an essential component in the ascending as well as descending reflex pathway involved in the adjustment of cardiovascular dynamics during hemorrhage.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(93)91462-2}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43614.}, keywords = {Animals; Catecholamines, metabolism; Cerebral Hemorrhage, metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Gene Expression, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase, immunology/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin, metabolism; Stilbamidines; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, immunology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(93)91462-2}, pmid = {8098648}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dun:1995, author = {Dun, N. J. and Dun, S. L. and Chiba, T. and Förstermann, U.}, title = {Nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive vagal afferent fibers in rat superior cervical ganglia.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1995}, volume = {65}, number = {1}, pages = {231--239}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Chronic (5-14 days) preganglionic denervation of the rat superior cervical ganglia by sectioning the cervical sympathetic trunk resulted in a time-related partial or complete loss of nitric oxide synthase (isoform I)-immunoreactive fibers and terminals surrounding many sympathetic ganglionic neurons. Unexpectedly, denervation unmasked many varicose nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive fibers, some of which could be traced the entire length of the superior cervical ganglia. Injection of the retrograde tracer Fluorogold into the superior cervical ganglia labeled a population of nodose ganglion cells and of dorsal root ganglion cells from C8 to T3 segments. When the same sections were processed for nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactivity, 40\% of the Fluorogold-containing nodose ganglion cells also expressed nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactivity, whereas colocalization was observed in only a few dorsal root ganglion cells. Similarly, injection of Fluorogold into denervated superior cervical ganglia labeled a population of nodose ganglion cells. Sectioning of all nerve trunks associated with the superior cervical ganglion prior to injection of Fluorogold, except the cervical sympathetic trunk, resulted in no detectable labeling of Fluorogold in the ipsilateral nodose ganglion cells. These results indicate that a population of rat nodose ganglion cells contain nitric oxide synthase and that some of these neurons project their axons through the superior cervical ganglion and terminate in the peripheral target tissues. The possibility that nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive vagal afferent fibers may participate in nociception is considered.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(94)00455-e}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43614, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Amino Acid Oxidoreductases, immunology/physiology; Animals; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nodose Ganglion, immunology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superior Cervical Ganglion, physiology; Vagus Nerve, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(94)00455-E}, pmid = {7538645}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dun:1996, author = {Dun, N. J. and Tang, H. and Dun, S. L. and Huang, R. and Dun, E. C. and Wakade, A. R.}, title = {Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-immunoreactive sensory neurons innervate rat adrenal medulla.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {716}, number = {1-2}, pages = {11--21}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Rat adrenal chromaffin cells were invested by a dense network of nerve fibers immunoreactive to pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP-IR). Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the presence of PACAP-IR in nodose and dorsal root ganglion cells, but not in neurons of the intermediolateral cell column and other autonomic nuclei of the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord. Somata of the T7 to T12 paravertebral ganglia were PACAP-negative. A few lightly labeled neurons were occasionally noted in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Injection of the retrograde tracer Fluorogold into the left adrenal medulla 3 days prior to sacrifice resulted in the labeling of a population of neurons in the ipsilateral spinal cord intermediolateral cell column (T1 to L1), ipsilateral and contralateral nodose ganglia and ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia from T7 to T10 inclusive. A small number of lightly labeled somata was occasionally noted in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Combined retrograde tracing and PACAP immunohistochemistry showed that a population of Fluorogold-containing nodose and dorsal root ganglion cells were also PACAP-positive. Pre-treatment of the rats with capsaicin caused a marked reduction of the PACAP-IR in the adrenal gland as well as in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn and caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus. These findings, in conjunction with the apparent absence of PACAP-IR in spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons, sympathetic postganglionic neurons, and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, raise the possibility that PACAP-IR fibers observed in the adrenal medulla are primarily sensory in origin. As a corollary, catecholamine secretion from chromaffin cells may be modulated by the peptidergic sensory afferents in addition to the cholinergic sympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(96)00021-2}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43614, USA.}, keywords = {Adrenal Medulla, drug effects/innervation/metabolism; Animals; Capsaicin, pharmacology; Chromaffin System, cytology/metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/metabolism; Ganglia, Sympathetic, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Fibers, drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Neuropeptides, metabolism/physiology; Neurotransmitter Agents, metabolism/physiology; Nodose Ganglion, cytology/metabolism; Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Stilbamidines; Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic, metabolism/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(96)00021-2}, pmid = {8738215}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(96)00021-2}, } @Article{Dun:2013, author = {Dun, S. L. and Lyu, R-M. and Chen, Y-H. and Chang, J-K. and Luo, J. J. and Dun, N. J.}, title = {Irisin-immunoreactivity in neural and non-neural cells of the rodent.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2013}, volume = {240C}, pages = {155--162}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Irisin is a recently identified myokine secreted from the muscle in response to exercise. In the rats and mice, immunohistochemical studies with an antiserum against irisin peptide fragment (42-112), revealed that irisin-immunoreactivity (irIRN) was detected in three types of cells; namely, skeletal muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Tissue sections processed with irisin antiserum pre-absorbed with the irisin peptide (42-112) (1μg/ml) showed no immunoreactivity. Cerebellar Purkinje cells were also immunolabeled with an antiserum against fibronectin type II domain containing 5 (FNDC5), the precursor protein of irisin. Double-labeling of cerebellar sections with irisin antiserum and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) antibody showed that nearly all irIRN Purkinje cells were GAD-positive. Injection of the fluorescence tracer Fluorogold into the vestibular nucleus of the rat medulla retrogradely labeled a population of Purkinje cells, some of which were also irIRN. Our results provide the first evidence of expression of irIRN in the rodent skeletal and cardiac muscle, and in the brain where it is present in GAD-positive Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Our findings together with reports by others led us to hypothesize a novel neural pathway, which originates from cerebellum Purkinje cells, via several intermediary synapses in the medulla and spinal cord, and regulates adipocyte metabolism.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.050}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(13)00191-7}, pmid = {23470775}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.050}, } @Article{Dun:2002, author = {Siok L Dun and Yee Kong Ng and G. Cristina Brailoiu and Eng Ang Ling and Nae J Dun}, title = {Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide-immunoreactivity in adrenergic C1 neurons projecting to the intermediolateral cell column of the rat.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {2002}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {123--132}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide-immunoreactivity was detected in neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), but few in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM). Double-labeling the medullary sections with sheep polyclonal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-antiserum (PNMT) or monoclonal tyrosine hydroxylase-antibody and rabbit polyclonal CART peptide-antiserum revealed that nearly all adrenergic cells in the C1 area were CART peptide-positive and vice versa; tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the A1 area were not. In the thoracolumbar spinal cord, neurons in the intermediolateral cell column (IML) and other sympathetic autonomic nuclei were CART peptide-positive; some of these were contacted by immunoreactive fibers arising from the lateral funiculus. By immuno-electron microscopy, axon terminals containing closely packed agranular CART peptide-immunoreactive vesicles appeared to make synaptic contacts with immunoreactive dendrites and soma in the IML, albeit the incidence of such contacts was low. Microinjection of the retrograde tracer Fluorogold into the lateral horn area of the T1-T3 spinal segments labeled a population of neurons in the C1 area, many of which were also CART peptide-positive. The results indicate that CART peptide-immunoreactivity is expressed in C1 adrenergic neurons, some of which project to the thoracolumbar spinal cord. The presence of this novel peptide in C1 adrenergic neurons underscores the multiplicity of putative transmitters that may be involved in signaling between putative cardiovascular neurons in the medulla oblongata and sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) in the spinal cord.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/s0891-0618(01)00147-8}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70577, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Medulla Oblongata, chemistry/cytology/enzymology; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis/immunology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, chemistry/enzymology/ultrastructure; Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase, analysis/immunology; Rats; Receptors, Adrenergic, physiology; Spinal Cord, chemistry/cytology/enzymology; Stilbamidines; Sympathetic Nervous System, chemistry/cytology/enzymology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis/immunology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0891061801001478}, pmid = {11841916}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dunnett:2006, author = {Stephen B Dunnett and Anna White}, title = {Striatal grafts alleviate bilateral striatal lesion deficits in operant delayed alternation in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {2006}, volume = {199}, number = {2}, pages = {479--489}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {In order to assess the capacity of striatal grafts to alleviate cognitive deficits of the frontal type that arise following bilateral striatal lesions, control, lesion and grafted rats were tested in an operant test of delayed alternation. Bilateral striatal lesions induced a marked impairment in choice accuracy, and signal detection analysis indicated that the lesion animals were reliably impaired on both parametric and non-parametric indices of discriminative sensitivity but not of response bias. The impairment was apparent at all intertrial interval delays, including the very shortest, suggesting the deficit is one of frontal-type executive function rather than of short-term memory. The grafted animals exhibited a significant alleviation of the deficit, again apparent at all delays. Histological analyses indicated good graft survival, and injections of a dextran amine anterograde tracer bilaterally into the host prefrontal cortex indicated reformation of extensive projections into the grafted tissues. Since performance of the operant delayed alternation task is dependent upon the integrity of corticostriatal connections, which is disrupted bilaterally by the lesions and restored to the grafts in the transplanted animals, the results corroborate the hypothesis that striatal grafts can alleviate complex cognitive functions of the frontal type by a mechanism that involves functional integration of the grafted neurons into the neural circuits of the host brain.}, doi = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.01.013}, institution = {School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue Box 911, Cardiff CF10 3US, Wales, UK. dunnett@cf.ac.uk}, keywords = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain Injuries, physiopathology/surgery; Brain Tissue Transplantation; Choice Behavior, physiology; Conditioning, Operant, physiology; Corpus Striatum, injuries/pathology/surgery; Dextrans, diagnostic use; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32, metabolism; Female; Memory, Short-Term, physiology; Neural Pathways, pathology/physiology; Rats; Reaction Time, physiology; Signal Detection, Psychological, physiology; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0014-4886(06)00016-1}, pmid = {16516889}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.01.013}, } @Article{Dunn-Meynell:1997, author = {Dunn-Meynell, A. A. and Govek, E. and Levin, B. E.}, title = {Intracarotid glucose selectively increases Fos-like immunoreactivity in paraventricular, ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1997}, volume = {748}, number = {1-2}, pages = {100--106}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Perfusion of the forebrain with glucose at concentrations which alter neither plasma insulin nor glucose levels leads to sympathetic activation in some rats. We used the expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) as an index of neuronal activation to examine the anatomic substrate underlying this phenomenon. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were infused via the right internal carotid artery with glucose (4 mg/kg/min) or equiosmolar mannitol for 60 min. They were killed 3 h after infusion onset and their brains reacted for FLI. As compared to mannitol-infused controls, 105\% and 117\% more neurons in hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) and parvocellular portion of the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) of glucose-infused rats showed FLI, respectively. Importantly, only about half the glucose-infused rats showed increased FLI cells in these areas when compared to controls. In these same animals, glucose also significantly activated cells in the dorsomedial n. There was little FLI expressed in the magnocellular neurons of the PVN. This selective glucose response was bilateral in keeping with the bilateral distribution of India ink to midline hypothalamic structures following unilateral carotid infusions. Retrograde transport of cholera toxin B from medullary and thoracic spinal cord sympathetic outflow areas showed labeling of about 10\% of PVN neurons with FLI activated by intracarotid glucose. There was no double labeling of VMN neurons. This supports the presence of anatomic pathways by which a subpopulation of glucose responsive PVN neurons might activate the sympathetic outflow areas in the medulla and spinal cord. The apparent bimodal distribution of glucose-induced activation of VMN and PVN neurons is in keeping with a similar bimodal pattern of sympathetic activation which obesity-prone but not obesity-resistant rats show following glucose infusions. Taken together, these data support a role for glucose-sensitive VMN and parvocellular PVN neurons in the weight gain phenotype specific sympathetic activation to glucose.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01280-2}, institution = {Neurology Service, DVA Medical Center, E. Orange, NJ 07018, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Carotid Arteries, physiology; Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Glucose, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry; Injections, Intra-Arterial; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(96)01280-2}, pmid = {9067450}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Duru:2013, author = {Duru, Paul Okwudiri}, title = {Cholinergic interneurons around the central canal in adult intact and spinal cord transected rats are activated in response to load-bearing stepping}, year = {2013}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4t9395bd#page-1}, } @Article{Dutton:2006, author = {Dutton, Robert C. and Carstens, Mirela Iodi and Antognini, Joseph F. and Carstens, E.}, title = {Long ascending propriospinal projections from lumbosacral to upper cervical spinal cord in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2006}, volume = {1119}, number = {1}, pages = {76--85}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The retrograde tracer cholera toxin beta-subunit (CTB) was used to trace long ascending propriospinal projections from neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord to the upper cervical (C3) gray matter in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Following large 0.5 microl CTB injections restricted mainly to the upper cervical ventral horn (n=5), there were many lumbosacral CTB-positive neurons (14-17/section) in the intermediate gray and ventral horn (dorsal lamina VIII, medial VII extending into X) contralaterally, with fewer at corresponding ipsilateral locations. Labeled cells (4-8/section) were also observed in contralateral laminae IV-VI and the lateral spinal nucleus, with fewer ipsilaterally. Few labeled cells (<2/section) were observed in superficial laminae I-II. Smaller (0.15 microl) microinjections of CTB restricted to the upper cervical ventral gray matter labeled cells in contralateral laminae VII-VIII (approximately 6-9/section) with fewer ipsilaterally. There were relatively fewer (<2/section) in the intermediate dorsal horn and very few (<1/section) in lamina I. Larger (0.5 microl) CTB injections encompassing the C3 dorsal and ventral gray matter on one side labeled significantly more CTB-positive neurons (>6/section) in contralateral lamina I compared to ventral horn injections. These results suggest direct projections from ventromedially located neurons of lumbar and sacral segments to the contralateral ventral gray matter of upper cervical segments, as well as from neurons in the intermediate but not superficial dorsal horn. They further suggest that some lumbosacral superficial dorsal horn neurons project to the upper cervical dorsal horn. These propriospinal projections may be involved in coordinating head and neck movements during locomotion or stimulus-evoked motor responses.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.063}, institution = {Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Cervical Vertebrae; Cholera Toxin, physiology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Interneurons, cytology/physiology; Locomotion, physiology; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology/physiology; Movement, physiology; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(06)02441-3}, pmid = {16996042}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.063}, } @Article{Duva:2005, author = {Duva, M.A. and Tomkins E.M. and Moranda, L.M. and Kaplan, R. and Sukhaseum, A. and Stanley, B.G.}, title = {Origins of lateral hypothalamic afferents associated with N-methyl-D-asparic acid-elicited eating studied using reverse microdialysis of NMDA and Fluorogold}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {2005}, volume = {52}, pages = {95-106}, doi = {10.1016/j.neures.2005.02.001}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Dziewiatkowski:1998, author = {J. Dziewiatkowski and J. H. Spodnik and J. Biranowska and P. Kowia?ski and K. Majak and J. Mory?}, title = {The projection of the amygdaloid nuclei to various areas of the limbic cortex in the rat.}, journal = {Folia Morphol (Warsz)}, year = {1998}, volume = {57}, number = {4}, pages = {301--308}, abstract = {The connections of the amygdaloid body with the areas of the limbic cortex in the rat were studied by means of the method on the axonal retrograde transport of the fluorescent tracer FluoroGold. The tracer was injected into the anterior and posterior limbic cortices (cingulate gyrus, granular and agranular retrosplenial area, respectively. The localization of the corresponding amygdalar projection zones was investigated and the semiquantitative analysis of the connections was conducted. The projection zones in the rat amygdaloid body are organized topographically. Administration of the fluorescent tracer to the anterior and posterior part of the limbic cortex in the rat (cingulate gyrus and both retrosplenial areas, respectively) reveals labeling of cells only for injections to the former one. The labeled cells were present only in the major components of the basolateral amygdaloid complex. The main source of this projection was anterior part of basolateral nucleus (BLA). Some labeled neurons were found in the lateral nucleus and few in the ventral part of basolateral nucleus. No labeled cells were found within the basomedial nucleus.}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University, Gda?sk.}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Fluorescent Dyes; Gyrus Cinguli, anatomy /&/ histology; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10437306}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Eberhart:1985, author = {J. A. Eberhart and J. I. Morrell and M. S. Krieger and D. W. Pfaff}, title = {An autoradiographic study of projections ascending from the midbrain central gray, and from the region lateral to it, in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1985}, volume = {241}, number = {3}, pages = {285--310}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Ascending projections from the midbrain central gray (CG) and from the region lateral to it were traced in the rat using tritiated amino acid autoradiography. Leucine or a cocktail of amino acids (leucine, proline, lysine, histidine, and tyrosine) were used as tracers. In addition to projections within the midbrain, ascending fibers follow three trajectories. The ventral projection passes through the ventral tegmental region of Tsai and the medial forebrain bundle to reach the hypothalamus, preoptic area, caudoputamen, substantia innominata, stria terminalis, and amygdala. There are labeled fibers in the diagonal bands of Broca and medial septum, and terminal labeling in the lateral septum, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and frontal cortex. The dorsal periventricular projection terminates in the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. The ventral periventricular projection follows the ventral component of the third ventricle into the hypothalamus, passing primarily through the dorsal hypothalamic area and labeling the rostral hypothalamus and preoptic area. Projections from the region lateral to the CG are similar, but exhibit stronger proximal, and weaker distal, projections. Rostral levels of the CG send heavier projections to the fields of Forel and the zona incerta, but fewer fibers through the supraoptic decussation, than do caudal levels. Ascending projections from the CG are both strong and widespread. Strong projections to the limbic system and the intralaminar thalamic nuclei provide an anatomical substrate for CG involvement in nociception and affective responses.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902410305}, keywords = {Amino Acids, diagnostic use; Animals; Autoradiography; Female; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {4086658}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902410305}, } @Article{Eberhorn:2006, author = {Eberhorn, A. C. and Büttner-Ennever, J. A. and Horn, A K E.}, title = {Identification of motoneurons supplying multiply- or singly-innervated extraocular muscle fibers in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {137}, number = {3}, pages = {891--903}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {In mammals, the extraocular muscle fibers can be categorized in singly-innervated and multiply-innervated muscle fibers. In the monkey oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nucleus the motoneurons of multiply-innervated muscle fibers lie separated from those innervating singly-innervated muscle fibers and show different histochemical properties. In order to discover, if this organization is a general feature of the oculomotor system, we investigated the location of singly-innervated muscle fiber and multiply-innervated muscle fiber motoneurons in the rat using combined tract-tracing and immunohistochemical techniques. The singly-innervated muscle fiber and multiply-innervated muscle fiber motoneurons of the medial and lateral rectus muscle were identified by retrograde tracer injections into the muscle belly or the distal myotendinous junction. The belly injections labeled the medial rectus muscle subgroup of the oculomotor nucleus or the greatest part of abducens nucleus, including some cells outside the medial border of abducens nucleus. In contrast, the distal injections labeled only a subset of the medial rectus muscle motoneurons and exclusively cells outside the medial border of abducens nucleus. The tracer detection was combined with immunolabeling using antibodies for perineuronal nets (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan) and non-phosphorylated neurofilaments. In monkeys both antibodies permit a distinction between singly-innervated muscle fiber and multiply-innervated muscle fiber motoneurons. The experiments revealed that neurons labeled from a distal injection lack both markers and are assumed to represent multiply-innervated muscle fiber motoneurons, whereas those labeled from a belly injection are chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan- and non-phosphorylated neurofilament-immunopositive and assumed to represent singly-innervated muscle fiber motoneurons. The overall identification of multiply-innervated muscle fiber and singly-innervated muscle fiber motoneurons within the rat oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus, and abducens nucleus revealed that the smaller multiply-innervated muscle fiber motoneurons tend to lie separate from the larger diameter singly-innervated muscle fiber motoneurons. Our data provide evidence that rat extraocular muscles are innervated by two sets of motoneurons that differ in their molecular, morphological, and anatomical properties.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.038}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy III, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 11, D-80336 Munich, Germany.}, keywords = {Abducens Nerve, physiology; Animals; Biological Markers; Cell Count; Cell Size; Cholera Toxin, diagnostic use; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, diagnostic use; Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans, diagnostic use; Histocytochemistry; Male; Molecular Probes; Motor Neurons, physiology; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurofilament Proteins, metabolism; Oculomotor Muscles, innervation/physiology; Rats; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(05)01155-3}, pmid = {16330150}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.038}, } @Article{Ebert:2000, author = {U. Ebert and P. Wla? and W. Löscher}, title = {High susceptibility of the anterior and posterior piriform cortex to induction of convulsions by bicuculline.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2000}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {4195--4205}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Accumulating evidence suggests that the piriform cortex (PC) plays a critical role in the development of limbic motor seizures. In the anterior piriform cortex (aPC), a functionally defined, discrete epileptogenic site has been previously identified by unilateral microinjection of bicuculline in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and termed the 'area tempestas' (AT). Compared to this site in the aPC, more posterior PC sites, particularly a site in the transition zone between the posterior and aPC (central PC) exhibited a greater susceptibility to electrical stimulation. However, it is not known whether central and posterior sites in the PC differ from the aPC, including the AT, with regard to their sensitivity to bicuculline. In the present study, unilateral focal microinfusion of picomole quantities of bicuculline induced behavioural (focal and generalized) seizures in deep layers of all parts of the PC in two rat strains, Wistar and SD. The incidence of generalized seizures was higher in the AT of SD rats, but no such difference was seen in Wistar rats, arguing against the previous proposal that the rat AT is unique in its sensitivity to induction of seizures by bicuculline compared to other locations within or outside of the PC. Injection of biotin-dextran in PC seizure-sensitive sites in SD rats showed clear differences in anterograde and retrograde labelling between the different PC sites. Therefore, although it was possible to evoke generalized seizures from all parts of the PC, the anatomical connections of the bicuculline injection sites were qualitatively different. The results suggest that the deep layers of the entire PC are highly sensitive to seizure induction by bicuculline, thus substantiating the notion that the PC may be important in seizure generation and propagation.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.01315.x}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University, Lublin, Poland.}, keywords = {Amygdala, drug effects/pathology/physiopathology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Bicuculline, administration /&/ dosage/toxicity; Female; Male; Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus, drug effects/pathology/physiopathology; Microinjections; Olfactory Bulb, drug effects/pathology/physiopathology; Olfactory Pathways, drug effects/pathology/physiopathology; Organ Specificity; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Seizures, chemically induced/pathology/physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {ejn1315}, pmid = {11122331}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ebrahimi:1992, author = {A. Ebrahimi and R. Pochet and M. Roger}, title = {Topographical organization of the projections from physiologically identified areas of the motor cortex to the striatum in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {1992}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {39--60}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The present study was undertaken to determine in the rat the topography of the neostriatal projections originating from the motor cortex. For that purpose, anterograde tracers (Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin: PHA-L; wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase: WGA-HRP) were deposited in discrete cortical sites physiologically identified by microstimulation. Five major motor areas were considered in this study: the rostral (RFL) and caudal (CFL) forelimb areas, the hindlimb (HL) area, the vibrissae motor-frontal eye field (V-FEF) region and the jaw, lips and tongue (JLT) area (according to the nomenclature of Neafsey et al.). The results indicate that functionally different regions of the motor cortex project to different sectors of the caudate putamen (CPU). All 3 distinct limb areas RFL, CFL and HL project to the dorsolateral quarter of the CPU, V-FEF area projects to the dorsomedial quarter, whereas the JLT area projects to the ventrolateral quarter. The pattern of terminal labeling is relatively consistent, whatever the cortical area in which the tracer is deposited. This pattern is characterized by the presence of two or more labeled bands which are obliquely oriented along a ventrolateral-dorsomedial axis. Control experiments were also undertaken in which a retrograde tracer (WGA-HRP) was deposited in various neostriatal loci. The results are congruent with the findings of the anterograde study and further indicate that a given neostriatal sector receives projections from cytoarchitectonically different but functionally related regions of the neocortex. The somatotopic features of both motor and somatosensory corticostriatal projections appear to be in register. In addition, the striatal distribution of motor cortical fibers was compared in 6 experimental cases to the compartmental subdivision of the striatum in patches and matrix, following immunohistochemical localization of calbindin 28 kDa. The calbindin-immunoreactivity is extremely weak in the dorsolateral sector but is higher in the central and ventrolateral parts of the CPU. In these deep striatal regions receiving fibers from V-FEF, JLT and, to a lesser extent, from the limb areas, the cortical fibers are mostly directed to the matrix. The band-like organization of the projection from the motor cortex is correlated to the patch-matrix organization. The patches correspond to the bands of low density of terminal fibers and the matrix to the bands of high terminal density. The present results provide an anatomical basis to both electrophysiological and behavioral observations suggesting that functional distinctions can be established between subregions of the striatum.}, doi = {10.1016/s0168-0102(05)80005-7}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, CNRS, URA 290, Faculté des Sciences, Poitiers, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, immunology/metabolism; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Female; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Microelectrodes; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Motor Neurons, physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1380687}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ebrahimi-Gaillard:1993, author = {Ebrahimi-Gaillard, A. and Roger, M.}, title = {[The corticorubral projection in rats: topographic distribution of fibers arising from areas of the sensorimotor cortex functionally identified by microstimulation].}, journal = {C R Acad Sci III}, year = {1993}, volume = {316}, number = {5}, pages = {502--507}, abstract = {The combination of microstimulation and anterograde tracing techniques reveals that different regions of the sensorimotor cortex project to different sectors of the red nucleus (NR). V-FEF projects to the dorsolateral sector, JLT to the dorsal sector, RFL and CFL to the dorsomedial and medial sectors, respectively, and HL to the ventral and ventrolateral sectors. Moreover, the NR receives fibers from the 2 somatosensory cortical areas examined in this study. The vibrissae area projects to the dorsolateral sector and the hand area to the dorsomedial sector.}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, CNRS URA 290, Poitiers, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Electric Stimulation, methods; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Male; Motor Cortex, physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Red Nucleus, physiology; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology}, language = {fre}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8221234}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Eden:1992, author = {C. G. Van Eden and V. A. F. Lamme and H. B. M. Uylings}, title = {Heterotopic cortical afferents to the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat. A combined retrograde and anterograde tracer study.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1992}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {77--97}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Cortical afferent projections towards the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were investigated with retrograde and anterograde tracer techniques. Heterotopical afferent projections to the medial prefrontal cortex arise in secondary, or higher order, sensory areas, motor areas and paralimbic cortices. On the basis of these projections three subfields can be discriminated within the mPFC. (1) The ventromedial part of mPFC, comprising the pre- and infralimbic areas, receives mainly projections from the perirhinal cortex. (2) The caudal two-thirds of the dorsomedial PFC, comprising frontal area 2 and the dorsal anterior cingulate area, receives projections from the secondary visual areas, the posterior agranular insular area and the retrosplenial areas. (3) The rostral one-third of the dorsomedial PFC is the main recipient of projections from the somatosensory and motor areas and the posterior agranular insular area. The laminar distribution of cells projecting to the mPFC varies considerably in the different cortical areas, just as the laminar distribution of termination of their fibres within the mPFC does. It is concluded that the corticocortical connections corroborate with subcortical connectivity in attributing to the mediodorsal projection cortex of the rat functions which are comparable to those of certain prefrontal, premotor and anterior cingulate areas in the monkey.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1992.tb00111.x}, institution = {Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {ejn_04010077}, pmid = {12106444}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Edoff:2000, author = {Edoff, K. and Grenegård, M. and Hildebrand, C.}, title = {Retrograde tracing and neuropeptide immunohistochemistry of sensory neurones projecting to the cartilaginous distal femoral epiphysis of young rats.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {2000}, volume = {299}, number = {2}, pages = {193--200}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Although cartilage is considered to be devoid of innervation, axons occur in the perichondrium and during development in cartilage canals, thereby having a relatively close spatial relationship to chondroblasts and chondrocytes. The present study locates the source of the sensory innervation of the femoral cartilaginous epiphyses of young rats and investigates whether the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) can influence chondrocytes. Retrograde tracing from the distal femoral epiphysis of young rats with Fast Blue (FB) showed labelled neuronal profiles in the L2-L5 dorsal root ganglia. Sample countings indicated that 50\% of the FB-labelled neuronal profiles were located at the L3 level and 25\% at the L4 level. The labelled neurones had diameters of 15-40 microm, with a peak at 25-30 microm. Immunohistochemistry showed that about 50\% of the FB-labelled profiles contained CGRP. Together with the finding that CGRP influences bone cells to generate the second messenger cAMP, this result suggested the hypothesis that chondrocytes might be similarly influenced by CGRP. However, stimulation of cartilage slices with CGRP in vitro followed by an assay of the cAMP content did not provide support for this hypothesis. We conclude that primary sensory neurones containing CGRP project to the perichondrium and to cartilage canals of growing cartilage, and that exogenous CGRP does not elevate the cAMP content of cartilage slices in vitro.}, doi = {10.1007/s004410050017}, institution = {Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Linköping, Sweden. Kared@mcb.liu.se}, keywords = {Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Axonal Transport; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, analysis/pharmacology; Cartilage, Articular, drug effects/innervation; Coloring Agents, diagnostic use; Cyclic AMP, physiology; Epiphyses, innervation; Female; Femur, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/ultrastructure; Organ Culture Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Second Messenger Systems, physiology; Substance P, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10741460}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Edvinsson:2011, author = {Edvinsson, Lars}, title = {Tracing neural connections to pain pathways with relevance to primary headaches.}, journal = {Cephalalgia}, year = {2011}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {737--747}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Symptoms associated with primary headaches are linked to cranial vascular activity and to the central nervous system (CNS).The central projections of sensory nerves from three cranial vessels are described in order to further understand pain mechanisms involved in primary headaches. Tracers that label small and large calibre primary afferent fibres revealed similar distributions for the central terminations of sensory nerves in the superficial temporal artery, superior sagittal sinus and middle meningeal artery. The sensory nerve fibres from the vessels pass through both the trigeminal and rostral cervical spinal nerves and terminate in the ventrolateral part of the C1-C3 dorsal horns and the caudal and interpolar divisions of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The C-fibre terminations were located mainly in the superficial layers (Rexed laminae I and II), and the Aδ-fibres terminated in the deep layers (laminae III and IV). The rostral projections from the ventrolateral C1-C2 dorsal horn revealed terminations in the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, the cuneiform nucleus, the periaqueductal gray, the deep mesencephalic nucleus, the thalamic posterior nuclear group and its triangular part, and the thalamic ventral posteromedial nucleus. The terminations in the pons and midbrain were predominately bilateral, whereas those in the thalamus were confined to the contralateral side.The observations, done in rats with the understanding that similar trigeminovascular organization exists in man, reveal vascular projections into the brainstem and some aspects of the central regions putatively involved in the central processing of noxious craniovascular signals.}, doi = {10.1177/0333102411398152}, institution = {Department of Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden. Lars.edvinsson@med.lu.se}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, cytology/physiology; Cerebrovascular Circulation, physiology; Headache Disorders, Primary, pathology/physiopathology; Humans; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, physiology; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated, physiology; Trigeminal Nerve, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0333102411398152}, pmid = {21335366}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102411398152}, } @Article{Eichenberger:2002, author = {Eichenberger, G C D. and Ribeiro, S. J. and Osaki, M. Y. and Maruoka, R. Y. and Resende, G C C. and Castellan-Baldan, L. and Corrêa, S A L. and {Da Silva}, L. A. and Coimbra, N. C.}, title = {Neuroanatomical and psychopharmacological evidence for interaction between opioid and GABAergic neural pathways in the modulation of fear and defense elicited by electrical and chemical stimulation of the deep layers of the superior colliculus and dorsal periaqueductal gray matter.}, journal = {Neuropharmacology}, year = {2002}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {48--59}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The effects of central administration of opioid antagonists on the aversive responses elicited by electrical (at the freezing and escape thresholds) or chemical stimulation (crossings, rearings, turnings and jumps, induced by microinjections of bicuculline) of the midbrain tectum were determined. Central microinjections of naloxone and naltrexone in the mesencephalic tectum caused a significant increase in the freezing and escape thresholds elicited by electrical midbrain tectum stimulation. Furthermore, both opioid antagonists caused a significant decrease in the mean incidence of aversive behavioral responses induced by microinjections of bicuculline in the deep layers of the superior colliculus (DLSC) and in dorsal aspects of the periaqueductal gray matter (DPAG), as compared with controls. These findings suggest an opioid modulation of the GABAergic inhibitory inputs controlling the aversive behavior elicited by midbrain tectum stimulation. In fact, immunohistochemical evidence suggests that the dorsal mesencephalon is rich in beta-endorphin-containing neurons and fibers with varicosities. Iontophoretical microinjections of the neurotracer biodextran in the substantia nigra, pars reticulata (SNpr), show nigro-tectal pathways connecting SNpr with the same neural substrate of the DPAG rich in neuronal cells immunoreactive for opioid peptides. Labeled neurons of the DLSC and periaqueductal gray matter send inputs with varsicosities to ipsi- and contralateral DPAG and ipsilateral SNpr. These findings, in addition to the psychopharmacological evidence for the interaction between opioid and GABAergic mechanisms, offer a neuroanatomical basis of a possible presynaptic opioid inhibition of GABAergic nigro-tectal neurons modulating the fear in aversive structures of the cranial mesencephalon, in a short link, and maybe through a major neural circuit, also in GABA-containing perikarya of nigro-tectal neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/s0028-3908(01)00155-1}, institution = {Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Lab. de Neuroanatomia e Neuropsicobiologia, Avenida dos Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.}, keywords = {Aggression, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Electric Stimulation; Fear, drug effects/physiology; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mesencephalon, drug effects/physiology; Microinjections; Naloxone, pharmacology; Naltrexone, pharmacology; Narcotic Antagonists, pharmacology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Neurons, drug effects; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, GABA, drug effects/physiology; Receptors, Opioid, drug effects/physiology; Stimulation, Chemical; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0028390801001551}, pmid = {11750915}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Eid:1996, author = {T. Eid and B. Jorritsma-Byham and R. Schwarcz and M. P. Witter}, title = {Afferents to the seizure-sensitive neurons in layer III of the medial entorhinal area: a tracing study in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {109}, number = {2}, pages = {209--218}, month = {May}, abstract = {Neurons in layer III of the medial entorhinal area (MEA) in the rat are extremely vulnerable to local injections of amino-oxyacetic acid and to experimentally induced limbic seizures. A comparable specific pathology has been noted in surgical specimens from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Efforts to understand this preferential neuronal vulnerability led us to study the neural input to this layer in the rat. Iontophoretic injection of the retrograde tracer fast blue, aimed at layer III of the MEA, resulted in retrogradely labeled neurons in the presubiculum in all the injected hemispheres. The nucleus reuniens thalami, the anteromedial thalamic nucleus, the ventral portion of the claustrum (endopiriform nucleus), the dorsomedial parts of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus, and the septum-diagonal band complex were labeled less frequently. In only one experiment, retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in the ventrolateral hypothalamus and in the brainstem nucleus raphe dorsalis. Since projections from claustrum to the entorhinal cortex has not been studied in the rat with modern sensitive anterograde tracing techniques, iontophoretic injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin were placed into the ventral portion of the claustrum. Anterogradely labeled fibers in the entorhinal area proved not to be confined to the MEA, since a prominent projection distributed to the lateral entorhinal area as well. In both areas, the densest terminal labeling was present in layers IV-VI, whereas layer III appeared to be only sparsely labeled. The present data indicate that of all potential afferents only those from the presubiculum distribute preferentially to layer III of the MEA. This, in turn, suggests a potentially important role of the presubiculum in the seizure-related degeneration of neurons in layer III of the MEA.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00231782}, institution = {Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Entorhinal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Nerve Degeneration, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Seizures, physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8738371}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Eide:1999, author = {Eide, A. L. and Glover, J. and Kjaerulff, O. and Kiehn, O.}, title = {Characterization of commissural interneurons in the lumbar region of the neonatal rat spinal cord.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {403}, number = {3}, pages = {332--345}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Neurons with axons that extend to the contralateral side of the spinal cord--commissural interneurons (CINs)--coordinate left/right alternation during locomotion. Little is known about the organization of CINs in the mammalian spinal cord. To determine the numbers, distribution, dendritic morphologies, axonal trajectories, and termination patterns of CINs located in the lumbar spinal cord of the neonatal rat, several different retrograde and anterograde axonal tracing paradigms were performed with fluorescent dextran amines and the lipophilic tracer 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI). CINs with ascending (aCINs) and descending (dCINs) axons were labeled independently. The aCINs and dCINs occupied different but overlapping domains within the transverse plane. The aCINs were clustered into four recognizable groups, and the dCINs were clustered into two recognizable groups. All dCINs and most aCINs were located within the gray matter, with somata ranging from 10-30 microm in diameter and with large, multipolar dendritic trees. One group of aCINs was located outside the gray matter along the dorsal and dorsolateral margin and had dendrites that were nearly confined to the dorsolateral surface. All CIN axons traversed the ventral commissure at right angles to the midline. CIN axons coursed up to six or seven segments rostrally and/or caudally in the ventral and ventrolateral white matter and gave off collaterals over a shorter range, predominantly to the ventral gray matter. These findings show that the lumbar spinal cord of the neonatal rat contains substantial numbers of CINs with axon projections and collateral ranges spanning several segments and that CINs projecting rostrally vs. caudally have different distributions in the transverse plane. The study provides an anatomical framework for future electrophysiological studies of the spinal neuronal circuits underlying locomotion in mammals.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990118)403:3<332::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-r}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, ultrastructure; Carbocyanines; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, cytology; Fluorescent Dyes; Interneurons, cytology/physiology; Lumbosacral Region; Motor Activity; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-R}, pmid = {9886034}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Eisen:2005, author = {Eisen, S. and Phillips, R. J. and Geary, N. and Baronowsky, E. A. and Powley, T. L. and Smith, G. P.}, title = {Inhibitory effects on intake of cholecystokinin-8 and cholecystokinin-33 in rats with hepatic proper or common hepatic branch vagal innervation.}, journal = {Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol}, year = {2005}, volume = {289}, number = {2}, pages = {R456--R462}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The relative potencies of cholecystokinin (CCK)-8 and CCK-33 for decreasing meal size depend on the route of administration. Inhibitory potencies are equal after intraperitoneal administration, but CCK-33 is significantly more potent after intraportal administration. This suggests that CCK-33 is a more effective stimulant of hepatic afferent vagal nerves than is CCK-8. To investigate this possibility, we administered both peptides intraperitoneally in rats with abdominal vagotomies that spared only the hepatic proper vagal nerves (H) and in rats with abdominal vagotomies that spared the common hepatic branch that contains the fibers of the hepatic proper and gastroduodenal nerves (HGD). The vagal afferent innervation in H and HGD rats was verified with a wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish tracer strategy. Intraperitoneal administration of CCK-33 decreased 30-min intake of 10\% sucrose in H rats as much as in sham rats, but CCK-8 decreased intake significantly less in H rats than in sham rats. The larger inhibitory effect of CCK-33 than of CCK-8 in H rats is consistent with the hypothesis that CCK-33 is a more effective stimulant of the hepatic proper vagal afferent nerves than CCK-8. In contrast to the results in H rats, the inhibitory potencies of both peptides were significantly and equivalently reduced in HGD rats compared with sham rats. This suggests that there is an inhibitory interaction between the stimulation of the gastroduodenal and hepatic proper afferent fibers by CCK-33.}, doi = {10.1152/ajpregu.00062.2005}, institution = {Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Columbia University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Westchester Division, 21 Bloomingdale Rd., White Plains, NY 10605, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Appetite Depressants, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Cholecystokinin, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Eating, drug effects; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Liver, innervation; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Satiety Response; Sincalide, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Vagus Nerve, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {00062.2005}, pmid = {15831770}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00062.2005}, } @Article{Eisenman:1982b, author = {Eisenman, J. S. and Azmitia, E. C.}, title = {Physiological stimulation enhances HRP marking of salivary neurons in rats.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1982}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {73--78}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Neurons of the superior salivary nucleus in rats have been labeled by retrograde transport of HRP injected into the lingual nerve. The nucleus is formed by a band of small, multipolar cells diagonally oriented in the lateral reticular formation of the caudal pons, just caudal to the root of the facial nerve. As time for transport of HRP was increased from 14 1/2 to 24 hr, the number of labeled cells increased exponentially along the curve, Y = 0.001 exp(0.51T), r = 0.995, to a maximum of 272 cells. Stimulating neuronal activity immediately after HRP injection, by swabbing the rat's mouth with 1\% acetic acid, increased the number of labeled cells at 14 1/2 (p less than 0.05), 16, 18 and 20 (p less than 0.01) hr transport time. Counts of labeled cells in stimulated animals fell along a cumulative, normal distribution curve (ogive) with a mean at 18.2 hrs, S.D. 1.6 hr. Enhanced labeling of activated cells could be due to more rapid transport rates or to increased amounts of HRP transported.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(82)90029-6}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Horseradish Peroxidase; Lingual Nerve, physiology; Male; Mandibular Nerve, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Salivary Glands, innervation/secretion}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6173105}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Eisenman:1981, author = {L. M. Eisenman}, title = {Pontocerebellar projections to the pyramis and copula pyramidis in the rat: evidence for a mediolateral topography.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1981}, volume = {199}, number = {1}, pages = {77-86}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {In this study, using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing technique, the pontocerebellar projection to the pyramis and copula pyramidis in the rat has been analyzed in a series of experiments which had been performed to study the olivocerebellar projection (Eisenman, '81). Microinjections of HRP were made in different mediolateral positions along the width of the pyramis and copula pyramidis. Injections situated within the pyramis but in different loci resulted in the retrograde labeling of primarily two bilateral (much heavier contralaterally) groups of pontine cells: a medial and a ventrolateral group, both situated in the caudal pontine nuclei. With injections in the intermediate region, i.e., the border between the pyramis and copula pyramidis, a different pattern of labeled cells is seen. In these cases the intermediate part of the caudal pontine nuclei contains labeled cells. Injections placed in the lateral parts of the copula pyramidis resulted in still another pattern of retrograde labeling. Injections in this region resulted in the presence of labeled cells in four pontine areas, three caudal groups, and one group in the rostral pontine nuclei. Two of the caudal groups overlap with, but extend more rostrally than, the regions containing labeled cells after pyramis injections. These data suggest the presence in the pyramis and copula pyramidis of three parasagittal zones of differing widths, each of which receives a mainly differential projection from the pontine nuclei.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901990106}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7263948}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901990106}, } @Article{Eisenman:1981a, author = {L. M. Eisenman}, title = {Olivocerebellar projections to the pyramis and copula pyramidis in the rat: differential projections to parasagittal zones.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1981}, volume = {199}, number = {1}, pages = {65-76}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The organization of the olivocerebellar projection to the pyramis and copula pyramidis in the rat has been studied with the use of microinjections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). These injections were made in different mediolateral positions along the width of this lobule. The objective was to determine the subnuclear origin of parasagittal zones of olivary innervation. The results indicate that six zones of varying width can be distinguished, each of which receives a different olivary projection. Injections in the pyramis in succeedingly more lateral positions resulted in retrograde labeling of the lateral part of the caudal medial accessory olive (MAO), nucleus beta of the MAO, and a slightly more rostral part of the lateral MAO. Injections in the copula pyramidis result in retrograde labeling of the lateral part of the dorsal accessory olive (DAO), the intermediate part of the MAO, and the caudal tip of the principal olive. In very few of the experiments was there labeling of more than one subnuclear locus within the inferior olivary complex. These results suggest that parasagittal zones within the pyramis and copula pyramidis of the rat cerebellum receive highly ordered and differential projections from the inferior olivary complex.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901990105}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7263947}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901990105}, } @Article{Eisenman:1982, author = {L. M. Eisenman}, title = {The reticulocerebellar projection to the pyramis copula pyramidis in the rat: an experimental study using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1982}, volume = {210}, number = {1}, pages = {30-36}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The organization of the lateral reticulocerebellar projection to the pyramis and copula pyramidis in the rat was studied with the use of microinjections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). These injections were made in different mediolateral positions along the width of this lobule. The objective was to determine whether reticulocerebellar parasagittal zones (Chan-Palay et al., '77) receive differential inputs from the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN). This material has previously been used to analyze the olivo and pontocerebellar projection to this same cortical region of the rat cerebellum (Eisenman, '81a,b). The results do not support a clear-cut topographic organization in this projection system to the pyramis and copula pyramidis in the rat. There is some suggestion, however, of a difference in emphasis in the region of the LRN projecting to different mediolateral positions in this lobule. Injections in medial and lateral parts of this lobule result in the labeling of cells in the subtrigeminal and ventral parts of the parvicellular and magnocellular divisions. Injections in intermediate parts of this lobule result in the labeling of cells primarily in the subtrigeminal division. However, cells in each of the divisions (primarily the subtrigeminal and parvicellular) are labeled in each experiment. These results are discussed with reference to electrophysiological and other anatomical studies of the topography of the reticulocerebellar projection in the cat.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902100104}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Electrophysiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7130468}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902100104}, } @Article{Eisenman:1984, author = {L. M. Eisenman}, title = {Organization of the olivocerebellar projection to the uvula in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Behav Evol}, year = {1984}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, abstract = {The present study was undertaken in order to determine the subnuclear origin of olivary parasagittal zones in the uvula of the rat cerebellum. Microinjections of horseradish peroxidase were made in different sublobules of the uvula ( sublobules IXa, b, and c of Larsell , 1952) and in different mediolateral positions within these sublobules . The results suggest that different specific regions of the contralateral inferior olive project to each of the parasagittal zones found within the uvula. Injections in the region of the most medial parasagittal zone result in the retrograde labeling of cells in 'subnucleus c' and nucleus beta subdivisions of the medial accessory olive (MAO). Injections in the intermediate region of the uvula result in the labeling of cells in the dorsomedial cell column. Finally, injections in the lateral part of the uvula result in the labeling of cells in the ventral lamella of the principal olive ( vPO ) or the rostral part of the MAO or both. There is some suggestion that the more rostral sublobules receive their input from the rostral MAO while the more caudal sublobule receives its input primarily from the vPO . These results agree fairly well with similar analyses of this projection system in the cat by Brodal in 1976.}, doi = {10.1159/000121300}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6713167}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Eisenman:1983, author = {L. M. Eisenman and G. P. Goracci}, title = {A double label retrograde tracing study of the olivocerebellar projection to the pyramis and uvula in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1983}, volume = {41}, number = {1-2}, pages = {15-20}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Microinjections of fluorescent tracers (Nuclear Yellow and Fast Blue) were used to study the organization of olivary cells in nucleus beta which give rise to climbing fibers to the medial zone of the uvula and the intermediate zone of the pyramis. It was determined that most cells in nucleus beta project to one or the other of these cortical sites. A third, smaller, population of cells were double labeled and, therefore, have climbing fiber axon collaterals which innervate these two cortical regions. There was no discernable segregation of these three populations of cells within nucleus beta.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(83)90216-1}, keywords = {Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Benzimidazoles, diagnostic use; Cerebellum, physiology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Olivary Nucleus, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(83)90216-1}, pmid = {6316215}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Eisenman:1980, author = {L. M. Eisenman and C. R. Noback}, title = {The ponto-cerebellar projection in the rat: differential projections to sublobules of the uvula.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1980}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {11-17}, abstract = {Microinjections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made in different sublobules of the uvula (lobule IX, a, b, and c of Larsell, 1952) of the cerebellar cortex in the rat. These injections resulted in retrograde labeling of cells located in the pontine nuclei. Sublobule IXa receives a predominant input from a single column of cells situated in a dorsointermediate position in the caudal pontine nuclei. Sublobules IXb and IXc receive a pontine projection from two different columns of cells, one medial and one lateral. The location of the labeled cells in the lateral part of the caudal pons suggests a topographic projection to the subdivisions of the uvula. Sublobule IXa receives a projection from a distinct dorsointermediate region and sublobule IXb and IXc receive a projection from partially overlapping ventral regions. The cells of origin in the medial pons are organized such that more dorsally located cells project to sublobule IXb and ventrally located cells project to sublobule IXb with extensive overlap. These differential patterns of projections to the sublobules of the uvula along with other data in the literature suggest that sublobule IXa may be involved with different functional correlates than sublobules IXb and IXc.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00237925}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7351223}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Elberger:1989, author = {A. J. Elberger}, title = {Selective labeling of visual corpus callosum connections with aspartate in cat and rat.}, journal = {Vis Neurosci}, year = {1989}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {81--85}, abstract = {Tritiated neurotransmitter candidates were unilaterally injected in visual cortical regions with abundant corpus callosum connections. D-aspartate (Asp) or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was injected along the area 17/18 border in cat, and the area 17/18a and 17/18b borders in rat. Retrograde Asp label was found contralaterally in supragranular and infragranular laminae in areas 17, 18, 19, PMLS, and PLLS in cat, and in areas 29, 18b, 17, and 18a in rat. No contralateral GABA label was found in cat or rat. Thus, the cat and rat corpus callosum may use Asp or a related substance as a neurotransmitter.}, doi = {10.1017/s0952523800004351}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163.}, keywords = {Animals; Aspartic Acid, diagnostic use; Cats, physiology; Corpus Callosum, physiology; Male; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, physiology; Visual Pathways, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2487640}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Elias:1999, author = {C. F. Elias and C. Aschkenasi and C. Lee and J. Kelly and R. S. Ahima and C. Bjorbaek and J. S. Flier and C. B. Saper and J. K. Elmquist}, title = {Leptin differentially regulates NPY and POMC neurons projecting to the lateral hypothalamic area.}, journal = {Neuron}, year = {1999}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {775--786}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Recent studies have reinforced the view that the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) regulates food intake and body weight. We identified leptin-sensitive neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (Arc) that innervate the LHA using retrograde tracing with leptin administration. We found that retrogradely labeled cells in the Arc contained neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA or proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA. Following leptin administration, NPY cells in the Arc did not express Fos but expressed suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) mRNA. In contrast, leptin induced both Fos and SOCS-3 expression in POMC neurons, many of which also innervated the LHA. These findings suggest that leptin directly and differentially engages NPY and POMC neurons that project to the LHA, linking circulating leptin and neurons that regulate feeding behavior and body weight homeostasis.}, doi = {10.1016/s0896-6273(01)80035-0}, institution = {Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Arcuate Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Body Weight, physiology; Cell Count; Eating, physiology; Homeostasis, physiology; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, cytology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Leptin; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Neuropeptide Y, physiology; Pro-Opiomelanocortin, physiology; Protein Biosynthesis; Proteins, physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis/genetics; RNA, Messenger, biosynthesis/genetics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Repressor Proteins; Signal Transduction, physiology; Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; Transcription Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0896-6273(01)80035-0}, pmid = {10482243}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Elias:1997, author = {C. F. Elias and J. C. Bittencourt}, title = {Study of the origins of melanin-concentrating hormone and neuropeptide EI immunoreactive projections to the periaqueductal gray matter.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1997}, volume = {755}, number = {2}, pages = {255--271}, month = {May}, abstract = {Previous studies have described the distribution of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and neuropeptide EI (NEI) in the rat central nervous system (CNS), and revealed this peptidergic system to be primarily localized in neurons within the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and zona incerta (ZI). Moreover, an extensive MCH- and NEI-immunoreactive (ir) fiber distribution has been described throughout the CNS, including a dense innervation within the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG). MCH and NEI have become important markers for the LHA, which harbors a variety of neuronal types as well as the medial forebrain bundle, a complex system of fibers which extends rostrocaudally throughout this area. In the present study, the projection patterns of MCH- and NEI-ir fibers within the PAG were characterized using a diamino benzidine immunoperoxidase procedure to localize each of these peptides in normal rat brain sections. MCH- and NEI-ir fibers were seen coursing through all of its subdivisions the entire length of the PAG, with a more condensed number of fibers in the periaqueductal medial zone. The primary origin(s) of these PAG afferents were determined in combined retrograde tracing immunofluorescent studies in which true blue (TB) was injected into various subdivisions of the PAG. TB-filled MCH-ir neurons were identified mainly in the rostral portion of the medial ZI (ZIm) and in the tuberal LHA (LHAt). Studies confirming this MCH-ir projection in which anterograde tracer (Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin) was injected into various regions in and around the LHA and ZI revealed a distinction in the PAG projections arising from these nuclei. ZIm injections resulted in labeled fibers mainly within the rostral dorsomedial and dorsolateral regions of the PAG, whereas injections in the LHAt revealed an innervation at intermediate and caudal levels in the ventrolateral region. Since the MCH and NEI fiber distribution patterns in the PAG are identical, this would suggest that these peptides are colocalized within the hypothalamus. Sequential immunofluorescent staining for MCH and NEI on tissue from rats who had received TB injections into the PAG confirmed this, and revealed that approximately 15\% of all tracer-filled neurons in the LHA and ZI were both MCH- and NEI-ir. In fact, the vast majority of MCH-ir neurons within these regions also colocalize with NEI. Therefore, the MCH/NEI projection patterns within the PAG arise from two major sources: the ZIm which supplies afferents via a medial pathway that enters the PAG dorsally at rostral levels, and a pathway originating in the LHA that enters the PAG ventrally at more caudal levels. The ZIm and LHA are believed to be the primary, if not the only, sources of MCH and NEI projections to the PAG.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00104-2}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hypothalamic Hormones, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Melanins, analysis; Melanophores; Neuropeptides, analysis; Periaqueductal Gray, chemistry; Pituitary Hormones, analysis; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(97)00104-2}, pmid = {9175893}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Elias:2008, author = {Elias, C. F. and Sita, L. V. and Zambon, B. K. and Oliveira, E. R. and Vasconcelos, L A P. and Bittencourt, J. C.}, title = {Melanin-concentrating hormone projections to areas involved in somatomotor responses.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {2008}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {188--201}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) participates in the integration of sensory information and somatomotor responses associated with hunger and thirst. Although the LHA is neurochemically heterogeneous, a particularly high number of cells express melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), which has been reported to play a role in energy homeostasis. Treatment with MCH increases food intake, and MCH mRNA is overexpressed in leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice. Mice lacking both MCH and leptin present reduced body fat, mainly due to increased resting energy expenditure and locomotor activity. Dense MCH innervation of the cerebral motor cortex (MCx) and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT), both related to motor function, has been reported. Therefore, we postulated that a specific group of MCH neurons project to these areas. To investigate our hypothesis, we injected retrograde tracers into the MCx and the PPT of rats, combined with immunohistochemistry. We found that 25\% of the LHA neurons projecting to the PPT were immunoreactive for MCH, and that 75\% of the LHA neurons projecting to the MCx also contained MCH. Few MCH neurons were found to send collaterals to both areas. We also found that 15\% of the incerto-hypothalamic neurons projecting to the PPT expressed MCH immunoreactivity. Those neurons preferentially innervated the rostral PPT. In addition, we observed that the MCH neurons express glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesizing enzyme. We postulate that MCH/GABA neurons are involved in the inhibitory modulation of the innervated areas, decreasing motor activity in states of negative energy balance.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.10.002}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Energy Intake; Hypothalamic Hormones, deficiency/genetics/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Leptin, deficiency; Male; Melanins, deficiency/genetics/metabolism; Melanophores, metabolism; Mice; Mice, Obese; Motor Cortex, metabolism; Nerve Fibers, metabolism; Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus, metabolism; Pituitary Hormones, deficiency/genetics/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0891-0618(07)00149-4}, pmid = {18065197}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.10.002}, } @Article{Ellenberger:1999, author = {H. H. Ellenberger}, title = {Nucleus ambiguus and bulbospinal ventral respiratory group neurons in the neonatal rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1999}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {1--13}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparation of the neonatal rat is an important model system for studies of the respiratory control system, yet there have not been studies to anatomically characterize respiratory neuron populations in the neonate. Fluorescent retrograde tracers were used to identify bulbospinal neurons of the ventral respiratory group and motoneurons of nucleus ambiguus in neonatal rats. Fluoro-Gold injections into the C4 ventral horn labeled bulbospinal neurons within a densely packed column within the ventrolateral intermediate reticular nucleus from the level of the pyramidal decussation to the facial nucleus. This cell column corresponded closely to the location of the ventral respiratory group of the adult rat. In particular, neurons were labeled in regions corresponding to the rostral ventral respiratory group and the Bötzinger complex. Unlike adult rats, the preBötzinger complex also contained many bulbospinal neurons. Fluoro-Gold-labeled neurons were also located in the medial reticular nuclei, raphe pallidus, and obscurus and spinal vestibular nucleus. As in adult rats, bulbospinal ventral respiratory group neurons overlapped with cervical vagal motoneurons in the external formation, and partially with those in the loose formation, but not with those in the semicompact or compact formation of nucleus ambiguus. These results indicate that the distribution of bulbospinal ventral respiratory group neurons corresponds with that observed in physiological studies of neonatal rats.}, doi = {10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00078-7}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. hellenbe@ccpm.edu}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Efferent Pathways; Fluorescent Dyes; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Motor Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiration; Respiratory Center, cytology; Spinal Cord, cytology; Stilbamidines; Vagus Nerve, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0361-9230(99)00078-7}, pmid = {10507466}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ellenberger:1999b, author = {H. H. Ellenberger}, title = {Distribution of bulbospinal gamma-aminobutyric acid-synthesizing neurons of the ventral respiratory group of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {411}, number = {1}, pages = {130--144}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Spinal respiratory motoneuron activity is controlled primarily by excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the medulla oblongata. To identify bulbospinal inhibitory neurons, immunohistochemistry for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was combined with retrograde labeling of projections to the C(4) ventral horn with Fluoro-Gold. GAD-immunoreactive bulbospinal neurons were located in the ventrolateral portion of the intermediate reticular nucleus, the ventral portion of the medial reticular nuclei, and the raphe and spinal vestibular nuclei. Small numbers of bulbospinal ventral respiratory group neurons were GAD immunoreactive. These neurons were distributed throughout the rostral ventral respiratory group and the Bötzinger complex. Surprisingly, low numbers of Bötzinger neurons, a population thought to be exclusively inhibitory, were GAD immunoreactive. These results suggest that the rostral ventral respiratory group and the Bötzinger complex both contain heterogeneous bulbospinal neuron populations, only some of which have gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibitory control over phrenic motoneurons. Furthermore, the ventral respiratory group contained many GABAergic neurons that lacked bulbospinal projections.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990816)411:1<130::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-C}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada. howarde@is.dal.ca}, keywords = {Animals; Colchicine, diagnostic use; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Glutamate Decarboxylase, analysis; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Motor Neurons, physiology; Nerve Net, cytology; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neurons, metabolism; Phrenic Nerve, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiratory Center, cytology/metabolism; Respiratory Muscles, innervation; Spinal Cord, cytology; Stilbamidines; Vestibular Nuclei, physiology/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, biosynthesis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-C}, pmid = {10404112}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990816)411:1%3C130::AID-CNE10%3E3.0.CO;2-C/abstract}, } @Article{Ellenberger:1988, author = {H. H. Ellenberger and J. L. Feldman}, title = {Monosynaptic transmission of respiratory drive to phrenic motoneurons from brainstem bulbospinal neurons in rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1988}, volume = {269}, number = {1}, pages = {47--57}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The termination patterns in the rat phrenic nucleus of neurons within two respiratory cell groups of the ventrolateral medulla (Bötzinger Complex and the rostral ventral respiratory group) were determined. The plant lectin, Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin, was used as an anterograde tracer to label presynaptic processes of bulbospinal neurons, and horseradish peroxidase was used simultaneously to label phrenic motoneurons. Labeled bulbospinal axons ended with dense terminal arborizations within the phrenic cell column and on radial phrenic motoneuron dendrite bundles, which represented the exclusive site of termination of Bötzinger Complex and rostral ventral respiratory group neurons in the lower cervical spinal cord. Terminals of these descending axons formed presumptive synaptic contacts within longitudinal and radial dendrite bundles, and on the cell somata of phrenic motoneurons.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902690104}, institution = {Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Motor Neurons, cytology/physiology; Phrenic Nerve, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reflex, Monosynaptic; Respiratory Center, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3361003}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902690104}, } @Article{Ellenberger:1990a, author = {H. H. Ellenberger and J. L. Feldman}, title = {Brainstem connections of the rostral ventral respiratory group of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {513}, number = {1}, pages = {35--42}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The pontomedullary connections of the rostral division of the ventral respiratory group (rVRG), the largest medullary population of inspiratory bulbospinal and propriobulbar neurons, were identified in the rat by retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques. These experiments revealed that: (i) the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, portions of the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, and all levels of the ipsilateral and contralateral VRG complex have dense reciprocal connections with the rVRG; (ii) the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus has reciprocal but less dense connections with rVRG; (iii) portions of the nucleus of the solitary tract have prominent projections to, but weaker inputs from rVRG; (iv) the raphe, magnocellular tegmental field and spinal trigeminal nuclei have minor projections to rVRG and receive only sparse inputs from rVRG, and; (v) the retrotrapezoid nucleus, pontine lateral tegmental field and area postrema each have only efferent projections to rVRG. These findings are consistent with previous studies of pontomedullary connections of rVRG in the cat, and further document the extensive reciprocal connections between principal respiratory groups. These connections are likely to be important for generation of the respiratory pattern, for the coordination of effector responses of the cranial and spinal respiratory motor neurons to afferent stimuli, and coordination of the central respiratory and cardiovascular control systems.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)91086-v}, institution = {Department of Kinesiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024.}, keywords = {Animals; Diaphragm, innervation/physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rhodamines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(90)91086-V}, pmid = {2350683}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ellenberger:1990b, author = {H. H. Ellenberger and J. L. Feldman}, title = {Subnuclear organization of the lateral tegmental field of the rat. I: Nucleus ambiguus and ventral respiratory group.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {294}, number = {2}, pages = {202--211}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Three classes of neurons within the lateral tegmental field of the rat medulla having different target projections were identified by retrograde labelling with three different fluorescent tracers. Labelled bulbospinal premotor and propriobulbar interneurons of the ventral respiratory group and vagal motoneurons of nucleus ambiguus formed partially intermingled longitudinal columns encompassed within a common region of the lateral tegmental field. Labelled neurons of each class were organized in a nonuniform distribution within these columns forming subdivisions distinguished by neuron morphology, orientation, and target projection. The three major rostrocaudal divisions of the ventral respiratory group (VRG) previously identified in the cat and rabbit were identified here in the rat, suggesting a common pattern of VRG organization among these species.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902940205}, institution = {Department of Kinesiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1568.}, keywords = {Action Potentials; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Motor Neurons, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Respiration, physiology; Rhodamines; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Vagus Nerve, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2332528}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902940205}, } @Article{Ellenberger:1994, author = {H. H. Ellenberger and J. L. Feldman}, title = {Origins of excitatory drive within the respiratory network: anatomical localization.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, year = {1994}, volume = {5}, number = {15}, pages = {1933--1936}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {This study identified several sources of excitatory drive within the rat brain stem respiratory network. Excitatory neuronal projections to the ventral respiratory group (the largest brain stem respiratory neuron population in the rat) were identified by selective retrograde labeling with tritiated aspartate. Neurons were labeled within portions of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius, the region of the ventral respiratory group, superficial to the facial nucleus, the medullary raphe nuclei and the parabrachial/Kölliker-Fuse nuclei. These findings are the first anatomical demonstration of sources of excitatory drive within the respiratory network, and are consistent with electrophysiological data localizing a source of excitatory drive within the pre-Bötzinger complex subdivision of the ventral respiratory group.}, doi = {10.1097/00001756-199410000-00023}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Nova Scotia, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Aspartic Acid, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Electrophysiology; Excitatory Amino Acids, metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Nerve Net, physiology; Neurons, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiratory Mechanics, physiology; Silver Staining}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7841379}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ellenberger:1990, author = {H. H. Ellenberger and J. L. Feldman and H. G. Goshgarian}, title = {Ventral respiratory group projections to phrenic motoneurons: electron microscopic evidence for monosynaptic connections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {302}, number = {4}, pages = {707--714}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The hypothesis that excitatory drive is transmitted monosynaptically from bulbospinal medullary respiratory neurons to spinal respiratory motoneurons was tested by an ultrastructural analysis of the phrenic motoneuronal pool in the rat. Combined anterograde labeling of the principal inspiratory bulbospinal neuron population (ventral respiratory group) and retrograde labeling of the phrenic motoneuron pool demonstrated the presence of labeled synaptic profiles, indicating that at least some bulbospinal inspiratory neurons make monosynaptic contacts with phrenic motoneurons. The synaptic boutons of ventral respiratory group neurons that were labeled in the phrenic nucleus had asymmetrical membrane densities at sites of synaptic contact with labeled phrenic somal or dendritic profiles, supporting the notion that this bulbospinal pathway has excitatory contacts with phrenic motoneurons. The morphological types of labeled boutons included three of the eight previously identified bouton types in the phrenic nucleus (Goshgarian and Rafols: Journal of Neurocytology 13:85-109, 1984), including the "S"-terminal, the "NFs"-terminal, and the "F"-terminal. There was no conclusive evidence of labeled double synapses, indicating that this type of synaptic contact is not common in the intact bulbospinal pathway.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903020403}, institution = {Department of Kinesiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1527.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, physiology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Male; Motor Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Phrenic Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Respiration, physiology; Synapses, ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1707065}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020403}, } @Article{Ellenberger:1990d, author = {Ellenberger, H. H. and Feldman, J. L. and Zhan, W. Z.}, title = {Subnuclear organization of the lateral tegmental field of the rat. II: Catecholamine neurons and ventral respiratory group.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {294}, number = {2}, pages = {212--222}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Bulbospinal and propriobulbar respiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory group and catecholamine neurons of the A1 and C1 cell groups were simultaneously labelled in the rat medulla by a combination of retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical identification. The ventral respiratory group and catecholamine cell groups form adjacent, parallel cell columns in the lateral tegmental field of the ventrolateral medulla. The ventral respiratory group is located immediately dorsal to the A1 and C1 groups, although some A1 neurons are intermingled with neurons of the rostral ventral respiratory group, and some C1 neurons are intermingled with those of the Bötzinger complex. The proximate populations of respiratory, catecholamine, and (presumptive) cardiovascular neurons identified in this study provide further support to the hypothesis that this region of the lateral tegmental field of the ventrolateral medulla is a site of cardiorespiratory coordination.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902940206}, institution = {Department of Kinesiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1568.}, keywords = {Animals; Catecholamines, metabolism; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Respiration, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2332529}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902940206}, } @Article{Eller:1976, author = {T. Eller and V. Chan-Palay}, title = {Afferents to the cerebellar lateral nucleus. Evidence from retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase after pressure injections through micropipettes.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1976}, volume = {166}, number = {3}, pages = {285-301}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {HRP was injected by pressure from glass capillary micropipettes unilaterally into the lateral nucleus of rat so as to encompass the entire nucleus, but without spread into the interpositus nuclei. The cells of origin of the afferents to the lateral nucleus were studied after retrograde transport of the HRP. The reticulotegmental nucleus of the pons was labelled bilaterally and is the major source of crossed and uncrossed reticular imputs. The pontine nuclei also provide extensive crossed and uncrossed afferents. The inferior olive gives a large crossed olivo-lateral nucleus projection and a minor uncrossed input. The trigeminal nuclear complex-the nucleus of the spinal tract and the mesencephalic, principal sensory, and motor nuclei-all provide uncrossed afferents. The rostral portion of the lateral reticular nucleus gives a small crossed and uncrossed projection while the perihypoglossal nuclei and the dorsal parabrachial body give crossed afferents to the lateral nucleus. The norepinephrine afferent system from the locus coeruleus is represented by one or two heavily labelled cells and the serotonin raphe systems come from at least five raphe subgroups, the dorsal, superior centralis, pontis, obscurus and magnus nuclei. No evidence was found for commissural fibers between ipsilateral or contralateral cerebellar nuclei, or afferent axons from the spinocerebellar nuclei and the paramedian retricular nucleus. The significance of these sources of afferent imputs to the lateral cerebellar nucleus is discussed. The question is raised of the direct relationship between size of terminal axonal arborization and the quantity of HRP granules present in a cell retrograde transport. The limitations of the HRP method for detecting subtle local differences in the distribution of afferents within the heterogeneous groups of neurons in the lateral nucleus are discussed.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901660303}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent; Peroxidases; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1262557}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901660303}, } @Article{Elmquist:1998, author = {J. K. Elmquist and R. S. Ahima and C. F. Elias and J. S. Flier and C. B. Saper}, title = {Leptin activates distinct projections from the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei.}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, year = {1998}, volume = {95}, number = {2}, pages = {741--746}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Leptin has profound effects on feeding, metabolism, and neuroendocrine status. Evidence indicates that the hypothalamus coordinates these responses, though the specific brain pathways engaged by leptin remain obscure. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) regulates pituitary gland function and feeding, and innervates autonomic preganglionic neurons, making it a candidate to regulate many of the responses to leptin. The subparaventricular zone, an anterior hypothalamic region receiving dense innervation from the suprachiasmatic nucleus, is thought to integrate circadian and metabolic information. We investigated the distribution of neurons in the rat brain activated by leptin administration that also project to the PVH or the subparaventricular zone by coupling immunohistochemistry for Fos with retrograde transport of cholera toxin-b. Intravenous leptin characteristically activated several cell groups including the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), and the PVH. When tracer injections were centered in the subparaventricular zone, many double-labeled cells were observed in the dorsomedial subdivision of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. This projection may provide an anatomic substrate for integration of metabolic and circadian information to regulate the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. When cholera toxin-b injections were centered in the PVH, many double-labeled cells were found within the caudal DMH. Hence, activation of specific neuroendocrine and autonomic elements of the PVH may be triggered by leptin-activated afferents arising in the DMH. Our results demonstrate that a discrete set of hypothalamic pathways may underlie leptin's autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral effects.}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.95.2.741}, institution = {Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. jelmquis@bidmc.harvard.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, drug effects/physiology; Injections, Intravenous; Leptin; Male; Proteins, administration /&/ dosage; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9435263}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Elmquist:1996, author = {Elmquist, J. K. and Saper, C. B.}, title = {Activation of neurons projecting to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus by intravenous lipopolysaccharide.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1996}, volume = {374}, number = {3}, pages = {315--331}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The central nervous system interacts with the immune system to coordinate several components of the acute phase response, although the specific neuroanatomical pathways that mediate these responses are still uncharacterized. However, neurons in both the autonomic and endocrine components of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) are characteristically activated in different models of immune stimulation. In the current study, we have used intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 or 125 micrograms/kg) to induce the acute phase response. We subsequently coupled immunohistochemistry for Fos (as a marker of neuronal activation) with retrograde transport of the neuroanatomical tracer cholera toxin-b from the PVH. Several of the activated cell groups directly projected to the paraventricular nucleus, including the visceromotor (infralimbic) cortex, median preoptic nucleus, ventromedial preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, parabrachial nucleus, ventrolateral medulla, and nucleus of the solitary tract. These findings indicate that immune system stimulation activates cell groups from multiple nervous system levels that project to the paraventricular nucleus. We hypothesize that the activation of specific autonomic and endocrine elements of the PVH may be due to the activity of distinct afferents that converge on the PVH from multiple components of the central autonomic control system. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the PVH plays a key role in integrating diverse physiological cues into the varied manifestations that constitute the cerebral component of the acute phase response.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19961021)374:3<315::aid-cne1>3.0.co;2-4}, institution = {Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. jelmquis@bih.harvard.edu}, keywords = {Acute-Phase Reaction, physiopathology; Animals; Autonomic Pathways, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Cholera Toxin, toxicity; Immunohistochemistry; Injections, Intravenous; Lipopolysaccharides, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Male; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-4}, pmid = {8906501}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-4}, } @Article{Elsaas:1994, author = {Elsås, T. and Edvinsson, L. and Sundler, F. and Uddman, R.}, title = {Neuronal pathways to the rat conjunctiva revealed by retrograde tracing and immunocytochemistry.}, journal = {Exp Eye Res}, year = {1994}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, pages = {117--126}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The origin and neuropeptide content of nerve fibres in the rat conjunctiva were studied by retrograde tracing and denervations in combination with immunocytochemistry. Immunocytochemistry revealed nerve fibres containing neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), helospectin, substance P (SP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) around blood vessels, smooth muscle bundles and glands. Removal of the sphenopalatine ganglion eliminated the majority of the VIP-, PHI- and helospectin-containing fibres. Sympathectomy eliminated the majority of the NPY-containing fibres in the conjunctiva. Removal of both the sphenopalatine ganglion and the superior cervical ganglion led to further reduction of the NPY fibres. Injection of the retrograde tracer True Blue into the conjunctiva resulted in the appearance of labelled cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion, the sphenopalatine ganglion, the superior cervical ganglion, and the ciliary ganglion. Judging from the number of labelled nerve cell bodies, the superior cervical ganglion contributes most to the innervation. These results indicate that the majority of NPY-containing nerve fibres in the conjunctiva derives from the superior cervical ganglion (sympathetic nerve supply). Most of the VIP- and a minor population of the NPY-containing fibres in the conjunctiva originate in the sphenopalatine ganglion (parasympathetic nerve supply). A sparse amount of VIP- and NPY-containing fibres derives from the ciliary ganglion. Nerve fibres containing SP and/or CGRP emanate from the trigeminal ganglia (sensory nerve supply). Together the findings indicate that several ganglia project to the conjunctiva and that many neuropeptides may be involved in the control of conjunctival activity.}, doi = {10.1006/exer.1994.1201}, institution = {Department of Ophthalmology, University of Trondheim, Norway.}, keywords = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, analysis; Conjunctiva, innervation; Denervation; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, chemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Inclusion Bodies, chemistry; Male; Neural Pathways; Neurons, chemistry; Neuropeptide Y, analysis; Neuropeptides, analysis; Peptide PHI, analysis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Superior Cervical Ganglion, chemistry; Trigeminal Ganglion, chemistry; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0014-4835(84)71201-2}, pmid = {8157097}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exer.1994.1201}, } @Article{Emsley:2001, author = {J. G. Emsley and X. Lu and T. Hagg}, title = {Retrograde tracing techniques influence reported death rates of adult rat nigrostriatal neurons.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {2001}, volume = {168}, number = {2}, pages = {425--433}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Injury often causes loss of neuronal markers and prior retrograde labeling can circumvent this problem of identification. We have previously used a time-consuming protocol for labeling all dopaminergic substantia nigra pars compacta neurons in adult rats by injecting the fluorescent tracer DiI into six sites throughout each neostriatum. Here, 2 weeks after injection of DiI into two central locations, only half of these nigrostriatal neurons were labeled. With six sites, more medial and lateral neurons were labeled, and also more in the midportion along the medial-lateral extent of the pars compacta. Less than 0.5\% of the contralateral neurons were labeled. Two injections of Fluorogold also labeled fewer neurons, but their morphology was clearer. Two to 4 weeks after injection of the neurotoxin 6-OHDA into the two neostriatal sites, the total number of surviving neurons appeared greater with six sites of DiI than with two. However, within the middle region of the nigra, survival was lower with the six sites. This suggests that neurons that project outside the two central striatal tracer and 6-OHDA injection regions may be spared initially, but that those in the midportion that project to the central region are more vulnerable with the six-site protocol. Some reports suggest that Fluorogold prelabeling increases neuronal death. Here, survival after 6-OHDA or axotomy was similar with DiI or Fluorogold. These results suggest that because of a complex projection pattern of the nigrostriatal neurons, detailed quantification of neuronal survival should rely on extensive labeling. However, for drug screening purposes, faster labeling with Fluorogold using two sites is more suitable and should provide reliable data.}, doi = {10.1006/exnr.2000.7625}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4H7, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Death; Cell Survival; Dopamine Agents; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, analysis; Medial Forebrain Bundle, injuries; Neurons, chemistry; Oxidopamine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra, chemistry/injuries}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0014-4886(00)97625-8}, pmid = {11259131}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.2000.7625}, } @Article{Engelund:2010, author = {Anna Engelund and Jan Fahrenkrug and Adrian Harrison and Jens Hannibal}, title = {Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) is co-stored with PACAP in projections from the rat melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {2010}, volume = {340}, number = {2}, pages = {243--255}, month = {May}, abstract = {The retinal ganglion cell layer of the eye comprises a subtype of cells characterized by their intrinsic photosensitivity and expression of melanopsin (ipRGCs). These cells regulate a variety of non-image-forming (NIF) functions such as light entrainment of circadian rhythms, acute suppression of locomotor activity (masking), and pupillary light reflex. Two neurotransmitters have been identified in ipRGCs, glutamate and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). To date, little is known about their release and interplay. Here, we describe the presence and co-localization of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2; a marker of glutamate signaling) and PACAP in ipRGCs and their projections in the brain. Nine adult male Wistar rats were assigned to one of three groups; anterograde tracing (n = 3), eye enucleation (n = 3), and untreated (n = 3). Under anaesthesia, rats were transcardially perfusion-fixated, after which the brains and eyes were removed for double immunohistochemical staining using a polyclonal anti-VGLUT2 antibody and a mouse monoclonal anti-PACAP antibody. Results revealed that VGLUT2- and PACAP-immunoreactivity (-ir) were present in ipRGCs and co-localized in their projections in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the intergeniculate leaflet, and the olivary pretectal nucleus. We conclude that there is evidence to support the use of glutamate and PACAP as neurotransmitters in NIF photoperception by rat ipRGCs, and that these neurotransmitters are co-stored and probably released from the same nerve terminals. Furthermore, we conclude that VGLUT2 is the preferred subtype of vesicular transporter used by these cells.}, doi = {10.1007/s00441-010-0950-3}, institution = {Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400, Copenhagen, Denmark. aeng0012@bbh.regionh.dk}, keywords = {Animals; Eye Enucleation; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, metabolism; Protein Transport; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology/metabolism; Rod Opsins, metabolism; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, metabolism; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {20339872}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-010-0950-3}, } @Article{Engstroem:2006, author = {L. Engström and L. Mackerlova and A. Blomqvist}, title = {Lipopolysaccharide induces preproenkephalin transcription in hypophysiotropic neurons of the rat paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus suggesting a neuroendocrine role for enkephalins during immune stress.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {142}, number = {3}, pages = {781--788}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Opioids have impact on stress responses and possess immune modulatory functions. We have previously shown that immune stress elevates the levels of preproenkephalin transcript in a variety of autonomic structures in the rat brain, including the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. By using in situ hybridization with an intronic probe recognizing the preproenkephalin heteronuclear RNA combined with retrograde tract tracing, we examined the efferent target of the enkephalinergic neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus that display induced transcriptional activity during immune challenge. Rats were first given i.p. injections of the tracer substance Fluoro-Gold, which following this route of administration is taken up only by nerve terminals residing outside the blood-brain barrier, and were then given an i.v. injection of lipopolysaccharide. Neuronal cell bodies retrogradely labeled with Fluoro-Gold were detected by immunohistochemistry, and-using a dual-labeling approach-the same cells were then examined for their expression of preproenkephalin heteronuclear RNA. We found that over 90\% of the neurons that expressed preproenkephalin heteronuclear RNA also contained Fluoro-Gold. In addition, approximately 40\% of the neurons expressing preproenkephalin heteronuclear RNA co-expressed mRNA for corticotropin-releasing hormone, the main adrenocorticotropic hormone secretagogue. These data show that the paraventricular hypothalamic neurons that display induced preproenkephalin transcription following immune challenge are almost exclusively hypophysiotropic neurons, indicating a role for enkephalin in the hypothalamic control of hormone release during infectious and inflammatory conditions.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.06.062}, institution = {Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Count, methods; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, genetics/metabolism; Enkephalins, genetics/metabolism; Gene Expression, drug effects; Immunohistochemistry, methods; In Situ Hybridization, methods; Lipopolysaccharides, pharmacology; Male; Neurons, drug effects; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology; Protein Precursors, genetics/metabolism; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, methods; Stilbamidines, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(06)00923-7}, pmid = {16949213}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.06.062}, } @Article{Ennis:1989, author = {Ennis, M. and Aston-Jones, G.}, title = {Potent inhibitory input to locus coeruleus from the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1989}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, pages = {793--803}, month = {May}, abstract = {Previous studies reported afferents to LC from the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), while more recent anatomic experiments indicate that the area of the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (PrH), but not the NTS, provides robust innervation of LC. In the present experiments, the contribution of these two dorsomedial medullary areas to LC innervation was assessed with electrophysiologic methods in anesthetized rats. Focal electrical stimulation of LC antidromically activated a substantial number of PrH neurons; such stimulation failed to antidromically activate NTS neurons. Electrical activation of PrH evoked potent, uniform inhibition of LC discharge. In contrast, NTS activation produced only weak, long latency responses in only a few LC neurons. In agreement with these results, WGA-HRP injections into NTS did not yield consistent anterograde labeling in LC. These results confirm our previous anatomic findings that PrH, but not NTS, provides major innervation of LC. Furthermore, the input from PrH potently inhibits LC activity.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(89)90022-1}, institution = {Department of Biology, New York University, NY 10003.}, keywords = {Action Potentials; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Hypoglossal Nerve, cytology/physiology; Locus Coeruleus, cytology/physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neural Inhibition; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reaction Time, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(89)90022-1}, pmid = {2475220}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ennis:1991, author = {Ennis, M. and Behbehani, M. and Shipley, M. T. and {Van Bockstaele}, E. J. and Aston-Jones, G.}, title = {Projections from the periaqueductal gray to the rostromedial pericoerulear region and nucleus locus coeruleus: anatomic and physiologic studies.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {306}, number = {3}, pages = {480--494}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Previous studies showed that the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) receives two major afferent inputs from 1) nucleus paragigantocellularis and 2) nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, both in the rostral medulla. Recent reports suggested that the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) projects to the rostromedial pericoerulear area and LC. Since the PAG is a major site for control of central antinociception, and since descending noradrenergic fibers have been implicated in pain modulation, we have investigated in detail the functional anatomy of projections from PAG to the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. A combined anatomical and electrophysiological approach was used to assess the organization and synaptic influence of PAG on neurons in the rostromedial pericoerulear region and in LC proper. Injections of the tracer wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase encompassing LC proper and the rostromedial pericoerulear area retrogradely labeled neurons in PAG located lateral and ventrolateral to the cerebral aqueduct; injections restricted to LC proper did not consistently label PAG neurons. Deposits of the anterograde axonal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into this same region of PAG labeled axons that robustly innervated the zone rostral and medial to LC. Only sparse fibers were observed in LC proper. Consistent with these results, focal electrical stimulation of LC antidromically activated only a few PAG neurons (6 of 100); all of these driven cells were located lateral and ventrolateral to the cerebral aqueduct. The majority of neurons in the rostromedial pericoerulear area were robustly activated by single pulse stimulation of PAG. In contrast, single pulse electrical stimulation of lateral PAG produced weak to moderate synaptic activation of some LC neurons; stimulation of ventrolateral PAG produced predominant inhibition of LC discharge, perhaps through recurrent collaterals subsequent to antidromic activation of neighboring LC cells. Taken together, these results indicate that PAG strongly innervates the region rostral and medial to LC, including Barrington's nucleus, but only weakly innervates LC proper. Although recent studies indicate that the dendrites of LC neurons ramify heavily and selectively in the rostromedial pericoerulear region, the results of the present physiological studies suggest that PAG preferentially targets rostromedial pericoerulear neurons rather than LC dendrites.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903060311}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267-0576.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Evoked Potentials, drug effects; Glutamates, pharmacology; Glutamic Acid; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Norepinephrine, physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, physiology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1713927}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903060311}, } @Article{Ennis:1990, author = {Ennis, M. and Shipley, M. T. and Behbehani, M. M.}, title = {A double-labeling method for AChE and fluorescent retrograde tracers.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1990}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {113--118}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Staining for the degradative enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an important tool in studying central cholinergic/cholinoceptive systems. AChE staining has also been useful in identifying the projections of AChE-containing neurons and codistribution of AChE with other neurotransmitters. The intensity and opacity of conventional AChE histochemical reaction products, however, pose problems for such double-labeling studies. Here, we have successfully combined a modified version (37) of the Koelle-Friedenwald AChE reaction with retrograde transport of the fluorescent tracer, Fluoro-Gold (FG). By omitting the final intensification steps of the Koelle-Friedenwald reaction, a translucent, light-stable reaction product is created. Viewed under darkfield illumination, this precipitate is of similar intensity and sensitivity to that produced by conventional AChE histochemical processing. Prior administration of an AChE-inhibitor yields preferential staining of AChE-positive neuronal somata. This nonintensified darkfield AChE (NIDA) histochemical method was compatible with visualization of retrogradely transported FG in AChE-positive neurons, allowing unambiguous identification of the projections of AChE-containing neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(90)90294-a}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45267.}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, analysis; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Histocytochemistry, methods; Rats; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(90)90294-A}, pmid = {2310939}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ennis:1997, author = {M. Ennis and S. J. Xu and T. A. Rizvi}, title = {Discrete subregions of the rat midbrain periaqueductal gray project to nucleus ambiguus and the periambigual region.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1997}, volume = {80}, number = {3}, pages = {829--845}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {We investigated the organization of projections from the rat midbrain periaqueductal gray to nucleus ambiguus and the periambigual region using retrograde and anterograde tract tracing techniques. Retrograde tracing results revealed that neurons that project to nucleus ambiguus arise from three discrete, longitudinally organized columns of neurons located in the supraoculomotor central gray, lateral and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray. Anterograde tracing studies demonstrated that projections from these three columns of periaqueductal gray neurons terminate with topographic specificity in nucleus ambiguus and the periambigual region. Double-labelling studies demonstrated that periaqueductal gray neurons terminate in close contiguity to cholinergic neurons in the compact, semicompact, loose and external formations of nucleus ambiguus. The present results suggest that projections from periaqueductal gray to nucleus ambiguus may mediate, in part, certain cardiovascular adjustments and vocalizations produced by stimulation of periaqueductal gray.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00051-1}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, U.S.A.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stereotaxic Techniques; adish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(97)00051-1}, pmid = {9276498}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Erdtmann-Vourliotis:1999, author = {M. Erdtmann-Vourliotis and P. Mayer and R. Linke and U. Riechert and V. Höllt}, title = {Long-lasting sensitization towards morphine in motoric and limbic areas as determined by c-fos expression in rat brain.}, journal = {Brain Res Mol Brain Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, pages = {1--16}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Chronic application of morphine leads to the development of tolerance towards several of its effects, e.g., analgesia or respiratory depression. Simultaneously, however, sensitization arises which becomes apparent in behavioral tests as increased locomotion or increased self-application. A human correlate for the latter may be the increasing craving for opioids in addicts. To identify brain areas involved in these long-lasting processes, we studied the expression of the transcription factor c-fos by in situ hybridization in rat brain as a marker for changes in gene expression after single or repeated morphine applications in the animals. The only c-fos signal that exceeded background after a single dose of morphine (50 mg/kg) was a diffuse expression in the lateral septum. In contrast, repeated dosage twice daily for 10 days and ascending from 10 to 50 mg/kg resulted in a sharply delineated morphine-induced c-fos synthesis in the dorsomedial and lateral striatum, lateral septum, medial mammillary nuclei, anterior thalamus and, in part masked by a high background due to injection stress, in the cingulate cortex. Most of these areas belong to the limbic system or are closely associated with it. The c-fos response was inducible by morphine in pretreated animals for up to 8 weeks after finishing the repeated application scheme. Retrograde tracing studies revealed that the dorsomedial part of the striatum, which was strongly labeled with the c-fos probe, received inputs from limbic as well as from motoric parts of the thalamus and cortex. Therefore, the sensitization of morphine-induced c-fos expression in parts of the striatum seems to correlate with the locomotor effects of repeated morphine application, whereas the observed sensitization in several limbic brain areas might reflect emotional phenomena like increased self-administration in rats or drug craving in humans.}, doi = {10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00184-9}, institution = {Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, drug effects/metabolism; Drug Tolerance; Emotions, drug effects; Gene Expression Regulation, drug effects; Genes, fos; Humans; Limbic System, drug effects/metabolism; Male; Morphine Dependence, genetics/metabolism; Morphine, pharmacology; Motor Activity, drug effects; Motor Cortex, drug effects/metabolism; Nerve Tissue Proteins, biosynthesis/genetics; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Organ Specificity; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0169328X99001849}, pmid = {10521594}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Erdtsieck:1995, author = {Erdtsieck-Ernste, E. B. and Feenstra, M. G. and Botterblom, M. H. and {Van Uum}, H. F. and Sluiter, A. A. and Heinsbroek, R. P.}, title = {C-Fos expression in the rat brain after pharmacological stimulation of the rat "mediodorsal" thalamus by means of microdialysis.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1995}, volume = {66}, number = {1}, pages = {115--131}, month = {May}, abstract = {In order to visualize target cells of thalamic projections in the rat brain we examined the induction of c-fos messenger RNA and Fos-like immunoreactivity following stimulation of the "mediodorsal" thalamus (midline, mediodorsal and intralaminar nuclei) in freely moving rats. The thalamic neurons were activated through disinhibition by perfusion of the GABAA antagonist bicuculline-methyl chloride via a microdialysis cannula placed in the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The rats were allowed a recovery period of at least 20 h after surgery before being coupled to the perfusion pump. Cannula implantation with or without 4 h of Ringer perfusion caused hardly any detectable c-fos expression in the brain, but 20 min of bicuculline (0.1 mM) perfusion induced high levels of c-fos messenger RNA and Fos protein expression in the area adjacent to the dialysis membrane, indicating activated thalamic neurons. In situ hybridization as well as immunohistochemical analysis of the frontal cortical areas and limbic structures showed a rapid, specific and transient c-fos expression in the medial and lateral prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, mediodorsal striatum, claustrum, nucleus reticularis of the thalamus and amygdala. The overall spatial distribution of the c-fos response was comparable to the innervation patterns of thalamic efferents known from anatomical tracing experiments. The rats were perfused with Ringer while asleep, but they woke up during treatment with bicuculline and displayed an increase in general behavioural activity, which could be correlated to the amount of bicuculline measurable in the dialysate. Pathological behaviours, such as epilepsy, were not noticeable during bicuculline treatment. These results show that it is possible to selectively activate defined anatomical pathways by pharmacological application of drugs using microdialysis in unanesthetized unrestrained animals and to visualize the transsynaptically activated target neurons of these projections. We conclude that this novel experimental approach is indeed suitable for studying functional anatomical pathways.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(94)00576-q}, institution = {Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Base Sequence; Behavior, Animal, drug effects; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Gene Expression, drug effects; Genes, fos; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Microdialysis; Molecular Sequence Data; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Oligonucleotide Probes; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; RNA, Messenger, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stimulation, Chemical; Thalamus, drug effects}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {030645229400576Q}, pmid = {7637862}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ericson:1989, author = {H. Ericson and A. Blomqvist and C. Köhler}, title = {Brainstem afferents to the tuberomammillary nucleus in the rat brain with special reference to monoaminergic innervation.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1989}, volume = {281}, number = {2}, pages = {169--192}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Monoaminergic innervation of a histamine-producing cell group, the tuberomammillary nucleus in the posterior hypothalamus, was investigated in the rat by light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical techniques. Immunohistochemical staining of sections of the posterior hypothalamus was demonstrated afferent fibers immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase in ventral and medial subgroups of the tuberomammillary nucleus afferent fibers immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), phenyletanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), and serotonin (5-HT). TH- and DBH-immunoreactive fibers were similar and were evenly and densely distributed throughout the tuberomammillary nucleus. Fibers stained with 5-HT antibodies were also present throughout the tuberomammillary nucleus but exhibited the densest labeling in the dendritic layer adjacent to the glia limitans in the ventral subgroup. Innervation by PNMT-immunoreactive axons was sparse. Electron microscopic analysis of TH-, DBH-, and 5-HT-immunoreactive fibers in the tuberomammillary nucleus revealed vesicle-containing terminal boutons, which formed synapses with dendrites of varying size. Synaptic contacts with nerve cell bodies were not found. Retrograde transport of the fluorescent dye Fast Blue injected into the tuberomammillary nucleus, combined with immunofluorescent staining with anti-TH, anti-DBH, anti-PNMT, and anti-5-HT antibodies, showed that monoaminergic input to the tuberomammillary nucleus originated mainly from the adrenergic and noradrenergic cell groups C1-C3 and A1-A2, respectively, and from the serotoninergic cell groups B5-B9 as designated by Dahlström and Fuxe ('65). Few double-labeled neurons were found in the nucleus locus coeruleus and the dopaminergic cell groups of the rostral brain stem. The present findings suggest that the activity of the histamine-producing neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus is influenced by monoaminergic neurons in the ventrolateral and dorsomedial medulla oblongata and the raphe nuclei of the rostral brainstem.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902810203}, institution = {Department of Human Anatomy, University of Uppsala, Sweden.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Biogenic Amines, physiology; Biological Transport; Brain Stem, cytology/ultrastructure; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, immunology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Hypothalamus, Posterior, cytology/ultrastructure; Hypothalamus, cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Peroxidases, diagnostic use; Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase, immunology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, immunology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, immunology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2565348}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902810203}, } @Article{Ericson:1991, author = {H. Ericson and A. Blomqvist and C. Köhler}, title = {Origin of neuronal inputs to the region of the tuberomammillary nucleus of the rat brain.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {311}, number = {1}, pages = {45--64}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The origin of afferent connections of the hypothalamic tuberomammillary nucleus has been examined by using retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found in about 70 cell groups of the forebrain and brainstem after injection of tracer into the ventral subgroup of the tuberomammillary nucleus. The majority of the labeled neurons were seen in the forebrain, with particularly large numbers in the infralimbic cortex, lateral septal nucleus, and preoptic region. The anterograde tracing experiments supported the general results of the retrograde tracing experiments. However, we did not observe any single cell group that selectively projected to the cell-rich core of the nucleus. In general, only a few fibers entered the core, whereas many labeled fibers seemed to terminate immediately adjacent to the cell group. Thus the target for the afferents is not primarily the perikarya of the neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus, but either dendrites radiating out from the nucleus or neurons not belonging to the tuberomammillary nucleus. The results of the present study demonstrate that the histaminergic tuberomammillary nucleus derives its main input from the limbic forebrain. Through their widespread projections, the histaminergic neurons may transmit information originating from the limbic system to most if not all parts of the brain.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903110105}, institution = {Department of Human Anatomy, University of Uppsala, Sweden.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1719044}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903110105}, } @Article{Ericson:1987, author = {H. Ericson and T. Watanabe and C. Köhler}, title = {Morphological analysis of the tuberomammillary nucleus in the rat brain: delineation of subgroups with antibody against L-histidine decarboxylase as a marker.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {263}, number = {1}, pages = {1-24}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {With an antibody specific for L-histidine decarboxylase (HD) in combination with immunohistochemical techniques and retrograde fluorescent tracing, the morphology, distribution, and projections of the histaminergic neurons of the posterior hypothalamus were studied in the adult male rat. Magnocellular neurons, situated on both sides of the mammillary recess and close to the ventral surface of the brain rostral and caudal to the mammillary bodies, were found to contain HD-immunoreactivity (HD-i). In addition to these magnocellular neurons, a substantial number of small and medium-sized neurons were immunostained, as were strands of cells of all sizes bridging the HD-i cell groups. A detailed mapping of the HD-i cells in frontal, sagittal, and horizontal sections showed that these neurons make up one continuous cell group, defined as the tuberomammillary nucleus (TM). This nucleus can be divided into several subgroups. Thus, approximately 600 HD-i neurons situated on each side of the mammillary recess compose the medial subgroup of the TM (TMM). The ventral subgroup of the TM (TMV) consists of some 1,500 neurons situated at the ventral surface of the brain, rostral (TMVr) and caudal (TMVc) to the mammillary bodies. The TMM contains a greater proportion of parvicellular neurons compared to the TMV. About 100 HD-i cells are scattered within the lateral hypothalamic area, the posterior hypothalamic region, the perifornical area, the supramammillary nucleus, and the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. These cells are collectively named the diffuse part of the TM (TMdiff). The morphological differences between the TMM and the TMV did not signal differences in the efferent connections of these subgroups. Thus, single injections of the fluorescent tracer Fast Blue into different regions of the brain, including the spinal cord, resulted in retrograde labeling of HD-i neurons, which were distributed throughout the TM with no discernible topographic pattern. More specifically, each subgroup of the TM contributed projections innervating or passing through a large number of brain regions, including the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, cerebellum, tectum, medulla, and spinal cord. The widespread projections of the HD-i neurons contrasted to the more specific projections observed from non HD-i neurons in cell groups situated around the TM. Taken together, these findings suggest that the HD-i cells of the posterior hypothalamus constitute one major nucleus, the TM, and that this nucleus may be subdivided into three components, each of which has diffuse projections throughout the neuraxis.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902630102}, institution = {Department of Neuropharmacology, Astra Research Laboratories, Södertälje, Sweden.}, keywords = {Animals; Antibodies, analysis; Carboxy-Lyases, immunology; Histidine Decarboxylase, immunology; Hypothalamus, Posterior, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/immunology/physiology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, classification/immunology/physiology; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Terminology as Topic}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2822770}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902630102}, } @Article{Ermine:2016, author = {Ermine, Charlotte M. and Wright, Jordan L. and Parish, Clare L. and Stanic, Davor and Thompson, Lachlan H.}, title = {Combined immunohistochemical and retrograde tracing reveals little evidence of innervation of the rat dentate gyrus by midbrain dopamine neurons}, journal = {Frontiers in Biology}, year = {2016}, pages = {1--10}, issn = {1674-7992}, abstract = {Although the functional neuroanatomy of the midbrain dopamine (mDA) system has been well characterized, the literature regarding its capacity to innervate the hippocampal formation has been inconsistent. The lack of expression of definitive markers for dopaminergic fibers, such as the dopamine transporter, in the hippocampus has complicated studies in this area. Here we have used immunohistochemical techniques to characterize the tyrosine hydroxylase expressing fiber network in the rat hippocampus, combined with retrograde tracing from the dentate gyrus to assess the capacity for afferent innervation by mDA neurons. The results indicate that virtually all tyrosine hydroxylase fibers throughout the hippocampus are of a noradrenergic phenotype, while the overlying cortex contains both dopaminergic and noradrenergic fiber networks. Furthermore, retrograde tracing from the dentate gyrus robustly labels tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus but not mDA neurons.}, doi = {10.1007/s11515-016-1404-4}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11515-016-1404-4}, } @Article{Erro:1999, author = {E. Erro and J. L. Lanciego and J. M. Giménez-Amaya}, title = {Relationships between thalamostriatal neurons and pedunculopontine projections to the thalamus: a neuroanatomical tract-tracing study in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {127}, number = {2}, pages = {162--170}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The present study aimed to investigate whether the pedunculopontine projection to the thalamus overlaps with identified thalamostriatal neurons. These projections were studied using a dual tract-tracing procedure combining anterogradely transported biotinylated dextran amine (pedunculopontine projections) and retrogradely transported Fluoro-Gold (thalamostriatal projections). Overlapping thalamic territories between thalamostriatal neurons and the axon terminals arising from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus were observed in the midline (paraventricular) and in the intralaminar (centrolateral, central medial, paracentral and parafascicular) thalamic nuclei. Other thalamic nuclei, such as the ethmoid, intermediodorsal, mediodorsal, paratenial, posteromedian, ventromedian, ventrolateral and rhomboid thalamic nuclei, displayed a lesser degree of overlap. These observations suggest the existence of presumptive contacts between thalamostriatal neurons and axons emerging from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, therefore supporting the possible existence of feedback circuits in the rat basal ganglia in which the tegmento-thalamic projection would play a major role.}, doi = {10.1007/s002210050786}, institution = {Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea, S/N, Pamplona, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Corpus Striatum, cytology/physiology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Pons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stilbamidines; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Thalamus, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10442408}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Erro:2000, author = {Erro, ME and Lanciego, JL and Gimenez-Amaya, JM}, title = {A re-examination of the striatal input from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat}, journal = {Eur J Anat}, year = {2000}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {95--101}, abstract = {The projection from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus to the striatum in the rat was studied by placing injections of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold into the caudate putamen and small deposits of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. The relationship of thalamic afferent fibers with the compartmental organization of the striatum was studied by combining (BDA) tracing and enkephalin immunohistochemistry. The medial segment of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus projects to the nucleus accumbens whereas the lateral segment projects sparsely to the medial regions of the caudate putamen. The caudal pole of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus was found to project abundantly to ventrolateral regions of the precommissural caudate putamen, reaching areas of strong enkephalin immunoreactivity. The dorsolateral and caudal regions of the striatum did not receive projections from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. The present findings demonstrate a topographical organization of the thalamostriatal projections originating in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus of the rat.}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, publisher = {European Journal of Anatomy}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Erro:2001, author = {M. E. Erro and J. L. Lanciego and J. Arribas and J. M. Giménez-Amaya}, title = {Striatal input from the ventrobasal complex of the rat thalamus.}, journal = {Histochem Cell Biol}, year = {2001}, volume = {115}, number = {6}, pages = {447--454}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {We have analyzed whether caudal regions of the caudate putamen receive direct projections from thalamic sensory relay nuclei such as the ventrobasal complex. To this aim, the delivery of the retrograde neuroanatomical tracer Fluoro-Gold into the caudal caudate putamen resulted in the appearance of retrogradely labeled neurons in the ventral posteromedial and ventral posterolateral thalamic nuclei. These projections were further confirmed with injections of the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into these thalamic nuclei, by showing the existence of axonal terminal fields located in the caudal striatum. These results support the existence of direct projections linking the thalamic ventrobasal complex and the caudal striatum in the rat, probably via collateralization of thalamocortical axons when passing through the caudate putamen, and therefore supporting the putative involvement of the caudal striatum in sensory-related functions.}, institution = {Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain jmga@unav.es}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, metabolism/physiology; Female; Nerve Fibers, metabolism/physiology; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thalamus, metabolism/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11455444}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Erro:2002, author = {M. Elena Erro and Jose L Lanciego and Jose M Gimenez-Amaya}, title = {Re-examination of the thalamostriatal projections in the rat with retrograde tracers.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {2002}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {45--55}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Topographical arrangements of thalamostriatal projection neurons was examined in the rat by the retrograde tract-tracing method. After injecting Fluoro-Gold (FG) and/or cholera toxin beta-subunit (CTB) in different regions of the caudate-putamen (CPu), distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons was observed in the thalamus. The main findings were as follows: (1) Retrogradely labeled neurons were seen in the midline-intralaminar thalamic nuclei in all rats examined in the present study. Neurons in the ventral lateral and posterior thalamic nuclear groups were also labeled in the rats which were injected with the tracer into the dorsal part of Cpu, but not in the rats which were injected with the tracer into the nucleus accumbens (Acb) and its adjavent regions in the ventromedial part of the Cpu. (2) Topographical organization was observed in the projections from the midline-intralaminar thalamic nuclei to the CPu. After the tracer injection into the dorsal part of the CPu or the ventral part of the CPu (including the Acb), labeled neurons in the midline-intralaminar thalamic nuclei were distributed predominantly in the lateral part of the intralaminar nuclei or the midline nuclei, respectively. On the other hand, after the tracer injection into the medial or the lateral part of the CPu, labeled neurons in the midline-intralaminar nuclei were distributed mainly in the dorsal or the ventral part of these nuclei, respectively. (3) Topographical organization was also observed in the thalamostriatal projections from the ventral and Pos. After the tracer injection into the rostral part of the CPu, labeled neurons were distributed mainly in the rostral part of the ventral nuclear group. On the other hand, after the tracer injection into the caudal part of the CPu, labeled neurons were distributed mainly in the caudal part of the ventral nuclear group, as well as in the posterior nuclear group.}, doi = {10.1016/s0168-0102(01)00302-9}, institution = {Departamento de Anatomija, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Neostriatum, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Stilbamidines; Thalamus, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0168010201003029}, pmid = {11814608}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Erzurumlu:1980, author = {Erzurumlu, R. S. and Bates, C. A. and Killackey, H. P.}, title = {Differential organization of thalamic projection cells in the brain stem trigeminal complex of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1980}, volume = {198}, number = {2}, pages = {427--433}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Following large injections of horseradish peroxidase into the thalamus of the adult rat, labeled neurons can be detected in the contralateral principal sensory nucleus and the subnucleus interpolaris of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Thalamic projection neurons in the principal sensory nucleus are arranged in discrete aggregates which replicate the organization of the vibrissae and other parts of the face. This cellular organization corresponds very well with the pattern of vibrissae related afferent termination in this region of the nucleus as seen in SDH preparations. There is no such cellular organization in the subnucleus interpolaris.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(80)90756-8}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Mechanoreceptors, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(80)90756-8}, pmid = {7407607}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Eschenko:2012, author = {Oxana Eschenko and Henry C Evrard and Ricardo M Neves and Michael Beyerlein and Yusuke Murayama and Nikos K Logothetis}, title = {Tracing of noradrenergic projections using manganese-enhanced MRI.}, journal = {Neuroimage}, year = {2012}, volume = {59}, number = {4}, pages = {3252--3265}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {We examined the applicability of manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) to the in vivo tracing of diffuse neuromodulatory projections by means of simultaneous iontophoretic injections of an extremely low, non-toxic concentration of MnCl(2) (10mM) and fluorescent dextran in the locus coeruleus (LC) in the rat. We validated the use of the iontophoretic injection by reproducing previously reported results from pressure injections of MnCl(2) in primary somatosensory cortex. Twenty fourhours after injection in LC, Mn(2+) labeling was detected in major cortical and subcortical targets of LC projections including predominantly ipsilateral primary motor and somatosensory cortices, hippocampus and amygdala. Although the injections were in most cases centered in the core of LC, the pattern of Mn(2+) labeling greatly varied across rats. In addition, despite a certain degree of overlap of the labeling obtained with both MEMRI and classical tracing, MEMRI tracing consistently failed to reliably label not only several minor but also major targets of LC, notably the thalamus. The lack of Mn(2+) labeling in thalamus possibly reflected a weaker functional connectivity within coeruleothalamic projections that could not be predicted by anatomical tracing. Inversely, a number of brain regions, particularly contralateral motor cortex, that were not or only sparsely labeled with fluorescent dextran were strongly labeled by Mn(2+). This discrepancy could be partly due to both the activity-dependent and transsynaptic nature of Mn(2+) transport. The overall labeling produced using MEMRI with iontophoretic injections in LC indicates that the Mn(2+) imaging of highly diffuse projections is in principle feasible. However, the labeling pattern of each individual case needs to be carefully interpreted particularly before submitting data for group analysis or in the case of longitudinal examination of discrete changes in functional connectivity under various physiological or behavioral conditions.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.031}, institution = {Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany. oxana.eschenko@tuebingen.mpg.de}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S1053-8119(11)01312-7}, pmid = {22119646}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.031}, } @Article{Espana:2006, author = {España, Rodrigo A. and Berridge, Craig W.}, title = {Organization of noradrenergic efferents to arousal-related basal forebrain structures.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2006}, volume = {496}, number = {5}, pages = {668--683}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Norepinephrine acts within select basal forebrain regions to modulate behavioral state and/or state-dependent processes, including the general regions encompassing the medial septal area, the medial preoptic area, and the substantia innominata. The present study examined the origin and organization of noradrenergic efferents to these basal forebrain regions by using combined immunohistochemical identification of noradrenergic neurons with retrograde tracing. Results indicate that the locus coeruleus provides the majority of noradrenergic input to these regions. Lesser, although at times substantial, contributions from the A1/C1 and A2/C2 adrenergic cell groups were also observed, particularly in the case of the medial preoptic region. Given the prominent state-modulating actions of the locus coeruleus, additional studies examined: 1) lateralization of locus coeruleus efferents to these regions; 2) the topographical organization of basal forebrain-projecting locus coeruleus neurons; and 3) the degree of collateralization of individual locus coeruleus neurons across these regions. Approximately 80-85\% of locus coeruleus efferents to these regions project ipsilaterally. In general, basal forebrain-projecting neurons were distributed throughout the entire dorsoventral and rostrocaudal extent of the locus coeruleus. Additionally, a large proportion of locus coeruleus neurons project simultaneously to these basal forebrain terminal fields. Combined, these observations indicate coordinated actions of locus coeruleus neurons across these basal forebrain regions implicated in the regulation of behavioral state and/or state-dependent processes.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20946}, institution = {Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 53706, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Arousal; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, physiology; Male; Norepinephrine, physiology; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16615125}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20946}, } @Article{Espana:2005, author = {España, R.A. and Reis, K.M. and Valentino, R.J. and Berridge, C.W.}, title = {Organization of hypocretin/orexin efferents to locus coeruleus and basal forebrain arousal-related structures.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2005}, volume = {481}, pages = {160-178}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20369}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Esser:1998, author = {M. J. Esser and S. P. Pronych and G. V. Allen}, title = {Trigeminal-reticular connections: possible pathways for nociception-induced cardiovascular reflex responses in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1998}, volume = {391}, number = {4}, pages = {526--544}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Cardiovascular regulatory neurons of the ventral medulla and pons are thought to have an important role in the mediation of trigeminal nociception-induced reflex cardiovascular responses. However, the neural pathways that link the spinal trigeminal nucleus with ventral medullary and pontine autonomic cell groups are poorly understood. The present study utilized injections of the highly sensitive anterograde tracer substance biotinylated dextran combined with immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase, the synthesizing enzyme for catecholamines, to investigate the distribution and morphology of projections from the spinal trigeminal subnucleus caudalis to ventral medullary and pontine catecholaminergic cell groups. Injection of biotylinated dextran into the dorsal subnucleus caudalis produced dense anterograde labeling in dorsal regions of the medullary and pontine reticular formation including the dorsal medullary reticular field, the parvicellular reticular field, and the parvicellular reticular field pars anterior. In the ventral medullary and pontine reticular formation, light anterograde labeling tended to be distributed in close proximity to the distal dendrites of catecholaminergic neurons located in the C1, A1, and A5 regions. Injections of anterograde tracer into the dorsal medullary reticular field produced dense anterograde labeling in the ventral medullary and pontine reticular formation. Numerous terminal-like varicosities were observed in close proximity to catecholaminergic neurons located in the C1, A1, and A5 regions. These data suggest that trigeminal pain-induced reflex cardiovascular responses involve indirect projections that terminate in the dorsal medullary and pontine reticular formation before reaching ventral medullary and pontine catecholaminergic cell groups known to be involved in cardiovascular regulation.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980222)391:4<526::aid-cne8>3.0.co;2-2}, institution = {Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotinylation; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Catecholamines, analysis; Dextrans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Pons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reflex, physiology; Reticular Formation, physiology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, physiology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-2}, pmid = {9486829}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Esteves:1993, author = {F. Esteves and D. Lima and A. Coimbra}, title = {Structural types of spinal cord marginal (lamina I) neurons projecting to the nucleus of the tractus solitarius in the rat.}, journal = {Somatosens Mot Res}, year = {1993}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {203--216}, abstract = {The structural types of spinal cord marginal (lamina I) neurons projecting to the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) were studied. Upon injections of cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) into the caudal part of the NTS, including its lateral and medial portions, labeled cells occurred bilaterally in laminae I, IV-VII, and X, and the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN). After injections into the lateral portion alone, only a few cells were labeled in laminae V, VII, and X, and the LSN, and none in the superficial dorsal horn. Of 1882 labeled marginal cells, 38\% belonged to the flattened type, 37\% to the pyramidal type, and 25\% to the fusiform type. Flattened and pyramidal cells were labeled in considerably greater numbers than those reported when other supraspinal targets of these cells were injected with CTb. Since cells in the NTS are known to be under marked gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABA-ergic) inhibition, it is possible that only strong input conveyed by great numbers of flattened and pyramidal cells is capable of overcoming that barrier. Fusiform cells were labeled in numbers similar to those observed previously after tracer injections into the two other targets of this neuronal type, the parabrachial nuclei and the lateral reticular nucleus. Considering that these regions, as well as the NTS, control cardiovascular and respiratory functions, it is suggested that fusiform cells transmit noxious input that will influence autonomic reflexes processed in the three nuclei.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.3109/08990229309028832}, institution = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Porto, Portugal.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Glossopharyngeal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neurons, ultrastructure; Nociceptors, ultrastructure; Pyramidal Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Viscera, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8328233}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Esteves:2000, author = {Esteves, F. O. and McWilliam, P. N. and Batten, T. F.}, title = {Nitric oxide producing neurones in the rat medulla oblongata that project to nucleus tractus solitarii.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {2000}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {185--197}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The production of nitric oxide in neurones of the rat medulla oblongata that project to the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) was examined by simultaneous immunohistochemical detection of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and of cholera toxin B-subunit (CTb), which was injected into the caudal zone of the NTS. Neurones immunoreactive for CTb and neurones immunoreactive for NOS were widely co-distributed and found in almost all the anatomical divisions of the medulla. Dual-labelled cells, containing both CTb and NOS immunoreactivities were more numerous ipsilaterally to the injection sites. They were concentrated principally in the more rostral zone of the NTS, raphé nuclei, dorsal, intermediate and lateral reticular areas, spinal trigeminal and paratrigeminal nuclei and the external cuneate and medial vestibular nuclei. Isolated dual-labelled neurones were also scattered throughout most of the divisions of the reticular formation. These observations indicate that many areas of the medulla that are known to relay somatosensory and viscerosensory inputs contain NOS immunoreactive neurones that project to the NTS, and may, therefore, contribute to the dense NOS-immunoreactive innervation of the NTS. The release of nitric oxide from the axon terminals of these neurones may modulate autonomic responses generated by NTS neurones in relation to peripheral sensory stimuli, and thus ultimately regulate sympathetic and/or parasympathetic outflow.}, doi = {10.1016/s0891-0618(00)00091-0}, institution = {Institute for Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.}, keywords = {Animals; Cholera Toxin; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Neural Pathways; Neurons, enzymology; Nitric Oxide Synthase, analysis/metabolism; Nitric Oxide, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/enzymology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0891-0618(00)00091-0}, pmid = {11118810}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Everill:2001, author = {Everill, B. and Cummins, T. R. and Waxman, S. G. and Kocsis, J. D.}, title = {Sodium currents of large (Abeta-type) adult cutaneous afferent dorsal root ganglion neurons display rapid recovery from inactivation before and after axotomy.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2001}, volume = {106}, number = {1}, pages = {161--169}, abstract = {Voltage-dependent Na-currents were studied, using whole cell voltage clamp, in acutely dissociated, large (mostly Abeta-fiber type) cutaneous afferent dorsal root ganglia neurons (L(4) and L(5)) from the adult rat. Cells were dissociated 14-17 days after axotomy. Control and axotomized neurons were identified via the retrograde marker hydroxy-stilbamide (fluorogold) which was injected into the lateral and plantar region of the skin of the foot and were studied using whole cell patch clamp techniques within 12-20 h of dissociation and plating. Cells were dissociated 14-17 days after injury. Both control and axotomized neurons displayed complex Na-currents composed of components with distinct kinetic and pharmacological properties. The large (48-50 microm diameter) control cutaneous afferent neurons, many of which likely give rise to myelinated Abeta-fibers, exhibited Na-currents with both slow and fast inactivating kinetics. The fast inactivating current in large cutaneous afferent dorsal root ganglion neurons was tetrodotoxin-sensitive and recovered from inactivation approximately four-fold faster at -60 mV (P<0.001) and approximately six-fold faster at -70 mV (P<0.001) than the tetrodotoxin-sensitive current in small (<30 microm diameter) neurons. Further, while the tetrodotoxin-sensitive currents in smaller dorsal root ganglion neurons (mainly C-fiber type) reprime approximately four-fold faster following peripheral axotomy, repriming of the fast inactivating current in larger cutaneous afferent neurons was not significantly altered following axotomy. However, while 77\% of control large neurons were observed to express the slower inactivating, tetrodotoxin-resistant current, only 45\% of these large neurons did after axotomy. These results indicate that large adult cutaneous afferent dorsal root ganglion neurons (Abeta-type) express tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na-currents, which have much faster repriming than Na-currents in small (C-type) neurons, both before, and after axotomy. Like small neurons, the majority of large neurons downregulate the tetrodotoxin-resistant current following sciatic nerve section.}, institution = {USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axotomy; Cell Size, drug effects/physiology; Down-Regulation, drug effects/physiology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/injuries/metabolism; Membrane Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; Neural Conduction, drug effects/physiology; Neuralgia, metabolism/physiopathology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, metabolism/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recovery of Function, drug effects/physiology; Sciatic Nerve, injuries/surgery; Sodium Channels, drug effects/metabolism; Stilbamidines; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(01)00258-5}, pmid = {11564426}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Everill:2000, author = {Everill, B. and Kocsis, J. D.}, title = {Nerve growth factor maintains potassium conductance after nerve injury in adult cutaneous afferent dorsal root ganglion neurons.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2000}, volume = {100}, number = {2}, pages = {417--422}, abstract = {Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques were used to study the effects of nerve growth factor on voltage-dependent potassium conductance in normal and axotomized identified large cutaneous afferent dorsal root ganglion neurons (48-50 micrometer diameter) many of which probably give rise to myelinated Abeta fibers. K-currents were isolated by blocking Na- and Ca-currents with appropriate ion replacement and channel blockers. Separation of current components was achieved on the basis of response to variation in conditioning voltage. Cutaneous afferents were labeled by the retrograde marker hydroxy-stilbamide (FluoroGold) which was injected into the skin of the foot. The sciatic nerve was either ligated or crushed with fine forceps five to seven days later. Neurons were dissociated 14-17 days after injury. The cut ends of the sciatic nerves were positioned into polyethylene tubes, which were connected to mini-osmotic pumps filled with either nerve growth factor or sterile saline. Control neurons displayed a prominent sustained K-current and the transient potassium currents "A" and "D". Nerve ligation, which blocks target reconnection resulted in near 50\% reduction of total outward current; isolated sustained K-current and transient A-current were reduced by a comparable amount. Nerve crush, which allows regeneration to peripheral targets and exposure of the regenerating nerve to the distal nerve segment, resulted in a small reduction in sustained K-current but no reduction in transient A-current compared to controls. Levels of transient A-current and sustained K-current were maintained at control levels after nerve growth factor treatment. These results indicate that the large reduction in transient A-current, and in sustained K-current, observed in cutaneous afferent cell bodies after nerve ligation is prevented by application of nerve growth factor.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00263-3}, institution = {Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06510, New Haven, USA.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Afferent Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, drug effects/injuries/physiology; Nerve Crush; Nerve Growth Factor, pharmacology; Neural Conduction, drug effects/physiology; Potassium Channels, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(00)00263-3}, pmid = {11008179}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Everill:1998, author = {Everill, B. and Rizzo, M. A. and Kocsis, J. D.}, title = {Morphologically identified cutaneous afferent DRG neurons express three different potassium currents in varying proportions.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {1998}, volume = {79}, number = {4}, pages = {1814--1824}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Outward K+ currents were recorded using a whole cell patch-clamp configuration, from acutely dissociated adult rat cutaneous afferent dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons (L4 and L5) identified by retrograde labeling with Fluoro-gold. Recordings were obtained 16-24 h after dissociation from cells between 39 and 49 mm in diameter with minimal processes. These cells represent medium-sized DRG neurons relative to the entire population, but are large cutaneous afferent neurons giving rise to myelinated axons. Voltage-activated K+ currents were recorded routinely during 300-ms depolarizing test pulses increasing in 10-mV steps from -40 to +50 mV; the currents were preceded by a 500-ms conditioning prepulse of either -120 or -40 mV. Coexpression of at least three components of K+ current was revealed. Separation of these components was achieved on the basis of sensitivities to the K+ channel blockers, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and dendrotoxin (DTx), and by the current responses to variation in conditioning voltage. Changing extracellular K+ concentration from 3 to 40 mM resulted in a shift to the right of the I-V curve commensurate with K+ being the principal charge carrier. Presentation of 100 mM 4-AP revealed a rapidly activating K+ current sensitive to low concentrations of 4-AP. High concentrations of 4-AP (6 mM) extinguished all inactivating current, leaving almost pure sustained current (IK). On the basis of the relative distribution of K+ currents neurons could be separated into three distinct categories: fast inactivating current (IA), slow inactivating current (ID), and sustained current (IK); only IA and IK; and slow inactivating current and IK. However, IK was always the dominant outward current component. These results indicate that considerable variation in K+ currents is present not only in the entire population of DRG neurons, as previously reported, but even within a restricted size and functional group (large cutaneous afferent neurons).}, institution = {Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven 06510, USA.}, keywords = {4-Aminopyridine, pharmacology; Animals; Axons, physiology; Calcium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Elapid Venoms, pharmacology; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/physiology; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Myelin Sheath, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Potassium Channels, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Skin, innervation; Tetraethylammonium, pharmacology; Touch, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9535950}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ewart:1988, author = {Ewart, W. R. and Jones, M. V. and King, B. F.}, title = {Central origin of vagal nerve fibres innervating the fundus and corpus of the stomach in rat.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, year = {1988}, volume = {25}, number = {2-3}, pages = {219--231}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The origin of vagal nerve fibres innervating the anterior and posterior walls of the fundus and corpus of the rat stomach was investigated using the axon tracing dye, Fast blue. The secretomotor nerve supply to the rat stomach was predominantly ipsilateral. A large majority (98-99\%) of the vagal perikarya innervating the anterior fundus and corpus were located on the left side of the brainstem. A large majority (96-99\%) of the vagal perikarya innervating the posterior fundus and corpus were located on the right side. Vagal perikarya were arranged in longitudinal, dorsal cell columns which extended beyond the normally accepted cytoarchitectural limits of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). A few vagal cells innervating the fundus were also found in the nucleus ambiguus. Vagal cell columns innervating the anterior and posterior fundus extended rostrocaudally over a distance of up to 4 mm and projected caudally as far as the cervical spinal cord. Vagal cell columns innervating the anterior and posterior corpus were more compact, extended over a distance of 2-3 mm, and projected rostrally as far as the inferior salivatory nucleus of the glossopharyngeal nerves. Vagal cell columns for the fundus and corpus overlapped in the region of the DMV which lay immediately ventral to the area postrema. Between one-third to one-half of the vagal cells innervating the fundus and corpus were concentrated under the area postrema. A simple form of viscerotopic organisation appears to occur within the vagal cell columns innervating the fundus and corpus.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-1838(88)90026-4}, institution = {Department of Physiology, London Hospital Medical College, U.K.}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Gastric Fundus, cytology/innervation; Histological Techniques; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rhombencephalon, cytology; Stomach, cytology/innervation; Vagus Nerve, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3069891}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Eyre:2008, author = {Mark D Eyre and Miklos Antal and Zoltan Nusser}, title = {Distinct deep short-axon cell subtypes of the main olfactory bulb provide novel intrabulbar and extrabulbar GABAergic connections.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2008}, volume = {28}, number = {33}, pages = {8217--8229}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {A universal feature of neuronal microcircuits is the presence of GABAergic interneurons that control the activity of glutamatergic principal cells and each other. In the rat main olfactory bulb (MOB), GABAergic granule and periglomerular cells innervate mitral and tufted cells, but the source of their own inhibition remains elusive. Here, we used a combined electrophysiological and morphological approach to investigate a rather mysterious cell population of the MOB. Deep short-axon cells (dSACs) of the inframitral layers are GABAergic and have extensive and characteristic axonal ramifications in various layers of the bulb, based on which unsupervised cluster analysis revealed three distinct subtypes. Each dSAC subtype exhibits different electrical properties but receives similar GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs. The local axon terminals of all dSAC subtypes selectively innervate GABAergic granule and periglomerular cells and evoke GABA(A) receptor-mediated IPSCs. One subpopulation of dSACs (GL-dSACs) creates a novel intrabulbar projection from deep to superficial layers. Another subpopulation (GCL-dSACs) is labeled by retrogradely transported fluorescent microspheres injected into higher olfactory areas, constituting a novel projection-cell population of the MOB. Our results reveal multiple dSAC subtypes, each specialized to influence MOB activity by selectively innervating GABAergic interneurons, and provide direct evidence for novel intrabulbar and extrabulbar GABAergic projections.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2490-08.2008}, institution = {Laboratory of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, classification/physiology/ultrastructure; Male; Olfactory Bulb, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Olfactory Pathways, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {28/33/8217}, pmid = {18701684}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2490-08.2008}, } @Article{Fabian:1990, author = {R. H. Fabian}, title = {Uptake of antineuronal IgM by CNS neurons: comparison with antineuronal IgG.}, journal = {Neurology}, year = {1990}, volume = {40}, number = {3 Pt 1}, pages = {419--422}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {We examined the axonal transport of monoclonal IgM that binds to Thy 1.1, a glycoprotein component of the neuronal and synaptic plasma membrane, in the rat, using immunohistochemical techniques. IgM immunoreactivity appeared in neurons 1 to 2 days following injection in their terminal fields. Several neural pathways supported retrograde axonal transport of IgM, including facial nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus, and thalamic projections. Although the IgM studied had a greater affinity for Thy 1.1 than the IgG, IgM axonal transport was more difficult to detect than axonal transport of IgG, suggesting that IgM undergoes retrograde axonal transport less readily than IgG. An increase in intraneuronal IgM may serve as an index of the action of antineuronal IgM at the presynaptic membrane, and intraneuronal IgM may be directly involved in the pathogenesis of some types of motor neuron disease and neuropathy.}, doi = {10.1212/wnl.40.3_part_1.419}, institution = {Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550.}, keywords = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, Surface, immunology/metabolism; Antigens, Thy-1; Brain, cytology; Face, innervation; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunoglobulin G, immunology/metabolism; Immunoglobulin M, immunology/metabolism; Neurons, immunology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling; Synaptic Membranes, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1690363}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fabri:1991, author = {M. Fabri and H. Burton}, title = {Topography of connections between primary somatosensory cortex and posterior complex in rat: a multiple fluorescent tracer study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {538}, number = {2}, pages = {351--357}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Thalamocortical connections between ipsilateral thalamus and the first somatic sensory area were traced with simultaneous injections of different fluorescent tracers. Labeled neuronal elements in the antero-medial part (POm) of the posterior nucleus (PO) were topographically organized as an up-right body representation that mirrored a map in the ventroposterior nuclei (VP). No topography was observed in the posterior part of PO. These findings suggest POm in rodents provides precisely organized projections, parallel with those from VP.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)90455-5}, institution = {Institute of Human Physiology, University of Ancona, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(91)90455-5}, pmid = {2012978}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fabri:1991a, author = {M. Fabri and H. Burton}, title = {Ipsilateral cortical connections of primary somatic sensory cortex in rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {311}, number = {3}, pages = {405--424}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The organization of ipsilateral cortical connections of the rat primary somatic sensory area (SI) was analyzed following small injections of multiple fluorescent tracers in the same case, into two or three SI body representations identified electrophysiologically. Labeling patterns were studied in tangential cortical sections and in flattened reconstructions from coronal sections. The cytochrome oxidase staining in tangential sections served as a control for injection location and to position labeling patterns found within granular portion of SI. The results show that most connections made with SI are reciprocal. Their topographical organization show different degrees of precision in the different areas. Homotypical and heterotypical connections were defined, the latter being more evident within the granular portion of SI. The findings: (1) were consistent with subdividing rat SI into four distinct areas with each having its own pattern of connections, (2) revealed two topographically organized regions in parietal cortex lateral to SI called second somatosensory (SII) and parietal ventral (PV) areas, (3) confirmed a topographical pattern in motor cortex and suggested an organization for connections between SI and an agranular medial field, and (4) demonstrated three more regions in parietal cortex connected to SI: posterior to SI called parietal medial; lateral to PV called parietal rhinal; posterior to SII called parietal lateral. Differences were noted in the distinctions between and within the maps when label distributions were plotted separately from supra- and infragranular layers. These findings agree with previous parcellations of the rat SI (Chapin et al., '87: J. Comp Neurol 263:326-346), squirrel PV and SII (Krubitzer et al., '86: J. Comp Neurol 250:403-430), and the organization of rat corticospinal neurons in many of the same areas (Li et al., '90: Somat Motor Res 7:315-335).}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903110310}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Biological Markers; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electron Transport Complex IV, analysis; Fluorescent Dyes; Functional Laterality; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Parietal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1720147}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903110310}, } @Article{Fabri:1996, author = {M. Fabri and T. Manzoni}, title = {Glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in corticocortical projecting neurons of rat somatic sensory cortex.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1996}, volume = {72}, number = {2}, pages = {435--448}, month = {May}, abstract = {Combined retrograde tracing and immunocytochemical experiments were carried out on rats to ascertain whether corticocortical projecting neurons in the somatic sensory areas are immunoreactive to an antiserum against glutamate decarboxylase. Injections of a retrograde tracer (colloidal gold-labelled wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to enzymatically inactive horseradish peroxidase) in the first somatic sensory area labelled neurons in the injected area, in the second somatic sensory area, and in the parietoventral area of the ipsilateral hemisphere. The topographical and laminar distribution of these retrogradely-labelled corticocortical neurons in the first and second somatic sensory areas and in the parietoventral area was in line with a previous description (Fabri M. and Burton H. (1991b) J. comp. Neurol. 311, 405-424). In sections processed for the simultaneous visualization of the retrograde tracer and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity, a number of neurons were double-labelled. Double-labelled neurons were most numerous in the first somatic sensory cortex, where they accounted for 5\% of all retrogradely-labelled neurons. Outside this region, double-labelled cells were observed in the second somatic sensory cortex and in the parietoventral cortex, where they amounted respectively to 2.8\% and 2.3\% of all corticocortical neurons labelled in these two areas. Glutamate decarboxylase-immunopositive corticocortical neurons were mainly concentrated in the infragranular layers (73.8\% of all double-labelled neurons in the first somatic sensory area, 81.7\% in the second somatic sensory area, and 76.5\% in the parietoventral area). The results indicate the presence of a small but significant contingent of GABAergic inhibitory neurons in the associative connections of the somatic sensory areas.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(95)00568-4}, institution = {Institute of Human Physiology, University of Ancona, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Female; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(95)00568-4}, pmid = {8737414}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fabri:2004, author = {M. Fabri and T. Manzoni}, title = {Glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity in callosal projecting neurons of cat and rat somatic sensory areas.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2004}, volume = {123}, number = {2}, pages = {557--566}, abstract = {The distribution of GABAergic callosally projecting neurons was analysed in the somatic sensory areas of cat and rat cerebral cortex by combining retrograde tracing of nerve cell bodies and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) immunocytochemistry. A retrograde tracer (colloidal gold- labelled wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to enzymatically inactive horseradish peroxidase) was injected in the first or second somatic sensory area. Brain sections were processed for the simultaneous visualisation of the retrograde tracer and GAD immunoreactivity. In all animals, double-labelled neurons were found in the hemisphere contralateral to the injection site (double-labelled callosal neurons). Their proportion was similar in both species (0.8\% of all retrogradely-labelled neurons in cat, 0.7\% in rat). These results: 1) confirm the existence of a small proportion of GABAergic callosally projecting neurons in rat somatic sensory cortices; 2) indicate the presence of a small but significant proportion of GAD-positive callosally projecting neurons in cat somatic sensory cortices; and 3) show that the proportion of GAD-positive callosal neurons is similar in the two species.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.09.011}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Physiology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60020 Torrette, Ancona, Italy. m.fabri@mta01.univpm.it}, keywords = {Animals; Cats; Corpus Callosum, physiology; Functional Laterality; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452203007218}, pmid = {14698762}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Facchinetti:2014, author = {Facchinetti, Patricia and Giuliano, François and Laurin, Miguel and Bernabé, Jacques and Clément, Pierre}, title = {Direct brain projections onto the spinal generator of ejaculation in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2014}, month = {May}, abstract = {A spinal generator for ejaculation (SGE) has been identified in the rat that orchestrates peripheral events leading to ejaculation. Despite physiological evidence of cerebral influences exerted on the SGE, brain descending pathways to the SGE have not been fully delineated. A tracing study combining retrograde and anterograde approaches was undertaken in adult male rats in order to identify brain sites containing neurons that directly project onto SGE neurons. Fluorogold (FG) was microinjected as a retrograde tracer into the SGE area in the central medial grey of the third lumbar (L3) spinal segment. FG-positive neurons were found in various structures in medulla oblongata, pons, and forebrain. Among the brain structures already known as participating in the brain control of ejaculation and harbouring retrogradelly-labelled neurons, the ventrolateral part of the gigantocellular nucleus and the raphe pallidus/magnus in medulla oblongata as well as the lateral hypothalamus were targeted with the anterograde tracer dextran amine (DA). Galanin and substance P receptor (NK1) were used as markers of SGE neurons. DA-positive fibres and varicosities originating in the targeted brain sites were found to make close appositions with neurons expressing galanin or NK1 receptors in central medial grey of L3-L4 spinal segments. This study provides new insights regarding the anatomical support for the brain control of ejaculation via direct influences onto the SGE.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.064}, institution = {SIRIUS/EA4501, School of Health Sciences, University of Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France; Pelvipharm laboratories, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France. Electronic address: pierre.clement@uvsq.fr.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(14)00376-5}, pmid = {24814018}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.064}, } @Article{Fadel:2002, author = {Fadel, J. and Deutch, A.Y.}, title = {Anatomical substrates of orexin-dopamine interactions: lateral hypothalamic projections to the ventral tegmental area.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2002}, volume = {111}, pages = {379-387}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00017-9}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fahrbach:1984, author = {Fahrbach, S. E. and Morrell, J. I. and Pfaff, D. W.}, title = {Temporal pattern of HRP spread from an iontophoretic deposit site and description of a new HRP-gel implant method.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1984}, volume = {225}, number = {4}, pages = {605--619}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {In the course of examining afferents to ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) neurons using horseradish peroxidase (HRP), we needed to know how close to an iontophoretic deposit site neurons could be proved to be retrogradely labeled. In evaluating cells near but clearly outside HRP deposit sites visualized after a 24-hour survival period, for example, neurons which had been filled with HRP by somal or dendritic uptake could not be treated as retrogradely labeled and thus would not add to studies of intrahypothalamic connections. Rats were given standardized iontophoretic applications of HRP into VMH (continuous positive current 0.25 mu amp for 1 minute) and sacrificed after 5 or 15 minutes, 1, 4, 8, 12, or 24 hours in order to examine the pattern of HRP spread. The chromogen was tetramethylbenzidine. The volume of the application site visualized at 24 hours was less than 10\% of maximum site size, which occurred at 1 hour. Since the cells located within the maximal spread boundary are candidates for nonretrograde labeling, HRP data on local connections obtained even from small iontophoretic deposits must be evaluated in the light of the demonstrated expansion and subsequent contraction of the application site. These results may also hold implications for the precision with which distant connections can be examined using the HRP retrograde method, as sites that appear discrete when visualized after 24-hour survival may have overlapped at shorter times post-iontophoresis. Incorporation of retrograde tracers into polyacrylamide gels provides an effective alternative to pressure injection or iontophoresis of aqueous tracer solutions. We describe a method for filling micropipettes with HRP-polyacrylamide gel. The pipettes are then implanted into brain sites to provide a confined pool of HRP. With postimplantation survival of 24 hour or longer, this method produces sites comparable in size to iontophoretic sites examined at 24 hours and results in improved retrograde labeling. Some results obtained with this method concerning the afferent connections of the dorsomedial hypothalamus are described.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902250410}, keywords = {Animals; Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Brain Mapping, methods; Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Iontophoresis; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neuroanatomy, methods; Peroxidases; Preoptic Area, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Staining and Labeling, methods; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6203941}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902250410}, } @Article{Fahrbach:1986, author = {S. E. Fahrbach and J. I. Morrell and D. W. Pfaff}, title = {Identification of medial preoptic neurons that concentrate estradiol and project to the midbrain in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1986}, volume = {247}, number = {3}, pages = {364--382}, month = {May}, abstract = {Fluorescent dye retrograde tracing was combined with steroid hormone autoradiography to study the midbrain projections of the estrogen-concentrating neurons in the preoptic region of the rat brain. Microinjections of the dyes DAPI, true blue, or a mixture of DAPI and primuline were made into the ventral tegmental area and into the midbrain central gray of ovariectomized, adrenalectomized 2-3-month-old female rats; 3 or 4 days later these animals were injected with [3H]estradiol; the brains were then processed for autoradiography. After exposures of from 3 to 12 months, the autoradiograms were developed and examined for reduced silver grains under cell nuclei (indicating binding of [3H]estradiol) and retrogradely transported fluorescent dye in the cytoplasm (indicating an efferent projection to the midbrain). Numerous [3H]estradiol-concentrating neurons in the medial preoptic region were found to send their axons to the medial midbrain. The largest numbers of estrogen target neurons that were afferent to the ventral tegmental area and to the midbrain central gray were found in the medial preoptic nucleus, in the surrounding medial preoptic area, and in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Double-labeled neurons were also identified in the preoptic suprachiasmatic area, in the lateral preoptic area, and in the rostral anterior hypothalamic area. Thus, a subset of the gonadal steroid target cells of the preoptic region have long projections to the medial midbrain, and a subset of the medial preoptic neurons that project to the ventral tegmental area and to the midbrain central gray concentrate estrogen. Behaviors (for example, maternal behavior, male copulatory behavior, and wheel-running) that are regulated by estrogen action in the medial preoptic region may be controlled by the direct estrogen-sensitive pathway to the medial midbrain revealed in this study.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902470307}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Estradiol, metabolism; Female; Male; Maternal Behavior; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Periaqueductal Gray, metabolism; Preoptic Area, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septal Nuclei, metabolism; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, metabolism; Terminology as Topic}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3722443}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902470307}, } @Article{Fahrbach:1989, author = {S. E. Fahrbach and J. I. Morrell and D. W. Pfaff}, title = {Studies of ventromedial hypothalamic afferents in the rat using three methods of HRP application.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1989}, volume = {77}, number = {2}, pages = {221--233}, abstract = {The afferent neural connections of the ventromedial nucleus of the rat hypothalamus (VMH) have been studied in detail using three horseradish peroxidase (HRP) application methods: HRP crystal implants, HRP-gel implants, and iontophoretic deposition of the enzyme. Examination of the cases in which the retrograde tracer was best confined to various subdivisions of the nucleus revealed that the septal area projects only to the ventrolateral VMH, and that the medial preoptic area, rostral lateral hypothalamus, and the ventral subiculum project mainly to the ventrolateral VMH. Thus, the subdivision of the VMH that contains the highest density of estradiol-concentrating neurons (Morrell et al. 1986) receives a larger set of inputs than the rostral and central parts of the nucleus. The central subdivision receives a more restricted set of projections than either the medial or the lateral regions. These studies suggest that there may be partial anatomical segregation of neural inputs to the various subdivisions of the VMH.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00274980}, institution = {Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Drug Implants; Female; Gels; Horseradish Peroxidase, administration /&/ dosage/diagnostic use; Hypothalamus, Middle, anatomy /&/ histology; Iontophoresis; Neurons, cytology; Peroxidases; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2792273}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Falgairolle:2007, author = {Falgairolle, Mélanie and Cazalets, Jean-René}, title = {Metachronal coupling between spinal neuronal networks during locomotor activity in newborn rat.}, journal = {J Physiol}, year = {2007}, volume = {580}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {87--102}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {In the present study, we investigate spinal cord neuronal network interactions in the neonatal rat during locomotion. The behavioural and physiological relevance of metachronally propagated locomotor activity were inferred from kinematic, anatomical and in vitro electrophysiological data. Kinematic analysis of freely behaving animals indicated that there is a rhythmic sequential change in trunk curvature during the step cycle. The motoneurons innervating back and tail muscles were identified along the spinal cord using retrograde labelling. Systematic multiple recordings from ventral roots were made to determine the precise intrinsic pattern of coordination in the isolated spinal cord. During locomotor-like activity, rhythmic ventral root motor bursts propagate caudo-rostrally in the sacral and the thoracic spinal cord regions. Plotting the latency as a function of the cycle period revealed that the system adapts the intersegmental latency to the ongoing motor period in order to maintain a constant phase relationship along the spinal axis. The thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions were capable of generating right and left alternating motor bursts when isolated. Longitudinal sections of the spinal cord revealed that both the bilateral antiphase pattern observed for the sacral region with respect to the lumbar segment 2 as well as the intersegmental phase lag were due to cross-cord connections. Together, these results provide physiological evidence that the dynamic changes observed in trunk bending during locomotion are determined by the intrinsic organization of spinal cord networks and their longitudinal and transverse interactions. Similarities between this organization, and that of locomotor pattern generation in more primitive vertebrates, suggest that the circuits responsible for metachronal propagation of motor patterns during locomotion are highly conserved.}, doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2006.115709}, institution = {CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 5227, Université Bordeaux 2, Zone nord Bat 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.}, keywords = {Algorithms; Animals; Animals, Newborn, physiology; Biomechanical Phenomena; Hindlimb, innervation/physiology; Locomotion, physiology; Motor Neurons, physiology; Nerve Net, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, physiology; Spinal Nerve Roots, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {jphysiol.2006.115709}, pmid = {17185345}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.115709}, } @Article{Fallon:1981, author = {J. H. Fallon}, title = {Collateralization of monoamine neurons: mesotelencephalic dopamine projections to caudate, septum, and frontal cortex.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1981}, volume = {1}, number = {12}, pages = {1361--1368}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Axonal collateralization of substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons was studied in the rat with the multiple retrograde labeling technique using fluorescent dyes. Injections of nuclear yellow, granular blue, and propidium iodide were made into the caudate-putamen, septum, and frontal cortex and cells were found to be single, double, and triple labeled in the SN-VTA. Cells in the VTA were predominantly single labeled with the three tracers and cells in the medial SN were predominantly double labeled with the tracers. These results suggest that mesotelencephalic neurons in the SN-VTA can be subdivided into two subpopulations on the basis of relative degree of collateralization. The SN axons appear to be highly collateralized to anatomically and functionally distinct telencephalic areas and the VTA axons appear to have a more singular one-to-one type of projection to the same forebrain regions.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology; Brain, cytology/physiology; Caudate Nucleus, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Coloring Agents; Dopamine, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Female; Mesencephalon, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, physiology; Telencephalon, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6172572}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/1/12/1361.long}, } @Article{Fallon:1983, author = {J. H. Fallon}, title = {The islands of Calleja complex of rat basal forebrain II: connections of medium and large sized cells.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1983}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {775--793}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The connections of the medium (10-20 microns) and large (20-35 microns) cells of the islands of Calleja Complex (ICC) were studied in the albino rat with anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and fluorescent tracers. The medium and large size cells were found to project to the ipsilateral olfactory tubercle, ventral pallidum, septum, piriform cortex, periamygdaloid cortex, cortical nuclei of the amygdala, ventral endopiriform nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, Forel's field H, ventral tegmental area, supramammillary complex, and nuclei gemini of the hypothalamus, midline, intralaminar and medial thalamic nuclei, and lateral habenula. Afferents of the ICC appear to include the same nuclei with the exception of the lateral habenula. In addition, the dorsal raphe projects to the ICC. These connections are consistent with the concept that the ICC is a striato-pallidal structure.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(83)90210-1}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain, cytology; Female; Neurons, classification/ultrastructure; Olfactory Bulb, cytology; Olfactory Pathways, cytology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6616269}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fallon:1983a, author = {J. H. Fallon and R. Hicks and S. E. Loughlin}, title = {The origin of cholecystokinin terminals in the basal forebrain of the rat: evidence from immunofluorescence and retrograde tracing.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1983}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {29--35}, month = {May}, abstract = {The origins of cholecystokinin (CCK) fibers in the olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens and amygdala of the basal forebrain of the albino rat were studied with combined immunofluorescence and fluorescent retrograde tracing techniques. In each case, the majority of the CCK innervation arises topographically from subpopulations of neurons in the substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area of the midbrain. This ascending CCK input to the forebrain appears to exceed the amount of descending CCK input from the cortex. In this regard, the CCK innervation of limbic structures is quite different from that of the neostriatum. It has been reported that the CCK innervation of the neostriatum is derived primarily from piriform cortex as a descending corticostriatal projection. Limbic structures, on the other hand, are primarily innervated by ascending CCK, as well as local circuit, projections.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(83)90500-1}, keywords = {Animals; Cholecystokinin, physiology; Diencephalon, physiology; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Nerve Endings, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Telencephalon, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6348595}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fallon:1985, author = {Fallon, J. H. and Leslie, F. M. and Cone, R. I.}, title = {Dynorphin-containing pathways in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum: a double labeling study using combined immunofluorescence and retrograde tracing.}, journal = {Neuropeptides}, year = {1985}, volume = {5}, number = {4-6}, pages = {457--460}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {A rich plexus of dynorphin (DYN)-containing fibers and terminals is present throughout the substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area (SN-VTA). Lesion studies have indicated that these terminals originate, in part, from DYN-containing cell bodies in the caudate-putamen. We have utilized combined immunofluorescence and retrograde tracing techniques to confirm this finding and to demonstrate the presence of other potential DYN pathways in the region of SN-VTA. The location of DYN-containing cell bodies and fibers was determined by immunohistochemistry in untreated and colchicine-treated adult albino rats. In further double-labeling experiments, animals received injections of fluorescent retrograde tracers into SN-VTA, brainstem or amygdala, followed one to fourteen days later by colchicine treatment. Brains were subsequently processed for combined FITC immunofluorescence and fluorescent dye localization. These experiments provided neuroanatomical evidence for heterogeneous DYN-containing pathways in the SN-VTA. Topographically organized afferents arose from the caudate putamen, amygdala and hypothalamus, while efferents arose from only the most lateral sectors of the SN to the amygdala. While most of the observed descending projections terminated in the SN-VTA, hypothalamic and amygdala projections also continued en passage to the brainstem. These findings implicate DYN systems in striatal and limbic, as well as neuroendocrine, functions.}, doi = {10.1016/0143-4179(85)90053-8}, keywords = {Amygdala, metabolism; Animals; Brain Stem, metabolism; Dynorphins, metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Nucleus Accumbens, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, metabolism; Tegmentum Mesencephali, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0143-4179(85)90053-8}, pmid = {2860605}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fallon:1982, author = {Fallon, J. H. and Loughlin, S. E.}, title = {Monoamine innervation of the forebrain: collateralization.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1982}, volume = {9}, number = {1-6}, pages = {295--307}, abstract = {The forebrain is characterized by a dense, localized dopamine (DA) innervation pattern, a diffuse, widespread norepinephrine (NE) innervation pattern, and a serotonin (5-HT) innervation intermediate between the DA and NE patterns. These innervation patterns have implied that basic differences exist in the way DA, NE and 5-HT axons collateralize to different brain structures; that is, DA axons are thought to be poorly collateralized and NE and 5-HT axons are presumed to be more highly collateralized. In the present study, we used injections of retrograde labeling fluorescent dyes into various forebrain regions in order to determine axonal branching patterns from nuclei that contain DA, NE and 5-HT neurons, namely the substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area (SN-VTA), locus coeruleus (LC) and raphe nuclei (DR-MR). The results suggest that at least two subpopulations of neurons can be defined in each monoamine nucleus with respect to the way their axons collateralize. Each area contains a centrally located nuclear area with highly collateralized neurons, and more peripherally situated areas with less highly collateralized neurons. Thus, previous suppositions of the branching of monoamine axons must be revised to account for the existence of cells exhibiting totally different collateralization patterns within each monoamine nucleus.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(82)90143-5}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Dopamine, metabolism; Female; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Neurotransmitter Agents, metabolism; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Serotonin, metabolism; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6129040}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fallon:1978a, author = {J. H. Fallon and R. Y. Moore}, title = {Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. IV. Topography of the dopamine projection to the basal forebrain and neostriatum.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1978}, volume = {180}, number = {3}, pages = {545--580}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {In this study the location of dopamine (DA) neuron perikarya in the rostral mesencephalon of the rat was determined using the glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical technique. Subsequently the topography of the projection of these mesencephalic neurons on the basal forebrain and striatum was analyzed using the anterograde transport-autoradiographic tracing method and the retrograde transport-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. The results of these anatomical studies were correlated with the biochemical and histochemical studies presented in previous reports (Moore, '78; Fallon and Moore, '78; Fallon et al., '78) to provide the following conclusions. The topography of the DA neuron projection of the basal forebrain and neostriatum is organized in three planes, dorsal-ventral, medial-lateral and anterior-posterior. DA cells are found almost exclusively in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Ventral cells of the SN and VTA project to the dorsal structures of the basal forebrain such as the septum, nucleus accumbens and neostriatum. The latter includes some DA cells located ventrally in the pars reticulata of the SN. Dorsal cells project to ventral structures. The medial-lateral topography is organized such that the medial sectors of the SN-VTA area project to the medial parts of nuclei in the basal forebrain and neostriatum whereas lateral sectors of the SN-VTA area project to the lateral parts of nuclei in the basal forebrain and neostriatum. An anterior-posterior topography also is evident such that anterior parts of the SN-VTA project anteriorly whereas the posterior SN-VTA projects more posteriorly in these areas. These observations are consistent with the view that the DA neurons of the SN-VTA complex form a single nuclear group with a highly topographically organized projection innervating not only deep nuclei of the telencephalon but allocortical structures as well.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901800310}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Autoradiography; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Dopamine, metabolism; Female; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Rats; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {659674}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901800310}, } @Article{Fallon:1979, author = {J. H. Fallon and R. Y. Moore}, title = {Superior colliculus efferents to the hypothalamus.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1979}, volume = {14}, number = {2-3}, pages = {265--270}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The projection of the superior colliculus to the hypothalamus was studied in the rabbit and rat with light and electron microscopic techniques. This projection system, as demonstrated with the anterograde transport of tritiated leucine, proline, adenosine or horseradish peroxidase, is primarily to dendrites located in the ipsilateral optic and supraoptic tracts. The dendrites originate from cells located in the lateral and anterior hypothalamic areas, retrochiasmatic area and supraoptic nucleus. Thus, the ventral tier of the hypothalamus appears to receive both separate and overlapping visual and multimodal sensory-motor inputs from the retina, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(79)96159-7}, keywords = {Adenosine, metabolism; Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Hypothalamus, Anterior, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Leucine, metabolism; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Proline, metabolism; Rabbits; Rats; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Supraoptic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {93726}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fallon:1978b, author = {Fallon, J. H. and Riley, J. N. and Moore, R. Y.}, title = {Substantia nigra dopamine neurons: separate populations project to neostriatum and allocortex.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1978}, volume = {7}, number = {2-3}, pages = {157--162}, month = {Feb}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(78)90160-x}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(78)90160-X}, pmid = {19605105}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fallon:1978, author = {Fallon, J. H. and Riley, J. N. and Sipe, J. C. and Moore, R. Y.}, title = {The islands of Calleja: organization and connections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1978}, volume = {181}, number = {2}, pages = {375--395}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The islands of Calleja (IC) in the rate are composed of seven small groups of granule cells in the polymorph layer of the olfactory tubercle and one large group, the insula magna, which lies along the border between septum, nucleus accumbens and nucleus of the diagonal band. The cytoarchitecture and neuronal morphology of the IC and surrounding cells, studied using Nissl-stained and Golgi-Kopsch material, are described. In addition, the afferent and efferent connections of the IC were analyzed using fluorescence histochemistry, the autoradiographic tracing method, and the anterograde and retrograde horseradish peroxidase methods. Topographically organized projections to the IC from the dopamine-containing cells of the substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area are demonstrated by the glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical method and the autoradiographic tracing technique. Anterograde and retrograde horseradish peroxidase studies provide evidence for reciprocal, topographically organized interconnections between the IC and the septum, nucleus accumbens, amygdala and piriform cortex. These observations indicate that the IC constitute a unique population of granule cells, located in the olfactory tubercle, innervated by dopamine neurons of the mesencephalon and interconnected with olfactory and non-olfactory components of the basal forebrain.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901810209}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping, methods; Female; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Olfactory Bulb, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Staining and Labeling}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {80412}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901810209}, } @Article{Fallon:1984, author = {J. H. Fallon and L. C. Schmued and C. Wang and R. Miller and G. Banales}, title = {Neurons in the ventral tegmentum have separate populations projecting to telencephalon and inferior olive, are histochemically different, and may receive direct visual input.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {321}, number = {2}, pages = {332--336}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The connections of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and medial terminal nucleus (MTN) of the accessory optic system were studied in the albino rat. Using injection of two fluorescent retrograde tracers it was found that individual neurons of the VTA project to frontal cortices or the inferior olive but not both structures. Using combined retrograde fluorescent tracers and glyoxylic acid histochemistry, it was found that although a third of the cells projecting to frontal cortex contained catecholamine, none of the cells projecting to the inferior olive contained catecholamine. Thus, these portions of the ascending and descending VTA systems are independent. In addition, using injections of the anterograde transneuronal tracer [3H]adenosine into one eye, it was found that cells in the VTA, as well as the MTN, contained the tracer. Therefore, there is a basis for direct retino-mesentelencephalic pathways through the VTA.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90188-4}, keywords = {Animals; Catecholamines, metabolism; Dopamine, metabolism; Female; Histocytochemistry; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6498523}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fallon:1984b, author = {J. H. Fallon and K. B. Seroogy}, title = {Visual and auditory pathways contain cholecystokinin: evidence from immunofluorescence and retrograde tracing.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1984}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {81--87}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The distribution of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the visual and auditory systems of the rat was studied with combined immunofluorescence and fluorescence retrograde tracing techniques. Double-labeled projection neurons in the pathway from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of visual cortex, and from the superior olive to the inferior colliculus demonstrated the presence of CCK-containing pathways in the ascending visual and auditory systems. Thus, CCK can be viewed as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator candidate in ascending sensory systems.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(84)90333-1}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, analysis; Auditory Pathways, analysis; Cholecystokinin, analysis; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Geniculate Bodies, analysis; Neurons, analysis; Rats; Visual Cortex, analysis; Visual Pathways, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6374513}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fallon:1983b, author = {J. H. Fallon and C. Wang and Y. Kim and N. Canepa and S. Loughlin and K. Seroogy}, title = {Dopamine- and cholecystokinin-containing neurons of the crossed mesostriatal projection.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1983}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, pages = {233--238}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The projection of the substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area (SN-VTA) to the ipsilateral and contralateral caudate-putamen was studied with double-labeling fluorescence techniques in the albino rat. By combining glyoxylic acid histofluorescence with retrograde fluorescence tracers, we were able to determine that 93\% of the minor (1-2\%) contralateral mesostriatal pathway is catecholaminergic. In addition, combined immunofluorescence and retrograde fluorescence tracer studies showed that 50\% of the crossed mesostriatal pathway also arises from cholecystokinin-containing neurons. These results provide evidence for crossed catecholamine- and peptide-containing pathways in the mesostriatal system which is part of the 'prefrontal system' that links the prefrontal cortex through the caudate-putamen, with the thalamus and tectum of each hemisphere.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(83)90044-7}, keywords = {Animals; Cholecystokinin, physiology; Corpus Striatum, physiology; Dopamine, physiology; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Histocytochemistry; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Tegmentum Mesencephali, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6316210}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Falls:1984, author = {W. M. Falls}, title = {Axonal endings terminating on dendrites of identified large trigeminospinal projection neurons in rat trigeminal nucleus oralis.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {324}, number = {2}, pages = {335--341}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The retrograde horseradish peroxidase technique was used to: (1) identify and assess the overall morphology of large neurons in the ventrolateral portion (VL) of rat trigeminal nucleus oralis projecting to cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral levels of the spinal cord; and (2) characterize the synaptic endings terminating on their dendrites. The morphology of large VL neurons projecting to all spinal levels is similar. They have 25-50 microns pyramidal-shaped somata which emit 3-6 primary dendrites. These primary dendrites give rise to spherical to elliptical-shaped dendritic arbors measuring up to 700 microns in diameter. Labeled axons enter either a deep axon bundle or the medial portion of the spinal V tract. Dendrites of labeled neurons are contacted by axonal endings of 3 types. The most numerous endings are filled with clear, spherical synaptic vesicles and usually form single asymmetrical contacts along the entire length of dendritic shafts. Synapsing less frequently on dendritic shafts are endings containing pleomorphic synaptic vesicles and forming single symmetrical synaptic contacts. The least frequently encountered synaptic terminal contains flattened synaptic vesicles and makes a single symmetrical synaptic contact with a dendritic shaft.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90044-1}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology; Synapses, ultrastructure; Synaptic Vesicles, ultrastructure; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(84)90044-1}, pmid = {6529624}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Falls:1984a, author = {W. M. Falls}, title = {Termination in trigeminal nucleus oralis of ascending intratrigeminal axons originating from neurons in the medullary dorsal horn: an HRP study in the rat employing light and electron microscopy.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {290}, number = {1}, pages = {136--140}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The anterograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique was used to identify ascending intratrigeminal axons originating from neurons in the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) which terminate in trigeminal nucleus oralis (Vo). HRP injections into the MDH labeled two populations of axons ascending ipsilaterally within the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The first population was composed of parent branches which each gave off a single branching collateral strand to Vo as they ascended. These collaterals were characterized by boutons filled with small, round synaptic vesicles and forming asymmetrical synaptic contacts with large diameter dendritic shafts. The second axonal population was made up of parent branches which terminated directly in Vo. Their short terminal strands were distinguished by axonal endings containing pleomorphic synaptic vesicles and forming symmetrical synaptic junctions with small diameter dendritic shafts and spines.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90743-1}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, ultrastructure; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(84)90743-1}, pmid = {6692129}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Falls:1984c, author = {Falls, W. M.}, title = {The morphology of neurons in trigeminal nucleus oralis projecting to the medullary dorsal horn (trigeminal nucleus caudalis): a retrograde horseradish peroxidase and Golgi study.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1984}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {1279--1298}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {This study demonstrates that trigeminal nucleus oralis, the most rostral subdivision of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, contains four morphologically distinct types of small neurons which project to the medullary dorsal horn (trigeminal nucleus caudalis) via descending intratrigeminal pathways. Using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase following injections in the medullary dorsal horn, labeled small neurons with cell bodies ranging from 8-15 microns in diameter are found principally in the ventrolateral portion of the trigeminal nucleus oralis. Most neurons are labeled ipsilaterally throughout the entire rostrocaudal extent of the ventrolateral portion of the trigeminal nucleus oralis, but a few cells are also labeled contralaterally. From this aspect of the present study it can be concluded that a specific portion of the trigeminal nucleus oralis, i.e. the ventrolateral part, contains numerous small neurons which send descending projections to the medullary dorsal horn that could affect synaptic activity there. Utilizing both the methods of Golgi and retrograde horseradish peroxidase labeling four distinct types of small descending medullary dorsal horn projection neurons can be distinguished in the ventrolateral portion of the trigeminal nucleus oralis on the basis of their morphology and the distribution of their axons and dendrites. All four neuronal cell types are present throughout the entire rostrocaudal extent of the trigeminal nucleus oralis. Type I neurons are the most frequently labeled descending medullary dorsal horn projection neurons. They are concentrated in the medial 500-550 microns of the ventrolateral portion of the trigeminal nucleus oralis and display dendritic trees which occupy spherical domains approaching 300 microns in diameter. The unmyelinated axons of many of these cells arise either directly from the cell body or a primary dendrite and give rise to a single collateral within 50 microns of their site of origin. This collateral generates a fine axonal plexus within a portion of the dendritic arbor of the parent cell while the parent axon, without branching further, travels a short distance in the ventrolateral portion of the trigeminal nucleus oralis and enters a deep axon bundle. Type II neurons are the second most frequently labeled descending medullary dorsal horn projection neuron. They generate medial and lateral dendritic arbors which together span nearly the entire medial 500-550 microns of the ventrolateral portion of the trigeminal nucleus oralis. An unmyelinated axon emerges from the cell body and within 10-30 microns of its origin gives rise to two collaterals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(84)90298-7}, keywords = {Animals; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6527793}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Falls:1986a, author = {W. M. Falls}, title = {Morphology and synaptic connections of myelinated primary axons in the ventrolateral region of rat trigeminal nucleus oralis.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1986}, volume = {244}, number = {1}, pages = {96--110}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Neurons in the ventrolateral (VL) subdivision of rat trigeminal nucleus oralis (Vo) have most of their dendritic arbors confined within this region. This study examines the morphology and synaptic connections of a population of myelinated primary trigeminal axons that arborize within VL and are in a position to provide input directly to VL neurons. Primary axons were visualized for light and electron microscopic analysis by injecting 30\% horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in 2\% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) into the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve and allowing 24-36 hours for the anterograde transport of HRP into the terminal axonal arbors. This population is characterized by its cone-shaped terminal arbors, which generate many axonal endings (2-8 micron in diameter) along unmyelinated terminal strands. These arbors arise from collaterals emanating from thinly myelinated (2-5 micron in diameter) parent branches descending in the spinal V tract, which, on the basis of their size, are considered to be small myelinated (A sigma) primary trigeminal axons. HRP-labeled P endings belonging to this population of primary axons are scalloped, filled with spherical to ovoid (40-70 nm in diameter) synaptic vesicles, and lie centrally in glomeruli where they make asymmetrical axodendritic synapses on dendritic shafts and spine heads. It is at these synapses that this population of primary trigeminal axons is probably transferring its input directly to the dendritic arbors of VL neurons. The dendritic shafts and spine heads also receive symmetrical to intermediate axodendritic synapses from endings containing flattened (70 X 29 nm) synaptic vesicles. These terminals also establish axo-axonic synapses on the P ending. Other synaptic components found less often in the glomeruli include small terminals containing oval (14-23 nm) synaptic vesicles that establish symmetrical to intermediate synapses on the P ending, boutons containing pleomorphic (35-80 nm) synaptic vesicles that form symmetrical to intermediate synapses on the P ending as well as on dendritic shafts, and small peripheral endings containing round (20-40 nm) synaptic vesicles that establish asymmetrical synapses on dendritic shafts.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902440108}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, ultrastructure; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3950093}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902440108}, } @Article{Falls:1986c, author = {W. M. Falls}, title = {Morphology and synaptic connections of unmyelinated primary axons in the border zone of rat trigeminal nucleus oralis.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1986}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, pages = {342--347}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {This anterograde horseradish peroxidase study examines the morphology and synaptic connections of a population of primary axons which terminate in the dorsal one-half of the border zone (BZ) of rat trigeminal nucleus oralis. Unmyelinated parent fibers in the spinal V tract enter BZ directly and each terminate by continuing as a sparsely branched, long caudally directed strand containing several axonal endings. Primary endings lie in glomeruli where each forms an asymmetrical synapse on a central dendrite. Other glomerular components include two types of non-primary endings. One contains flattened synaptic vesicles, and forms a symmetrical synapse on either the primary ending or the central dendrite, while the other contains pleomorphic synaptic vesicles and establishes a symmetrical synapse on the central dendrite.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(86)90576-8}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, ultrastructure; Synaptic Vesicles, ultrastructure; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3774235}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Falls:1987, author = {W. M. Falls}, title = {Direct connections of primary trigeminal afferent axons with trigeminocerebellar projection neurons in the border zone of rat trigeminal nucleus oralis.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1987}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, pages = {247-252}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {This study presents electron microscopical evidence for direct synaptic contact between primary trigeminal axonal (PR) endings and trigeminocerebellar projection neurons (TCPNs), in the border zone (BZ) of rat trigeminal nucleus oralis. The combined techniques of anterograde degeneration following trigeminal sensory root rhizotomy and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase subsequent to injections into the orofacial tactile portions of crura I and II of the cerebellar hemispheres were utilized. Degenerating PR endings lie centrally in glomeruli where they form axodendritic synapses on higher order dendrites of identified BZ TCPNs. It is at these synapses that the PR endings are probably transferring tactile input to BZ TCPNs for direct relay to the cerebellar cortex. Transmitter release at the axodendritic synapses may be modified within the glomeruli by axoaxonic synapses between terminals containing flattened synaptic vesicles and the PR ending.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(87)90094-2}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1316.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Cerebellar Cortex, ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, ultrastructure; Rats; Synapses, ultrastructure; Trigeminal Nuclei, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3441307}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Falls:1988, author = {W. M. Falls}, title = {Synaptic organization of primary axons in trigeminal nucleus oralis.}, journal = {J Electron Microsc Tech}, year = {1988}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {213--227}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {This report examines the morphology and synaptic connections of small-diameter primary trigeminal axons that terminate in the border zone (BZ) and ventrolateral (VL) subdivisions of rat trigeminal nucleus oralis (Vo). Primary axons were made visible for light and electron microscopic analysis by utilizing the method of anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. BZ receives the terminal arborizations of two different populations of small-diameter primary axons. One of these arises from unmyelinated parent fibers and terminates in the dorsal one-half of BZ, while the other has small myelinated parent branches that arborize throughout the subdivision. Terminating within VL are the arbors of a second population of small myelinated primary axons. The endings of all three populations of primary axons lie in synaptic glomeruli. Endings in both subdivisions derived from small myelinated parent fibers lie centrally in glomeruli. Those in VL form axodendritic synapses on numerous dendritic shafts and spines, while endings in BZ glomeruli make at least one axodendritic synapse on one or two dendritic shafts. Endings of unmyelinated primary axons in BZ lie at the periphery of glomeruli where each forms a single axodendritic synapse on a central dendrite. It is at these asymmetrical axodendritic synapses that these three populations of primary axons are thought to transfer their inputs directly to the dendritic arbors of second-order BZ and VL neurons. Common to all three glomeruli is one or more small axonal endings filled with flattened synaptic vesicles that establish axoaxonic synapses on the primary ending as well as axodendritic synapses on the dendritic element(s) receiving primary input. In view of their symmetrical to intermediate synaptic contacts, these endings are thought to belong to axons derived from at least one source that can inhibit or diminish the firing rate of second-order BZ and VL neurons in response to primary input.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/jemt.1060100302}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1316.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Synapses, ultrastructure; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3069968}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060100302}, } @Article{Falls:1986, author = {W. M. Falls and M. M. Alban}, title = {Morphological features of identified trigeminocerebellar projection neurons in the border zone of rat trigeminal nucleus oralis.}, journal = {Somatosens Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, abstract = {The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to assess the overall morphology of neurons in the dorsal half of the border zone (BZ) of rat trigeminal nucleus oralis (Vo) that project to ipsilateral orofacial portions of four major tactile areas (crura I and II, the paramedian lobule, and the uvula) of the cerebellar cortex. We wished to answer two important questions: Does this group of cells consist of one or more morphologically distinct types, each projecting to different cerebellar tactile areas? Does the overall morphology or morphologies of these BZ neurons resemble one or more of the five types of identified trigeminocerebellar neurons in the dorsomedial (DM) subdivision of Vo, or do these trigeminocerebellar cells represent an additional morphologically distinct type or types restricted to BZ? The morphology of BZ neurons innervating the orofacial portions of all four cerebellar tactile areas was similar and did not resemble that of any of the five types of DM cells. They were characterized by a pyramidal- to fusiform-shaped cell body measuring 10-13 X 20-25 microns, which emitted three or four primary dendrites; one was directed dorsally, while the others took a more ventral trajectory. The primary dendrites generated a dendritic arbor arranged as a flattened disk oriented parallel to the spinal V tract. The dendritic field was largely restricted to BZ; it measured up to 150 microns in width, and spanned up to 450 microns dorsoventrally and rostrocaudally. An axon arose from the dorsal aspect of the cell body and gave rise to a single short collateral within 10 microns of its origin. This collateral remained unbranched and generated several boutons within BZ, while the parent axon, without branching further, traveled dorsolaterally toward the inferior cerebellar peduncle. Frequently, a second axon arose ventrally from the soma, and after a short unbranched course entered a deep axon bundle, where it assumed a descending trajectory. The intranuclear portion of this second axon was characterized by several boutons en passant.}, doi = {10.3109/07367228609144594}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Touch, physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3797911}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Falls:1986b, author = {W. M. Falls and M. M. Alban}, title = {Morphology and synaptic connections of small myelinated primary trigeminal axons arborizing among neurons in the border zone of rat trigeminal nucleus oralis.}, journal = {Somatosens Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {97--110}, abstract = {The anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to examine the morphology and synaptic connections of a morphologically distinct group of small-diameter primary trigeminal axons that arborize throughout the border zone (BZ) of rat trigeminal nucleus oralis. Thinly myelinated parent branches (0.75-1.5 micron in diameter) descending in the spinal V tract (SVT) were seen to issue medially directed collaterals that entered BZ, where they branched and eventually terminated by giving rise to thin terminal strands characterized by several relatively widely spaced axonal endings. Based on the size and morphology of the parent branches in SVT, in the root entry zone, and in the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve, these primary axonal (P) endings are considered to be derived from small-diameter myelinated primary trigeminal axons (SDMA). The P endings measured 1-2 micron in diameter and contained numerous agranular spherical (40-60 nm) synaptic vesicles. In the BZ neuropil, most P endings lay in glomeruli, where each formed at least one asymmetrical axodendritic synapse on a dendritic shaft. It is at these synapses that this group of primary axons is thought to transfer its input directly to the dendritic arbors of BZ neurons. A small (0.5-1.5 micron) axonal (F) ending filled with flattened synaptic vesicles (29 X 60 nm) was observed to form at least one symmetrical to intermediate axoaxonic synapse on the P ending, as well as at least one axodendritic synapse on the same dendritic shaft receiving the primary input. Some F endings only contacted dendritic shafts. In view of their symmetrical to intermediate synaptic contacts, F endings are thought to belong to axons derived from at least one source that can inhibit or diminish the firing rate of BZ neurons in response to SDMA input. This would be accomplished either postsynaptically through the axodendritic synapses on the dendritic shafts, and/or presynaptically through the axoaxonic synapses on the P endings.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.3109/07367228609144600}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, ultrastructure; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3809836}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Falls:1990, author = {W. M. Falls and B. J. Moore and M. T. Schneider}, title = {Fine structural characteristics and synaptic connections of trigeminocerebellar projection neurons in rat trigeminal nucleus oralis.}, journal = {Somatosens Mot Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {1-18}, abstract = {In order to classify the presynaptic terminals contacting trigeminocerebellar projection neurons (TCPNs) in rat trigeminal nucleus oralis (Vo), electron-microscopic examination of sequential thin sections made from TCPNs located in the border zone (BZ) of Vo, labeled by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, was undertaken. The use of BZ TCPNs, labeled in Golgi-like fashion so that many of their dendrites and axons were visible, allowed for the determination of the distribution of each bouton type along the soma and dendrites, as well as for the characterization of the morphology and synaptic relations of the labeled axon and its terminals. Three types of axon terminals contacting labeled BZ TCPNs have been recognized, depending upon whether they contain primarily spherical-shaped, agranular synaptic vesicles (S endings); predominantly flattened, agranular synaptic vesicles (F endings); or a population of pleomorphic-shaped, agranular synaptic vesicles (P endings). The S endings represent the majority of axon terminals contacting labeled BZ TCPNs and establish asymmetrical axosomatic and axodendritic synaptic contacts. Many S endings are situated in one of two types of synaptic glomeruli. One type of glomerulus has a large S ending at its core, whereas the other contains a small S ending. Large-S-ending glomeruli include only labeled distal dendrites of BZ TCPNs; small-S-ending glomeruli contain either a labeled soma, proximal dendrite, or distal dendritic shaft. The remaining S endings are extraglomerular, synapsing on distal dendrites. P endings are less frequently encountered and establish intermediate axosomatic and axodendritic synapses. These endings exhibit a generalized distribution along the entire somatodendritic tree. F endings make symmetrical axodendritic synapses with distal dendrites, are only found in glomeruli containing small S endings, and are the least frequently observed ending contacting labeled BZ TCPNs. The majority of axonal endings synapsing on labeled BZ TCPNs are located along distal dendrites, with only a relatively few synapsing terminals situated on proximal dendrites and somata. The axons of labeled BZ TCPNs arise from the cell body and generally give rise to a single short collateral near their points of origin. This collateral remains unbranched and generates several boutons within BZ, while the parent axon acquires a myelin sheath and, without branching further, travels dorsolaterally toward the inferior cerebellar peduncle. The collateral boutons resemble extraglomerular S endings. They contain agranular, spherical-shaped synaptic vesicles and make asymmetrical axodendritic synapses with small-diameter unlabeled dendritic shafts in the BZ neuropil.}, doi = {10.3109/08990229009144695}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1316.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellum, ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, Afferent, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Nerve, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2330785}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Falls:1985, author = {W. M. Falls and R. E. Rice and J. P. VanWagner}, title = {The dorsomedial portion of trigeminal nucleus oralis (Vo) in the rat: cytology and projections to the cerebellum.}, journal = {Somatosens Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {89-118}, abstract = {Electrophysiological studies have described four major tactile areas in the rat cerebellar cortex. These areas are in crus I, crus II, the paramedian lobule (PML), and the uvula, and a major portion of each is related to the ipsilateral orofacial region. This study demonstrates that neurons in trigeminal nucleus oralis (Vo) that project to the orofacial portions of these four major tactile areas are localized in the dorsomedial (DM) subdivision of the nucleus. The distribution, light-microscopic morphology, and relative densities of trigeminocerebellar neurons within DM, retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) following injections into each of the four major tactile areas, were analyzed and compared as well as correlated with the myelo- and cytoarchitecture of DM observed in Nissl sections, 1-micron sections, and Golgi material. On the basis of myelo- and cytoarchitectonic as well as trigeminocerebellar connectional criteria, three portions of DM were identified: caudal DM ( CDM), middle DM (MDM), and rostral DM (RDM). The greatest portion of DM is made up of MDM (1.3 mm long), which can be further subdivided into dorsal (MDMd) and ventral (MDMv) zones. CDM forms the caudal 800 microns of DM, while RDM makes up the rostral 280 microns of the subdivision. Longitudinally running deep axon bundles permeate CDM, MDMv, and RDM, but are conspicuously absent from MDMd. The majority of neurons found throughout CDM, MDMv, and RDM have medium-sized (15- to 30-microns) somata and can be divided into two types on the basis of their somatodendritic morphology. CDM, MDMv, and RDM also contain a small neuronal cell type (5- to 15-microns cell body) that is encountered less frequently than either one of the two types of medium-sized cells. A fourth type of neuron with a large (25- to 50-microns) fusiform- to pyramidal-shaped cell body is the least frequently observed neuronal cell type and is located principally in CDM and MDMv. MDMd contains a fifth type of neuron characterized by a small (5- to 15-microns) oval soma. Data from the retrograde HRP experiments show that all five of these neuronal cell types in their respective portions of DM project to one or more of the orofacial portions of the four major tactile areas of the cerebellar cortex. Many medium-sized neurons of both types in CDM, MDMv, and RDM project to crus I, crus II, and/or PML.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, doi = {10.3109/07367228509144579}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, classification; Brain Mapping; Cell Count; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Dendrites, classification; Functional Laterality, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, Afferent, classification; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling; Touch, physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Uvula, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2424067}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fang:2011, author = {Fang, Marong and Huang, Jian-Ying and Wang, Jing and Ling, Shu-Cai and Rudd, John A. and Hu, Zhi-Ying and Xu, Lin-Hao and Yuan, Zhang-Gen and Han, Shu}, title = {Anti-neuroinflammatory and neurotrophic effects of combined therapy with annexin II and Reg-2 on injured spinal cord.}, journal = {Neurosignals}, year = {2011}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {16--43}, abstract = {The present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid-binding protein annexin II and a secreted protein Reg-2 (regeneration gene protein 2) in spinal cord injury (SCI) model produced by contusion SCI at T(9) using the weight drop method. The agents were delivered intrathecally with Alzet miniosmotic pumps. We found that annexin II and Reg-2 remarkably reduced neuronal death, attenuated tissue damage and alleviated detrimental inflammation in vivo; meanwhile, a significant increase in white matter sparing and myelination area was observed. The propriospinal axons and long-distance supraspinal pathways were protected by the treatments as revealed by retrograde tracing. Basso Beattie Bresnahan locomotor rating scores also revealed a measurable behavioral improvement. However, no evident behavioral improvements in locomotor performance were achieved by the combined treatment with annexin II and Reg-2, compared with the separate treatment with annexin II and Reg-2.}, doi = {10.1159/000324272}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.}, keywords = {Animals; Annexin A2, therapeutic use; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, therapeutic use; Antigens, CD, metabolism; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Therapy, Combination, methods; Female; GAP-43 Protein, metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, drug effects; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, metabolism; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, metabolism; Interleukin-3, metabolism; Lithostathine, therapeutic use; Locomotion, drug effects; Nerve Growth Factors, therapeutic use; Neurofilament Proteins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recombinant Fusion Proteins, metabolism; Recombinant Proteins; Spinal Cord Injuries, drug therapy/physiopathology; Stilbamidines, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {000324272}, pmid = {21430360}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000324272}, } @Article{Fang:2011a, author = {Fang, Marong and Wang, Jing and Huang, Jian-Ying and Ling, Shu-Cai and Rudd, John A. and Hu, Zhi-Ying and Yew, David T. and Han, Shu}, title = {The neuroprotective effects of Reg-2 following spinal cord transection injury.}, journal = {Anat Rec (Hoboken)}, year = {2011}, volume = {294}, number = {1}, pages = {24--45}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {This study was designed to elucidate the potential neuroprotective effects of Reg-2 (regeneration gene protein 2) in a rodent model of spinal cord transection injury at the ninth thoracic level. Reg-2 at 100 and 500 μg, recombinant rat ciliary neurotrophic factor, or vehicle were delivered intrathecally using Alzet miniosmotic pumps. We found that Reg-2 treatment significantly reduced neuronal death in the spinal cord. There was also an attenuation of inflammation at the injury site and an increase in white matter sparing and retained myelination. Retrograde tracing revealed that Reg-2 protected axons of long descending pathways at 6 weeks post-SCI, and the number of FluoroGold-labeled neurons in spinal and supraspinal regions was also significantly increased. Immunofluorescent staining confirmed that the spared white matter contained neurofilament-positive axons. Moreover, behavioral improvements were revealed by Basso Beattie Bresnahan locomotor rating scores and grid-walk analysis. These results suggest that Reg-2 might promote functional recovery by increasing axonal growth, inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, and attenuating spinal cord secondary injury after SCI.}, doi = {10.1002/ar.21281}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.}, keywords = {Animals; Antigens, Neoplasm, administration /&/ dosage/therapeutic use; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, administration /&/ dosage/therapeutic use; Axons, physiology; Cell Death, physiology; Cervical Vertebrae; Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor, administration /&/ dosage; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Injections, Spinal; Lectins, C-Type, administration /&/ dosage/therapeutic use; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neuroprotective Agents, administration /&/ dosage/therapeutic use; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recovery of Function, physiology; Spinal Cord Injuries, metabolism/physiopathology/therapy; Thoracic Vertebrae, injuries; Tumor Markers, Biological, administration /&/ dosage/therapeutic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {21157914}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.21281}, } @Article{Farb:1997, author = {Farb, C. R. and LeDoux, J. E.}, title = {NMDA and AMPA receptors in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala are postsynaptic to auditory thalamic afferents.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {1997}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {106--121}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Projections from the medial geniculate body (MGB) to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) have been implicated in the conditioning of emotional reactions to acoustic stimuli. Anatomical and physiological studies indicate that this pathway uses the excitatory amino acid L-glutamate as a transmitter. Recent physiological studies have demonstrated that synaptic transmission in the thalamo-amygdala pathway requires the activation of both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors, two of the major classes of ionotrophic glutamate receptors. In order to characterize the nature of thalamoamygdala interactions, we examined the synaptic associations between thalamic afferents and amygdala neurons that contain at least one glutamate receptor subtype. Thalamic afferents to the amygdala were identified by lesion-induced anterograde degeneration and anterograde transport of biotinylated dextran-amine, while postsynaptic glutamate receptors were labeled immunocytochemically using antisera directed the R1 subunit of the NMDA receptor and the GluR1 and GluR2/3 subunits of the AMPA receptors. Both methods demonstrated that the majority (77\%) of thalamic afferents contact dendritic spines, and most (60\%) of these spines express at least one glutamate receptor subtype. To a lesser extent, identified afferents also contacted small and large dendritic shafts, and many of these were immunoreactive. Thalamic afferents terminated on approximately the same proportion (60\%) of immunoreactive targets for each glutamate receptor studied. These data provide morphological evidence that thalamic afferents directly synapse onto amygdala neurons that express glutamate receptors and suggest ways in which thalamic afferents activate and influence amygdala circuitry.}, doi = {3.0.CO;2-I}, institution = {Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York 10003, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, ultrastructure; Amygdala, ultrastructure; Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA, ultrastructure; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, ultrastructure; Thalamus, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-I}, pmid = {9266772}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/3.0.CO;2-I}, } @Article{Farb:1999, author = {C. R. Farb and J. E. Ledoux}, title = {Afferents from rat temporal cortex synapse on lateral amygdala neurons that express NMDA and AMPA receptors.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {1999}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, pages = {218--229}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) is a critical component of the circuitry through which environmental stimuli are endowed with emotional meaning through association with painful or threatening events. Individual cells in LA receive convergent input from auditory processing areas in the thalamus and cortex, and the excitatory amino-acid L-glutamate (Glu) participates in synaptic transmission in both pathways. Previously, we characterized the ultrastructure of pre- and postsynaptic processes in the thalamo-amygdala pathway, and showed the relation of presynaptic inputs to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydoxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits. In the present study, we examined the nature of cortico-amygdala synaptic interactions with Glu receptors in LA and determined whether they are similar or different from those in the thalamo-amygdala pathway. Cortical afferents to the LA were identified by anterograde transport of biotinylated-dextran amine (BDA) and postsynaptic sites were labeled immunocytochemically using antisera directed against the R1 subunit the NMDA receptor, and the R1 and R2/3 subunits of the AMPA receptor. Electron microscopy revealed that the vast majority of cortical afferents (99\%) synapse onto distal dendritic processes and most of these processes (62\%) contained at least one glutamate receptor subtype. Cortical afferents synapsed on approximately the same proportion of immunoreactive targets for each glutamate receptor subtype examined. These data provide morphological evidence that cortical afferents form direct synaptic contacts with LA neurons that express both NMDA and AMPA receptors and are consistent with recent physiological studies demonstrating the participation of NMDA and AMPA receptors in cortico-amygdala-transmission. These results are nearly identical to those obtained in the studies of the thalamo-amygdala pathway.}, doi = {3.0.CO;2-1}, institution = {Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Amygdala, metabolism/ultrastructure; Animals; Auditory Cortex, metabolism/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA, metabolism/ultrastructure; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, metabolism/ultrastructure; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-1}, pmid = {10420169}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/3.0.CO;2-1}, } @Article{Fardin:1984, author = {V. Fardin and J. L. Oliveras and J. M. Besson}, title = {Projections from the periaqueductal gray matter to the B3 cellular area (nucleus raphe magnus and nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis) as revealed by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1984}, volume = {223}, number = {4}, pages = {483--500}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Afferent projections from the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) to the B3 region (nucleus raphe magnus, NRM; and nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, NPG) were examined by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method revealed by using the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) procedure. Following iontophoretic injection of HRP into the B3 cellular area, numerous labeled neurons were found between the third oculomotor complex and the rostral part of the tegmental nucleus dorsalis of Gudden. The most densely labeled regions were the lateral parts of the dorsal raphe nucleus (wings of the DRN) and Hamilton's nucleus dorsalis of the PAG. Very few neurons were found within the medial part of the DRN. In contrast, results with control injections performed outside the B3 area gave a different distribution of labeled neurons. The functional significance of these connections, particularly those emanating from the wings of the DRN which represent new information, is briefly discussed with regard to mechanisms operative in the control of pain. Although the major PAG-B3 direct projections could underlie a role for the B3 area in PAG-induced analgesia, the comparison of our anatomical and behavioral results points out some problems. Indeed, there is no strict correlation between the location of stimulation sites which induce analgesia in the freely moving rats and the distribution within the PAG of B3 projections. These observations lead us to question the role of direct PAG-B3 connections in the antinociception induced by PAG stimulation and alternative hypotheses are proposed.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902230403}, keywords = {Analgesia; Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Olivary Nucleus, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, physiology; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6325508}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902230403}, } @Article{FaridAhmed:1998, author = {{Farid Ahmed}, A. K. and Dong, K. and Hanna, G. F. and Yamadori, T.}, title = {Retrograde double-labeling study of retinal ganglion cells from the ipsilateral vLGN and SC in the albino rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1998}, volume = {244}, number = {1}, pages = {47--51}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Retinal ganglion cells with branches to the ipsilateral ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) and superior colliculus (SC) were studied by retrograde fluorescent double-labeling. Double-labeled cells were found in the ventral temporal crescent of the retina, with a few ipsilaterally projecting single-labeled cells scattered in this area. Single-labeled vLGN-projecting cells were found predominantly in the ventral-temporal crescent and to a lesser extent in the temporal and dorsotemporal octant. SC-projecting cells were present predominantly in the ventral-temporal crescent and to a lesser extent in the ventral and ventronasal octant. Our best animal model had 2200 ipsilaterally labeled cells. There were 451 (20.5\%) double-labeled vLGN and SC-projecting cells, 561 (25.5\%) single-labeled vLGN-projecting cells, and 1186 (53.9\%) single-labeled SC-projecting cells.}, doi = {10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00114-1}, institution = {Department of Ophthalmology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595, USA. farid-ahmed@nymc.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cell Count; Dextrans, metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Geniculate Bodies, metabolism/physiology; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retinal Ganglion Cells, metabolism/physiology; Rhodamines, metabolism; Stilbamidines; Superior Colliculi, metabolism/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(98)00114-1}, pmid = {9578141}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Farkas:1997, author = {Farkas, E. and Jansen, A. S. and Loewy, A. D.}, title = {Periaqueductal gray matter projection to vagal preganglionic neurons and the nucleus tractus solitarius.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1997}, volume = {764}, number = {1-2}, pages = {257--261}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) has been implicated in a variety of different functions, including autonomic regulation. Chemical stimulation of the lateral PAG produces hypertension and tachycardia while activation of the ventrolateral PAG produces the opposite effect. While these effects are the result of alterations in sympathetic activity, little is known about whether the PAG can modulate vagal functions as well. The anterograde axonal tracing method using the plant lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) was used to determine whether both of the lateral and ventrolateral PAG columns project to vagal preganglionic neurons and/or to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Highly restricted PHA-L injections were made in all four PAG columns throughout their rostrocaudal extent in rats. Labeled fibers were visualized by immunohistochemistry and studied in relationship with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostained parasympathetic preganglionic neurons of the dorsal motor vagal nucleus (DMV) and nucleus ambiguous (NA). The lateral PAG projects to the lateral DMV and to the caudal part of the external NA. The ventrolateral PAG innervates the same regions and also projects to the rostral part of the external NA -- a site that contains cardiac parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. Both the lateral and ventrolateral PAG project to the NTS in a similar fashion innervating the medial, ventrolateral and commissural subnuclei. In summary, the lateral and ventrolateral PAG have similar patterns of innervation of the NTS and DMV, but their projection to the NA is different: the rostral external NA receives innervation only from the ventrolateral PAG and the lateral PAG innervates the caudal part.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00592-1}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Neural Pathways, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, enzymology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Vagus Nerve, cytology/enzymology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(97)00592-1}, pmid = {9295220}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Farkas:1998, author = {Farkas, E. and Jansen, A. S. and Loewy, A. D.}, title = {Periaqueductal gray matter input to cardiac-related sympathetic premotor neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {792}, number = {2}, pages = {179--192}, month = {May}, abstract = {The periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) serves as the midbrain link between forebrain emotional processing systems and motor pathways used in the defense reaction. Part of this response depends upon PAG efferent pathways that modulate cardiovascular-related sympathetic outflow systems, including those that regulate the heart. While it is known that the PAG projects to vagal preganglionic neurons, including possibly cardiovagal motoneurons, no information exists on the PAG circuits that may affect sympathetically mediated cardiac functions and, thus, the purpose of this study was to use neuroanatomical methods to identify these pathways. First, viral transneuronal retrograde tracing experiments were performed in which pseudorabies virus (PRV) was injected into the stellate ganglion of rats. After 4 days survival, five PAG regions contained transynaptically infected neurons; these included the dorsomedial, lateral and ventrolateral PAG columns as well as the Edinger-Westphal and precommissural nuclei. Second, the descending efferent PAG projections were studied with the anterograde axonal marker Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin (PHA-L) with a particular focus on determining whether the PAG projects to the intermediolateral cell column (IML). Almost no axonal labeling was found throughout the thoracic IML suggesting that the PAG modulates sympathetic functions by indirect pathways involving synaptic relays through sympathetic premotor cell groups, especially those found in the medulla oblongata. This possibility was examined by a double tracing study. PHA-L was first injected into either the lateral or ventrolateral PAG and after 6 days, PRV was injected into the ipsilateral stellate ganglion. After an additional 4 days survival, a double immunohistochemical procedure for co-visualization of PRV and PHA-L was used to identify the sympathetic premotor regions that receive an input from the PAG. The PAG innervated specific groups of sympathetic premotor neurons in the hypothalamus, pons, and medulla as well as providing reciprocal intercolumnar connections within the PAG itself (Jansen et al., Brain Res. 784 (1998) 329-336). The major route terminates in the ventral medulla, especially within the medial region which contains sympathetic premotor neurons lying within the raphe magnus and gigantocellular reticular nucleus, pars alpha. Both serotonergic and non-serotonergic sympathetic premotor neurons in these two regions receive inputs from the PAG. Weak PAG projections to sympathetic premotor neurons were found in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (including to C1 adrenergic neurons), locus coeruleus, A5 cell group, paraventricular and lateral hypothalamic nuclei. In summary, both the lateral and ventrolateral PAG columns appear to be capable of modulating cardiac sympathetic functions via a series of indirect pathways involving sympathetic premotor neurons found in selected sites in the hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, with the major outflow terminating in bulbospinal regions of the rostral ventromedial medulla.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00029-8}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Emotions, physiology; Female; Ganglia, Sympathetic, cytology; Heart, innervation; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, cytology; Male; Motor Neurons, physiology; Neural Pathways; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology; Phytohemagglutinins; Raphe Nuclei, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(98)00029-8}, pmid = {9593884}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Farley:2016, author = {Farley, Sean J. and Radley, Jason J. and Freeman, John H.}, title = {Amygdala Modulation of Cerebellar Learning.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2016}, volume = {36}, number = {7}, pages = {2190--2201}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Previous studies showed that amygdala lesions or inactivation slow the acquisition rate of cerebellum-dependent eyeblink conditioning, a type of associative motor learning. The current study was designed to determine the behavioral nature of amygdala-cerebellum interactions, to identify the neural pathways underlying amygdala-cerebellum interactions, and to examine how the amygdala influences cerebellar learning mechanisms in rats. Pharmacological inactivation of the central amygdala (CeA) severely impaired acquisition and retention of eyeblink conditioning, indicating that the amygdala continues to interact with the cerebellum after conditioning is consolidated (Experiment 1). CeA inactivation also substantially reduced stimulus-evoked and learning-related neuronal activity in the cerebellar anterior interpositus nucleus during acquisition and retention of eyeblink conditioning (Experiment 2). A very small proportion of cerebellar neurons responded to the conditioned stimulus ( CS) during CeA inactivation. Finally, retrograde and anterograde tracing experiments identified the basilar pontine nucleus at the confluence of outputs from CeA that may support amygdala modulation of CS input to the cerebellum (Experiment 3). Together, these results highlight a role for the CeA in the gating of CS-related input to the cerebellum during motor learning that is maintained even after the conditioned response is well learned.The current study is the first to demonstrate that the amygdala modulates sensory-evoked and learning-related neuronal activity within the cerebellum during acquisition and retention of associative learning. The findings suggest a model of amygdala-cerebellum interactions in which the amygdala gates conditioned stimulus inputs to the cerebellum through a direct projection from the medial central nucleus to the basilar pontine nucleus. Amygdala gating of sensory input to the cerebellum may be an attention-like mechanism that facilitates cerebellar learning. In contrast to previous theories of amygdala-cerebellum interactions, the sensory gating hypothesis posits that the gating mechanism continues to be necessary for retrieval of cerebellar memory after learning is well established.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3361-15.2016}, institution = {Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 john-freeman@uiowa.edu.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {36/7/2190}, pmc = {PMC4756154}, pmid = {26888929}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3361-15.2016}, } @Article{Farnebo:1997, author = {S. Farnebo and O. Hermanson and A. Blomqvist}, title = {Thalamic-projecting preprocholecystokinin messenger RNA-expressing neurons in the dorsal column nuclei of the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1997}, volume = {78}, number = {4}, pages = {1051--1057}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {This study aimed at investigating the expression of preprocholecystokinin messenger RNA among thalamic-projecting neurons in the dorsal column nuclei of the rat. Thalamic-projecting neurons were identified by injection of cholera toxin subunit b into the ventroposterolateral nucleus. Following immunohistochemical detection of retrogradely transported tracer substance, the expression of preprocholecystokinin messenger RNA in the projection neurons of the dorsal column nuclei was detected by in situ hybridization, using autoradiographic visualization of a 35S-labeled RNA probe complementary to preprocholecystokinin messenger RNA. Many preprocholecystokinin-expressing neurons were seen in the dorsal column nuclei. A large proportion of these neurons were also labeled with cholera toxin. The double-labeled neurons, as well as neurons single-labeled with preprocholecystokinin messenger RNA or cholera toxin, were preferentially found within the middle region of the dorsal column nuclei, located just caudal to the obex. These findings demonstrate that neurons in the dorsal column nuclei express preprocholecystokinin messenger RNA, and show that these neurons provide a peptidergic projection from the dorsal column nuclei to the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. These observations suggest that cholecystokinin may be involved in the transmission of somatosensory (tactile) information from the dorsal column nuclei to the thalamus.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00621-5}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Linköping, Sweden.}, keywords = {Animals; Cholecystokinin, genetics; Cholera Toxin; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Protein Precursors, genetics; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, metabolism/physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452296006215}, pmid = {9174073}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Farooq:2013, author = {Farooq, Usman and Rajkumar, Ramamoorthy and Sukumaran, Shalini and Wu, You and Tan, Wei Hao and Dawe, Gavin Stewart}, title = {Corticotropin-releasing factor infusion into nucleus incertus suppresses medial prefrontal cortical activity and hippocampo-medial prefrontal cortical long-term potentiation.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2013}, month = {May}, abstract = {The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the rat has been implicated in a variety of cognitive processes, including working memory and expression of fear memory. We investigated the inputs from a brain stem nucleus, the nucleus incertus (NI), to the prelimbic area of the mPFC. This nucleus strongly expresses corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 (CRF1 ) receptors and responds to stress. A retrograde tracer was used to verify connections from the NI to the mPFC. Retrogradely labelled cells in the NI expressed CRF receptors. Electrophysiological manipulation of the NI revealed that stimulation of the NI inhibited spontaneous neuronal firing in the mPFC. Similarly, CRF infusion into the NI, in order to mimic a stressful condition, inhibited neuronal firing and burst firing in the mPFC. The effect of concurrent high-frequency stimulation of the NI on plasticity in the hippocampo-prelimbic medial prefrontal cortical (HP-mPFC) pathway was studied. It was found that electrical stimulation of the NI impaired long-term potentiation in the HP-mPFC pathway. Furthermore, CRF infusion into the NI produced similar results. These findings might account for some of the extra-pituitary functions of CRF and indicate that the NI may play a role in stress-driven modulation of working memory and possibly other cognitive processes subserved by the mPFC.}, doi = {10.1111/ejn.12242}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), Singapore; Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), Singapore.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {23668693}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12242}, } @Article{Farrar:2008, author = {Farrar, A. M. and Font, L. and Pereira, M. and Mingote, S. and Bunce, J. G. and Chrobak, J. J. and Salamone, J. D.}, title = {Forebrain circuitry involved in effort-related choice: Injections of the GABAA agonist muscimol into ventral pallidum alter response allocation in food-seeking behavior.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2008}, volume = {152}, number = {2}, pages = {321--330}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Organisms often make effort-related choices based upon assessments of motivational value and work requirements. Nucleus accumbens dopamine is a critical component of the brain circuitry regulating work output in reinforcement-seeking behavior. Rats with accumbens dopamine depletions reallocate their instrumental behavior away from food-reinforced tasks that have high response requirements, and instead they select a less-effortful type of food-seeking behavior. The ventral pallidum is a brain area that receives substantial GABAergic input from nucleus accumbens. It was hypothesized that stimulation of GABA(A) receptors in the ventral pallidum would result in behavioral effects that resemble those produced by interference with accumbens dopamine transmission. The present studies employed a concurrent choice lever pressing/chow intake procedure; with this task, interference with accumbens dopamine transmission shifts choice behavior such that lever pressing for food is decreased but chow intake is increased. In the present experiments, infusions of the GABA(A) agonist muscimol (5.0-10.0 ng) into the ventral pallidum decreased lever pressing for preferred food, but increased consumption of the less preferred chow. In contrast, ventral pallidal infusions of muscimol (10.0 ng) had no significant effect on preference for the palatable food in free-feeding choice tests. Furthermore, injections of muscimol into a control site dorsal to the ventral pallidum produced no significant effects on lever pressing and chow intake. These data indicate that stimulation of GABA receptors in ventral pallidum produces behavioral effects similar to those produced by accumbens dopamine depletions. Ventral pallidum appears to be a component of the brain circuitry regulating response allocation and effort-related choice behavior, and may act to convey information from nucleus accumbens to other parts of this circuitry. This research may have implications for understanding the brain mechanisms involved in energy-related psychiatric dysfunctions such as psychomotor retardation in depression, anergia, and apathy.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.12.034}, institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA.}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior, drug effects; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Conditioning, Operant, drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Feeding Behavior, drug effects; GABA Agonists, pharmacology; Globus Pallidus, drug effects/physiology; Male; Muscimol, pharmacology; Nerve Net, drug effects/physiology; Prosencephalon, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reinforcement (Psychology); Reinforcement Schedule}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(07)01671-5}, pmid = {18272291}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.12.034}, } @Article{Fass:1984, author = {B. Fass and K. Talbot and L.L. Butcher}, title = {Evidence that efferents from the basolateral amygdala innervate the dorsolateral neostriatum in rats}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1984}, volume = {44}, pages = {71-75}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(84)90223-4}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Faull:1986, author = {R. L. Faull and W. J. Nauta and V. B. Domesick}, title = {The visual cortico-striato-nigral pathway in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1986}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {1119--1132}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The organization of the visual cortico-striato-nigral pathway in the rat has been investigated in two sets of experiments using anterograde autoradiographic tracing techniques. First, in one group of animals, injections of tritiated amino acids were placed throughout the visual cortex to demonstrate the visual corticostriatal pathway. The results indicate that visual corticostriatal fibres terminate in a distinctive clustered pattern throughout the entire length of the ipsilateral dorsomedial striatum. The projection shows a longitudinal topographic organization with cortical loci projecting onto narrow longitudinal regions of the dorsomedial striatum. In addition to the ipsilateral projection, a substantially smaller contralateral visual corticostriatal projection was also demonstrated. In the second set of experiments, the visual corticorecipient region of the striatum demonstrated in the first set of experiments was injected with tritiated amino acids to demonstrate the "visual" striatonigral projection. The results indicate that striatonigral fibres from the dorsomedial striatum project throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the ventral region of the pars reticulata. As with the visual corticostriatal pathway, the projection shows a longitudinal topographic organization with striatal loci projecting onto longitudinal regions of the ventral pars reticulata; the most rostral regions of the dorsal striatum project to the most medial regions of the ventral pars reticulata and, likewise, successively more caudal regions of the dorsal striatum project to successively more lateral regions of the ventral pars reticulata. In addition to the main projection to the ventral pars reticulata, a second smaller component of the striatonigral pathway was traced to adjacent regions of the dorsal pars reticulata and ventral pars compacta. These findings provide evidence of a visual cortico-striato-nigral pathway to both the pars reticulata and pars compacta in the rat. It is suggested that the major projection onto the ventral pars reticulata may provide an input onto nigrotectal neurons and thereby complete an indirect visual corticotectal connection mediated via links in the basal ganglia.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(86)90128-4}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3822114}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fay:1997, author = {Fay, R. A. and Norgren, R.}, title = {Identification of rat brainstem multisynaptic connections to the oral motor nuclei using pseudorabies virus. I. Masticatory muscle motor systems.}, journal = {Brain Res Brain Res Rev}, year = {1997}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {255--275}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Oromotor behavior results from the complex interaction between jaw, facial, and lingual muscles. The experiments in this and subsequent papers identify the sources of multisynaptic input to the trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal motor nuclei. In the current experiments, pseudorabies virus (PRV-Ba) was injected into the jaw-opening (anterior digastric and mylohyoid) and jaw-closing muscles (masseter, medial pterygoid, and temporalis) in bilaterally sympathectomized rats. Injection volumes ranged from 2 to 21 microl with average titers of 2.8 x 10(8) pfu/ml and maximum survival times of 96 h. The labeling patterns and distributions were consistent between each of the individual muscles and muscle groups. A predictable myotopic labeling pattern was produced in the trigeminal motor nucleus (Mo 5). Transneuronally labeled neurons occurred in regions known to project directly to Mo 5 motoneurons including the principal trigeminal sensory and supratrigeminal areas, Kölliker-Fuse region, nucleus subcoeruleus, and the parvicellular reticular formation. Maximum survival times revealed polysynaptic connections from the periaqueductal gray, laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental areas, and the substantia nigra in the midbrain, ventromedial pontine reticular regions including the gigantocellular region and pars alpha and ventralis in the pons and medulla, and the nucleus of the solitary tract, paratrigeminal region, and paramedian field in the medulla. Thus, the results define the structure of the multisynaptic brainstem neural circuits controlling mandibular movement in the rat.}, institution = {Department of Behavioral Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033, USA. fayr@mail.med.upenn.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, physiology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Humans; Masticatory Muscles, innervation/physiology; Mouth, innervation/physiology; Movement, physiology; Rats; Synapses, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S016501739700026X}, pmid = {9495558}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0173(97)00026-X}, } @Article{Fay:1997a, author = {Fay, R. A. and Norgren, R.}, title = {Identification of rat brainstem multisynaptic connections to the oral motor nuclei in the rat using pseudorabies virus. II. Facial muscle motor systems.}, journal = {Brain Res Brain Res Rev}, year = {1997}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {276--290}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The present experiments continue our investigations of the higher order afferent systems controlling the orofacial musculature. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) was injected into the buccinator, platysma, posterior digastric, and zygomatic muscles in bilaterally sympathectomized rats. Injection volumes ranged from 6 to 12 microl with average titers of 7 x 10(8) pfu/ml and maximum survival times of 96 h. The labeling patterns and distributions were similar across the individual muscles and between muscle groups (perioral vs. posterior digastric), as well as in comparison to the results from previous masticatory muscle injections. Injections produced a predictable myotopic labeling pattern in the facial motor nucleus (Mo 7) and transneuronally in regions known to project directly to Mo 7 including the red nucleus, ventrolateral parabrachial region, principal trigeminal sensory nucleus, supratrigeminal area, and the parvicellular reticular formation. Maximum survival times revealed more distant connections from a variety of nuclear zones including the periaqueductal gray, laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental areas, and the substantia nigra in the midbrain, ventromedial reticular regions including the gigantocellular region and pars alpha and ventralis in the pons and medulla, and the nucleus of the solitary tract, spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis, paratrigeminal region, and paramedian field in the medulla. The similarity of the labeling patterns and distributions of the higher order afferents resulting from PRV facial and masticatory muscle injections identifies the neural circuits that may coordinate the activity of these muscle groups during oral motor behavior.}, institution = {Department of Behavioral Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033, USA. fayr@mail.med.upenn.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, physiology; Facial Muscles, innervation/physiology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Humans; Mouth, innervation/physiology; Movement, physiology; Rats; Synapses, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165017397000271}, pmid = {9495559}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0173(97)00027-1}, } @Article{Fay:1997b, author = {Fay, R. A. and Norgren, R.}, title = {Identification of rat brainstem multisynaptic connections to the oral motor nuclei using pseudorabies virus. III. Lingual muscle motor systems.}, journal = {Brain Res Brain Res Rev}, year = {1997}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {291--311}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The present experiments complete our investigations of higher order afferent control of the orofacial muscles by examining the premotor systems controlling the lingual musculature. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) was injected into the extrinsic (protruders: genioglossus and geniohyoid; retractors: hyoglossus and styloglossus) and intrinsic tongue muscles in bilaterally sympathectomized rats. Injection volumes ranged from 1 to 12 microl with average titers of 4 x 10(8) pfu/ml and maximum survival times of 90 h. Consistent labeling patterns and distributions occurred across each of the individual muscles and between extrinsic and intrinsic muscle groups, as well as in comparison to the results from the previous masticatory and facial muscle experiments. Virus injections produced a predictable myotopic labeling pattern in the hypoglossal nucleus (Mo 12). Transneuronally labeled neurons occurred in regions known to project directly to Mo 12 motoneurons including the nucleus subcoeruleus, trigeminal sensory areas, parvicellular reticular formation, and the dorsal medullary reticular fields. Maximum survival times revealed more distant connections from medial and lateral reticular zones including the periaqueductal gray, dorsal raphe, laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental areas, and substantia nigra in the midbrain, the gigantocellular region, pontine nucleus caudalis and ventralis, and lateral paragigantocellular region in the pons, and the nucleus of the solitary tract, paratrigeminal region, and paramedian field in the medulla. Thus, injections of PRV into the orofacial muscles revealed a complex, but remarkably uniform network of multisynaptic connections in the brainstem that control and coordinate the activity of the masticatory, facial, and lingual muscles.}, institution = {Department of Behavioral Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033, USA. fayr@mail.med.upenn.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, physiology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Humans; Mouth, innervation/physiology; Movement, physiology; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation/physiology; Rats; Synapses, physiology; Tongue, innervation/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165017397000283}, pmid = {9495560}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0173(97)00028-3}, } @Article{Fay:1993, author = {Fay, R. and Gilbert, K. A. and Lydic, R.}, title = {Pontomedullary neurons transsynaptically labeled by laryngeal pseudorabies virus.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, year = {1993}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {141--144}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The activity of the laryngeal abductor, the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles, is diminished with the loss of wakefulness. During sleep, PCA muscles become hypotonic, suggesting that neural mechanisms which control states of consciousness also contribute to state-dependent changes in upper airway patency. The medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) has long been known to play a key role in sleep control. Microinjection of cholinergic agonists into the mPRF produces a rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-like state and PCA muscle hypotonia, but the neuroanatomical pathways mediating this hypotonia are not clear. Therefore, the present study used retrograde transsynaptic viral labeling to define multisynaptic pathways from the PCA muscles to the mPRF. Pseudorabies virus was injected into the laryngeal PCA muscles of anesthetized rats. The distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons was studied in the brain stem 4 days post-inoculation. The results show that brain stem areas known to be involved in sleep cycle control are part of a multisynaptic pathway providing input to the laryngeal PCA muscles.}, doi = {10.1097/00001756-199311180-00011}, institution = {Department of Behavioral Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey 17033.}, keywords = {Airway Obstruction, physiopathology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Laryngeal Muscles, innervation; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Pons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, cytology/physiology; Sleep Apnea Syndromes, physiopathology; Sleep Stages, physiology; Solitary Nucleus}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7509204}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Faye-Lund:1985, author = {H. Faye-Lund}, title = {The neocortical projection to the inferior colliculus in the albino rat.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1985}, volume = {173}, number = {1}, pages = {53--70}, abstract = {The purpose of the present study was to define the field of termination of the neocortical projection to the inferior colliculus in rat. The study was based on fiber degeneration following large lesions of the cerebral cortex, and anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin horseradish peroxidase ejected iontophoretically into more restricted neocortical loci. Neocortical fibers were found to supply the dorsal and external cortices of the inferior colliculus. The central nucleus, in contrast, did not receive such fibers. The results speak in favor of three separate projections, one partly bilateral to the deeper part of the dorsal collicular cortex, a second ipsilateral to the superficial part of this subdivision, and a third ipsilateral to the external collicular cortex.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00707304}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Axonal Transport; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Lectins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2416247}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Faye-Lund:1986, author = {H. Faye-Lund}, title = {Projection from the inferior colliculus to the superior olivary complex in the albino rat.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1986}, volume = {175}, number = {1}, pages = {35--52}, abstract = {The origin and termination of the fibers projecting from the inferior colliculus to the superior olivary complex have been studied in rat by means of the Fink and Heimer and horseradish peroxidase techniques (anterograde and retrograde transport of free horseradish peroxidase and peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin). The colliculoolivary fibers originate in layer 3 of the external cortex and the adjacent part of the central nucleus, particularly in the former. Via the lateral lemniscus the fibers reach the ipsilateral periolivary region where they terminate in the rostral and medioventral zones. The terminal field contains at least two types of cells which could constitute the next link in the descending projection to the cochlea and/or the cochlear nuclei. One of these is the large olivocochlear neuron, and the other a smaller neuron projecting to the cochlear nuclei. Judged by their topographic relationship in the inferior colliculus and in the superior olive, the colliculoolivary neurons may form a link in a oligosynaptic projection from the auditory cortex to the cochlea and/or the cochlear nuclei. The observations are based on light microscopy, however, and do not allow conclusions concerning synaptic contacts.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00315454}, keywords = {Animals; Cochlear Nerve, cytology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Pons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synaptic Transmission; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3026205}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Feger:1994, author = {J. Féger and M. Bevan and A. R. Crossman}, title = {The projections from the parafascicular thalamic nucleus to the subthalamic nucleus and the striatum arise from separate neuronal populations: a comparison with the corticostriatal and corticosubthalamic efferents in a retrograde fluorescent double-labelling study.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1994}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, pages = {125--132}, month = {May}, abstract = {The parafascicular thalamic nucleus projects to the subthalamic nucleus and the striatum. Double-retrograde fluorescent tracing was used to determine whether these projections arise from the same neurons via axon collaterals. True Blue was injected into the subthalamic nucleus and Nuclear Yellow was injected into the striatum of each rat and the parafascicular thalamic nucleus was examined under the fluorescence light-microscope. Individual parafascicular neurons were not double-labelled with the tracers. The True Blue- and Nuclear Yellow-labelled neurons wee located in different parts of the parafascicular nucleus ipsilateral to the injections. In the rostral part of the parafascicular nucleus, True Blue-labelled neurons were located ventral to the fasciculus retroflexus, and in the caudal part of the nucleus. True Blue-labelled neurons were located close to the medial and lateral borders of fasciculus retroflexus. Nuclear Yellow-labelled neurons were found mainly to encircle the fasciculus retroflexus in the rostral part of the parafascicular nucleus and in the dorsolateral sector of the caudal part of the parafascicular nucleus. Double-labelled neurons were, however, found in the cortex. The proportion of neurons projecting to both the subthalamic nucleus and the striatum accounted for 38\% of the total number of cortiscosubthalamic neurons in the prefrontal cortex, 15.5\% in the cingulate cortex and 9\% in the sensorimotor cortex. The present finding of an individualization between the parafascicular efferents to the subthalamic nucleus and the striatum emphasize the importance of this projection and provides further evidence of the associative functions attributable to the subthalamic nucleus.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(94)90208-9}, institution = {Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université R. Descartes, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/physiology; Efferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Male; Neostriatum, cytology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(94)90208-9}, pmid = {8052406}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Feig:2004, author = {Sherry L Feig}, title = {Corticothalamic cells in layers 5 and 6 of primary and secondary sensory cortex express GAP-43 mRNA in the adult rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2004}, volume = {468}, number = {1}, pages = {96--111}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The expression of a presynaptic phosphoprotein, growth-associated protein (GAP)-43, is associated with synaptogenesis during development and synaptic remodeling in the adult. This study examined GAP-43 mRNA expression and distribution in primary and secondary areas of visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortex of the adult rat, by in situ hybridization with a digoxigenin-coupled mRNA probe, focusing particularly on the corticothalamic cells in layers 5 and 6. In the six cortical areas studied, GAP-43 mRNA was expressed predominantly in layers 5 and 6 and was greater in secondary than primary areas. There were densely labeled cells in layers 5 and 6 of all areas, which showed a restricted sublaminar distribution in primary areas and more even distribution in secondary areas. Combining retrograde transport of rhodamine beads with in situ hybridization in visual and auditory cortex showed that corticothalamic cells in layers 5 and 6 express GAP-43 mRNA. There are more of these GAP- 43 mRNA positive corticothalamic cells in layer 5 of secondary areas than in primary areas. The evidence suggests that in the adult rat, plasticity related to GAP-43 is present in primary and secondary sensory cortex and more so in secondary areas.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10969}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. slfeig@wiscmail.wisc.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, chemistry; Digoxigenin, diagnostic use; GAP-43 Protein, analysis/genetics; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Neural Pathways, chemistry; Pyramidal Cells, chemistry; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Somatosensory Cortex, chemistry; Thalamus, chemistry; Visual Cortex, chemistry}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {14648693}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10969}, } @Article{Feil:1995, author = {K. Feil and H. Herbert}, title = {Topographic organization of spinal and trigeminal somatosensory pathways to the rat parabrachial and Kölliker-Fuse nuclei.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {353}, number = {4}, pages = {506--528}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {We examined the organization of somatosensory projections to the parabrachial (PB) and Kölliker-Fuse (KF) nuclei by employing the retrograde and anterograde axonal transport of Fluorogold and Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), respectively. Small PHA-L injections were made into different parts of the spinal trigeminal complex, including the paratrigeminal nucleus, and into different segments and laminae of the spinal dorsal horn. The subnuclear distribution of axonal labeling in the PB and KF was mapped with a camera lucida. Our results show that the somatosensory input to the PB and KF is highly organized. Neurons in the spinal trigeminal nuclei project predominantly to the KF and to the ventral portion of the external lateral PB. Neurons in the paratrigeminal nucleus project to the ventral lateral PB, the external medial PB, and to caudal aspects of the medial PB. These findings were supported by retrograde tracing experiments with Fluorogold. Spinal cord neurons located in the superficial dorsal horn (laminae I-II) of upper cervical segments project specifically to the ventral portion of the external lateral PB and, although more sparsely, to various other lateral PB nuclei. In contrast, neurons in the superficial dorsal horn of thoracic and lumbar spinal segments project mainly to the dorsal lateral and the central lateral PB. Finally, neurons in the lateral reticulated area and the lateral spinal nucleus of all spinal segments project almost exclusively to the internal lateral PB, whereas neurons in the respective nuclei of upper cervical segments also project to the KF. From our data we conclude that the somatosensory projections to the PB and KF are topographically organized. It is assumed that these pathways, which run from trigeminal and spinal neurons through the PB and KF to various forebrain, medullary, and spinal nuclei, form functionally different neural circuits that are involved in somatoautonomic processing.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903530404}, institution = {Department of Animal Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Brain Mapping; Female; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7759613}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903530404}, } @Article{Feldman:1980, author = {S. G. Feldman and L. Kruger}, title = {An axonal transport study of the ascending projection of medial lemniscal neurons in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1980}, volume = {192}, number = {3}, pages = {427--454}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The pattern of projection of the rat medial lemniscus was studied by axonal transport labeling following injections of tritiated leucine, proline and/or adenosine, or of horseradish peroxidase for retrograde identification of the neurons of origin. The vast majority of neurons in the gracile, cuneate, and principal trigeminal nuclei contribute to an almost totally crossed projection primarily to the thalamic ventrobasal complex. Additional thalamic components were traced to specific sites within the "posterior group," including a medial component largely traversed by lemniscal axons and a caudolateral component lying between the principal nucleus of the medial geniculate and ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate. We have designated this latter zone "intermediate geniculate," distinguishing a somatosensory portion of the geniculate group on the basis of its myelo- and cytoarchitecture, as well as its connections. Other projections replicated in several animals included the zona incerta and nearby sectors of the substantia nigra; three distinct mesencephalic arrangements within the deep layers of the superior colliculus, the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus, and the intercollicular nucleus; the anterior pretectal nucleus; dorsal sectors of the inferior olivary complex and the ipsilateral cerebellar cortex. The results are compared with findings in other species (with emphasis on the caudal thalamic region) in an attempt to resolve some of the apparent inconsistencies in nomenclature.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901920305}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6158530}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901920305}, } @Article{Feldmeyer:2006, author = {Feldmeyer, Dirk and Lübke, Joachim and Sakmann, Bert}, title = {Efficacy and connectivity of intracolumnar pairs of layer 2/3 pyramidal cells in the barrel cortex of juvenile rats.}, journal = {J Physiol}, year = {2006}, volume = {575}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {583--602}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Synaptically coupled layer 2/3 (L2/3) pyramidal neurones located above the same layer 4 barrel ('barrel-related') were investigated using dual whole-cell voltage recordings in acute slices of rat somatosensory cortex. Recordings were followed by reconstructions of biocytin-filled neurones. The onset latency of unitary EPSPs was 1.1 +/- 0.4 ms, the 20-80\% rise time was 0.7 +/- 0.2 ms, the average amplitude was 1.0 +/- 0.7 mV and the decay time constant was 15.7 +/- 4.5 ms. The coefficient of variation (c.v.) of unitary EPSP amplitudes decreased with increasing EPSP peak and was 0.33 +/- 0.18. Bursts of APs in the presynaptic pyramidal cell resulted in EPSPs that, over a wide range of frequencies (5-100 Hz), displayed amplitude depression. Anatomically the barrel-related pyramidal cells in the lower half of layer 2/3 have a long apical dendrite with a small terminal tuft, while pyramidal cells in the upper half of layer 2/3 have shorter and often more 'irregularly' shaped apical dendrites that branch profusely in layer 1. The number of putative excitatory synaptic contacts established by the axonal collaterals of a L2/3 pyramidal cell with a postsynaptic pyramidal cell in the same column varied between 2 and 4, with an average of 2.8 +/- 0.7 (n = 8 pairs). Synaptic contacts were established predominantly on the basal dendrites at a mean geometric distance of 91 +/- 47 mum from the pyramidal cell soma. L2/3-to-L2/3 connections formed a blob-like innervation domain containing 2.8 mm of the presynaptic axon collaterals with a bouton density of 0.3 boutons per mum axon. Within the supragranular layers of its home column a single L2/3 pyramidal cell established about 900 boutons suggesting that 270 pyramidal cells in layer 2/3 are innervated by an individual pyramidal cell. In turn, a single pyramidal cell received synaptic inputs from 270 other L2/3 pyramidal cells. The innervation domain of L2/3-to-L2/3 connections superimposes almost exactly with that of L4-to-L2/3 connections. This suggests that synchronous feed-forward excitation of L2/3 pyramidal cells arriving from layer 4 could be potentially amplified in layer 2/3 by feedback excitation within a column and then relayed to the neighbouring columns.}, doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2006.105106}, institution = {Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Biophysik, AG Zelluläre Neurobiologie-Medizin, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Leo-Brandt-Strasse, D-52425 Jülich, Germany. d.feldmeyer@fz-juelich.de}, keywords = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Axons, physiology; Cell Communication, physiology; Dendrites, physiology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Pyramidal Cells, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/physiology; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {jphysiol.2006.105106}, pmid = {16793907}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.105106}, } @Article{Feldmeyer:2002, author = {Dirk Feldmeyer and Joachim Lübke and R. Angus Silver and Bert Sakmann}, title = {Synaptic connections between layer 4 spiny neurone-layer 2/3 pyramidal cell pairs in juvenile rat barrel cortex: physiology and anatomy of interlaminar signalling within a cortical column.}, journal = {J Physiol}, year = {2002}, volume = {538}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {803--822}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Whole-cell voltage recordings were obtained from 64 synaptically coupled excitatory layer 4 (L4) spiny neurones and L2/3 pyramidal cells in acute slices of the somatosensory cortex ('barrel' cortex) of 17- to 23-days-old rats. Single action potentials (APs) in the L4 spiny neurone evoked single unitary EPSPs in the L2/3 pyramidal cell with a peak amplitude of 0.7 +/- 0.6 mV. The average latency was 2.1 +/- 0.6 ms, the rise time was 0.8 +/- 0.3 ms and the decay time constant was 12.7 +/- 3.5 ms. The percentage of failures of an AP in a L4 spiny neurone to evoke a unitary EPSP in the L2/3 pyramidal cell was 4.9 +/- 8.8 \% and the coefficient of variation (c.v.) of the unitary EPSP amplitude was 0.27 +/- 0.13. Both c.v. and percentage of failures decreased with increased average EPSP amplitude. Postsynaptic glutamate receptors (GluRs) in L2/3 pyramidal cells were of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) and the non-NMDAR type. At -60 mV in the presence of extracellular Mg2+ (1 mM), 29 +/- 15 \% of the EPSP voltage-time integral was blocked by NMDAR antagonists. In 0 Mg2+, the NMDAR/AMPAR ratio of the EPSC was 0.50 +/- 0.29, about half the value obtained for L4 spiny neurone connections. Burst stimulation of L4 spiny neurones showed that EPSPs in L2/3 pyramidal cells depressed over a wide range of frequencies (1-100 s(-1) ). However, at higher frequencies (30 s(-1)) EPSP summation overcame synaptic depression so that the summed EPSP was larger than the first EPSP amplitude in the train. The number of putative synaptic contacts established by the axonal collaterals of the L4 projection neurone with the target neurone in layer 2/3 varied between 4 and 5, with an average of 4.5 +/- 0.5 (n = 13 pairs). Synapses were established on basal dendrites of the pyramidal cell. Their mean geometric distance from the pyramidal cell soma was 67 +/- 34 microm (range, 16-196 microm). The results suggest that each connected L4 spiny neurone produces a weak but reliable EPSP in the pyramidal cell. Therefore transmission of signals to layer 2/3 is likely to have a high threshold requiring simultaneous activation of many L4 neurons, implying that L4 spiny neurone to L2/3 pyramidal cell synapses act as a gate for the lateral spread of excitation in layer 2/3.}, doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2001.012959}, institution = {Max-Planck Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. feldmeyr@mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de}, keywords = {Action Potentials, physiology; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Electric Conductivity; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Cells, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reaction Time; Receptors, AMPA, physiology; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, physiology; Signal Transduction, physiology; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Vibrissae, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {PHY_12959}, pmid = {11826166}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Feliciano:1995, author = {Feliciano, M and Saldana, E and Mugnaini, E}, title = {Direct projections from the rat primary auditory neocortex to nucleus sagulum, paralemniscal regions, superior olivary complex and cochlear nuclei}, journal = {Audit Neurosci}, year = {1995}, volume = {1}, pages = {287-308}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://mechanicsofhearing.org/mohdl/pdfs/AN/Feliciano-etal-AudNeurosci-1995.pdf}, } @Article{Felix:2014, author = {Felix, M. S. and Bauer, S. and Darlot, F. and Muscatelli, F. and Kastner, A. and Gauthier, P. and Matarazzo, V.}, title = {Activation of Akt/FKHR in the medulla oblongata contributes to spontaneous respiratory recovery after incomplete spinal cord injury in adult rats.}, journal = {Neurobiol Dis}, year = {2014}, month = {May}, abstract = {After incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), patients and animals may exhibit some spontaneous functional recovery which can be partly attributed to remodeling of injured neural circuitry. This post-lesion plasticity implies spinal remodeling but increasing evidences suggest that supraspinal structures contribute also to the functional recovery. Here we tested the hypothesis that partial SCI may activate cell-signaling pathway(s) at the supraspinal level and that this molecular response may contribute to spontaneous recovery. With this aim, we used a rat model of partial cervical hemisection which injures the bulbospinal respiratory tract originating from the medulla oblongata of the brainstem but leads to a time-dependent spontaneous functional recovery of the paralyzed hemidiaphragm. We first demonstrate that after SCI the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is activated in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, resulting in an inactivation of its pro-apoptotic downstream target, forkhead transcription factor (FKHR/FOXO1A). Retrograde labeling of medullary premotoneurons including respiratory ones which project to phrenic motoneurons reveals an increased FKHR phosphorylation in their cell bodies together with an unchanged cell number. Medulla infusion of the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, prevents the SCI-induced Akt and FKHR phosphorylations and activates one of its death-promoting downstream targets, Fas ligand. Quantitative EMG analyses of diaphragmatic contractility demonstrate that the inhibition of medulla PI3K/Akt signaling prevents spontaneous respiratory recovery normally observed after partial cervical SCI. Such inhibition does not however affect either baseline contractile frequency or the ventilatory reactivity under acute respiratory challenge. Together, these findings provide novel evidence of supraspinal cellular contribution to the spontaneous respiratory recovery after partial SCI.}, doi = {10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.022}, institution = {Aix-Marseille Université, INMED UMR 901, 13273 Marseille, France; INSERM, UMR 901, 13273 Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LNIA UMR 7260, 13331 Marseille, France. Electronic address: valery.matarazzo@inserm.fr.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0969-9961(14)00140-5}, pmid = {24878511}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.022}, } @Article{Felizardo:2009, author = {Felizardo, Rufino and Boucher, Yves and Braud, Adeline and Carstens, Earl and Dauvergne, Céline and Zerari-Mailly, Fawzia}, title = {Trigeminal projections on gustatory neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract: a double-label strategy using electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani and tracer injection in the lingual nerve.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2009}, volume = {1288}, pages = {60--68}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Taste and sensory information are closely associated and our electrophysiological studies showed a trigeminal modulation of gustatory neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST). Chorda tympani (CT) and lingual nerves (LN) converge centrally in the rostral subdivision of the NST in hamsters and rats. However, no study has yet revealed the details of this overlap on a same section. We therefore used a double-label strategy to visualize neurons in the NST that receive both trigeminal and gustatory inputs. An anterograde tracer (BDA, Biotinylated Dextran Amine) was applied unilaterally to the cut central end of the LN in male Sprague-Dawley rats. One week later, the ipsilateral CT was electrically stimulated, after which animals were perfused and brainstem sections double-labelled for Fos immunoreactivity of activated NST neurons and BDA labelling of LN afferents. Our results permitted to circumscribe the regional overlap of the trigeminal and CT afferents mainly in the rostral central (RC) subdivision of the gustatory NST. Fos-immunoreactive neurons were observed to be closely apposed by BDA-labelled fibres and terminal boutons. Such varicosities mainly "en passant" were especially present in the RC zone of the nucleus. These observations provide an anatomical substrate for trigemino-gustatory interactions.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.002}, institution = {UFR d'Odontologie, APHP Université Denis Diderot P7- CRICM UMRS 975- Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Chorda Tympani Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Immunohistochemistry; Lingual Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiology; Staining and Labeling; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(09)01373-0}, pmid = {19595675}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.002}, } @Article{Felton:1999, author = {Felton, T. M. and Linton, L. and Rosenblatt, J. S. and Morell, J. I.}, title = {First and second order maternal behavior related afferents of the lateral habenula.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, year = {1999}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {883--887}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {We demonstrated previously that the lateral habenula (Lhb) mediates maternal behavior. Our present goal was to identify the first and second order afferent connections of the Lhb, particularly those relevant for maternal behavior. Using pseudorabies virus (PRV) as a retrograde transneuronal tracer and the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold, we identified first order Lhb afferent projections from the lateral preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area, each important for the display of maternal behavior. Maternally relevant second order neurons originated from the medial preoptic area and amygdala. Additional regions with first and second order neurons afferent to the Lhb were also identified.}, doi = {10.1097/00001756-199903170-00039}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Busch Campus, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Cell Survival; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Habenula, cytology/physiology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Immunohistochemistry; Maternal Behavior; Preoptic Area, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10208565}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fendt:1994, author = {M. Fendt and M. Koch and H.U. Schnitzler}, title = {Lesions of the central gray block the sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1994}, volume = {661}, pages = {163-173}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)91193-2}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Feng:2012, author = {Feng, Lin and Sametsky, Evgeny A. and Gusev, Alexander G. and Uteshev, Victor V.}, title = {Responsiveness to nicotine of neurons of the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract correlates with the neuronal projection target.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {2012}, volume = {108}, number = {7}, pages = {1884--1894}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is the key integrating center of visceral sensory-motor signaling supporting autonomic homeostasis. Two key projections of this nucleus are the parabrachial nucleus (PbN) and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). The PbN integrates and relays viscerosensory information primarily to the forebrain, supporting behavioral, emotional, and endocrine responses to visceral events, while the DMV contains parasympathetic preganglionic cholinergic motoneurons that support primarily gastrointestinal reflexes. Subsets of caudal NTS neurons express presynaptic and somatodendritic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). However, the anatomical identification of nicotine-responsive caudal NTS neurons has not been determined. This study used in vivo and ex vivo fluorescent tracing and slice patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings from anatomically identified caudal NTS neurons to test the hypothesis that the responsiveness of these cells to nicotine correlates with the target of their axonal projections. The results demonstrate that the majority of glutamatergic terminals that synapse on PbN-projecting caudal NTS neurons are unaffected by nicotine. Moreover, only a fraction of these cells express somatodendritic nAChRs. In contrast, the majority of DMV-projecting caudal NTS neurons exhibit robust presynaptic and somatodendritic responsiveness to nicotine. However, PbN-projecting neurons also exhibit significantly lower background frequencies of glutamatergic miniature postsynaptic currents than DMV-projecting neurons. Therefore, presynaptic unresponsiveness to nicotine may result from deficient glutamatergic innervation of PbN-projecting neurons. Nevertheless, the caudal NTS contains function-specific subsets of cells with target-specific responsiveness to nicotine. These results may support development of therapeutic strategies for selective targeting of specific autonomic pathways and impaired autonomic homeostasis.}, doi = {10.1152/jn.00296.2012}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Excitatory Amino Acid Agents, pharmacology; Male; Miniature Postsynaptic Potentials; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Nicotine, pharmacology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Nicotinic, metabolism; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Vagus Nerve, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {jn.00296.2012}, pmid = {22815399}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00296.2012}, } @Article{Feng:2014, author = {Feng, Lin and Uteshev, Victor V.}, title = {Projection target-specific action of nicotine in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract.}, journal = {J Neurosci Res}, year = {2014}, volume = {92}, number = {11}, pages = {1560--1572}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is the key integrating relay in the central processing of sensory information from the thoracic and from most subdiaphragmatic viscera. Modulation of neuronal excitability and synaptic activity in the NTS by nicotinic agents can have potent effects on vital physiological functions, such as feeding, digestion, respiration, and blood circulation. Caudal NTS neurons demonstrate considerable heterogeneity in projection targets, synaptic properties, and expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). However, despite its heterogeneity, the caudal NTS may contain discrete subsets of neurons with unique projection target-specific properties. To test this hypothesis, we used in vivo fluorescent tracing and ex vivo patch-clamp electrophysiology to evaluate responsiveness to nicotine of anatomically identified caudal NTS neurons that project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the brainstem caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM). The results of this study demonstrate that responsiveness to nicotine correlates with where the neurons project. Specifically, PVN-projecting caudal NTS neurons respond to nicotine only presynaptically (i.e., via activation of presynaptic nAChRs and potentiation of synaptic release of glutamate), suggesting indirect, glutamate-dependent effects of nicotine on the PVN-projecting NTS circuitry. By contrast, CVLM-projecting caudal NTS neurons exhibit only limited presynaptic, but dominant somatodendritic, responsiveness to nicotine, suggesting that the effects of nicotine on the CVLM-projecting NTS circuitry are direct and largely glutamate independent. Understanding the relationships among function-specific brainstem/hypothalamic neuronal networks, nuclei, and individual neurons could help develop therapies targeting identifiable neuronal circuits to offset impaired autonomic homeostasis.}, doi = {10.1002/jnr.23436}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, drug effects; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, cytology/drug effects; Nicotine, pharmacology; Nicotinic Agonists, pharmacology; Nucleus Accumbens, physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {24975270}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.23436}, } @Article{Feng:2000, author = {Feng, X. and Wang, L. and Lin, Z. and Duan, Y.}, title = {[A study of sensory pathway in central nervous system of experimental tooth movement in rats].}, journal = {Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi}, year = {2000}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {153--155}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {To investigate whether ventral posteromedial thalamus nucleus (VPM) receive the stimulation from experimental tooth movement in rats through the conduction of spinal trigeminal caudal nucleus (Vc), thus to study the central sensory pathway of tooth movement.2\% fluorogold (FG) was injected into rat's VPM using microinjector through retrograde tracing technique. After 4-6 days, the experimental tooth movement was conducted in contra-side against FG injection. 2 hours later, animals were sacrificed and FOS protein immunocytochemical reaction was conducted. The sections were observed under Olympus fluorescence microscope.FOS immunocytochemical-positive neurons were densely distributed in epilateral superfacial layer of Vc, being belt-like with more in dorsolateral 2 hours after experimental tooth movement; FG-labeled neurons were found in Vc and principle trigeminal nucleus complex, especially within the whole length of Vc, with more in layer I and the junction of layers I and II. There were both FOS immunocytochemically positive and FG-labeled neurons, approximately 5\% of the whole FG-labeled neurons.As a special oro-facial stimulation, there are corresponding parts in the central nervous system according to tooth movement. The stimulating message integrated in Vc and Vc has projective neurons to VPM, and VPM might be a relay station of the stimulating message of experimental tooth movement in rats.}, institution = {Department of Orthodontics, Qindu Stomatological College.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tooth Movement; Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus, metabolism/physiology; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, metabolism/physiology}, language = {chi}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12539664}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fenwick:2006, author = {Fenwick, Natalie M. and Martin, Carolyn L. and Llewellyn-Smith, Ida J.}, title = {Immunoreactivity for cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in rat sympathetic preganglionic neurons projecting to sympathetic ganglia and the adrenal medulla.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2006}, volume = {495}, number = {4}, pages = {422--433}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Many sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) in the intermediolateral cell column (IML) contain cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), but the function of these CART-immunoreactive (IR) neurons is unknown. To test the possibility that CART might mark SPN involved in cardiovascular regulation, we first established whether all CART neurons in the spinal cord were SPN by double-immunofluorescent labelling for CART and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). All autonomic subnuclei contained SPN immunoreactive for ChAT plus CART. Occasional ChAT-negative, CART-positive neurons occurred adjacent to the IML, indicating the existence of CART-IR interneurons. We then retrogradely labelled SPN with cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) from a variety of targets and used double immunofluorescence to detect CTB and CART. Among SPN in the IML, 43\% projecting to the coeliac ganglion, 34\% projecting to the major pelvic ganglion, and about 15\% projecting to the superior cervical ganglion or adrenal medulla contained CART. CART also occurred in most SPN projecting to the major pelvic ganglion from either the central autonomic area (63\%) or the intercalated nucleus (58\%). Finally, we used drug-induced hypotension in conscious rats to evoke Fos immunoreactivity in barosensitive SPN and immunostained to reveal Fos and CART. CART immunoreactivity was present in 41\% of the Fos-IR barosensitive neurons, which were concentrated in the IML of segments T5-T13. CART-positive, Fos-negative neurons also occurred in the same segments. These results indicate that CART occurs in barosensitive SPN, nonbarosensitive SPN, and interneurons. Thus, CART is not an exclusive marker for cardiovascular SPN but is likely to influence many autonomic activities.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20870}, institution = {Cardiovascular Neuroscience Group, Cardiovascular Medicine and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Adrenal Medulla, innervation; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, metabolism; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Ganglia, Sympathetic, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16485287}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20870}, } @Article{Ferguson:1988, author = {Ferguson, A. V.}, title = {Systemic angiotensin acts at the subfornical organ to control the activity of paraventricular nucleus neurons with identified projections to the median eminence.}, journal = {Neuroendocrinology}, year = {1988}, volume = {47}, number = {6}, pages = {489--497}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The present studies were carried out to investigate the mechanisms through which systemic angiotensin II (AII) acts within the central nervous system to influence the release of anterior pituitary hormones in the Sprague-Dawley rat. In particular, these studies have examined the role of the subfornical organ (SFO) as an essential structure mediating these responses. Extracellular single-unit recordings were obtained from 199 paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons antidromically identified as projecting to the median eminence. Different groups of these neurons were tested for the effects of either electrical stimulation in the SFO (n = 87) or systemic AII administration in intact (n = 49) and SFO-lesioned (n = 25) animals. Of cells tested with SFO stimulation 45\% were excited, 16\% inhibited, and the remainder unaffected. Neurons which were excited were primarily located just medial to the magnocellular neurons in the region where the majority of corticotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactive cells are found. In contrast, inhibitory responses were observed in cells located in the dorsal medial PVN, a region containing thyrotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin, and dopamine PVN-median eminence neurons. Following systemic AII 42\% of cells tested showed increased activity specific to the effects of this peptide, and 20\% showed alterations in activity associated with the cardiovascular changes induced by AII. In contrast, following SFO lesion only 8\% of neurons tested showed specific excitatory responses to AII. In order to test the hypothesis that systemic AII may activate this excitatory SFO to PVN pathway, a further group of 35 neurons were tested with both SFO stimulation and AII.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1159/000124960}, institution = {Department of Physiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, drug effects; Angiotensin II, pharmacology; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Electrodes, Implanted; Male; Median Eminence, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Neurosecretory Systems, drug effects; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Subfornical Organ, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3399033}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ferguson:1990, author = {I. A. Ferguson and J. B. Schweitzer and E. M. Johnson}, title = {Basic fibroblast growth factor: receptor-mediated internalization, metabolism, and anterograde axonal transport in retinal ganglion cells.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1990}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {2176--2189}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was radiolabeled and used in axonal transport studies to determine whether certain neuronal populations express functional receptors for bFGF. Unlike 125I-NGF, 125I-bFGF was not retrogradely transported in the adult rat sciatic nerve or from iris to trigeminal ganglion or superior cervical ganglion. However, after intraocular injection of 125I-bFGF into the posterior chamber of the eye of adult rats, radioactivity was detected within the retinal ganglion cell projections. This radioactivity was localized to the ipsilateral optic nerve and in the contralateral lateral geniculate body and the contralateral superior colliculus by using autoradiographic techniques. Direct measurement of the radioactivity in dissected brain regions was used to study the process of 125I-bFGF uptake and transport by retinal ganglion cells. The uptake and transport were specific for biologically active bFGF since neither denatured, biologically inactive 125I-bFGF nor 125I-NGF was taken up and transported. The uptake and transport of 125I-bFGF were saturable phenomena since they were blocked in the presence of excess, unlabeled bFGF. Wheat germ agglutinin, but not heparinase, blocked uptake and transport of 125I-bFGF, a finding that is consistent with the uptake being mediated by high-affinity bFGF receptors. Radioactivity from 125I-bFGF was transported in retinal ganglion cell axons in an anterograde direction at a maximum rate in excess of 1.7 mm/hr. No specific retrograde transport of bFGF to the retina was detected after 125I-bFGF was injected into the superior colliculus. The radioactivity from 125I-bFGF that accumulated in the superior colliculus was lost from this tissue with a half-life of about 22 hr. Autoradiography of proteins separated by SDS-PAGE demonstrated that 125I-bFGF was not substantially degraded in the retina after internalization within retinal ganglion cells. During anterograde transport, however, 125I-bFGF underwent limited proteolytic cleavage resulting in 3 prominent 125I-bFGF derivatives of molecular weights greater than 7000 Da. Although these were the major radioactive species recovered from the superior colliculus after intraocular injection, some intact 125I-bFGF was also detected within the innervated target. These results indicate that retinal ganglion cells express high-affinity receptors for bFGF, that these receptors mediate the internalization of bFGF, that internalized bFGF undergoes limited proteolytic cleavage, and that bFGF and its derivatives are anterogradely transported to the lateral geniculate body and the superior colliculus. These data raise the possibility that bFGF or its derivatives may act as an anterograde trophic factor in the visual system, a system that is known to undergo anterograde transneuronal cell death.}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Biological Transport; Cell Line; Cell Membrane, metabolism; Fibroblast Growth Factors, metabolism; Ganglia, Sympathetic, metabolism/physiology; Humans; Male; Optic Nerve, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Receptors, Cell Surface, isolation /&/ purification/metabolism; Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; Recombinant Proteins, metabolism; Retina, metabolism; Retinal Ganglion Cells, metabolism; Sciatic Nerve, metabolism/physiology; Superior Colliculi, physiology; Trigeminal Ganglion, metabolism/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1695944}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/10/7/2176.long}, } @Article{Ferguson:1986, author = {Ferguson, M. and Ryan, G. B. and Bell, C.}, title = {Localization of sympathetic and sensory neurons innervating the rat kidney.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, year = {1986}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {279--288}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Following injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the hilar region of the left kidney of the rat, 66\% of labeled sympathetic neurons were located in the ipsilateral paravertebral ganglia, with most cells in T13 and L1, and 14\% were located in equivalent segments of the contralateral chain. A similar distribution of sympathetic neurons projected to the right kidney, with most cells in T12 and T13 paravertebral ganglia. Only 20\% of the total sympathetic supply to either kidney arose from the prevertebral ganglia. The renal sensory innervation was also bilateral in origin, with about 80\% of the neurons arising from ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia. Injection of HRP into the caudal and rostral poles of the left kidney labeled paravertebral neurons which were concentrated in ganglia L1 and T13, respectively, but did not label any sensory neurons. We conclude that most of the renal sympathetic innervation is paravertebral in origin, and that a substantial bilateral component exists for both sympathetic and sensory supplies. Neurons arising from the contralateral side have their cell bodies in segments that provide the main ipsilateral innervation to the same kidney. The majority of sensory axons appear to be restricted to subcortical areas.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-1838(86)90034-2}, keywords = {Adrenergic Fibers, cytology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Cell Count; Female; Functional Laterality, physiology; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Ganglia, Sympathetic, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Kidney, innervation; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2427560}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ferino:1987, author = {Ferino, F. and Thierry, A. M. and Glowinski, J.}, title = {Anatomical and electrophysiological evidence for a direct projection from Ammon's horn to the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1987}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, pages = {421--426}, abstract = {Following microinjection of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the medial prefrontal cortex (defined as the neocortical area innervated by the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus) labelled cells were observed in the pyramidal layer of the CA1 field of Ammon's horn. Observations made using antidromic stimulation confirmed these results, and revealed that slow conduction velocity of the fibers of the hippocampal cells innervating the prefrontal cortex. Taken together, these data provide evidence for a direct projection of CA1 cells to the medial prefrontal cortex.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00236315}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3556468}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ferino:1987a, author = {F. Ferino and A. M. Thierry and M. Saffroy and J. Glowinski}, title = {Interhemispheric and subcortical collaterals of medial prefrontal cortical neurons in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1987}, volume = {417}, number = {2}, pages = {257--266}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Efferent neurons of rat medial prefrontal cortex, projecting to subcortical structures and contralateral homotypical areas, were analyzed using anatomical and electrophysiological methods. Anterograde labelling with radioactive amino acids demonstrated the pathways of these efferents in the rostral part of the brain; terminal fields in contralateral cortical areas and localization of fibers projecting subcortically were particularly examined. The laminar location of cells projecting to the contralateral prefrontal cortex or through the striatum was investigated by means of the retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injected in these two structures. Cells innervating the contralateral prefrontal cortex were distributed in layers II-III and V, whereas injection of WGA-HRP in the striatum labelled cells in layer V. The antidromic activation technique was used to identify the cortical neurons which innervate the ipsilateral and contralateral subcortical structures as well as contralateral homotypical cortical areas. Among 743 recorded neurons, 282 neurons were antidromically driven from at least one of the stimulated sites (e.g. right striatum (RS), left striatum (LS), and contralateral prefrontal cortex (L-Cx]. The mean conduction velocities were 0.6 m/s and 0.8 m/s for subcortical and cortical efferents, respectively. The reciprocal collision test provided evidence for the existence of branched axons for 35\% of the antidromically activated cells. All the possible branching patterns were found. The results of this study thus demonstrate the existence of single neocortical neurons that send axon collaterals to contralateral cortex and subcortical structures.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(87)90450-1}, institution = {Chaire de Neuropharmacologie, Collège de France, INSERM U 114, Paris.}, keywords = {Action Potentials; Amino Acids, diagnostic use; Animals; Autoradiography; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reaction Time, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(87)90450-1}, pmid = {2443214}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fernandes:2007, author = {Fernandes, Karen Barros Parron and Tavares, Rodrigo Fiacadori and Pelosi, Gislaine Garcia and Corrêa, Fernando Morgan Aguiar}, title = {The paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus mediates the pressor response to noradrenergic stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex in unanesthetized rats.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {2007}, volume = {426}, number = {2}, pages = {101--105}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) is a structure that is also involved in cardiovascular modulation. The injection of norepinephrine (NE) into the prelimbic (PL) area of the MPFC of unanesthetized rats evokes a pressor response which is mediated by acute vasopressin release. Vasopressin is synthesized by magnocellular cells of the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus. In the present study, we endeavored to determine which vasopressin-synthesizing hypothalamic nucleus is involved in the pressor pathway activated after NE injection into the PL area of the MPFC. We report here that lidocaine microinjection into the SON did not change the pressor response evoked by NE injection into the PL. However, the response to NE was blocked by prior injection of lidocaine or CoCl(2) into the PVN, indicating that this area is responsible for the mediation of this pressor response. A neuroanatomic experiment in which the neuronal tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was microinjected into the MPFC showed a lack of axons or neuronal cell bodies in the PVN, indicating that there are no direct connections between the PL area of the MPFC and the PVN. The results suggest that the PVN is involved in the mediation of the pressor response to NE in the PL area and that this pathway must relay in other brain structures before reaching the PVN.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neulet.2007.08.063}, institution = {School of Dentistry, North Parana University, UNOPAR, Brazil.}, keywords = {Anesthetics, Local, pharmacology; Animals; Antimutagenic Agents, pharmacology; Blood Pressure, drug effects/physiology; Cobalt, pharmacology; Drug Interactions; Lidocaine, pharmacology; Male; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Norepinephrine, pharmacology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sympathomimetics, pharmacology; Vasopressins, metabolism; Wakefulness}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(07)00952-4}, pmid = {17890005}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2007.08.063}, } @Article{Fernandez:1985, author = {Fernandez, E. and Pallini, R. and Sbriccoli, A.}, title = {Changes in the central representation of the extraocular muscles in the rat oculomotor nucleus after section and repair of the third cranial nerve.}, journal = {Neurol Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {199--201}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The anatomical location of motoneurons controlling the extraocular muscles within the oculomotor nucleus was investigated by injecting retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into individual eye muscles in control rats and in rats submitted to intracranial section and repair of the oculomotor nerve 6 months previously. Compared to the controls, the operated animals showed marked changes in the somatotopic organization of the oculomotor subnuclei. The possible nature of this re-arrangement is discussed.}, doi = {10.1080/01616412.1985.11739722}, keywords = {Abducens Nerve, cytology; Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Motor Neurons, cytology/physiology; Nerve Regeneration; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Oculomotor Muscles, innervation/physiology; Oculomotor Nerve, cytology/physiology/surgery; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trochlear Nerve, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2869432}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Feron:1995, author = {F. Féron and G. Lizard and G. Sicard}, title = {Isolation of mature olfactory neurones using retrograde labelling and flow cytometry.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {1995}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {9--14}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Currently we can observe an increasing interest for epithelial olfactory neurones. Several laboratories are involved in elucidation of the odorant-molecule recognition process and transduction cascade which brings information to the olfactory bulb. Others use this model, unique in mammals, to accumulate new knowledge on the neurogenesis phenomenon. Here we describe a simple and efficient method to purify mature olfactory neurone populations extracted from the nasal cavity. The approach relies on retrograde axonal tracing followed by flow cytometry sorting. For this purpose we inject a fluorescent dye (Fast Blue or diI C18(3)) in the olfactory bulb of adult rats. Seven days later, we extract the nasal turbinates and separate the mucosa from the subjacent lamina propria. The tissue is enzymatically dissociated and the labelled cells are sorted with a flow cytometer. Purification of the mature olfactory neurones varies from 80 to 99\%.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-0270(94)00105-p}, institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie Neurosensorielle, URA-CNRS 180, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Carbocyanines; Coloring Agents; Flow Cytometry; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Nasal Mucosa, innervation; Nerve Tissue Proteins, biosynthesis/metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism/physiology; Olfactory Bulb, cytology; Olfactory Marker Protein; Rats; Smell, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {016502709400105P}, pmid = {7791369}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ferreira:2008, author = {J. G P Ferreira and F. Del-Fava and R. H. Hasue and S. J. Shammah-Lagnado}, title = {Organization of ventral tegmental area projections to the ventral tegmental area-nigral complex in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2008}, volume = {153}, number = {1}, pages = {196--213}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a nodal link in reward circuitry. Based on its striatal output, it has been subdivided in a caudomedial part which targets the ventromedial striatum, and a lateral part which targets the ventrolateral striatum [Ikemoto S (2007) Dopamine reward circuitry: two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex. Brain Res Rev 56:27-78]. Whether these two VTA parts are interconnected and to what extent the VTA innervates the substantia nigra compacta (SNc) and retrorubral nucleus (RR) are critical issues for understanding information processing in the basal ganglia. Here, VTA projections to the VTA-nigral complex were examined in rats, using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) as anterograde tracer. The results show that the dorsolateral VTA projects to itself, as well as to the dorsal tier of the SNc and RR, largely avoiding the caudomedial VTA. The ventrolateral VTA innervates mainly the interfascicular nucleus. The components of the caudomedial VTA (the interfascicular, paranigral and caudal linear nuclei) are connected with each other. In addition, the caudomedial VTA (especially the paranigral and caudal linear nuclei) innervates the lateral VTA, and, to a lesser degree, the SNc and RR. The caudal pole of the VTA sends robust, bilateral projections to virtually all the VTA-nigral complex, which terminate in the dorsal and ventral tiers. Modest inputs from the medial supramammillary nucleus to ventromedial parts of the VTA-nigral complex were also identified. In double-immunostained sections, PHA-L-labeled varicosities were sometimes found apposed to tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the ventral mesencephalon. Overall, the results underscore that VTA projections to the VTA-nigral complex are substantial and topically organized. In general, these projections, like the spiralated striato-nigro-striatal loops, display a medial-to-lateral organization. This anatomical arrangement conceivably permits the ventromedial striatum to influence the activity of the lateral striatum. The caudal pole of the VTA appears to be a critical site for a global recruitment of the mesotelencephalic system.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.02.003}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Brain Mapping; Dopamine, metabolism; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Staining and Labeling; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism; Ventral Tegmental Area, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(08)00215-7}, pmid = {18358616}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.02.003}, } @Article{Fibiger:1977, author = {Fibiger, HC and Miller, JJ}, title = {An anatomical and electrophysiological investigation of the serotonergic projection from the dorsal raphe nucleus to the substantia nigra in the rat}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1977}, volume = {2}, number = {6}, pages = {975--987}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, publisher = {Elsevier}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306452277901208}, } @Article{Finch:1996, author = {D. M. Finch}, title = {Neurophysiology of converging synaptic inputs from the rat prefrontal cortex, amygdala, midline thalamus, and hippocampal formation onto single neurons of the caudate/putamen and nucleus accumbens.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {1996}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {495--512}, abstract = {Neurophysiological responses mediated by projections from five telencephalic and diencephalic regions (the infra- and prelimbic portions of the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, entorhinal cortex and subiculum/CA1) to the caudate/putamen (CPu) and nucleus accumbens (Acb) of the dorsal and ventral striatum were studied in chloral-hydrate-anesthetized rats. Both extra- and intracellular in vivo recording techniques were used. A retrograde tracer (wheatgerm agglutinin-apo-horseradish peroxidase-5 nm colloidal Gold) was deposited in some animals in the vicinity of recording sites to confirm that stimulating electrodes were located near cells that projected to the striatum. Electrical stimulation of these five regions, respectively, evoked excitatory responses in 60\%, 22\%, 51\%, 25\%, and 17\% of striatal neurons. Some responses, particularly with thalamic stimulation, showed short-term frequency potentiation in which 5/s stimulation increased the probability of spike firing. About half of responsive cells showed convergent excitation to more than one stimulating site. It was possible with convergent excitatory responses to show synaptic interactions: simultaneous activation of more than one site produced spatial and temporal summation to increase the probability of spike firing. Up to 5-way convergence onto single striatal neurons and up to 3-way interactions could be shown. These results indicate that functional influences from the hippocampal formation can converge with other excitatory input onto single striatal neurons to effect synaptic integration.}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-I}, institution = {Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1761, USA.}, keywords = {Action Potentials; Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Caudate Nucleus, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Hippocampus, physiology; Male; Membrane Potentials; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology; Putamen, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Thalamus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8953303}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-I}, } @Article{Finch:1981, author = {Finch, D. M. and Babb, T. L.}, title = {Demonstration of caudally directed hippocampal efferents in the rat by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1981}, volume = {214}, number = {2}, pages = {405--410}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Axonal projections of rat hippocampal neurons were demonstrated by intracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase. The data indicated a prominent caudally directed projection from pyramidal neurons of hippocampal field CA1, provided evidence that the subiculum is one of its targets, and suggested that the caudally directed efferents from CA1 are more numerous than rostrally directed ones.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(81)91203-8}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(81)91203-8}, pmid = {7237176}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Finch:1984, author = {D. M. Finch and E. L. Derian and T. L. Babb}, title = {Afferent fibers to rat cingulate cortex.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {1984}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, pages = {468--485}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Afferent fibers to the rat cingulate cortex were studied by the retrograde labeling technique using horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin conjugate as the tracer. The results showed that the posterior cingulate cortex, but not the anterior, received input from the anterior dorsal and anterior ventral nuclei of the anterior thalamic group of nuclei (part of the so-called limbic thalamus), and from the subicular complex. The anterior cingulate cortex, but not the posterior, received input from the mediodorsal and ventral thalamic nuclei. Both posterior and anterior cingulate cortex received input from the hippocampus pars anterior; claustrum; globus pallidus; nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca (a particularly reliable source of afferent fibers); anterior medial, lateral, rhomboid, and reuniens nuclei of the thalamus; region of the medial forebrain bundle; periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus; the dorsal and median raphe; and the locus ceruleus. Corticocortical projections were seen anterior, posterior, and lateral to the injection site, and in the homologous contralateral cingulate cortex. The results demonstrate a prominent source of cingulate afferent fibers from the subicular complex, provide evidence for a functional division of anterior and posterior cingulate cortices in the rat, and provide information about the relative anatomic importance of cingulate afferent fibers from those different regions.}, doi = {10.1016/0014-4886(84)90116-x}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Gyrus Cinguli, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Lectins; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stereotaxic Techniques; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6199226}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Finch:1984a, author = {Finch, D. M. and Derian, E. L. and Babb, T. L.}, title = {Excitatory projection of the rat subicular complex to the cingulate cortex and synaptic integration with thalamic afferents.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {301}, number = {1}, pages = {25--37}, month = {May}, abstract = {We studied the responses of rat cingulate cortex neurons to electrical stimulation of the subicular complex. Intracellular and 'quasi-intracellular' recordings from layer V posterior cingulate neurons showed that stimulation of the presubiculum or postsubiculum evoked EPSPs and action potentials. These were usually followed by shallow IPSPs averaging 122 ms in duration. Frequency potentiation of an EPSP was demonstrated in one case. Laminar analysis of field potentials provided evidence for a source of excitatory synaptic drive in layer II-III of the posterior cingulate cortex, where the subicular projections terminate, presumably on apical dendrites of layer V pyramids. Intracellular HRP injection of neurons showing EPSPs after subicular complex stimulation established that these responsive neurons were layer V pyramids. One cell with physiological properties characteristic of inhibitory interneurons was recorded in layer V. Stimulation of the thalamic nuclei lateralis and anterior ventralis also evoked EPSPs and action potentials in layer V cingulate neurons. In one cell it was possible to show that EPSPs evoked by presubicular stimulation and by nucleus anterior ventralis summed. These results indicate that subicular and thalamic afferents make excitatory synaptic contact onto dendrites of the same layer V cingulate neurons; that spatial summation can integrate the input from these two sources; and that inhibition from local interneurons limits the duration of this excitatory influence.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90399-8}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axons, physiology; Dendrites, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Gyrus Cinguli, physiology; Hippocampus, physiology; Interneurons, physiology; Male; Neural Conduction; Neural Inhibition; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reaction Time, physiology; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(84)90399-8}, pmid = {6329445}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Finch:1983, author = {D. M. Finch and N. L. Nowlin and T. L. Babb}, title = {Demonstration of axonal projections of neurons in the rat hippocampus and subiculum by intracellular injection of HRP.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {271}, number = {2}, pages = {201--216}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Hippocampal formation neurons of rat were injected intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase in order to trace intrinsic and extrinsic axonal projections. CA3 pyramids (n = 9) projected axons rostrally toward the fimbria, one or more Schafer collaterals toward CA1, and in two cases fibers that crossed the hippocampal commissure. Pyramids of CA1 (n = 5) projected axons to the alveus where they proceeded caudally toward the subiculum. A subset (n = 3) also projected an axonal branch rostrally toward the fimbria. These findings confirm not only major target regions of Ammon's horn pyramids, but also emphasize their divergent axonal projections that are not necessarily lamellar in organization. Axons from subicular pyramids (n = 12) projected rostrally, caudally, or in both directions. They could be traced to several other cortical regions, specifically Ammon's horn, entorhinal cortex and cingulate cortex. The results further confirm that subicular neurons are the recipient of input from the hippocampus proper and are a principal source of efferents from the hippocampal formation. A multi-process neuron in CA1 with physiologic properties associated with inhibitory interneurons was filled and traced in detail. It most resembled the poligonal basket cells that Lorente de Nó described, having long radially oriented dendrites extending as far as stratum lacunosum-moleculare. The presence of putative inhibitory interneuron dendrites in stratum lacunosum-moleculare suggests some role other than traditional recurrent inhibition for these dendritic segments, and two possible circuits are described.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)90283-4}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Interneurons, ultrastructure; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neurons, classification/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(83)90283-4}, pmid = {6616174}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Finch:1986, author = {Finch, D. M. and Wong, E. E. and Derian, E. L. and Chen, X. H. and Nowlin-Finch, N. L. and Brothers, L. A.}, title = {Neurophysiology of limbic system pathways in the rat: projections from the amygdala to the entorhinal cortex.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {370}, number = {2}, pages = {273--284}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {We studied the responses of rat entorhinal neurons to electrical stimulation of the amygdala. Four main results were obtained: (1) excitatory postsynaptic potentials were recorded in entorhinal neurons in response to electrical stimulation of the amygdala. Cells in layers II, III and V of the entorhinal cortex were responsive. (2) Excitatory responses were followed by inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. (3) Frequency potentiation of both excitatory and inhibitory responses was observed when 10/s stimulation was used. (4) Three amygdala neurons were antidromically activated by entorhinal stimulation; and two layer II entorhinal cells that were excited by amygdala stimulation were also antidromically activated by dentate gyrus stimulation. These results provide evidence for a monosynaptic, excitatory projection from the amygdala to the entorhinal cortex. In addition, the data indicate that amygdala neurons are only one synapse removed from the excitation of dentate gyrus granule cells.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)90482-8}, keywords = {Action Potentials; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(86)90482-8}, pmid = {2423179}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Finiels:1995, author = {Finiels, F. and {Gimenez y Ribotta}, M. and Barkats, M. and Samolyk, M. L. and Robert, J. J. and Privat, A. and Revah, F. and Mallet, J.}, title = {Specific and efficient gene transfer strategy offers new potentialities for the treatment of motor neurone diseases.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, year = {1995}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {373--378}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Several growth factors are candidates for the therapy of motor neurone diseases. However, there is no efficient, safe, and practicable administration route which hampers the clinical use of these potentially therapeutic agents. We show that specific and high yield gene transfer into motor neurones can be obtained by peripheral intramuscular injections of recombinant adenoviruses. These vectors are retrogradely transported from muscular motor units to motor neurone cell bodies. Gene transfer can thus be specifically targeted to particular regions of the spinal cord by appropriate choice of the injected muscle. The efficiency of gene transfer is high, with 58-100\% of the motor neurones afferent to the injected muscle expressing the transgene. This new therapeutic protocol allows specific targeting of motor neurones without lesioning the spinal cord, and should avoid undesirable side effects associated with systemic administration of therapeutic factors.}, doi = {10.1097/00001756-199512000-00088}, institution = {Laboratoire mixte Rh-one-Poulenc-RORER/CNRS C9923, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae, genetics; Animals; Gene Transfer Techniques; Genetic Code; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Vectors; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Motor Neuron Disease, therapy; Nerve Growth Factors, genetics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; beta-Galactosidase, genetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8742491}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fink:1985, author = {Fink, D. J. and Purkiss, D. and Mata, M.}, title = {Rapid retrograde transport of proteins in sensory neurons in rats.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {345}, number = {2}, pages = {394--397}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Twenty-four hours following the injection of N-succinimidyl[2,3-3H]propionate into rat sciatic nerve, labeled protein appeared in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia. Autoradiography showed that the labeled proteins were found only in neuronal cell bodies. Gel electrophoresis showed a distinct pattern of rapidly retrogradely transported proteins were accumulating in the DRG cells. This is the first demonstration of the rapid retrograde transport of endogenous axonal proteins in mammalian peripheral nerve.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)91024-8}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Peripheral Nerves, metabolism; Propionates; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(85)91024-8}, pmid = {2412653}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fink:1986, author = {Fink, D. J. and Purkiss, D. and Mata, M.}, title = {A quantitative study of retrograde axonal transport in motor and sensory neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1986}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {537--540}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {We used 3H N-succinimidyl propionate to covalently label in vivo proteins of the rat sciatic nerve, and studied the accumulation of radioactively labeled proteins in the cell bodies of the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglion and ventral horn of spinal cord to assess retrograde axonal transport in sensory and motor neurons respectively. In each case the early accumulation of a small amount of radioactively labeled protein is followed by the later accumulation of a larger amount, which subsequently declines to lower levels. The differences between accumulation in the motor neuron and sensory neuron are discussed. Quantitative assessment of retrograde axonal transport will allow future determination of alterations in that transport after nerve injury and in toxic states, which will help elucidate the role of retrogradely transported proteins in neuronal cell biology.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(86)90184-x}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Biological Transport; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism; Male; Motor Neurons, metabolism; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, metabolism; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(86)90184-X}, pmid = {2424574}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fink:1987a, author = {Fink, D. J. and Purkiss, D. and Mata, M.}, title = {Alterations in retrograde axonal transport in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats.}, journal = {Diabetes}, year = {1987}, volume = {36}, number = {9}, pages = {996--1000}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Retrograde axonal transport in the sciatic nerve of rats with streptozocin-induced diabetes was studied by the [3H]N-succinimidyl propionate [( 3H]NSP) method. The accumulation of retrogradely transported labeled proteins in the dorsal root ganglia and the ventral horn of spinal cord 1 day after [3H]NSP injection was not statistically significantly different from controls in rats diabetic for 1 or 14 days at the time of [3H]NSP injection. However, accumulation of labeled proteins in the dorsal root ganglia 7 days after [3H]NSP injection was reduced by 35\% and transport to the ventral horn of spinal cord 7 days after [3H]NSP injection was reduced by 70\% at the same time points. Partial control of the diabetes with insulin resulted in a partial reversal of these deficits. The early occurrence of defects in retrograde transport suggests that such defects may play a role in the pathogenesis of the neuropathy.}, doi = {10.2337/diabetes.36.9.996}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, physiopathology; Diabetic Neuropathies, physiopathology; Ganglia, Spinal, physiopathology; Male; Motor Neurons, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sciatic Nerve, physiopathology; Spinal Cord, physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2440748}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Finkelstein:1996, author = {D. I. Finkelstein and A. K. Reeves and M. K. Horne}, title = {An electron microscopic tracer study of the projections from entopeduncular nucleus to the ventrolateral nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1996}, volume = {211}, number = {1}, pages = {33--36}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The entopeduncular (EP) nucleus is considered to be the major outflow nucleus of the basal ganglia (BG). The anterograde tracer dextran biotin was injected into EP to investigate its connections with the thalamus. Terminals from EP were found in the ipsilateral ventroanterior-ventrolateral (VAL) and ventromedial thalamic nuclei (VM), lateral habenular and centromedian-parafascicular complex. Electron microscopy of the terminals in VAL/VM revealed densely labelled small synapses that had prominent post-synaptic densities and round vesicles. Synapses were observed onto dendrites and dendritic spines but not onto other synapses or somas. No symmetrical synapses with pleomorphic vesicles were labelled. It is concluded that the synaptic contacts between EP and thalamus are Gray type 1. These findings have implications regarding current theories of BG pathophysiology.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(96)12713-0}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Victoria, Australia. david.finkelstein@med.monash.edu.au}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Biotin; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Thalamic Nuclei, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304394096127130}, pmid = {8809841}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fink-Jensen:1989, author = {A. Fink-Jensen and J. D. Mikkelsen}, title = {The striato-entopeduncular pathway in the rat. A retrograde transport study with wheatgerm-agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1989}, volume = {476}, number = {1}, pages = {194--198}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The projection from the caudate-putamen to the entopeduncular nucleus was studied in rats using the wheatgerm-agglutinin--horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) tracing technique. After iontophoretic injections of WGA-HRP into subregions of the entopeduncular nucleus, numerous HRP-labeled cells were found in the ipsilateral caudate-putamen. In all cases, the labeled neurons were localized in a restricted part of the caudate-putamen rostral to the cross-over of the anterior commissure. Labeled cells in the nucleus accumbens or the olfactory tubercle were never observed. The striato-entopeduncular projection was topographically organized: dorsal caudate-putamen projects to the dorsal part of the entopeduncular nucleus and ventral caudate-putamen to the ventral part. These results demonstrate that the striato-entopeduncular pathway is topographically organized as are a number of other neuronal circuits of the basal ganglia system.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)91558-8}, institution = {Department B, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(89)91558-8}, pmid = {2464418}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fink-Jensen:1991, author = {A. Fink-Jensen and J. D. Mikkelsen}, title = {A direct neuronal projection from the entopeduncular nucleus to the globus pallidus. A PHA-L anterograde tracing study in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {542}, number = {1}, pages = {175--179}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The efferent projections of the rat entopeduncular nucleus were examined by use of the anterogradely transported lectin Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Injections of PHA-L into different parts of the entopeduncular nucleus resulted in a moderate number of labeled nerve fibers in the ipsilateral globus pallidus. The fibers displayed a heterogeneous morphology: some were of small caliber with few delicate varicosities, others were of medium caliber with several more bulbous nerve terminals. Restricted injections in the dorsal and ventral parts of the entopeduncular nucleus, respectively, showed that the dorsal part of the entopeduncular nucleus projects to the dorsal and rostral parts of the dorsal pallidum and the ventral part to the ventral and caudal parts.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)91016-t}, institution = {Institute of Medical Anatomy, Department B, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, physiology; Globus Pallidus, physiology; Male; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(91)91016-T}, pmid = {1647254}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fink-Jensen:1990, author = {A. Fink-Jensen and M. Møller}, title = {Direct projections from the anterior and tuberal regions of the lateral hypothalamus to the rostral part of the pineal complex of the rat. An anterograde neuron-tracing study by using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {522}, number = {2}, pages = {337--341}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The anterograde tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, was injected into the lateral hypothalamic division of the Wistar rat. After 7 days of survival the animals were fixed by perfusion, and cryostat sections processed for visualization of the tracer by immunohistochemistry. Injections into the anterior and tuberal regions of the lateral hypothalamic division labeled neurons which projected caudally to the rostral part of the pineal complex, e.g. the deep pineal gland and the pineal stalk. Labeled fibers were in this study not observed in the superficial pineal gland. Due to the direct innervation of the lateral hypothalamic region from the retina and the involvement of this area in circadian rhythmicity, the projections, demonstrated in this study, from the lateral hypothalamic region to the pineal gland are suggested to transmit impulses which modulate the circadian activity of the rat pineal gland.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)91480-5}, institution = {Institute of Medical Anatomy, Department B, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.}, keywords = {Animals; Fabaceae; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Nerve Fibers, chemistry; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, chemistry; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Pineal Gland, anatomy /&/ histology; Plant Lectins; Plants, Medicinal; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(90)91480-5}, pmid = {2224533}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Finley:1995, author = {Finley, J. C. and Erickson, J. T. and Katz, D. M.}, title = {Galanin expression in carotid body afferent neurons.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1995}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, pages = {937--942}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The present study examined expression and plasticity of the neuropeptide, galanin, in carotid body afferent neurons in the petrosal ganglion of the adult rat. The pattern of galanin expression was compared with that of tyrosine hydroxylase, a selective marker of dopaminergic carotid body afferents in the petrosal ganglion. In normal animals, only 3\% of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing petrosal ganglion neurons co-expressed galanin. Retrograde labeling studies, in which FluoroGold was injected into the vascularly isolated carotid body, demonstrated that all tyrosine hydroxylase-positive-galanin-positive cells in the petrosal ganglion project to this target. In addition, however, we unexpectedly found that galanin expression was markedly increased in the petrosal ganglion following FluoroGold injection into the carotid body. On the other hand, tyrosine hydroxylase expression was unchanged, indicating that monoaminergic and peptidergic traits can be differentially regulated in these cells. In summary, these data demonstrate that monoaminergic chemoafferent neurons can co-express a peptidergic trait, similar to catecholaminergic neurons within the central and autonomic nervous systems, and that these cells retain the potential for phenotypic plasticity in adulthood.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(95)00176-j}, institution = {Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Carotid Body, cytology/enzymology/metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Galanin, biosynthesis; Ganglia, Sympathetic, cytology/enzymology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, enzymology/metabolism; Nodose Ganglion, cytology/enzymology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(95)00176-J}, pmid = {8577385}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Finley:1992, author = {Finley, J. C. and Katz, D. M.}, title = {The central organization of carotid body afferent projections to the brainstem of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1992}, volume = {572}, number = {1-2}, pages = {108--116}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Despite increasing focus on brainstem respiratory control mechanisms in the rat, relatively little is known about the central organization of chemoreceptor pathways in this species. To approach this issue, the present study sought to selectively define the central projections of primary sensory neurons that innervate the carotid body. Afferent projections were visualized by horseradish peroxidase histochemistry following microinjection of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the vascularly isolated carotid body in situ. Labeled afferent fibers were found in several discrete regions of the dorsomedial and ventrolateral medulla. Heaviest labeling was seen bilaterally in the commissural and medial subnuclei of the caudal nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS); more moderate labeling was found bilaterally in the intermediate, interstitial, and dorsolateral subnuclei and ipsilaterally in the ventrolateral subnuclei. In addition, we observed a prominent projection to the caudal ventrolateral medulla in the region of the nucleus retroambigualis. Sparse labeling was also seen in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and the area postrema. These findings support the existence of multiple pathways by which peripheral chemoreceptor inputs may influence central respiratory neurons. In addition to the classically defined relay in nTS, carotid body afferents may also interact more directly with respiratory- or cardiovascular-related neurons in other regions such as the ventrolateral medulla.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(92)90458-l}, institution = {Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH 44106.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Brain Stem, physiology; Carotid Body, cytology/physiology; Chemoreceptor Cells, physiology; Female; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Peripheral Nerves, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Respiratory Center, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(92)90458-L}, pmid = {1611506}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Finley:1992a, author = {Finley, J. C. and Polak, J. and Katz, D. M.}, title = {Transmitter diversity in carotid body afferent neurons: dopaminergic and peptidergic phenotypes.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1992}, volume = {51}, number = {4}, pages = {973--987}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Hypoxic stimulation of carotid body chemoreceptors is conveyed to the brainstem by primary sensory neurons whose peripheral axons run in the carotid sinus nerve. While considerable attention has focused on defining chemical neuroregulators released by glomus cells in the carotid body, our understanding of the morphology, distribution and transmitter phenotype of these carotid body afferent neurons remains limited. Carotid body afferent neurons were labeled by microinjection of the retrograde tracer, Fluorogold, into the vascularly isolated rat carotid body. In addition, immunoelectron microscopy was used to correlate transmitter phenotype with ultrastructural features of afferent terminals in the carotid body. Our results indicate that 41\% of all carotid body afferent neurons express tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, whereas 7\% contain substance P. Tyrosine hydroxylase- and substance P-positive neurons constitute separate subpopulations of carotid body afferents, as these two phenotypes were not colocalized. Most of the tyrosine hydroxylase-containing carotid body afferent neurons were small- or medium-sized (mean cell diameter 15-20 microns) and located in the distal petrosal ganglion, whereas the majority of substance P-containing carotid body afferent neurons were medium- to large-sized (mean cell diameter 20-29 microns) and located in the proximal petrosal ganglion and jugular ganglion. These differences strengthen the notion that these catecholaminergic and peptidergic carotid body afferent neurons give rise to functionally distinct subsets of chemoafferent fibers. To further characterize the catecholaminergic phenotype expressed by tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the petrosal ganglion, we examined the colocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase, the dopamine-synthesizing enzyme. Eighty-six per cent of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the distal petrosal ganglion also contained DOPA decarboxylase; as these cells do not express the norepinephrine-synthesizing enzyme, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, these data indicate that the catecholaminergic carotid body afferent neurons are dopaminergic. Finally, ultrastructural analysis of the peripheral processes of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive afferent terminals in the carotid body demonstrated endings in close opposition to Type I glomus cells, consistent with a role for dopaminergic afferent neurons in carotid body chemoreception. One possibility is that these cells, in addition to their role as afferents, constitute a morphologic substrate for dopaminergic "efferent" inhibition in the carotid body.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(92)90534-9}, institution = {Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH.}, keywords = {Animals; Carotid Body, metabolism/physiology; Catecholamines, physiology; Dopa Decarboxylase, metabolism; Dopamine, physiology; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, drug effects/ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism/physiology; Neuropeptides, physiology; Neurotransmitter Agents, physiology; Phenotype; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substance P, metabolism; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(92)90534-9}, pmid = {1283213}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Finn:2005, author = {Patricia D Finn and Pauline Yahr}, title = {Projection from the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to the retrorubral field in rats and the effects of cells in these areas on mating in male rats versus gerbils.}, journal = {Horm Behav}, year = {2005}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, pages = {123--138}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {This research identified the rat counterpart of the lateral cell group of the sexually dimorphic area (SDA) found in medial preoptic area (MPOA) gerbil of gerbils. The lateral SDA (lSDA) is critical for mating in male gerbils and contains most of the SDA cells projecting to the retrorubral field (RRF), a projection that is also important for mating. Therefore, to locate the counterpart of the lateral SDA, we traced the inputs to the rat RRF, which were dense in the ventral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). To determine if the ventral BST or its projection to the RRF affects mating in male rats, we disrupted them bilaterally by placing cell-body lesions bilaterally in the ventral BST or unilaterally there and in the contralateral RRF. We also studied the effects of RRF lesions in both rats and gerbils. Bilateral ventral BST lesions, which left the medial preoptic nucleus intact, produced persistent and severe mating deficits. Disconnecting the ventral BST from the RRF also had long-lasting, but less severe, consequences. RRF lesions produced only temporary mating deficits in rats, but virtually eliminated mating in gerbils. The recovery of mating in rats after RRF, but not ventral BST, lesions, and the intermediate effects of disconnecting these areas from each other suggest that the ventral BST may contain mating-related projection neurons other than those projecting to the RRF or that its RRF-projecting cells send collaterals to another site. In either case, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus or raphe nuclei may be involved.}, doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.08.008}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, 2205 McGaugh Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4550, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Denervation; Female; Gerbillinae; Male; Neural Pathways; Preoptic Area, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septal Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Sex Characteristics; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology; Species Specificity; Tegmentum Mesencephali, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0018-506X(04)00195-3}, pmid = {15664016}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.08.008}, } @Article{Finnegan:2013, author = {Finnegan, Thomas F. and Chen, Shao-Rui and Pan, Hui-Lin}, title = {Effect of the {mu} opioid on excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs to periaqueductal gray-projecting neurons in the amygdala.}, journal = {J Pharmacol Exp Ther}, year = {2005}, volume = {312}, number = {2}, pages = {441--448}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Opioids are potent analgesics, but the sites of their action and cellular mechanisms are not fully understood. The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is important for opioid analgesia through the projection to the periaquaductal gray (PAG). In this study, we examined the effects of mu opioid receptor stimulation on inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs to PAG-projecting CeA neurons retrogradely labeled with a fluorescent tracer injected into the ventrolateral PAG of rats. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were performed on labeled CeA neurons in brain slices. The specific mu opioid receptor agonist, [d-Ala(2),N-Me-Phe(4),Gly(5)-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO, 1 microM), significantly reduced the frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) without altering the amplitude and decay constant of mIPSCs in 47.6\% (10 of 21) of cells tested. DAMGO also significantly decreased the peak amplitude of evoked IPSCs in 69\% (9 of 13) of cells examined. However, DAMGO did not significantly alter the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and the amplitude of evoked EPSCs in 69\% (9 of 13) and 83\% (10 of 12) of labeled cells, respectively. The IPSCs were blocked by the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline, whereas the EPSCs were largely abolished by the non-N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. The immunoreactivity of mu opioid receptors was colocalized with synaptophysin, a presynaptic marker, in close appositions to labeled CeA neurons. These results suggest that activation of mu opioid receptors on presynaptic terminals primarily attenuates GABAergic synaptic inputs to PAG-projecting neurons in the CeA.}, doi = {10.1124/jpet.104.074633}, institution = {Department of Anesthesiology, H187, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology/drug effects; Analgesics, Opioid, pharmacology; Animals; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-, pharmacology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Membrane Potentials, drug effects; Neural Pathways, cytology/drug effects; Neurons, drug effects; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/drug effects; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Opioid, mu, drug effects; Synapses, drug effects; Synaptophysin, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {jpet.104.074633}, pmid = {15388784}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.104.074633}, } @Article{Finnegan:2006, author = {Finnegan, Thomas F. and Chen, Shao-Rui and Pan, Hui-Lin}, title = {Mu opioid receptor activation inhibits GABAergic inputs to basolateral amygdala neurons through Kv1.1/1.2 channels.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {2006}, volume = {95}, number = {4}, pages = {2032--2041}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is the major amygdaloid nucleus distributed with mu opioid receptors. The afferent input from the BLA to the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is considered important for opioid analgesia. However, little is known about the effect of mu opioids on synaptic transmission in the BLA. In this study, we examined the effect of mu opioid receptor stimulation on the inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs to CeA-projecting BLA neurons. BLA neurons were retrogradely labeled with a fluorescent tracer injected into the CeA of rats. Whole cell voltage-clamp recordings were performed on labeled BLA neurons in brain slices. The specific mu opioid receptor agonist, (D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly5-ol)-enkephalin (DAMGO, 1 microM), significantly reduced the frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) in 77\% of cells tested. DAMGO also significantly decreased the peak amplitude of evoked IPSCs in 75\% of cells examined. However, DAMGO did not significantly alter the frequency of mEPSCs or the peak amplitude of evoked EPSCs in 90\% and 75\% of labeled cells, respectively. Bath application of the Kv channel blockers, 4-AP (Kv1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 3.1, 3.2), alpha-dendrotoxin (Kv1.1, 1.2, 1.6), dendrotoxin-K (Kv1.1), or tityustoxin-Kalpha (Kv1.2) each blocked the inhibitory effect of DAMGO on mIPSCs. Double immunofluorescence labeling showed that some of the immunoreactivities of Kv1.1 and Kv1.2 were colocalized with synaptophysin in the BLA. This study provides new information that activation of presynaptic mu opioid receptors primarily attenuates GABAergic synaptic inputs to CeA-projecting neurons in the BLA through a signaling mechanism involving Kv1.1 and Kv1.2 channels.}, doi = {10.1152/jn.01004.2005}, institution = {Department of Anesthesiology , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey Pennsylvania, USA.}, keywords = {Amygdala, chemistry/physiology; Analgesics, Opioid, pharmacology; Animals; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Elapid Venoms, pharmacology; Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-, pharmacology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Kv1.1 Potassium Channel, analysis/drug effects/physiology; Kv1.2 Potassium Channel, analysis/drug effects/physiology; Limbic System, physiology; Male; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Peptides, pharmacology; Potassium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Opioid, mu, agonists/physiology; Receptors, Opioid, physiology; Scorpion Venoms, pharmacology; Signal Transduction, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Synaptophysin, analysis; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {01004.2005}, pmid = {16306173}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01004.2005}, } @Article{Finnerty:1993, author = {Finnerty, G. T. and J. G. Jefferys}, title = {Functional connectivity from CA3 to the ipsilateral and contralateral CA1 in the rat dorsal hippocampus}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1993}, volume = {56(1)}, pages = {101-8}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(93)90566-x}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Finsen:1993, author = {B. R. Finsen and N. Tønder and G. F. Xavier and J. C. Sørensen and J. Zimmer}, title = {Induction of microglial immunomolecules by anterogradely degenerating mossy fibres in the rat hippocampal formation.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {1993}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {267--275}, abstract = {Degeneration of myelinated axonal connections is generally held to provide a strong stimulus for microglial expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen. The present study demonstrates that strong microglial reactions also are induced by axonal and terminal degeneration of the unmyelinated hippocampal mossy fibres. After destruction of dentate granule cells by focal injections of colchicine (or transection of the mossy fibres) in adult rats, immunocytochemical analysis of the mossy fibre terminal fields in the dentate hilus and regio inferior of hippocampus proper (CA3) revealed profound changes in microglial cells with increased expression of the complement receptor type 3 and induction of MHC class I antigen, leukocyte common antigen, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 and MHC class II antigen. The microglial reaction, first detectable 4 days after the lesion, became maximal during the third postlesional week, and had almost vanished 6 weeks after the lesion. From recent studies we know that anterograde degeneration of myelinated Schaffer-collaterals from CA3 to regio superior of hippocampus proper and myelinated entorhinal perforant path fibres to fascia dentata is accompanied by microglial expression of MHC class I antigen, but not class II. Together with the present findings, this demonstrates that myelin debris is neither necessary nor sufficient to induce expression of microglial MHC class II antigen within the hippocampus.}, doi = {10.1016/0891-0618(93)90048-9}, institution = {PharmaBiotec, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Aarhus, Denmark.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Hippocampus, cytology/immunology/physiology; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II, analysis/biosynthesis; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Microglia, cytology/immunology/physiology; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, immunology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Staining and Labeling}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0891-0618(93)90048-9}, pmid = {7691084}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fischer:1986, author = {Fischer, B. O. and Ottersen, O. P. and Storm-Mathisen, J.}, title = {Implantation of D-[3H]aspartate loaded gel particles permits restricted uptake sites for transmitter-selective axonal transport.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {63}, number = {3}, pages = {620--626}, abstract = {Intracerebral pressure injections of small molecular tracers such as D-[3H]aspartate are usually followed by considerable spread which makes it difficult to assess the effective uptake area and precludes analysis of short axonal connections. As an attempt to circumvent these problems, D-[3H]aspartate was adsorbed onto gel beads that were subsequently packed into glass capillaries and implanted in the brain. Model experiments suggested that the loaded beads gradually release the tracer to the nerve tissue. The implantations resulted in small and sharply circumscribed tracer deposits which enabled us to study long axonal projections, as well as short intrahippocampal and intraamygdaloid pathways that are not easily resolved after pressure injections.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00237484}, keywords = {Amygdala, metabolism; Animals; Aspartic Acid, metabolism; Axonal Transport; Brain, metabolism; Hippocampus, metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2428654}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fisher:1979, author = {A. W. Fisher and P. G. Price and G. D. Burford and K. Lederis}, title = {A 3-dimensional reconstruction of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat. The neurons projecting to the neuro/intermediate lobe and those containing vasopressin and somatostatin.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {1979}, volume = {204}, number = {3}, pages = {343--354}, abstract = {A three-dimensional reconstruction of the rat's hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system, depicting the neurons that project to the neuro-intermediate lobe of the pituitary, has been made by using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase injected into the neuro-intermediate lobe and by using immunocytochemistry with antisera to vasopressin and somatostatin. The overall picture illustrates the neurons situated in the walls of a pair of ill-defined cone-shaped tunnels, the apices pointing anteriorly. Among the neuronal aggregates in the tunnel wall two, the paraventricular and forniceal nuclei, appear similar in shape but clearly separated by a gap of at least 150 micrometers. Many of the vasopressin-positive neurons lie in the same nuclear aggregates with two notable exceptions: the suprachiasmatic nucleus contains many vasopressin-positive cells but does not project to the pituitary, and the forniceal aggregate, which does project to the pituitary, contains no vasopressin-positive cells. Somatostatin-positive cells are situated close to the third ventricle and their size is intermediate between parvocellular and magnocellular. Cell counts show only half the cells in the system lying in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, the rest being in "accessory nuclei".}, doi = {10.1007/bf00233647}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Axons, cytology; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, cytology; Nerve Fibers, analysis; Neurons, analysis; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology; Rats; Somatostatin, analysis; Supraoptic Nucleus, cytology; Vasopressins, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {527025}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fisher:2009, author = {T. Fisher and G. J. Clowry}, title = {Elimination of muscle afferent boutons from the cuneate nucleus of the rat medulla during development.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2009}, volume = {161}, number = {3}, pages = {787--793}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {There is developmental refinement of the proprioreceptive muscle afferent input to the rat ventral horn. This study explored the extent to which this occurs in the medulla. Muscle afferents were transganglionically labeled from the extensor digitorum communis forelimb muscle with cholera toxin B subunit. Tracer amounts and transport times were adjusted for animal size. Immunohistochemistry revealed tracer localization in the medulla and dorsal root ganglia. Labeled muscle afferent boutons were counted in the cuneate nucleus between postnatal days 7 and 42, during which time a large decrease in the density of labeled boutons was observed qualitatively. Localization of input to dorsolateral parts of the nucleus remained broadly the same at different ages, although disappearance of a marked innervation of ventromedial regions in more caudal sections was observed. Bouton counts were corrected for growth of the medulla with age, and any spread of tracer to adjacent muscles indicated by counts of labeled dorsal root ganglion neurons. There was a statistically significant, approximately 40\% reduction in the number of muscle afferent boutons in the cuneate nucleus during this developmental period. Previous studies suggest that perturbations to the corticospinal input during a developmental critical period influence the eventual size of the muscle afferent input to the ventral horn. Corticocuneate fibers invade the nucleus during the same period and may influence reorganization of its muscle afferent input, making it another potential site for aberrant reflex development in cerebral palsy.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.009}, institution = {Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, growth /&/ development/physiology; Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cholera Toxin; Forelimb, growth /&/ development/innervation/physiology; Ganglia, Spinal, growth /&/ development/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Medulla Oblongata, growth /&/ development/physiology; Muscle, Skeletal, growth /&/ development/innervation/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology; Proprioception, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(09)00588-0}, pmid = {19362134}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.009}, } @Article{Fisk:1999, author = {G. D. Fisk and J. M. Wyss}, title = {Associational projections of the anterior midline cortex in the rat: intracingulate and retrosplenial connections.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {825}, number = {1-2}, pages = {1--13}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Past studies indicate that distinct areas of anterior midline cortex in the rat contribute to diverse functions, such as autonomic nervous system regulation and learning, but the anatomical substrate for these functions has not been fully elucidated. The present study characterizes the associational connections within the midline cortex of the rat by using the anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and Fluororuby. The prelimbic area and the rostral part of the anterior cingulate area (both dorsal and ventral subdivisions) are extensively interconnected with each other. In addition, the caudal half of anterior cingulate cortex has extensive projections to precentral medial cortex and caudally directed projections to retrosplenial cortex. Other cortical areas within anterior midline cortex have relatively limited cortical-cortical projections. The infralimbic, dorsal peduncular, and medial precentral cortices have dense intrinsic projections, but have either very limited or no projections to other areas in the anterior midline cortex. Although it has been suggested that cortical-cortical projections from anterior cingulate cortex and prelimbic cortex to infralimbic cortex may be important for linking learning processes with an autonomic nervous system response, the paucity of direct projections between these areas calls this hypothesis into question. Conversely, the results suggest that the anterior midline cortex contains two regions that are functionally and connectionally distinct.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01182-8}, institution = {Gordon College, Division of Business and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, 419 College Drive, Barnesville, GA 30204, USA. g_fisk@falcon.gdn.peachnet.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Gyrus Cinguli, cytology; Male; Neural Pathways; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(99)01182-8}, pmid = {10216168}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fisk:2000, author = {Fisk, G. D. and Wyss, J. M.}, title = {Descending projections of infralimbic cortex that mediate stimulation-evoked changes in arterial pressure.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2000}, volume = {859}, number = {1}, pages = {83--95}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The infralimbic cortex (IL) of the rat can modify autonomic nervous system activity, but the critical pathway(s) that mediate this influence are unclear. To define the potential pathways, the first series of experiments characterizes the descending projections of IL and the neighboring cortical areas using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). IL has prominent projections to the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce), the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MD), the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), the periaqueductal gray (PAG), the parabrachial nucleus (Pb), and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). The density and selectivity of these projections suggest that the LHA and the PAG mediate the ability of the IL to regulate cardiovascular function. The second series of experiments demonstrates that locally anesthetizing neurons in either the LHA or PAG with lidocaine attenuates the hypotensive effects produced by electrical stimulation of the IL. Similarly, microinjections of cobalt chloride (a neurotransmission blocker) into the anterior portion of the LHA also decrease the arterial pressure responses to IL stimulation, suggesting that the ability of lidocaine to reversibly block the evoked response is due to inactivation of neurons in the LHA. These data indicate that hypotension evoked by stimulation of IL is mediated, at least in part, by direct or indirect projections to the LHA and through the PAG.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(00)01935-1}, institution = {Department of Psychology, Division of Business and Social Sciences, Gordon College, 419 College Drive, Barnesville, GA 30204, USA. g_fisk@falcon.gdn.peachnet.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents, pharmacology; Arteries, physiology; Autonomic Nervous System, cytology/physiology; Blood Pressure, physiology; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/physiology; Efferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, cytology/physiology; Lidocaine, pharmacology; Limbic System, cytology/physiology; Male; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(00)01935-1}, pmid = {10720617}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fite:1999, author = {K. V. Fite and S. Janusonis and W. Foote and L. Bengston}, title = {Retinal afferents to the dorsal raphe nucleus in rats and Mongolian gerbils.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {414}, number = {4}, pages = {469--484}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {A direct pathway from the retina to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has been demonstrated in both albino rats and Mongolian gerbils. Following intraocular injection of cholera toxin subunit B (CTB), a diffuse stream of CTB-positive, fine-caliber optic axons emerged from the optic tract at the level of the pretectum/anterior mesencephalon. In gerbils, CTB-positive axons descended ventromedially into the periaqueductal gray, moving caudally and arborizing extensively throughout the DRN. In rats, the retinal-DRN projection comprised fewer, but larger caliber, axons, which arborized in a relatively restricted region of the lateral and ventral DRN. Following injection of CTB into the lateral DRN, retrogradely labeled ganglion cells (GCs) were observed in whole-mount retinas of both species. In gerbils, CTB-positive GCs were distributed over the entire retina, and a nearest-neighbor analysis of CTB-positive GCs showed significant regularity (nonrandomness) in their distribution. The overall distribution of gerbil GC soma diameters ranged from 8 to 22 micrometer and was skewed slightly towards the larger soma diameters. Based on an adaptive mixtures model statistical analysis, two Gaussian distributions appeared to comprise the total GC distribution, with mean soma diameters of 13 (SEM +/-1.7) micrometer, and 17 (SEM +/-1.5) micrometer, respectively. In rats, many fewer CTB-positive GCs were labeled following CTB injections into the lateral DRN, and nearly all occurred in the inferior retina. The total distribution of rat GC soma diameters was similar to that in gerbils and also was skewed towards the larger soma diameters. Major differences observed in the extent and configuration of the retinal-DRN pathway may be related to the diurnal/crepuscular vs. nocturnal habits of these two species.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19991129)414:4<469::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-p}, institution = {Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA. kfte@psych.umass.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Cell Count; Cell Size; Cholera Toxin; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Gerbillinae, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunohistochemistry; Peptide Fragments; Raphe Nuclei, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology; Visual Pathways, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-P}, pmid = {10531540}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fitzgerald:1994, author = {Fitzgerald, M. and Butcher, T. and Shortland, P.}, title = {Developmental changes in the laminar termination of A fibre cutaneous sensory afferents in the rat spinal cord dorsal horn.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1994}, volume = {348}, number = {2}, pages = {225--233}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {In order to establish the specificity of growth and termination of dorsal root afferents within the developing spinal cord, the central dorsal horn terminals of myelinated sensory afferents were labelled at various stages in the rat from embryonic day (E)18 through to postnatal day (P) 35 using horseradish peroxidase conjugated to choleragenoid (B-HRP). The preferential labelling of A fibre afferents with this tracer was found to be as clear in the neonate as has been reported for the adult. The results show that while the somatotopic arrangement of A fibre afferent terminals in the dorsal horn is established early in development, the laminar projections are not. Following peripheral nerve or local skin injections of B-HRP, A fibre terminals were found to project throughout laminae I to V, including lamina II (substantia gelatinosa). This widespread termination was observed consistently until the end of the third postnatal week. After P22 the terminal field becomes restricted to the normal laminae III to V.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903480205}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, United Kingdom.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn, growth /&/ development; Cell Aging; Cholera Toxin; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Nerve Endings, physiology; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, embryology/growth /&/ development; Skin, innervation; Spinal Cord, embryology/growth /&/ development; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7814689}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903480205}, } @Article{Fitzgerald:1986, author = {M. Fitzgerald and M. Koltzenburg}, title = {The functional development of descending inhibitory pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus of the newborn rat spinal cord.}, journal = {Dev Brain Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {389}, number = {1-2}, pages = {261--270}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The postnatal development of descending inhibition in the spinal cord has been studied in the rat. Electrophysiological recordings were made in neonatal rat pups of the activity in single lumbar dorsal horn cells evoked by stimulation of the skin of the hindlimb. Descending inhibition was tested by observing the effect of stimulation of the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) at thoracic level on the dorsal horn cell responses. In adults the DLF is known to contain descending axons from the brainstem which inhibit dorsal horn cell activity. Such inhibition was always observed in days 22-24 rat pups. At 18 days of age it was present but required higher-intensity stimulation to produce an effect. On day 12 only half the dorsal horn cells tested were inhibited by DLF stimulation and then only weakly. On day 9 no cells were inhibited. Application of horseradish peroxidase to DLF axons in the lumbar cord resulted in retrograde labelling of cells in the medulla, pons and midbrain. The labelling on day 6 was comparable to the adult. The results show that despite the early anatomical existence of a descending DLF pathway, there is no functional descending inhibition until days 10-12 of life. It is suggested that this is due to delayed maturation of crucial interneurones in the dorsal horn or to insufficient levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine or other neurochemicals in the descending DLF axon terminals.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, keywords = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn, physiology; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Female; Male; Neural Inhibition; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3948011}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleListURL&_method=list&_ArticleListID=-645007473&_sort=r&_st=13&view=c&md5=5d1ef8165b9f5ef7bd9e2962a8ae519e&searchtype=a}, } @Article{Fitzgerald:2009, author = {Fitzgerald, Melinda and Payne, Sophie C. and Bartlett, Carole A. and Evill, Lauren and Harvey, Alan R. and Dunlop, Sarah A.}, title = {Secondary retinal ganglion cell death and the neuroprotective effects of the calcium channel blocker lomerizine.}, journal = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci}, year = {2009}, volume = {50}, number = {11}, pages = {5456--5462}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {After partial optic nerve (ON) injury, intact retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) undergo secondary death, but the topographic distribution of this death is unknown, and it is unclear which cell death pathways are involved. Although the calcium channel blocker lomerizine reduces RGC death after partial ON injury, it is unknown whether this drug alleviates necrotic or apoptotic death.The dorsal ON was transected in adult Piebald-Virol-Glaxo (PVG) rats, and the site of secondary RGC death was determined using anterograde and retrograde DiI tracing. RGC death was assessed at 2 and 3 weeks. Retrograde tracing with fluorogold injected into the superior colliculus 3 days before euthanatization was used to identify RGCs undergoing secondary death. Overall cell loss was quantified using betaIII-tubulin immunohistochemistry. Lomerizine (30 mg/kg, oral) or vehicle was given twice daily, and retinal wholemounts were analyzed for necrotic morphology (nucleic acid stain) or anticleaved caspase-3 expression at 2 and 3 weeks.Ventral retina was identified as the site of secondary RGC death, and central and dorsal retinae were defined as sites of both primary and secondary death. Overall RGC loss occurred by 2 weeks in central and ventral retina (P < 0.05) and by 3 weeks in dorsal retina (P < 0.05). Secondary RGC death was characterized mainly by necrotic morphology, with caspase-3 expression in some RGCs. Lomerizine reduced secondary necrosis at 2 weeks and secondary caspase-3 expression at 3 weeks.Lomerizine had differential effects on necrotic and apoptotic death with time, but its inability to completely prevent secondary death suggests that full neuroprotection will require combinatorial treatments.}, doi = {10.1167/iovs.09-3717}, institution = {Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Animal Biology and Western Australian Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia. melfitz1@cyllene.uwa.edu.au}, keywords = {Animals; Calcium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Carbocyanines; Caspase 3, metabolism; Cell Count; Cell Death, drug effects; Cell Survival, drug effects; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; Fluorescent Dyes; Neuroprotective Agents, pharmacology; Optic Nerve Injuries, complications; Piperazines, pharmacology; Rats; Retinal Diseases, etiology/pathology/prevention /&/ control; Retinal Ganglion Cells, drug effects/metabolism/pathology; Tubulin, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {iovs.09-3717}, pmid = {19474405}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.09-3717}, } @Article{Fitzgerald:1988, author = {M. Fitzgerald and P. Shortland}, title = {The effect of neonatal peripheral nerve section on the somadendritic growth of sensory projection cells in the rat spinal cord.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {470}, number = {1}, pages = {129--136}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Sciatic nerve section and ligation on the day of birth results in marked growth retardation of the rat dorsal horn. This transneuronal effect was examined in spinal cord cells that project to the brain by retrograde labelling with HRP from contralateral dorso- and ventrolateral tracts in the thoracic white matter. HRP-impregnated gel pellets were implanted in the tracts for 48-72 h to allow intense somadendritic staining of the projection cells. The results show that cells in rats whose sciatic nerve has been sectioned at birth have a mean somal area that is 40\% smaller than controls. Primary dendrites are reduced from a mean of 4.1 per cell to 3.1 per cell and secondary branching is reduced by 75\%. The results suggest that there was no actual cell death, only growth retardation. An intact primary afferent input apparently has a strong transneuronal trophic influence on spinal cord sensory cells projecting to the brain.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0165-3806(88)90208-8}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College, London, U.K.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Count; Dendrites, physiology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Peripheral Nerves, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3409042}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Flake:2005a, author = {Flake, Natasha M. and Bonebreak, David B. and Gold, Michael S.}, title = {Estrogen and inflammation increase the excitability of rat temporomandibular joint afferent neurons.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {2005}, volume = {93}, number = {3}, pages = {1585--1597}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Several painful conditions, including temporomandibular disorders (TMD), are more prevalent and more severe in women than in men. Although the physiological basis for this sex difference remains to be determined, it is likely that estrogen is an underlying factor. The present study was performed to test the hypotheses that estrogen increases the excitability of rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ) afferents and exacerbates the inflammation-induced sensitization of these sensory neurons. Retrogradely labeled TMJ neurons from ovariectomized rats and ovariectomized rats receiving chronic estrogen replacement were studied using whole cell patch-clamp techniques three days after injecting the TMJ with either saline or Complete Freund's Adjuvant to induce inflammation. Excitability was assessed with depolarizing current injection to determine action potential threshold, rheobase, and the response to suprathreshold stimuli. Spontaneous activity was also assessed. Both inflammation and estrogen increased the excitability of TMJ neurons as reflected by decreases in action potential threshold and rheobase and increases in the incidence of spontaneous activity. The effects were additive with neurons from rats receiving both estrogen and inflammation being the most excitable. The increases in excitability were associated with changes in passive properties and action potential waveform, suggesting that estrogen and inflammation affect the expression and/or properties of ion channels in TMJ neurons. Importantly, the influence of estrogen on both baseline and inflammation-induced changes in TMJ neuronal excitability may help explain the profound sex difference observed in TMD as well as suggest a novel target for the treatment of this pain condition.}, doi = {10.1152/jn.00269.2004}, institution = {Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, 666 W. Baltimore St., Rm. 5-A-12, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology/radiation effects; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Capsaicin, metabolism/pharmacology; Carbocyanines, metabolism; Cell Count, methods; Cell Size; Cells, Cultured; Chi-Square Distribution; Electric Capacitance; Electric Stimulation, methods; Estrogens, blood/pharmacology; Female; Freund's Adjuvant; Glycoproteins, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Inflammation, chemically induced/physiopathology; Lectins, metabolism; Membrane Potentials, drug effects/physiology/radiation effects; Neurofilament Proteins, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, classification/drug effects/radiation effects; Ovariectomy, methods; Patch-Clamp Techniques, methods; Radioimmunoassay, methods; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Temporomandibular Joint, cytology; Trigeminal Ganglion, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {00269.2004}, pmid = {15525813}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00269.2004}, } @Article{Flanagan-Cato:2006, author = {Loretta M Flanagan-Cato and Beney J Lee and Lyngine H Calizo}, title = {Co-localization of midbrain projections, progestin receptors, and mating-induced fos in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus of the female rat.}, journal = {Horm Behav}, year = {2006}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {52--60}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {In female rats, sexual behavior requires the convergence of ovarian hormone signals, namely estradiol and progesterone, and sensory cues from the male on a motor output pathway. Estrogen and progestin receptors (ER and PR) are found in neurons in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMH), a brain region necessary for lordosis, the stereotypic female copulatory posture. A subset of VMH neurons sends axonal projections to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) to initiate a motor output relay, and some of these projection neurons express PR. Previous studies showed that VMH neurons are activated during mating, based on the expression of the immediate early gene Fos. Many of the activated neurons expressed ER; however, it is not known if such activated neurons co-express PR. Fluorogold, a retrograde tracer, was injected into the PAG of ovariectomized rats to label neurons projecting from the VMH. Hormone-treated animals then were mated, and their brains were immunohistochemically stained for PR and Fos. Of the Fos-positive neurons, 33\% were double-labeled for PR, 19\% were double-labeled with Fluorogold, and 5\% were triple-labeled for Fos, PR, and the retrograde tracer. The majority of triple-labeled neurons were found in the rostral, rather than caudal, portion of the VMH. These results show that PR-containing neurons are engaged during sexual behavior, which suggests that these neurons are the loci of hormonal-sensory convergence and hormonal-motor integration.}, doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.01.012}, institution = {Department of Psychology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. flanagan@psych.upenn.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Mesencephalon, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Oncogene Proteins v-fos, metabolism; Posture, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Progesterone, metabolism; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology; Tissue Distribution; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0018-506X(06)00005-5}, pmid = {16546183}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.01.012}, } @Article{Flavell:2014, author = {Flavell, Charlotte R. and Cerminara, Nadia L. and Apps, Richard and Lumb, Bridget M.}, title = {Spino-olivary projections in the rat are anatomically separate from postsynaptic dorsal column projections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2014}, volume = {522}, number = {9}, pages = {2179--2190}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The gracile nucleus (GN) and lateral part of rostral dorsal accessory olive (rDAO) are important relays for indirect, postsynaptic dorsal column, and direct ascending pathways, respectively, that terminate as climbing fibers in the "hindlimb-receiving" parts of the C1 and C3 zones in the cerebellar cortex. While the spinal cells of origin of that project to GN and rDAO are from largely separate territories in the spinal cord, previous studies have indicated that there could be an area of overlap between these two populations in the medial dorsal horn. Given the access of these two ascending tracts to sensory (thalamic) versus sensorimotor (precerebellar) pathways, the present study therefore addresses the important question of whether or not individual neurons have the potential to contribute axons to both ascending pathways. A double-fluorescent tracer strategy was used in rats (red Retrobeads and Fluoro-Ruby or green Retrobeads and Fluoro-Emerald) to map the spatial distribution of cells of origin of the two projections in the lumbar spinal cord. The two pathways were found to receive input from almost entirely separate territories within the lumbar cord (levels L3-L5). GN predominantly receives input from lamina IV, while rDAO receives its input from three cell populations: medial laminae V-VI, lateral lamina V, and medial laminae VII-VIII. Cells that had axons that branched to supply both GN and rDAO represented only about 1\% of either single-labeled cell population. Overall, the findings therefore suggest functional independence of the two ascending pathways.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.23527}, institution = {School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {24357064}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23527}, } @Article{Fleming:2006, author = {Fleming, M. D. and Benca, R. M. and Behan, M.}, title = {Retinal projections to the subcortical visual system in congenic albino and pigmented rats.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {143}, number = {3}, pages = {895--904}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The primary visual pathway in albino mammals is characterized by an increased decussation of retinal ganglion cell axons at the optic chiasm and an enhanced contralateral projection to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. In contrast to the primary visual pathway, little is known about the organization of retinal input to most nuclei of the subcortical visual system in albino mammals. The subcortical visual system is a large group of retinorecipient nuclei in the diencephalon and mesencephalon. These areas mediate a range of behaviors that include both circadian and acute responses to light. We used a congenic strain of albino and pigmented rats with a mutation at the c locus for albinism (Fischer 344-c/+; LaVail MM, Lawson NR (1986) Development of a congenic strain of pigmented and albino rats for light damage studies. Exp Eye Res 43:867-869) to quantitatively assess the effects of albinism on retinal projections to a number of subcortical visual nuclei including the ventral lateral hypothalamus (VLH), ventral lateral preoptic area (VLPO), olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN), posterior limitans (PLi), commissural pretectal area (CPA), intergeniculate leaflet (IGL), ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) and superior colliculus (SC). Following eye injections of the neuroanatomical tracer cholera toxin-beta, the distribution of anterogradely transported label was measured. The retinal projection to the contralateral VLH, PLi, CPA and IGL was enhanced in albino rats. No significant differences were found between albino and pigmented rats in retinal input to the VLPO, OPN and vLGN. These findings raise the possibility that enhanced retinofugal projections to subcortical visual nuclei in albinos may underlie some light-mediated behaviors that differ between albino and pigmented mammals.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.016}, institution = {Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1102, USA.}, keywords = {Albinism, pathology; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Congenic; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Functional Laterality; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Retina, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(06)01094-3}, pmid = {16996223}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.016}, } @Article{Flett:1991, author = {D. L. Flett and C. Bell}, title = {Topography of functional subpopulations of neurons in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat.}, journal = {J Anat}, year = {1991}, volume = {177}, pages = {55--66}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {This study describes the distribution patterns of neurons in the rat SCG that project to a number of spatially separated and functionally different target tissues. Fluorescent dyes were used to label retrogradely neurons that project to the pineal gland, iris, nictitating membrane, Müller's smooth muscle of the eyelid, submaxillary gland, thyroid gland, tongue, buccal mucosa, and skin in several areas of head and neck. The numbers of neurons in the various subpopulations were quantified and, in several instances, postganglionic nerve transection was used to correlate the topography of subpopulations with the exit site/s of their projections from the ganglion. Individual neurons were found to have very limited projection fields and contralateral innervation of bilateral targets appeared to be minimal. Neurons with specific functions or projection fields were not highly localised within the SCG, but there was a general rostrocaudal organisation of neurons with respect to the position of their targets along the rostrocaudal axis of the body and this was correlated with the exist sites of the neurons from the ganglion.}, institution = {Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne Medical Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Eye, innervation; Ganglia, Sympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology; Mouth Mucosa, innervation; Neurons, cytology; Pineal Gland, innervation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Skin, innervation; Submandibular Gland, innervation; Thyroid Gland, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1769899}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Floeter:1993, author = {M. K. Floeter and A. Lev-Tov}, title = {Excitation of lumbar motoneurons by the medial longitudinal fasciculus in the in vitro brain stem spinal cord preparation of the neonatal rat.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {1993}, volume = {70}, number = {6}, pages = {2241--2250}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {1. The excitation of lumbar motoneurons by reticulospinal axons traveling in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) was investigated in the newborn rat using intracellular recordings from lumbar motoneurons in an in vitro preparation of the brain stem and spinal cord. The tracer DiI (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine) was introduced into the MLF of 6-day-old littermate rats that had been fixed with paraformaldehyde to evaluate the anatomic extent of this developing pathway. 2. Fibers labeled from the MLF by DiI were present in the cervical ventral and lateral white matter and a smaller number of labeled fibers extended to the lumbar enlargement. Patches of sparse terminal labeling were seen in the lumbar ventral gray. 3. In the in vitro preparation of the brain stem and spinal cord, MLF stimulation excited motoneurons through long-latency pathways in most motoneurons and through both short-(< 40 ms) and long-latency connections in 16 of 40 motoneurons studied. Short- and longer-latency components of the excitatory response were evaluated using mephenesin to reduce activity in polysynaptic pathways. 4. Paired-pulse stimulation of the MLF revealed a modest temporal facilitation of the short-latency excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) at short interstimulus intervals (20-200 ms). Trains of stimulation at longer interstimulus intervals (1-30 s) resulted in a depression of EPSP amplitude. The time course of the synaptic depression was compared with that found in EPSPs resulting from paired-pulse stimulation of the dorsal root and found to be comparable. 5. The short-latency MLF EPSP was reversibly blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline (CNQX), an antagonist of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors, with a small CNQX-resistant component. Longer-latency components of the MLF EPSP were also blocked by CNQX, and some late components of the PSP were sensitive to strychnine. MLF activation of multiple polysynaptic pathways in the spinal cord is discussed.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, institution = {Laboratory of Neural Control, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.}, keywords = {Aging, physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn, physiology; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Ganglia, Spinal, physiology; Interneurons, physiology; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Motor Neurons, physiology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Organ Culture Techniques; Rats; Reaction Time, physiology; Receptors, Amino Acid, physiology; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8120580}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Floyd:1996a, author = {N. S. Floyd and K. A. Keay and C. M. Arias and P. E. Sawchenko and R. Bandler}, title = {Projections from the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray to endocrine regulatory subdivisions of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1996}, volume = {220}, number = {2}, pages = {105--108}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) mediates quiescence, hyporeactivity, hypotension and bradycardia, a pattern of response evoked by injury or social defeat. These stimuli also evoke increased levels of vasopressin (VP) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). A key central nervous system (CNS) locus mediating endocrine changes is the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). We investigated the extent of vlPAG projections to PVH. Anterograde tracer injections into the vlPAG, revealed 'terminal' label in: (1) the medial, dorsal, anterior and lateral parvicellular divisions, and (2) lateral and medial posterior magnocellular divisions of the PVH. Deposits of the retrograde tracer Fast Blue, verified the projection to the PVH arising from the vlPAG.}, doi = {10.1016/s0304-3940(96)13240-7}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Heart Rate; Male; Neural Pathways; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(96)13240-7}, pmid = {8981484}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Floyd:1996, author = {Floyd, N. S. and Keay, K. A. and Bandler, R.}, title = {A calbindin immunoreactive "deep pain' recipient thalamic nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, year = {1996}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {622--626}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) is the only brain region known to receive convergent deep noxious inputs and to mediate the reactions characteristic of deep pain. Injections of biotinylated dextran into the vlPAG of the rat revealed a strong projection to a discrete, calbindin terminal-immunoreactive region of the caudal ventromedial nucleus (VMc) of the thalamus. This nucleus appears homologous to the calbindin-positive, pain- and temperature-specific-posterior ventromedial thalamic region of primates. We suggest that the vlPAG to VMc projection represents an important new route via which deep noxious inputs reach thalamus. As the rat is the species of choice in most experimental studies of pain, the functional-anatomical definition of this projection should further investigation of the thalamic representation of deep pain.}, doi = {10.1097/00001756-199601310-00059}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Histology, Sydney Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin; Calbindins; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nociceptors, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G, metabolism; Stereotaxic Techniques; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8730844}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Floyd:2000, author = {N. S. Floyd and J. L. Price and A. T. Ferry and K. A. Keay and R. Bandler}, title = {Orbitomedial prefrontal cortical projections to distinct longitudinal columns of the periaqueductal gray in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2000}, volume = {422}, number = {4}, pages = {556--578}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {We utilised retrograde and anterograde tracing procedures to study the origin and termination of prefrontal cortical (PFC) projections to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) in the rat. A previous study, in the primate, had demonstrated that distinct subgroups of PFC areas project to specific PAG columns. Retrograde tracing experiments revealed that projections to dorsolateral (dlPAG) and ventrolateral (vlPAG) periaqueductal gray columns arose from medial PFC, specifically prelimbic, infralimbic, and anterior cingulate cortices. Injections made in the vlPAG also labeled cells in medial, ventral, and dorsolateral orbital cortex and dorsal and posterior agranular insular cortex. Other orbital and insular regions, including lateral and ventrolateral orbital, ventral agranular insular, and dysgranular and granular insular cortex did not give rise to appreciable projections to the PAG. Anterograde tracing experiments revealed that the projections to different PAG columns arose from specific PFC areas. Projections from the caudodorsal medial PFC (caudal prelimbic and anterior cingulate cortices) terminated predominantly in dlPAG, whereas projections from the rostroventral medial PFC (rostral prelimbic cortex) innervated predominantly the vlPAG. As well, consistent with the retrograde data, projections arising from select orbital and agranular insular cortical areas terminated selectively in the vlPAG. The results indicate: (1) that rat orbital and medial PFC possesses an organisation broadly similar to that of the primate; and (2) that subdivisions within the rat orbital and medial PFC can be recognised on the basis of projections to distinct PAG columns.}, doi = {10.1002/1096-9861(20000710)422:4<556::aid-cne6>3.0.co;2-u}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Histology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, chemistry/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-U}, pmid = {10861526}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Floyd:2001, author = {N. S. Floyd and J. L. Price and A. T. Ferry and K. A. Keay and R. Bandler}, title = {Orbitomedial prefrontal cortical projections to hypothalamus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2001}, volume = {432}, number = {3}, pages = {307--328}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {A previous study in the rat revealed that distinct orbital and medial prefrontal cortical (OMPFC) areas projected to specific columns of the midbrain periaqueductal gray region (PAG). This study used anterograde tracing techniques to define projections to the hypothalamus arising from the same OMPFC regions. In addition, injections of anterograde and retrograde tracers were made into different PAG columns to examine connections between hypothalamic regions and PAG columns projected upon by the same OMPFC regions. The most extensive patterns of hypothalamic termination were seen after injection of anterograde tracer in prelimbic and infralimbic (PL/IL) and the ventral and medial orbital (VO/MO) cortices. Projections from rostral PL/IL and VO/MO targeted the rostrocaudal extent of the lateral hypothalamus, as well as lateral perifornical, and dorsal and posterior hypothalamic areas. Projections arising from caudal PL/IL terminated within the dorsal hypothalamus, including the dorsomedial nucleus and dorsal and posterior hypothalamic areas. There were also projections to medial perifornical and lateral hypothalamic areas. In contrast, it was found that anterior cingulate (AC), dorsolateral orbital (DLO), and agranular insular (AId) cortices projected to distinct and restricted hypothalamic regions. Projections arising from AC terminated within dorsal and posterior hypothalamic areas, whereas DLO and AId projected to the lateral hypothalamus. The same OMPFC regions also projected indirectly, by means of specific PAG columns, to many of the same hypothalamic fields. In the context of our previous findings, these data indicate that, in both rat and macaque, parallel but distinct circuits interconnect OMPFC areas with specific hypothalamic regions, as well as PAG columns.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.1105}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Histology, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Hypothalamus, physiology; Male; Orbit; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11246210}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Flumerfelt:1978, author = {Flumerfelt, B. A. and Caughell, K. A.}, title = {A horseradish peroxidase study of the cerebellorubral pathway in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {1978}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, pages = {95--101}, month = {Jan}, doi = {10.1016/0014-4886(78)90124-3}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellar Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neural Pathways; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Red Nucleus, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0014-4886(78)90124-3}, pmid = {618740}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fodor:1994, author = {Fodor, M. and Csaba, Z. and Kordon, C. and Epelbaum, J.}, title = {Growth hormone-releasing hormone, somatostatin, galanin and beta-endorphin afferents to the hypothalamic periventricular nucleus.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {1994}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {61--73}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {A combined retrograde tracing (wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase-gold complex)-immunohistochemical technique was used to identify the origin of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)-immunoreactive (ir), beta-endorphin-ir, galanin (GAL)-ir and somatostatin (SRIH)-ir terminals in the hypothalamic periventricular nucleus, which contains all the hypophysiotrophic SRIH-ir neurons. Retrogradely labeled cells were mostly observed ipsilaterally in the arcuate, dorsomedial (DMH), suprachiasmatic nuclei and the parvocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus. They were less abundant in the ventromedial and periventricular nuclei and in the lateral hypothalamus. The proportion of retrogradely labeled GHRH cells was greater at the outer rim of the ventromedial nucleus (10\%) than in the arcuate nucleus proper (3\%). In the arcuate nucleus, 14\% of the SRIH-ir cells projected to the periventricular nucleus. Of the GAL-ir cells in the arcuate and the DMH 10\% were double- labeled. Scattered retrogradely labeled GAL-ir cells were observed in paraventricular and perifornical nuclei and in the lateral hypothalamus. Of the beta-Endorphin-ir cells in the ventral part of the arcuate nucleus 15\% were retrogradely labeled. It is concluded that: (1) There is no major direct connection between the hypophysiotropic GHRH and SRIH neurons, respectively, located in the arcuate and periventricular nucleus. (2) GHRH projections to the periventricular nucleus arise mainly from cells located at the outer rim of the ventromedial nucleus. (3) Intrahypothalamic SRIH projections to the periventricular nucleus arise from arcuate SRIH neurons located along the wall of the third ventricle. (4) GAL neurons from the DMH and the arcuate nucleus innervate to the same extent the periventricular nucleus. (5) beta-Endorphin arcuate neurons strongly innervate the periventricular nucleus.}, institution = {INSERM U 159, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Galanin; Growth Hormone, secretion; Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone, analysis; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Peptides, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatostatin, analysis; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins; beta-Endorphin, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0891-0618(94)90036-1}, pmid = {7534463}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fodor:2007, author = {Fodor, Mariann and Rostène, William and Berod, Anne and Bencze, Viktória and Palkovits, Miklós}, title = {Projections of VIP/PHI neurons of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal in the rat.}, journal = {Ideggyogy Sz}, year = {2007}, volume = {60}, number = {3-4}, pages = {89--93}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Neurons expressing VIP/PHI precursor mRNA have been localized in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal. Unilateral surgical cut through the medial forebrain bundle failed to influence VIP/PHI mRNA expression in the Cajal nucleus while brainstem hemisection or unilateral transection of the medial longitudinal fascicle reduced it markedly, ipsilateral to the knife cuts. Thus, in contrast to forebrain projecting VIP neurons in the rostral periaqueductal gray, VIP/PHI neurons in the Cajal nucleus project downwards, to the lower brainstem.}, institution = {INSERM, U339, Centre de Recherche Hopital Saint-Antoine, Paris.}, keywords = {Animals; Coiled Bodies, chemistry; Female; Male; Neurons, chemistry; Peptide PHI, analysis; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {17451046}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fogel:1997, author = {K. Fogel and G. Szeiffert and T. J. Görcs and M. Kausz and K. Köves}, title = {VIP fibers in rat optic chiasm and optic nerve arising from the hypothalamus.}, journal = {Peptides}, year = {1997}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {263--267}, abstract = {This is the first report showing VIP fibers in the optic chiasm and the optic nerves of intact rats. These fibers form a fan-shaped dorso-medial bundle in the optic nerves. After colchicine injection into the vitreous body VIP fibers could be followed farther in the optic nerve toward the eye when compared to intact rats. After removal of eyes (enucleation) the VIP fiber-bundle became more prominent and VIP immunoreactive perikarya appeared in the supraoptic and para ventricular nuclei. When five-nine months after the enucleation Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin was administered to the paraventricular or supraoptic area, the anterogradely transported tracer was demonstrated in the optic nerve. These observations suggest the existence of a hypothalamic projection to the eye, which is, at least in part, VIP immunoreactive.}, doi = {10.1016/s0196-9781(96)00288-4}, institution = {Department of Humanmorphology and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Colchicine; Eye Enucleation; Hypothalamus, cytology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Optic Chiasm, cytology/physiology; Optic Nerve, cytology/physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Supraoptic Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0196-9781(96)00288-4}, pmid = {9149299}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Folan-Curran:2001, author = {Folan-Curran, J. and Cooke, F. J.}, title = {Contribution of cranial nerve ganglia to innervation of the walls of the rat external acoustic meatus.}, journal = {J Peripher Nerv Syst}, year = {2001}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {28--32}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The retrograde neuronal tracer, fluorogold, was used to determine the relative contributions of neurons in selected cranial nerve ganglia to the somatosensory innervation of the external acoustic meatus in the rat. Frozen sections from the trigeminal (semilunar), facial (geniculate), glossopharyngeal (superior petrosal) and vagal (jugular) nerve ganglia were examined by epifluoresence microscopy 10 to 14 days after application of the tracer dye fluorogold to the superior, inferior, anterior and posterior walls of the external acoustic meatus. The anterior wall of the canal makes a large contribution to the trigeminal ganglion and a lesser contribution to the other 3 ganglia. The trigeminal ganglion is also a major recipient from the posterior wall with smaller contributions from that wall to the geniculate and vagal ganglia. The superior wall projects a relatively constant supply to all 4 ganglia while the inferior wall primarily relays to the trigeminal and geniculate ganglia sending smaller contributions to the vagal and glossopharyngeal ganglia. In conclusion, neurons in these 4 cranial nerve ganglia contribute an overlapping supply to the 4 walls of the external ear meatus, and there is no evidence of a preferential distribution of nerve supply from one particular ganglion or nerve to specific walls of the external acoustic meatus.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1529-8027.2001.006001028.x}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, National University of Ireland, Galway. Jean.Folan-Curran@nuigalway.ie}, keywords = {Animals; Cranial Nerves, cytology; Ear Canal, innervation; Facial Nerve, cytology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Sensory, cytology; Glossopharyngeal Nerve, cytology; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Trigeminal Nerve, cytology; Vagus Nerve, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11293805}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Font:1982, author = {Font, C. and Araneda, S. and Pujol, J. F. and Bobillier, P.}, title = {Biochemical and autoradiographic investigations of the retrograde axonal transport of labeled material following [(3)H]norepinephrine injection in the olfactory bulb.}, journal = {Neurochem Int}, year = {1982}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {569--575}, abstract = {Biochemical and autoradiographic methods were used to investigate the retrograde transport of labeled material after injection of [(3)H]norepinephrine ([(3)H]NE) in the olfactory bulb (OB) of rat. Mechanical obstruction of the ventricular recess prevented intraventricular diffusion. At different time intervals following bilateral [(3)H]NE injections, total radioactivity was measured in the OB, locus caeruleus (LC), raphe dorsalis and periaqueductal gray. Preferential accumulation occurred in the LC, and an approximate rate of retrograde transport of 1-6 mm/h could be calculated. Previous administration of 6-hydroxydopamine in the OB reduced this accumulation by 60\%. Sixteen hours after [(3)H]NE injection, the radioactivity in LC was equally distributed between an ethanol-soluble and -insoluble fraction. A small proportion of the soluble material was recovered as [(3)H]NE and/or [(3)H]normetanephrine. Following unilateral injections of [(3)H]NE, light microscopic autoradiograms demonstrated nerve cell body labeling mainly in the ipsilateral LC and of greater intensity after 16 than 4 and 8 h. These data lead to the conclusion that the movement of radioactive material was indeed representative of retrograde axonal transport rather than of other mechanisms such as diffusion. The observation of a preferential labeling of noradrenergic perikarya in LC supports the hypothesis of a process mediated by specific binding and/or uptake of [(3)H]NE into noradrenergic axon terminals.}, doi = {10.1016/0197-0186(82)90047-x}, institution = {INSERM U 171, Groupe de Neurochimie Fonctionnelle, Département de Médecine Expérimentale Université Claude Bernard 8, Avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0197-0186(82)90047-X}, pmid = {20487913}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fontan:2001, author = {J. J. Pérez Fontán and C. R. Velloff}, title = {Labeling of vagal motoneurons and central afferents after injection of cholera toxin B into the airway lumen.}, journal = {Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol}, year = {2001}, volume = {280}, number = {1}, pages = {L152--L164}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {We tested the hypothesis that application of the subunit B of cholera toxin (CTB) to the airway mucosa would produce labeling of neuronal somata and sensory fibers in the medulla oblongata. Using (125)I-CTB as a tracer, we demonstrated first that CTB is transported across the tracheal epithelium, but once in the airway wall, it remains confined to the subepithelial space and lamina propria. Despite the rarity of intrinsic neurons in these areas, intraluminal CTB labeled approximately 10-60 neurons/rat in the nucleus ambiguus and a smaller number of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Well-defined sensory fiber terminals were also labeled in the commissural, medial, and ventrolateral subnuclei of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius. Approximately 50 and 90\% of the neurons labeled by intraluminal CTB were also labeled by injections of FluoroGold into the tracheal adventitia and lung parenchyma, respectively. These findings demonstrate that a substantial number of medullary vagal motoneurons innervate targets in the vicinity of the airway epithelium. These neurons do not appear to be segregated anatomically from vagal motoneurons that project to deeper layers of the airway wall or lung parenchyma.}, institution = {The Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. fontan@kids.wustl.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Markers; Biological Transport, physiology; Cell Count; Cholera Toxin, pharmacokinetics; Epithelial Cells, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes, pharmacokinetics; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, cytology; Iodine Radioisotopes, diagnostic use; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Motor Neurons, cytology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiratory Mucosa, innervation; Stilbamidines; Trachea, innervation; Vagus Nerve, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11133505}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://ajplung.physiology.org/content/280/1/L152.long}, } @Article{Fontanesi:1997, author = {Fontanesi, G. and Casini, G. and Thanos, S. and Bagnoli, P.}, title = {Transient somatostatin-immunoreactive ganglion cells in the developing rat retina.}, journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res}, year = {1997}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, pages = {119--125}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The peptide somatostatin (SRIF) is likely to play important roles in neuronal differentiation and maturation. In the mammalian retina, it is reported to be expressed by populations of amacrine and/or displaced amacrine cells and, in some species, by some ganglion cells. Previous studies have shown that in the rat retina the maturation of somatostatinergic systems encompasses late prenatal and early postnatal periods, suggesting a role of SRIF in maturative events of the retina. SRIF-expressing ganglion cells have not been reported in the rat retina at any developmental age. In the present study, we re-evaluated the postnatal development of SRIF-containing neurons of the rat retina focusing on the analysis of SRIF-containing cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), to test the possibility that SRIF is expressed by some ganglion cells during development. To this aim we combined immunocytochemical staining of SRIF-positive neurons with retrograde tracing of ganglion cell bodies through Fluoro- Gold injections into the superior colliculus. Double-labelling experiments revealed the presence of SRIF-containing ganglion cells at postnatal day (PND) 10. They accounted for 14\% of the total SRIF-containing cells in the GCL. Such double-labelled cells were not observed either before (PND 7) or after (PND 15 and PND 45) this period. This transient expression of SRIF in retinal ganglion cells suggests that SRIF may be a factor regulating the maturation of retinocollicular projections in a restricted period of postnatal development.}, doi = {10.1016/s0165-3806(97)81788-9}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Pisa, Italy.}, keywords = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Rats; Retina, cytology/growth /&/ development; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology; Somatostatin, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165380697817889}, pmid = {9427476}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fontes:2001, author = {Fontes, M. A. and Tagawa, T. and Polson, J. W. and Cavanagh, S. J. and Dampney, R. A.}, title = {Descending pathways mediating cardiovascular response from dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus.}, journal = {Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol}, year = {2001}, volume = {280}, number = {6}, pages = {H2891--H2901}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Physiological and anatomic methods were used to determine whether neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), or hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) mediate the cardiovascular response evoked from the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), which is believed to play a key role in mediating responses to stress. In urethane-anesthetized rats, activation of neurons in the DMH by microinjection of bicuculline resulted in a large increase in arterial pressure, heart rate, and renal sympathetic nerve activity. The pressor and sympathoexcitatory responses, but not the tachycardic response, were greatly reduced after bilateral muscimol injections into the RVLM even when baseline arterial pressure was maintained at a constant level. These responses were not reduced by muscimol injections into the PVN or NTS. Retrograde tracing experiments identified many neurons in the DMH that projected directly to the RVLM. The results indicate that the vasomotor and cardiac components of the response evoked from the DMH are mediated by pathways that are dependent and independent, respectively, of neurons in the RVLM.}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia. peliky@mono.icb.ufmg.br}, keywords = {Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, administration /&/ dosage; Animals; Bicuculline, administration /&/ dosage; Blood Pressure, drug effects/physiology; Cardiovascular System, innervation; Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/physiology; GABA Agonists, administration /&/ dosage; GABA Antagonists, administration /&/ dosage; Heart Rate, drug effects/physiology; Injections, Intravenous; Kidney, innervation; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Microinjections; Microspheres; Muscimol, administration /&/ dosage; Neural Inhibition, drug effects/physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11356650}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://ajpheart.physiology.org/content/280/6/H2891}, } @Article{Ford:1995, author = {B. Ford and C. J. Holmes and L. Mainville and B. E. Jones}, title = {GABAergic neurons in the rat pontomesencephalic tegmentum: codistribution with cholinergic and other tegmental neurons projecting to the posterior lateral hypothalamus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1995}, volume = {363}, number = {2}, pages = {177--196}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The present study was undertaken to determine the frequency and distribution of GABAergic neurons within the rat pontomesencephalic tegmentum and the relationship of GABAergic cells to cholinergic and other tegmental neurons projecting to the hypothalamus. In sections immunostained for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), large numbers of small GAD-positive neurons (approximately 50,000 cells) were distributed through the tegmentum and associated with a high density of GAD-positive varicosities surrounding both GAD-positive and GAD-negative cells. Through the reticular formation, ventral tegmentum, raphe nuclei, and dorsal tegmentum, GAD-positive cells were codistributed with larger cells, which included neurons immunostained on adjacent sections for glutamate, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serotonin, or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). In sections dual-immunostained for GAD and ChAT, GABAergic neurons were seen to be intermingled with less numerous cholinergic cells (approximately 2,600 GAD+ to approximately 1,400 ChAT+ cells in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, LDTg). Retrograde transport of cholera toxin (CT) was examined from the posterior lateral hypothalamus, where a major population of cortically projecting neurons are located. A small number of GABAergic cells were retrogradely labeled, representing a small percentage of all the GABAergic neurons (approximately 1\%) and of all the hypothalamically projecting neurons (approximately 6\%) in the tegmentum. The double-labeled GAD+/CT+ cells were commonly found ipsilaterally within 1) the deep mesencephalic reticular field, codistributed with putative glutamatergic projection neurons; 2) the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra compacta, and retrorubral field, codistributed with dopaminergic projection neurons; 3) dorsal raphe, codistributed with serotonergic projection neurons; and 4) laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei, codistributed with and in similar proportion to cholinergic projection cells (20-30\% in LDTg). Acting as both projection and local neurons, the pontomesencephalic GABAergic cells would have the capacity to modulate the influence of the "ascending reticular activating system" and its chemically specific constituents upon cortical activation.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903630203}, institution = {Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, physiology; Animals; Biogenic Monoamines, physiology; Cholera Toxin; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Glutamate Decarboxylase, analysis; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, enzymology/physiology; Pons, cytology/enzymology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tegmentum Mesencephali, cytology/enzymology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8642069}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903630203}, } @Article{Forehand:1994, author = {Forehand, C. J. and Ezerman, E. B. and Rubin, E. and Glover, J. C.}, title = {Segmental patterning of rat and chicken sympathetic preganglionic neurons: correlation between soma position and axon projection pathway.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1994}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {231--241}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The segmental organization of midthoracic rat and chicken sympathetic preganglionic neurons was examined by retrograde labeling in vivo and in vitro. The results demonstrate that individual sympathetic preganglionic neurons project only rostrally or caudally within the sympathetic chain, even though the spinal segment in which they reside provides innervation to both rostral and caudal ganglia. In addition, there is both a segmental and an intrasegmental pattern in the thoracic sympathetic column, in which the position of preganglionic neurons is related to the direction they project in the sympathetic chain. Thoracic sympathetic preganglionic neurons are organized into discrete segmental units, each of which exhibits an internal rostrocaudal polarity with respect to the direction of axon projection in the sympathetic chain. The rostrocaudal bias of this internal polarity is graded from segment to segment along the longitudinal axis. Since there is minimal overlap between thoracic segments, the transition from one segment to another entails a sharp change in the pathway choice of the preganglionic neurons. The organization of the preganglionic projections thus includes (1) segmental periodicity, (2) intrasegmental gradients of neuronal identity, and (3) an axial gradient of segment identity. The significance of these findings is twofold. First, they suggest a functional organization that may be related to the specificity of sympathetic reflex action. Second, they reveal a cellular organization that suggests an underlying segmental pattern in the developing spinal cord.}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, cytology/embryology; Axons, physiology; Chick Embryo; Chickens; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/embryology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8283234}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/14/1/231.long}, } @Article{Forrest:2008, author = {Forrest, Shelley L. and Keast, Janet R.}, title = {Expression of receptors for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family ligands in sacral spinal cord reveals separate targets of pelvic afferent fibers.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2008}, volume = {506}, number = {6}, pages = {989--1002}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Nerve growth factor has been proposed to mediate many structural and chemical changes in bladder sensory neurons after injury or inflammation. We have examined the expression of receptors for the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family within sensory terminals located in the sacral spinal cord and in bladder-projecting sacral dorsal root ganglion neurons of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. Nerve fibers immunolabelled for GFRalpha1 (GDNF receptor), GFRalpha2 (neurturin receptor), or GFRalpha3 (artemin receptor) showed distinct distribution patterns in the spinal cord, suggesting separate populations of sensory fibers with different functions: GFRalpha1-labeled fibers were in outer lamina II and the lateral-collateral pathway and associated with autonomic interneurons and preganglionic neurons; GFRalpha2-labeled fibers were only in inner lamina II; GFRalpha3-labeled fibers were in lamina I, the lateral-collateral pathway, and areas surrounding dorsal groups of preganglionic neurons and associated interneurons. Immunofluorescence studies of retrogradely labelled bladder-projecting neurons in sacral dorsal root ganglia showed that approximately 25\% expressed GFRalpha1 or GFRalpha3 immunoreactivity, the preferred receptors for GDNF and artemin, respectively. After cyclophosphamide-induced bladder inflammation, fluorescence intensity of GFRalpha1-positive fibers increased within the dorsal horn, but there was no change in the GFRalpha2- or GFRalpha3-positive fibers. These studies have shown that GDNF and artemin may target bladder sensory neurons and potentially mediate plasticity of sacral visceral afferent neurons following inflammation. Our results have also revealed three distinct subpopulations of sensory fibers within the sacral spinal cord, which have not been identified previously using other markers.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21535}, institution = {Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism; Animals; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, physiology; Gene Expression, physiology; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors, metabolism; Nitric Oxide Synthase, metabolism; Pelvis, innervation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sacrococcygeal Region; Spinal Cord, metabolism; Urinary Bladder Diseases, chemically induced/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {18085594}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21535}, } @Article{Forrest:2013, author = {Forrest, Shelley L. and Osborne, Peregrine B. and Keast, Janet R.}, title = {Characterization of bladder sensory neurons in the context of myelination, receptors for pain modulators, and acute responses to bladder inflammation.}, journal = {Front Neurosci}, year = {2013}, volume = {7}, pages = {206}, abstract = {Bladder sensation is mediated by lumbosacral dorsal root ganglion neurons and is essential for normal voiding and nociception. Numerous electrophysiological, structural, and molecular changes occur in these neurons following inflammation. Defining which neurons undergo these changes is critical for understanding the mechanism underlying bladder pain and dysfunction. Our first aim was to define the chemical classes of bladder sensory neurons that express receptors for the endogenous modulators of nociceptor sensitivity, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), the related neurotrophic factor, artemin, and estrogens. Bladder sensory neurons of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were identified with retrograde tracer. Diverse groups of neurons express these receptors, and some neurons express receptors for both neurotrophic factors and estrogens. Lumbar and sacral sensory neurons showed some distinct differences in their expression profile. We also distinguished the chemical profile of myelinated and unmyelinated bladder sensory neurons. Our second aim was to identify bladder sensory neurons likely to be undergoing structural remodeling during inflammation. Following systemic administration of cyclophosphamide (CYP), its renal metabolite acrolein causes transient urothelial loss, exposing local afferent terminals to a toxic environment. CYP induced expression of the injury-related immediate-early gene product, activating transcription factor-3 (ATF-3), in a small population of sacral nitrergic bladder sensory neurons. In conclusion, we have defined the bladder sensory neurons that express receptors for GDNF, artemin and estrogens. Our study has also identified a sub-population of sacral sensory neurons that are likely to be undergoing structural remodeling during acute inflammation of the bladder. Together these results contribute to increased understanding of the neurons that are known to be involved in pain modulation and hyperreflexia during inflammation.}, doi = {10.3389/fnins.2013.00206}, institution = {Pain Management Research Institute and Kolling Institute, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney, NSW, Australia.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {epublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {24223534}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2013.00206}, } @Article{Foster:1989, author = {G. A. Foster and A. R. Sizer and H. Rees and M. H. Roberts}, title = {Afferent projections to the rostral anterior pretectal nucleus of the rat: a possible role in the processing of noxious stimuli.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1989}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {685--694}, abstract = {The afferent inputs to the rostral pole of the anterior pretectal nucleus have been examined by utilizing the retrograde axonal transport of a fluorescent dye, Fast Blue. After unilateral injection of the dye into the rostral anterior prectectal nucleus, large numbers of labelled neuronal somata were found in the somatosensory cortex, the ventrolateral geniculate nucleus, the zona incerta, the superior colliculus, the deep mesencephalic nuclei, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and the medial vestibular nucleus. In addition, the contralateral parabigeminal nucleus provided a major input to the rostral part of the anterior pretectal nucleus. Smaller and sparser collections of stained cell bodies could be found in the ventromedial hypothalamus, the posterior pretectal nucleus, the nucleus of the posterior commissure, the peripeduncular nucleus, the periaqueductal central gray, the contralateral anterior pretectal nucleus, and the locus coeruleus. Many of the inputs originated in areas associated with nociceptive pathways. The regional distribution of neurons projecting to the rostral pole of the anterior pretectal nucleus differs substantially from that of the cells innervating the anterior pretectal nucleus proper, i.e. its more caudal parts. It is concluded from this that the rostral pole constitutes a separate nucleus, anatomically distinct from the rest of the anterior pretectal nucleus and other cell groups in the pretectal complex. The demonstration that many of the afferents to the rostral anterior pretectal nucleus arise in regions involved in nociception supports recent electrophysiological and behavioural evidence that this brain area plays a role in the processing of noxious stimuli, rather than as a component in the pretectal control of visual system reflexes.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(89)90141-3}, institution = {Department of Physiology, University College, Cardiff, U.K.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain, physiopathology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2472580}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Foster:2011, author = {Foster, R. and Jung, J. and Farooq, A. and McClung, C. and Ripsch, M. S. and Fitzgerald, M. P. and White, F. A.}, title = {Sciatic nerve injury induces functional pro-nociceptive chemokine receptors in bladder-associated primary afferent neurons in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2011}, volume = {183}, pages = {230--237}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Visceral sensory afferents during disease or following injury often produce vague, diffuse body sensations, and pain referred to somatic targets. Alternatively, injury due to trauma or disease of somatic nerve targets can also lead to referred pain in visceral targets via a somatovisceral reflex. Both phenomenons are thought to be due to convergence of visceral and somatic afferents within the spinal cord. To investigate a potential peripheral influence for referred pain in visceral targets following somatic nerve injury, we examined whether a sciatic nerve injury known to produce hindpaw tactile hyperalgesia alters the frequency of micturition and the sensitivity of bladder-associated sensory neurons to pro-nociceptive chemokines. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats received injections of cholera toxin B subunit conjugated to 555 into urinary bladder wall to retrogradely label visceral primary afferent neurons. After 7 days, the right sciatic nerve of these animals was subjected to a lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-induced focal demyelination injury. Pre- and post-injury tactile sensitivity in the hind paw and micturition frequency were assayed. Animals were allowed to survive for 14-28 days. Lumbosacral and lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) ipsilateral to the nerve injury were acutely dissociated from sham and nerve injured animals. Bladder wall-associated sensory neurons identified via the retrograde marker were assayed for fluxes in intracellular calcium following administration of pro-nociceptive chemokines. The assayed chemokines included monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1/CCL2) and stromal cell derived factor-1 alpha (SDF1/CXCL12). LPC nerve injured animals exhibited tactile hyperalgesia and increased micturition frequency for at least 28 days. Focal demyelination of the sciatic nerve also increased the number of injured L₄L₅ and non-injured L₆-S₂ bladder-associated sensory neurons that responded to MCP1 and SDF1 when compared with sensory neurons derived from uninjured naïve and sham-injured control animals. Taken together, these data suggest that some visceral hypersensitivity states may have a somatic origin. More importantly, nociceptive somatovisceral sensation may be mediated by upregulation of chemokine signaling in visceral sensory neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.035}, institution = {Department of Urology, Loyola University Health System, Maywood, IL, USA.}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Calcium, metabolism; Chemokines, pharmacology; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Disease Models, Animal; Electric Stimulation; Female; Functional Laterality; Ganglia, Spinal, pathology; Hyperalgesia, etiology; Lysophosphatidylcholines, adverse effects; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Pain Threshold; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Chemokine, metabolism; Sciatic Neuropathy, chemically induced/complications/pathology; Urinary Bladder, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(11)00317-4}, pmid = {21458542}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.035}, } @Article{Fournier:2005, author = {Betty Fournier and Ann M Lohof and Adrian J Bower and Jean Mariani and Rachel M Sherrard}, title = {Developmental modifications of olivocerebellar topography: the granuloprival cerebellum reveals multiple routes from the inferior olive.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2005}, volume = {490}, number = {1}, pages = {85-97}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Correct function of neural circuits depends on highly organized neuronal connections, refined from less precise projections through synaptic elimination, collateral regression, or neuronal death. We examined regressive phenomena that define olivocerebellar topography during maturation from Purkinje cell polyinnervation to monoinnervation. We used bilateral retrograde tracing to determine the source of olivocerebellar afferents to posterior vermis lobules VII-VIII in a model of retained immature Purkinje cell polyinnervation, the granuloprival cerebellum. In controls, labelled neurons were found only in the contralateral inferior olive (ION) clustered in a small ventromedial locus that is congruent with known olivocerebellar topography. In granuloprival animals, olivary labelling appeared more dispersed and was present in homologous ipsilateral regions. Double-labelled neurons were never seen. Retrograde tracing following unilateral olivocerebellar transection in adult granuloprival rats revealed: 1) the origin of the normal (remaining) path projecting through the contralateral inferior peduncle was more localized than in irradiated nonpedunculotomized rats, 2) a small double-crossed path, and 3) a projection that ascends the peduncle ipsilateral to the ION of origin, part of which crosses the midline within the cerebellum. Electrophysiological and immunohistochemical assessment in the neonatal cerebellum revealed that transcommissural paths are not present during development but sprout within the irradiated cerebellum. Therefore, the olivocerebellar projection in the granuloprival rat, as a model of the immature path, shows parasagittal organization similar to that of controls in its normally crossed path but possesses additional abnormal projections. Thus, maturation of olivocerebellar topography involves removal of whole developmental paths to define laterality plus synapse elimination within largely predefined parasagittal zones.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20648}, institution = {Laboratoire Développement et Vieillissement du Système Nerveux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, metabolism; Cerebellum, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, pharmacokinetics; Functional Laterality, physiology; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Membrane Potentials, drug effects/physiology/radiation effects; Membrane Transport Proteins, metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Olivary Nucleus, cytology/growth /&/ development/radiation effects; Purkinje Cells, metabolism/radiation effects; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2; Whole-Body Irradiation, methods}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16041715}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20648}, } @Article{Fournier:2002, author = {Fournier, Betty and Rovira, Catherine and Mailly, Philippe and Fuhrman, Yves and Mariani, Jean}, title = {HRP injection in lobule VI-VII of the cerebellar cortex reveals a bilateral inferior olive projection in granuloprival rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2002}, volume = {449}, number = {1}, pages = {65--75}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {In immature rats, Purkinje cells receive synapses from multiple climbing fibers. During development, this multi-innervation regresses and only one climbing fiber innervates each Purkinje cell in the adult. The multi-innervation of immature rats is maintained in the adult if the precursors of the cerebellar granule cells are destroyed by early postnatal X-irradiation. The present study was undertaken to determine the origin of climbing fibers projecting to lobule VI-VII of the cerebellum in X-irradiated granuloprival rats. Olivary neurons were labelled by retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, which was injected by iontophoresis in the right vermis of lobule VI-VII. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the inferior olive were made for granuloprival and control rats. No significant variation in the shape and dimension of the olive was observed between the two groups. Labeled cells were found in the middle part of the median accessory olive (MAO). In control rats, stained cells were found only in the contralateral MAO, whereas in the granuloprival rats they were located in both the contralateral and the ipsilateral MAO. Homologous zones were marked in control and granuloprival rats in the middle part of MAO. In granuloprival rats, there was a symmetry in the distribution of the stained cells in the ipsi- and contralateral MAO along the three axes. Therefore, polyinnervation involves homologous regions of both inferior olivary nuclei.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10273}, institution = {Equipe Développement et Vieillissement du Système Nerveux, Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UMR 7102, CNRS et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Brain Mapping, methods; Cerebellar Cortex, chemistry/physiology/radiation effects; Horseradish Peroxidase, analysis; Iontophoresis; Neural Pathways, chemistry/physiology/radiation effects; Neurons, enzymology/physiology; Olivary Nucleus, chemistry/physiology/radiation effects; Rats; Rats, Wistar; X-Rays}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12115693}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10273}, } @Article{Foust:2008, author = {Foust, Kevin D. and Flotte, Terence R. and Reier, Paul J. and Mandel, Ronald J.}, title = {Recombinant adeno-associated virus-mediated global anterograde delivery of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor to the spinal cord: comparison of rubrospinal and corticospinal tracts in the rat.}, journal = {Hum Gene Ther}, year = {2008}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {71--82}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by progressive loss of spinal lower motoneurons. Gene delivery is a promising strategy to deliver therapeutic molecules to these vulnerable cells. However, definition of an optimal route of delivery capable of accessing neurons over a considerable extent of the neuraxis represents a significant logistical problem. Intramuscular vector injections are not ideal as this approach would involve hundreds of injections to completely treat an ALS patient and also would be dependent on retrograde transport of the viral platform of choice. Alternatively, upper motoneurons could deliver trophic factors over considerable distances by anterograde transport after a relatively localized intracerebral injection. To test this approach, the present study was designed to compare the corticospinal (CST) and rubrospinal (RST) tracts for their ability to transport recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (rAAV5)-derived green fluorescent protein (GFP) or glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to the spinal cord. Unilateral injections of rAAV5-GFP into the red nucleus (RN) or motor cortex of normal rats produced GFP-positive fibers in the appropriate descending tracts extending to the lumbar spinal cord. For both tracts, GFP-positive axonal projections into the spinal gray matter were consistently observed. GDNF immunohistochemistry demonstrated that confirmed RN injections resulted in GDNF-positive fibers projecting into spinal gray matter as seen in the GFP group. In contrast, confirmed cortical rAAV5-GDNF injections resulted in less evident staining in spinal cord. Spinal cord GDNF levels were elevated at distances up to 72 mm from the injection sites, and confirmed that RST-related GDNF transport to spinal cord surpassed CST-associated delivery.}, doi = {10.1089/hum.2007.104}, institution = {Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.}, keywords = {Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, therapy; Animals; DNA, Recombinant, administration /&/ dosage; Dependovirus, genetics; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Genetic Therapy, methods; Genetic Vectors, administration /&/ dosage; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, genetics; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Pyramidal Tracts, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {18072858}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hum.2007.104}, } @Article{Fox:1985, author = {Fox, E. A. and Powley, T. L.}, title = {Longitudinal columnar organization within the dorsal motor nucleus represents separate branches of the abdominal vagus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {341}, number = {2}, pages = {269--282}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {To identify the distribution of central preganglionics associated with each branch of the subdiaphragmatic vagus, the fluorescent tracer True Blue (TB) was administered intraperitoneally to rats with 4 out of 5 branches cauterized, and then, after 72 h, the animals were sacrificed for histological analysis. Each vagal branch contained the axons of a topographically distinct column of cells within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN). The columns representing the 4 branches with the largest numbers of efferents are organized as paired, bilaterally symmetrical, longitudinal distributions on either side of the medulla. Each DMN side contains a column occupying the medial two-thirds or more of the nucleus and corresponding to one of the gastric branches (left DMN, anterior gastric; right DMN, posterior gastric). Also on each side, the lateral pole of the DMN consists of a coherent cell column corresponding to one of the celiac branches (left DMN, accessory celiac; right DMN, celiac). The fifth branch, the hepatic, is represented by a limited number of somata forming a diffuse column largely coextensive with that representing the anterior gastric branch. At some levels of the DMN, the columns overlap. Labeled cells observed in the reticular formation were correlated in number, left-right ratios and response to vagotomy with those in the DMN, which suggests that they are displaced cells of the nucleus. Distributions of labeled cells in the nucleus ambiguus and the retrofacial nucleus were not tightly correlated with those of the DMN. An analysis of cell counts obtained for each of the individual branches suggests that vagal axons do not generally send collaterals through more than one branch.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)91066-2}, keywords = {Animals; Benzofurans; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, Efferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(85)91066-2}, pmid = {4041795}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fox:1992, author = {Fox, K.}, title = {A critical period for experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in rat barrel cortex.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1992}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {1826--1838}, month = {May}, abstract = {Recordings were made from neurons in layers II, III, and IV of rat barrel cortex. The animals were raised either from the day of birth (P0) or from P2, P4, or P7 with just the D1 vibrissa protruding on one side of the face and the contralateral side intact. Follicles were not ablated, but vibrissae were carefully removed by applying steady tension to the base of each vibrissa. Deprivation was continued until the day of recording (P30-P90), though in most cases vibrissae were allowed to regrow for 4-7 d prior to recording. The area of cortex driven by stimulating the spared D1 vibrissa was found to be enlarged in uni-vibrissae animals, but the characteristic anatomical map of the barrel field, defined by cytochrome oxidase staining, retained its normal form. In animals deprived from P0, layer IV cells outside the D1 barrel responded with short latencies (5-10 msec) to D1 stimulation, a condition never observed in normally reared animals. Short-latency responses to stimulation of regrown, deprived vibrissae were still present in layer IV despite the deprivation. Plasticity decreased rapidly in layer IV between P0 and P4 as judged by two measures: first, the percentage of cells in neighboring barrels that showed short-latency responses to D1 fell from 30\% in P0 deprived animals to 18\% in P2 and 13\% in P4 deprived animals. Second, the percentage of cells in barrels surrounding D1 with larger responses to D1 stimulation than to stimulation of their anatomically related vibrissa also fell from 37\% in P0 to 23\% in P2 and 12\% in P4 deprived animals. The percentage of "shifted cells" showed no further reduction in P7 deprived animals (14\%). Plasticity in layers II and III showed little sign of decreasing between P2 and P7 after an initial drop between P0 and P2. Therefore, deprivation started at P4 and P7 had a far greater effect on layers II and III than on layer IV. In animals deprived from P4 onward, not only were responses to D1 stimulation greater in barrels neighboring D1 (in layers II/ III), but responses were smaller to principal vibrissa stimulation. This suggests increased lateral transmission from the "experienced" barrel and a failure of vertical transmission within the "deprived" barrels. These results show that changes in the balance of experience acquired through vibrissae can affect development of connectivity in the barrel cortex. The main locus of plasticity is cortical when deprivations are started at P4 and beyond.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, institution = {Section of Neurobiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912.}, keywords = {Aging, physiology; Animals; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Rats; Reaction Time; Reference Values; Sensation, physiology; Sensory Deprivation, physiology; Somatosensory Cortex, growth /&/ development/physiology; Synapses, physiology; Vibrissae, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1578273}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/12/5/1826.long}, } @Article{Frassoni:1995, author = {C. Frassoni and P. Arcelli and M. C. Regondi and M. Selvaggio and S. De Biasi and R. Spreafico}, title = {Branching pattern of corticothalamic projections from the somatosensory cortex during postnatal development in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {90}, number = {1-2}, pages = {111--121}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {In adult animals corticothalamic (CT) axons pass through the thalamic reticular nucleus (Rt) where they give off collateral branches innervating the Rt neurons. The postnatal development of CT projections from the somatosensory cortex, with particular reference to the branching pattern within Rt, ventrobasal (VB) and posterior (PO) nuclei, was investigated in the rat with anterograde tracing. Biotinylated dextran-amine (BDA) was iontophoretically injected into the somatosensory cortex of rats ranging from postnatal day (P) 0 to P30. At P1 most of the cortical axons traversed unbranched Rt and terminates in VB and PO, whereas at P3 they formed rudimentary branches in these nuclei. From P6 to P9 a progressive increase in the amount of dense clusters of terminal arborizations was evident in Rt, and by the second postnatal week more complex arborizations with a clear topographic arrangement were observed in Rt, VB and PO. Our findings indicate that CT fibers show a quantitative increase both in R1 and in somatosensory thalamic nuclei during the first postnatal week, although their terminal arborizations are however still incomplete. The pattern of collateralization of CT projections achieves an adult configuration at the end of the second postnatal week.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-3806(96)83491-2}, institution = {Dipartimento di Neurofisiologia, Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Injections; Neural Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Somatosensory Cortex, growth /&/ development/physiology/ultrastructure; Thalamic Nuclei, growth /&/ development/physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8719334}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fredette:1991, author = {B. J. Fredette and E. Mugnaini}, title = {The GABAergic cerebello-olivary projection in the rat.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1991}, volume = {184}, number = {3}, pages = {225--243}, abstract = {Immunocytochemical detection of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the predominant biosynthetic enzyme of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), reveals the presence of a dense GABAergic innervation in all parts of the inferior olive. One brain center that provides a substantial projection to the inferior olive is the cerebellar nuclei, which contain many small GABAergic neurons. These neurons were tested as a source of GABAergic olivary afferents by combining retrograde tract tracing with GAD immunocytochemistry. As expected from previous studies, injections of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the inferior olive retrogradely label many small neurons in the interposed and lateral cerebellar nuclei and the dorsal part of the lateral vestibular nucleus, and fewer neurons in the ventro-lateral region of the medial cerebellar nucleus. These projections are predominantly crossed and are topographically arranged. The vast majority, if not all, of these projection neurons are also GAD-positive. The relative contribution of this projection to the GABAergic innervation of the inferior olive was tested by lesion of the cerebellar nuclei, or the superior cerebellar peduncle. Within 10 days the lesion eliminates most GAD-immunoreactive boutons in the principal olive, the rostral lamella of the medial accessory olive, the ventrolateral outgrowth, and the lateral part of the dorsal accessory olive ventral fold. Thus, the effectiveness of this depletion demonstrates that the cerebellar nuclei provide most of the GABAergic innervation to regions of the inferior olive known to receive a cerebellar projection. Moreover, when the lateral vestibular nucleus is damaged, the dorsal fold of the dorsal accessory olive is depleted of GABAergic boutons. The synaptic relations that boutons of the GABAergic cerebello-olivary projection share with olivary neurons were investigated at the electron microscopic level by GAD-immunocytochemistry, anterograde degeneration of the cerebellar axons or anterograde transport of WGA-HRP. All of these methods confirm that GABAergic, cerebello-olivary axon terminals contain pleomorphic vesicles, and synapse on various portions of olivary neurons, and especially on dendritic spines within glomeruli, often in very close proximity to the gap junctions that characteristically couple the dendritic profiles. These results demonstrate four major points: that virtually all of the GABAergic, and presumably inhibitory, neurons of the cerebellar and dorsal lateral vestibular nuclei are projection neurons; that a large portion of the inferior olive receives GABAergic afferents from the cerebellar nuclei; that a portion of the dorsal accessory olive receives GABAergic afferents from the dorsal lateral vestibular nucleus; and that cerebello-olivary fibers often synapse near gap junctions, and therefore could influence electrical coupling of olivary neurons.}, doi = {10.1007/bf01673258}, institution = {Laboratory of Neuromorphology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Nuclei, physiology/ultrastructure; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Immunohistochemistry; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Electron; Olivary Nucleus, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Signal Transduction; Synapses, physiology; Vestibular Nuclei, ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1793166}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fredrich:2009, author = {Michaela Fredrich and Adrian Reisch and Robert-Benjamin Illing}, title = {Neuronal subtype identity in the rat auditory brainstem as defined by molecular profile and axonal projection.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {2009}, volume = {195}, number = {2}, pages = {241--260}, month = {May}, abstract = {The nuclei of the auditory brainstem harbor a diversity of neuronal cell types and are interconnected by excitatory as well as inhibitory ascending, descending, and commissural pathways. Classically, neurons have been characterized by size and shape of their cell body and by the geometry of their dendrites. Our study is based on the use of axonal tracers in combination with immunocytochemistry to identify and distinguish neuronal subtypes by their molecular signature in dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus, lateral superior olive, medial superior olive, medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, and inferior colliculus of the adult rat. The presumed neurotransmitters glutamate, glycine, and GABA were used alongside the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calretinin, and calbindin-D28k as molecular markers. Our data provide distinct extensions to previous characterizations of neuronal subtypes and reveal regularities and differences across auditory brainstem nuclei that are discussed for their functional implications.}, doi = {10.1007/s00221-009-1776-7}, institution = {Neurobiological Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Axons, physiology; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, metabolism; Fluorescence; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Glycine, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {19340418}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-009-1776-7}, } @Article{Freedman:1991, author = {L. J. Freedman and M. D. Cassell}, title = {Thalamic afferents of the rat infralimbic and lateral agranular cortices.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1991}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {957--964}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The infralimbic cortex is a visceromotor area of the cortex. To define the thalamic afferents of this area, contrast them with those of the lateral agranular cortex, a somatic motor region, and assess the degree to which the thalamus might coordinate the activity of these cortical areas through axon collaterals, we conducted a retrograde fluorescent double labeling study using bisbenzimide and Fast Blue. Injections into infralimbic cortex resulted in labeling in the mediodorsal, intralaminar, and midline nuclei. Injections into lateral agranular cortex resulted in labeling in the ventrolateral, ventrobasal, ventromedial, and intralaminar nuclei. There was almost no overlap in the thalamic labeling following injections into these two cortical areas. The pattern of labeling following infralimbic injections is discussed in terms of the possible function of the midline thalamic nuclei as a relay for visceral sensory information. The labeling in mediodorsal nucleus following infralimbic cortex argues for including this area in the definition of rodent prefrontal cortex. In addition, the results suggest that the role of the thalamus in coordinating the activity of these cortical areas is minimal.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(91)90263-j}, institution = {Neuroscience Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Amidines; Animals; Axonal Transport; Bisbenzimidazole; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1718574}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Freedman:1994a, author = {Freedman, L. J. and Cassell, M. D.}, title = {Relationship of thalamic basal forebrain projection neurons to the peptidergic innervation of the midline thalamus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1994}, volume = {348}, number = {3}, pages = {321--342}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {To better understand the input-output organization of the midline thalamus, we compared the distribution of its peptidergic and monoaminergic afferents, which were visualized by using immunocytochemistry, with the distribution of neurons projecting to different basal forebrain structures, which were mapped using retrograde fluorescent tracers. Serotonin and most of the peptides were found throughout paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PV) and in other midline and intralaminar nuclei (type 1 pattern). Neuropeptide Y, alpha MSH and the catecholamine synthetic enzymes were largely restricted to dorsolateral PV (type 2 pattern). Vasopressin was found in dorsomedial PV and intermediodorsal nucleus in a pattern complementary to the type 2 distribution (type 3 pattern). Neurons projecting to accumbens core were present in paraventricular, intermediodorsal, and other midline nuclei. Neurons projecting to accumbens shell and to central amygdaloid nucleus were found in dorsal PV. The peptidergic zones were only loosely correlated with the distribution of different classes of projection neurons. The type 2 pattern overlapped best with neurons projecting to accumbens shell, and to a lesser extent to central amygdaloid nucleus, while the type 3 pattern overlapped best with neurons projecting to core of accumbens. This partial overlap suggests that some brainstem and hypothalamic nuclei preferentially affect different basal forebrain targets through the midline thalamus, and may allow, for example, information about stress to specifically influence accumbens shell and central amygdaloid nucleus. Nevertheless, most of the peptidergic afferents (type 1 pattern) to midline thalamus cover neurons projecting throughout the basal forebrain, which suggests that all of these neurons receive a variety of brainstem and hypothalamic inputs.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903480302}, institution = {Neuroscience Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Amygdala, cytology/physiology; Animals; Biogenic Monoamines, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microspheres; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Neuropeptides, physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology/physiology; Prosencephalon, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Thalamus, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7844251}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903480302}, } @Article{Freeman:2001, author = {Freeman, A. and Ciliax, B. and Bakay, R. and Daley, J. and Miller, R. D. and Keating, G. and Levey, A. and Rye, D.}, title = {Nigrostriatal collaterals to thalamus degenerate in parkinsonian animal models.}, journal = {Ann Neurol}, year = {2001}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, pages = {321--329}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Movement, cognition, emotion, and positive reinforcement are influenced by mesostriatal, mesocortical, and mesolimbic dopamine systems. We describe a fourth major pathway originating from mesencephalic dopamine neurons: a mesothalamic system. The dopamine transporter, specific to dopamine containing axons, was histochemically visualized in thalamic motor and limbic-related nuclei and regions that modulate behavioral state as opposed to sensory nuclei in rats, nonhuman primates, and humans. Anatomical tracing established this innervation's origin via axon collaterals from the mesostriatal pathway. These findings implicate the thalamus as a novel site for disease specific alterations in dopamine neurotransmission, such as exist with nigral degeneration attending Parkinson's disease. This was confirmed in hemiparkinsonian animals where reduction of thalamic dopamine innervation occurred coincident with signs of active axonal degeneration. Individual mesencephalic dopamine neurons therefore have the potential to modulate normal and pathologic behavior not only through traditional nigrostriatal pathways but also by way of axon collaterals that innervate the thalamus.}, doi = {10.1002/ana.1119}, institution = {Emory University, Department of Neurology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Carrier Proteins, metabolism; Corpus Striatum, pathology/physiopathology; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Dopamine, metabolism; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Membrane Glycoproteins; Membrane Transport Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neural Pathways, pathology/physiopathology; Parkinsonian Disorders, pathology/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra, pathology/physiopathology; Thalamus, pathology/physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11558788}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @InCollection{French:2002a, author = {French, Sarah J and van Dongen, Yvette C and Groenewegen, Henk J and Totterdell, Susan}, title = {Synaptic convergence of hippocampal and prefrontal cortical afferents to the ventral striatum in rat}, booktitle = {The Basal Ganglia VII}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {2002}, pages = {399--408}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4615-0715-4_40}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{French:2003, author = {French, Sarah Jane and Hailstone, Julia Catherine and Totterdell, Susan}, title = {Basolateral amygdala efferents to the ventral subiculum preferentially innervate pyramidal cell dendritic spines.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2003}, volume = {981}, number = {1-2}, pages = {160--167}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The basolateral amygdala and the ventral subiculum of the hippocampal formation are two of the major limbic-related regions within the brain, both of which project heavily to the nucleus accumbens. The nucleus accumbens is regarded as the limbic-motor interface, in view of these limbic afferent and its somatomotor and autonomic efferent connections. These afferent inputs have been suggested to converge monosynaptically on cells within the accumbens and are hypothesised to play a role in functions such as affective motivational behaviour. Convergence between inputs from the basolateral amygdala and the hippocampus at the level of the accumbens can be demonstrated with electrophysiological recording methods, but these do not conclusively preclude polysynaptic mechanisms. In fact there is a robust reciprocal projection between the basolateral amygdala and the hippocampus, synaptic details of which have not been fully investigated. We examined the synaptic input from the basolateral amygdala to the projection neurons of the subiculum, the spiny pyramidal neurons. We labelled the afferents from basolateral amygdala with a small injection of biotinylated dextran amine, and revealed the anterogradely labeled fibers within the subiculum. The labeled basolateral amygdala fibers were studied with electron microscopy to identify their postsynaptic target structures. With this technique we have demonstrated anatomically that the basolateral amygdala preferentially innervates spiny subiculum neurons, presumed pyramidal projection neurons, although some dendrites and possibly local circuit neurons may be targeted.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03017-8}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK. sarah.french@pharm.ox.ac.uk}, keywords = {Amygdala, metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacokinetics; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Dextrans, pharmacokinetics; Fluorescent Dyes, pharmacokinetics; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Iontophoresis, methods; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Cells, metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899303030178}, pmid = {12885437}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{French:2005, author = {S. J. French and G. P. Ritson and S. Hidaka and S. Totterdell}, title = {Nucleus accumbens nitric oxide immunoreactive interneurons receive nitric oxide and ventral subicular afferents in rats.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2005}, volume = {135}, number = {1}, pages = {121--131}, abstract = {The nitric oxide generating neurons of the nucleus accumbens exert a powerful influence over striatal function, in addition, these nitrergic inputs are in a position to regulate the dopaminergic and glutamatergic inputs on striatal projection neurons. It was the aim of this study to establish the source of the glutamatergic drive to nitric oxide synthase interneurons of the nucleus accumbens. The nucleus accumbens nitric oxide-generating neurons receive asymmetrical, excitatory, presumably glutamatergic inputs. Possible sources of these inputs could be the limbic and cortical regions known to project to this area. To identify sources of the excitatory inputs to the nitric oxide synthase-containing interneurons of the nucleus accumbens in the rat we first examined the ultrastructural morphology of asymmetrical synaptic specializations contacting nitric oxide synthase-immunohistochemically labeled interneurons in the nucleus accumbens. Neurons were selected from different regions of the nucleus accumbens, drawn using camera lucida, processed for electron microscopic analysis, and the boutons contacting nitric oxide synthase-labeled dendrites were photographed and correlated to the drawings. Using vesicle size as the criterion the source was predicted to be either the prefrontal cortex or the ventral subiculum of the hippocampus. To examine this prediction, a further study used anterograde tracing from both the prefrontal cortex and the ventral subiculum, and nitric oxide synthase immunohistochemistry with correlated light and electron microscopy. Based on appositions by anterogradely labeled fibers, selected nitric oxide synthase-labeled neurons within the nucleus accumbens, were examined with electron microscopic analysis. With this technique we confirmed the prediction that subicular afferent boutons make synaptic contact with nitric oxide synthase interneurons, and demonstrated anatomically that nitric oxide synthase boutons make synaptic contact with the dendritic arbors of nitric oxide synthase interneurons. We suggest that the subicular input may excite the nitric oxide synthase neurons synaptically, while the nitric oxide synthase-nitric oxide synthase interactions underlie a nitric oxide signaling network which propagates hippocampal information, and expands the hippocampus's influence on 'gating' information flow across the nucleus accumbens.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.012}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK. sarah.french@pharm.ox.ac.uk}, keywords = {Animals; Dendrites, metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; Glutamic Acid, physiology; Hippocampus, metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Net, metabolism/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II, metabolism; Nitric Oxide, metabolism/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, metabolism/physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, enzymology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(05)00629-9}, pmid = {16084659}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.012}, } @Article{French:2002, author = {French, Sarah J. and Totterdell, Susan}, title = {Hippocampal and prefrontal cortical inputs monosynaptically converge with individual projection neurons of the nucleus accumbens.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2002}, volume = {446}, number = {2}, pages = {151--165}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Afferents to the nucleus accumbens from different sources innervate specific areas of the central "core" and peripheral "shell" and are related to each other, at the light microscopical level, in an intricate overlapping and nonoverlapping way. This lack of homogeneity suggests that this region consists of circuits involving emsembles of neurons modulated by specific sets of convergent afferent inputs and abnormal regulation of such ensembles has been implicated in mental disorders. Early extracellular studies suggested that individual Acb neurons might respond to activation of afferents from more than one excitatory input: More recent studies of hippocampal and amygdalar or prefrontal cortical afferents suggest that hippocampal afferents gate the input from the prefrontal cortex or amygdala. Electrophysiological evidence for convergence of excitatory afferents in the Acb is strong and suggests that these pathways are monosynaptic. Nevertheless, this convergence has proved difficult to demonstrate anatomically as a result of the spatial distribution of the afferent inputs on the dendritic tree of the target neurons. To establish whether individual accumbens neurons receive monosynaptic input from pairs of afferents, one projection was labelled anterogradely with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and the second with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) with Vector slate grey and 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride as the chromagens. Accumbens neurons possibly postsynaptic to these afferents, labelled by an in vivo focal injection of BDA, were examined using correlated light and electron microscopy to establish the proximal-distal distribution of labelled afferent synaptic inputs on their dendritic arbours. Individual cells were shown to receive monosynaptic afferent input from both ventral subiculum and prefrontal cortex, providing an anatomical framework for the hippocampal gating of other limbic inputs to the accumbens.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10191}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK. sarah.french@pharm.ok.ac.uk}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Size; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Hippocampus, cytology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways; Neurons, ultrastructure; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology; Phytohemagglutinins; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar, anatomy /&/ histology; Synapses, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {10.1002/cne.10191}, pmid = {11932933}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{French:2003a, author = {French, S. J. and Totterdell, S.}, title = {Individual nucleus accumbens-projection neurons receive both basolateral amygdala and ventral subicular afferents in rats.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2003}, volume = {119}, number = {1}, pages = {19--31}, abstract = {The nucleus accumbens is regarded as the limbic-motor interface, in view of its limbic afferent and somatomotor and autonomic efferent connections. Within the accumbens, there appear to be specific areas in which limbic afferent fibres, derived from the hippocampus and the amygdala, overlap. These afferent inputs have been suggested to converge monosynaptically on cells within the accumbens and are hypothesized to play a role in paradigms such as conditioned place preference. Convergence between inputs from basolateral amygdala and hippocampus can be demonstrated with electrophysiological recording methods, but these do not conclusively preclude polysynaptic mechanisms. We examined the synaptic input to the projection neurons of the accumbens, the medium-sized densely spiny neurons. We labelled the projection neurons with a small injection of biotinylated dextran amine into the accumbens, and the afferents from the basolateral amygdala and ventral subiculum of the hippocampus with injections of biotinylated dextran amine and Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin respectively, and revealed the anterogradely labelled fibres with different chromogens. The labelled accumbens-projection neurons were studied with correlated light and electron microscopy for identified monosynaptic inputs. With this technique we have demonstrated anatomically that monosynaptic convergence between the ventral subicular region of the hippocampus and the basolateral region of the amygdala occurs at the level of the proximal as well as distal dendrites. Finally, we suggest that these anatomical arrangements may represent the framework for the integrative role that has been assigned to the accumbens.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00150-7}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK. sarah.french@ox.ac.uk}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacokinetics; Cell Size; Dextrans, pharmacokinetics; Fluorescent Dyes, pharmacokinetics; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Iontophoresis, methods; Male; Microscopy, Electron, instrumentation/methods; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology; Phytohemagglutinins, pharmacokinetics; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synapses, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452203001507}, pmid = {12763065}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{French:2004, author = {French, Sarah Jane and Totterdell, Susan}, title = {Quantification of morphological differences in boutons from different afferent populations to the nucleus accumbens.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2004}, volume = {1007}, number = {1-2}, pages = {167--177}, month = {May}, abstract = {The nucleus accumbens (Acb) receives convergent glutamatergic inputs from the prefrontal cortex (PFC), central thalamus, basolateral amygdala and the ventral subiculum of the hippocampus. The principal neurons of the nucleus accumbens are modulated by specific sets of convergent afferent inputs, the local circuit neurons also receive a substantial number of glutamatergic inputs, but the full complement of these has yet to be established. The aim of these studies was to define characteristics of the different glutamatergic afferent inputs to the nucleus accumbens that would aid their identification. To enable the characterisation of the glutamatergic inputs to nucleus accumbens neurons we first labelled the four main glutamatergic sources of afferent input to the accumbens with the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). Using an unbiased systematic sampling method, the morphological characteristics of their synaptic boutons were measured and assessed at the electron microscopic level. From the criteria assessed, a comparison of the four afferent sources was made, characteristics such as bouton size and vesicle density had significantly different population means, however, the only characteristic that allowed discrimination between the four major glutamatergic afferent to the nucleus accumbens was that of vesicle size. The vesicles in boutons from amygdala were larger than the subiculum which, in turn, were larger than the prefrontal cortex, the thalamus were the smallest in size. The methods used also allow a comparison of the relative frequency of different sized postsynaptic structures targeted, the prefrontal cortex almost exclusively targeted spines whereas the thalamus and the subiculum, in addition to spines, targeted proximal and distal dendrites.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2004.02.018}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK. sarah.french@pharm.ox.ac.uk}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacokinetics; Cell Size, physiology; Dextrans, pharmacokinetics; Male; Microscopy, Electron, methods; Mitochondria, metabolism; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neurons, classification/ultrastructure; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Staining and Labeling, methods}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899304002756}, pmid = {15064148}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.02.018}, } @Article{Freund:1989, author = {Freund, T. F.}, title = {GABAergic septohippocampal neurons contain parvalbumin.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1989}, volume = {478}, number = {2}, pages = {375--381}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Septal axons were visualized in the hippocampus by anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) injected into the medial septal region, which contains large numbers of parvalbumin (PV)-immunoreactive somata. A proportion of the PHAL-labelled afferents in the hippocampus were shown to be immunoreactive for PV by immunostaining alternate sections. This population of septohippocampal axons alone was found to be immunoreactive for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) following post-embedding immunogold staining of ultrathin sections cut from the same material.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)91520-5}, institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, U.K.}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Hippocampus, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Muscle Proteins, metabolism; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septal Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(89)91520-5}, pmid = {2924136}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Freund:1992, author = {T. F. Freund}, title = {GABAergic septal and serotonergic median raphe afferents preferentially innervate inhibitory interneurons in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus.}, journal = {Epilepsy Res Suppl}, year = {1992}, volume = {7}, pages = {79--91}, abstract = {Postsynaptic targets of the GABAergic septohippocampal and the serotonergic raphe-hippocampal pathways were studied using anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin combined with pre- and postembedding immunocytochemistry in the rat. Two types of afferents were labeled in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus from the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex, one with large diameter varicosities and another with smaller terminals. The former type was shown to be immunoreactive for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and to innervate predominantly GABA-immunoreactive interneurons. Subsequently, these target interneurons were demonstrated to include all subpopulations of GABAergic cells which could be visualized by antisera against parvalbumin, calbindin D28k, calretinin, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. These types of interneurons have different afferent and efferent connections, and thus participate in different inhibitory processes in the hippocampal formation. The other subcortical pathway, the serotonergic projection from the median raphe nucleus, was also shown to establish synapses predominantly with GABAergic interneurons both in the hippocampus and in the dentate gyrus. In contrast to the septohippocampal projection, this pathway did not innervate all types of GABAergic neurons. They selected a particular subpopulation, i.e. those which contain calbindin D28k, and ignored those which contained parvalbumin or the other neurochemical markers. This suggests a strong functional specialization among local inhibitory circuits, as well as among the subcortical afferents originating in the septum and raphe. These findings suggest that a mechanism by which numerically small afferent pathways may have a profound global effect on the electrical activity of the hippocampal formation is the selective innervation of local interneurons. These GABAergic inhibitory cells, in turn, control the activity of large populations of principal cells. The level of GABAergic inhibition determines the degree of population synchrony and influences N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated epileptiform burst-firing. Thus, the specific subcortical modulation of hippocampal inhibitory circuits may also have fundamental implications for epileptogenesis.}, institution = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, physiology; Cholecystokinin, physiology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Female; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neuropeptide Y, physiology; Parvalbumins, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Receptors, GABA-A, physiology; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology; Serotonin, physiology; Somatostatin, physiology; Synapses, ultrastructure; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1361333}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Freund:1991, author = {T. F. Freund and A. I. Gulyás}, title = {GABAergic interneurons containing calbindin D28K or somatostatin are major targets of GABAergic basal forebrain afferents in the rat neocortex.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {314}, number = {1}, pages = {187--199}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The arborization pattern and postsynaptic targets of the GABAergic component of the basal forebrain projection to neo- and mesocortical areas have been studied by the combination of anterograde tracing and pre- and postembedding immunocytochemistry. Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) was iontophoretically delivered into the region of the diagonal band of Broca, with some spread of the tracer into the substantia innominata and ventral pallidum. A large number of anterogradely labelled varicose fibres were visualized in the cingulate and retrosplenial cortices, and a relatively sparse innervation was observed in frontal and occipital cortical areas. Most of the labelled axons were studded with large en passant varicosities (Type 1), whereas the others (Type 2) had smaller boutons often of the drumstick type. Type 1 axons were distributed in all layers of the mesocortex with slightly lower frequency in layers 1 and 4. In the neocortex, layer 4, and to a smaller extent upper layer 5 and layer 6 contained the largest number of labelled fibres, whereas only a few fibres were seen in the supragranular layers. Characteristic type 2 axons were very sparse but could be found in all layers. Most if not all boutons of PHAL-labelled type 1 axons were shown to be GABA-immunoreactive by immunogold staining for GABA. Altogether 73 boutons were serially sectioned and found to make symmetrical synaptic contacts mostly with dendritic shafts (66, 90\% of total targets), cell bodies (6, 8.2\% of total), and with one spine. All postsynaptic cell bodies, and the majority of the dendritic shafts (44, 60.3\% of total targets) were immunoreactive for GABA. Thus at least 68.5\% of the total targets were GABA-positive, but the majority of the dendrites not characterized immunocytochemically for technical reasons (15.1\%) also showed the fine structural characteristics of nonpyramidal neurons. The target interneurons included some of the somatostatin- and calbindin-containing subpopulations, and a small number of parvalbumin-containing neurons, as shown by double immunostaining for PHAL and calcium-binding proteins or neuropeptides. We suggest that the innervation of inhibitory interneurons having extensive local axon arborizations may be a mechanism by which basal forebrain neurons-most notably those containing GABA--have a powerful global effect on the majority of principal cells in the entire cortical mantle.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903140117}, institution = {Department of Functional Neuroanatomy Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, chemistry; Animals; Axons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Basal Ganglia, chemistry; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis; Cerebral Cortex, chemistry; Interneurons, chemistry; Male; Parvalbumins, analysis; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Somatostatin, analysis; Synapses, chemistry/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1686776}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903140117}, } @Article{Freund:1983, author = {T. F. Freund and P. Somogyi}, title = {The section-Golgi impregnation procedure. 1. Description of the method and its combination with histochemistry after intracellular iontophoresis or retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1983}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {463--474}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {A method is described for impregnating neurons by the Golgi procedure in sections of brain tissue that are of a thickness 80-100 microns, so allowing a variety of histochemical procedures to be carried out prior to Golgi-impregnation. The method has been applied to the retina of the adult primate and to brain sections incubated to reveal horseradish peroxidase activity with substrates that give electron-dense reaction products. Sections containing neurons that have been filled with horseradish peroxidase by intracellular iontophoresis following electrophysiological characterization, or containing neurons retrogradely labelled by horseradish peroxidase, can be impregnated by this Golgi procedure. Subsequent gold-toning of the Golgi-impregnated neurons makes it possible to study, in the electron-microscope, both Golgi-impregnated and peroxidase-containing neurons and their afferent and efferent synaptic contacts within the same section. The procedure also makes it possible to repeat Golgi impregnation on sections already Golgi-impregnated and gold-toned, or to repeat the Golgi impregnation if the first impregnation is not satisfactory. The procedure is illustrated by examples from the monkey retina, cat visual cortex and rat neostriatum.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(83)90166-5}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Cats; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Histological Techniques; Horseradish Peroxidase; Macaca mulatta; Male; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retina, anatomy /&/ histology; Staining and Labeling; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(83)90166-5}, pmid = {6194474}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Frey:1997, author = {Frey, S. and Morris, R. and Petrides, M.}, title = {A neuroanatomical method to assess the integrity of fibers of passage following ibotenate-induced damage to the central nervous system.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, year = {1997}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {285--288}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {In some behavioral-lesion experiments involving animals, ibotenic acid (IBO) is used as a means of damaging brain structures. Occasionally one needs to assess the status of fibers coursing through the damaged area to determine whether the deficits observed are the result of destruction of neurons rather than fibers. In such cases, IBO, is considered to be the method of choice since it destroys cell bodies but leaves fibers of passage intact. However, if the IBO dose injected in a given area is too high, both cell bodies and fibers of passage could be damaged. The anterograde and retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) is a useful technique to verify that fibers are intact, and is a more powerful tool in comparison with a tracer, such as HRP, which has been used in previous studies.}, doi = {10.1016/s0168-0102(97)00048-5}, institution = {Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Quebec, Canada. stephen@bic.mni.mcgill.ca}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology/drug effects; Animals; Central Nervous System, cytology/drug effects; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, toxicity; Ibotenic Acid, toxicity; Male; Nerve Fibers, drug effects; Neural Pathways, cytology/drug effects; Pons, cytology/drug effects; Rats; Tissue Fixation; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0168-0102(97)00048-5}, pmid = {9237278}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Friauf:1990, author = {E. Friauf and K. Kandler}, title = {Auditory projections to the inferior colliculus of the rat are present by birth.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1990}, volume = {120}, number = {1}, pages = {58--61}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Despite extensive literature on the anatomical organization of the adult mammalian auditory system, the ontogeny of internuclear connections is still obscure. We studied the postnatal development of afferent brainstem connections to the inferior colliculus in rat pups using WGA-HRP and DiI as tracers. At birth, connections to the inferior colliculus from the cochlear nuclei and nuclei of the superior olivary complexes and the lateral lemnisci are present. During successive development, there are no obvious changes in the quantity of labeled neurons or the basic labeling pattern. These results provide evidence that all input connections from auditory brainstem nuclei to the rat's inferior colliculus are established prenatally.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(90)90167-8}, institution = {Department of Animal Physiology, University of Tübingen, F.R.G.}, keywords = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, physiology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(90)90167-8}, pmid = {1705672}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Friauf:1988, author = {Friauf, E. and Ostwald, J.}, title = {Divergent projections of physiologically characterized rat ventral cochlear nucleus neurons as shown by intra-axonal injection of horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {263--284}, abstract = {An attempt was made to correlate electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of rat ventral cochlear nucleus neurons. Their axonal course and their soma morphology were investigated using the intra-axonal horseradish peroxidase method. Prior to labeling, neurons were characterized by recording their response patterns to acoustic stimulation with pure tones. Three types of cells were found: Category I (37 neurons) exhibited "primarylike" responses and a spontaneous firing rate below 10 spikes/s. Category II (21 neurons) showed "on" responses and little spontaneous activity. Category III (9 neurons) had "primarylike" responses like neurons in category I. However, the spontaneous activity rate of these neurons was significantly higher (mean: 95 spikes/s). Among the response categories, the morphological characteristics differed in some prominent aspects. Within each category, however, the morphological properties were rather similar. All neurons in category I were globular/bushy cells located in the area of the entrance of the cochlear nerve. The axon of each cell coursed along the ventral acoustic stria and consistently innervated the lateral superior olive ipsilaterally, and the nucleus of the trapezoid body and the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus contralaterally. Some neurons also projected to periolivary nuclei ipsilaterally and contralaterally. Neurons in category II were located in the posteroventral cochlear nucleus and were presumably multipolar/stellate cells. Their axons coursed via the intermediate acoustic stria and innervated mainly contralateral periolivary regions as well as the contralateral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. Ipsilaterally, the lateral superior olive and the superior periolivary nucleus were innervated by some of the category II neurons. Somata types of neurons in category III could not be identified morphologically, but somata were located in caudal parts of the posteroventral cochlear nucleus that correspond to the octopus cell area. Their axons coursed via the intermediate acoustic stria and innervated periolivary regions and the contralateral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. Thus, their axonal distribution differed only slightly from neurons in category II. These data confirm and extend previous findings regarding the efferent connections of ventral cochlear neurons. They emphasize the complexity of the axonal projection patterns of single cochlear nucleus cells. Since two types of response patterns and three types of axonal projection patterns have been observed, there remains an ambiguous relation between response pattern and axonal projection site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1007/bf00248219}, institution = {Department of Animal Physiology, University of Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany.}, keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation; Action Potentials; Animals; Axons, analysis; Cochlear Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Dendrites, analysis; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Neurons, classification/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3215304}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fricks-Gleason:2011, author = {Fricks-Gleason, Ashley N. and Marshall, John F.}, title = {Role of dopamine D1 receptors in the activation of nucleus accumbens extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) by cocaine-paired contextual cues.}, journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology}, year = {2011}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {434--444}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Exposure to drug-paired cues can trigger addicts to relapse into drug seeking. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying cue-elicited cocaine seeking are incompletely understood, the protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is known to have an important role. Psychostimulants and their associated cues can activate ERK in medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens core (AcbC). These medium spiny neurons can be classified according to their projections (to ventral pallidum and/or substantia nigra) and by their mRNA expression. The present experiments were designed to determine which distinct set of AcbC projection neurons expresses phosphorylated ERK (pERK) in response to cocaine-paired contextual cues. Combined use of the retrograde label Flurogold with immunohistochemical staining of pERK was used to show that the AcbC pERK accompanying preference for cocaine-paired contexts occurs in both the accumbens (Acb)-nigral and Acb-pallidal projections. The gene expression characteristics of the neurons expressing pERK in response to cocaine-paired cues was further investigated using combined in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to show that AcbC pERK+ cells correspond to D1, but not preproenkephalin, mRNA+ cells. Furthermore, intra-AcbC infusion of the D1-antagonist SCH23390 attenuated cue-induced AcbC pERK expression. In aggregate, these results indicate that (i) the D1-expressing AcbC neurons evidence long-term plasticity related to drug-cue memories and (ii) local dopamine D1 receptors are necessary for the expression of cocaine-paired cue-induced pERK in these AcbC neurons.}, doi = {10.1038/npp.2010.174}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92670-4550, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Cocaine, pharmacology; Cocaine-Related Disorders, enzymology/metabolism/pathology; Conditioning, Operant; Cues; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, pharmacology; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases, metabolism; Male; Neurons, enzymology/metabolism/pathology; Nucleus Accumbens, drug effects/enzymology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Dopamine D1, metabolism/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {npp2010174}, pmid = {20944555}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.174}, } @Article{Fried:1989, author = {Fried, K. and Arvidsson, J. and Robertson, B. and Brodin, E. and Theodorsson, E.}, title = {Combined retrograde tracing and enzyme/immunohistochemistry of trigeminal ganglion cell bodies innervating tooth pulps in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1989}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {101--109}, abstract = {Rat trigeminal neurons innervating tooth pulps were retrogradely labelled with fluorogold and analysed enzyme- and immunohistochemically for their content of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase, GM 1 ganglioside, carbonic anhydrase and neurofilament protein. The data showed that both small, medium-sized and large trigeminal neurons were labelled after fluorogold deposition in maxillary molar pulps, with a majority of the cells being medium-sized and large. Less than 2\% of the pulpal neurons showed substance P-like immunoreactivity. Fifty-six per cent of the pulpal nerve cells were calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive. These cells were small, medium-sized and large. Only 1\% of the fluorogold-labelled cells contained fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase enzyme activity. This paralleled the finding that the pulpal neurons were unstained by Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin I-B4, a plant lectin which preferentially binds to fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells. Choleragenoid-like immunoreactivity, which identifies cells with the GM 1 ganglioside receptor, was found in 70\% of the fluorogold-labelled pulpal neurons. Approximately 80\% of the fluorogold-labelled cells showed RT 97-immunoreactivity. RT 97 labels neurofilament protein and is present in large light primary sensory neurons. No pulpal neurons appeared to contain carbonic anhydrase, as judged from both enzyme- and immunocytochemical observations. The findings suggest that, in the rat, trigeminal tooth pulp neurons, which according to the classical view are nociceptive, form a heterogeneous group of neurons with a minority of small cells which may contain calcitonin gene-related peptide but rarely either substance P or fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase. However, the vast majority of pulpal nerve cells appear to have sizes and cytochemical characteristics which are not generally associated with nociceptive primary sensory neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(89)90314-x}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.}, keywords = {Acid Phosphatase, metabolism; Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Carbonic Anhydrases, metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/enzymology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substance P, metabolism; Tooth, innervation; Trigeminal Ganglion, cytology/enzymology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2481244}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fried:1991a, author = {Fried, K. and Arvidsson, J. and Robertson, B. and Pfaller, K.}, title = {Anterograde horseradish peroxidase tracing and immunohistochemistry of trigeminal ganglion tooth pulp neurons after dental nerve lesions in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1991}, volume = {43}, number = {1}, pages = {269--278}, abstract = {The peripheral reorganization of pulpal nerves after tooth injury was studied, in the rat, with anterograde horseradish peroxidase tracing techniques, and combined retrograde Fluorogold tracing and immunohistochemistry was employed to examine the effects of inferior alveolar nerve lesions or tooth injury on some cytochemical characteristics of pulpal trigeminal ganglion nerve cells, namely content of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and the ganglioside GM1 (binding subunit of cholera toxin), as well as affinity to RT 97 (antibody to neurofilament protein) and the lectin Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin I-B4. Anterograde horseradish peroxidase tracing demonstrated that pulpal nerves either disappear or reinnervate novel targets after loss of pulpal tissue. There were no obvious signs of neuroma formation. Retrograde Fluorogold labelling with immunohistochemistry showed that after inferior alveolar nerve lesions with subsequent regeneration, a much higher proportion of Fluorogold cells (15\%) were substance P-positive compared to normal (2\%). In addition, 3\% of the cells were Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin I-B4-positive. Such cells were very rare in controls. Proportions of calcitonin gene-related peptide-, GM1- and RT-97-positive cells were normal. After tooth lesions, the proportions of Fluorogold-positive substance P-, Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin I-B4-, GM1- and RT 97-labelled cells were similar to controls, while the proportion of calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive neurons was reduced. The results show that pulpal deafferentation may change the long-term cytochemical characteristics of affected trigeminal ganglion neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(91)90434-p}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.}, keywords = {Animals; Dental Pulp, innervation; Fluorescent Dyes; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines; Tooth Extraction; Trigeminal Ganglion, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(91)90434-P}, pmid = {1922770}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fried:1988, author = {Fried, K. and Devor, M.}, title = {End-structure of afferent axons injured in the peripheral and central nervous system.}, journal = {Somatosens Mot Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {79--99}, abstract = {The end-structure of afferent axons chronically severed in the rat sciatic nerve or dorsal column (DC) was visualized by centrifugal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to HRP (WGA:HRP) injected into the L4 or L5 dorsal root ganglion. Nerve regeneration was prevented and neuroma formation encouraged by tightly ligating the cut nerve end. For the first few weeks postoperative, the time during which afferents trapped in a nerve-end neuroma generate their most intense ectopic impulse barrage, the developing neuroma was dominated by swollen terminal end-bulbs. There was some axonal dying-back, retrograde fiber growth, and terminal sprouting, but little preterminal branching. The rich tangle of fine preterminal branches usually thought of in relation to nerve-end neuromas did not elaborate until several months postoperative, a time when the neuroma is relatively quiescent electrically. Afferents cut in the DC, which never develop dramatic ectopic electrical activity, showed morphological peculiarities similar to nerve-end neuromas during the early postoperative period, including retrograde fiber growth and minimal sprouting. They did not, however, go on to form luxuriant branches. These data provide preliminary clues as to the structure of the ectopic impulse-generating mechanism thought to underlie paresthesias and pain associated with peripheral nerve injury.}, doi = {10.3109/08990228809144642}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Male; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Nerve Regeneration; Peripheral Nerves, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sciatic Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2853901}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Friedland:2003, author = {David R Friedland and Tan Pongstaporn and John R Doucet and David K Ryugo}, title = {Ultrastructural examination of the somatic innervation of ventrotubercular cells in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2003}, volume = {459}, number = {1}, pages = {77--89}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Ventrotubercular cells are multipolar cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) that project a collateral axon to the ipsilateral dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). These cells are thought to be involved in sensitizing DCN output neurons to spectral shapes that represent the location of a sound source in space. The present report focused on the neuronal composition of this pathway. Intracellular labeling studies in cats and mice have described two types of ventrotubercular cells (Smith and Rhode [1989] J Comp Neurol. 282:595-626; Oertel et al. [1990] J Comp Neurol. 295:136-154). In cats, one difference between the two classes is that type I multipolar neurons have fewer than 35\% of their somata apposed by terminals, whereas type II cells have greater than 70\% apposition values. Intracellular recordings from single cells, however, are difficult and thus limit the yield of data. We investigated whether a two-component description of the ventrotubercular pathway was representative of a larger population. This issue was addressed by retrogradely labeling ventrotubercular neurons with an extracellular injection of biotinylated dextran amine into the DCN of rats. These injections labeled many VCN neurons, thus providing a more complete view of the pathway than previous studies. Thirty-eight labeled cells were selected for electron microscopic analysis with respect to their location, cell body size, and ultrastructural morphology. We observed labeled type I and type II neurons, but unlike ventrotubercular cells in cats, many of these neurons in rats (17 of 38 cells) had appositions between 35\% and 70\%. On the basis of this analysis, a third class of ventrotubercular cell, called the adendritic neuron, was revealed. Adendritic neurons have small somata with many filopodial appendages, no observable dendrites, and high percentage of terminal appositions (>80\%). The results demonstrated that the ventrotubercular pathway in the rat is diverse.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10603}, institution = {Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Hearing Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Cochlear Nucleus, ultrastructure; Male; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12629667}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10603}, } @Article{Friedman:1986, author = {Friedman, B. and Price, J. L.}, title = {Age-dependent cell death in the olfactory cortex: lack of transneuronal degeneration in neonates.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1986}, volume = {246}, number = {1}, pages = {20--31}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Adult olfactory cortical neurons in layer IIa undergo fulminant transneuronal degeneration after removal of afferent olfactory bulb fibers (Price, '76, Neurosci Abst. 2:161; Heimer and Kalil, '78, J. Comp. Neurol. 178:559-609). This provides an unusual example of dependence of a mature population of neurons on axonal input. In order to investigate whether similar transneuronal degeneration occurs in immature animals, a series of rats were subjected to unilateral olfactory bulb removal at various ages during the first 3 postnatal weeks. The brains were examined for degeneration after short survivals by use of the de Olmos cupric silver method, which selectively stains degenerating neurons. In addition, animals with long survivals were examined with the HRP retrograde tracing method, in order to determine if cells that survive the acute effects of deafferentation develop normal patterns of connections. Young neurons are more resistant to the effects of olfactory bulb removal than more mature neurons. There was little degeneration of cortical neurons after bulb ablation during the first 2 postnatal weeks. Although layer IIa does not become distinct from layer IIb in these experimental animals, cells that have connections normally characteristic of the cells of layer IIa, and are situated at the superficial edge of layer II, were identified with the HRP method. The severity of transneuronal degeneration increases and becomes adultlike between the second and third postnatal weeks. This increase in transneuronal degeneration is temporally associated with a progressive reduction in axonal sprouting following deafferentation during the first 3 postnatal weeks, as described in the companion paper (Friedman and Price, '86). Thus, axon sprouting may "protect" the immature IIa neurons from the effects of removal of the fibers from the olfactory bulb. A period of normal cell death has also been identified in olfactory cortex by the use of the de Olmos cupric silver method. This cellular degeneration is much less severe and has a different time course and laminar distribution than the transneuronal degeneration produced by olfactory bulb ablation in adults. Although normal cell death appears to be potentiated by removal of the olfactory bulb on postnatal day 1, it is clearly a different process from the transneuronal reaction.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902460103}, keywords = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Survival; Female; Limbic System, cytology; Male; Olfactory Bulb, physiology; Olfactory Pathways, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3700716}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902460103}, } @Article{Fristad:1996, author = {Fristad, I. and Heyeraas, K. J. and Kvinnsland, I. H.}, title = {Neuropeptide Y expression in the trigeminal ganglion and mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve after inferior alveolar nerve axotomy in young rats.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {1996}, volume = {142}, number = {2}, pages = {276--286}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid peptide residing in sympathetic nerve terminals, originating from the superior cervical ganglion in oral tissues. NPY exerts vasoconstrictor action together with noradrenalin and has been found to inhibit the release of neurotransmitters from primary afferent fibers. During regeneration of the axotomized inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), NPY-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers have been shown in the odontoblast layer and dentin, an area normally innervated by afferent nerve fibers. The dynamic shift in neuropeptide expression in the trigeminal ganglion and in the dental pulp was studied by immunohistochemistry 1, 2, 3, and 8 weeks after IAN axotomy. In the ipsilateral first mandibular molar a temporal loss of pulpal sensory nerves lasting for approximately 1 week was found after axotomy. An upregulation of NPY was shown in neurons located in the mandibular area of the trigeminal ganglion, concomitant to a reduction in number of neurons expressing substance P (SP). To study an alternate and possible trigeminal origin of some of the peripheral nerve fibers IR to NPY in the dental pulp, double immunofluorescence labeling was performed for NPY and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Coexistence of NPY and CGRP was shown in neurons located in the trigeminal ganglion and in nerve fibers in the tooth pulp during IAN regeneration. Furthermore, retrograde tracing with Fluorogold revealed NPY-IR neurons projecting to the first molar pulp 3 weeks after axotomy. Hence, we conclude that after IAN axotomy NPY is produced in trigeminal ganglion neurons and transported in afferent regenerating fibers to the dental pulp. These results add further evidence for a plasticity in peptide transcription in sensory neurons after nerve injury and indicate a trigeminal origin of at least some of the pulpal NPY-IR fibers during nerve regeneration.}, doi = {10.1006/exnr.1996.0197}, institution = {Department of Cariology and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Medical Faculty, University of Bergen, Norway.}, keywords = {Age Factors; Animals; Axons, chemistry/physiology; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, analysis/biosynthesis/metabolism; Denervation; Dental Pulp, innervation; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Mandibular Nerve, chemistry/cytology; Molar, innervation; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neurons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Neuropeptide Y, analysis/biosynthesis/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stilbamidines; Trigeminal Ganglion, chemistry/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0014-4886(96)90197-1}, pmid = {8934559}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1996.0197}, } @Article{Fritschy:1990, author = {J. M. Fritschy and R. Grzanna}, title = {Distribution of locus coeruleus axons within the rat brainstem demonstrated by Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin anterograde tracing in combination with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunofluorescence.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {293}, number = {4}, pages = {616--631}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Projections of the locus coeruleus (LC) to the midbrain and hindbrain were analyzed by anterograde transport of the lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Following iontophoretic application of PHA-L into the LC, the distribution of labeled axons was analyzed in sections processed for the immunoperoxidase method and in sections processed for double-immunofluorescence staining using antibodies to PHA-L and to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. This combined staining approach proved to be necessary for the unequivocal identification of LC axons in the brainstem since all injections labeled many non-noradrenergic axons whose distribution was different from that of LC fibers. The major new finding of the present study was the observation that large territories of the brainstem that receive a dense noradrenergic input are very sparsely innervated by the LC. Numerous labeled LC axons were observed in somatic afferent nuclei, tectum, pontine nuclei, interpenduncular nucleus, and inferior olivary complex. In contrast, very few labeled fibers were observed in autonomic and motor nuclei, and throughout the brainstem reticular formation, including raphe nuclei. Our data show that the distribution of LC axons in the brainstem is far less prominent than the projections of this nucleus to the forebrain and spinal cord. Our findings suggest that the dense NA projections to the core of the brainstem originate principally in non-LC NA neurons. On the basis of the present anatomical findings, a prominent role of the LC in motor and integrative functions of the brainstem appears unlikely.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902930407}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, cytology; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, cytology/enzymology; Male; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2329197}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902930407}, } @Article{Fritschy:1990a, author = {J. M. Fritschy and R. Grzanna}, title = {Demonstration of two separate descending noradrenergic pathways to the rat spinal cord: evidence for an intragriseal trajectory of locus coeruleus axons in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {291}, number = {4}, pages = {553--582}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The rat spinal cord receives noradrenergic (NA) projections from the locus coeruleus (LC) and the A5 and A7 groups. In contradiction to previous statements about the distribution of descending NA axons, we have recently proposed that in the rat LC neurons project primarily to the dorsal horn and intermediate zone, whereas A5 and A7 neurons project to somatic motoneurons and the intermediolateral cell column. The aim of the present study was to determine the funicular course and terminal distribution of descending NA axons from the LC and from the A5 and A7 groups. The organization of the coeruleospinal projection was analyzed by using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in combination with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. The trajectory of A5 and A7 axons was studied in spinal cord sections of rats following ablation of the coeruleospinal projection with the neurotoxin DSP-4. To assess the relative contribution of the LC and the A5 and A7 groups to the NA innervation of the spinal cord, unilateral injections of the retrograde tracer True Blue were made at cervical, thoracic, and lumbar levels, and retrogradely labeled NA neurons were identified by dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunofluorescence. The results of the anterograde tracing experiments confirm our previous findings that LC neurons project most heavily to the dorsal horn and intermediate zone. Analysis of horizontal sections revealed that LC axons descend the length of the spinal cord within layers I and II. In contrast to the intragriseal course of LC fibers, A5 and A7 axons travel in the ventral and dorsolateral funiculi and terminate in the ventral horn and the intermediolateral cell column. Retrograde transport studies indicate that the contribution of the A5 and A7 groups to the NA projection to the spinal cord is greater than that of the LC. We conclude that descending axons of the LC and A5 and A7 groups differ in their course and distribution within the spinal cord. The documentation of a definite topographic order in the bulbospinal NA projections suggests that the LC and the A5 and A7 groups have different functional capacities. The LC is in a position to influence the processing of sensory inputs, in particular nociceptive inputs, whereas A5 and A7 neurons are likely to influence motoneurons.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902910406}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.}, keywords = {Animals; Benzylamines; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Male; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2329191}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902910406}, } @Article{Fritschy:1988, author = {J. M. Fritschy and W. E. Lyons and M. E. Molliver and R. Grzanna}, title = {Neurotoxic effects of p-chloroamphetamine on the serotoninergic innervation of the trigeminal motor nucleus: a retrograde transport study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {473}, number = {2}, pages = {261--270}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The rat forebrain receives projections from both dorsal and median raphe nuclei. It has recently been shown that serotoninergic axons arising from the dorsal raphe nucleus, but not those from the median raphe nucleus, degenerate following systemic administration of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA). The present study was conducted to determine (i) whether the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve is innervated by overlapping projections from multiple serotonin cell groups and (ii) whether a particular subset of serotoninergic axon terminals in the trigeminal motor nucleus are sensitive to the neurotoxic effects of PCA. Retrograde transport was used in combination with immunofluorescence to identify the serotonin-positive cells that project to the trigeminal motor nucleus both in control rats and in rats previously treated with PCA. In untreated rats, an average of 95 retrogradely labeled serotonin-positive neurons were found in the dorsal raphe nucleus, 135 in the nucleus raphe obscurus, 132 in the nucleus raphe pallidus and 63 in the ventrolateral medulla. After treatment with PCA, there was a marked decrease (-77\%) in the number of retrogradely labeled serotoninergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus, whereas the number of labeled neurons was unchanged in the raphe obscurus and raphe pallidus. These results demonstrate that PCA selectively lesions serotonin axon terminals arising from the dorsal raphe nucleus, while sparing projections from the raphe obscurus and raphe pallidus to the trigeminal motor nucleus. This conclusion is in agreement with previous findings that in the forebrain only axons from the dorsal raphe are vulnerable to PCA. The data provide further evidence that serotoninergic axons originating in the dorsal raphe nucleus differ from other serotoninergic axons in their pharmacological properties and that the dorsal raphe may contain a functionally unique subset of serotonin neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(88)90855-4}, institution = {Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD 21205.}, keywords = {Amphetamines, pharmacology; Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects; Male; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Neurotoxins; Raphe Nuclei, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reference Values; Serotonin, physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, drug effects/physiology; p-Chloroamphetamine, pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(88)90855-4}, pmid = {2466523}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fritschy:1987, author = {J. M. Fritschy and W. E. Lyons and C. A. Mullen and B. E. Kosofsky and M. E. Molliver and R. Grzanna}, title = {Distribution of locus coeruleus axons in the rat spinal cord: a combined anterograde transport and immunohistochemical study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1987}, volume = {437}, number = {1}, pages = {176--180}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The distribution of locus coeruleus axons in the rat spinal cord was studied by anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in combination with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. Locus coeruleus axons were observed primarily in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn. Few locus coeruleus fibers were seen in the vicinity of motoneuron pools or in the intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic spinal cord. The results of this study suggest a selective action of the coeruleo-spinal projection upon sensory inputs to the spinal cord.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(87)91541-1}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, enzymology/ultrastructure; Biological Transport; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, enzymology/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use/metabolism; Rats; Spinal Cord, enzymology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(87)91541-1}, pmid = {3427477}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fritz:2005, author = {R. Fritz and D. Yilmazer-Hanke and T. Roskoden and H. Schwegler and R. Linke}, title = {Separate sets of neurons of the central nucleus of the amygdala project to the substantia innominata and the caudal pontine reticular nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {2005}, volume = {373}, number = {2}, pages = {130--133}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is generally regarded as a control nucleus of subcortical target systems. Due to its widespread projections to different brain areas it is able to modulate emotional behavior of the organism. However, it is still not clear whether single neurons of the CeA project to different areas or to one target area. Injections of the retrograde tracers Fluorogold and True Blue into target regions of the central nucleus of the amygdala, i.e., the substantia innominata (SI) and the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PNC), revealed overlapping but otherwise distinct neuronal populations within mainly the medial division of the CeA. From our study we conclude that SI and PNC receive input from different subsets of amygdala neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neulet.2004.10.006}, institution = {Institut für Anatomie, Otto-von-Guericke Universität, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology; Animals; Emotions; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, cytology; Pons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substantia Innominata, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(04)01234-0}, pmid = {15567567}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.10.006}, } @Article{Froehlich:1980, author = {J. Fröhlich}, title = {[Autoradiography of transneural substance transport in the entorhino-hippocampal system after [3H] proline injection into the entorhinal cortex in rat (author's transl)].}, journal = {Acta Histochem}, year = {1980}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, pages = {47--53}, abstract = {The entorhinal afferences to Fascia dentata and Stratum lacunoso-moleculare of CA1 could be visualised by means of anterograde axoplasmic transport 5 days after L-[5-3H]-proline injection into the entorhinal cortex. Furthermore, the macromolecule-bound tracer was found in the perikarya of granule cells and mossy fibres as well as in the cell bodies of the CA1 pyramids. These findings indicate that labelled material, released from the axonal terminals of the perforant pathway, is taken up by these neurons.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Hippocampus, cytology/metabolism; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Proline, metabolism; Rats}, language = {ger}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6160715}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065128180800547}, } @Article{Frostig:2008, author = {Ron D Frostig and Ying Xiong and Cynthia H Chen-Bee and Eugen Kvasnák and Jimmy Stehberg}, title = {Large-scale organization of rat sensorimotor cortex based on a motif of large activation spreads.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2008}, volume = {28}, number = {49}, pages = {13274--13284}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Parcellation according to function (e.g., visual, somatosensory, auditory, motor) is considered a fundamental property of sensorimotor cortical organization, traditionally defined from cytoarchitectonics and mapping studies relying on peak evoked neuronal activity. In the adult rat, stimulation of single whiskers evokes peak activity at topographically appropriate locations within somatosensory cortex and provides an example of cortical functional specificity. Here, we show that single whisker stimulation also evokes symmetrical areas of suprathreshold and subthreshold neuronal activation that spread extensively away from peak activity, effectively ignoring cortical borders by spilling deeply into multiple cortical territories of different modalities (auditory, visual and motor), where they were blocked by localized neuronal activity blocker injections and thus ruled out as possibly caused by "volume conductance." These symmetrical activity spreads were supported by underlying border-crossing, long-range horizontal connections as confirmed with transection experiments and injections of anterograde neuronal tracer experiments. We found such large evoked activation spreads and their underlying connections regardless of whisker identity, cortical layer, or axis of recorded responses, thereby revealing a large scale nonspecific organization of sensorimotor cortex based on a motif of large symmetrical activation spreads. Because the large activation spreads and their underlying horizontal connections ignore anatomical borders between cortical modalities, sensorimotor cortex could therefore be viewed as a continuous entity rather than a collection of discrete, delineated unimodal regions, an organization that could coexist with established specificity of cortical organization and that could serve as a substrate for associative learning, direct multimodal integration and recovery of function after injury.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4074-08.2008}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4550, USA. rfrostig@uci.edu}, keywords = {Action Potentials, physiology; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Brain Mapping; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Male; Mechanoreceptors, physiology; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Nerve Net, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Thresholds, physiology; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Touch, physiology; Trigeminal Nerve, physiology; Vibrissae, physiology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {28/49/13274}, pmid = {19052219}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4074-08.2008}, } @Article{Frotscher:1992, author = {Frotscher, M.}, title = {Application of the Golgi/electron microscopy technique for cell identification in immunocytochemical, retrograde labeling, and developmental studies of hippocampal neurons.}, journal = {Microsc Res Tech}, year = {1992}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {306--323}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {In this study the Golgi/electron microscopy (EM) technique has been used for an analysis of the fine structure, specific synaptic connections, and differentiation of neurons in the hippocampus and fascia dentata of rodents. In a first series of experiments the specific synaptic contacts formed between cholinergic terminals and identified hippocampal neurons were studied. By means of a variant of the section Golgi impregnation procedure, Vibratome sections immunostained for choline acetyltransferase, the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme, were Golgi-impregnated in order to identify the target neurons of cholinergic terminals in the hippocampus. It could be shown with this combined approach that cholinergic septohippocampal fibers form a variety of synapses with different target structures of the Golgi-impregnated and gold-toned hippocampal neurons. In this report cholinergic synapses on the heads of small spines, the necks of large complex spines, dendritic shafts, and cell bodies of identified dentate granule cells are described. The variety of cholinergic synapses suggests that cholinergic transmission in the fascia dentata is a complex event. Next, the Golgi/EM technique was applied to Vibratome sections that contained retrogradely labeled neurons in the hilar region of the fascia dentata following horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection into the contralateral hippocampus. With this combined approach some of the hilar cells projecting to the contralateral side were identified as mossy cells by the presence of retrogradely transported HRP in thin sections through these Golgi-impregnated and gold-toned neurons. Our findings suggest that the mossy cells are part of the commissural/associational system terminating in the inner molecular layer of the fascia dentata. They are mainly driven by hilar collaterals of granule cell axons that form giant synapses on their dendrites. Finally, the Golgi/EM procedure was used to study the differentiation and developmental plasticity of hippocampal and dentate neurons in transplants and slice cultures of hippocampus. Under both experimental conditions, the differentiating neurons are deprived of their normal laminated afferent innervation but develop their major cell-specific characteristics including a large number of postsynaptic structures (spines). As revealed in thin sections of gold-toned identified cells, all these spines formed synapses with presynaptic boutons suggesting sprouting of the transplanted and cultured neurons, respectively. Altogether, the present report demonstrates the usefulness of the Golgi/EM technique, particularly of the section impregnation procedure, for a variety of studies requiring the identification of individual neurons at the ultrastructural level.}, doi = {10.1002/jemt.1070230406}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Differentiation; Female; Hippocampus, physiology/transplantation/ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Mice; Microscopy, Electron, methods; Neurons, ultrastructure; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Silver Staining, methods}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1295615}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070230406}, } @Article{Frotscher:1995, author = {M. Frotscher and B. Heimrich and T. Deller and R. Nitsch}, title = {Understanding the cortex through the hippocampus: lamina-specific connections of the rat hippocampal neurons.}, journal = {J Anat}, year = {1995}, volume = {187 ( Pt 3)}, pages = {539--545}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {A characteristic feature of hippocampal organisation is the lamina-specific termination of afferent fibres. The factors determining this characteristic fibre segregation are not known. By using slice cultures as a model, we have recently demonstrated that the laminated termination of hippocampal afferents does not result from the temporal sequence of ingrowth of the various afferent fibre systems during development. Moreover, the lack of extrinsic afferents in culture does not induce a substantial translaminar sprouting of the remaining (intrinsic) fibres or of a defined afferent system supplied by a coculture. These results contrast with previous reports on an expansion of intact fibre systems in the hippocampus in response to partial deafferentation, for instance by removal of entorhinal afferents. We therefore studied the sprouting of commissural fibres following an entorhinal lesion directly by labelling commissural axons in vivo with the anterogradely transported tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. Sprouting of commissural fibres following an entorhinal lesion was observed but, in accordance with our in vitro observations, this growth of commissural terminals took place within the appropriate termination zones of commissural fibres. These results point to a rigid laminar specificity of hippocampal afferents that is preserved after partial deafferentiation.}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Cells, Cultured; Coculture Techniques; Denervation; Female; Hippocampus, physiology; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stereotaxic Techniques; Synapses, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8586554}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Frotscher:2006, author = {Frotscher, Michael and Jonas, Peter and Sloviter, Robert S.}, title = {Synapses formed by normal and abnormal hippocampal mossy fibers.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {2006}, volume = {326}, number = {2}, pages = {361--367}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The axon terminals (mossy fibers) of hippocampal dentate granule cells form characteristic synaptic connections with large spines or excrescences of both hilar mossy cells and CA3 pyramidal neurons. Interneurons of the hilar region and area CA3 are also prominent targets of mossy fibers. The tracing of biocytin-filled mossy fibers and immunolabeling of target cells with interneuron markers has revealed that the majority of mossy fiber synapses project to gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic inhibitory interneurons rather than to excitatory principal cells, although the functional implications of these quantitative differences are unclear. Following a brief description of the "classical" mossy fiber synapse on excrescences of CA3 pyramidal cells, the present review focuses on the contacts formed between granule cells and GABAergic interneurons, both normally and after synaptic reorganization. In response to deafferentation of mossy cell target cells, which include both granule cells and interneurons, mossy fibers "sprout" new axon collaterals that form a band of supragranular mossy fibers in the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. Although most newly formed recurrent mossy fibers establish synapses with granule cells, there is an apparently convergent input of new mossy fibers onto GABA-immunoreactive interneuron dendrites that traverse the inner molecular layer. These mossy fiber-interneuron synapses in the dentate gyrus are observed in chronically epileptic rats and may be the structural correlate of the granule cell hyperinhibition observed in these animals in vivo. Together, the findings reviewed here establish mossy fiber synapses as an important component of inhibitory circuits in the hippocampus.}, doi = {10.1007/s00441-006-0269-2}, institution = {Institut für Anatomie und Zellbiologie und Zentrum für Neurowissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. Michael.Frotscher@anat.uni-freiburg.de}, keywords = {Animals; Dendrites, metabolism/ultrastructure; Epilepsy, metabolism/pathology; Humans; Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal, abnormalities/metabolism/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Cells, abnormalities/metabolism/ultrastructure; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16819624}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-006-0269-2}, } @Article{Frotscher:1991, author = {M. Frotscher and L. Seress and W. K. Schwerdtfeger and E. Buhl}, title = {The mossy cells of the fascia dentata: a comparative study of their fine structure and synaptic connections in rodents and primates.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {312}, number = {1}, pages = {145--163}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {In this study the fine structure and synaptic connections of mossy cells in the rat and monkey fascia dentata were analyzed. In order to study commissural connections of identified mossy cells in the rat, hilar neurons were retrogradely labeled by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or Fast Blue (FB) injections into the contralateral hippocampus. Vibratome sections containing retrogradely HRP-labeled hilar neurons were Golgi-impregnated and gold-toned. Hilar commissural neurons identified by contralateral FB injection were intracellularly labeled with Lucifer Yellow (LY). Lucifer Yellow staining was made electron-dense by photoconversion thereby allowing for an electron microscopic analysis of the retrogradely labeled and intracellularly stained neurons. With these two different approaches, we succeeded in identifying rat mossy cells projecting to the contralateral hippocampus. Mossy cells in the fascia dentata of primates (Papio anubis, Macaca mulatta, Saimiri sciureus) were, like mossy cells of rats, either Golgi-impregnated and gold-toned or intracellularly injected with LY. No major differences were found between mossy cells of rats and monkeys. The mossy cell dendrites originated from the two sides of an ovoid cell body and were mainly oriented parallel to the granule cell layer. In contrast to the rat, dendrites of mossy cells in the primate did not respect the granule cell layer and penetrated frequently into the molecular layer. The occurrence of excrescences on proximal dendrites was a characteristic feature of all mossy cells. These large spines were more complex in the primate than in the rat. In both rats and primates they formed numerous asymmetric synapses with large boutons of mossy fibers. Peripheral dendrites were covered with small, simple spines. Interestingly, these peripheral dendrites lacking excrescences also established asymmetric synapses with mossy fiber boutons as well as asymmetric and symmetric contacts with smaller terminals of unknown origin. These findings indicate that in both rats and primates the thorny excrescences are not the only target of the mossy terminals. While the proximal portions of the mossy cell dendrites appear to be exclusively contacted by the granule cells, a larger number of neuron types may converge on the distal dendrites. The axons of mossy cells, in both rats and primates, although incompletely stained with the present methods, were seen to ramify in the hilar region. Our results demonstrate that, despite minor species differences, the mossy cells of the fascia dentata represent a cell type that is preserved in phylogenetically distant species.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903120111}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Golgi Apparatus, ultrastructure; Hippocampus, cytology/ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase; Isoquinolines; Male; Primates, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Synapses, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1744242}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903120111}, } @Article{Frotscher:1983, author = {Frotscher, M. and Wagner, A. and Misgeld, U.}, title = {Retrograde labeling of striato-nigral neurons in the rat by three different tracers.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1983}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, pages = {109--113}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The three tracers horseradish peroxidase (HRP), 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindol-2HCl (DAPI) and Fast Blue (FB) differ in retrograde labeling of striato-nigral neurons. After a 24 h survival, injection of DAPI into the ventral tegmentum labeled numerous cells throughout the neostriatum, whereas an identical amount of HRP only labeled cells in circumscribed areas of the neostriatum. Injections of FB labeled a substantial number of neostriatal neurons after a survival time of 4 days, but not after 24 h. In addition, differences between retrograde staining of striato-nigral neurons and layer V pyramidal cells of the ipsilateral neocortex, also labeled in these experiments, were found.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(83)90025-3}, keywords = {Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Indoles, diagnostic use; Peroxidases, diagnostic use; Rats; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(83)90025-3}, pmid = {6312380}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Frugiere:1998, author = {Frugière, A. and Nunez, E. and Pasaro, R. and Gaytan, S. and Barillot, J. C.}, title = {Efferent projection from the rostral ventrolateral medulla to the area postrema in rats.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, year = {1998}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, pages = {34--45}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is a region of the brain primarily involved in cardiovascular control. It receives information from several areas of the brainstem, among which the area postrema (AP) and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). The medial subnuclei of the solitary tract (TS) project towards the RVLM, providing cardiopulmonary information, and the AP serves information about circulatory hormones. Although the efferent pathways are well known, it is not the case for the connections from the RVLM towards the AP and the NTS. The present study was designed to examine the efferent connections from the RVLM onto the dorsal structures of the medulla: quantitatively by means of anatomical techniques, and functionally by means of electrophysiological techniques. Morphologically, Biocytin or Biotinylated dextran amine microinjections into the RVLM were followed by labelling of many fibres running towards the bulbar dorsomedial structures, with some pathways lying in the AP itself, or located in its caudal vicinity. Conversely, when microinjections of Fast Blue (FB) were made into the AP, FB-labelled cells could be observed within the RVLM. Electrophysiologically, single shock stimulation carried on AP allowed identification of axonal fibres issuing from somata located into the cardiovascular neuronal pool in the RVLM. From these results, we can assume: (1) the existence of dense efferent projection from RVLM to aspects of the dorsal vagal complex, including the AP and, among this dense projection, (2) the existence of some fibres terminating in, or crossing through the AP, and identified as conveying baroreceptor-related information, in the rat.}, doi = {10.1016/s0165-1838(98)00089-7}, institution = {Département de Physiologie et Neurophysiologie (ESA CNRS 6032), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Saint-Jérome, Marseille, France.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Axons, physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Ventricles, physiology; Dextrans; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Electrophysiology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Rats, Wistar; Rats, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165183898000897}, pmid = {9760078}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fryscak:1984, author = {Fryscak, T. and Zenker, W. and Kantner, D.}, title = {Afferent and efferent innervation of the rat esophagus. A tracing study with horseradish peroxidase and nuclear yellow.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1984}, volume = {170}, number = {1}, pages = {63--70}, abstract = {The technique of retrograde labeling of nerve cells with HRP and nuclear yellow as well as transganglionic anterograde HRP-tracing of sensory projections into the CNS were used to establish the motor and sensory innervation pattern of two parts of the rat esophagus: the cervical and the abdominal segment. For comparison, also the innervation of the anterior wall of the stomach was studied. Application of HRP to the cervical part of the esophagus resulted in bilateral labeling of neurons in the nucleus ambiguus exclusively, while application of the tracer to the abdominal part was followed by labeling of cells in both the nucleus ambiguus and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Application of tracer to the wall of the stomach caused labeling of cells in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus exclusively. Labeling appeared always bilaterally. In all experiments there was a profuse labeling of primary afferent neurons with cell bodies in both nodose ganglia and endings in certain subnuclei of the solitary nucleus. Endings related to the cervical esophagus projected into the ventral subnuclei, projections from the abdominal esophagus were located in the ventral and medial subnuclei, those from the stomach in the medial subnucleus solely. The area postrema and the commissural nucleus received afferents from both organs, the esophagus and the stomach. Double labeling experiments with HRP and nuclear yellow provided no signs of overlap of sensory innervation areas of the sites investigated in this study. Within the wall of the esophagus no labeled intramural cells nor nerve fibers were found in sections beyond the injection sites.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00319459}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Benzimidazoles, diagnostic use; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Esophagus, innervation; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6089609}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fu:2015, author = {Fu, Kai and Luo, Pengbo and Zheng, Xianyou and Zhu, Xiaozhong and Wang, Lei and Chai, Yimin}, title = {S1 nerve is the most efficient nerve rootlet innervating the anal canal and rectum in rats.}, journal = {Sci Rep}, year = {2015}, volume = {5}, pages = {13022}, abstract = {Autonomic and somatic components participate in the defecation process in mammals, combining signals from the brainstem and forebrain. The innervation pattern involved in micturition in rats has been well studied, while defecation has been less studied. The aim of the present study was to identify the most important sensory and motor nerves of the anal canal and rectum involved in defecation. The amplitudes of evoked potential of the anal canal and rectum were higher when L6 and S1 ventral rootlets were stimulated, compared with the other segments (ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test, all P < 0.05). The S1 segment was more strongly cholera toxin subunit B conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CB-HRP) positive compared with the other segments (ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test, P < 0.05). Ventral spinal rootlets of L6 and S1 mainly contributed to the pressure change in the anal canal and rectum when the ventral spinal rootlets from L5 to S3 were stimulated electrically. In conclusion, many afferent and efferent nerves innervate the anal canal and rectum and are involved in defecation, but the S1 nerve rootlet could be the most efficient one. These results could provide a basis for defecation reconstruction, especially for patients with spinal cord injuries.}, doi = {10.1038/srep13022}, institution = {Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {epublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {srep13022}, pmc = {PMC4531329}, pmid = {26260583}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep13022}, } @Article{Fu:1992, author = {L. Fu and R. M. Beckstead}, title = {Cortical stimulation induces fos expression in striatal neurons.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1992}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, pages = {329--334}, abstract = {Electrical stimulation of a broad area of the frontoparietal cortex in the rat brain induces immunocytochemically detectable Fos in striatal neurons normally devoid of the protein. The vividness of labeling within striatal neurons was maximal at 0.5 h after the cessation of a 15-min-long stimulation period and became weaker by 3 h. Although Fos-reactive neurons were widely distributed in the striata of both hemispheres in an uneven pattern, those on the stimulated side were more numerous and more darkly stained. At no time-point were labeled neurons found in the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus or substantia nigra. Destruction of the nigrostriatal dopamine projection with 6-hydroxydopamine did not induce Fos production and failed to prevent the induction of Fos by cortical stimulation. That many of the Fos-positive neurons project to the substantia nigra was confirmed by retrograde labeling with Fluoro-Gold. The data suggest that corticostriatal excitatory transmission may directly influence the genomic activity of striatal neurons by way of Fos.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(92)90055-7}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Corpus Striatum, cytology/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Frontal Lobe, physiology; Gene Expression; Genes, fos, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, physiology; Oxidopamine, pharmacology; Parietal Lobe, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, immunology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(92)90055-7}, pmid = {1347407}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fu:2009, author = {Fu, Qing-Ling and Li, Xin and Shi, Jianbo and Xu, Geng and Wen, Weiping and Lee, Daniel H S. and So, Kwok-Fai}, title = {Synaptic degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in a rat ocular hypertension glaucoma model.}, journal = {Cell Mol Neurobiol}, year = {2009}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {575--581}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Glaucoma is a common neurodegenerative disease that affects retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. Little is known of the synaptic degeneration involved in the pathophysiology of glaucoma. Here we used an experimental ocular hypertension model in rats to investigate this issue.Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) was induced by laser coagulation of the episcleral and limbal veins. RGCs were retrogradely labeled with Fluoro-Gold (FG). The c-fos protein was used as a neuronal connectivity marker. Expression of c-fos in the retinas was investigated by immunohistochemistry at 5 days and 2 weeks after the induction of ocular hypertension. Both surviving RGCs as revealed by retrograde FG-labeled and c-fos-labeled RGCs were counted.The c-fos protein was mainly expressed in the nuclei and nucleoli of cells in the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer in the normal retina. We also confirmed that c-fos was also expressed in the nuclei and nucleoli of RGCs retrogradely labeled with FG. There was no significant RGC loss at 5 days but about 13\% RGC loss at 2 weeks after the induction of ocular hypertension. The number of RGCs expressing c-fos was significantly lower in the experimental animals at both 5 days and 2 weeks than normal.Our study suggests that there is synaptic disconnection for RGCs after ocular hypertension and it may precede the cell death in the early stage. It may provide insight into novel therapeutic strategies to slow the progress of glaucoma.}, doi = {10.1007/s10571-009-9349-7}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.}, keywords = {Animals; Apoptosis, physiology; Caspases, metabolism; Enzyme Activation; Female; Glaucoma, metabolism/pathology; Intraocular Pressure; Nerve Degeneration, metabolism/pathology; Ocular Hypertension, metabolism/pathology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retina, cytology/metabolism/pathology; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology/metabolism/pathology; Synapses, metabolism/pathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {19172389}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10571-009-9349-7}, } @Article{Fu:1996, author = {Y. S. Fu and G. F. Tseng and H. S. Yin}, title = {Extrinsic inhibitory innervation to rubral neurons in rat brain-stem slices.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {1996}, volume = {137}, number = {1}, pages = {142--150}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Synaptic connections between the neurons in the red nucleus (RN) and its extrinsic neurons were studied using rat brain-stem slices. Intracellular records were obtained from the RN neurons. Ipsilateral stimuli to areas in the dorsolateral mesencephalic reticular formation (DLMRF) or substantia nigra (SN) elicited monosynaptic hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) in about 95\% of RN neurons recorded. The hyperpolarizing PSPs could be reversibly blocked by bicuculline, indicating that they were GABAA receptor-mediated-Cl(-)-inhibitory PSPs. The sites of most inhibitory synapses arising from DLMRF and SN are possibly located on the proximal half of the soma-dendritic membrane of RN neurons, according to the analysis of the IPSPs with Rall's model. In addition, tracing dyes were employed to examine the morphological pathways. After rhodamine B, a retrograde tracer, was applied to the RN in brain slices, the cell bodies of a number of neurons in DLMRF and SN were labeled. These labeled neurons were also immunopositive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) as revealed from double labeling with an anti-GAD antiserum. The anterograde tracer, tetramethylrhodamine dextran, was applied to the DLMRF or SN and taken up by many neurons in the areas. A portion of these cells extended their processes toward and terminated within the RN. Moreover, electron microscopic examination confirmed that the tetramethylrhodamine dextran-decorated synaptic terminals were present in the RN. The results indicate that the rubral neurons receive direct GABAA receptor-mediated inhibitory inputs from neurons in the DLMRF and SN, which may participate in modulation of rubral outputs.}, doi = {10.1006/exnr.1996.0014}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, R.O.C.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, physiology; Electrophysiology; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Red Nucleus, physiology; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0014-4886(96)90014-X}, pmid = {8566205}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1996.0014}, } @Article{Fuentealba:2008, author = {Fuentealba, Pablo and Tomioka, Ryohei and Dalezios, Yannis and Márton, László F. and Studer, Michele and Rockland, Kathleen and Klausberger, Thomas and Somogyi, Peter}, title = {Rhythmically active enkephalin-expressing GABAergic cells in the CA1 area of the hippocampus project to the subiculum and preferentially innervate interneurons.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2008}, volume = {28}, number = {40}, pages = {10017--10022}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Enkephalins (ENKs) are endogenous opioids that regulate synaptic excitability of GABAergic networks in the cerebral cortex. Using retrograde tracer injections in the subiculum, we identified a hippocampal population of ENK-expressing projection neurons. In situ hybridization for GAD shows that ENK-expressing cells are a small GABAergic subpopulation. Furthermore, by extracellular recording and juxtacellular labeling in vivo, we identified an ENK-expressing cell in stratum radiatum of the CA1 area by its complete axodendritic arborization and characteristic spike timing during network oscillations. The somatodendritic membrane was immunopositive for mGluR1alpha, and there was both a rich local axon in CA1 and subicular-projecting branches. The boutons showed cell-type- and layer-specific innervation, i.e., interneurons were the main targets in the alveus, both interneurons and pyramidal cell dendrites were innervated in the other layers, and interneurons were exclusive targets in the subiculum. Parvalbumin-, but not somatostatin-, calbindin-, or cholecystokinin-expressing interneurons were preferred synaptic targets. During network activity, the juxtacellularly labeled ENK-expressing cell was phase modulated throughout theta oscillations, but silenced during sharp-wave/ripple episodes. After these episodes the interneuron exhibited rebound activity of high-frequency spike bursts, presumably causing peptide release. The ENK-expressing interneurons innervating parvalbumin-positive interneurons might contribute to the organization of the sharp-wave/ripple episodes by decreased firing during and rebound activity after the ripple episodes, as well as to the coordination of activity between the CA1 and subicular areas during network oscillations.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2052-08.2008}, institution = {Medical Research Council Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TH, United Kingdom. pablo.fuentealba@pharm.ox.ac.uk}, keywords = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Biological Clocks, physiology; Enkephalins, biosynthesis/genetics; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology; Interneurons, cytology/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, biosynthesis/genetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {28/40/10017}, pmid = {18829959}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2052-08.2008}, } @Article{Fujimori:1997, author = {K. E. Fujimori and R. Takauji and Y. Yoshihara and A. Tamada and K. Mori and N. Tamamaki}, title = {A procedure for in situ hybridization combined with retrograde labeling of neurons: application to the study of cell adhesion molecule expression in Dil-labeled rat pyramidal neurons.}, journal = {J Histochem Cytochem}, year = {1997}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {455--459}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {We have devised a simple method that combines retrograde labeling of projecting neurons and in situ hybridization histochemistry to examine mRNA expression in the retrogradely labeled neurons. First, projecting neurons were retrogradely labeled in vivo by injection of the lipophilic neuronal tracer Dil. The fluorescence of the labeled neurons in the brain slices was photoconverted into stable DAB precipitate by green light illumination. The slices were cut into thinner sections and processed for detection of specific mRNA by in situ hybridization. Using this highly sensitive method, we demonstrate here that the corticospinal tract neurons in newborn rats express mRNA for the cell adhesion molecule L1. TAG-1 mRNA was not detected in these neurons. Therefore, the present method provides an important tool to study the molecular expression of projection neurons during the development of neuronal circuitry.}, doi = {10.1177/002215549704500313}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Fukui Medical School, Japan.}, keywords = {Affinity Labels; Animals; Carbocyanines; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; Cell Adhesion Molecules, analysis/biosynthesis/genetics; Contactin 2; Fluorescent Dyes; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, methods; Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex; Membrane Glycoproteins, analysis/biosynthesis/genetics; Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules, analysis/biosynthesis/genetics; Pyramidal Cells, chemistry/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Tracts, chemistry/ultrastructure; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9071327}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fujimori:2000, author = {K. E. Fujimori and K. Takeuchi and T. Yazaki and K. Uyemura and Y. Nojyo and N. Tamamki}, title = {Expression of L1 and TAG-1 in the corticospinal, callosal, and hippocampal commissural neurons in the developing rat telencephalon as revealed by retrograde and in situ hybridization double labeling.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2000}, volume = {417}, number = {3}, pages = {275--288}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {In the telencephalon, the corticospinal (CS), callosal, and hippocampal commissural neurons are the major types of neurons that have axons crossing the midline of the brain. To understand the mechanisms involved in crossing the midline structure and to examine whether the expression patterns of L1 and TAG-1 in the commissural neurons are similar to those in the spinal cord, we investigated L1 and TAG-1 expression in these neurons in rats by using a double-labeling technique involving retrograde labeling and in situ hybridization. Expression of L1 messenger RNA was detected in the retrogradely labeled CS projection neurons by 1,1;-dioctadecyl-3,3, 3;,3;-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) injection into the pons at embryonic day (E) 19, but expression of TAG-1 messenger RNA was not detected in these neurons. Also, after their axons crossed the pyramidal decussation, continued expression of L1 but no expression of TAG-1 in the CS projection neurons was shown by an additional double- labeling experiment involving DiI injection into the spinal cord at postnatal day (P) 1. An immunohistochemical study showed that L1 was continuously present in each level of the CS tract at E21 and P3, but TAG-1 immunoreactivity was not found in any level at any stage. Finally, we examined the expression of L1 and TAG-1 messenger RNAs in the callosal and hippocampal commissure neurons after their axons had crossed the midline by using the double-labeling technique. In both cases, hybridization signals of the L1 and TAG-1 messenger RNAs were observed in the retrogradely labeled neurons at P3. These results suggest that the roles of L1 and TAG-1 in the formation of the commissures in the forebrain are different from their roles in the spinal cord.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000214)417:3<275::aid-cne2>3.0.co;2-7}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Fukui Medical University, Matsuoka, Japan. fujimori@fmsrsa.fukui-med.ac.jp}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, physiology; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Contactin 2; Corpus Callosum, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Hippocampus, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex; Membrane Glycoproteins, metabolism; Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Telencephalon, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-7}, pmid = {10683603}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fujimoto:2012, author = {Fujimoto, Kazuki and Miyagi, Masayuki and Ishikawa, Tetsuhiro and Inoue, Gen and Eguchi, Yawara and Kamoda, Hiroto and Arai, Gen and Suzuki, Miyako and Orita, Sumihisa and Kubota, Gou and Sakuma, Yoshihiro and Oikawa, Yasuhiro and Kuniyoshi, Kazuki and Ochiai, Nobuyasu and Kishida, Shunji and Nakamura, Junichi and Aoki, Yasuchika and Toyone, Tomoaki and Takahashi, Kazuhisa and Ohtori, Seiji}, title = {Sensory and autonomic innervation of the cervical intervertebral disc in rats: the pathomechanics of chronic discogenic neck pain.}, journal = {Spine (Phila Pa 1976)}, year = {2012}, volume = {37}, number = {16}, pages = {1357--1362}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {An immunohistological analysis of the cervical intervertebral disc (IVD).To investigate sensory and autonomic innervation of the rat cervical IVD.Many clinicians are challenged with treating wide-ranging chronic neck pain. Several authors have reported that sympathetic nerves participate in chronic pain, and various sympathectomy procedures can effectively treat chronic pain.The neuro-tracer Fluoro-gold (FG) was applied to the anterior surfaces of C5-C6 IVDs from 10 Sprague-Dawley rats to label the neurons of the innervating dorsal root ganglion (DRG), stellate ganglion (SG; sympathetic ganglion), and nodose ganglion (NG; parasympathetic ganglion). Seven days postsurgery, DRGs from level C1-C8, SG, and NG neurons were harvested, sectioned, and immunostained for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; a marker for peptide-containing neurons) and isolectin B4 (IB4; a marker for nonpeptide-containing neurons). The proportion of FG-labeled DRG neurons that were CGRP-immunoreactive ( CGRP-IR), IB4-binding, and non-CGRP-IR and IB4-binding, and the proportion of FG-labeled SG neurons and NG neurons were calculated.FG-labeled neurons innervating the C5-C6 IVD were distributed throughout the C2-C8 DRGs. The proportions of FG-labeled DRG neurons that were CGRP-IR, IB4-binding, non-CGRP-IR and IB4-binding, as well as SG neurons, and NG neurons were 20.6\%, 3.3\%, 55.7\%, 8.9\%, and 11.5\%, respectively. The proportion of CGRP-IR FG-labeled DRG neurons was significantly higher than the proportion of IB4-binding FG-labeled DRG neurons at each level (P < 0.05).The C5-C6 IVD was innervated multisegmentally from neurons of the C2-C8 DRG, SG, and NG. Overall, 79.6\% of the nerve fibers innervating the IVD were sensory nerves and 20.4\% were autonomic nerves. Furthermore, 23.9\% of the nerve fibers innervating the IVD were afferent sensory pain-related nerves, 8.9\% were efferent sympathetic nerves, and 11.5\% were efferent parasympathetic nerves. These findings may explain the wide-ranging and chronic discogenic pain that occurs via the somatosensory and autonomic nervous system.}, doi = {10.1097/BRS.0b013e31824ba710}, institution = {Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Pathways, chemistry/physiopathology; Biological Markers, analysis; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, analysis; Cervical Vertebrae, innervation; Chronic Pain, physiopathology; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Intervertebral Disc, innervation; Lectins, analysis; Male; Neck Pain, physiopathology; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Receptor Cells, chemistry; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {22310098}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e31824ba710}, } @Article{Fujino:1997, author = {K. Fujino and K. Koyano and H. Ohmori}, title = {Lateral and medial olivocochlear neurons have distinct electrophysiological properties in the rat brain slice.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {1997}, volume = {77}, number = {5}, pages = {2788--2804}, month = {May}, abstract = {Electrical properties of cochlear efferent (olivocochlear) neurons were investigated with the use of the whole cell patch recording technique in slice preparations of the neonatal rat (postnatal days 5-11). Lateral and medial olivocochlear (LOC and MOC, respectively) neurons were retrogradely labeled with a fluorescent tracer injected into the cochlea. Stained neurons were identified under a fluorescence microscope, and they were subjected to whole cell recording. LOC and MOC neurons showed different electrophysiological properties. Both showed spike trains of tonic pattern in response to injection of depolarizing current pulses at the resting membrane potential (-60 to -70 mV). However, when the membrane was slightly hyperpolarized (-72 to -76 mV), LOC neurons showed spike trains with a long first interspike interval (ISI), whereas MOC neurons showed spike trains with a long latency to the first spike. Extracellular application of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 0.5-2 mM) shortened these ISIs and latencies. In voltage-clamp experiments, two transient outward currents with different (fast and slow) decay kinetics were observed in LOC neurons. The fast outward current (I(A-LOC)) was inactivated by the preceding depolarization, and decayed with a time constant (tau) of 86 ms (at 0 mV). The preceding potential, which reduced the current size to the half-maximum (V1/2), was -72 mV. The slow current (I(KD)) decayed with a tau of 853 ms (at 0 mV). I(A-LOC) was sensitive to 4-AP (2 mM), and was less sensitive to tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA; 20 mM). I(KD) was partially blocked by TEA (20 mM), but was insensitive to 4-AP (2 mM). The recovery from inactivation of I(A-LOC) was time dependent with a time constant (tau(rec)) of 32 ms at -90 mV. MOC neurons also showed a transient outward current that consisted of a single transient component (I(A-MOC)) with a steady outward current. I(A-MOC) was inactivated by the preceding depolarization. Decay tau of I(A-MOC) was 33 ms (at 0 mV), and V1/2 was -75 mV. I(A-MOC) was sensitive to 4-AP (0.5-1 mM). The time-dependent recovery from inactivation of I(A-MOC) was faster than that of I(A-LOC), and tau(rec) was 15 ms at -90 mV. The different kinetics of transient outward currents between LOC and MOC neurons seems to be responsible for the difference in firing properties of these two neurons.}, institution = {Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Auditory Pathways, physiology; Brain Mapping; Cochlear Nucleus, physiology; Culture Techniques; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner, physiology; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Neurons, Efferent, physiology; Olivary Nucleus, physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spiral Ganglion, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9163393}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fujio:2016, author = {Fujio, Takashi and Sato, Fumihiko and Tachibana, Yoshihisa and Kato, Takafumi and Tomita, Akiko and Higashiyama, Keiichiro and Ono, Takahiro and Maeda, Yoshinobu and Yoshida, Atsushi}, title = {Revisiting the supratrigeminal nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2016}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The supratrigeminal nucleus (Vsup), originally proposed as a premotoneuron pool in the trigeminal reflex arc, is a key structure of jaw movement control. Surprisingly, however, the location of the rat Vsup has not precisely been defined. In light of our previous cat studies, we made two hypotheses regarding the rat Vsup: 1) the Vsup is cytoarchitectonically distinguishable from its surrounding structures; 2) the Vsup receives central axon terminals of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vmes) neurons which are primary afferents innervating muscle spindles of jaw-closing muscles and periodontal ligaments around the teeth. To test the first hypothesis, we examined the cytoarchitecture of the rat Vsup. The Vsup was identified as an area medially adjacent to the dorsomedial part of trigeminal principal sensory nucleus, and extended from the level just rostral to the caudal two-thirds of the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo) to the level approximately 150 μm caudal to the Vmo. Our rat Vsup was much smaller and its location was considerably different in comparison to the Vsup reported previously. To evaluate the second hypothesis, we tested the distribution patterns of Vmes primary afferent terminals in the cytoarchitectonically identified Vsup. After transganglionic tracer applications to the masseter, deep temporal, and medial pterygoid nerves, a large number of axon terminals were observed in all parts of Vsup (especially in its medial part). After applications to the inferior alveolar, infraorbital, and lingual nerves, a small number of axon terminals were labeled in the caudolateral Vsup. The Vsup could also be identified electrophysiologically. After electrical stimulation of the masseter nerve, evoked potentials with slow negative component were isolated only in the Vsup. The present findings suggest that the rat Vsup can be cytoarchitectonically and electrophysiologically identified, receives somatotopic termination of the trigeminal primary afferents, and principally receives strong termination of the spindle Vmes primary afferents.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.026}, institution = {Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address: yoshida@dent.osaka-u.ac.jp.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(16)00249-9}, pmid = {26987956}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.026}, } @Article{Fujita:2012, author = {Fujita, Kenya and Matsuo, Kiyoshi and Yuzuriha, Shunsuke and Kawagishi, Kyutaro and Moriizumi, Tetsuji}, title = {Cell bodies of the trigeminal proprioceptive neurons that transmit reflex contraction of the levator muscle are located in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in rats.}, journal = {J Plast Surg Hand Surg}, year = {2012}, volume = {46}, number = {6}, pages = {383--388}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Since the levator and frontalis muscles lack interior muscle spindles despite being antigravity mixed muscles to involuntarily sustain eyelid opening and eyebrow lifting, this study has proposed a hypothetical mechanism to compensate for this anatomical defect. The voluntary contraction of fast-twitch fibres of the levator muscle stretches the mechanoreceptors in Müller's muscle to evoke proprioception, which continuously induces reflex contraction of slow-twitch fibres of the levator and frontalis muscles. This study confirmed the presence of cell bodies of the trigeminal proprioceptive neurons that transmit reflex contraction of the levator and frontalis muscles. After confirming that severing the trigeminal proprioceptive fibres that innervate the mechanoreceptors in Müller's muscle induced ipsilateral eyelid ptosis, Fluorogold was applied as a tracer to the proximal stump of the trigeminal proprioceptive nerve in rats. Fluorogold labelled the cell bodies of the trigeminal proprioceptive neurons, not in any regions of the rat brain including the trigeminal ganglion, but in the ipsilateral mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus neighbouring the locus ceruleus. Some Fluorogold particles accumulated in the area of the locus ceruleus. The trigeminal proprioceptive neurons could be considered centrally displaced ganglion cells to transmit afferent signal from the mechanoreceptors in Müller's muscle to the mesencephalon, where they may be able to make excitatory synaptic connections with both the oculomotor neurons and the frontalis muscle motoneurons for the involuntary coordination of the eyelid and eyebrow activities, and potentially to the locus ceruleus.}, doi = {10.3109/2000656X.2012.722094}, institution = {Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Blepharoptosis, physiopathology; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Mechanoreceptors, physiology; Motor Neurons, physiology; Muscle Contraction, physiology; Neural Conduction, physiology; Oculomotor Muscles, innervation/physiology; Proprioception, physiology; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reflex, physiology; Trigeminal Nerve, physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {23157498}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/2000656X.2012.722094}, } @Article{Fujita:2012a, author = {Fujita, S. and Kitayama, T. and Mizoguchi, N. and Oi, Y. and Koshikawa, N. and Kobayashi, M.}, title = {Spatiotemporal profiles of transcallosal connections in rat insular cortex revealed by in vivo optical imaging.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2012}, volume = {206}, pages = {201--211}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The gustatory cortex (GC), a part of the insular cortex (IC), receives gustatory inputs from the parvicellular part of the ventroposteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPMpc). Transcallosal projections from the contralateral GC modulate neural responses to gustatory stimulation. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of the amplitude and area of excitation induced by contralateral GC stimulation remain unclear. First, we demonstrated the distribution patterns of neurons projecting to the GC by injecting the anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextranamine (BDA), and retrograde tracer, Fluorogold (FG), into the unilateral putative GC throughout the layers in five male Sprague-Dawley and two vesicular GABA transporter-Venus rats. FG-labeled pyramidal neurons were found in the contralateral GC and ipsilateral VPMpc. The contralateral GC and ipsilateral VPMpc received BDA-positive fibers, suggesting that the GCs of both hemispheres are reciprocally connected. Second, the spatiotemporal profiles of neural responses evoked by five train pulses of electrical stimulation (50 Hz) were quantified by in vivo optical imaging with a voltage-sensitive dye in male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=56). Stimulation of the ipsilateral VPMpc evoked potent GC activation that was followed by propagation to the surrounding IC; this propagation was similar to that following ipsilateral GC stimulation. Contralateral stimulation of the somatosensory area I, dorsal IC, and ventral IC evoked excitation in the ipsilateral each corresponding area, suggesting that transcallosal fibers are symmetrically connected. Contralateral GC stimulation induced a similar spatial profile of excitation as ipsilateral GC stimulation; however, the latency was longer (~20 ms), and the excitation was frequently followed by a GABA(B) receptor antagonist-sensitive inhibitory signal. Excitation by ipsilateral GC stimulation was potentiated by simultaneous contralateral GC stimulation, especially in cases where the amplitude of the response to ipsilateral stimulation was small. These results suggest that the transcallosal projection may support the detection of gustatory inputs by potentiating weak gustatory signals in the GC.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.01.014}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Corpus Callosum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Male; Nerve Net, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging, methods}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(12)00036-X}, pmid = {22285884}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.01.014}, } @Article{Fujiyama:2003, author = {Fumino Fujiyama and Hiroyuki Hioki and Ryohei Tomioka and Kousuke Taki and Nobuaki Tamamaki and Sakashi Nomura and Keiko Okamoto and Takeshi Kaneko}, title = {Changes of immunocytochemical localization of vesicular glutamate transporters in the rat visual system after the retinofugal denervation.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2003}, volume = {465}, number = {2}, pages = {234--249}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {To clarify which vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT) is used by excitatory axon terminals of the retinofugal system, we examined immunoreactivities and mRNA signals for VGluT1 and VGluT2 in the rat retina and compared immunoreactivities for VGluT1 and VGluT2 in the retinorecipient regions using double immunofluorescence method, anterograde tracing, and immunoelectron microscopy. Furthermore, the changes of VGluT1 and VGluT2 immunoreactivities were studied after eyeball enucleation. Intense immunoreactivity and mRNA signal for VGluT2, but not for VGluT1 immunoreactivity, were observed in most perikarya of ganglion cells in the retina. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that VGluT1- and VGluT2-immunolabeled terminals made asymmetrical synapses, suggesting that they were excitatory synapses, and that VGluT1-immunolabeled terminals were smaller than VGluT2-labeled ones in many retinorecipient regions, such as the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd) and superior colliculus ( SC). Double immunofluorescence study further revealed that almost no VGluT2 immunoreactivity was colocalized with VGluT1 in the retinorecipient regions. After wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) injection into the eyeballs, WGA immunoreactivity was colocalized in the single axon terminals of LGd and SC with VGluT2 but not VGluT1 immunoreactivity. After unilateral enucleation, VGluT2 immunoreactivity in the LGd, SC, nucleus of the optic tract, and nuclei of the accessory optic tract in the contralateral side of the enucleated eye was clearly decreased. Although only a small change of VGluT2 immunoreactivity was observed in the contra- and ipsilateral suprachiasmatic nuclei, olivary pretectal nucleus, anterior pretectal nucleus, and posterior pretectal nucleus, moderate reduction of VGluT2 was found in these regions after bilateral enucleation. On the other hand, almost no change in VGluT1 immunoreactivity was found in the structures examined in the present enucleation study. Thus, the present results support the notion that the retinofugal pathways are glutamatergic, and indicate that VGluT2, but not VGluT1, is employed for accumulating glutamate into synaptic vesicles of retinofugal axons.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10848}, institution = {Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Carrier Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Denervation; Eye Enucleation; Functional Laterality; Geniculate Bodies, physiology; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Membrane Transport Proteins; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retina, physiology/surgery; Retinal Ganglion Cells, physiology/ultrastructure; Superior Colliculi, physiology; Synapses, physiology; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2; Vesicular Transport Proteins; Visual Pathways, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12949784}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10848}, } @Article{Fujiyama:2015, author = {Fujiyama, Fumino and Nakano, Takashi and Matsuda, Wakoto and Furuta, Takahiro and Udagawa, Jun and Kaneko, Takeshi}, title = {A single-neuron tracing study of arkypallidal and prototypic neurons in healthy rats.}, journal = {Brain Struct Funct}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The external globus pallidus (GP) is known as a relay nucleus of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. Recent studies in dopamine-depleted and healthy rats indicate that the GP comprises two main types of pallidofugal neurons: the so-called "prototypic" and "arkypallidal" neurons. However, the reconstruction of complete arkypallidal neurons in healthy rats has not been reported. Here we visualized the entire axonal arborization of four single arkypallidal neurons and six single prototypic neurons in rat brain using labeling with a viral vector expressing membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein and examined the distribution of axon boutons in the target nuclei. Results revealed that not only the arkypallidal neurons but nearly all of the prototypic neurons projected to the striatum with numerous axon varicosities. Thus, the striatum is a major target nucleus for pallidal neurons. Arkypallidal and prototypic GP neurons located in the calbindin-positive and calbindin- negative regions mainly projected to the corresponding positive and negative regions in the striatum. Because the GP and striatum calbindin staining patterns reflect the topographic organization of the striatopallidal projection, the striatal neurons in the sensorimotor and associative regions constitute the reciprocal connection with the GP neurons in the corresponding regions.}, doi = {10.1007/s00429-015-1152-2}, institution = {Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {10.1007/s00429-015-1152-2}, pmid = {26642797}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-015-1152-2}, } @Article{Fujiyama:2011, author = {Fujiyama, Fumino and Sohn, Jaerin and Nakano, Takashi and Furuta, Takahiro and Nakamura, Kouichi C. and Matsuda, Wakoto and Kaneko, Takeshi}, title = {Exclusive and common targets of neostriatofugal projections of rat striosome neurons: a single neuron-tracing study using a viral vector.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2011}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {668--677}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The rat neostriatum has a mosaic organization composed of striosome/patch compartments embedded in a more extensive matrix compartment, which are distinguished from each other by the input-output organization as well as by the expression of many molecular markers. The matrix compartment gives rise to the dual γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic striatofugal systems, i.e. direct and indirect pathway neurons, whereas the striosome compartment is considered to involve direct pathway neurons alone. Although the whole axonal arborization of matrix striatofugal neurons has been examined in vivo by intracellular staining, that of striosome neurons has never been studied at the single neuron level. In the present study, the axonal arborizations of single striosome projection neurons in rat neostriatum were visualized in their entirety using a viral vector expressing membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein, and compared with that of matrix projection neurons. We found that not only matrix but also striosome compartments contained direct and indirect pathway neurons. Furthermore, only striatonigral neurons in the striosome compartment projected directly to the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), although they sent a substantial number of axon collaterals to the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus and/or substantia nigra pars reticulata. These results suggest that striosome neurons play a more important role in the formation of reward-related signals of SNc dopaminergic neurons than do matrix neurons. Together with data from previous studies in the reinforcement learning theory, our results suggest that these direct and indirect striosome-SNc pathways together with nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons may help striosome neurons to acquire the state-value function.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07564.x}, institution = {Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, cytology; Genetic Vectors, genetics/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sindbis Virus, genetics/metabolism; Staining and Labeling, methods; Substantia Nigra, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {21314848}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07564.x}, } @Article{Fukami:1988, author = {K. Fukami and H. Kiyama and Y. Shiotani and M. Tohyama}, title = {Neurotensin-containing projections from the retrosplenial cortex to the anterior ventral thalamic nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1988}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {819--826}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The neurotensin-containing projections from the retrosplenial cortex to the anterior ventral thalamus were demonstrated by electrolytic lesion studies and fluorescent retrograde tracing combined with immunocytochemistry. Three-to-five-day-old rats were used, because the immunoreactivity of neurotensin fibers in anterior ventral thalamus was the highest at this age. When neurotensin-containing neurons located in layer VI of the retrosplenial cortex were unilaterally destroyed by applying an electrolytic current to the retrosplenial area, the neurotensin fibers in the ipsilateral anterior ventral thalamus decreased dramatically. Unilateral injection of a fluorescent retrograde tracer, Fast Blue, into the anterior ventral thalamus, labeled neurons in the ipsilateral retrosplenial cortex, and many of these cells also had neurotensin-like immunoreactivity. These results suggested that a major origin of the neurotensin fibers in the anterior ventral thalamus was in the ipsilateral retrosplenial granular cortex.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(88)90102-9}, institution = {Department of Neuroanatomy, Osaka University Medical School, Japan.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Neurotensin, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Xanthenes}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3200430}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fukuoka:2010, author = {Fukuoka, T. and Kobayashi, K. and Noguchi, K.}, title = {Laminae-specific distribution of alpha-subunits of voltage-gated sodium channels in the adult rat spinal cord.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2010}, volume = {169}, number = {3}, pages = {994--1006}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {While the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are the key molecules for neuronal activities, the precise distribution of them in spinal cord is not clear in previous studies. We examined the expression of mRNAs for alpha-subunits of VGSC (Navs) in adult rat spinal cord before and 7 days after L5 spinal nerve ligation (SPNL) or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced paw inflammation by in situ hybridization histochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. Nav1.1 and Nav1.6 mRNAs were present in all laminae, except for lamina II, including the spinothalamic tract neurons in lamina I identified by retrograde tracing of Fluoro-gold. Nav1.2 mRNA was predominantly observed in the superficial layers (laminae I, II), and Nav1.3 mRNA was more restricted to these layers. All these transcripts were expressed by the neurons characterized by immunostaining for neuron-specific nuclear protein. Nav1.7 mRNA was selectively expressed by a half of motoneurons in lamina IX. No signals for Nav1.8 or Nav1.9 mRNAs were detected. Immunohistochemistry for Nav1.1, Nav1.2, Nav1.6, and Nav1.7 proteins verified some of these neuronal distributions. L5 SPNL decreased Nav1.1 and Nav1.6 mRNAs, and increased Nav1.3 and Nav1.7 mRNAs in the axotomized spinal motoneurons, without any changes in other laminae of L4-6 spinal segments. Intradermal injection of CFA did not cause any transcriptional change. Our findings demonstrate that spinal neurons have different compositions of VGSCs according to their location in laminae. Pathophysiological changes of spinal neuronal activity may due to post-transcriptional changes of VGSCs. Comparison with our previous data concerning the subpopulation-specific distribution of Nav transcripts in primary afferent neurons provides potentially specific targets for local analgesics at the peripheral nerve and spinal levels.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.058}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan. tfukuoka@hyo-med.ac.jp}, keywords = {Animals; Constriction, Pathologic; Freund's Adjuvant; Immunohistochemistry; Inflammation, chemically induced/metabolism; Ion Channel Gating; Ligation; Male; Motor Neurons; Neurons, metabolism; Pain, chemically induced/metabolism; Protein Subunits, genetics/metabolism; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium Channels, genetics/metabolism; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Spinal Nerves, pathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(10)00798-0}, pmid = {20576496}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.058}, } @Article{Fukushima:2002, author = {Fukushima, N. and Oikawa, S. and Yokouchi, K. and Kawagishi, K. and Moriizumi, T.}, title = {The minimum number of neurons in the central olfactory pathway in relation to its function: a retrograde fiber tracing study.}, journal = {Chem Senses}, year = {2002}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {1--6}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The present study was aimed at determining the functionally essential size of the neuronal population in the central olfactory nervous system. Using conditioned rats who had learnt to avoid repellent (cycloheximide) solution by olfaction, varying degrees of injuries were made to the lateral olfactory tract, a major central olfactory pathway connecting the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex. After examining their olfactory ability to discriminate cycloheximide solution from water, intact bulbar projection neurons (mitral cells) with fiber connections to the olfactory cortex were quantified using a retrograde fiber tracing technique. The numbers of retrogradely labeled mitral cells from the rats with normal olfaction ranged between 20 and 92\% of the control value, while those numbers from the anosmic rats ranged between 0 and 22\%. We conclude that the functionally essential neuronal population is approximately one-fifth of the total in the central olfactory pathway, a presumed threshold value in terms of the ability to avoid cycloheximide solution by olfactory discrimination.}, doi = {10.1093/chemse/27.1.1}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Avoidance Learning; Axonal Transport, physiology; Cycloheximide; Fluorescent Dyes, administration /&/ dosage/diagnostic use; Male; Neurons, physiology; Olfaction Disorders, etiology; Olfactory Bulb, cytology/physiology; Olfactory Pathways, cytology/injuries/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Smell, physiology; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11751461}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fukushima:2015, author = {Fukushima, Nanae and Yokouchi, Kumiko and Kawagishi, Kyutaro and Karasawa, Mika and Kuroiwa, Masafumi and Moriizumi, Tetsuji}, title = {Two specific tongue regions receive bilateral hypoglossal innervation: a study in neonatal rat pups.}, journal = {Arch Oral Biol}, year = {2015}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, pages = {432--438}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional role of bilateral hypoglossal (XII) nerve innervation of the tongue.The possibility of bilateral innervation of XII nerve in the tongue was examined using postmortem fibre tracing in normal neonatal rats. In addition, immunohistochemical testing for synaptophysin or vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) was carried out in unilaterally XII nerve-resected neonatal rats.Postmortem fibre tracing revealed constant distribution of the nerve fibres extending across the midline and existence of bilateral innervated area in the rostroventral and caudodorsal regions of the tongue. Synaptophysin-positive and VAChT-positive nerve terminals were also distributed continuously from the XII nerve-intact to the nerve-resected side across the midline of the tongue. The contralaterally projecting VAChT-positive nerve terminals were more numerous in suckling P2 rats (6.6 ± 0.5/section) than those in non-suckling P2 rats (4.9 ± 0.3/ section) 24 h after nerve resection. Furthermore, the contralaterally projecting VAChT-positive nerve terminals were more numerous in P7 rats with nerve resection on P1 (6.3 ± 0.2/section) than those in P7 rats with nerve resection on P6 (3.1 ± 0.8/section).We concluded that neonatal rats have two specific tongue regions receiving bilateral XII innervation, which allowed suckling in unilaterally XII nerve-resected neonatal rats.}, doi = {10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.12.002}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0003-9969(14)00305-7}, pmid = {25540849}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.12.002}, } @Article{Fukushima:2013, author = {Fukushima, Nanae and Yokouchi, Kumiko and Sakamoto, Michio and Sekiguchi, Yasuyuki and Koike, Hiroki and Kawagishi, Kyutaro and Moriizumi, Tetsuji}, title = {Analysis of spontaneous regeneration of olfactory structures with emphasis on myelination and re-innervation of cortical areas.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {2013}, volume = {537}, pages = {35--39}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Regeneration of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) occurs spontaneously after transection in developing rats. In neonatally LOT-transected rats, we observed a newly formed myelinated tract near the rhinal sulcus. The aim of this study was to analyze the precise re-innervated cortical areas and to demonstrate ectopic LOT myelination in neonatally LOT-transected rats. Neonatal rats were subjected to unilateral LOT transection and simultaneous injection of a retrograde fluorescent tracer into the posterior olfactory cortex to evaluate the degree of transection. After 8 weeks, bilateral olfactory bulbs of the rats were subjected to multiple injections of an anterograde neuronal tracer to determine the extent of the regenerated fibers. In the completely LOT-transected rats, the regenerated fibers were distributed in the anterior olfactory cortices; the anterior olfactory nucleus, the olfactory tubercle, and the rostral part of the piriform cortex. Ectopic myelination of LOT was evident immediately below the rhinal sulcus in the completely and incompletely LOT-transected rats. We concluded that the regenerated bulbar fibers were confined to the regions of the anterior olfactory cortices and that ectopic myelination of the regenerated LOT occurred only at a specific site near the rhinal sulcus.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neulet.2013.01.016}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan. nanae@shinshu-u.ac.jp}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/physiology; Female; Male; Myelin Sheath, metabolism; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, metabolism; Olfactory Bulb, physiology; Olfactory Pathways, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(13)00048-7}, pmid = {23353104}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2013.01.016}, } @Article{Fukushima:1979, author = {T. Fukushima and F. W. Kerr}, title = {Organization of trigeminothalamic tracts and other thalamic afferent systems of the brainstem in the rat: presence of gelatinosa neurons with thalamic connections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1979}, volume = {183}, number = {1}, pages = {169--184}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Thalamic projections from trigeminal and certain other nuclei of the brainstem of the rat have been investigated using the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The pattern of trigeminothalamic projections is very specifically related to the individual subnuclei of the complex. The Main Sensory Nucleus (MSN) provides profuse cross connections to the ventrobasal thalamus (VB); these arise exclusively from medium and small-sized neurons, but never from the large cells. In addition to these crossed connections, a small ipsilateral dorsal trigeminothalamic tract arises from the dorsal third of the most rostral part of the MSN; this is the only ipsilateral connection to VB found in the trigeminal complex. Subnucleus Oralis has no projections to the thalamus; it is suggested that it may be concerned primarily with reflex activation of the facial nucleus, with which it is co-extensive in the rostro-caudal axis. Subnucleus Interpolaris has a well-defined crossed projection of moderate size which arises from the large, medium and some of the small neurons. Subnucleus Caudalis has a sparse output to the thalamus and differs in its projections from rostral to caudal. At the most rostral level, all layers (marginal, transitional gelatinosa and magnocellularis) contain neurons which project to the thalamus; particularly conspicuous in this respect are the marginal neurons, most of which are strongly labelled. The presence of gelatinosa neurons projecting to the thalamus emphasizes a point made in earlier reports, that these neurons do not form an homogeneous population. At caudal levels, the marginal neurons are the major source of thalamic projections, while connections to the thalamus form deeper lying neurons are infrequent. With a single exception, the medullary reticular nuclei contained no neurons with thalamic connections; a small number of reticulo-thalamic neurons were found in the ventral pontine area. Marked labelling of the medial cuneate nucleus and moderate labelling of the gracilis and lateral cuneate nuclei occurred contralaterally to the injection site. A small numebr of medial cuneate and gracile neurons project to the ipsilateral thalamus. Projections from the solitary nucleus were always ipsialteral. The boundaries of individual subnuclei of the lateral sensory trigeminal complex in the rat have been redefined on the basis of cytological criteria; these are in good accord with the corresponding thalamic projection patterns.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901830112}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {758332}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901830112}, } @Article{Fuller:2011, author = {Patrick Fuller and David Sherman and Nigel P Pedersen and Clifford B Saper and Jun Lu}, title = {Reassessment of the structural basis of the ascending arousal system.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2011}, volume = {519}, number = {5}, pages = {933--956}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The "ascending reticular activating system" theory proposed that neurons in the upper brainstem reticular formation projected to forebrain targets that promoted wakefulness. More recent formulations have emphasized that most neurons at the pontomesencephalic junction that participate in these pathways are actually in monoaminergic and cholinergic cell groups. However, cell-specific lesions of these cell groups have never been able to reproduce the deep coma seen after acute paramedian midbrain lesions that transect ascending axons at the caudal midbrain level. To determine whether the cortical afferents from the thalamus or the basal forebrain were more important in maintaining arousal, we first placed large cell-body-specific lesions in these targets. Surprisingly, extensive thalamic lesions had little effect on electroencephalographic (EEG) or behavioral measures of wakefulness or on c-Fos expression by cortical neurons during wakefulness. In contrast, animals with large basal forebrain lesions were behaviorally unresponsive and had a monotonous sub-1-Hz EEG, and little cortical c-Fos expression during continuous gentle handling. We then retrogradely labeled inputs to the basal forebrain from the upper brainstem, and found a substantial input from glutamatergic neurons in the parabrachial nucleus and adjacent precoeruleus area. Cell-specific lesions of the parabrachial-precoeruleus complex produced behavioral unresponsiveness, a monotonous sub-1-Hz cortical EEG, and loss of cortical c-Fos expression during gentle handling. These experiments indicate that in rats the reticulo-thalamo-cortical pathway may play a very limited role in behavioral or electrocortical arousal, whereas the projection from the parabrachial nucleus and precoeruleus region, relayed by the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex, may be critical for this process.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.22559}, institution = {Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. pfuller@bidmc.harvard.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Arousal, physiology; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Electroencephalography; Electromyography; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, pharmacology; Humans; Ibotenic Acid, pharmacology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/pathology/physiology; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/pathology/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sleep, physiology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/pathology/physiology; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, genetics/metabolism; Wakefulness, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {21280045}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22559}, } @Article{Fuller:1987, author = {T. A. Fuller and F. T. Russchen and J. L. Price}, title = {Sources of presumptive glutamergic/aspartergic afferents to the rat ventral striatopallidal region.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {258}, number = {3}, pages = {317--338}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The distribution of presumptive glutamergic and/or aspartergic neurons retrogradely labeled following injections of 3H-D-aspartate (3H-D-Asp) into the ventral striatopallidal region was compared with the distribution of neurons labeled by comparable injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). The afferents labeled by 3H-D-Asp were a subset of those labeled by WGA-HRP. The major sources of afferents to the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle that could be labeled by 3H-D-Asp were in the medial frontal and insular cortices; the olfactory cortex; the lateral, basolateral, and basomedial amygdaloid nuclei; and the midline nuclear complex of the thalamus. The corresponding afferents to the ventral pallidum arose in the central, medial, and basomedial amygdaloid nuclei and the midline thalamic nuclei. In addition, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract was moderately or heavily labeled by 3H-D-Asp injections into all three areas, and cells were labeled in the subiculum following injection in the anteromedial part of the nucleus accumbens. Conversely the ventral striatopallidal structures themselves were, at best, sparsely labeled by any of the 3H-D-Asp injections. Neurons in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, dorsal raphe, and locus coeruleus were labeled by WGA-HRP but not by 3H-D-Asp, except for an occasional cell in the raphe. The results indicate that 3H-D-Asp is a specific retrograde tracer and suggest that there are widespread, presumably excitatory, glutamergic and/or aspartergic inputs to the ventral striatum and pallidum.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902580302}, keywords = {Animals; Aspartic Acid, metabolism; Autoradiography; Brain Stem, metabolism; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Diencephalon, metabolism; Glutamates, metabolism; Glutamic Acid; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Olfactory Bulb, metabolism; Rats; Telencephalon, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2884240}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902580302}, } @Article{Fulwiler:1984, author = {Fulwiler, C. E. and Saper, C. B.}, title = {Subnuclear organization of the efferent connections of the parabrachial nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {319}, number = {3}, pages = {229--259}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {In summary, we have demonstrated the subnuclear organization of PB, and correlated this with the origins of its efferent connections. In general, PBm projects primarily to the insular, infralimbic and lateral frontal cortex, and to associated areas in the thalamus, hypothalamus and amygdala. PBl chiefly innervates the autonomic nuclei of the hypothalamus and related portions of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. KF is the main source of descending projections from PB to the region of the nucleus of the solitary tract, the ventrolateral medulla and the intermediolateral cell column in the thoracic spinal cord. Further subnuclear organization of the origins of these projections within the major PB subdivisions has been described in detail. While PB afferents tend to terminate in specific subnuclei, one cannot reliably predict from the functional properties of the major inputs to a subnucleus what information will be carried in its efferents. Further anatomical and physiological studies of the input-output relationships of single PB neurons will be necessary to help resolve this enigma. However, recent immunohistochemical observations suggest that the subnuclear organization of PB afferent and efferent connections may reflect, at least in part, their biochemical specificity.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-0173(84)90012-2}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6478256}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fulwiler:1985, author = {C. E. Fulwiler and C. B. Saper}, title = {Cholecystokinin-immunoreactive innervation of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the rat: possible substrate for autonomic regulation of feeding.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1985}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, pages = {289--296}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK) injected into the medial hypothalamus of the rat has been reported to suppress feeding. In this species, the superior lateral parabrachial subnucleus, which predominantly innervates the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, is composed primarily of CCK-immunoreactive neurons. Combined retrograde tracing using fluorescent dyes and immunofluorescence for CCK confirms that 80-90\% of the neurons in the superior lateral parabrachial nucleus which innervate the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus are CCK-positive. This pathway may underlie autonomic regulation of feeding behavior.}, doi = {10.1016/s0304-3940(85)80048-3}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, physiology; Feeding Behavior, physiology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Pons, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sincalide, metabolism; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, metabolism/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(85)90553-1}, pmid = {3885078}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Funahashi:1997, author = {M. Funahashi and M. Stewart}, title = {Presubicular and parasubicular cortical neurons of the rat: functional separation of deep and superficial neurons in vitro.}, journal = {J Physiol}, year = {1997}, volume = {501 ( Pt 2)}, pages = {387--403}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {1. The presubiculum and parasubiculum are retrohippocampal structures bordered by the subiculum and medial entorhinal cortex. Deep layer (IV-VI) neurons from this region exhibit stable synaptically triggered burst behaviour which distinguishes them from superficial layer (I-III) cells. This functional separation was examined with intracellular and field potential recordings from horizontal slices of rat brain. Neurobiotin labelling and rapid Golgi techniques were used to obtain anatomical evidence of axonal trajectories. 2. Extracellular stimulation of the subiculum, deep medial entorhinal cortex or superficial pre- or parasubiculum caused, in deep layer cells only, a short latency burst discharge which could be followed by one or more after-discharges. Bursts appeared after repetitive stimulation and were stable for the life of the slice. Each event was supported by giant excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). Events were similar whether they were evoked in horizontal slices or slices cut perpendicular to the horizontal plane. 3. Bath application of the NMDA receptor antagonist 3-[2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl]-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP; 5 microM) elevated the threshold for evoking the giant EPSP. Higher concentrations (10-15 microM) reduced the amplitude and duration of the giant EPSP. Bath application of the AMPA receptor antagonist beta-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; 5 microM) eliminated the evoked EPSP. 4. In intact slices, superficial layer neurons of pre- and parasubiculum could exhibit EPSPs coincident with bursts recorded in the deep layers. However, in isolated subsections of horizontal slices or in 'vertical slices', both of which contained only pre- and/or parasubiculum, evoked or picrotoxin-induced bursts occurred only in deep layer cells. Superficial layer cells in these subsections showed no response to deep layer events. 5. Antidromic population spikes confirmed projections from superficial cell layers of pre- and parasubiculum down to their deep cell layers. Reciprocal antidromic responses were absent. 6. Axons of superficial layer stellate and pyramidal cells had horizontal collaterals and at least one ascending and one descending collateral. Branches of the descending collaterals were given off in layer V and some axons were found to reach the angular bundle. Axons of deep layer stellate and pyramidal cells also had horizontal collaterals and descending collaterals which could be traced to the angular bundle. One ascending axon collateral was found among the thirty-one deep layer cells examined morphologically. 7. We conclude that the deep layer cells of the presubiculum and parasubiculum are richly interconnected with excitatory synapses. These interconnections can generate giant excitatory synaptic potentials that support the bursting behaviour exhibited by these neurons. Any of the excitatory inputs to deep layer cells can trigger the population bursts and specific inputs from entorhinal cortex produce the after-discharges. Further, connections between superficial and deep layer cells appear to be almost exclusively in the direction of superficial to deep. The absence of significant ascending input can account for the functional separation of superficial and deep layer neurons of presubiculum and parasubiculum.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.387bn.x}, institution = {Department of Physiology, State University of New York Health Science Centre at Brooklyn 11203, USA. makoto@theta.hippo.hscbklyn.edu}, keywords = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, pharmacology; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Entorhinal Cortex, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Hippocampus, cytology/drug effects; Male; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Microsurgery; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Synapses, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9192310}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Funaki:1998, author = {Funaki, S. and Meguro, R. and Abe, H. and Norita, M.}, title = {The organization of the thalamostriatal projection from the lateral posterior thalamic nuclear complex (LP) in the pigmented rat.}, journal = {Neurobiology (Bp)}, year = {1998}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {273--294}, abstract = {We investigated the thalamostriatal projection of the rat using biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and wheat-germ agglutinin horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). To obtain the patch/matrix compartments of the striatum (ST), we used mu-opioid receptor (MOR) immunoreaction labeling. Thus, an MOR-positive 'patch' was indicated by a darkly stained spot, while the MOR-negative 'matrix' was displayed as a non-immunoreactive region. A small injection of BDA was made in a subregion of the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus (LP). The LP-ST fibers originated in all subregions of LP and terminated in the dorsocaudal portion of ST, where the corticostriatal fibers from the visual cortex terminate (Serizawa et al. 1994). These LP-ST fibers and terminals were concentrated in the MOR-negative matrix compartment. Electron microscopic observations showed that the LP-ST terminals made asymmetrical synaptic contacts mainly (70\%, n = 30) with the dendritic spines of the presumptive ST-output neurons, and fewer (30\%) contacted dendritic shafts. The present results provide anatomical support for the contention that ST-output spiny neurons of the matrix that project to the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra or globus pallidus, may be influenced directly by the LP-ST projection.}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Niigata University School of Medicine, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects/physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Dextrans, pharmacology; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Receptors, Opioid, mu, analysis; Stereotaxic Techniques; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9778648}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fundin:1994, author = {Fundin, B. T. and Rice, F. L. and Pfaller, K. and Arvidsson, J.}, title = {The innervation of the mystacial pad in the adult rat studied by anterograde transport of HRP conjugates.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1994}, volume = {99}, number = {2}, pages = {233--246}, abstract = {Peripheral and central terminations of mystacial pad afferents in rats were labeled by anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-HRP (WGA-HRP) or choleragenoid HRP (B-HRP). Tracer was injected in the trigeminal ganglion and survival times were 6-24 h. Most of the innervation previously observed with other techniques in the mystacial pad were labeled by at least one of the tracers. This included extensive reticular endings from large-caliber afferents and a loose network of fine-caliber axons in vibrissal follicle-sinus complexes (F-SCs). Also included were individual highly branching bush-like profiles in the intervibrissal epidermis that arose from fine to medium caliber afferents. Other endings were revealed, such as beaded endings affiliated with tylotrich hairs and presumptive encapsulated lamellated endings affiliated with both vibrissae and small sinus hairs. Finally, the anterograde labeling also revealed differences in the branching pattern of Merkel afferents to the rete ridge collars and ring sinuses of F-SCs. Each tracer produced different patterns of labeling related to the survival time in the mystacial pad which corresponded to particular patterns of labeling in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. WGA-HRP produced dense labeling of all types of afferents and peripheral endings as well as all laminae of nucleus caudalis after short survivals, but the labeling diffused as the survival times were increased. B-HRP preferentially filled the largest afferents and endings after shorter survivals, while smaller profiles became progressively labeled after longer survivals. In nucleus caudalis, profiles extending into laminae III, IV and inner part of lamina II were labeled with B-HRP after shorter survivals, but the outer part of lamina II also became labeled with longer survivals. This has not been previously observed with B-HRP. Along with other recent findings, these results reveal that the innervation of the mystacial pad especially by fine-caliber axons is far more extensive and complex than previously described. Also, depending on the survival time, the central and peripheral labeling patterns differ, which must be taken into account when interpreting results using these two tracers.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00239590}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Survival, drug effects; Epidermis, innervation/physiology; Female; Foot, innervation/physiology; Hair, physiology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Nerve Endings, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vibrissae, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7523174}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fung:1997, author = {M. L. Fung and Q. Huang and D. Zhou and W. M. St John}, title = {The morphology and connections of neurons in the gasping centre of adult rats.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1997}, volume = {76}, number = {4}, pages = {1237--1244}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Neuronal activities in the intermediate reticular nucleus and adjacent lateral tegmental field are critical for the neurogenesis of the ventilatory pattern of gasping. We report herein the anatomical features of these neurons, their axonal projections and the location of neurons providing afferent inputs. These neuroanatomical evaluations were performed by iontophoretic injection of the tracer Neurobiotin into the region of the intermediate reticular nucleus of the rat. At the site of injection, neurons having soma of 30-50 microns were filled. Labelled axons and terminals were observed in ipsilateral regions which contain neurons having established functions in the control of ventilatory activity. These regions include the nucleus ambiguous and motor nuclei of the hypoglossal and facial nerves. In addition, axonal projections extended to the contralateral region of the intermediate reticular nucleus. From this contralateral region, retrograde tracing revealed projections to the site of injection. Similarly, many ipsilateral regions which received axonal terminals from the region of the intermediate reticular nucleus had reciprocal projections to this region. These anatomical results support the physiological observation that the neurogenesis of gasping involves a synchronized activation of diverse components of the brainstem ventilatory control system.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00453-8}, institution = {Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Female; Histocytochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiratory Mechanics, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(96)00453-8}, pmid = {9027882}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fung:1987, author = {S. J. Fung and V. K. Reddy and R. M. Bowker and C. D. Barnes}, title = {Differential labeling of the vestibular complex following unilateral injections of horseradish peroxidase into the cat and rat locus coeruleus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1987}, volume = {401}, number = {2}, pages = {347--352}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Following unilateral injections of horseradish peroxidase into the cat and rat locus coeruleus (LC), bilateral retrograde labeling was evident in all 4 vestibular nuclei. In both species, the major contributions of LC afferents arose from the ipsilateral rather than the contralateral vestibular nuclei. Quantitative analysis in the rat has indicated that approximately 90\% of the total vestibular-LC projections originated from the ipsilateral vestibular nuclear complex, with 10\% from the contralateral. The frequency distribution was in the order of lateral greater than medial greater than superior greater than inferior vestibular nuclei.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(87)91419-3}, keywords = {Animals; Cats; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Species Specificity; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Vestibular Nucleus, Lateral, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(87)91419-3}, pmid = {3815101}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fung:1994b, author = {S. J. Fung and V. K. Reddy and R. H. Liu and Z. Wang and C. D. Barnes}, title = {Existence of glutamate in noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons of rodents.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1994}, volume = {35}, number = {5-6}, pages = {505--512}, abstract = {This study distinguished three types of immunolabeled neurons in nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) of the rat and mouse: cells single labeled either for tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity (TH-LI) or glutamate (Glu)-LI, and those double labeled for both antigens. Although the double labeled neurons tend to be located in the middle and ventral thirds of the rat LC nucleus, throughout its rostrocaudal extent, such feature was not apparent in the mouse. Quantitatively a majority of neurons cocontaining TH- and Glu-LI were commonly observed in the rat (62\%) and mouse (77\%) LC. Additional studies utilizing the combined retrograde and immunohistochemical labeling revealed that such a high incidence of coexistence of the TH- and Glu-LI was also represented by coeruleocortical neurons in the rat (69\% and 75\% of all ipsilateral and contralateral projection cells, respectively). A possible role of coeruleocortical neurons involvement in Glu- and norepinephrine-mediated target neuron dysfunction is discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(94)90164-3}, institution = {Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6520.}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, cytology/metabolism; Male; Mice; Mice, Neurologic Mutants; Neurons, metabolism; Norepinephrine, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7859108}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Fung:1994, author = {S. J. Fung and V. K. Reddy and H. Zhuo and R. H. Liu and Z. Wang and C. D. Barnes}, title = {Anatomical evidence for the presence of glutamate or enkephalin in noradrenergic projection neurons of the locus coeruleus.}, journal = {Microsc Res Tech}, year = {1994}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {219-225}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {This paper reviews the anatomical evidence for the presence of glutamate (GLU) in noradrenergic neurons of the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) and adjacent nuclei in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum (DLPT) that project to the spinal cord, cerebellum, or cerebral cortex. Additionally, the evidence for the existence of methionine-enkephalin (ENK) in noradrenergic neurons of the DLPT that project to the spinal cord of the cat is reviewed. In these studies, we have combined the retrograde transport of either Fast Blue (FB), rhodamine labeled latex microspheres (MS), or rhodamine labeled dextran and indirect immunofluorescence histochemistry to determine whether the neurons that contain tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and project to these terminal fields also contain GLU or ENK. The neurons of the cat that project to the spinal cord, cerebellum, and neocortex were observed in the nucleus LC and Kölliker-Fuse (KF) nucleus. They were also present, to a lesser extent, in the nucleus subcoeruleus (SC) and nuclei parabrachialis medialis (PBM) and lateralis (PBL). In the rat the majority of the neurons that project to the neocortex and hippocampus were located in the nucleus LC. Our data revealed a major proportion of these neurons to be immunostained for both GLU and TH (cat, rat), or ENK and TH (cat). Functional implications of such colocalized neurochemicals within individual LC projection neurons are discussed.}, doi = {10.1002/jemt.1070290307}, institution = {Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6520.}, keywords = {Animals; Cats; Enkephalin, Methionine, analysis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Glutamic Acid, analysis; Locus Coeruleus, chemistry/enzymology/ultrastructure; Microspheres; Neurons, chemistry/enzymology/ultrastructure; Norepinephrine, analysis; Pons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Rats; Rhodamines; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7849326}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070290307}, } @Article{Furber:1983a, author = {S. E. Furber and C. R. Watson}, title = {Organization of the olivocerebellar projection in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Behav Evol}, year = {1983}, volume = {22}, number = {2-3}, pages = {132-152}, abstract = {The olivocerebellar projection has been studied in the rat using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing technique. All regions of the cerebellum, except for the flocculonodular lobe, were injected with small volumes of HRP. The overall organization of the rat olivocerebellar projection is similar in all major respects to that found in other mammals. For example, in the rat Crus 1 and Crus 2 receive afferents from the principal olive, medial part of the rostral dorsal olive, the rostral medial olive, the dorsal cap and the ventrolateral outgrowth which agrees with studies in the cat. The most notable difference between the present study and studies in other mammals is the finding of a projection in the rat from the dorsomedial cell column to all regions of the cerebellar hemispheres, except for the paraflocculus.}, doi = {10.1159/000121513}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellum, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Olivary Nucleus, physiology; Rats; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6303493}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Furlong:2010, author = {Furlong, Teri M. and Cole, Sindy and Hamlin, Adam S. and McNally, Gavan P.}, title = {The role of prefrontal cortex in predictive fear learning.}, journal = {Behav Neurosci}, year = {2010}, volume = {124}, number = {5}, pages = {574--586}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Pavlovian fear conditioning depends on prediction error, or the discrepancy between actual and expected outcomes. We used immunohistochemistry, neuronal tract tracing, and reversible inactivation to study the role of prefrontal cortex and thalamocortical pathways in predictive fear learning. Unexpected, but not expected, conditioned stimulus (CS)-unconditioned stimulus (US) presentations caused increased c-Fos expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), midline thalamus, lateral amygdala, as well as retrograde labeled midline thalamic afferents to PFC. Reversible inactivation of dorsomedial PFC, but not infralimbic PFC, prevented the associative blocking of fear learning. These results suggest a role for dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC), and a thalamic → dmPFC pathway, in signaling whether or not aversive events are expected or unexpected and so whether they are to be learned about.}, doi = {10.1037/a0020739}, institution = {School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.}, keywords = {Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Conditioning, Classical, physiology; Fear, physiology; Inhibition (Psychology); Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques, methods; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thalamus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {2010-20760-002}, pmid = {20939658}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020739}, } @Article{Furlong:2014, author = {Furlong, Teri M. and McDowall, Lachlan M. and Horiuchi, Jouji and Polson, Jaimie W. and Dampney, Roger A L.}, title = {The effect of air puff stress on c-Fos expression in rat hypothalamus and brainstem: central circuitry mediating sympathoexcitation and baroreflex resetting.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2014}, volume = {39}, number = {9}, pages = {1429--1438}, month = {May}, abstract = {Psychological stress evokes increases in sympathetic activity and blood pressure, which are due at least in part to an upward resetting of the baroreceptor-sympathetic reflex. In this study we determined whether sympathetic premotor neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), which have a critical role in the reflex control of sympathetic activity, are activated during air puff stress, a moderate psychological stressor. Secondly, we identified neurons that are activated by air puff stress and that also project to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), a key site for modulation of the baroreceptor reflex. Air puff stress resulted in increased c-Fos expression in several hypothalamic and brainstem nuclei, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), dorsomedial hypothalamus, perifornical area (PeF), periaqueductal gray (PAG), NTS and rostral ventromedial medulla, but not in the RVLM region that contains sympathetic premotor neurons. In contrast, neurons in this RVLM region, including catecholamine-synthesizing neurons, did express c-Fos following induced hypotension, which reflexly activates RVLM sympathetic premotor neurons. The highest proportion of NTS-projecting neurons that were double-labelled with c-Fos after air puff stress was in the ventrolateral PAG (29.3 ± 5.5\%), with smaller but still significant proportions of double-labelled NTS-projecting neurons in the PVN and PeF (6.5 ± 1.8 and 6.4 ± 1.7\%, respectively). The results suggest that the increased sympathetic activity during psychological stress is not driven primarily by RVLM sympathetic premotor neurons, and that neurons in the PVN, PeF and ventrolateral PAG may contribute to the resetting of the baroreceptor-sympathetic reflex that is associated with psychological stress.}, doi = {10.1111/ejn.12521}, institution = {School of Medical Sciences (Physiology) and Bosch Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {24617700}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12521}, } @Article{Furness:2000, author = {Furness, J. B. and Koopmans, H. S. and Robbins, H. L. and Lin, H. C.}, title = {Identification of intestinofugal neurons projecting to the coeliac and superior mesenteric ganglia in the rat.}, journal = {Auton Neurosci}, year = {2000}, volume = {83}, number = {1-2}, pages = {81--85}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Intestinofugal neurons are parts of the afferent limbs of inhibitory intestino-intestinal reflexes. These neurons have been mapped in guinea-pigs, where they have a gradient of increasing frequency of occurrence from oral to anal, but not in other species. In the present work in the rat, a species that is more amenable to physiological study than the guinea-pig, we have used retrograde tracing to map the distribution of the cell bodies of intestinofugal neurons projecting to the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex. Labelled nerve cells were found in the myenteric, but not the submucosal plexus. They were mono-axonal neurons, most with Dogiel type I morphology, and were immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase, implying that they are cholinergic, which is consistent with functional studies. The cells increased in number per unit area from the stomach, through the small intestine, to the caecum. The results are consistent with physiological studies that reveal distal to proximal inhibitory reflexes that are more potent from distal compared to proximal sites.}, doi = {10.1016/S0165-1838(00)00159-4}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. john.furness@anatomy.unimelb.edu.au}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Cell Size, physiology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Ganglia, Sympathetic, cytology/physiology; Mesenteric Artery, Superior, innervation; Myenteric Plexus, cytology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Submucous Plexus, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165-1838(00)00159-4}, pmid = {11023632}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1838(00)00159-4}, } @Article{Furusawa:1996, author = {Furusawa, K. and Yasuda, K. and Okuda, D. and Tanaka, M. and Yamaoka, M.}, title = {Central distribution and peripheral functional properties of afferent and efferent components of the superior laryngeal nerve: morphological and electrophysiological studies in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1996}, volume = {375}, number = {1}, pages = {147--156}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The central distribution of the afferent and efferent components of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), which in the rat is ramified into the three branches of the rostral branch (R.Br), middle branch (M.Br), and caudal branch (C.Br), was examined after application of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin (HRP-WGA) to the proximal cut end of each branch. In addition, the afferent and efferent neural activities of each branch were recorded to investigate the functional properties. The present study provided several new findings as to the distribution of each branch and the functional properties of the SLN. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) the R.Br, containing only afferent fibers projecting to the ipsilateral lateral region of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), extends between slightly below the obex and the region approximately 0.6 mm rostral from the obex, and it corresponds to the interstitial subnucleus of the NST; 2) the M.Br, innervating the cricothyroid muscle, contains only efferent fibers originating ipsilaterally from the motoneurons localized within the ambiguus nucleus (Amb) and in the area ventrolateral to the Amb; and 3) the C.Br, which innervates the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, contains both efferent and afferent fibers. HRP-WGA-labeled cells are distributed within both the Amb and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, ipsilateral to the injection site. Afferent proprioceptive fibers project to the ipsilateral interstitial subnucleus of the NST. The present results provide evidence that each branch of the SLN has distinctive functional properties and contributes to the laryngeal functions.}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-3}, institution = {Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department II, Matsumoto Dental College, Nagano, Japan.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Functional Laterality; Laryngeal Nerves, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-3}, pmid = {8913898}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-3}, } @Article{Furusawa:1996a, author = {Furusawa, K. and Yasuda, K. and Okuda, D. and Yamaoka, M.}, title = {Proprioceptive representation of the levator veli palatini muscle in the solitary nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Cleft Palate Craniofac J}, year = {1996}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, pages = {213--218}, month = {May}, abstract = {The levator veli palatini muscle is innervated by motoneurons of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which are located within the ambiguus nucleus; however, little is known about the afferent fibers of this muscle. A horseradish peroxidase study was conducted in rats following injection into the levator veli palatini muscle branch to reveal the location and the distribution of dendrites of the afferent fibers of the muscle. Terminal labels were densely distributed in the lateral region of the solitary nucleus, which receives afferents of the glossopharyngeal nerve, ipsilateral and contralateral to the injection site. The relationship of the levator veli palatini muscle with respiration was suggested by the localization of labeled terminals at sites where the afferents from the respiratory organs project densely, and by the demonstrated proprioceptive role of the afferent fibers passing through the muscle spindles contained in the levator veli palatini muscle.}, doi = {2.3.CO;2}, institution = {Nagano, Japan.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Dendrites; Glossopharyngeal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Motor Neurons; Palatal Muscles, innervation; Palate, Soft, innervation; Proprioception, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiration, physiology; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8734721}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/2.3.CO;2}, } @Article{Furuta:2004, author = {Furuta, Takahiro and Koyano, Konomi and Tomioka, Ryohei and Yanagawa, Yuchio and Kaneko, Takeshi}, title = {GABAergic basal forebrain neurons that express receptor for neurokinin B and send axons to the cerebral cortex.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2004}, volume = {473}, number = {1}, pages = {43--58}, month = {May}, abstract = {Neurons expressing neurokinin B (NK3) receptor in the basal forebrain region of rats were characterized histochemically by combining immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization and retrograde labeling, and electrophysiologically by whole-cell clamp recording. NK3 receptor-immunoreactive neurons were found in the basal forebrain region including the substantia innominata, where axon terminals immunoreactive for preprotachykinin B, the precursor peptide of neurokinin B (NKB), were densely distributed. More than 90\% of NK3 receptor-expressing neurons in the basal forebrain region showed signals for glutamate decarboxylase mRNA, indicating that almost all NK3 receptor-expressing neurons were gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons. On the other hand, only a few NK3 receptor-immunoreactive neurons showed immunoreactivity for choline acetyltransferase or parvalbumin in the substantia innominata, ventral pallidum, and globus pallidus, although the distribution of NK3 receptor- expressing neurons overlapped with those of cholinergic neurons and parvalbumin-positive neurons. After injection of wheat germ agglutinin into the cerebral cortex, NK3 receptor immunoreactivity was detected in about 25\% of retrogradely labeled basal forebrain neurons, indicating that NK3 receptor-expressing neurons send projection fibers to the cerebral cortex. In the whole-cell clamp recording study, a selective NK3 receptor agonist evoked membrane depolarization or inward currents with decrease of input impedance in 10 of 100 cortically projecting neurons recorded in the basal forebrain region. Because NKB-producing striatal neurons send axons selectively to the basal forebrain region, the present results suggest that the release of NKB by those striatal neurons induces an inhibitory effect on cortical neurons via facilitation of GABAergic basal forebrain neurons expressing NK3 receptor.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20087}, institution = {Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, physiology; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, metabolism; Cell Count, methods; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques, methods; Immunohistochemistry, methods; In Situ Hybridization, methods; Isoenzymes, metabolism; Male; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Neurons, classification/drug effects/physiology; Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Patch-Clamp Techniques, methods; Peptide Fragments, pharmacology; Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein, metabolism; Prosencephalon, cytology; Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid, analogs /&/ derivatives; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Neurokinin-3, metabolism; Somatostatin, metabolism; Substance P, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15067717}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20087}, } @Article{Furuta:2000, author = {T. Furuta and T. Mori and T. Lee and T. Kaneko}, title = {Third group of neostriatofugal neurons: neurokinin B-producing neurons that send axons predominantly to the substantia innominata.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2000}, volume = {426}, number = {2}, pages = {279--296}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Neostriatal neurons that produce neurokinin B were investigated immunocytochemically in the rat brain with an antibody against the C-terminal portion of the precursor prepropeptide of neurokinin B, preprotachykinin B (PPTB). PPTB-immunoreactive neurons were scattered throughout the neostriatum and constituted 5.1\% of neostriatal neurons. They were immunopositive for projection neuron markers, such as precursor peptides of substance P, enkephalins, and dynorphins, but negative for intrinsic neuron markers, suggesting that PPTB was expressed in neostriatal projection neurons. However, PPTB-immunoreactive neurons were immunonegative for dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, which is known to be produced by striatopallidal and striatonigral neurons. Furthermore, almost no PPTB-immunoreactive axon terminals were observed in the substantia nigra or globus pallidus. The authors then made large kainic acid lesions in the neostriatum to reveal the target areas of PPTB-producing neurons and observed a decrease in PPTB-immunoreactive fibers in the sublenticular portion of the substantia innominata and, to much lesser extent, in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and central nucleus of the amygdala. After injection of wheat germ agglutinin into the substantia innominata, PPTB immunoreactivity was detected in many retrogradely labeled neostriatal neurons. In contrast, no PPTB immunoreactivity was observed in striatonigral or striatopallidal neurons after injection of retrograde tracers into the substantia nigra or globus pallidus. Thus, neurokinin B-producing neostriatal neurons were considered to send projection fibers predominantly to the substantia innominata. Furthermore, PPTB-immunoreactive axonal swellings were closely apposed to neurokinin B receptor-immunoreactive dendrites in the substantia innominata. Overall, the present results indicate that the rat brain possesses a chemically and hodologically unique neostriatofugal pathway in addition to the direct and indirect pathways.}, doi = {10.1002/1096-9861(20001016)426:2<279::aid-cne9>3.0.co;2-f}, institution = {Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate school of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, metabolism/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Injections; Kainic Acid, pharmacology; Male; Neostriatum, cytology/physiology; Nerve Endings, metabolism; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurokinin B, biosynthesis; Neurons, physiology; Protein Precursors, metabolism; Rats, Wistar; Rats, physiology; Substantia Innominata, physiology; Tachykinins, metabolism; Tissue Distribution}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-F}, pmid = {10982469}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Furuta:2008, author = {Furuta, Takahiro and Timofeeva, Elena and Nakamura, Kouichi and Okamoto-Furuta, Keiko and Togo, Masaya and Kaneko, Takeshi and Deschênes, Martin}, title = {Inhibitory gating of vibrissal inputs in the brainstem.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2008}, volume = {28}, number = {8}, pages = {1789--1797}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Trigeminal sensory nuclei are the first processing stage in the vibrissal system of rodents. They feature separate populations of thalamic projecting cells and a rich network of intersubnuclear connections, so that what is conveyed to the cortex by each of the ascending pathways of vibrissal information depends on local transactions that occur in the brainstem. In the present study, we examined the nature of these intersubnuclear connections by combining electrolytic lesions with electrophysiological recordings, retrograde labeling with in situ hybridization, and anterograde labeling with immunoelectron microscopy. Together, these different approaches provide conclusive evidence that the principal trigeminal nucleus receives inhibitory GABAergic projections from the caudal sector of the interpolaris subnucleus, and excitatory glutamatergic projections from the caudalis subnucleus. These results raise the possibility that, by controlling the activity of intersubnuclear projecting cells, brain regions that project to the spinal trigeminal nuclei may take an active part in selecting the type of vibrissal information that is conveyed through the lemniscal pathway.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4627-07.2008}, institution = {Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, physiology; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Net, physiology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vibrissae, innervation/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {28/8/1789}, pmid = {18287495}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4627-07.2008}, } @Article{Fuezesi:2008, author = {Füzesi, T. and Sánchez, E. and Wittmann, G. and Singru, P. S. and Fekete, C. and Lechan, R. M.}, title = {Regulation of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-synthesising neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus by endotoxin; implications for lipopolysaccharide-induced regulation of energy homeostasis.}, journal = {J Neuroendocrinol}, year = {2008}, volume = {20}, number = {9}, pages = {1058--1066}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Infectious diseases and the administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) result in decreased food intake and increased energy expenditure. Because the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) has pivotal roles in the regulation of energy homeostasis and expresses an anorexic peptide, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), we hypothesised that increased CART synthesis in this nucleus may contribute to LPS-induced changes in energy homeostasis. Therefore, we studied the effects of intraperitoneal administration of LPS on CART gene expression in the PVN by semiquantitative in situ hybridisation. LPS caused a rapid increase in CART mRNA levels in the PVN. One hour after treatment, the density of silver grains was increased by three-fold in the PVN, and remained elevated 3 h after treatment. Because the dorsal vagal complex, an important vegetative centre in the brainstem, is heavily innervated by CART-containing axons, we determined whether the retrograde tracer, cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), accumulates in CART neurons in the PVN following stereotaxic injection of the tracer into the dorsal vagal complex. One week after injection, CTB accumulated in CART neurons in the ventral, medial, and lateral parvocellular subdivisions of the PVN. In addition, LPS administration induced c-fos expression in a population of CART neurons in the PVN that project to the dorsal vagal complex. These data indicate that increased CART gene expression in neurons of PVN may contribute to LPS-induced anorexia, and suggest that this action may be mediated, at least in part, through a PVN-dorsal vagal complex pathway.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01758.x}, institution = {Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.}, keywords = {Animals; Anorexia, chemically induced/genetics; Endotoxins, pharmacology; Energy Metabolism, drug effects/genetics; Gene Expression Regulation, drug effects; Homeostasis, drug effects/genetics; Lipopolysaccharides, pharmacology; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, drug effects/metabolism; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {JNE1758}, pmid = {18624928}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01758.x}, } @Article{Gomez-Alvarez:2015, author = {G{\'{o}}mez-{\'{A}}lvarez, Marcelo and Salda{\~{n}}a, Enrique}, title = {Different tonotopic regions of the lateral superior olive receive a similar combination of afferent inputs.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The mammalian lateral superior olive (LSO) codes disparities in the intensity of the sound that reaches the two ears by integrating ipsilateral excitation and contralateral inhibition, but it remains unclear what particular neuron types convey acoustic information to the nucleus. It is also uncertain whether the known conspicuous morphofunctional differences and gradients along the tonotopic axis of the LSO relate to qualitative and/or quantitative regional differences in its afferents. To clarify these issues, we have made small, single injections of the neuroanatomical tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into different tonotopic regions of the LSO of albino rats and analyzed the neurons labeled retrogradely in brainstem auditory nuclei. We demonstrate that the LSO is innervated tonotopically by four brainstem neuron types: spherical bushy cells and planar multipolar neurons of the ipsilateral ventral cochlear nucleus, principal neurons of the ipsilateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, and small multipolar neurons of the contralateral ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body. Unexpectedly, the proportion of labeled neurons of each type was virtually identical in all cases, thus indicating that all tonotopic regions of the LSO receive a similar combination of inputs. Even more surprisingly, our data also suggest that the representation of frequencies in the LSO differs from that of the nuclei that innervate it: compared to the latter nuclei, the LSO seems to possess a relatively larger portion of its volume devoted to processing frequencies in the lower-middle part of the spectrum, and a relative smaller portion devoted to higher frequencies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.23942}, institution = {Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {26659473}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23942}, } @Article{Gaarskjaer:1981, author = {F. B. Gaarskjaer}, title = {The hippocampal mossy fiber system of the rat studied with retrograde tracing techniques. Correlation between topographic organization and neurogenetic gradients.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1981}, volume = {203}, number = {4}, pages = {717--735}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The topographical organization of the hippocampal mossy fiber system, which connects the dentate granule cells with the pyramidal cells of the regio inferior, has been examined in rats with retrograde tracing methods. Following the application of the fluorescent dye True Blue to different parts of the mossy fiber layer in the hippocampal regio inferior, retrogradely labeled granule cells were observed in the dentate fascia. The distribution of the labeled cells within the dentate granule cell layer indicates that all mossy fibers have an almost parallel, slightly descending course in regio inferior near the dentate hilus. In the ventricular part of region inferior, particularly toward the transition to the regio superior, the mossy fibers are sorted out according to the position of their parent cell bodies within the granular layer. Near the transition to regio superior the fibers from lateral granule cells extend both septally and temporally over a longer distance than the fibers from more medial cells. Similarly, the fibers coming from the superficial cells extend both septally and temporally over a longer distance than those from the deep cells. The mossy fibers arising from a specific septotemporal level of the dentate fascia innervate a segment of the regio inferior that extends approximately 180 micrometer above to approximately 1,600 micrometer below the level of origin. Similar results were obtained following injections of Nuclear Yellow and horseradish peroxidase. Since previous studies have demonstrated that the granule cells are formed along gradients from lateral to medial and from superficial to deep, there appears to be a correlation between the formation, and hence the position, of the granule cells and the topography of their projection into the regio inferior.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902030409}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cytological Techniques; Fluorescent Dyes; Hippocampus, cytology/ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6173401}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902030409}, } @Article{Gaarskjaer:1983, author = {F. B. Gaarskjaer and S. Laurberg}, title = {Ectopic granule cells of hilus fasciae dentatae projecting to the ipsilateral regio inferior of the rat hippocampus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {274}, number = {1}, pages = {11--16}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Retrograde fluorescent tracing techniques were used in a search of projections from the hilus of fascia dentata to the Ammon's horn. We found that up to 5\% of the neurons in the hilus project to the ipsilateral regio inferior. The projection originates from cells that morphologically resemble ectopic granule cells and terminates in the mossy fiber layer. We found no evidence for a projection from the hilus to the ipsilateral regio superior or the contralateral Ammon's horn.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)90516-4}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Hippocampus, cytology; Histocytochemistry; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(83)90516-4}, pmid = {6616247}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gabbott:2002, author = {Gabbott, Paul and Headlam, Anthony and Busby, Sarah}, title = {Morphological evidence that CA1 hippocampal afferents monosynaptically innervate PV-containing neurons and NADPH-diaphorase reactive cells in the medial prefrontal cortex (Areas 25/32) of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2002}, volume = {946}, number = {2}, pages = {314--322}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural evidence is presented indicating that direct inputs from the hippocampal CA1 field to prelimbic (area 32) and infralimbic (area 25) cortices in the rat, innervate not only 'spiny' (presumed pyramidal) neurons but also monosynaptically contact NADPH-diaphorase reactive cells and parvalbumin-containing local circuit neurons-the latter cell type is shown to be GABA immunoreactive. Similar evidence of direct CA1 input to local circuit neurons containing either calbindin or calretinin was not found.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02487-3}, institution = {ford, UK. paul.gabbott@psy.ox.ac.uk}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Animals; Calbindin 2; Calbindins; Electrophysiology; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Limbic System, metabolism/physiology; Male; NADPH Dehydrogenase, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Parvalbumins, physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G, metabolism; Synapses, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899302024873}, pmid = {12137936}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gabbott:2012, author = {Gabbott, Paul and Warner, Tracy-Ann and Brown, Jacki and Salway, Philip and Gabbott, Thomas and Busby, Sarah}, title = {Amygdala afferents monosynaptically innervate corticospinal neurons in rat medial prefrontal cortex.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2012}, volume = {520}, number = {11}, pages = {2440--2458}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The amygdala provides the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC; areas 25, 32, and 24b) with salient emotional information. This study investigated the synaptic connectivity of identified amygdalocortical boutons (ACBs; labeled anterogradely following injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala), with the dendritic processes of identified layer 5 corticospinal neurons in the rat mPFC. The corticospinal (CS) neurons in the mPFC had been retrogradely labeled with rhodamine fluorescent latex microspheres and subsequently intracellularly filled with biotinylated lucifer yellow to visualize their basal and apical dendrites. Two main classes of mPFC CS neurons were identified. Type 1 cells had apical dendrites bearing numerous dendritic spines with radiate basal dendritic arbors. Type 2 cells possessed apical dendrites with greatly reduced spine densities and a broad range of basal dendritic tree morphologies. Identified ACBs made asymmetric synaptic junctions with labeled dendritic spines and the labeled apical and basal dendritic shafts of identified CS neurons. On average, eight ACBs were closely associated with the labeled basal dendritic arbors of type 1 CS neurons and five ACBs with type 2 CS basal dendrites. The mean Scholl distance of ACBs from CS somata (for both types 1 and 2 cells) was 66 μm-coinciding with a region containing the highest length density of CS neuron basal dendrites. These results indicate that neurons in the BLA can monosynaptically influence CS neurons in the mPFC that project to autonomic regions of the thoracic spinal cord and probably to other additional subcortical target regions, such as the lateral hypothalamus.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.23047}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom. p.l.gabbott@open.ac.uk}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, ultrastructure; Amygdala, ultrastructure; Animals; Male; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Neurons, Afferent, classification/ultrastructure; Prefrontal Cortex, ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Pyramidal Tracts, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {22247040}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23047}, } @Article{Gabbott:2006, author = {P. L A Gabbott and T. A. Warner and S. J. Busby}, title = {Amygdala input monosynaptically innervates parvalbumin immunoreactive local circuit neurons in rat medial prefrontal cortex.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {139}, number = {3}, pages = {1039--1048}, abstract = {The projection from the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) conveys information about the affective significance of sensory stimuli to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). By using an anterograde tract-tracing procedure combined with immunocytochemistry and correlated light/electron microscopical examination, labeled BLA afferents to layers 2-6 of the rat mPFC are shown to establish asymmetrical synaptic contacts, not only with dendritic spines (approximately 95.7\% of targets innervated), but also with the aspiny dendritic shafts and somata of multipolar parvalbumin immunopositive (PV+) neurons. A population of PV- dendritic shafts was also innervated. Labeled BLA synaptic input to identified PV+ structures occurred in layers 2-6 of mPFC. The results indicate that labeled BLA afferents predominantly contact the spiny processes of presumed pyramidal cells and also provide a direct and specific innervation to a sub-population of local circuit neurons in mPFC containing PV. Since PV+ cells include two significant classes of fast-spiking GABAergic inhibitory interneuron (basket and axo-axonic cells), these novel observations indicate that the amygdalocortical pathway in the rat has the ability to directly influence functionally strategic 'feed-forward' inhibitory mechanisms at the first stage of processing amygdalocortical information.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.01.026}, institution = {Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK. p.l.gabbott@open.ac.uk}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Amygdala, cytology/metabolism; Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(06)00102-3}, pmid = {16527423}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.01.026}, } @Article{Gabbott:2003, author = {Paul L A Gabbott and Tracy A Warner and Paul R L Jays and Sarah J Bacon}, title = {Areal and synaptic interconnectivity of prelimbic (area 32), infralimbic (area 25) and insular cortices in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2003}, volume = {993}, number = {1-2}, pages = {59--71}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {This study investigated the interconnectivity of areas in the medial prefrontal and insular cortices in the rat. The areas studied were the prelimbic (PL, area 32) and infralimbic (IL, area 25) cortices and the dorsal anterior agranular insular (AId) and regions of posterior insular cortex (PI-comprising the agranular, dysgranular and granular fields). Following injections of the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into layers 2-5 of each area, labelled axonal varicosities were found ipsilaterally in the other cortical areas. The most prominently labelled pathways were PL-->AId, AId-->PL, IL-->AId/PI, and PI-->IL. Qualitative and quantitative examinations of the laminar distribution of labelled axonal varicosities in the terminal fields indicated the existence of topographically organised 'feed-forward' (insular to PL/IL) and 'feed-back' (PL/IL to insular) pathways. The identity of the post-synaptic targets innervated by the PL/IL to AId pathways were investigated ultrastructurally. An analysis of 250 anterogradely labelled synaptic boutons (taken from layers 2/3) indicated that spine heads (presumed to originate from pyramidal cells) were the principal (88-93\%) targets; all identified synaptic junctions were asymmetric. The results define an interconnected network of reciprocal pathways between cortical areas processing general and specific 'viscerosensory' information (AId and PI) and medial areas involved in cognitive (PL) and visceromotor (IL) functions. The data provide important aspects of the cortical circuitry underlying the integration of cognitive and emotional processing mechanisms, not only in rats, but also in primates.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2003.08.056}, institution = {University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK. p.l.gabbott@open.ac.uk}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Dextrans, metabolism; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrasonography; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899303036527}, pmid = {14642831}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gabbott:2005, author = {Paul L A Gabbott and Tracy A Warner and Paul R L Jays and Phillip Salway and Sarah J Busby}, title = {Prefrontal cortex in the rat: projections to subcortical autonomic, motor, and limbic centers.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2005}, volume = {492}, number = {2}, pages = {145--177}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {This paper describes the quantitative areal and laminar distribution of identified neuron populations projecting from areas of prefrontal cortex (PFC) to subcortical autonomic, motor, and limbic sites in the rat. Injections of the retrograde pathway tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were made into dorsal/ventral striatum (DS/VS), basolateral amygdala (BLA), mediodorsal thalamus (MD), lateral hypothalamus (LH), mediolateral septum, dorsolateral periaqueductal gray, dorsal raphe, ventral tegmental area, parabrachial nucleus, nucleus tractus solitarius, rostral/caudal ventrolateral medulla, or thoracic spinal cord (SC). High-resolution flat-map density distributions of retrogradely labelled neurons indicated that specific PFC regions were differentially involved in the projections studied, with medial (m)PFC divided into dorsal and ventral sectors. The percentages that WGA-HRP retrogradely labelled neurons composed of the projection neurons in individual layers of infralimbic (IL; area 25) prelimbic (PL; area 32), and dorsal anterior cingulate (ACd; area 24b) cortices were calculated. Among layer 5 pyramidal cells, approximately 27.4\% in IL/PL/ACd cortices projected to LH, 22.9\% in IL/ventral PL to VS, 18.3\% in ACd/dorsal PL to DS, and 8.1\% in areas IL/PL to BLA; and 37\% of layer 6 pyramidal cells in IL/PL/ACd projected to MD. Data for other projection pathways are given. Multiple dual retrograde fluorescent tracing studies indicated that moderate populations (<9\%) of layer 5 mPFC neurons projected to LH/VS, LH/SC, or VS/BLA. The data provide new quantitative information concerning the density and distribution of neurons involved in identified projection pathways from defined areas of the rat PFC to specific subcortical targets involved in dynamic goal-directed behavior.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20738}, institution = {University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, OX1 3QT United Kingdom. p.l.gabbott@open.ac.uk}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase, chemistry; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Staining and Labeling; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, chemistry}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16196030}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20738}, } @Article{Gabbott:2007, author = {P. L A Gabbott and T. Warner and S. J. Busby}, title = {Catecholaminergic neurons in medullary nuclei are among the post-synaptic targets of descending projections from infralimbic area 25 of the rat medial prefrontal cortex.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2007}, volume = {144}, number = {2}, pages = {623--635}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The infralimbic (IL) 'visceromotor' area of the rat medial prefrontal cortex projects to strategic subcortical nuclei involved in autonomic functions. Central among these targets are the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM). By combining tract-tracing using the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) with immunolabeling for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; an enzyme marker of catecholaminergic neurons), a limited proportion of BDA-labeled IL axonal boutons in the NTS and rVLM was found to be closely associated with TH immunopositive (+) target structures. Such structural appositions were mainly located proximally over the labeled dendritic arbors of identified TH+ neurons. Quantitative ultrastructural examination revealed that in NTS, TH+ dendritic shafts comprised 7.0\% of the overall post-synaptic target population innervated by BDA-labeled IL boutons, whereas TH+ dendritic spines represented 1.25\% of targets. In rVLM, TH+ shafts represented 9.0\% and TH+ spines 2.5\% of IL targets. Labeled IL boutons established exclusively asymmetric Gray Type 1 (presumed excitatory) synaptic junctions. The results indicate that subpopulations of catecholaminergic neurons in the NTS and rVLM are among the spectrum of post-synaptic neurons monosynaptically innervated by descending 'excitatory' input from IL cortex. Such connectivity, albeit restricted, identifies the potential direct influence of IL cortex on the processing and distribution of cardiovascular, respiratory and related autonomic information by catecholaminergic neurons in the NTS and VLM of the rat.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.09.048}, institution = {Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK. p.l.gabbott@open.ac.uk}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Dextrans, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Microscopy, Immunoelectron, methods; Models, Biological; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(06)01254-1}, pmid = {17101227}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.09.048}, } @Article{Gabriele:2000, author = {M. L. Gabriele and J. K. Brunso-Bechtold and C. K. Henkel}, title = {Development of afferent patterns in the inferior colliculus of the rat: projection from the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2000}, volume = {416}, number = {3}, pages = {368--382}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The inferior colliculus (IC) receives a variety of layered afferent projections. The purpose of the present study was to determine the development of the projection from the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) to the IC in rat prior to the onset of hearing (postnatal day 12/13). Lipophilic carbocyanine dye, DiI (1, 1'-dioctodecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate), was used to trace the crossed inhibitory projection of DNLL in a developmental series of rat embryos and pups between ages embryonic day 15 (E15) and postnatal day 12 (P12). Dye-coated pins were positioned in paraformaldehyde-fixed brains either unilaterally in DNLL (embryonic cases), or in the commissure of Probst where DNLL fibers cross the midline (postnatal cases). By E15, pioneer fibers have left DNLL and crossed the midline. A few fibers have nearly reached the contralateral IC by E19. At birth (E22 = P0), the projection has invaded ventromedial, high-frequency layers of the IC. The vast majority of DNLL axons parallel the presumptive IC layers by P4, and by P8 the projection has segregated into a pattern of bands (afferent dense) and interband (afferent sparse) spaces that encompasses the entire frequency axis of the IC. Adult-like patches, regions along afferent bands that exhibit the heaviest labeling, develop by P12. These results indicate that some mature projection patterns are in place prior to the onset of hearing. Such findings suggest that evoked activity may not be required for the initial organization of patterned projections in the ascending auditory pathway.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000117)416:3<368::aid-cne8>3.0.co;2-c}, institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1010, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Auditory Pathways, cytology/embryology; Embryo, Mammalian; Hearing, physiology; Inferior Colliculi, cytology/embryology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-C}, pmid = {10602095}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gage:1984, author = {Gage, F. H. and Björklund, A. and Stenevi, U.}, title = {Cells of origin of the ventral cholinergic septohippocampal pathway undergoing compensatory collateral sprouting following fimbria-fornix transection.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1984}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {211--216}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The axons of the septohippocampal pathway reach the hippocampal formation via the fimbria, dorsal fornix and supracallosal striae. Complete lesions of these pathways denervate most of the hippocampal formation but a small, residual innervation occurs via a different ventral route. The cells of origin for this additional route for cholinergic innervation of the hippocampal formation have been identified in the present study with a combined technique using a fluorescent retrograde tracer and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. These cells were localized to the diagonal band of Broca. In a subsequent experiment it was demonstrated, by destroying these cells unilaterally, that they were responsible to a large extent for the cholinergic compensatory collateral sprouting in the hippocampus that has previously been shown to develop following complete fimbria-fornix transection.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(84)90083-1}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Cholinergic Fibers, ultrastructure; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Female; Gyrus Cinguli, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamus, Posterior, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nerve Regeneration; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(84)90083-1}, pmid = {6709236}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gajda:2004, author = {Gajda, Mariusz and Litwin, Jan A. and Adriaensen, Dirk and Timmermans, Jean-Pierre and Cichocki, Tadeusz}, title = {Segmental distribution and morphometric features of primary sensory neurons projecting to the tibial periosteum in the rat.}, journal = {Folia Histochem Cytobiol}, year = {2004}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {95--99}, abstract = {Previous reports have demonstrated very rich innervation pattern in the periosteum. Most of the periosteal fibers were found to be sensory in nature. The aim of this study was to identify the primary sensory neurons that innervate the tibial periosteum in the adult rat and to describe the morphometric features of their perikarya. To this end, an axonal fluorescent carbocyanine tracer, DiI, was injected into the periosteum on the medial surface of the tibia. The perikarya of the sensory fibers were traced back in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) L1-L6 by means of fluorescent microscopy on cryosections. DiI-containing neurons were counted in each section and their segmental distribution was determined. Using PC-assisted image analysis system, the size and shape of the traced perikarya were analyzed. DiI-labeled sensory neurons innervating the periosteum of the tibia were located in the DRG ipsilateral to the injection site, with the highest distribution in L3 and L4 (57\% and 23\%, respectively). The majority of the traced neurons were of small size (area < 850 microm2), which is consistent with the size distribution of CGRP- and SP-containing cells, regarded as primary sensory neurons responsible for perception of pain and temperature. A small proportion of labeled cells had large perikarya and probably supplied corpuscular sense receptors observed in the periosteum. No differences were found in the shape distribution of neurons belonging to different size classes.}, institution = {Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. mmgajda@cyf-kr.edu.pl}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Size; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Periosteum, cytology/innervation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tibia, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15253132}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Galindo:1997, author = {Galindo, R. and Barba, V. and Dail, W. G.}, title = {The sensory branch of the pudendal nerve is the major route for adrenergic innervation of the penis in the rat.}, journal = {Anat Rec}, year = {1997}, volume = {247}, number = {4}, pages = {479--485}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Multiple pathways have been proposed for the course of adrenergic fibers to the penis and, although it is generally recognized that the pudendal nerve (PudN) is the most important, there is little quantitative information available.We used image analysis of catecholamine histofluorescence to quantify the effect of various nerve lesions on the adrenergic innervation of the rat penis. In addition to the denervation studies and as a direct test of whether penile adrenergic fibers traversed the pelvic plexus, penile neurons in the sympathetic chain were first labeled with a retrograde dye placed in the penis. The cavernous nerve of these animals was later exposed to another dye with different spectral characteristics.Interruption of the sensory branch of the PudN reduced adrenergic innervation of cavernosal smooth muscle by 86\% (+/- 2.5\%). Vascular fibers of the deep penile and helicine arteries were also severely reduced but not entirely eliminated. Interruption of the motor branch of the PudN had a lesser and more variable effect on penile adrenergic innervation: a 21.2\% (+/- 6.8\%) decrease in cavernosal muscle innervation but no obvious affect on vasomotor fibers. Combining the nerve lesions with phenol degeneration of perivascular fibers of the pudendal vessels further reduced but did not entirely eliminate adrenergic fibers in the cavernosal muscle and penile vessels.The dramatic reduction of adrenergic innervation of the penis after section of the PudN, especially the sensory branch, and the absence of double-labeled neurons in the sympathetic chain suggest that the PudN nerve is the major, if not the exclusive, pathway by which adrenergic fibers reach penile erectile tissue of the rat.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199704)247:4<479::aid-ar6>3.0.co;2-m}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque 87131, USA.}, keywords = {Adrenergic Fibers, chemistry/ultrastructure; Animals; Catecholamines, analysis; Denervation; Histocytochemistry; Male; Muscle, Smooth, innervation; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Penis, blood supply/chemistry/innervation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-M}, pmid = {9096787}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Galindo-Charles:2008, author = {Luis Galindo-Charles and Salvador Hernandez-Lopez and Elvira Galarraga and Dagoberto Tapia and José Bargas and Julieta Garduño and Carmen Frías-Dominguez and René Drucker-Colin and Stefan Mihailescu}, title = {Serotoninergic dorsal raphe neurons possess functional postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {2008}, volume = {62}, number = {8}, pages = {601--615}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Very few neurons in the telencephalon have been shown to express functional postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), among them, the noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons. However, there is no evidence for postsynaptic nAChRs on serotonergic neurons. In this study, we asked if functional nAChRs are present in serotonergic (5-HT) and nonserotonergic (non-5-HT) neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). In rat midbrain slices, field stimulation at the tegmental pedunculopontine (PPT) nucleus evoked postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) with different components in DRN neurons. After blocking the glutamatergic and GABAergic components, the remaining eEPSCs were blocked by mecamylamine and reduced by either the selective alpha7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA) or the selective alpha4beta2 nAChR antagonist dihydro-beta-eritroidine (DHbetaE). Simultaneous addition of MLA and DHbetaE blocked all eEPSCs. Integrity of the PPT-DRN pathway was assessed by both anterograde biocytin tracing and antidromic stimulation from the DRN. Inward currents evoked by the direct application of acetylcholine (ACh), in the presence of atropine and tetrodotoxin, consisted of two kinetically different currents: one was blocked by MLA and the other by DHbetaE; in both 5-HT and non-5-HT DR neurons. Analysis of spontaneous (sEPSCs) and evoked (eEPSCs) synaptic events led to the conclusion that nAChRs were located at the postsynaptic membrane. The possible implications of these newly described nAChRs in various physiological processes and behavioral events, such as the wake-sleep cycle, are discussed.}, doi = {10.1002/syn.20526}, institution = {Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510.}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, metabolism; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Mesencephalon, metabolism; Neural Pathways, drug effects/metabolism; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Nicotinic Antagonists, pharmacology; Organ Culture Techniques; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Nicotinic, drug effects/metabolism; Serotonin, metabolism; Synapses, drug effects/metabolism; Synaptic Membranes, drug effects/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Wakefulness, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {18512214}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.20526}, } @Article{Galindo-Romero:2013, author = {Galindo-Romero, C. and Jiménez-López, M. and García-Ayuso, D. and Salinas-Navarro, M. and Nadal-Nicolás, F. M. and Agudo-Barriuso, M. and Villegas-Pérez, M. P. and Avilés-Trigueros, M. and Vidal-Sanz, M.}, title = {Number and spatial distribution of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in the adult albino rat.}, journal = {Exp Eye Res}, year = {2013}, volume = {108}, pages = {84--93}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) respond directly to light and are responsible of the synchronization of the circadian rhythm with the photic stimulus and for the pupillary light reflex. To quantify the total population of rat-ipRGCs and to assess their spatial distribution we have developed an automated routine and used neighbour maps. Moreover, in all analysed retinas we have studied the general population of RGCs - identified by their Brn3a expression - and the population of ipRGCs - identified by melanopsin immunodetection - thus allowing the co-analysis of their topography. Our results show that the total mean number ± standard deviation of ipRGCs in the albino rat is 2047 ± 309. Their distribution in the retina seems to be complementary to that of Brn3a(+)RGCs, being denser in the periphery, especially in the superior retina where their highest densities are found in the temporal quadrant, above the visual streak. In addition, by tracing the retinas from both superior colliculi, we have also determined that 90.62\% of the ipRGC project to these central targets.}, doi = {10.1016/j.exer.2012.12.010}, institution = {rias, Campus de Espinardo Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.}, keywords = {Albinism, genetics/metabolism/pathology; Animals; Biological Markers, metabolism; Cell Count; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Light; Neural Pathways, pathology; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Photic Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retinal Ganglion Cells, metabolism/pathology/radiation effects; Rod Opsins, metabolism; Superior Colliculi, pathology; Transcription Factor Brn-3A, metabolism; Vision, Ocular}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0014-4835(12)00372-7}, pmid = {23295345}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2012.12.010}, } @Article{Gallager:1978, author = {D. W. Gallager and A. Pert}, title = {Afferents to brain stem nuclei (brain stem raphe, nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis and nucleus gigantocellularis) in the rat as demonstrated by microiontophoretically applied horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1978}, volume = {144}, number = {2}, pages = {257--275}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Using a retrograde tracer technique with microiontophoretically applied horseradish peroxidase (HRP), afferent projections to the brain stem raphe nuclei (BR, raphe magnus, pallidus and obscurus) and to two adjacent reticular nuclei, nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (nRPC) and nucleus gigantocellularis (nGC) were identified. The most striking difference between the afferent projections to the BR and the adjacent nuclei as determined by this method is that afferents to the BR originate primarily from structures rostral to the pons, especially the mesencephalic central gray and the dorsal and ventral tegmentum. In contrast, the two reticular nuclei studied (nGC and nRPC) received afferent projections within or caudal to the pons-medulla. For example, the nGC receives prominent afferent projections from the gray matter of the spinal cord. In addition, evidence for interconnections between all of the adjacent nuclei (BR, nGC and nRPC) was found. Such afferent projections are compatible with the notion that the brain stem raphe nuclei may serve as connections within the brain stem for a descending system, while the nGC may be a relay in a feedback loop between the spinal cord and the reticular formation.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(78)90153-1}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Interneurons; Iontophoresis; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, Afferent; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(78)90153-1}, pmid = {646855}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gallaher:2010, author = {Gallaher, Zachary R. and Larios, Rose Marie and Ryu, Vitaly and Sprunger, Leslie K. and Czaja, Krzysztof}, title = {Recovery of viscerosensory innervation from the dorsal root ganglia of the adult rat following capsaicin-induced injury.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2010}, volume = {518}, number = {17}, pages = {3529--3540}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Capsaicin is a neurotoxin selective for C- and Adelta-type neurons. Systemic treatment with capsaicin is known to reduce this subpopulation in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of neonatal rats. To better understand the effects of capsaicin on adult afferent fibers, we examined DRG neurons retrogradely labeled by an i.p. injection of Fast Blue (FB) administered 3, 30, or 60 days after systemic capsaicin treatment (125 mg/kg i.p.). FB labeling in the 12th and 13th thoracic DRG was dramatically reduced 3 and 30 days post capsaicin (50\% and 35\% of control, respectively). However, the number of retrogradely labeled neurons rose to 65\% of control by 60 days post capsaicin. In addition to FB labeling, we quantified the immunoreactivity of NR1, the obligatory N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit, and Na(v)1.8, a DRG-specific sodium channel, in FB-labeled neurons as well as mRNA levels for both proteins in the 5th and 6th lumbar DRG. NR1 immunoreactivity and mRNA expression followed a pattern of early reduction and subsequent partial restoration similar to FB labeling. Na(v)1.8 immunoreactivity and mRNA expression dropped to approximately 50\% of control at 3 days post capsaicin but completely recovered by 60 days. These data strongly support the conclusion that restoration of spinal afferent projections and signaling occurs in adult rats following capsaicin-induced damage.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.22412}, institution = {Department of Veterinary Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6520, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Capsaicin, pharmacology; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Male; NAV1.8 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, metabolism; Recovery of Function, physiology; Sensory System Agents, pharmacology; Sodium Channels, metabolism; Viscera, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {20593356}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22412}, } @Article{Gamboa-Esteves:2001d, author = {F. O. Gamboa-Esteves and J. C. Kaye and P. N. McWilliam and D. Lima and T. F. Batten}, title = {Immunohistochemical profiles of spinal lamina I neurones retrogradely labelled from the nucleus tractus solitarii in rat suggest excitatory projections.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2001}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, pages = {523--538}, abstract = {Three morphologically distinct types of lamina I neurones, fusiform, flattened and pyramidal, project from the spinal cord to the caudal part of the nucleus tractus solitarii in the rat, and may represent a pathway whereby peripheral stimuli can modify autonomic functions. The neurochemistry of these three types of projection neurones was investigated using retrograde neuronal tracing with cholera toxin B-subunit combined with dual and triple immunofluorescence labelling for different neuroactive substances. None of the lamina I neurones with immunoreactivity for GABA or glycine were found to project to the nucleus tractus solitarii, whereas high levels of glutamate immunoreactivity, which may indicate a glutamatergic phenotype, were found in 18.4\% of fusiform, 9.6\% of pyramidal and 2.1\% of flattened projection neurones. Immunoreactivity for calbindin-D28K was present in 34.9\% of fusiform cells, 18.3\% of pyramidal cells and 10.5\% of flattened cells, and nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity was detected in 13.8\% of fusiform cells, 1.1\% of pyramidal cells and 4.2\% of flattened cells that had projections to the nucleus tractus solitarii. Calbindin immunoreactivity was co-localised in major subpopulations of projection neurones of each morphological type that contained glutamate immunoreactivity, whereas co-localisation of nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in these neurones was relatively uncommon. The pyramidal cell was the only retrogradely labelled cell type found to be immunoreactive for substance P, but few (<5\%) of these neurones were immunolabelled. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that lamina I neurones projecting to the dorsal vagal complex are not inhibitory, and that some of them, belonging mostly to the fusiform and pyramidal types, may exert excitatory, glutamate- or substance P-mediated effects upon inhibitory interneurones in the nucleus tractus solitarii. Such excitatory pathways could be involved in the attenuation of the reflex control of blood pressure by both painful and innocuous peripheral stimuli, such as those arising in injury and exercise.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00071-9}, institution = {Institute for Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects/physiology; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, metabolism; Cell Size, physiology; Cholera Toxin, pharmacokinetics; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Glycine, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nitric Oxide Synthase, metabolism; Nitric Oxide, metabolism; Posterior Horn Cells, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Substance P, metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(01)00071-9}, pmid = {11377852}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gamboa-Esteves:2001, author = {F. O. Gamboa-Esteves and D. Lima and T. F. Batten}, title = {Neurochemistry of superficial spinal neurones projecting to nucleus of the solitary tract that express c-fos on chemical somatic and visceral nociceptive input in the rat.}, journal = {Metab Brain Dis}, year = {2001}, volume = {16}, number = {3-4}, pages = {151--164}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {We have investigated the presence of three neurochemical markers, glutamate, calbindin-D28k, and nitric oxide synthase, in spinal neurones that transmit chemical noxious inputs from both the skin and the viscera, by combining retrograde labelling with the fluorescent tracer Fluorogold with dual labelling immunohistochemistry. Neurones projecting to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) that expressed Fos protein in response to cutaneous or visceral noxious stimulation were concentrated in lamina I of the cervical and lumbosacral segments, respectively. Although both labelled neuronal populations were numerous, the spino-solitary cells that transmit visceral nociceptive input predominated over those transmitting cutaneous nociceptive input. Calbindin-D28k-immunoreactivity was observed in neurones of three morphological types (fusiform, flattened, and pyramidal) projecting to the NTS that were activated by somatic or visceral nociceptive neurones. Nitric oxide synthase and glutamate immunoreactivities were present only in viscerally activated nociceptive neurones projecting to the NTS. Glutamate-immunopositive NTS-projecting cells were exclusively of the flattened type, and the nitric oxide synthase-immunolabelled NTS-projecting cells comprised 75\%/fusiform cells and 25\% flattened cells. These data suggest that the involvement of excitatory spinal lamina I projection neurones in the transmission of peripheral chemical nociceptive inputs to the NTS may be restricted to information of visceral origin.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, institution = {Institute for Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom. rmafoge@leeds.ac.uk}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, chemistry; Animals; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis; Drosophila Proteins; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Glutamic Acid, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Insect Proteins, analysis; Male; Pain, metabolism; Peripheral Nerves, chemistry; Posterior Horn Cells, chemistry; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; RNA-Binding Proteins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, chemistry}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11769328}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gamboa-Esteves:2004, author = {Filomena O Gamboa-Esteves and Peter N McWilliam and Trevor F C Batten}, title = {Substance P (NK1) and somatostatin (sst2A) receptor immunoreactivity in NTS-projecting rat dorsal horn neurones activated by nociceptive afferent input.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {2004}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {251--266}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Spinal neurones that receive inputs from primary afferent fibres and have axons projecting supraspinally to the medulla oblongata may represent a pathway through which nociceptive and non-nociceptive peripheral stimuli are able to modulate cardiorespiratory reflexes. Expression of the neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor is believed to be an indicator of lamina I cells that receive nociceptive inputs from substance P releasing afferents, and similarly, sst2A receptor expression may be a marker for neurones receiving somatostatinergic inputs. In this study, immunoreactivity for these two receptors was investigated in rat spinal neurones retrogradely labelled by injections of cholera toxin B or Fluorogold into the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). In addition, nociceptive activation of these labelled cells was studied by immunodetection of Fos protein in response to cutaneous and visceral noxious chemical stimuli. NK1 and sst2A receptors in lamina I were localised to mainly separate populations of retrogradely labelled cells with fusiform, flattened and pyramidal morphologies. Examples of projection neurones expressing both receptors were, however observed. With visceral stimulation, many retrogradely labelled cells expressing c-fos were immunoreactive for the NK1 receptor, and a smaller population was sst2A positive. In contrast, with cutaneous stimulation, only NK1 positive retrogradely labelled cells showed c-fos expression. These data provide evidence that lamina I neurones receiving noxious cutaneous and visceral stimuli via NK1 receptor activation project to NTS and so may be involved in coordinating nociceptive and cardiorespiratory responses. Moreover, a subpopulation of projection neurones that respond to visceral stimuli may receive somatostatinergic inputs of peripheral, local or supraspinal origins.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/j.jchemneu.2004.04.001}, institution = {Institute for Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, Worsley Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Animals; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Cell Size, physiology; Cholera Toxin; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nociceptors, physiology; Pain, metabolism/physiopathology; Posterior Horn Cells, cytology/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, metabolism; Receptors, Somatostatin, metabolism; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Skin, innervation; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Somatostatin, metabolism; Stilbamidines; Substance P, metabolism; Visceral Afferents, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S089106180400047X}, pmid = {15261332}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2004.04.001}, } @Article{Gamboa-Esteves:2001a, author = {F. O. Gamboa-Esteves and I. Tavares and A. Almeida and T. F. Batten and P. N. McWilliam and D. Lima}, title = {Projection sites of superficial and deep spinal dorsal horn cells in the nucleus tractus solitarii of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2001}, volume = {921}, number = {1-2}, pages = {195--205}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {By using anterograde transport of biotin dextran amine injected into the cervical spinal dorsal horn, we have shown that fibres from superficial and deep dorsal horn project to the nucleus tractus solitarii via two distinct pathways. Afferent fibres from the superficial lamina (I-III) were found to course in the dorsal funiculus and terminate bilaterally in the caudal zone of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), mainly within the commissural subnucleus. In contrast, afferents from the deeper dorsal horn laminae (IV-V) were found to course in the dorsolateral fasciculus and terminate ipsilaterally, mostly in the lateral areas of the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii. Similar, but more extensive patterns of labelled fibres were produced by injections into the white matter of the dorsal funiculus and dorsolateral fasciculus, respectively. These observations suggest that the caudal NTS not only serves as a location of visceral afferent convergence and integration, but may also be a receptive area for monosynaptic projections from dorsal horn neurons receiving sensory afferent inputs. Such projections may represent pathways through which NTS neurons are influenced by nociceptive and non-nociceptive information from the dorsal horn and thereby can co-ordinate the appropriate autonomic response, including adjustments in cardiorespiratory reflex output.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03118-3}, institution = {Institute for Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, Worsley Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Dextrans, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microinjections; Nociceptors, cytology/physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Posterior Horn Cells, cytology/physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Visceral Afferents, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(01)03118-3}, pmid = {11720726}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Games:1988, author = {K. D. Games and J. A. Winer}, title = {Layer V in rat auditory cortex: projections to the inferior colliculus and contralateral cortex.}, journal = {Hear Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {1--25}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {This study compares the form and distribution within layer V of cells projecting to the inferior colliculus with that of commissural cells of origin in adult rat auditory cortex after horseradish peroxidase injections in the ipsilateral inferior colliculus or auditory cortex. The goal of this work was to determine whether every part of layer V participates equally in both projections, and if the cortical neurons in each pathway were similar. The types of neurons were defined in Golgi-Cox preparations and matched with the profiles of retrogradely labeled cells from architectonically defined cortical area 41. Inferior colliculus and commissural neurons form two populations that differ in their distribution in layer V, in somatic area, and in the form of their apical dendritic arbors. Corticocollicular neurons include the largest pyramidal cells, whose robustly filled apical dendrites ascend into layer II or farther. Commissural cells are smaller and have a more heterogeneous form. Their apical dendrites do not usually extend above layer IV, and a few of these cells may be non-pyramidal. Small pyramidal cells and inverted pyramidal cells project to the opposite cortex, but not to the inferior colliculus. Medium-sized pyramidal cells project in both systems. In addition, certain callosal cells of origin in layers V and III were morphologically similar. More than one-third of the commissural cells originate in the superficial part of layer V, where only 7\% of the inferior colliculus projection neurons arise. Most corticocollicular cells lie deeper in layer V, where there are fewer commissural neurons. These findings suggest that the efferent systems projecting to telencephalic and mesencephalic targets are morphologically distinct and spatially segregated in layer V. However, the commissural projection includes similar cells in different cortical layers. The types of these efferent neurons may be more closely related to their target than to their laminar origin.}, doi = {10.1016/0378-5955(88)90047-0}, institution = {Department of Physiology-Anatomy, University of California, Berkeley 94720.}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Brain Mapping; Functional Laterality; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0378-5955(88)90047-0}, pmid = {3403382}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gandia:1991, author = {J. A. Gandia and J. M. Giménez-Amaya}, title = {A neuroanatomical analysis of the rostral striatopallidal pathway in the rat.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1991}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {79--88}, abstract = {Anterograde and retrograde experiments were made in the rat using either a mixture of horseradish peroxidase free and wheat germ-agglutinated (HRP-WGA) or HRP-WGA unmixed, in an attempt to investigate how the striatopallidal pathway is organized from rostral territories of the rat's striatum. The main findings emerging from this study are: a) a remarkable projection is directed from the rostral pole of the caudate-putamen complex to rostral sectors of the globus pallidus (GP) and entopeduncular nucleus (EP) and its is organized in a topographical fashion; b) this projection presents a remarkable heterogeneity in the distribution of terminal labeling into the GP and EP; c) a heterogeneous distribution of retrogradely labeled cells was seen in the rostral striatum after retrograde tracer injections in the GP that might explain, at least partially, the heterogeneity observed in the anterograde experiments.}, institution = {Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, University Autonomous of Madrid, Spain.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1725786}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gandia:1993, author = {J. A. Gandia and S. De Las Heras and M. García and J. M. Giménez-Amaya}, title = {Afferent projections to the reticular thalamic nucleus from the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1993}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {351--358}, abstract = {This study was designed to explore the thalamic output of the globus pallidus (GP) and the pars reticulata (SNR) of the substantia nigra (SN) upon the reticular thalamic nucleus (Rt) in the rat. Thus, 13 animals were deeply anesthetized and stereotaxically injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin (HRP-WGA) mixed with HRP free in different portions of GP and SN. Next, we evaluated the anterograde terminal labeling in the rostral two-thirds of Rt. Confirmatory results were obtained in our case material about the entity of GP reticular projections, and some new data are presented here regarding the projections from GP and SNR upon Rt. Among them we emphasize the following for the rostral two-thirds of this thalamic nucleus: a) the projections from GP are more abundant than those arising from SNR; b) a dorsoventral topographical design appears to be clear in the organization of the afferent connections from GP to Rt; c) SNR projects more abundantly to the ventral sectors of Rt; and d) the central core of Rt is more innervated by GP than by SNR, which innervates Rt mainly in its peripheral portions. These results raise the possibility of multiple and differentiated assignments of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia upon the thalamus and its connectivity.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(93)90199-l}, institution = {Departamento de Traumatología y Cirugía Ortopédica, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Female; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7693305}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gao:2014, author = {Gao, Juan and Zhang, Feng and Sun, Hai-Jian and Liu, Tong-Yan and Ding, Lei and Kang, Yu-Ming and Zhu, Guo-Qing and Zhou, Ye-Bo}, title = {Transneuronal tracing of central autonomic regions involved in cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in rats.}, journal = {J Neurol Sci}, year = {2014}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Stimulation of cardiac afferents (CA) increased sympathetic outflow and blood pressure. The goal of the current study is to determine the central autonomic nuclei involved in the regulation of cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR) which has been proved in previously functional studies. Neuroanatomical method and pseudorabies virus (PRV) transynaptic retrograde trace technique will be performed to investigate the relationship between kidney and heart and the temporal order of the most PRV-labeled neurons in the central nervous system. Recombinant PRV expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) was injected into the left kidney of rats as a specific trans-synaptic retrograde tracer in neurons. After 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9days, brain, spinal cord and heart were collected for immunofluorescence staining. The temporal order of PRV labeled neurons was found in the ipsilateral intermediolateral nucleus (IML) of T8-T12 spinal segments on day 3; bilateral rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM), paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) on day 4; and left and right ventricular walls and ventricular septum of the heart on day 9. In rats with renal denervation, no PRV-infected neurons or cardiomyocytes were found after PRV injection. In conclusion, PRV trans-synaptic retrograde trace confirms that CA, NTS, PVN, RVLM, IML and renal nerves do exist to be involved in the regulation of CSAR and there is a close relationship between heart and kidney. CA is mainly located in the left ventricular wall, right ventricular wall and ventricular septum.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jns.2014.04.023}, institution = {Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China. Electronic address: zhouyebo666@njmu.edu.cn.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0022-510X(14)00244-5}, pmid = {24819915}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2014.04.023}, } @Article{Gao:2004, author = {Wen-Jun Gao and Ze-Hui Zheng}, title = {Target-specific differences in somatodendritic morphology of layer V pyramidal neurons in rat motor cortex.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2004}, volume = {476}, number = {2}, pages = {174--185}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Dendritic geometry has been shown to be a critical determinant of information processing and neuronal computation. However, it is not known whether cortical projection neurons that target different subcortical nuclei have distinct dendritic morphologies. In this study, fast blue retrograde tracing in combination with intracellular Lucifer yellow injection and diaminobenzidine (DAB) photoconversion in fixed slices was used to study the morphological features of corticospinal, corticostriatal, and corticothalamic neurons in layer V of rat motor cortex. Marked differences in the distribution of soma, somal size, and dendritic profiles were found among the three groups of pyramidal neurons. Corticospinal neurons were large, were located in deep layer V, and had the most expansive dendritic fields. The apical dendrites of corticospinal pyramidal neurons were thick, spiny, and branched. In contrast, nearly all corticostriatal neurons were small cells located in superficial layer V. Their apical dendritic shafts were significantly more slender, though spiny like those of corticospinal neurons. Corticothalamic neurons, which were located in superficial layer V and in layer VI, had small or medium-sized soma, slender apical dendritic shafts, and dendrites that were largely spine free. This study indicates that, in layer V of rat motor cortex, each population of projection neurons has a unique somatodendritic morphology and suggests that distinct modes of cortical information processing are operative in corticospinal, corticostriatal, and corticothalamic neurons.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20224}, institution = {Institute of Neuroscience (formerly Shanghai Brain Research Institute), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China. wen-jun.gao@yale.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, physiology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Fluorescent Dyes; Isoquinolines; Male; Motor Cortex, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Cells, physiology/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology/ultrastructure; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {15248197}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20224}, } @Article{Gao:2012, author = {Gao, Wan-Sheng and Dong, Chuan-Jiang and Li, Shu-Qiang and Kunwar, Kiran Jang and Li, Bing}, title = {Re-innervation of the bladder through end-to-side neurorrhaphy of autonomic nerve and somatic nerve in rats.}, journal = {J Neurotrauma}, year = {2012}, volume = {29}, number = {8}, pages = {1704--1713}, month = {May}, abstract = {End-to-side neurorrhaphy is widely used in the peripheral nervous system for nerve repair; however, the application of this technique has been limited to somatic nerves. The feasibility of nerve regeneration through end-to-side neurorrhaphy between autonomic and somatic nerves with different characteristics in the peripheral nervous system is still undetermined. In this study, rats were divided into three groups for different treatments (n=10 per group). In the end-to-side neurorrhaphy group, left L6 and S1 were transected in the dura, and the distal stump of L6 ventral root was sutured to the lateral face of L4 ventral root through end-to-side coaptation. In the no repair group, the rats did not undergo neurorrhaphy. In the control group, the left L6 dorsal root and S1 roots were transected, respectively, but the L6 ventral root was kept intact. After 16 weeks, the origin and mechanism of nerve regeneration was evaluated by retrograde double labeling technique as well as histological examination and intravesical pressure measurement. Retrograde double labeling indicated that the reconstructed reflex pathway was successfully established and the primary regeneration mechanism involved axon collateral sprouting. Morphological examination and intravesical pressure measurement indicated prominent nerve regeneration and successful re-innervation of the bladder in the neurorrhaphy group, compared with the "no repair" group (p<0.05). No significant changes were observed in the histology of the donor nerve and the bilateral extensor digitorum longus muscles in the neurorrhaphy group. Nerve regeneration may be achievable for nerve repair through end-to-side neurorrhaphy between autonomic and somatic nerves without apparent impairment of donor somatic nerve.}, doi = {10.1089/neu.2011.2255}, institution = {Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.}, keywords = {Anastomosis, Surgical, methods; Animals; Autonomic Pathways, surgery; Axons, physiology; Male; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Nerve Transfer, methods; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures, methods; Urinary Bladder, innervation/physiopathology/surgery}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {22332710}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2011.2255}, } @Article{Gao:2005, author = {Gao, Xiu and Kim, Hee Kee and Chung, Jin Mo and Chung, Kyungsoon}, title = {Enhancement of NMDA receptor phosphorylation of the spinal dorsal horn and nucleus gracilis neurons in neuropathic rats.}, journal = {Pain}, year = {2005}, volume = {116}, number = {1-2}, pages = {62--72}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {NR1 is an essential component of functional NMDA receptors and can be activated by phosphorylation. It is suggested that phosphorylation of NR1 (pNR1) contributes to central sensitization after intradermal capsaicin injection. The present study investigates whether increases of spinal pNR1 are correlated to central sensitization and thus pain behaviors in neuropathic pain. Neuropathic rats were produced by L5 spinal nerve ligation, mechanical thresholds of the paw were measured, and then the L4/5 spinal cords and the nucleus gracilis (NG) were removed and immunostained for pNR1. The results showed that the number of pNR1-immunoreactive neurons was significantly increased in the ipsilateral cord, at 3, 7, and 28 days after nerve ligation and these increases coincide with mechanical allodynia. The increase of pNR1-immunoreactive neurons in the NG was observed only at 28 days after the nerve ligation. Western blot analyses confirmed the significant increase of pNR1 protein in spinal dorsal horn after nerve ligation. A protein kinase A inhibitor, H89, moderately reversed mechanical allodynia in 7 day neuropathic rats. Many pNR1-immunoreactive neurons were identified as projection neurons by retrograde tracer. The data suggest that PKA mediated NMDA receptor phosphorylation plays an important role in spinal nerve ligation induced neuropathic pain.}, doi = {10.1016/j.pain.2005.03.045}, institution = {Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1069, USA.}, keywords = {Amidines, metabolism; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Blotting, Western, methods; Cell Count, methods; Functional Laterality, physiology; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Isoquinolines, administration /&/ dosage; Ligation, methods; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Neurons, metabolism; Pain Measurement, methods; Pain Threshold, physiology; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, complications/metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Phosphorylation; Protein Kinase Inhibitors, administration /&/ dosage; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, metabolism; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Spinal Nerves, metabolism/pathology; Sulfonamides, administration /&/ dosage; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3959(05)00153-3}, pmid = {15936881}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2005.03.045}, } @Article{Gao:2012a, author = {Gao, Xinyan and Qiao, Yongfa and Jia, Baohui and Jing, Xianghong and Cheng, Bin and Wen, Lei and Tan, Qiwen and Zhou, Yi and Zhu, Bing and Qiao, Haifa}, title = {NMDA Receptor-Dependent Synaptic Activity in Dorsal Motor Nucleus of Vagus Mediates the Enhancement of Gastric Motility by Stimulating ST36.}, journal = {Evid Based Complement Alternat Med}, year = {2012}, volume = {2012}, pages = {438460}, abstract = {Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of electroacupuncture at ST36 for patients with gastrointestinal motility disorders. While several lines of evidence suggest that the effect may involve vagal reflex, the precise molecular mechanism underlying this process still remains unclear. Here we report that the intragastric pressure increase induced by low frequency electric stimulation at ST36 was blocked by AP-5, an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). Indeed, stimulating ST36 enhanced NMDAR-mediated, but not 2-amino-3-(5-methyl-3-oxo-1,2-oxazol-4-yl)propanoic-acid-(AMPA-) receptor-(AMPAR-) mediated synaptic transmission in gastric-projecting neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). We also identified that suppression of presynaptic ?-opioid receptors may contribute to upregulation of NMDAR-mediated synaptic transmission induced by electroacupuncture at ST36. Furthermore, we determined that the glutamate-receptor-2a-(NR2A-) containing NMDARs are essential for NMDAR-mediated enhancement of gastric motility caused by stimulating ST36. Taken together, our results reveal an important role of NMDA receptors in mediating enhancement of gastric motility induced by stimulating ST36.}, doi = {10.1155/2012/438460}, institution = {Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Nanxiaojie Street, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700, China.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {23118791}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/438460}, } @Article{Garcia-Alias:2015, author = {Garc{\'{i}}a-Al{\'{i}}as, Guillermo and Truong, Kevin and Shah, Prithvi K. and Roy, Roland R. and Edgerton, V Reggie}, title = {Plasticity of subcortical pathways promote recovery of skilled hand function in rats after corticospinal and rubrospinal tract injuries.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {2015}, volume = {266}, pages = {112--119}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts are the predominant tracts for controlling skilled hand function. Injuries to these tracts impair grasping but not gross motor functions such as overground locomotion. The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not, after damage to both the corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts, other spared subcortical motor pathway can mediate the recovery of skilled hand function. Adult rats received a bilateral injury to the corticospinal tract at the level of the medullar pyramids and a bilateral ablation of the rubrospinal axons at C4. One group of rats received, acutely after injury, two injections of chondroitinase-ABC at C7, and starting at 7days post-injury were enrolled in daily reaching and grasping rehabilitation (CHASE group, n=5). A second group of rats received analogous injections of ubiquitous penicillinase, and did not undergo rehabilitation (PEN group, n=5). Compared to rats in the PEN group, CHASE rats gradually recovered the ability to reach and grasp over 42days after injury. Overground locomotion was mildly affected after injury and both groups followed similar recovery. Since the reticulospinal tract plays a predominant role in motor control, we further investigated whether or not plasticity of this pathway could contribute to the animal's recovery. Reticulospinal axons were anterogradely traced in both groups of rats. The density of reticulospinal processes in both the normal and ectopic areas of the grey ventral matter of the caudal segments of the cervical spinal cord was greater in the CHASE than PEN group. The results indicate that after damage to spinal tracts that normally mediate the control of reaching and grasping in rats other complementary spinal tracts can acquire the role of those damaged tracts and promote task-specific recovery.}, doi = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.01.009}, institution = {Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Extrapyramidal Tracts, injuries/physiopathology; Female; Forelimb, physiopathology; Hand Strength; Locomotion; Motor Skills; Neural Pathways, physiopathology; Neuronal Plasticity; Psychomotor Performance; Pyramidal Tracts, injuries/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Recovery of Function}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0014-4886(15)00022-9}, pmid = {25666586}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.01.009}, } @Article{Garcia:2006, author = {{García Del Caño}, Gontzal and Gerrikagoitia, Inmaculada and Alonso-Cabria, Amaya and Martínez-Millán, Luis}, title = {Organization and origin of the connection from the inferior to the superior colliculi in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2006}, volume = {499}, number = {5}, pages = {716--731}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The inferior colliculus (IC) is the main ascending auditory relay station prior to the superior colliculus (SC). The morphology and origin of the connection from inferior to superior colliculus (I-SC) was analyzed both by anterograde and retrograde tracing. Irrespective of the subregion of the IC in which they originate, the terminal fields of these connections formed two main tiers in the SC. While the dorsal one primarily involved the stratum opticum and the stratum griseum intermediale, the ventral one innervated the deep strata, although some fibers did connect these tiers. While the dorsal tier occupied almost the whole extension of the SC, the ventral one was mostly confined to its caudomedial quadrant. The fiber density in these tiers decreased gradually in a rostral gradient and the terminal fields became denser as the anterograde tracer at the injection site was distributed more externally in the cortex of the IC. Retrograde tracing confirmed this result, although it did not reveal any topographic ordering for the I-SC pathway. Most presynaptic boutons of the I-SC terminal field were located either inside or close to the patches of acetylcholinesterase activity. Together with previous anatomical and physiological studies, our results indicate that the I-SC connection relays behaviorally relevant information for sensory-motor processing. Our observation that this pathway terminates in regions of the superior colliculus, where neurons involved in fear-like responses are located, reinforce previous suggestions of a role for the IC in generating motor stereotypes that occur during audiogenic seizures.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21107}, institution = {Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, 01006-Vitoria-Gasteiz, Araba, Spain.}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Cell Shape; Dextrans, metabolism; Epilepsy, Reflex; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Staining and Labeling; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {17048224}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21107}, } @Article{GarciaDelCano:2000a, author = {{García Del Caño}, G. and Gerrikagoitia, I. and Martínez-Millán, L.}, title = {Morphology and topographical organization of the retrospleniocollicular connection: a pathway to relay contextual information from the environment to the superior colliculus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2000}, volume = {425}, number = {3}, pages = {393--408}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The retrospleniocollicular connection is of interest because it constitutes one link between the limbic system, which is considered the anatomical substrate of emotional experience, and the superior colliculus (SC), which mediates approach and avoidance behavior. The morphology, topography, and origin of the retrospleniocollicular connections were studied by using anterograde [biotinylated dextranamine 10,000 (BDA)] and retrograde [Fluoro-Gold (FG)] tracers. After BDA injections involving retrosplenial granular and agranular cortices, terminal fibers innervating all collicular layers except stratum griseum superficiale were found throughout nearly the entire colliculi. Axons branched within restricted portions of the dorsoventral collicular axis with variable morphologies, suggesting functional heterogeneity. Terminal fields originating in anterior and posterior regions of the retrosplenial cortex were preferentially distributed in laterodorsal and medioventral collicular regions, respectively, but there were also large, densely innervated regions in which the terminal fields overlapped. FG injections in the SC confirmed the retrospleniocollicular topography and demonstrated that this connection originated from layer V pyramidal cells of all retrosplenial areas. The distribution of retrospleniocollicular boutons was related to that of the AChE modules, which are associated with connections in the intermediate layers of the SC. In lateral portions of the SC intermediate layers, most retrospleniocollicular boutons were found in medium AChE stained regions, whereas in medial portions, they terminated in AChE-poor domains. The present results demonstrate that the retrosplenial cortex is the origin of a broad and dense network of axonal branches that may modulate SC-mediated motor and physiological responses involved in emotional behavior.}, doi = {10.1002/1096-9861(20000925)425:3<393::aid-cne5>3.0.co;2-g}, institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Bizkaia, Spain.}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Afferent Pathways, enzymology/physiology/ultrastructure; Animals; Brain Mapping; Environment; Histocytochemistry, methods; Male; Nerve Endings, enzymology/ultrastructure; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, physiology; Spleen, innervation; Staining and Labeling; Superior Colliculi, enzymology/physiology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Terminology as Topic}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-G}, pmid = {10972940}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Garcia-Rill:1986, author = {E. Garcia-Rill and R. D. Skinner and C. Conrad and D. Mosley and C. Campbell}, title = {Projections of the mesencephalic locomotor region in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1986}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {33--40}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Retrograde labeling and electrophysiological techniques were used to determine the organization of efferent projections of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) in the rat. Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or fluorescent dyes were made into suspected terminal zones of the MLR. After allowing for retrograde transport, the same animals underwent precollicular transection under anesthesia. The MLR was identified physiologically by the induction of controlled locomotion on a treadmill at low current (less than 50 microA) levels. Stimulation sites were marked and the brain processed accordingly. Retrogradely labeled cells in proximity (less than 0.5 mm) to locomotion-inducing stimulation sites were considered to be putative MLR neurons and were plotted according to stereotactic coordinates. These studies revealed the intrinsic organization of MLR neurons projecting to various brainstem sites. This organization may be related to the different types of transmitter systems involved in mediating MLR function.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(86)90158-9}, keywords = {Animals; Electrophysiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Locomotion; Mesencephalon, physiology; Rats; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(86)90158-9}, pmid = {3019486}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Garifoli:2006, author = {A. Garifoli and T. Maci and V. Perciavalle and V. Perciavalle}, title = {Organization of bilateral spinal projections to the lateral reticular nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Arch Ital Biol}, year = {2006}, volume = {144}, number = {3-4}, pages = {145-157}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The present study was carried out to analyze the topography of bilateral spinal projections to the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN). We used retrograde transport of fluorescent tracers Fast Blue and Diamidino Yellow to identify spinal neurons projecting to the ipsilateral and/or contralateral LRN, as well as orthograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin to identify the LRN areas where spinoreticular axons terminate. Orthograde labeling confirmed that bilateral spinoreticular projections coming from cervical and upper-thoracic segments terminate in the magnocellular division of LRN, while those coming from the lower-thoracic, lumbar and sacral segments end in the parvocellular division of the nucleus; only a sparse spinal input has been observed in the subtrigeminal division of LRN. Retrograde labeling showed that labeled neurons were present at all spinal levels and in particular large numbers in the cervical and lumbar enlargements. Retrogradely single-labeled cells were located, with contralateral predominance, in all segments of the spinal cord, within laminae IV, V, VI, VIII, and X, whereas in laminae III and VII labeled neurons were mainly observed ipsilaterally. Furthermore, a small fraction of double-labeled cells (7.4\%) was observed throughout the spinal cord, mainly in laminae III, IV, VII and VIII.}, institution = {Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Catania, viale Andrea Doria, 6-95125 Catania, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Extremities, innervation/physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Functional Laterality, physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Movement, physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16977830}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Garrett:1991, author = {Garrett, W. T. and McBride, R. L. and Williams, Jr, JK and Feringa, E. R.}, title = {Fluoro-Gold's toxicity makes it inferior to True Blue for long-term studies of dorsal root ganglion neurons and motoneurons.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1991}, volume = {128}, number = {1}, pages = {137--139}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {We studied the long-term effects of two retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes on survival of dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs) and motoneurons (MNs). In adult female rats, we labeled DRGNs and MNs by soaking the cut sciatic nerve in Fluoro-Gold or True Blue. With True Blue, we found no difference in the number of labeled MNs or DRGNs in rats surviving 4 days or 20 weeks after nerve soak. With Fluoro-Gold, labeled DRGNs and MNs were decreased at 20 weeks compared with 4 days. Since there was no offsetting increase in unlabeled DRGNs at 20 weeks, Fluoro-Gold caused cell death.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(91)90778-r}, institution = {.}, keywords = {Animals; Benzofurans, pharmacology; Cell Survival, drug effects; Fluorescent Dyes, adverse effects/pharmacology; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/drug effects; Motor Neurons, cytology/drug effects; Neurons, cytology/drug effects; Stilbamidines; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(91)90778-R}, pmid = {1922943}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Garris:1979, author = {D. R. Garris}, title = {Direct septo-hypothalamic projections in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1979}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {83--90}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Axonal projections from neurons located in the medial and lateral septal nuclei (MSN and LSN) were traced autoradiographically. The MSN projected bilaterally via a midline route to the diagonal band of Broca (DBB), the preoptic area (POA), the suprachiasmatic (SCN), paraventricular (PVN), ventromedial (VHM) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei including the median eminence (fiberous zone). Lateral coursing fibers traveled with the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) to the supraoptic (SON) and pre- and supra-mammillary nuclei. The majority of LSN axons projected to, and terminated in, the MSN. Fibers projected ipsilaterally through the POA, SON, SCN, ARC, ME and MMN with axonal projections observed throughout the MFB. In summary, the neurons of the MSN project to the medial hypothalamic nuclei via a midline route while LSN axons projected strongly to the MSN with the remaining fibers coursing along the ipsilateral MFB to terminate in several hypothalamic nuclei. These data indicate that a direct septo- hypothalamic pathway exists in the rat.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(79)90080-6}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Female; Hypothalamus, Anterior, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Medial Forebrain Bundle, anatomy /&/ histology; Median Eminence, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Preoptic Area, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Septal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Supraoptic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(79)90080-6}, pmid = {313542}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Garten:1989, author = {L. L. Garten and M. V. Sofroniew and R. E. Dyball}, title = {A direct catecholaminergic projection from the brainstem to the neurohypophysis of the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1989}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {149--155}, abstract = {The presence of the catecholamines dopamine and noradrenaline in the posterior pituitary is well documented. Dopaminergic terminals are thought to derive from cells in the periventricular hypothalamus including the rostral arcuate nucleus, but the origin of the noradrenergic terminals is uncertain. The majority of central noradrenaline-containing neurons are in the brainstem and lesions of the ventral noradrenergic tract significantly reduce the noradrenaline content of the neural lobe. We have explored the possibility of a direct noradrenergic projection from the brainstem to the neural lobe using as a retrograde tract tracer horseradish peroxidase alone or in combination with immunohistochemical detection of tyrosine hydroxylase. Horseradish peroxidase was injected into the neural lobes of 20 rats using a ventral approach, and the animals were perfusion fixed 12 h later. In all 20 cases, cells retrogradely labelled with horseradish peroxidase were found not only in the periventricular zone and magnocellular nuclei of the hypothalamus but also in the A2 region of the brainstem. In all six cases simultaneously processed for horseradish peroxidase and tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry, retrogradely labelled cells in both the arcuate nucleus and A2 region were found to be tyrosine hydroxylase-positive. These findings demonstrate the presence of a direct projection from catecholaminergic neurons in the A2 region of the brainstem to the neurohypophysis. Since catecholaminergic neurons in this region are known to be noradrenergic and lesions of the ventral noradrenergic tract deplete the neurohypophysis of noradrenaline, these neurons may represent an important source of noradrenaline in the neurohypophysis.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(89)90317-5}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, U.K.}, keywords = {Adrenergic Fibers, physiology; Animals; Brain Stem, cytology/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Pituitary Gland, Posterior, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2601853}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Garzon:2004, author = {Miguel Garzón and Virginia M Pickel}, title = {Ultrastructural localization of Leu5-enkephalin immunoreactivity in mesocortical neurons and their input terminals in rat ventral tegmental area.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {2004}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {38--52}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Enkephalin (ENK) immunoreactivity is widely distributed in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), where endogenous ENK and dynorphin opioid peptides are known to have opposing actions in reward, stress, cognition, and fear-related behaviors. Many neurons in the VTA give rise to mesocortical projections terminating in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and these projections have been implicated to varying extents in all these functions. To determine whether there is a synaptic basis for ENK and/or dynorphin modulation of cortically projecting neurons within the VTA, we combined retrograde tract-tracing from the mPFC with dual immunocytochemical-labeling electron microscopy in the rat VTA. The retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG) was microinjected into mPFC. At optimal survival periods, sections through the VTA were processed for immunolabeling of anti-FG and a Leu(5)-ENK antibody recognizing both ENK and dynorphin peptides. Over 26\% of the retrogradely labeled neuronal somatodendritic profiles (n = 177) were contacted by ENK-immunoreactive axonal profiles including small axons and axon terminals. The axon terminals varied in their subcellular distribution of ENK immunoreactivity and also differed in forming either inhibitory-type (symmetric) or excitatory-type (asymmetric) synapses. Many of the axonal profiles also were apposed to FG-labeled somata or dendrites without forming recognizable synapses. Approximately one-third of the mesocortical neuronal perikarya also showed sparsely distributed somatodendritic ENK-immunoreactivity. Our results provide ultrastructural evidence that ENK and possibly dynorphin in the rat VTA have distributions consistent with involvement in diverse physiological actions affecting the output of mesocortical neurons, some of which also contain one or both peptides.}, doi = {10.1002/syn.20000}, institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Cognition, physiology; Cytoplasm, metabolism; Dendrites, metabolism; Enkephalin, Leucine, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Neural Pathways; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {14755631}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.20000}, } @Article{Gasbarri:1991, author = {A. Gasbarri and E. Campana and C. Pacitti and F. Hajdu and T. Tömböl}, title = {Organization of the projections from the ventral tegmental area of Tsai to the hippocampal formation in the rat.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1991}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {429--437}, abstract = {The projection from the ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA-A10) to the hippocampal formation (HF) has been investigated in the rat by means of the Fink-Heimer technique, after VTA destruction by electrolytic lesions or local injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 1 microgram/0.5 microliters). Degenerated axons prevail in the ventral subiculum and adjacent CA1 field. Some degenerated fibers are also observed in the dorsal subiculum and a few in the stratum oriens of the CA3, in the hilus of fascia dentata and in the fimbria. The distribution of VTA neurons projecting to the HF has also been examined by injecting retrograde fluorescent tracers in different combinations (Fast Blue, 2\% and Nuclear Yellow, 1\%) in several hippocampal areas. The most abundant VTA-HF projections originate from the lower third, the upper and lower edges and the lower half of the VTA. The major terminal fields of VTA projections in the HF (i.e. the ventral subiculum, the adjacent CA1 field and the dorsal subiculum) match with the HF area projecting to the nucleus accumbens. Thus, the dopaminergic meso-limbic pathway could modulate the HF-striatal projection which provides a link between the limbic and motor systems.}, institution = {Department of Biomedical Technology and Biometry, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Hippocampus, cytology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Degeneration, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology; Oxidopamine; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sympathectomy, Chemical; Tegmentum Mesencephali, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1802928}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gasbarri:1994a, author = {A. Gasbarri and M. G. Packard and E. Campana and C. Pacitti}, title = {Anterograde and retrograde tracing of projections from the ventral tegmental area to the hippocampal formation in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1994}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {445--452}, abstract = {Employing anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), and a triple labeling protocol using retrogradely transported fluorescent tracers, we examined the projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA-A10) to the hippocampal formation (HF) in the rat. Injections of PHA-L into VTA resulted in labeling in the ventral subiculum (stratum oriens and molecular layer) and in the adjacent CA1 field (stratum oriens, pyramidal, suprapyramidal and molecular layers) of HF. Additional labeling was observed in the stratum oriens of CA3 and in the hilus of fascia dentata. In the dorsal HF labeling was present in the subicular and CA1 field polymorphic layers. The distribution of VTA neurons projecting to the HF was also examined by injecting retrograde fluorescent tracers (Fluoro Gold, Fast Blue, and Nuclear Yellow) in several hippocampal areas. The most abundant VTA-HF projections originate from the upper and lower edges and the lower half of the VTA. These terminal fields in the HF match with the hippocampal areas projecting to the nucleus accumbens. The VTA, via projections to interconnected regions of the HF and nucleus accumbens, may modulate the hypothesized functional link between the limbic system and basal ganglia.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(94)90288-7}, institution = {Department of Science and Biomedical Technology, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila.}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, cytology/physiology; Dopamine, physiology; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8124582}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gasbarri:1996, author = {A. Gasbarri and M. G. Packard and A. Sulli and C. Pacitti and R. Innocenzi and V. Perciavalle}, title = {The projections of the retrorubral field A8 to the hippocampal formation in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1996}, volume = {112}, number = {2}, pages = {244--252}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain of the rat are located in three groups: the ventral tegmental area (VTA-A10), substantia nigra (SN-A9), and retrorubral field (RRF-A8). We have recently examined the organization of the projections from the VTA and the SN to the hippocampal formation (HF) in the rat. In the present study we characterize the projections of the RRF to the HF by using anterograde tracing, retrograde tracers, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry. Following iontophoretical injections of Phaseolous vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into the RRF, anterograde labeling was observed primarily in the ipsilateral subiculum and adjacent CA1 cell field. Sparse labeling was also observed in the CA3 cell field and dentate gyrus. The distribution of RRF neurons projecting to the HF was examined by injecting retrograde fluorescent tracers (fluorogold, fast blue, and nuclear yellow) into several hippocampal areas. The retrograde tracer findings indicate that the medial aspects of the RRF project to the subiculum and adjacent CA1 cell field of both the septal and temporal HF. In order to evaluate the percentage of dopaminergic cells of the RRF projecting to the HF, the retrograde neuronal tracer fluorogold was used in combination with TH immunohistochemistry. The quantitative evaluation of retrograde labeled and TH-immunoreactive (IR) cells showed that RRF projections to the HF are partially (10-18\%) dopaminergic. The findings suggest that the general pattern of distribution and organization of the RRF-A8 projections to the HF is similar to that observed in our previous studies examining hippocampal afferents from the VTA and SN. The data also suggest a crude topographical organization of RRF afferents to the HF and a more prominent input to the temporal than to the septal HF.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00227643}, institution = {Department of Science and Biomedical Technology, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Italy. gasbarri@aquila.infn.it}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Benzimidazoles; Brain Mapping; Fluorescent Dyes; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Red Nucleus, physiology; Stilbamidines; Synaptic Transmission; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8951393}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gasbarri:1999, author = {Gasbarri, A. and Sulli, A. and Pacitti, C. and McGaugh, J. L.}, title = {Serotonergic input to cholinergic neurons in the substantia innominata and nucleus basalis magnocellularis in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1999}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, pages = {1129--1142}, abstract = {The aim of the present study was to determine, at the light microscopic level, whether the serotonergic fibers originating from the dorsal raphe nucleus (B7), median raphe nucleus (B8) and ventral tegmentum (B9) make putative synaptic contacts with cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis and substantia innominata. For this purpose, we utilized: (i) the anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin combined with choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry; (ii) choline acetyltransferase/tryptophan hydroxylase double immunohistochemistry; and (iii) the FluoroGold retrograde tracer technique combined with tryptophan hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. Following iontophoretic injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in the dorsal raphe nucleus, labeling was observed primarily in the ventral aspects of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis and in the intermediate region of the substantia innominata. When Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin was combined with choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry, a close association between the Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin-positive fibers and cholinergic neurons was observed, even though the majority of the Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin-immunoreactive terminals seemed to establish contact with non-cholinergic elements. Following Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin injection in the median raphe nucleus, very few labeled fibers with no evident close contact with nucleus basalis magnocellularis and substantia innominata cholinergic neurons were observed. After tryptophan hydroxylase/choline acetyltransferase double immunohistochemistry, a plexus of serotonergic (tryptophan hydroxylase-positive) fibers in the vicinity of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive neurons of the substantia innominata and nucleus basalis magnocellularis was observed, and some serotonergic terminals have been shown to come into very close contact with the cholinergic cells. Most of the tryptophan hydroxylase-immunoreactive terminals seem to establish contacts with non-cholinergic cells. Following FluoroGold injection in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis and substantia innominata, the majority of retrogradely labeled neurons was observed mainly in the ventromedial cell group of the dorsal raphe nucleus. In this area, a minority of the FluoroGold-positive neurons was tryptophan hydroxylase immunoreactive. These findings show that serotonergic terminals, identified in very close association with the cholinergic neurons in the substantia innominata and nucleus basalis magnocellularis, derive primarily from the B7 serotonergic cell group of the dorsal raphe nucleus, and provide the neuroanatomical evidence for a direct functional interaction between these two neurotransmitter systems in the basal forebrain.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00672-1}, institution = {Department of Sciences and Biomedical Technologies, University of L'Aquila, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, enzymology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin, physiology; Stilbamidines; Substantia Innominata, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Tryptophan Hydroxylase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(98)00672-1}, pmid = {10391489}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gasbarri:1997, author = {A. Gasbarri and A. Sulli and M. G. Packard}, title = {The dopaminergic mesencephalic projections to the hippocampal formation in the rat.}, journal = {Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry}, year = {1997}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {1--22}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {1. The dopaminergic mesencephalic neurons projecting to the hippocampal formation are distributed in three cell groups: A8 region in the retrorubral field, A9 region in the substantia nigra and A10 region in the ventral tegmental area. 2. Anterograde and retrograde tract-tracing techniques combined with immunohistochemical procedures indicate a topographical organization of mesencephalic dopaminergic projections towards the hippocampal formation. 3. Electrophysiological evidence suggest that dopaminergic mesencephalic neurons could have a regulatory role in suppressing hippocampal excitability. 4. The functional significance of the mesohippocampal dopaminergic system is largely unknown, although it was suggested that this projection could have a role in methamphetamine-produced hypermotility and in modulation of memory processes.}, doi = {10.1016/s0278-5846(96)00157-1}, institution = {Department of Sciences and Biomedical Technologies, University of L'Aquila, Italy. gasbarri@aquila.infn.it}, keywords = {Animals; Dopamine, metabolism; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0278584696001571}, pmid = {9075256}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gasbarri:1994, author = {A. Gasbarri and C. Verney and R. Innocenzi and E. Campana and C. Pacitti}, title = {Mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons innervating the hippocampal formation in the rat: a combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1994}, volume = {668}, number = {1-2}, pages = {71--79}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {A major mesolimbic projection towards the hippocampal formation (HF) has been extensively described, but no clear evidence of its dopaminergic content has been demonstrated. In order to evaluate the percentage of dopaminergic (DA) cells of ventral tegmental area (VTA-A10) and adjacent substantia nigra (SN-A9) projecting to the HF, the retrograde neuronal tracer technique was combined with the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry. Fluoro-gold (FG) was injected in several areas (subiculum, CA1, CA3, dentate gyrus) of either septal and temporal HF. Sections containing retrogradely FG labeled neurons were either mounted directly as controls or incubated with TH antiserum and revealed with rhodamine. The quantitative evaluation of retrogradely labeled and TH-IR stained cells showed that both VTA and SN projections towards the HF are partially (15-18\%) dopaminergic. Ten percent of the DA neurons of the VTA projected to contralateral HF, whereas none did in the SN. In conclusion, the temporal HF (mainly subiculum and adjacent CA1) appears to receive the main DA afferents from both VTA cells and medial half of SN, pars compacta, whereas the septal HF (particularly CA1) receives its DA input from neurons located in the ventral half and in the upper and lower borders of the VTA.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)90512-6}, institution = {Department of Science and Biomedical Technology, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Dopamine; Fluorescent Dyes; Hippocampus, chemistry/cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways; Neurons, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Substantia Nigra, chemistry/cytology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis; Ventral Tegmental Area, chemistry/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(94)90512-6}, pmid = {7704620}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gaspar:1995, author = {P. Gaspar and B. Bloch and C. Le Moine}, title = {D1 and D2 receptor gene expression in the rat frontal cortex: cellular localization in different classes of efferent neurons.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {1995}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, pages = {1050--1063}, month = {May}, abstract = {The dopaminergic input to the frontal cortex has an important role in motor and cognitive functions. These effects are mediated by dopamine receptors both of type D1 and of type D2, although the neural circuits involved are not completely understood. We used in situ hybridization to determine the cellular localization of D1 and D2 receptor mRNAs in the rat frontal cortex. Retrograde tracing was used in the same animals to identify the main cortical efferent populations. Fluorogold was injected into the different cortical targets of the frontal cortex and sections were hybridized with D1 and D2 35S-labelled cRNA probes. D1 and D2 mRNA-containing neurons were present in all the cortical areas investigated, with greater expression in the medial prefrontal, insular and cingulate cortexes and lower expression in the motor and parietal cortexes. Neurons containing D1 mRNA were most abundant in layer VIb; they were also present in layers VIa and V of all cortical layers and in layer II of the medial prefrontal, cingulate and insular areas. Double labelling with fluorogold demonstrated that D1 mRNA was present in corticocortical, corticothalamic and corticostriatal neurons. Neurons containing D2 mRNA were essentially restricted to layer V, but only in corticostriatal and corticocortical neurons. Neither D1 nor D2 mRNA was found in corticospinal or corticopontine neurons. The present results demonstrate that D1 and D2 receptor genes are expressed in efferent cortical populations, with higher expression for D1. In spite of an overlap in some cortical layers, the expression of D1 and D2 receptor genes is specific for different categories of pyramidal neurons.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01092.x}, institution = {INSERM U106, Bâtiment de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Salpêtrière, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping; Efferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Frontal Lobe, cytology/metabolism; Gene Expression; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Neurons, metabolism; RNA, Complementary; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Dopamine D1, biosynthesis/genetics; Receptors, Dopamine D2, biosynthesis/genetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7613610}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gaspersic:2006, author = {Gaspersic, Rok and Kovacic, Uros and Cör, Andrej and Skaleric, Uros}, title = {Identification and neuropeptide content of trigeminal neurons innervating the rat gingivomucosal tissue.}, journal = {Arch Oral Biol}, year = {2006}, volume = {51}, number = {8}, pages = {703--709}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to identify and characterise the neuropeptide content and the size of trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons innervating the rat gingivomucosal tissue.Retrograde nerve tracer Fluorogold (FG) was injected into the gingiva (group 1, n=5) or applied into the gingival sulcus (group 2, n=5) of the first right maxillary molar. After 10 days, the ganglia were dissected and FG fluorescence was observed under UV light microscope. Expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) in FG-labelled neurons was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Cross-sectional areas of neuron cell bodies containing FG were determined. As a control group, approximately 1000 neuron cell bodies representing the entire TG neuron population was evaluated in five trigeminal ganglia.In group 1, the percentages of neurons containing CGRP (median 63\%, range 48-72\%) and SP (median 64\%, range 54-64\%) were significantly greater than in the control group (CGRP: median 43\%, range 42-47\% and SP: median 23\%, range 21-27\%). In group 2, only the percentage of neurons containing SP (median 50\%, range 40-56\%) was significantly greater than in the control group. FG-labelled neurons were predominantly small or medium sized (less than 1200 microm2). The neurons in the group 1 were significantly smaller than in group 2. In both experimental groups, immunopositive neurons were significantly smaller than immunonegative neurons.The majority of neurons in TG that innervate the rat gingivomucosa are small or medium sized and contain CGRP and SP.}, doi = {10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.02.007}, institution = {Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Markers, analysis; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, analysis; Cell Count; Cell Size; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Gingiva, innervation; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Mouth Mucosa, innervation; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/cytology; Neuropeptides, analysis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substance P, analysis; Trigeminal Ganglion}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0003-9969(06)00033-1}, pmid = {16615991}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.02.007}, } @Article{Gaspersic:2007, author = {Gaspersic, Rok and Kovacic, Uros and Cör, Andrej and Skaleric, Uros}, title = {Expression of TrkA receptor for neurotrophins in trigeminal neurons innervating the rat gingivomucosal tissue.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {2007}, volume = {418}, number = {3}, pages = {253--256}, month = {May}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to characterize and evaluate the expression of TrkA receptor in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons that innervate the rat gingivomucosal tissue. A retrograde nerve tracer Fluorogold (FG) was injected into the gingiva (group 1) or applied into the gingival sulcus (group 2) of the first right maxillary molar to identify the neurons in TG that innervate the gingivomucosa. After 10 days TG were dissected and FG fluorescence in neurons was observed under UV light microscope. To draw a comparison, approximately 1000 neurons per ganglion from the entire TG (group 3) and approximately 350 neurons per ganglion from the maxillary region in TG (group 4), were analyzed. Expression of TrkA receptor in TG neurons was investigated by immunohistochemistry. About 70\% of neurons in groups 1 and 2 contained TrkA receptor, which was statistically significantly more than in groups 3 (41\%) and 4 (38\%). FG-labeled TrkA-immunopositive neurons were predominantly small or medium-sized (less than 1200microm(2)). However, the neurons innervating the rat gingivomucosa were on average larger than the neurons in the entire TG or in the maxillary region. In conclusion, the majority of neurons in TG that innervate the rat gingivomucosa are small or medium-sized, contain TrkA receptor and are most probably nociceptive.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neulet.2007.03.060}, institution = {Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. rok.gaspersic@mf.uni-lj.si}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Count; Female; Gene Expression, physiology; Mouth Mucosa, innervation; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, trkA, genetics/metabolism; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Trigeminal Ganglion, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0304-3940(07)00352-7}, pmid = {17418945}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2007.03.060}, } @Article{Gaspersic:2008, author = {Gaspersic, Rok and Kovacic, Uros and Cör, Andrej and Skaleric, Uros}, title = {Unilateral ligature-induced periodontitis influences the expression of neuropeptides in the ipsilateral and contralateral trigeminal ganglion in rats.}, journal = {Arch Oral Biol}, year = {2008}, volume = {53}, number = {7}, pages = {659--665}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Expression of neuronal neuropeptides in inflammatory conditions is altered. The changes in expression of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in ipsilateral and contralateral trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons were investigated by immunohistochemistry one week after unilateral ligature-induced periodontitis in rats.A retrograde nerve tracer Fluorogold (FG) was applied into the gingival sulcus of the second maxillary molar to identify the neurons in TG that specifically innervate the inflamed gingivomucosa. In addition, neurons from the corresponding maxillary and the adjacent mandibular-ophthalmic regions in TG were analysed.Statistically significantly higher frequencies of CGRP-positive neurons, regardless of their size, were found in TG ipsilateral to the periodontitis (83\% and 73\% in FG-labelled and maxillary regions, respectively) than in the control group without periodontitis (52\% and 42\% in FG-labelled and maxillary regions, respectively). The frequency of small FG-labelled SP-positive neurons in the ipsilateral TG (60\%) was significantly higher than in the control TG (25\%). In the contralateral TG the frequency of CGRP-positive neurons in maxillary region (66\%) was significantly higher than in the control group. Surprisingly, the number of SP-positive neurons in all regions of contralateral TG decreased when compared to control and ipsilateral TGs.Taken together, these results implicate a role of neurogenic component in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The contralateral response in the TG could be mediated through the transmedian neurological pathways crossing in the trigeminal nuclear complex or through the systemic inflammatory reaction and the activation of the so called "neuro-immune axis".}, doi = {10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.01.017}, institution = {Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. rok.gaspersic@mf.uni-lj.si}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Markers, metabolism; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation; Gingiva, innervation/physiology; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Ligation; Mouth Mucosa, innervation/physiology; Periodontitis, etiology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substance P, metabolism; Trigeminal Ganglion, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0003-9969(08)00020-4}, pmid = {18342833}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.01.017}, } @Article{Gastard:2002, author = {Myriam Gastard and Sarah L Jensen and John R Martin and Evelyn A Williams and Daniel S Zahm}, title = {The caudal sublenticular region/anterior amygdaloid area is the only part of the rat forebrain and mesopontine tegmentum occupied by magnocellular cholinergic neurons that receives outputs from the central division of extended amygdala.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2002}, volume = {957}, number = {2}, pages = {207--222}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Ascending cholinergic projections and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) have both been implicated in attentional and orienting mechanisms leading to adaptive behavioral responses. In view of this, the present study was carried out to identify relevant neuroanatomical relationships in the form of projections from the CeA and a related structure, the dorsolateral divison of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (dlBST), to parts of the basal forebrain and mesopontine tegmentum that contain magnocellular cholinergic neurons. The CeA and dlBST are components of the 'central division of extended amygdala'. Following injections of the anterogradely transported compounds, Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin or biotinylated dextran amine, into the CeA or dlBST, sections were processed with immunohistochemical reagents to localize the anterograde tracer and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The trajectories of efferent projections from CeA and dlBST were qualitatively similar. Few ChAT- immunoreactive (ir) neurons were present within the extended amygdala or regions containing the dense terminations of its efferent projections, with the striking exception of the caudal sublenticular/anterior amygdaloid region. The ChAT-ir neurons there, however, were significantly smaller and weakly ChAT-ir as compared to those located outside of the dense extended amygdaloid terminations. In the mesopontine tegmentum, the robust downstream projection from the extended amygdala was centered medial to ChAT-ir neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. The differentiated character of the relationships between extended amygdala and forebrain and mesopontine districts containing ChAT-ir neurons that give rise to ascending projections may have significant implications for the control of cortical and diencephalic acetylcholine release and accompanying effects on attention, vigilance and locomotor activation.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03513-8}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, metabolism; Amygdala, cytology/metabolism; Animals; Arousal, physiology; Attention, physiology; Basal Nucleus of Meynert, cytology/metabolism; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Cholinergic Fibers, metabolism/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Orientation, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septal Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Subthalamus, cytology/metabolism; Tegmentum Mesencephali, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899302035138}, pmid = {12445963}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gattone:1986, author = {V. H. Gattone and C. F. Marfurt and S. Dallie}, title = {Extrinsic innervation of the rat kidney: a retrograde tracing study.}, journal = {Am J Physiol}, year = {1986}, volume = {250}, number = {2 Pt 2}, pages = {F189--F196}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {To determine the exact modalities involved in the innervation of the kidney, the present study used a nerve-tracing method with horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin (HRP-WGA) as the tracer. Multiple injections of HRP-WGA were made in each of the left kidneys of 12 rats while another four had the HRP-WGA either dripped onto their intact renal mesothelial surface or injected intravascularly. After retrograde transport of the tracer to neurons of origin (i.e., 72-h survival), the rats were briefly perfusion fixed, tissue was removed, and cryostat sections were cut. The free-floating sections were reacted by the tetramethylbenzidine technique. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the celiac, bilateral inferior vagal (nodosal), and ipsilateral dorsal root (90\% in T12-L1 DRG) ganglia. More labeled neurons were present in the combined vagal ganglia than in the combined DRG within each animal. This labeling was specific compared with the controls (HRP-WGA uptake via intraperitoneal or vascular routes). The celiac ganglion had many labeled neurons; however, no labeled neurons were seen in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, nucleus solitarius, nucleus ambiguus, or any other brain stem structure after renal injections of HRP-WGA. This study has determined that the sympathetic nervous system (celiac ganglion) provides the only renal autonomic efferent (motor) innervation, and the nodosal (inferior vagal) ganglia appear to provide more renal sensory innervation than do the dorsal root ganglia.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, keywords = {Animals; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Ganglia, Sympathetic, cytology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Kidney, innervation; Lectins, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Neurons, Efferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3753828}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://ajprenal.physiology.org/content/ajprenal/250/2/F189.full.pdf}, } @Article{Gauriau:2002, author = {Caroline Gauriau and Jean-François Bernard}, title = {Pain pathways and parabrachial circuits in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Physiol}, year = {2002}, volume = {87}, number = {2}, pages = {251--258}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {This review presents a schematic attempt to classify the major pain pathways, based on the results of recent studies in our laboratory, with a special emphasis on the parabrachial system. Our view is based on results from experiments in the rat, using very small iontophoretic injections of anterograde tracers. As illustrated in this report, we have found a very dramatic difference between ascending projections originating from deep laminae compared with those arising from lamina I of the dorsal horn. We propose three main pain systems and discuss their functional-anatomical relationships. The first system is centred on the projection from deep laminae to three caudal reticular areas - the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), the subnucleus reticularis dorsalis (SRD) and the gigantocellular lateral paragigantocellular reticular nuclei (NGc) - and the parabrachial internal lateral subnucleus (PBil). The second system is centred on the projection from lamina I to the ventral posterolateral nucleus ( VPL), the ventral posteromedial (VPM), the posterior nuclear group (Po) and triangular posterior nucleus (PoT) of the thalamus. The third system is centred on the projection from lamina I to the lateral parabrachial area. We also present the four main projections from the latter area to the extended amygdala, the hypothalamus, the periaqueductal grey matter (PAG), and the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), and their involvement in emotional and autonomic (homeostatic) aspects of pain.}, doi = {10.1113/eph8702357}, institution = {INSERM U-161, 2 rue d'Alésia, F-75014 Paris, France.}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology/physiology; Animals; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/physiology; Pons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Reticular Formation, cytology/physiology; Thalamus, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {EPH_2357}, pmid = {11856971}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gauriau:2004, author = {Caroline Gauriau and Jean-François Bernard}, title = {A comparative reappraisal of projections from the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn in the rat: the forebrain.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2004}, volume = {468}, number = {1}, pages = {24--56}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Projections to the forebrain from lamina I of spinal and trigeminal dorsal horn were labeled anterogradely with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and/or tetramethylrhodamine-dextran (RHO-D) injected microiontophoretically. Injections restricted to superficial laminae (I/II) of dorsal horn were used primarily. For comparison, injections were also made in deep cervical laminae. Spinal and trigeminal lamina I neurons project extensively to restricted portions of the ventral posterolateral and posteromedial (VPL/VPM), and the posterior group (Po) thalamic nuclei. Lamina I also projects to the triangular posterior (PoT) and the ventral posterior parvicellular (VPPC) thalamic nuclei but only very slightly to the extrathalamic forebrain. Furthermore, the lateral spinal (LS) nucleus, and to a lesser extent lamina I, project to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. In contrast to lamina I, deep spinal laminae project primarily to the central lateral thalamic nucleus (CL) and only weakly to the remaining thalamus, except for a medium projection to the PoT. Furthermore, the deep laminae project substantially to the globus pallidus and the substantia innominata and more weakly to the amygdala and the hypothalamus. Double-labeling experiments reveal that spinal and trigeminal lamina I project densely to distinct and restricted portions of VPL/VPM, Po, and VPPC thalamic nuclei, whereas projections to the PoT appeared to be convergent. In conclusion, these experiments indicate very different patterns of projection for lamina I versus deep laminae (III-X). Lamina I projects strongly onto relay thalamic nuclei and thus would have a primary role in sensory discriminative aspects of pain. The deep laminae project densely to the CL and more diffusely to other forebrain targets, suggesting roles in motor and alertness components of pain.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10873}, institution = {Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U-288, F-75013 Paris, France.}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunohistochemistry; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Posterior Horn Cells, anatomy /&/ histology; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinothalamic Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology; Substantia Innominata, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {14648689}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10873}, } @Article{Gauriau:2004a, author = {Gauriau, Caroline and Bernard, Jean-François}, title = {Posterior triangular thalamic neurons convey nociceptive messages to the secondary somatosensory and insular cortices in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2004}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {752--761}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {This study investigated the responses of posterior triangular (PoT) thalamic neurons to tactile and noxious calibrated stimuli in anesthetized rats. We report here that 41\% of PoT units responded to cutaneous stimulation, in most cases, by increasing strongly their firing. Forty-five percent of the responding units were nociceptive specific (NS), 19\% were nociceptive nonspecific (NNS), and 36\% were tactile. The NS units responded only to frankly noxious stimuli applied to relatively large receptive fields (several parts of the body). They encoded nociceptive temperatures chiefly in 46-50 degrees C ranges. The NNS units resembled NS units but also responded to innocuous stimuli. Tactile units responded chiefly to repeated innocuous stimuli applied to very small receptive fields (one to two fingers or vibrissae). A representative sample of PoT somatosensory neurons, characterized first by their response to innocuous and noxious cutaneous stimuli, were filled with juxtacellular injection of biotin-dextran that made it possible to label adequately the soma, the dendrites, and the entire axon of PoT neurons. We observed that the axons of NS neurons terminated only in secondary somatosensory (S2) cortex, whereas the axons of NNS and tactile neurons projected chiefly to the insular cortex and the amygdala. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a spinal-PoT-S2/insular cortices nociceptive pathway that conveys nociceptive messages arising from lamina I and spinal neurons of deep laminas. Furthermore, our results demonstrate for the first time that projections of PoT neurons are correlated to their physiological properties.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3272-03.2004}, institution = {Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U-288, 75634 Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Coloring Agents; Electric Stimulation; Hot Temperature, adverse effects; Male; Neurons, classification/physiology; Nociceptors, physiology; Pain Measurement; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology; Thalamus, cytology/physiology; Touch, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {24/3/752}, pmid = {14736861}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3272-03.2004}, } @Article{Gauthier:1999, author = {Gauthier, J. and Parent, M. and Lévesque, M. and Parent, A.}, title = {The axonal arborization of single nigrostriatal neurons in rats.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {834}, number = {1-2}, pages = {228--232}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {Neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) were iontophoretically injected with biotin dextran and their anterogradely labeled axons individually reconstructed from serial sagittal sections. Most nigrostriatal axons travelled directly to the striatum, where they branched abundantly. Other axons arborized profusely in various extrastriatal structures, including the globus pallidus, the entopeduncular and subthalamic nuclei, and branched only sparsely in the striatum. This heterogeneous organization of the nigrostriatal projection allows single SNc neurons to influence differently striatal neurons and to act directly upon extrastriatal components of the basal ganglia via a highly patterned set of collaterals.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01573-5}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, 2601, Chemin de la Canardière, Local F-6500, Beauport, Quebec, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Corpus Striatum, cytology/ultrastructure; Dextrans; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Globus Pallidus, ultrastructure; Male; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra, cytology/ultrastructure; Thalamic Nuclei, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(99)01573-5}, pmid = {10407122}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gayer:1988, author = {N. S. Gayer and R. L. Faull}, title = {Connections of the paraflocculus of the cerebellum with the superior colliculus in the rat brain.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {449}, number = {1-2}, pages = {253--270}, month = {May}, abstract = {The interconnections between the paraflocculus of the cerebellum and the superior colliculus (SC) of the adult male Wistar albino rat were traced utilising the retrograde and anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheatgerm agglutinin (WGA-HRP). The study comprises three series of experiments. In the first series designed to trace the connections between the paraflocculus and the pre- and deep cerebellar nuclei, microiontophoretic injections of WGA-HRP filled either the entire paraflocculus or one of its subdivisions (ventral or dorsal paraflocculus). The results showed that, the ventral and dorsal paraflocculus receive afferents from distinct and separate regions of pontine nuclei, nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (Rtp) and the inferior olive. The efferents from the ventral and dorsal parafloccular subdivisions project to circumscribed regions of the lateral and posterior interpositus cerebellar nuclei. In the second series of experiments, unilateral iontophoretic WGA-HRP injections were placed at varying depths, through the rostrocaudal extent of SC and the tectal connections with the brainstem, and deep cerebellar nuclei were traced. The SC projects to well circumscribed regions of the pontine nuclei. Rtp and the inferior olive and receives afferents from the lateral and posterior interpositus cerebellar nuclei. In the third series of experiments involving combined injections of WGA-HRP into SC and the ventral paraflocculus, the collicular and ventral parafloccular connections were traced. The ventral paraflocculus receives afferents from regions of pons and Rtp which in turn receive inputs from the SC and projects to the lateral and posterior interpositus cerebellar nuclei which in turn give rise to efferents to the SC. These findings demonstrate that the ventral paraflocculus is linked to the contralateral superior colliculus via (i) a crossed afferent tecto-ponto/Rtp-parafloccular pathway, and (ii) a crossed efferent paraflocculo-nucleo-tectal pathway.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(88)91042-6}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Sydney, N.S.W., Australia.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(88)91042-6}, pmid = {2456127}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gaykema:2007, author = {Ronald P A Gaykema and Chiao-Chi Chen and Lisa E Goehler}, title = {Organization of immune-responsive medullary projections to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central amygdala, and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: evidence for parallel viscerosensory pathways in the rat brain.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2007}, volume = {1130}, number = {1}, pages = {130--145}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Immune-responsive neurons in the brainstem, primarily in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and ventrolateral medulla (VLM), contribute to a significant drive on forebrain nuclei responsible for brain-mediated host defense responses. The current study investigated the relative contribution of brainstem-derived ascending pathways to forebrain immune-responsive nuclei in the rat by means of retrograde tract tracing and c-Fos immunohistochemistry. Fluorogold was iontophoresed into the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BST), central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA), paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and the pontine lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBL; an important component of ascending viscerosensensory pathways) followed 2 weeks later by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.1 mg/kg) or saline. The NTS and VLM provide immune-responsive input to all four regions, via direct, predominantly catecholaminergic, projections to the PVN, the lateral BST, and the CEA, and mostly non-catecholaminergic projections to the PBL. The PBL provides a major LPS-activated input to the BST and CEA. The pattern of LPS-activated catecholaminergic projections from the VLM and NTS to the forebrain is characterized by a strong predominance of VLM input to the PVN, whereas the NTS provides a greater contribution to the BST. These findings indicate that direct and indirect pathways originate in the caudal brainstem that propagate immune-related information from the periphery with multiple levels of processing en route to the forebrain nuclei, which may allow for integration of brain responses to infection.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2006.10.084}, institution = {Program in Sensory and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 400400, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400, USA.}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology/immunology/metabolism; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Lipopolysaccharides, immunology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/immunology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/immunology/metabolism; Neuroimmunomodulation, immunology/physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/immunology/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septal Nuclei, cytology/immunology/metabolism; Visceral Afferents, cytology/immunology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(06)03025-3}, pmid = {17169348}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.10.084}, } @Article{Gaykema:2008, author = {Gaykema, R P A. and Park, S. M. and McKibbin, C. R. and Goehler, L. E.}, title = {Lipopolysaccharide suppresses activation of the tuberomammillary histaminergic system concomitant with behavior: a novel target of immune-sensory pathways.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2008}, volume = {152}, number = {1}, pages = {273--287}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Infection and inflammation strongly inhibit a variety of behaviors, including exploration, social interaction, and food intake. The mechanisms that underlie sickness behavior remain elusive, but appear to involve fatigue and a state of hypo-arousal. Because histaminergic neurons in the ventral tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus (VTM) play a crucial role in the mediation of alertness and behavioral arousal, we investigated whether the histaminergic system represents a target for immune activation and, if so, whether modulation by ascending medullary immune-sensitive projections represents a possible mechanism. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with either the pro-inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline, and exposed to one of various behavioral tests that would induce motivated behavior (exploration, play behavior, social interaction, sweetened milk consumption). Upon kill, brains were processed for c-Fos and histidine decarboxylase immunoreactivity. LPS treatment reduced behavioral activity and blocked behavioral test-associated c-Fos induction in histaminergic neurons of the VTM. These effects of LPS were prevented by prior inactivation of the caudal medullary dorsal vagal complex (DVC) with a local anesthetic. To determine whether LPS-responsive brainstem projection neurons might provide a link from the DVC to the VTM, the tracer Fluorogold was iontophoresed into the VTM a week prior to experiment. Retrogradely labeled neurons that expressed c-Fos in response to LPS treatment included catecholaminergic neurons within the nucleus of the solitary tract and ventrolateral medulla. These findings support the hypothesis that the histaminergic system represents an important component in the neurocircuitry relevant for sickness behavior that is linked to ascending pathways originating in the lower brainstem.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.10.042}, institution = {Program in Sensory and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 400400, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400, USA. gaykema@virginia.edu}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism; Animals; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Brain, drug effects/immunology/metabolism; Histamine, metabolism; Histidine Decarboxylase, biosynthesis; Immunohistochemistry; Inflammation, chemically induced/physiopathology; Lipopolysaccharides, toxicity; Male; Neuroimmunomodulation, physiology; Neurons, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(07)01348-6}, pmid = {18082968}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.10.042}, } @Article{Gaykema:1991, author = {R. P. Gaykema and G. Gaál and J. Traber and L. B. Hersh and P. G. Luiten}, title = {The basal forebrain cholinergic system: efferent and afferent connectivity and long-term effects of lesions.}, journal = {Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl}, year = {1991}, volume = {366}, pages = {14--26}, abstract = {The first part of this article deals with several aspects of efferents and afferents of the rat basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFChS) studied with anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). PHA-L tracing of the BFChS efferents revealed topographically differentiated axonal trajectories and patterns of presynaptic endings to the neocortex, mesocortex, olfactory nuclei and hippocampus. Combining this method with second immunolabeling, we identified the muscarinic cholinoceptive neurons in the neocortex and the somatostatinergic neurons in the hippocampus as being directly innervated by the magnocellular basal nucleus and the medial septum, respectively. The prefrontal cortex was identified as a source of afferent input to the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. This projection also exhibits a topographic organization, which shows a reciprocal relationship with the BFChS efferents to the cortex. The second part of this article describes the anatomical changes of cortical cholinergic and some other neurotransmitter systems after long-term cholinergic denervation in the aged rat cortex. The spared cholinergic projection in the largely denervated areas shows abundant malformations, which are similar in appearance to the anatomical alterations of the surviving cholinergic fibers in dementia of the Alzheimer type (AD). Hypertrophic changes also occur in the serotonergic system. The neuropeptide-Y- and somatostatin-containing cortical systems respond with an increment of their axonal densities, in contrast to the decline of these peptides in AD. Although transsynaptic effects are mediated by long-term cholinergic lesions, they do not support the hypothesis that the cholinergic deficiency is a primary event in the pathophysiology of AD.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb03105.x}, institution = {Department of Animal Physiology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Aging, physiology; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Cholinergic Fibers, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Frontal Lobe, physiology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Degeneration, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Neuropeptide Y, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, Cholinergic, ultrastructure; Receptors, Muscarinic, ultrastructure; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology; Serotonin, physiology; Somatostatin, physiology; Synapses, ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1680268}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gaykema:1991b, author = {R. P. Gaykema and J. van der Kuil and L. B. Hersh and P. G. Luiten}, title = {Patterns of direct projections from the hippocampus to the medial septum-diagonal band complex: anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin combined with immunohistochemistry of choline acetyltransferase.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1991}, volume = {43}, number = {2-3}, pages = {349--360}, abstract = {The projections from the Ammon's horn to the cholinergic cell groups in the medial septal and diagonal band nuclei were investigated with anterograde tracing of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin combined with immunocytochemical detection of choline acetyltransferase, in the rat. Tracer injections were placed into various fields of the septal and temporal parts of the Ammon's horn (CA1-3). These injections revealed differential distributions of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin-labeled projections in both the lateral septal area and the medial septum-diagonal band complex. In addition to the labeling of dense axonal networks in the lateral septal area, significant numbers of arborizing fibers were labeled in the medial septal and diagonal band nuclei, in particular after tracer injections into the fields CA2-3. The distributions of the projections to the medial septum-diagonal band complex arising from the septal portion of fields CA1 and CA2-3 are similar. In contrast, the septal part and temporal portion of field CA3 project in a topographically differentiated manner to the medial septum and nuclei of the diagonal band. The septal pole of the Ammon's horn innervates the dorsal and medial parts of the medial septal nucleus and the anterior and dorsal parts of the vertical limb of the diagonal band. Axons of the temporal pole of the hippocampus reach the lateral and ventral parts of the medial septum and the intermediate, caudal and ventral parts of the vertical limb of the diagonal band. These results demonstrate direct feedback projections of the Ammon's horn to the medial septum-diagonal band complex, which show a topographic organization mainly as a function of the septotemporal level of the hippocampus. Within the medial septal and diagonal band nuclei, the labeled varicosities are formed in close proximity to the cell bodies and dendrites of the cholinergic neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(91)90299-4}, institution = {Department of Animal Physiology, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Frontal Lobe, physiology; Hippocampus, enzymology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, enzymology/physiology; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septum Pellucidum, physiology; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0306-4522(91)90299-4}, pmid = {1656317}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gaykema:1990, author = {Gaykema, R. P. and Luiten, P. G. and Nyakas, C. and Traber, J.}, title = {Cortical projection patterns of the medial septum-diagonal band complex.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {293}, number = {1}, pages = {103--124}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {A detailed analysis of the cortical projections of the medial septum-diagonal band (MS/DB) complex was carried out by means of anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). The tracer was injected iontophoretically into cell groups of the medial septum (MS) and the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca (VDB and HDB), and sections were processed immunohistochemically for the intra-axonally transported PHA-L. The labeled efferents showed remarkable differences in regional distribution in the cortical mantle dependent on the position of the injection site in the MS/DB complex, revealing a topographic organization of the MS/DB-cortical projection. In brief, the lateral and intermediate aspects of the HDB, also referred to as the magnocellular preoptic area, predominantly project to the olfactory nuclei and the lateral entorhinal cortex. The medial part of the HDB and adjacent caudal (angular) part of the VDB are characterized by widespread, abundant projections to medial mesolimbic, occipital, and lateral entorhinal cortices, olfactory bulb, and dorsal aspects of the subicular and hippocampal areas. Projections from the rostromedial part of the VDB and from the MS are preponderantly aimed at the entire hippocampal and retrohippocampal regions and to a lesser degree at the medial mesolimbic cortex. Furthermore, the MS projections are subject to a clear mediolateral topographic arrangement, such that the lateral MS predominantly projects to the ventral/temporal aspects of the subicular complex and hippocampus and to the medial portion of the entorhinal cortex, whereas more medially located cells in the MS innervate more septal/dorsal parts of the hippocampal and subicular areas and more lateral parts of the entorhinal cortex. PHA-L filled axons have been observed to course through a number of pathways, i.e., the fimbria-fornix system, supracallosal stria, olfactory peduncle, and lateral piriform route (the latter two mainly by the HDB and caudal VDB). Generally, labeled projections were distributed throughout all cortical layers, although clear patterns of lamination were present in several target areas. The richly branching fibers were abundantly provided with both "boutons en passant" and terminal boutons. Both distribution and morphology of the labeled basal forebrain efferents in the prefrontal, cingulate, and occipital cortices closely resemble the distribution and morphology of the cholinergic innervation as revealed by immunohistochemical demonstration of choline acetyltransferase. In contrast, the labeled projections to the olfactory, hippocampal, subicular, and entorhinal areas showed a heterogeneous morphology. Here, the distribution of only the thin varicose projections resembled the distribution of cholinergic fibers.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902930109}, institution = {Department of Animal Physiology, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain, cytology; Frontal Lobe, cytology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2312788}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902930109}, } @Article{Gaykema:1991c, author = {R. P. Gaykema and R. van Weeghel and L. B. Hersh and P. G. Luiten}, title = {Prefrontal cortical projections to the cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {303}, number = {4}, pages = {563--583}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The prefrontal cortex (PFC) projections to the basal forebrain cholinergic cell groups in the medial septum (MS), vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca (VDB and HDB), and the magnocellular basal nucleus (MBN) in the rat were investigated by anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin (PHA-L) combined with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunocytochemistry. The experiments revealed rich PHA-L-labeled projections to discrete parts of the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFChS) essentially originating from all prefrontal areas investigated. The PFC afferents to the BFChS display a topographic organization, such that medial prefrontal areas project to the MS, VDB, and the medial part of the HDB, whereas the orbital and agranular insular areas predominantly innervate the HDB and MBN, respectively. Since the recurrent BFChS projection to the prefrontal cortex is arranged according to a similar topography, the relationship between the BFChS and the prefrontal cortex is characterized by reciprocal connections. Furthermore, tracer injections in the PFC resulted in anterograde labeling of numerous "en passant" and terminal boutons apposing perikarya and proximal dendrites of neurons in the basal forebrain, which were stained for the cholinergic marker enzymes. These results indicate that prefrontal cortical afferents make direct synaptic contacts upon the cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, although further analysis at the electron microscopic level will be needed to provide conclusive evidence.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903030405}, institution = {Department of Animal Physiology, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, physiology; Acetylcholinesterase, analysis; Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Feedback; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, chemistry; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Terminology as Topic}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2013647}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903030405}, } @Article{Gaykema:1996, author = {R. P. Gaykema and L. Zaborszky}, title = {Direct catecholaminergic-cholinergic interactions in the basal forebrain. II. Substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area projections to cholinergic neurons.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1996}, volume = {374}, number = {4}, pages = {555--577}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Previous observations indicate that the basal forebrain receives dopaminergic input from the ventral midbrain. The present study aimed at determining the topographic organization of these projections in the rat, and whether this input directly terminates on cholinergic neurons. Injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into discrete parts of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) labeled axons and terminals in distinct parts of the basal forebrain, including medial and lateral septum, diagnoal band nuclei, ventral pallidum, globus pallidus, substantia innominata, globus pallidus, and internal capsule, where PHA-L-labeled terminals abutted cholinergic (choline acetyltransferase = ChAT-containing) profiles. Three-dimensional (3-D) computerized reconstruction of immunostained sections clearly revealed distinct, albeit overlapping, subpopulations of ChAT-immunoreactive neurons apposed by PHA-L-labeled input from medial VTA (mainly in vertical and horizontal diagonal band nuclei), lateral VTA and medial SNC (ventral pallidum and anterior half of substantia innominata), and lateral SNC (caudal half of the substantia innominata and globus pallidus). At the ultrastructural level, about 40\% of the selected PHA-L-labeled presynaptic terminals in the ventral pallidum and substantia innominata were found to establish synaptic specializations with ChAT-containing profiles, most of which on the cell body and proximal dendritic shafts. Convergent synaptic input of unlabeled terminals that formed asymmetric synapses with the ChAT-immunoreactive profiles were often found in close proximity to the PHA-L-labeled terminals. These observations show that the cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain are targets of presumably dopaminergic SNC/VTA neurons, and suggest a direct modulatory role of dopamine in acetylcholine release in the cerebral cortical mantle.}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-0}, institution = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Pathways, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Catecholamines, physiology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, enzymology/physiology/ultrastructure; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Prosencephalon, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-0}, pmid = {8910735}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-0}, } @Article{Gaykema:1997, author = {Gaykema, R. P. and Zaborszky, L.}, title = {Parvalbumin-containing neurons in the basal forebrain receive direct input from the substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1997}, volume = {747}, number = {1}, pages = {173--179}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {By means of anterograde tracing of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) it was determined if parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the basal forebrain receive a direct synaptic input from the A9-A10 dopaminergic nuclei of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Forebrain sections were processed for immunocytochemical detection of PHA-L and parvalbumin (PV) at light and electron microscopic levels. At the ultrastructural level, PHA-L-labeled terminals were found to establish synaptic contacts with PV-immunoreactive neuronal somata in the ventromedial globus pallidus, the ventral pallidum, the internal capsule, and the substantia innominata. PV-containing neurons in pallidal and adjacent basal forebrain territories are thus directly targeted by presumably A9-A10 dopaminergic neurons and represent a novel aspect of midbrain dopaminergic control of basal forebrain neuronal activity.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01309-1}, institution = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Ratgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; Parvalbumins, metabolism/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Prosencephalon, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(96)01309-1}, pmid = {9042545}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gaytan:1997, author = {S. P. Gaytán and F. Calero and P. A. Núñez-Abades and A. M. Morillo and R. Pásaro}, title = {Pontomedullary efferent projections of the ventral respiratory neuronal subsets of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1997}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {323--334}, abstract = {The pontomedullary trajectories of projections efferent from the ventral respiratory cell group were anterogradely labelled after discrete injections of Fluoro Ruby into three morphophysiologically identified subdivisions (Bötzinger complex, rostral inspiratory, and caudal expiratory cell groups). The anterogradely labelled varicosities were located in a variety of areas involved in cardiorespiratory function: other subdivisions of the ventral respiratory cell group, the parabrachial (medial, central, and external lateral), Kölliker-Fuse, and lateral paragigantocellular nuclei, A5, and perifacial areas. Although the target areas were similar for the three studied subdivisions, some differences of the location and densities of labelled varicosities were found. Anterogradely labelled fibre bundles were found bilaterally after all of the tracer injections. Three caudally efferent bundles passed through the ventral respiratory cell group, dorsal medullary, and paramedian reticular nuclei. A labelled fibre bundle also took an ascending route through the ventral respiratory cell group: it surrounded the facial nucleus, and then followed two different pathways, one coursing towards forebrain areas and the other to the parabrachial and Kölliker-Fuse complex. Bundles of efferent axons decussated mainly at medullary levels and to a lesser extent in the pons. In the contralateral medulla and pons these labelled fibre bundles followed pathways similar to those observed ipsilaterally. The three ventral respiratory neuronal subsets sent axonal projections through similar tracts, but within them they were topographically organized. The present data are discussed with respect to the circuitry involved in the mechanisms of cardiorespiratory and other visceral functions.}, doi = {10.1016/s0361-9230(96)00292-4}, institution = {Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, University of Sevilla, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Dextrans; Electrophysiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neurons, Efferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Pons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiration, physiology; Rhodamines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0361923096002924}, pmid = {9043719}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gaytan:1998, author = {S. P. Gaytán and R. Pásaro}, title = {Connections of the rostral ventral respiratory neuronal cell group: an anterograde and retrograde tracing study in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1998}, volume = {47}, number = {6}, pages = {625--642}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The connections of the rostral ventral respiratory cell group (VRG) were retrogradely and anterogradely determined after discrete injections of a mixture of the fluorescent tracers Fast Blue (FB) and Fluoro Ruby (FR) into the physiologically identified rostral inspiratory cell group. Retrogradely FB-labeled neurons and/or anterogradely FR-labeled fibers and terminal fields were located bilaterally in a variety of brain areas. Both retrograde and anterograde labelings were mainly found in: 1) the deep cerebellar nuclei; 2) the lateral lemniscus and paralemniscal nuclei, deep gray, and white intermediate layers of the superior colliculus, tegmental (laterodorsal and microcellular) nuclei, and central gray; and 3) the septohypothalamic nucleus, and lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas. The FR-labeled terminal-like elements were found in: 1) Crus 2 of the ansiform lobule, and the simple, 2, and 3 cerebellar lobules; 2) the subcoeruleus, deep mesencephalic, and Edinger-Westphal nuclei; and 3) the premammillary, lateral, and medial mammillary nuclei, retrochiasmatic part of the supraoptic nucleus, and the zona incerta. The FB-labeled neurons were found in: 1) the parapedunculopontine tegmental and cuneiform nuclei, caudal linear nucleus of the raphe, and adjacent area of the cerebral peduncle; 2) the thalamic posterior nuclear group and subparafascicular, parafascicular, and gelatinosus thalamic nuclei; 3) the parastrial amygdaloid and subthalamic nuclei; and 4) the olfactory tubercle, granular, and agranular insular cortex, parietal and lateral orbital cortices. The connections of the rostral VRG with several cerebellar, midbrain, diencephalic, and telencephalic regions could provide an anatomical substrate for a role of these regions in the control of respiratory-related functions.}, doi = {10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00125-7}, institution = {Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, University of Sevilla, Spain.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Cerebellar Nuclei, cytology; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Dextrans; Diaphragm, innervation/physiology; Electromyography; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Neural Pathways; Neurons, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiration; Rhodamines; Thalamus, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0361-9230(98)00125-7}, pmid = {10078619}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ge:2013, author = {Ge, Shun-Nan and Li, Zhi-Hong and Tang, Jun and Ma, Yunfei and Hioki, Hiroyuki and Zhang, Ting and Lu, Ya-Cheng and Zhang, Fu-Xing and Mizuno, Noboru and Kaneko, Takeshi and Liu, Ying-Ying and Lung, Mandy Siu Yu and Gao, Guo-Dong and Li, Jin-Lian}, title = {Differential expression of VGLUT1 or VGLUT2 in the trigeminothalamic or trigeminocerebellar projection neurons in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Struct Funct}, year = {2013}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The vesicular glutamate transporters, VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, reportedly display complementary distribution in the rat brain. However, co-expression of them in single neurons has been reported in some brain areas. We previously found co-expression of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 mRNAs in a number of single neurons in the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (Vp) of the adult rat; the majority of these neurons sent their axons to the thalamic regions around the posteromedial ventral nucleus (VPM) and the posterior nuclei (Po). It is well known that trigeminothalamic (T-T) projection fibers arise not only from the Vp but also from the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Vsp), and that trigeminocerebellar (T-C) projection fibers take their origins from both of the Vp and Vsp. Thus, in the present study, we examined the expression of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in Vp and Vsp neurons that sent their axons to the VPM/Po regions or the cortical regions of the cerebellum. For this purpose, we combined fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) histochemistry with retrograde tract-tracing; immunofluorescence histochemistry was also combined with anterograde tract-tracing. The results indicate that glutamatergic Vsp neurons sending their axons to the cerebellar cortical regions mainly express VGLUT1, whereas glutamatergic Vsp neurons sending their axons to the thalamic regions express VGLUT2. The present data, in combination with those of our previous study, indicate that glutamatergic Vp neurons projecting to the cerebellar cortical regions express mainly VGLUT1, whereas the majority of glutamatergic Vp neurons projecting to the thalamus co-express VGLUT1 and VGLUT2.}, doi = {10.1007/s00429-012-0495-1}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {aheadofprint}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {23380804}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-012-0495-1}, } @Article{Ge:2010, author = {Shun-Nan Ge and Yun-Fei Ma and Hiroyuki Hioki and Yan-Yan Wei and Takeshi Kaneko and Noboru Mizuno and Guo-Dong Gao and Jin-Lian Li}, title = {Coexpression of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in trigeminothalamic projection neurons in the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2010}, volume = {518}, number = {15}, pages = {3149--3168}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 have been reported to show complementary distributions in most brain regions and have been assumed to define distinct functional elements. In the present study, we first investigated the expression of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex of the rat by dual-fluorescence in situ hybridization. Although VGLUT1 and/or VGLUT2 mRNA signals were detected in all the nuclei, colocalization was found only in the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (Vp). About 64\% of glutamatergic Vp neurons coexpressed VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, and the others expressed either VGLUT1 or VGLUT2, indicating that Vp neurons might be divided into three groups. We then injected retrograde tracer into the thalamic regions, including the posteromedial ventral nucleus (VPM) and posterior nuclei (Po), and observed that the majority of both VGLUT1- and VGLUT2-expressing Vp neurons were retrogradely labeled with the tracer. We further performed anterograde labeling of Vp neurons and observed immunoreactivies for anterograde tracer, VGLUT1, and VGLUT2 in the VPM and Po. Most anterogradely labeled axon terminals showed immunoreactivities for both VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in the VPM and made asymmetric synapses with dendritic profiles of VPM neurons. On the other hand, in the Po, only a few axon terminals were labeled with anterograde tracer, and they were positive only for VGLUT2. The results indicated that Vp neurons expressing VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 project to the VPM, but not to the Po, although the functional differences of three distinct populations of Vp neurons, VGLUT1-, VGLUT2-, and VGLUT1/VGLUT2-expressing ones, remain unsettled.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.22389}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Count; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Flow Cytometry; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nerve Net, chemistry/metabolism; Posterior Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism; RNA Probes; RNA, Messenger, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Thalamus, cytology/metabolism; Trigeminal Nerve, cytology/metabolism; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, chemistry/metabolism; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1, biosynthesis; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, biosynthesis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {20533365}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22389}, } @Article{Ge:2001, author = {X. Ge and Z. Yang and L. Duan and Z. Rao}, title = {Evidence for involvement of the neural pathway containing the peripheral vagus nerve, medullary visceral zone and central amygdaloid nucleus in neuroimmunomodulation.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2001}, volume = {914}, number = {1-2}, pages = {149--158}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {It is now evident that a bidirectional communication network exists between the central nervous system (CNS) and immune system (IS). However, the way in which the IS passes inform to the brain is not quite clear.In the present study, one of the neural pathways involved in the cytokine-to-brain communication was investigated in the rat. This pathway starts at the vagal nerve projecting to the medullary visceral zone (MVZ), an arc-shape band from the dorsomedial to ventrolateral area in the middle-caudal segment of the medulla oblongata, and terminates at the central amygdaloid nucleus (Ce) which receives projections from large catecholaminergic neurons in the MVZ. Animals were randomly divided into two experimental groups. Triple-labeling was used in Group I animals to combine wheat germ aggulutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) retrograde tracing with anti-Fos and anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining. WGA-RP was stereotaxically injected into the unilateral Ce of the animals and, after a survival period of 48 h, intraperitoneal (IP) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was performed. Seven kinds of labeled neurons were observed in the MVZ, namely, HRP-, Fos- or TH-singly-labeled neurons; Fos/HRP-, Fos/TH- or HRP/TH-doubly-labeled neurons; and Fos/HRP/TH-triply-labeled neurons. As for Group II animals, bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy (SDV) or sham operation was performed, followed 4 weeks later by IP injection of LPS. The number of Fos-positive neurons within the Ce and MVZ was significantly lower (P<0.01) in rats having SDV when compared with those receiving sham operation. Our results suggest that part of the peripheral immune information can be conveyed through the vagus to the catecholaminergic neurons in the MVZ, where it is transported to the Ce. The MVZ is a neural relay station in the immune-to-brain communication and might play a significant role in neuroimmuno-modulation via the vagus-MVZ-Ce pathway.}, institution = {Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology/immunology/metabolism; Animals; Catecholamines, immunology/metabolism; Cell Count; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II, drug effects; Immunohistochemistry; Lipopolysaccharides, immunology/pharmacology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/immunology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/immunology/metabolism; Neuroimmunomodulation, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, cytology/immunology/metabolism; Peritoneum, drug effects/immunology/innervation; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, cytology/immunology/metabolism; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism; Vagotomy; Vagus Nerve, cytology/immunology/metabolism; Visceral Afferents, cytology/immunology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006899301027895}, pmid = {11578607}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02789-5}, } @Article{Geerling:2006, author = {Joel C Geerling and Arthur D Loewy}, title = {Aldosterone-sensitive neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract: bidirectional connections with the central nucleus of the amygdala.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2006}, volume = {497}, number = {4}, pages = {646--657}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The HSD2 (11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2-expressing) neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) of the rat are aldosterone-sensitive and have been implicated in sodium appetite. The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) has been shown to modulate salt intake in response to aldosterone, so we investigated the connections between these two sites. A prior retrograde tracing study revealed only a minor projection from the HSD2 neurons directly to the CeA, but these experiments suggested that a more substantial projection may be relayed through the parabrachial nucleus. Small injections of cholera toxin beta subunit (CTb) into the external lateral parabrachial subnucleus (PBel) produced both retrograde cell body labeling in the HSD2 neurons and anterograde axonal labeling in the lateral subdivision of the CeA. Also, injections of either CTb or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the medial subdivision of the CeA labeled a descending projection from the amygdala to the medial NTS. Axons from the medial CeA formed numerous varicosities and terminals enveloping the HSD2 neurons. Complementary CTb injections, centered in the HSD2 subregion of the NTS, retrogradely labeled neurons in the medial CeA. These bidirectional projections could form a functional circuit between the HSD2 neurons and the CeA. The HSD2 neurons may represent one of the functional inputs to the lateral CeA, and their activity may be modulated by a return projection from the medial CeA. This circuit could provide a neuroanatomical basis for the modulation of salt intake by the CeA.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21019}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.}, keywords = {11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2, metabolism; Aldosterone, metabolism; Amygdala, cytology/metabolism; Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Axons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium, Dietary, metabolism; Sodium, metabolism; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Water-Electrolyte Balance, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16739197}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21019}, } @Article{Geerling:2006b, author = {Joel C Geerling and Arthur D Loewy}, title = {Aldosterone-sensitive neurons in the nucleus of the solitary: efferent projections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2006}, volume = {498}, number = {3}, pages = {223--250}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) contains a subpopulation of neurons that express the enzyme 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2), which makes them uniquely sensitive to aldosterone. These neurons may drive sodium appetite, which is enhanced by aldosterone. Anterograde and retrograde neural tracing techniques were used to reveal the efferent projections of the HSD2 neurons in the rat. First, the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin was used to label axonal projections from the medial NTS. Then, NTS-innervated brain regions were injected with a retrograde tracer, cholera toxin beta subunit, to determine which sites are innervated by the HSD2 neurons. The HSD2 neurons project mainly to the ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTvl), the pre-locus coeruleus (pre-LC), and the inner division of the external lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBel). They also send minor axonal projections to the midbrain ventral tegmental area, lateral and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, central nucleus of the amygdala, and periaqueductal gray matter. The HSD2 neurons do not innervate the ventrolateral medulla, a key brainstem autonomic site. Additionally, our tracing experiments confirmed that the BSTvl receives direct axonal projections from the neighboring A2 noradrenergic neurons in the NTS, and from the same pontine sites that receive major inputs from the HSD2 neurons (PBel and pre-LC). The efferent projections of the HSD2 neurons may provide new insights into the brain circuitry responsible for sodium appetite.}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.}, keywords = {11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2, metabolism; Aldosterone, metabolism; Animals; Cholera Toxin; Efferent Pathways, cytology/enzymology; Female; Locus Coeruleus, cytology/metabolism; Male; Neurons, cytology/enzymology; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septal Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Sodium, Dietary, metabolism; Sodium, metabolism; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/enzymology; Water-Electrolyte Balance, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16933386}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Geerling:2003, author = {Geerling, J. C. and Mettenleiter, T. C. and Loewy, A. D.}, title = {Orexin neurons project to diverse sympathetic outflow systems.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2003}, volume = {122}, number = {2}, pages = {541--550}, abstract = {The viral transneuronal labeling method was used to demonstrate that orexin-containing neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) are linked via multisynaptic connections to different sympathetic outflow systems. Two different types of transneuronal tracing experiments were performed: single- and double-virus studies. In the first series of experiments, Bartha pseudorabies virus (PRV), a retrograde transneuronal tracer, was injected into single sympathetic targets, viz., stellate ganglion, adrenal gland, celiac ganglion, and kidney. Six to 7 days post-injection, orexin (hypocretin) neurons were transneuronally labeled. In a second set of experiments, the double-virus tracing method was used to determine whether single orexin LHA neurons are linked to two different sympathetic outflow systems. Two isogenic forms of Bartha PRV were used that differed by a single gene. beta-Galactosidase Bartha PRV was injected into the stellate ganglion and green fluorescent protein Bartha PRV into the adrenal gland of the same rat. The reverse placement of viral injections was made in another set of rats. In both paradigms, some orexin LHA neurons were transneuronally labeled with both viruses, indicating that they are capable of modulating multiple sympathetic outflow systems. These findings raise the possibility that orexin LHA neurons regulate general sympathetic functions, such as those that occur during arousal or the fight-or-flight response.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.07.008}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Box 8108, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.}, keywords = {Adrenergic Fibers, chemistry/physiology; Animals; Carrier Proteins, analysis/physiology; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, chemistry/physiology; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Male; Neural Pathways, chemistry/physiology; Neurons, chemistry/physiology; Neuropeptides, analysis/physiology; Neurotransmitter Agents, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452203006146}, pmid = {14614918}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Geerling:2010, author = {Joel C Geerling and Jung-Won Shin and Peter C Chimenti and Arthur D Loewy}, title = {Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus: axonal projections to the brainstem.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2010}, volume = {518}, number = {9}, pages = {1460--1499}, month = {May}, abstract = {The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) contains many neurons that innervate the brainstem, but information regarding their target sites remains incomplete. Here we labeled neurons in the rat PVH with an anterograde axonal tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL), and studied their descending projections in reference to specific neuronal subpopulations throughout the brainstem. While many of their target sites were identified previously, numerous new observations were made. Major findings include: 1) In the midbrain, the PVH projects lightly to the ventral tegmental area, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, and dorsal raphe nucleus. 2) In the dorsal pons, the PVH projects heavily to the pre-locus coeruleus, yet very little to the catecholamine neurons in the locus coeruleus, and selectively targets the viscerosensory subregions of the parabrachial nucleus. 3) In the ventral medulla, the superior salivatory nucleus, retrotrapezoid nucleus, compact and external formations of the nucleus ambiguous, A1 and caudal C1 catecholamine neurons, and caudal pressor area receive dense axonal projections, generally exceeding the PVH projection to the rostral C1 region. 4) The medial nucleus of the solitary tract (including A2 noradrenergic and aldosterone-sensitive neurons) receives the most extensive projections of the PVH, substantially more than the dorsal vagal nucleus or area postrema. Our findings suggest that the PVH may modulate a range of homeostatic functions, including cerebral and ocular blood flow, corneal and nasal hydration, ingestive behavior, sodium intake, and glucose metabolism, as well as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory activities.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.22283}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Catecholamines, metabolism; Female; Histocytochemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {20187136}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22283}, } @Article{Geisler:2007, author = {Stefanie Geisler and Christian Derst and Rüdiger W Veh and Daniel S Zahm}, title = {Glutamatergic afferents of the ventral tegmental area in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2007}, volume = {27}, number = {21}, pages = {5730--5743}, month = {May}, abstract = {Glutamatergic inputs to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), thought crucial to the capacity of the VTA to detect and signal stimulus salience, have been reported to arise in but a few structures. However, the afferent system of the VTA comprises very abundant neurons within a large formation extending from the prefrontal cortex to the caudal brainstem. Neurons in nearly all parts of this continuum may be glutamatergic and equivalently important to VTA function. Thus, we sought to identify the full range of glutamatergic inputs to the VTA by combining retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-bound gold after injections into the VTA with nonisotopic in situ hybridization of the vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) 1, 2, and 3. We found glutamatergic neurons innervating the VTA in almost all structures projecting there and that a majority of these are subcortical and VGLUT2 mRNA positive. The tremendous convergence of glutamatergic afferents from many brain areas in the VTA suggests that (1) the function of the VTA requires integration of manifold and diverse bits of information and (2) the activity of the VTA reflects the ongoing activities of various combinations of its afferents.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0012-07.2007}, institution = {Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA. GeislerS@mail.nih.gov}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, chemistry/physiology; Animals; Brain Stem, chemistry/physiology; Male; Prefrontal Cortex, chemistry/physiology; RNA, Messenger, analysis/biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Ventral Tegmental Area, chemistry/physiology; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins, analysis/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {27/21/5730}, pmid = {17522317}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0012-07.2007}, } @Article{Geisler:2008, author = {Geisler, Stefanie and Marinelli, Michela and Degarmo, Beth and Becker, Mary L. and Freiman, Alexander J. and Beales, Mitch and Meredith, Gloria E. and Zahm, Daniel S.}, title = {Prominent activation of brainstem and pallidal afferents of the ventral tegmental area by cocaine.}, journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology}, year = {2008}, volume = {33}, number = {11}, pages = {2688--2700}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Blockade of monoamine transporters by cocaine should not necessarily lead to certain observed consequences of cocaine administration, including increased firing of ventral mesencephalic dopamine (DA) neurons and accompanying impulse-stimulated release of DA in the forebrain and cortex. Accordingly, we hypothesize that the dopaminergic-activating effect of cocaine requires stimulation of the dopaminergic neurons by afferents of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We sought to determine if afferents of the VTA are activated following cocaine administration. Rats were injected in the VTA with retrogradely transported Fluoro-Gold and, after 1 week, were allowed to self-administer cocaine or saline via jugular catheters for 2 h on 6 consecutive days. Other rats received a similar amount of investigator-administered cocaine through jugular catheters. Afterward, the rats were killed and the brains processed immunohistochemically for retrogradely transported tracer and Fos, the protein product of the neuronal activation-associated immediate early gene, c-fos. Forebrain neurons exhibiting both Fos and tracer immunoreactivity were enriched in both cocaine groups relative to the controls only in the globus pallidus and ventral pallidum, which, together, represented a minor part of total forebrain retrogradely labeled neurons. In contrast, both modes of cocaine administration strongly increased double-labeling relative to the controls in the brainstem, specifically in the caudal ventromedial mesencephalon and rostromedial pontine tegmentum. It is concluded that a previously unappreciated activation of pallidal and brainstem afferents may contribute to the modulation of dopaminergic neuronal activity following cocaine administration.}, doi = {10.1038/sj.npp.1301650}, institution = {Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA. zahmds@slu.edu}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, drug effects/metabolism; Animals; Brain Stem, drug effects/metabolism; Cocaine, administration /&/ dosage; Globus Pallidus, drug effects/metabolism; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Self Administration; Ventral Tegmental Area, drug effects/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {1301650}, pmid = {18094667}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301650}, } @Article{Geisler:2005, author = {Stefanie Geisler and Daniel S Zahm}, title = {Afferents of the ventral tegmental area in the rat-anatomical substratum for integrative functions.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2005}, volume = {490}, number = {3}, pages = {270--294}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is critically important to an organism's capacity to detect rewards and novelty and to enlist appropriate behavioral responses. Although there has been substantial progress concerning information processing at the single cell and molecular levels in the VTA, our knowledge of its overall afferent connections is based principally on the benchmark description by Phillipson ([1979] J. Comp. Neurol. 187:117-144). Given that, since then, the sensitivity of tracing methods and knowledge about the organization of brain structures have increased considerably, we undertook to reevaluate the VTA afferents of the rat. The retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold was injected into different parts of the VTA, and labeled neurons were visualized by immunocytochemistry. Retrogradely labeled neurons were not confined to nuclei but rather constituted an elongated formation stretching from the prefrontal cortex rostrally to the medulla oblongata caudally. In the case of descending afferents, this formation was centered on the medial forebrain bundle and the fasciculus retroflexus. The input to the VTA in general was bilateral, with a smaller descending and comparable ascending projection from the contralateral side. Injections of the anterograde tracers Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin or biotinylated dextran amine into selected forebrain structures revealed a surprisingly sparse terminal arborization in the VTA. Furthermore, structures projecting to the VTA innervate other brain areas with similar or greater robustness, which in turn also provide a strong input to the VTA, indicating an anatomical network. Given the importance of the VTA in basic behaviors, this organization might provide a basis for an extraordinary level of afferent integration.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20668}, institution = {Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Brain Mapping; Dextrans, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Prosencephalon, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16082674}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20668}, } @Article{Geisler:2006, author = {Stefanie Geisler and Daniel S Zahm}, title = {Neurotensin afferents of the ventral tegmental area in the rat: [1] re-examination of their origins and [2] responses to acute psychostimulant and antipsychotic drug administration.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2006}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {116--134}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is involved in reward-related behaviours and the actions of psychostimulant drugs. It is influenced by afferents expressing a variety of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators; the innervation containing neurotensin is among the densest of these. Intra-VTA neurotensin activates dopaminergic neurons and plays an important role in the development of behavioural sensitization to psychostimulant drugs and possibly in schizophrenia. Using gold-coupled wheatgerm agglutinin as retrograde tracer in combination with nonisotopic in situ hybridization for neurotensin mRNA or neurotensin antibodies after colchicine treatment, the present study was undertaken to demonstrate the neurotensinergic neurons projecting to the VTA and determine whether (and in which subpopulations) neurotensin expression is regulated in VTA-projecting neurons after administrations of the psychostimulant drug methamphetamine or the antipsychotic haloperidol. This study reveals the lateral preoptico-rostral lateral hypothalamic continuum and the medial preoptic area as main sources for the neurotensin afferents of the VTA. Fewer neurotensinergic, VTA-projecting neurons are situated in the dorsal raphe, pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei, lateral hypothalamic area, ventral endopiriform area, lateral septum, accumbens shell, parabrachial nucleus and different parts of the extended amygdala. The number of neurotensinergic VTA-projecting neurons increased significantly only after methamphetamine administration and exclusively in the accumbens shell. It is concluded that the widespread neurotensinergic VTA-projecting neurons, situated in areas involved in different reward-related behaviours, are well suited to convey distinct reward information to the VTA. The up-regulation of neurotensin expression selectively in VTA-projecting neurons in the accumbens shell following methamphetamine administration may be an important factor in the development of behavioural sensitization.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04928.x}, institution = {Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1411 South Grand Blvd., Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, drug effects/metabolism; Animals; Antipsychotic Agents, pharmacology; Central Nervous System Stimulants, pharmacology; Colchicine, pharmacology; Haloperidol, pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Methamphetamine, pharmacology; Neurotensin, biosynthesis/genetics/metabolism; RNA, Messenger, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Ventral Tegmental Area, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {EJN4928}, pmid = {16882012}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04928.x}, } @Article{Geisler:2006b, author = {Geisler, Stefanie and Zahm, Daniel S.}, title = {On the retention of neurotensin in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) despite destruction of the main neurotensinergic afferents of the VTA--implications for the organization of forebrain projections to the VTA.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2006}, volume = {1087}, number = {1}, pages = {87--104}, month = {May}, abstract = {Neurotensin (NT) modulates ventral tegmental area (VTA) signaling in a manner relevant to psychostimulant drug actions, thus inviting evaluation of psychostimulant effects in conditions of reduced or absent VTA NT. However, in a preliminary study, NT immunoreactivity (-ir) in the VTA was unaffected following destruction of the main concentration of forebrain neurotensinergic VTA afferents in the lateral preoptic-rostral lateral hypothalamic continuum (LPH) and adjacent lateral part of the medial preoptic area (MPOA). This study attempted to determine what measures are necessary to obtain a significant reduction of VTA NT-ir. Large unilateral ibotenic acid lesions were made in several structures containing NTergic, VTA-projecting neurons, including the LPH-MPOA, nucleus accumbens, VTA itself and dorsal raphe. None of these was associated with substantial ipsilateral loss of NT-ir in the VTA, lateral hypothalamus or lateral habenula. Combinations of lesions, such as LPH-MPOA plus VTA and LPH-MPOA plus dorsal raphe, also failed to substantially reduce NT-ir in these structures. Transections of the medial forebrain bundle (mfb) likewise failed to produce a substantial loss of VTA NT-ir measured with immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay. Transections of the mfb were carried out in combination with infusions of retrograde and anterograde axonal tract-tracers, revealing that the routes taken by some forebrain NT-ir VTA afferents circumvent mfb transections. All of these results together are consistent with the hypothesis that the connectional organization of forebrain and brainstem, potentially in combination with limited adaptive synaptogenesis, renders the VTA relatively insensitive to moderate losses of neurotensinergic and, perhaps, other peptidergic afferents.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.108}, institution = {Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Boulevard, MO 63104, USA.}, keywords = {Adrenergic Agents, toxicity; Animals; Efferent Pathways, drug effects/injuries/physiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, toxicity; Functional Laterality; Ibotenic Acid, toxicity; Immunohistochemistry, methods; In Situ Hybridization, methods; Male; Medial Forebrain Bundle, drug effects/injuries/physiology; Neurotensin, genetics/metabolism; Nucleus Accumbens, injuries/physiology; Oxidopamine, toxicity; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Radioimmunoassay, methods; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Time Factors; Ventral Tegmental Area, metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(06)00535-X}, pmid = {16626637}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.108}, } @Article{Gelez:2010, author = {Gelez, Helene and Poirier, Sarah and Facchinetti, Patricia and Allers, Kelly A. and Wayman, Chris and Alexandre, Laurent and Giuliano, François}, title = {Neuroanatomical evidence for a role of central melanocortin-4 receptors and oxytocin in the efferent control of the rodent clitoris and vagina.}, journal = {J Sex Med}, year = {2010}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, pages = {2056--2067}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The clitoris and the vagina are the main peripheral anatomical structures involved in physiological changes related to sexual arousal and orgasm. Their efferent control and, more particularly, the neurochemical phenotype of these descending neuronal pathways remain largely uncharacterized.To examine if brain neurons involved in the efferent control of the clitoris and the vagina possess melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) and/or contain oxytocin (OT).Neurons involved in the efferent control of the vagina and clitoris were identified following visualization of pseudorabies virus (PRV) retrograde tracing. PRV was injected into the vagina and clitoris in adult rats in estrous. On the fifth day postinjection, animals were humanely sacrificed, and brains were removed and sectioned, and processed for PRV visualization. The neurochemical phenotype of PRV-positive neurons was identified using double or triple immunocytochemical labeling against PRV, MC4-R, and OT. Double and triple labeling were quantified using confocal laser scanning microscopy.Neuroanatomical brain distribution, number and percentage of double-labeled PRV/MC4-R and PRV-/OT-positive neurons, and triple PRV-/MC4-R-/OT-labeled neurons.The majority of PRV immunopositive neurons which also expressed immunoreactivity for MC4-R were located in the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus. The majority of PRV positive neurons which were immunoreactive (IR) for OT were located in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), medial preoptic area (MPOA), and lateral hypothalamus. PRV positive neurons were more likely to be IR for MC4-R than for OT. Scattered triple-labeled PRV/MC4-R/OT neurons were detected in the MPOA and the PVN.These data strongly suggest that MC4-R and, to a less extent, OT are involved in the efferent neuronal control of the clitoris and vagina, and consequently facilitate our understanding of how the melanocortinergic pathway regulates female sexual function.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01760.x}, institution = {Pelvipharm Laboratories, Orsay parc, Bâtiment Cèdres, ORSAY, France. h.gelez@pelvipharm.com}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Clitoris, innervation/physiology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Estrus, physiology; Female; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Microscopy, Confocal; Neurons, physiology; Oxytocin, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4, physiology; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology; Vagina, innervation/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {JSM1760}, pmid = {20345736}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01760.x}, } @Article{Gemma:1987, author = {Gemma, M. and Perego, G. B. and Pizzini, G. and Tredici, G.}, title = {Distribution of the cortico-spinal fibres in the cervical and lumbar enlargements of the rat spinal cord.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1987}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, pages = {457--462}, abstract = {We examined the distribution pattern of the corticospinal fibres in cervical and lumbar enlargements of the rat spinal cord with the Fink-Heimer silver impregnation method, after extensive cortical ablation. Corticospinal fibres are bilateral and run in the lateral and anterior funiculi. The distribution at the cervical and lumbar levels does not differ. The main area of termination are: 1) the lateral part of the ventral horn basis; 2) an area surrounding the motoneurons group posteriorly. At the electron microscope we were unable to find degenerating boutons of the corticospinal projections contacting HRP labelled motoneurons retrogradely. This indicates that at both levels few monosynaptic corticospinal fibres or none at all end on the motoneurons. Our study does not support the suggestion of differences in the termination pattern of the corticospinal tract of the rat between cervical and lumbar enlargements made on the basis of electrophysiological studies.}, institution = {Istituto di Anatomia Umana Normale, University of Milan, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Decerebrate State; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Degeneration; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, pathology/ultrastructure; Staining and Labeling; Synapses, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2443561}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Georges:2002, author = {Georges, François and Aston-Jones, Gary}, title = {Activation of ventral tegmental area cells by the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: a novel excitatory amino acid input to midbrain dopamine neurons.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2002}, volume = {22}, number = {12}, pages = {5173--5187}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {We examined the role of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) in the activation of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons evoked by stimulation of the ventromedial and ventrolateral (subcommissural) bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vBNST). Using anesthetized rats and extracellular recording techniques, we found that 84.8\% of ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons were activated synaptically by single-pulse electrical stimulation of the vBNST. In contrast, similar stimulation did not affect the activity of presumed GABA neurons in the VTA. Three characteristic responses were observed in VTA DA neurons: short latency activation (<25 msec; 55.1\% of cells), long latency activation (>65 msec; 56\% of cells), and inhibition (61.8\% of cells, usually followed by long latency excitation). Microinfusion of antagonists of EAA receptors (3 mm kynurenic acid, 100 microm AP-5, or 50 microm CNQX) from a micropipette adjacent to the recording electrode significantly reduced both short and long latency activations evoked in DA neurons by vBNST stimulation. Specific responses were attenuated similarly by AP-5 alone, CNQX alone, or a cocktail of AP-5+CNQX, indicating that joint activation of NMDA plus non-NMDA receptors was required. Stimulation of the vBNST by local microinfusion of glutamate increased the firing and bursting activity of VTA DA neurons. Similar microinfusion of GABA decreased bursting of VTA DA neurons without altering their firing rate. Retrograde and anterograde labeling and antidromic activation of vBNST neurons by VTA stimulation confirmed a direct projection from the vBNST to the VTA. These results reveal that inputs from the vBNST exert a strong excitatory influence on VTA DA neurons mediated by both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors.}, institution = {Laboratory for Neuromodulation and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Dopamine, analysis; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Glutamic Acid, pharmacology; Kinetics; Neural Pathways; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, physiology; Septal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Ventral Tegmental Area, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {22/12/5173}, pmid = {12077212}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/22/12/5173.long}, } @Article{Georgievska:2002, author = {Georgievska, Biljana and Kirik, Deniz and Björklund, Anders}, title = {Aberrant sprouting and downregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in lesioned nigrostriatal dopamine neurons induced by long-lasting overexpression of glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor in the striatum by lentiviral gene transfer.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {2002}, volume = {177}, number = {2}, pages = {461--474}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The effects of sustained (up to 9 months) striatal overexpression of glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on lesioned nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons was studied using a recombinant lentiviral (rLV) vector to deliver GDNF into the striatum 4 weeks prior to the creation of an intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. The results of the amphetamine-induced rotation suggested an initial partial protection followed by a complete recovery, whereas the spontaneous motor behaviors remained impaired. There was a clear protection of the nigral tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the rLV-GDNF group compared to rats injected with the control vector encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) (70 and 20\% of the intact side, respectively). However, the striatal TH+ fiber density was equally reduced (to 20\% of the intact side) in both groups. Further morphological analyses indicated that the nigrostriatal projections of the DA neurons were indeed preserved in the GDNF group. The axonal projections were visualized using two independent methods: First, retrograde labeling of the nigral cell bodies by intrastriatal Fluoro-Gold injections showed that the majority of rescued cells in the GDNF group had preserved axonal projections to striatum. Second, injections of a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector expressing GFP into the nigra was used to anterogradely fill the DA neurons and their projections with GFP protein. GFP immunostaining clearly demonstrated that the fibers of the nigral DA cells were preserved along the nigrostriatal pathway and innervated large parts of the striatum, but did not express TH at detectable levels. In addition, fiber sprouting was observed in the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, and substantia nigra, corresponding to areas where GDNF protein was released. The lack of functional recovery in the spontaneous motor behaviors may, at least in part, be explained by this extensive aberrant fiber sprouting in the downstream striatal target nuclei and/or decreased synthesis of dopamine in the striatum.}, doi = {10.1006/exnr.2002.8006}, institution = {Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Physiological Sciences, Lund University, BMC A11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden. Biljana.Georgievska@mphy.lu.se}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, drug effects/enzymology/pathology; Behavior, Animal, drug effects; Cell Count; Corpus Striatum, enzymology/pathology; Disease Models, Animal; Down-Regulation; Female; Gene Transfer Techniques; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Lentivirus, genetics; Luminescent Proteins, biosynthesis/genetics; Motor Activity, drug effects; Nerve Growth Factors, biosynthesis/genetics/pharmacology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/enzymology/pathology; Oxidopamine; Parkinsonian Disorders, chemically induced/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recovery of Function, drug effects/genetics; Substantia Nigra, enzymology/pathology; Time; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, deficiency/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0014488602980064}, pmid = {12429192}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Georgievska:2002a, author = {Georgievska, Biljana and Kirik, Deniz and Rosenblad, Carl and Lundberg, Cecilia and Björklund, Anders}, title = {Neuroprotection in the rat Parkinson model by intrastriatal GDNF gene transfer using a lentiviral vector.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, year = {2002}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {75--82}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {We used a recombinant lentiviral vector (rLV) for gene delivery of GDNF to the striatum, and assessed its neuroprotective effects in the intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion model. The level of GDNF expression obtained with the rLV-GDNF vector was dose-related and ranged between 0.9-9.3 ng/mg tissue in the transduced striatum, as determined by ELISA, and 0.2-3.0 ng/mg tissue were detected in the ipsilateral substantia nigra (SN), due to anterograde transport of the GDNF protein. GDNF expression was apparent at 4 days and maintained for > 8 months after injection. Striatal delivery of rLV-GDNF efficiently protected the nigral dopamine (DA) neurons and their projection, against the 6-OHDA lesion (65-77\% of intact side). Sprouting of the lesioned axons was observed along the nigrostriatal pathway, precisely corresponding to the areas containing anterogradely transported GDNF.}, doi = {10.1097/00001756-200201210-00019}, institution = {Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Physiological Sciences, Lund University, Sweden.}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, drug effects/pathology; Dopamine, metabolism; Female; Gene Transfer Techniques; Genetic Vectors; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Indicators and Reagents, pharmacokinetics; Lentivirus, genetics; Luminescent Proteins, pharmacokinetics; Motor Activity, drug effects; Nerve Growth Factors; Nerve Tissue Proteins, genetics/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Neuroprotective Agents, therapeutic use; Oxidopamine, pharmacology; Parkinson Disease, pathology/physiopathology/therapy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra, drug effects/pathology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11924898}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gerendai:1998, author = {Gerendai, I. and Tóth, I. E. and Boldogkoi, Z. and Medveczky, I. and Halász, B.}, title = {Neuronal labeling in the rat brain and spinal cord from the ovary using viral transneuronal tracing technique.}, journal = {Neuroendocrinology}, year = {1998}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, pages = {244--256}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {In the present investigations the viral transneuronal labeling method, which is able to reveal hierarchial chains of central nervous system (CNS) neurons, was applied to identify sites in the CNS connected with the ovary and presumably involved in the control of ovarian functions. Pseudorabies virus was injected into the ovaries of rats and a few days later (at various times after the injection) the spinal cord and brain were examined for virus-infected neurons from the ovary. The virus-labeled nerve cells were identified by immunocytochemistry using polyclonal antiviral antibody. Virus-labeled neurons were detected both in the spinal cord and the brain. In the spinal cord such elements were observed in the intermediolateral cell column, in the dorsal horn close to the marginal zone and in the central autonomic nucleus. In the medulla oblongata and pons, neurons of several nuclei and cell groups (area postrema, nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal vagal complex, nucleus ambiguus, paragigantocellular nucleus, parapyramidal nucleus, A1, A5 and A7 cell groups, caudal raphe nuclei, locus ceruleus, subceruleus nucleus, Barrington's nucleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus) were found to be transneuronally labeled. In the mesencephalon, the ventrolateral part of the periaqueductal gray matter contained virus-labeled neurons. In the diencephalon, a very intensive cell body labeling was observed in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and a few virus-infected neurons could be detected in the lateral and dorsal hypothalamus, in the arcuate nucleus, zona incerta, perifornical area and in the anterior hypothalamus. Concerning the telencephalic structures, virus-labeled cells were found in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and in the central amygdala nucleus. These findings provide the first neuromorphological evidence for the existence of a multisynaptic neuronal pathway between the ovary and the CNS, and give a detailed account of the structures involved in this pathway.}, doi = {10.1159/000054372}, institution = {Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University of Medicine and Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/virology; Diencephalon, chemistry/virology; Female; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, chemistry/metabolism; Mesencephalon, chemistry/virology; Models, Anatomic; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/virology; Neurons, cytology/virology; Ovary, innervation; Pons, chemistry/virology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhombencephalon, chemistry/virology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry/virology; Telencephalon, chemistry/virology; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {nen68244}, pmid = {9772339}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gerendai:2000, author = {Gerendai, I. and Tóth, I. E. and Boldogkoi, Z. and Medveczky, I. and Halász, B.}, title = {Central nervous system structures labelled from the testis using the transsynaptic viral tracing technique.}, journal = {J Neuroendocrinol}, year = {2000}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {1087--1095}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {In the present study, the transneuronal transport of neurotrophic virus technique was used to identify cell groups of the spinal cord and the brain that are transsynaptically connected with the testis. Pseudorabies virus was injected into the testis and after survival times of 3-6 days, the spinal cord and brain were processed immunocytochemically using a polyclonal antibody against the virus. Virus-infected perikarya were detected in the preganglionic neurones of the spinal cord (T10-L1, L5-S1) and in certain cell groups and areas of the brain stem, the hypothalamus and the telencephalon. In the brain stem, the cell groups and areas in which labelled neurones were present included, among others, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the caudal raphe nuclei, the locus coeruleus and the periaqueductal grey of the mesencephalon. In the hypothalamus, virus infected perikarya were observed in the paraventricular nucleus and in certain other cell groups. Telencephalic structures containing labelled neurones included the preoptic area, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the central amygdala and the insular cortex. These data identify a multisynaptic circuit of neurones in the spinal cord and in the brain which may be involved in the control of testicular functions.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2826.2000.00560.x}, institution = {hology and Developmental Biology, Budapest.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, cytology; Brain, cytology; Diencephalon, cytology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neural Pathways; Neurons, metabolism/virology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology; Synapses; Telencephalon, cytology; Testis, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11069124}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gerendai:2001, author = {Gerendai, I. and Tóth, I. E. and Kocsis, K. and Boldogkoi, Z. and Medveczky, I. and Halász, B.}, title = {Transneuronal labelling of nerve cells in the CNS of female rat from the mammary gland by viral tracing technique.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2001}, volume = {108}, number = {1}, pages = {103--118}, abstract = {Using the viral transneuronal tracing technique, the cell groups in the CNS transneuronally connected with the female mammary gland were detected. Lactating and non-lactating female rats were infected with pseudorabies virus injected into the mammary gland. The other group of animals was subjected to virus injection into the skin of the back. Four days after virus injection, infected neurons detected by immunocytochemistry, were present in the dorsal root ganglia ipsilateral to inoculation and in the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord. In addition, a few labelled cells could be detected in the dorsal horn and in the central autonomic nucleus (lamina X) of the spinal cord. At this survival time several brain stem nuclei including the A5 noradrenergic cell group, the caudal raphe nuclei (raphe obscurus, raphe pallidus, raphe magnus), the A1/C1 noradrenergic and adrenergic cell group, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the area postrema, the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, and the locus coeruleus contained virus-infected neurons. In some animals, additional cell groups, among others the periaqueductal gray and the red nucleus displayed labelling. In the diencephalon, a significant number of virus-infected neurons could be detected in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. In most cases, virus-labelled neurons were present also in the lateral hypothalamus, in the retrochiasmatic area, and in the anterior hypothalamus. In the telencephalon, in some animals a few virus-infected neurons could be found in the preoptic area, in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, in the central amygdala, and in the somatosensory cortex. At the longer (5 days) survival time each cell group mentioned displayed immunopositive neurons, and the number of infected cells increased. The pattern of labelling was similar in animals subjected to virus inoculation into the mammary gland and into the skin. The distribution and density of labelling was similar in lactating and non-lactating rats. The present findings provide the first morphological data on the localization of CNS structures connected with the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic motor system innervating the mammary gland. It may be assumed that the structures found virus-infected belong to the neuronal circuitry involved in the control of the sympathetic motor innervation of the mammary gland.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00399-2}, institution = {Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Budapest, Hungary.}, keywords = {Animals; Central Nervous System, cytology/physiology/virology; Female; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Mammary Glands, Animal, innervation/virology; Neural Pathways, physiology/virology; Neurons, physiology/virology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(01)00399-2}, pmid = {11738135}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gerendai:2001a, author = {Gerendai, I. and Tóth, I. E. and Kocsis, K. and Boldogkoi, Z. and Rusvai, M. and Halász, B.}, title = {Identification of CNS neurons involved in the innervation of the epididymis: a viral transneuronal tracing study.}, journal = {Auton Neurosci}, year = {2001}, volume = {92}, number = {1-2}, pages = {1--10}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Cell groups of the spinal cord and the brain transsynaptically connected with the epididymis (caput, cauda) were identified by means of the viral transneuronal tracing technique. Pseudorabies virus was injected into the caput or the cauda epididymidis, and after survival times 4 and 5 days, the spinal cord and brain were processed immunocytochemically. Virus-labeled neurons could be detected in the preganglionic sympathetic neurons (lower thoracic and upper lumbar segments) and following virus injection into the cauda epididymidis, also in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (L6-S1). Virus-infected perikarya were present in several brain stem nuclei (lateral reticular nucleus, gigantocellular and paragigantocellular nucleus, A5 noradrenergic cell group, caudal raphe nuclei, locus coeruleus, Barrington's nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, periaqueductal gray) and in the diencephalon (hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus). At the longer survival time, some telencephalic structures also exhibited virus-labeled neurons. The distribution of infected neurons in the brain was similar after virus injection into the caput or cauda epididymidis; however, earlier onset of infection was observed after inoculation into the cauda. The present findings provide the first morphological data on a multisynaptic circuit of neurons innervating the epididymis and presumably involved in the control of epididymal functions. reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/S1566-0702(01)00292-2}, institution = {Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University Budapest.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, cytology; Brain Stem, cytology; Central Nervous System, cytology; Diencephalon, cytology; Epididymis, innervation; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Male; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology; Telencephalon, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S1566-0702(01)00292-2}, pmid = {11570697}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1566-0702(01)00292-2}, } @Article{Gerendai:2007, author = {Gerendai, Ida and Wiesel, Ory and Boldogkoi, Zsolt and Tóth, Ida E.}, title = {The supraspinal innervation of the left adrenal is more intense than that of the right one.}, journal = {Ideggyogy Sz}, year = {2007}, volume = {60}, number = {3-4}, pages = {159--161}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Previous studies using the viral transneuronal tracing technique demonstrated that central autonomic circuits are involved in the innervation of the adrenal gland. Since increasing number of data indicate laterality in the neuroendocrine system, we aimed to investigate whether the supraspinal innervation of the adrenal gland exhibits asymmetry or not.The central circuitry involved in the innervation of the left and the right adrenal gland was studied in individual rats by dual transneuronal tracing using isogenic recombinant strains (BDG and BDL) of Bartha strain of pseudorabies virus.Viral infection of brain nuclei (dorsal vagal nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, caudal raphe nuclei, A5 cell group, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus) from the left adrenal was more severe than that from the right organ. Dual-infected neurons from the two adrenals were also detected both in the brain stem and in the hypothalamus.The results indicate a predominance in the supraspinal innervation of the left adrenal gland. Data further suggest that each adrenal gland is innervated both by side-specific neurons and by neurons which project to both organs.}, institution = {Neuromorphologie and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest. gerendai@ana2.sote.hu}, keywords = {Adrenal Glands, innervation/physiology/virology; Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, physiology; Brain, physiology/virology; Female; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Neural Pathways, physiology/virology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, physiology/virology; Pseudorabies; Raphe Nuclei, physiology/virology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, physiology/virology; Vagus Nerve, physiology/virology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {17451059}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gerendai:2003, author = {Gerendai, Ida and Wiesel, O. and Tóth, Ida E. and Boldogkõi, Z. S. and Rusvai, M. and Halász, B.}, title = {Identification of neurones of the brain and spinal cord involved in the innervation of the ductus deferens using the viral tracing method.}, journal = {Int J Androl}, year = {2003}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {91--100}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Using the viral transneuronal tracing technique cell groups of the spinal cord and brain transsynaptically connected with the ductus deferens were identified. Neurotropic (pseudorabies) virus was injected into the muscular coat of the ductus deferens and after survival times of 3, 4 and 5 days the spinal cord and brain were processed immunocytochemically. Virus-labelled neurones could be detected in the preganglionic sympathetic neurones and the dorsal commissural nucleus (upper lumbar segments) and in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (L6-S1). Virus-infected perikarya were present in several brain stem nuclei including the gigantocellular and paragigantocellular nucleus, the lateral reticular nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the caudal raphe nuclei, the A1/C1, A2, A5 and A7 noradrenergic cell groups and the locus coeruleus. In the hypothalamus significant numbers of virus-infected neurones could be detected in the paraventricular nucleus. In most cases moderate numbers of virus- labelled cells were present in the lateral hypothalamic area, in the retrochiasmatic area, in the periventricular region and in the median preoptic area. Double-labelling immunofluorescence detection of virus-infected neurones and thyrosine hydroxylase (TH) showed colocalization of virus protein and TH in portion of neurones of the A1/C1, A2, A5 and A7 noradrenergic cell groups, in the locus coeruleus and in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The present results provide the first morphological data on the multisynaptic circuit of neurones innervating the ductus deferens.}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2605.2003.00392.x}, institution = {Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. gerendai@ana2.sote.hu}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, cytology; Brain, cytology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Prosencephalon, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology; Vas Deferens, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {392}, pmid = {12641827}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gerfen:1984a, author = {Gerfen, C. R.}, title = {The neostriatal mosaic: compartmentalization of corticostriatal input and striatonigral output systems.}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1984}, volume = {311}, number = {5985}, pages = {461--464}, abstract = {The striatum (caudate-putamen) of the basal ganglia in the mammalian forebrain is a mosaic of two interdigitating, neurochemically distinct compartments. One type, the 'patch' compartment, is identified by patches of dense opiate receptor binding, and is enriched in enkephalin- and substance P-like immunoreactivity. The other compartment, the 'matrix', has a high acetylcholinesterase activity, and is shown here to have a dense plexus of fibres displaying somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. The present study demonstrates the two compartments have distinct connections, using a method that concurrently reveals striatal input, output and neurochemical systems in the rat. Patches receive inputs from the prelimbic cortex (a medial frontal cortical area with direct 'limbic' inputs from the amygdala and hippocampus); they also project to the substantia nigra pars compacta (the source of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system). Conversely, the matrix receives inputs from sensory and motor cortical areas; here it is shown to project to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (the source of the non-dopaminergic nigrothalamic and nigrotectal system). Also, an intrinsic striatal somatostatin-immunoreactive system is described that may provide a link between the two compartments. The striatal patch and matrix compartments thus appear to be functionally distinct and interactive parallel input-output processing channels.}, doi = {10.1038/311461a0}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Efferent Pathways; Enkephalins, metabolism; Female; Lectins; Rats; Somatostatin, metabolism; Substance P, metabolism; Substantia Nigra, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6207434}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gerfen:1985, author = {C. R. Gerfen}, title = {The neostriatal mosaic. I. Compartmental organization of projections from the striatum to the substantia nigra in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1985}, volume = {236}, number = {4}, pages = {454--476}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Combined neuroanatomical techniques were used to examine the organization of the striatal projection to the substantia nigra in the rat. Both double anterograde axonal tracing methods (Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin (PHA-L) and 3H-amino acid tract tracing) and double fluorescent retrograde axonal transport tracing methods were used to examine the relationship among striatal neurons projecting to separate areas of the substantia nigra. Additionally, the distributions of retrogradely labeled striatonigral projection neurons were charted relative to the neurochemically distinct striatal "patch" compartment, identified by substance P- or leu-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity, and the complementary "matrix" compartment, identified by somatostatin-like immunoreactive fibers. These studies show two distinct types of organization in the striatonigral projections. One type is topographic in that the mediolateral relationships among these striatal efferent neurons are roughly maintained by their termination patterns in the substantia nigra, while the dorsoventral relationships are inverted. Projections from any part of the striatum, however, are distributed throughout the rostrocaudal axis of the substantia nigra. Despite their general topographic organization, the variable and dispersed nature of such projections from individual striatal loci results in partial overlap of afferent fields from separate striatal areas. The second type of organization is nontopographic and provides a different system for convergence of inputs from separated striatal areas that is superimposed on the rough topographic system. In this other projection system the mediolateral and dorsoventral relationships typical of the topographically ordered system are not maintained and are sometimes reversed. For example, PHA-L injected into the dorsal striatum labels a topographic (inverted relationship) projection to the ventral substantia nigra pars reticulata but also a smaller and separate projection to the dorsal pars reticulata and adjacent pars compacta. Retrograde tracer deposits in the pars compacta label neurons in the ventral striatum (the inverted relationship) but also clusters of neurons in the dorsal striatum. These clusters are in the neurochemically defined patch compartment whereas neurons in the matrix are labeled by injections into the pars reticulata. The dendrites of both retrogradely filled patch and matrix neurons are confined to the compartment containing their cell bodies, suggesting a restriction that would functionally segregate extrinsic striatal afferents shown in other studies to be confined to either patches or matrix.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902360404}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Basal Ganglia, cytology; Cell Compartmentation; Corpus Striatum, cytology; Female; Globus Pallidus, cytology; Histocytochemistry; Neurons, cytology; Peptides, analysis; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Rats; Substantia Nigra, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2414339}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902360404}, } @InCollection{Gerfen:1987a, author = {Gerfen, Charles R}, title = {The neostriatal mosaic: compartmental organization of mesostriatal systems}, booktitle = {The Basal Ganglia II}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {1987}, pages = {65--80}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4684-5347-8_4}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gerfen:1989, author = {Gerfen, C. R.}, title = {The neostriatal mosaic: striatal patch-matrix organization is related to cortical lamination.}, journal = {Science}, year = {1989}, volume = {246}, number = {4928}, pages = {385--388}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The basal ganglia, of which the striatum is the major component, process inputs from virtually all cerebral cortical areas to affect motor, emotional, and cognitive behaviors. Insights into how these seemingly disparate functions may be integrated have emerged from studies that have demonstrated that the mammalian striatum is composed of two compartments arranged as a mosaic, the patches and the matrix, which differ in their neurochemical and neuroanatomical properties. In this study, projections from prefrontal, cingulate, and motor cortical areas to the striatal compartments were examined with the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) anterograde axonal tracer in rats. Each cortical area projects to both the patches and the matrix of the striatum; however, deep layer V and layer VI corticostriatal neurons project principally to the patches, whereas superficial layer V and layer III and II corticostriatal neurons project principally to the matrix. The relative contribution of patch and matrix corticostriatal projections varies among the cortical areas examined such that allocortical areas provide a greater number of inputs to the patches than to the matrix, whereas the reverse obtains for neocortical areas. These results demonstrate that the compartmental organization of corticostriatal inputs is related to their laminar origin and secondarily to the cytoarchitectonic area of origin.}, doi = {10.1126/science.2799392}, institution = {Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunohistochemistry; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2799392}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gerfen:1979, author = {C. R. Gerfen and R. M. Clavier}, title = {Neural inputs to the prefrontal agranular insular cortex in the rat: horseradish peroxidase study.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1979}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {347--353}, abstract = {The prefrontal cortex, dorsal to the rhinal sulcus of the rat (hereinafter termed the agranular insular cortex) has been examined with the use of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Labelled perikarya were seen in the region of the ipsilateral medial forebrain bundle, consistently rostral to the caudal edge of the posterior mammillary nucleus. These cells were interpreted as being the rostral members of the A10 dopaminergic cell group. Labelled cells were also seen in the dorsal raphe nucleus, the ipsilateral pyriform cortex, the contralateral agranular insular cortex, the ipsilateral basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, the ipsilateral locus coeruleus, and the medio-dorsal, ventromedial, and parafascicular thalamic nuclei. Detailed examination of the thalamic input confirmed a differential innervation of the dorsal and ventral regions of the agranular insular cortex. Possible functional correlates of these prefrontal afferents are discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/s0361-9230(79)80012-x}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medial Forebrain Bundle, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {90546}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gerfen:1987, author = {Gerfen, C. R. and Herkenham, M. and Thibault, J.}, title = {The neostriatal mosaic: II. Patch- and matrix-directed mesostriatal dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic systems.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1987}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {3915--3934}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Mesostriatal projections, which arise from dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, and retrorubral area, are compartmentally organized in the striatum. Anterograde axonal tract tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), combined with immunohistochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and autoradiographic localization of mu-opiate receptor binding sites, shows that midbrain projections to the striatum are distributed to either the mu-opiate receptor-rich "patch" or the receptor-poor "matrix" striatal compartments. Three morphologically distinct mesostriatal afferent fiber types are labeled. The first type, type A, forms a plexus of relatively thin (0.1-0.4 micron), smooth fibers with small varicosities (0.3-0.6 micron). A second type, type B, is similar to the first in forming a plexus of fibers, but is slightly thicker (0.2-0.6 micron), with more frequent varicosities (0.4-1.0 micron) that give this fiber type a crinkled appearance. The third type, type C, constitutes a minority of striatal afferents and is characterized by its large caliber (0.4-0.7 micron) with large bulbous varicosities (1.2-2.0 micron). Projections of the ventral tegmental area (A10 cell group) are primarily dopaminergic type A fibers directed to the matrix of the ventromedial striatum, including the nucleus accumbens. The retrorubral area (A8 cell group) also provides predominantly dopaminergic type A fibers to the striatal matrix, but these are distributed dorsally. The substantia nigra contains a mixed population of neurons that project to the striatum. Some, located in the dorsal tier of the pars compacta (dorsal A9 cell group), provide dopaminergic type A fibers to the striatal matrix. Others, in the ventral tier of the pars compacta (ventral A9 cell group) and in the ventral tier of the pars reticulata (displaced A9 cells), provide dopaminergic type B fibers to the striatal patches. An additional set of substantia nigra neurons that are non-dopaminergic is the source of type C fibers to the striatal matrix. Thus, distinct dorsal and ventral sets of midbrain dopaminergic neurons project, respectively, to striatal matrix and patches, and there is a non-dopaminergic mesostriatal projection to the matrix.}, institution = {Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Corpus Striatum, cytology; Dopamine, analysis; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Limbic System, cytology; Mesencephalon, analysis/cytology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Substantia Nigra, cytology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, cytology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis/diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2891799}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/7/12/3915.long}, } @Article{Gerfen:1984, author = {Gerfen, C. R. and Sawchenko, P. E.}, title = {An anterograde neuroanatomical tracing method that shows the detailed morphology of neurons, their axons and terminals: immunohistochemical localization of an axonally transported plant lectin, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L).}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {290}, number = {2}, pages = {219--238}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {A new neuroanatomical method for tracing connections in the central nervous system based on the anterograde axonal transport of the kidney bean lectin, Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) is described. The method, for which a detailed protocol is presented, offers several advantages over present techniques. First, when the lectin is delivered iontophoretically, PHA-L injection sites as small as 50-200 micron in diameter can be produced, and are clearly demarcated since the neurons within the labeled zone are completely filled. Second, many morphological features of such filled neurons are clearly demonstrated including their cell bodies, axons, dendritic arbors and even dendritic spines. Third, there is some evidence to suggest that only the neurons at the injection site that are filled transport demonstrable amounts of the tracer, raising the possibility that the effective injection site can be defined quite precisely. Fourth, even with the most restricted injections, the morphology of the labeled axons and axon terminals is clearly demonstrated; this includes boutons en passant, fine collateral branches, and various terminal specializations, all of which can be visualized as well as in the best rapid Golgi preparations. Fifth, when introduced iontophoretically, PHA-L appears to be transported preferentially in the anterograde direction; only rarely is it transported retrogradely. Sixth, PHA-L does not appear to be taken up and transported effectively by fibers of passage. Seventh, there is no discernible degradation of the transported PHA-L with survival times of up to 17 days. Finally, since the transported marker can be demonstrated with either peroxidase or fluorescent antibody techniques, it may be used in conjunction with other neuroanatomical methods. For example, double anterograde labeling experiments can be done using the autoradiographic method along with immunoperoxidase localization of PHA-L, and the retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes can be visualized in the same tissue sections as PHA-L localized with immunofluorescence techniques.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90940-5}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Neurons, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(84)90940-5}, pmid = {6198041}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gerfen:1985a, author = {Gerfen, C. R. and Sawchenko, P. E.}, title = {A method for anterograde axonal tracing of chemically specified circuits in the central nervous system: combined Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) tract tracing and immunohistochemistry.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {343}, number = {1}, pages = {144--150}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {A method is described for combining anterograde axonal tract tracing using concurrent double immunohistochemical localization of axonally transported Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and endogenous neural antigens. With this technique, some projections of the substantia nigra and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus are examined to demonstrate advantages offered by this approach for tracing chemically specified circuits in the central nervous system.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)91168-0}, keywords = {Animals; Antigens; Central Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology/immunology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neuroanatomy, methods; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3899276}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gerfen:1982, author = {C. R. Gerfen and W. A. Staines and G. W. Arbuthnott and H. C. Fibiger}, title = {Crossed connections of the substantia nigra in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1982}, volume = {207}, number = {3}, pages = {283--303}, month = {May}, abstract = {The existence of crossed multisynaptic pathways that allow for the interdependent control of activity in one substantia nigra and its contralateral counterpart has been inferred from a number of recent biochemical and neurophysiological investigations. This prompted a reexamination of the connections of the substantia nigra with an emphasis on crossed inputs to and crossed projections from that nucleus. Male albino rats received 20-50-nl pressure injections of a 1\% wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horse-radish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) solution into the substantia nigra or into surrounding areas as controls. Following a 24-hour survival period the animals were processed according to the tetramethylbenzidine protocol for the visualization of HRP. The pattern of anterograde transport of WGA-HRP after substantia nigra injections, confirming for the most part previous reports, demonstrated ipsilateral nigral efferent projections to the striatum; globus pallidus; subthalamic nucleus; the lateral dorsal, paralamellar mediodorsal, ventromedial, and parafascicular thalamic nuclei; central gray, midbrain reticular formation; superior colliculus; and peribrachial area, including the pedunculopontine nucleus. Additionally, the nigral projections to the paralamellar mediodorsal and ventromedial thalamic nuclei and to the superior colliculus were demonstrated to be bilateral. Most of these connections were confirmed by the complementary retrograde experiment. In accordance with previous reports, intranigral WGA-HRP injections retrogradely labeled neurons located in the ipsilateral prefontal cortex, motor cortex, striatum, globus pallidus, central nucleus of the amygdala, anterior hypothalamic area, subthalamic nucleus, and dorsal raphe. Additionally, labeled perikarya were observed in the ipsilateral parafascicular thalamic nucleus, in the contralateral posterior lateral hypothalamic area, and in the ipsilateral and contralateral peribrachial-pedunculopontine area. These latter nigral afferents were confirmed with complementary WGA-HRP injections into each of the regions of origin. While bilateral peribrachial-pedunculopontine innervation of the substantia nigra has been reported in the cat there has been no previous demonstration of a crossed nigral afferent system from the contralateral posterior lateral hypothalamic area. The results are discussed with reference to the pathways that may mediate the interdependent control of the activity of neurons in the left and right substantia nigra. Additionally, the association of the substantia nigra with a variety of neuronal circuits, including the cerebellofugal, tectothalamic, thalamocortical, thalamostriatal, and basal ganglia pathways, are discussed.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902070308}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Synapses, ultrastructure; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7107988}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902070308}, } @Article{Gerfen:1988, author = {Gerfen, C. R. and Young, 3rd, WS}, title = {Distribution of striatonigral and striatopallidal peptidergic neurons in both patch and matrix compartments: an in situ hybridization histochemistry and fluorescent retrograde tracing study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {460}, number = {1}, pages = {161--167}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {In situ hybridization histochemistry using cDNA oligonucleotide probes for the neuropeptides dynorphin, enkephalin and substance P was used to map the distribution of peptidergic neurons in the striatal patch and matrix compartments in the rat. Striatal neurons containing message for each of these peptides were distributed in both striatal compartments in the following proportions: dynorphin, in 52\% of patch neurons and 45\% of matrix neurons; enkephalin, in 65\% of patch neurons and 58\% of matrix neurons and substance P, in 61\% of patch neurons of 54\% matrix neurons. Fluorescent retrograde axonal tracing combined with in situ hybridization histochemistry demonstrated that the majority of neurons expressing enkephalin project to the globus pallidus and few project to the substantia nigra, whereas the reverse obtains for neurons expressing dynorphin and substance P.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(88)91217-6}, institution = {Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Corpus Striatum, metabolism; DNA, genetics; Dynorphins, genetics; Enkephalins, genetics; Globus Pallidus, cytology; Histocytochemistry; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Neuropeptides, genetics; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Oligonucleotide Probes; RNA, Messenger, genetics; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, Opioid, metabolism; Substance P, genetics; Substantia Nigra, metabolism; Transcription, Genetic}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2464402}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gerke:2004, author = {Gerke, M. B. and Plenderleith, M. B.}, title = {Ultrastructural analysis of the central terminals of primary sensory neurones labelled by transganglionic transport of bandeiraea simplicifolia I-isolectin B4.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2004}, volume = {127}, number = {1}, pages = {165--175}, abstract = {In this study the ultrastructural appearance of primary sensory neurones labelled by the injection of the plant lectin Bandeiraea simplicifolia I-isolectin B(4) (BSI-B(4)) into a peripheral nerve has been examined in the rat. Electron microscopy of the somata of retrogradely labelled neurones showed the lectin to be associated with the inner surface of cytoplasmic vesicles, supporting the premise that the uptake of BSI-B(4) into sensory neurones is by the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Light and electron microscopic analysis of the spinal cord revealed transganglionically transported lectin in unmyelinated axons in the dorsolateral funiculus and axon terminals concentrated mainly within lamina II of the dorsal horn. Detailed analysis of 1377 of these axon terminals revealed that the majority were glomerular in shape and surrounded by up to 14 other unlabelled profiles. These findings suggest that primary sensory neurones which transganglionically transport BSI-B(4) have a synaptic ultrastructure similar to that which has been previously reported for unmyelinated primary sensory neurones. Moreover, it appears that the axon terminals of these neurones are subjected to extensive modulation. Examination of the vesicle content of lectin labelled axon terminals revealed that the majority contained small agranular vesicles while large granular vesicles were observed only occasionally. These findings support the suggestion that the populations of neurones expressing binding sites for BSI-B(4) are fairly distinct from those containing neuroactive peptides. In conclusion, the results of the current study suggest that the lectin BSI-B(4) can be used as a histological marker for a subpopulation of small diameter primary sensory neurones and provide further evidence for the potential of this lectin as a useful tool in the study of pain.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.05.008}, institution = {Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia. mbgerke@med.usyd.edu.au}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Binding Sites, physiology; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nociceptors, physiology/ultrastructure; Pain, physiopathology; Plant Lectins, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Posterior Horn Cells, metabolism/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Synaptic Vesicles, metabolism/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452204003707}, pmid = {15219679}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.05.008}, } @Article{Germroth:1989, author = {Germroth, P. and Schwerdtfeger, W. K. and Buhl, E. H.}, title = {Morphology of identified entorhinal neurons projecting to the hippocampus. A light microscopical study combining retrograde tracing and intracellular injection.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1989}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {683--691}, abstract = {Cells of origin of the entorhinohippocampal pathway were retrogradely labeled by injection of Fast Blue into the ipsilateral hippocampus. The cells, which were located in layers I, II and III of the lateral entorhinal cortex, were then intracellularly injected with Lucifer Yellow to reveal their complete morphology. We could thus establish that among the hippocampally projecting entorhinal cells there are pyramidal and pyramid-like cells, spiny stellate cells of various shapes, sparsely spinous horizontal and multipolar cells. The involvement of horizontal and multipolar neurons in projections has not previously been recognized although all of these cell types have already been described in Golgi studies. The results indicate that the organization of the perforant path is more complex than has been assumed. Finally, they are at variance with the classical concept which subdivides cortical neurons into projection neurons (pyramidal and spiny stellate) and interneurons (non-pyramidal, local circuit neurons).}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(89)90161-9}, institution = {Max-Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung, Frankfurt/M. F.R.G.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Hippocampus, cytology; Isoquinolines; Neurons, classification/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2771045}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Germroth:1989a, author = {Germroth, P. and Schwerdtfeger, W. K. and Buhl, E. H.}, title = {GABAergic neurons in the entorhinal cortex project to the hippocampus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1989}, volume = {494}, number = {1}, pages = {187--192}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Among the entorhinal neurons that give rise to the perforant path, a small population is sparsely spinous and displays either a multipolar or a horizontal-bipolar dendritic tree. By application of post-embedding immunocytochemistry to neurons of these types with previously identified projections to the hippocampus we found immunoreactivity for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Thus, it appears that the perforant path not only contains an excitatory but also a small inhibitory component.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)90162-5}, institution = {Max-Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung, Frankfurt, F.R.G.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Hippocampus, cytology/metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(89)90162-5}, pmid = {2765919}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Germroth:1991, author = {Germroth, P. and Schwerdtfeger, W. K. and Buhl, E. H.}, title = {Ultrastructure and aspects of functional organization of pyramidal and nonpyramidal entorhinal projection neurons contributing to the perforant path.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {305}, number = {2}, pages = {215--231}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Identified entorhino-hippocampal projection neurons were investigated for their ultrastructure. Spinous projection neurons (pyramidal and spiny stellate cells) display common features such as symmetric axosomatic terminals on their somata, asymmetric synapses on the spines, and both types of synapses on the dendritic shafts. Their axons descend towards the white matter, branching occasionally via collaterals which establish contact with local spines and rarely on dendritic shafts and somata. The sparsely spinous projection neurons (multipolar and horizontal-bipolar) typically show deep nuclear infolds and symmetric and asymmetric synapses on their somata and dendritic shafts. Axons also collateralize in the soma vicinity and form local synapses. It is concluded that the entorhino-hippocampal projection neurons (both spiny and sparsely spinous) act locally and distally thus performing simultaneously as local-circuit and as projection neurons. In accordance with other morphological and electrophysiological reports it appears likely that the generation, modulation, and suppression of entorhinal excitation waves is mediated by these neurons through direct excitation, feed-forward and feed-back inhibition, and disinhibition.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903050205}, institution = {Max-Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung, Frankfurt, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2026788}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903050205}, } @Article{Gerrikagoitia:2009, author = {Gerrikagoitia, Inmaculada and Martínez-Millán, Luis}, title = {Guanosine-induced synaptogenesis in the adult brain in vivo.}, journal = {Anat Rec (Hoboken)}, year = {2009}, volume = {292}, number = {12}, pages = {1968--1975}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Astrocytes release factors like cholesterol, apoE, and pleiotropic molecules that influence synaptogenesis in the central nervous system. In vitro studies have shown that guanosine elicits the production and further release of these synaptogenic factors. To demonstrate that such astrocytic factors are synaptogenic in vivo, osmotic pumps were implanted in primary visual cortex (VC) of Sprague-Dawley rats to deliver guanosine. Simultaneous injection of dextran amine as an anterograde tracer at the same site where the osmotic pumps were implanted enabled the morphology of the fibers emerging from the VC to be visualized as well. The guanosine-treated efferent connections from these animals showed a significant increase in the number and size of synaptic boutons along the efferent fibers when compared with controls. A similar increase in the number and size of synaptic boutons was also detected when the cortico-cortical connection to the lateral secondary visual area was studied in more detail. The ensuing morphological changes to the synapses did not show a clear preference for any particular type or site of the axonal branches that integrates this cortical connection. Moreover, the distribution of boutons along the fibers was clearly stochastic according to their size. Thus, guanosine administration appears to open up the possibility of manipulating connections to compensate for total or partial denervation.}, doi = {10.1002/ar.20999}, institution = {Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Bizkaia, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; Brain Diseases, drug therapy/metabolism/physiopathology; Brain, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Cell Differentiation, drug effects/physiology; Coloring Agents, metabolism; Dextrans, metabolism; Guanosine, pharmacology/therapeutic use; Infusion Pumps, Implantable; Male; Nerve Regeneration, drug effects/physiology; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques, methods; Neurogenesis, drug effects/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, drug effects/physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Staining and Labeling; Synapses, drug effects/physiology; Visual Cortex, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Visual Pathways, cytology/drug effects/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {19943352}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.20999}, } @Article{Gervasoni:2000, author = {D. Gervasoni and C. Peyron and C. Rampon and B. Barbagli and G. Chouvet and N. Urbain and P. Fort and P. H. Luppi}, title = {Role and origin of the GABAergic innervation of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2000}, volume = {20}, number = {11}, pages = {4217--4225}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Extracellular electrophysiological recordings in freely moving cats have shown that serotonergic neurons from the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) fire tonically during wakefulness, decrease their activity during slow wave sleep (SWS), and are nearly quiescent during paradoxical sleep (PS). The mechanisms at the origin of the modulation of activity of these neurons are still unknown. Here, we show in the unanesthetized rat that the iontophoretic application of the GABA(A) antagonist bicuculline on dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons induces a tonic discharge during SWS and PS and an increase of discharge rate during quiet waking. These data strongly suggest that an increase of a GABAergic inhibitory tone present during wakefulness is responsible for the decrease of activity of the dorsal raphe serotonergic cells during slow wave and paradoxical sleep. In addition, by combining retrograde tracing with cholera toxin B subunit and glutamic acid decarboxylase immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate that the GABAergic innervation of the dorsal raphe nucleus arises from multiple distant sources and not only from interneurons as classically accepted. Among these afferents, GABAergic neurons located in the lateral preoptic area and the pontine ventral periaqueductal gray including the DRN itself could be responsible for the reduction of activity of the serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus during slow wave and paradoxical sleep, respectively.}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-7643-8561-3_9}, institution = {gervasoni@sommeil.univ-lyon1-fr}, keywords = {Animals; Bicuculline, diagnostic use; Cholera Toxin, pharmacology; Electroencephalography, drug effects; Electromyography, drug effects; Electrophysiology; GABA Antagonists, diagnostic use; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Iontophoresis; Male; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, GABA-A, drug effects; Serotonin, physiology; Sleep, REM, drug effects/physiology; Sleep, drug effects/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism/pharmacology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {20/11/4217}, pmid = {10818157}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Ghamdi:2009, author = {K. S. Al Ghamdi and E. Polgár and A. J. Todd}, title = {Soma size distinguishes projection neurons from neurokinin 1 receptor-expressing interneurons in lamina I of the rat lumbar spinal dorsal horn.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2009}, volume = {164}, number = {4}, pages = {1794--1804}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Lamina I of the spinal dorsal horn contains neurons that project to various brain regions, and approximately 80\% of these projection cells express the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r), the main receptor for substance P. Two populations of NK1r-immunoreactive neurons have been identified in lamina I: small weakly immunoreactive cells and large cells with strong immunolabelling [Cheunsuang O and Morris R (2000) Neuroscience 97:335-345]. The main aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the large cells are projection neurons and that the small cells are interneurons. Projection neurons were identified by injection of tracers into the caudal ventrolateral medulla and lateral parabrachial area, and this was combined with immunostaining for NK1r. We found a bimodal size distribution for NK1r-immunoreactive neurons. The small cells (with somatic cross-sectional areas <200 microm(2)) showed weak immunoreactivity, while immunostaining intensity was variable among the large cells. Virtually all (99\%) of the immunoreactive cells with soma areas >200 microm(2) were retrogradely labelled, while only 10\% of retrogradely labelled cells were smaller than this. Soma sizes of retrogradely labelled neurons that lacked NK1r did not differ from those of NK1r-expressing projection neurons. It has been suggested that a population of small pyramidal projection neurons that lack NK1r may correspond to cells activated by innocuous cooling, and we therefore assessed the morphology of retrogradely labelled cells that were not NK1r-immunoreactive. Fifteen percent of these were pyramidal, but these did not differ in size from pyramidal NK1r-immunoreactive projection neurons. These results confirm that large NK1r-immunoreactive lamina I neurons are projection cells, and suggest that the small cells are interneurons. Since almost all of the NK1r-immunoreactive cells with soma size >200 microm(2) were retrogradely labelled, cells of this type can be identified as projection cells in anatomical studies.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.071}, institution = {Neuroscience and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University Avenue, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.}, keywords = {Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, physiology; Lumbosacral Region; Male; Neurons, physiology; Posterior Horn Cells, cytology/physiology; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, biosynthesis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(09)01629-7}, pmid = {19800942}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.071}, } @Article{Gharbawie:2005, author = {O. A. Gharbawie and C. L R Gonzalez and P. T. Williams and J. A. Kleim and I. Q. Whishaw}, title = {Middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke produces dysfunction in adjacent motor cortex as detected by intracortical microstimulation in rats.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2005}, volume = {130}, number = {3}, pages = {601--610}, abstract = {Middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke in the rat produces impairments in skilled movements. The lesion damages lateral neocortex but spares primary motor cortex (M1), raising the question of the origin of skilled movement deficits. Here, the behavioral deficits of MCA stroke were identified and then M1 was examined neurophysiologically and neuroanatomically. Rats were trained on a food skilled reaching task then the lateral frontal cortex was damaged by unilateral MCA electrocoagulation contralateral to the reaching forelimb. Reach testing and training on two tasks was conducted over 30 post-surgical days. Later, M1 and the corticospinal tract were investigated using intracortical microstimulation (ICMS), anterograde and retrograde axon tracing. A skilled reaching impairment was observed post-surgery, which partly recovered with time and training. ICMS revealed a diminished forelimb movement representation in MCA rats, but a face representation comparable in size to sham rats. Anterograde and retrograde tract tracing suggest that M1 efferents were intact. Although M1 appears to be in the main anatomically spared after MCA stroke its function as assessed electrophysiologically and behaviorally is disrupted.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.10.010}, institution = {Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4. omar.gharbawie@uleth.ca}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Conditioning, Operant, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Female; Forelimb, physiology; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery, physiopathology; Motor Cortex, physiopathology; Movement, physiology; Psychomotor Performance, physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Space Perception, physiology; Stroke, physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(04)00927-3}, pmid = {15590144}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.10.010}, } @Article{Ghazi:1987, author = {Ghazi, H. and Hrycyshyn, A. W. and Flumerfelt, B. A.}, title = {Double-labeling study of axonal branching within the lateral reticulocerebellar projection in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {258}, number = {3}, pages = {378--386}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Collateral axonal branching to the cerebellum from the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) was studied in the rat by using the fluorescent double-labeling technique. Following injection of Fast Blue (FB) into the cerebellar cortex, followed 3 days later by injection of Nuclear Yellow (NY) into a different region of the cortex, single- and double-labeled cells were found within the LRN. Most LRN-cerebellar projections were bilateral with ipsilateral preponderance, except for the projection to the paramedian lobule, which was completely ipsilateral. The dorsolateral area of the magnocellular division of the LRN contained cells whose axons branch to terminate in the rostral anterior lobe and the caudal part of the ipsilateral paramedian lobule (hindlimb areas of the cerebellar cortex), while the medial area of the LRN contained cells that supply, via collateral axonal branching, the caudal area of the contralateral anterior lobe and the rostral part of the ipsilateral paramedian lobule (forelimb areas of the cerebellum). Branched LRN-cerebellar axons projected to both hemispheres and to both sides of the caudal anterior lobe. No axonal branching was evident in the LRN-cerebellar projection to the rostral anterior lobe. The projection to the anterior and posterior lobe vermis also contained collateral axonal branching.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902580306}, keywords = {Animals; Cats; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3584545}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902580306}, } @Article{Ghosh:2007, author = {Ghosh, Chaitali and Storey-Workley, Megan and Usip, Sharon and Hafemeister, Jen and Miller, Kenneth E. and Papka, Raymond E.}, title = {Glutamate and metabotropic glutamate receptors associated with innervation of the uterine cervix during pregnancy: receptor antagonism inhibits c-Fos expression in rat lumbosacral spinal cord at parturition.}, journal = {J Neurosci Res}, year = {2007}, volume = {85}, number = {6}, pages = {1318--1335}, month = {May}, abstract = {Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons connect the spinal cord and uterine cervix, and are activated at parturition with subsequent stimulation of secondary neurons in the spinal dorsal horn and autonomic areas. Neuropeptide neurotransmitters and receptors have been studied in these areas, but amino acid transmitters, e.g., glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in sensory and nociceptive processing, have not been characterized. To determine if glutamate is involved in innervation of the cervix, rats were examined for markers of glutamatergic neurons in the L6-S1 spinal cord, DRG and cervix. Metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR5 in the spinal dorsal horn and their expression over pregnancy were examined in pregnant rats and pregnant rats treated continuously with an antagonist of mGluR5, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl) pyridine (MPEP). Rats were allowed to deliver pups to determine if the antagonist altered the expression of an early response gene protein, Fos, in the L6-S1 cord. Immunohistochemistry showed glutamate- and vesicular glutamate transporter1 (VGluT1)-positive fibers in the cervix, glutamate- and VGluT1-expressing neurons in the DRG, some of which also exhibited retrograde tracer from cervical injections, and VGluT1 and mGluR5 immunoreactivities in the L6-S1 spinal dorsal horns. Expression of mGluR5 receptors increased over pregnancy. Fos-positive neurons were present among mGluR5-immunoreactivity in the spinal dorsal horn. Parturition-induced Fos-positive neurons in the spinal cords were abundant in control rats, but were reduced by 70\% in MPEP-treated animals. These results suggest that glutamate is likely involved in the transmission of sensory signals, possibly pain, from the cervix to the spinal cord at parturition.}, doi = {10.1002/jnr.21225}, institution = {Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Cervix Uteri, innervation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Gene Expression Regulation, drug effects/physiology; Glutamates, metabolism; Lumbosacral Region; Neurons, drug effects; Oncogene Proteins v-fos, metabolism; Parturition, metabolism; Pregnancy, metabolism; Pyridines, pharmacology; RNA, Messenger, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, metabolism; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, methods; Spinal Cord, drug effects/physiology; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {17304580}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.21225}, } @Article{Giaconi:2006, author = {Giaconi, E. and Deriu, F. and Tolu, E. and Cuccurazzu, B. and Yates, B. J. and Billig, I.}, title = {Transneuronal tracing of vestibulo-trigeminal pathways innervating the masseter muscle in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {2006}, volume = {171}, number = {3}, pages = {330--339}, month = {May}, abstract = {Previous studies reported that the activity of trigeminal motoneurons innervating masseter muscles is modulated by vestibular inputs. We performed the present study to provide an anatomical substrate for these physiological observations. The transynaptic retrograde tracer pseudorabies virus-Bartha was injected into multiple sites of the lower third of the superficial layer of the masseter muscle in rats, a subset of which underwent a sympathectomy prior to virus injections, and the animals were euthanized 24-120 h later. Labeled masseteric motoneurons were first found in the ipsilateral trigeminal motor nucleus following a 24-h postinoculation period; subsequent to 72-h survival times, the number of infected motoneurons increased, and at > or =96 h many of these cells showed signs of cytopathic changes. Following 72-h survival times, a few transynaptically labeled neurons appeared bilaterally in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVe) and the caudal prepositus hypoglossi (PH) and in the ipsilateral spinal vestibular nucleus (SpVe). At survival times of 96-120 h, labeled neurons were consistently observed bilaterally in all vestibular nuclei (VN), although the highest concentration of infected cells was located in the caudal part of the MVe, the SpVe, and the caudal portion of PH. The distribution and density of labeling in the VN and PH were similar in sympathectomized and nonsympathectomized rats. These anatomical data provide the first direct evidence that neurons in the VN and PH project bilaterally to populations of motoneurons innervating the lower third of the superficial layer of the masseter muscle. The MVe, PH, and SpVe appear to play a predominant integrative role in producing vestibulo-trigeminal responses.}, doi = {10.1007/s00221-005-0275-8}, institution = {Department of Otolaryngology, Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Room 519, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, physiology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Histocytochemistry; Hypoglossal Nerve, physiology; Male; Masseter Muscle, innervation; Motor Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sympathectomy, Chemical; Synapses, physiology; Trigeminal Nerve, cytology/physiology; Vestibular Nuclei, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16307240}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-005-0275-8}, } @Article{Giannetti:1996, author = {Giannetti, N. and LeJeune, H.}, title = {Atypical olfactory glomeruli subset of the rat: quantitative study and organization of the peripheral afferents.}, journal = {Chem Senses}, year = {1996}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {303--312}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The atypical glomeruli constitute a particular subset of olfactory glomeruli in the rat olfactory bulb which is mainly characterized by a strong centrifugal cholinergic innervation. In the present study, the topographical organization of the mucoso-bulbar projection of these glomeruli was analysed using small injections of WGA-HRP into the anterior nasal cavity of adult rats. The atypical olfactory glomeruli were visualized on adjacent bulbar sections using acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. A mean of 29 atypical glomeruli per bulb was observed in several areas of the posterior half of the olfactory bulb. Following the rostro-caudal axis of the olfactory bulb, the first atypical glomeruli were located in lateral positions, then in dorsal and ventral ones. The most posterior atypical glomeruli were located in the bulbar medial side. Concerning the projections from the periphery to the atypical glomeruli, various WGA-HRP patterns of labelling were observed. When the surface area of injection sites in the anterior part of the olfactory sheet was between 30 and 40 mm2, half of the atypical population was labelled with the atypical glomeruli being heavily labelled. All sites of distribution previously described were represented. When the surface area of injection sites was inferior to 20 mm2, only some positions distributed along the bulbar antero-posterior axis were represented. These atypical glomeruli were generally partially labelled. Taken together, these results suggest that, although atypical glomeruli are restricted in the posterior olfactory bulb, they receive peripheral projections diffusely organized along the antero-posterior axis of the olfactory mucosa. This profile was compared with that of other classical olfactory glomeruli.}, doi = {10.1093/chemse/21.3.303}, institution = {Physiologie Neurosensorielle, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard/Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Histocytochemistry; Neurons, Afferent, enzymology/physiology; Olfactory Bulb, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8670709}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Giannetti:2002, author = {Stefano Giannetti and Marco Molinari}, title = {Cerebellar input to the posterior parietal cortex in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {2002}, volume = {58}, number = {5}, pages = {481--489}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The cerebello-thalamo-parietal projections were investigated in rats by means of a multiple anterograde-retrograde tracing technique. Retrograde fluorescent tracers were injected in different loci of the parietal cortex. Injected areas were verified cytoarchitectonically and confirmed by analyzing the retrograde thalamic labeling pattern obtained. Anterograde fluorescent tracers were placed in the intermediate and lateral deep cerebellar nuclei. The topographical overlap between cerebellar terminals and parietal-projecting thalamic neurons was analyzed. In the central lateral (CL) and ventrolateral (VL) thalamic nuclei, cells projecting to anterior somatosensory (S1) and posterior parietal (PPC) cortices were demonstrated to receive direct cerebellar input. In particular, two patterns of organization were revealed. In CL, the PPC- and S1-projecting neurons, both receiving cerebellar fibers, were intermingled. In VL, PPC, and S1-projecting neurons were instead segregated, and the areas containing labeled neurons received separate contingents of cerebellar fibers. These patterns suggest that in CL axons originating from the same or neighboring cerebellar neurons can terminate on both PPC- and S1-projecting neurons, while in VL cerebellar information is funneled to S1 and PPC through two segregated parallel pathways. The significance of the observed organization is discussed comparing findings in other species and in relation with electrophysiological and functional studies on cerebelloparietal interrelationships.}, doi = {10.1016/s0361-9230(02)00815-8}, institution = {Laboratorio di Neuroriabilitazione Sperimentale, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Lateral Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Confocal; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology; Parietal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0361923002008158}, pmid = {12242101}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gibby:1984, author = {W. A. Gibby and K. A. Crutcher}, title = {Absence of sympathetic sprouting in the rat olfactory bulb after cholinergic denervation.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {1984}, volume = {84}, number = {2}, pages = {386--395}, month = {May}, abstract = {Sympathetic axons have been shown to invade the rat hippocampal formation after lesions of the septohippocampal (cholinergic) projection. To test the generality of this type of transmitter-specific sprouting within the central nervous system, lesions were placed within the horizontal limb of the diagonal band in order to denervate the main olfactory bulb (MOB) of its cholinergic innervation. Some animals also received autologous transplants of the superior cervical ganglion to the region of the MOB. There was no evidence of sympathetic axon growth into the MOB under any circumstance as assessed with qualitative fluorescence histochemistry. In addition, retrograde fluorescent dye studies demonstrated that the basal forebrain neurons projecting to the neocortex, where sympathetic sprouting has also been reported, are a separate population from those which project to the MOB. Although it is difficult to unequivocally interpret negative results, these data indicate that cholinergic denervation does not induce sympathetic sprouting throughout the central nervous system. The availability of a brain region where sympathetic sprouting does not occur may provide clues to understanding the conditions which permit such neuronal plasticity in the hippocampal formation.}, doi = {10.1016/0014-4886(84)90235-8}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Denervation; Female; Frontal Lobe, physiology; Ganglia, transplantation; Male; Nerve Regeneration; Olfactory Bulb, enzymology/physiology; Parasympathetic Nervous System, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0014-4886(84)90235-8}, pmid = {6714350}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Giber:2008, author = {Kristóf Giber and Andrea Slézia and Hajnalka Bokor and Agnes L Bodor and Anikó Ludányi and István Katona and László Acsády}, title = {Heterogeneous output pathways link the anterior pretectal nucleus with the zona incerta and the thalamus in rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2008}, volume = {506}, number = {1}, pages = {122--140}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The anterior pretectal nucleus (APT) and the zona incerta (ZI) are diencephalic nuclei that exert a strong inhibitory influence selectively in higher order thalamic relays. The APT is also known to project to the ZI as well as the thalamus, but anatomical details of the APT-ZI projection have not been described. In the present study, the efferent pathways of the APT were examined in the APT-ZI-thalamus network by using anterograde and retrograde tracing in combination with pre- and postembedding immunocytochemical stainings and in situ hybridization. The vast majority of APT fibers selectively innervated the parvalbumin-positive, ventral part of the ZI, which contains ZI neurons with axons projecting to higher order thalamic nuclei. The APT-ZI pathway consisted of both gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-negative and GABA-positive components; 38.2\% of the terminals in the ZI contained GABA, and 8.6\% of the projecting somata in the APT were glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) mRNA positive. The combination of parvalbumin immunostaining with retrograde tracing showed that strongly and weakly parvalbumin-positive as well as parvalbumin-negative neurons were all among the population of APT cells projecting to the ZI. Similar heterogeneity was found among the APT cells projecting to the thalamus. Double retrograde tracing from higher order thalamic nuclei and their topographically matched ZI regions revealed hardly any APT neuron with dual projections. Our data suggest that both ZI and the higher order thalamic relays are innervated by distinct, physiologically heterogeneous APT neurons. These various efferent pathways probably interact via the rich recurrent collaterals of the projecting APT cells. Therefore, the powerful, GABAergic APT and ZI outputs to the thalamus are apparently co-modulated in a synergistic manner via dual excitatory and inhibitory APT-ZI connections.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21545}, institution = {Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1083 Hungary.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Dextrans; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nociceptors, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar, anatomy /&/ histology; Subthalamus, cytology; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {17990275}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21545}, } @Article{Gibson:1999, author = {Gibson, C. L. and Clowry, G. J.}, title = {Retraction of muscle afferents from the rat ventral horn during development.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, year = {1999}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {231--235}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The postnatal reorganization of rat proprioreceptive muscle afferent spinal terminal fields was explored by labelling transganglionically afferents from extensor digitorum communis with cholera toxin B sub-unit at different ages. Immunocytochemistry revealed labelled afferents in all segments examined (C4-T2) as well as retrogradely labelled motoneurones (C5-T1). Dorsal horn innervation appeared similar at all ages, but there were striking changes in the ventral horn. Many afferent boutons were seen closely apposed to labelled motoneurone proximal dendrites at postnatal day 7 (P7) and P14, but in the adult such contacts were almost entirely confined to distal dendrites. Between P7 and adult, a significant decrease in bouton density was found in the area dorsomedial to the labelled motoneurones that contained labelled dendrites and antagonist motoneurones. This anatomical reorganization may explain both the increasing stretch reflex threshold and its concomitant decrease in magnitude with age, and the reduction in excitatory connections to antagonist motoneurones, previously described in developmental neurophysiological studies.}, doi = {10.1097/00001756-199902050-00006}, institution = {Department of Child Health, Sir James Spence Institute for Child Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.}, keywords = {Aging, physiology; Animals; Cholera Toxin; Forelimb; Immunohistochemistry; Motor Neurons, cytology; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal, growth /&/ development/innervation; Neck; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10203314}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gibson:1986, author = {Gibson, S. J. and Polak, J. M. and Anand, P. and Blank, M. A. and Yiangou, Y. and Su, H. C. and Terenghi, G. and Katagiri, T. and Morrison, J. F. and Lumb, B. M.}, title = {A VIP/PHI-containing pathway links urinary bladder and sacral spinal cord.}, journal = {Peptides}, year = {1986}, volume = {7 Suppl 1}, pages = {205--219}, abstract = {Nerve fibres containing VIP and the co-produced PHI are found in the dorsal horn and autonomic centres of the sacral spinal cord and in pelvic organs. We have investigated the origin of these nerve fibres and a possible peptide-containing pathway linking pelvic viscera with the spinal cord of the cat and rat using neurochemical and neurosurgical procedures, retrograde tracing and immunocytochemistry. Cell bodies were located in the dorsal root ganglia (after colchicine injection), pelvic ganglia and bladder wall. Capsaicin treatment induced a loss of VIP/PHI from the dorsal horn. Retrograde tracing from the bladder revealed True Blue labelled cells in the dorsal root ganglia (L6, S1), parasympathetic nuclei and pelvic ganglia. Labelled cells were sequentially immunostained for VIP/PHI which were numerous in pelvic ganglia and scattered and weak in dorsal root ganglia. Pelvic nerve section induced a decrease of VIP/PHI immunoreactivity from the spinal cord and no change or a minimal increase in immunoreactive nerve fibers of the bladder. Thus pelvic visceral afferents with cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia are a significant source of VIP/PHI-containing fibres in the sacral dorsal horn.}, doi = {10.1016/0196-9781(86)90188-9}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism; Animals; Capsaicin; Cats; Colchicine; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Nerve Fibers, metabolism; Peptide PHI; Peptides, metabolism; Rats; Spinal Cord, metabolism; Urinary Bladder, innervation/metabolism; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3529051}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Giehl:1995, author = {Giehl, K. and Mestres, P.}, title = {Somatostatin-mRNA expression in brainstem projections into the medial preoptic nucleus.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {103}, number = {3}, pages = {344--354}, abstract = {The medial preoptic nucleus plays an important role in the regulation of neuroendocrine processes, vegetative functions, sexual behaviour and the modulation of the somatomotoric system. The connections of the medial preoptic nucleus to other areas of the central nervous system are very complex, and the area receives afferents using numerous transmitters and neuropeptides. Previous investigations have shown that this nucleus receives afferents from various brainstem nuclei that also contain somatostatinergic neurons. This study was carried out to investigate if somatostatin-projecting neurons of the brainstem are afferents to the medial preoptic nucleus. This was approached by combining somatostatin-mRNA in situ hybridisation with True Blue retrograde tracing. Our results demonstrate somatostinergic brainstem projections into the medial preoptic nucleus mainly in the pedunculopontine nucleus and in the nucleus of the solitary tract (50\% together). Other important somatostatinergic afferents into the medial preoptic nucleus originate in the cuneiform area, the dorsal parabrachial nucleus and in the lateral reticular nucleus (37\% together). Less important are the somatostatinergic projections coming from the central grey, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, the locus coeruleus and the nucleus raphe magnus. Considering that these areas are involved in diverse functions such as cardiovascular regulation (nucleus of the solitary tract), transmission of visceral sensibility (dorsal parabrachial nucleus), modulation of the somatomotoric system (pedunculopontine nucleus) and in the regulation of neuroendocrine mechanisms (locus coeruleus), it seems tenable that the somatostatin projections demonstrated here also have a diverse functional quality within the medical preoptic nucleus where they terminate.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00241494}, institution = {Universität des Saarlandes, Institut für Anatomie, Homburg, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Base Sequence; Brain Stem, cytology; Histocytochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Molecular Sequence Data; Neural Pathways; Oligonucleotide Probes, genetics; Preoptic Area, cytology; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Somatostatin, genetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7789441}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Giesler:1978, author = {Giesler, Jr, GJ and Cannon, J. T. and Urca, G. and Liebeskind, J. C.}, title = {Long ascending projections from substantia gelatinosa Rolandi and the subjacent dorsal horn in the rat.}, journal = {Science}, year = {1978}, volume = {202}, number = {4371}, pages = {984--986}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Small neurons of the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi and the subjacent dorsal horn of the spinal cord have been thought to exert a direct modulatory effect only on neurons located within a distance of a few spinal segemnts. By using the technique of retorograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, however, it has been found that in the rat a significant number of these cells, particularly those of the subjacent dorsal horn, ascend many spinal segments to the lateral cervical nucleus and to the lower brainstem. These data provide an anatomic basis for a role of substantia gelatinosa Rolandi and subjacent dorsal horn cells in madulating or contributing to sensory information transmission not only in nearby segments but in far distant structures.}, doi = {10.1126/science.715454}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Brain Stem, cytology; Male; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Substantia Gelatinosa, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {715454}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Giesler:1994, author = {Giesler, Jr, GJ and Katter, J. T. and Dado, R. J.}, title = {Direct spinal pathways to the limbic system for nociceptive information.}, journal = {Trends Neurosci}, year = {1994}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {244--250}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The hypothalamus is believed to play important roles in several aspects of nociception. Previously, nociceptive information was thought to reach hypothalamic neurons through indirect, multisynaptic pathways. However, we have found that thousands of neurons throughout the length of the spinal cord in rats send axons directly into the hypothalamus, and many of these axons carry nociceptive information. The axons often follow a complex course, ascending through the contralateral spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus and hypothalamus. They then cross the midline and enter the ipsilateral hypothalamus, turn posteriorly, and continue into the ipsilateral thalamus. These axons might provide nociceptive information to a variety of nuclei in the thalamus and hypothalamus bilaterally.}, doi = {10.1016/0166-2236(94)90007-8}, institution = {Dept of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Humans; Hypothalamus, physiology; Limbic System, physiology; Nociceptors, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0166-2236(94)90007-8}, pmid = {7521085}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Giesler:1979, author = {Giesler, Jr, GJ and Menétrey, D. and Basbaum, A. I.}, title = {Differential origins of spinothalamic tract projections to medial and lateral thalamus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1979}, volume = {184}, number = {1}, pages = {107--126}, month = {Mar}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901840107}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinothalamic Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {84002}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901840107}, } @Article{Giesler:1984, author = {Giesler, Jr, GJ and Nahin, R. L. and Madsen, A. M.}, title = {Postsynaptic dorsal column pathway of the rat. I. Anatomical studies.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {1984}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, pages = {260--275}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {As one of a series of studies of the ascending spinal cord pathways that might be involved in nociception in the rat, we have examined the projection to the dorsal column nuclei that originates in the spinal cord dorsal horn using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). This projection in other animals has been called the postsynaptic dorsal column (PSDC) pathway. Small iontophoretic injections of HRP into the cuneate nucleus (CN) labeled more than 350 neurons in alternate sections within the ipsilateral gray matter of segments C6-8. Fewer than 25 neurons were labeled in L4-6 by injections into CN. Injections of HRP confined to the gracile nucleus (GN) labeled more than 200 neurons within a narrow band extending across the ipsilateral dorsal horn subjacent to substantia gelatinosa of L4-6. Fewer than 10 cells were labeled in C6-8 by such injections. Labeling in lumbar neurons following injections into GN was prevented by transection of the dorsal columns at T10, T8, or C2. Thus, neurons labeled by such injections ascend entirely within the dorsal columns. Lesions of the dorsal columns in C2 reduced the number of labeled neurons in the cervical cord following CN injections by approximately 90\%. Combined lesions of the dorsal columns and ipsilateral dorsal lateral funiculus (DLF) reduced the number of cells labeled in C6-8 by approximately 98\%. Thus, the majority of labeled neurons in the cervical enlargement project to CN via the dorsal columns; a small secondary component of the cervical projection to CN appears to ascend within the DLF. To compare the relative sizes of the projections to the dorsal column nuclei from PSDC neurons and dorsal root ganglion cells (DRG), labeled neurons were counted in the gray matter of the cervical and lumbar enlargements and the corresponding DRG. In the four animals so examined, PSDC neurons constituted over 38\% of the neurons that projected to CN and approximately 30\% of the cells that projected to GN. These findings indicate that the PSDC projection of the rat is capable of providing a large somatotopically organized input to the dorsal column nuclei.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6323643}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Giesler:1981, author = {Giesler, Jr, GJ and Spiel, H. R. and Willis, W. D.}, title = {Organization of spinothalamic tract axons within the rat spinal cord.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1981}, volume = {195}, number = {2}, pages = {243--252}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Two techniques have been used to examine the organization of spinothalamic tract axons within the spinal cord of the rat. In the initial experiments, the thalamus was filled on one side with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) using a series of small injections. The injections were preceded by lesions of various areas of the ventral quadrant. These studies indicated that the cells of origin of STT axons ascending within the ventral funiculus (VF) are located primarily in the ventral-most areas of the dorsal horn and the intermediate gray zone. The cells of origin of STT axons projecting within the ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) are located not only deep within the gray matter but in addition within the dorsal-most two thirds of the dorsal horn, the area of the spinal cord gray matter shown in previous studies to contain the vast majority of cells with cutaneous tactile and nociceptive input. To examine these projections directly, rats received either a series of HRP injections that filled the thalamus on one side or a small injection into either medial or lateral thalamus. Examination of the labeled axons in horizontal sections through the cervical cord indicated that STT axons ascending to lateral thalamus do so in the VLF. In contrast, axons terminating in medial thalamus ascend in the VF. Additional experiments have shown that axons ascending to the lateral thalamus are distributed throughout the VLF at lumbar levels. Within the thoracic cord, lateral projecting SST axons are distributed throughout much of the VLF but are not found in close proximity to the ventral horn. At cervical levels all lateral-projecting STT axons have assumed a position on the lateral rim of the VLF. These and previously published data have demonstrated that the rat spinothalamic tract is composed of two components that differ in the distribution of their cells of origin, the area of the cord in which they ascend, and the thalamic nuclei in which they terminate.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901950205}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Haplorhini, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Rats; Species Specificity; Spinothalamic Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6788822}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901950205}, } @Article{Giffin:1991, author = {K. Giffin and J. S. Solomon and A. Burkhalter and J. M. Nerbonne}, title = {Differential expression of voltage-gated calcium channels in identified visual cortical neurons.}, journal = {Neuron}, year = {1991}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {321--332}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, Ca2+ channel currents were examined in three distinct types of neurons derived from rat primary visual cortex. Callosal-projecting and superior colliculus-projecting neurons were identified following in vivo retrograde labeling with fluorescent "beads." A subset of intrinsic GABAergic visual cortical neurons was identified with the monoclonal antibody VC1.1. Although high voltage-activated Ca2+ channel currents were measured in all three cell types, clear differences in the densities of these channels were observed. There were also marked variations in the relative amplitudes of the inactivating and noninactivating components of the high voltage-activated currents, suggesting that N- and L-type Ca2+ channels are differentially distributed. Although low voltage-activated or T-type currents were measured in subsets of both types of projection neurons, they were not observed in VC1.1-positive cells. These results provide a direct demonstration that voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are expressed in neurons of the mammalian visual cortex and reveal that the distribution and densities of different Ca2+ channel types in diverse classes of visual cortical neurons are distinct.}, doi = {10.1016/0896-6273(91)90242-r}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.}, keywords = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal, diagnostic use/immunology; Calcium Channels, metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; Cell Separation, methods; Cells, Cultured; Electric Conductivity, physiology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Ion Channel Gating, physiology; Neurons, metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Visual Cortex, cytology/metabolism/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, immunology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0896-6273(91)90242-R}, pmid = {1848078}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Giger:1998, author = {R. J. Giger and R. J. Pasterkamp and S. Heijnen and A. J. Holtmaat and J. Verhaagen}, title = {Anatomical distribution of the chemorepellent semaphorin III/collapsin-1 in the adult rat and human brain: predominant expression in structures of the olfactory-hippocampal pathway and the motor system.}, journal = {J Neurosci Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {27--42}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Alterations in neuronal connectivity of the mature central nervous system (CNS) appear to depend on a delicate balance between growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting molecules. To begin to address a potential role of the secreted chemorepulsive protein semaphorin(D)III/collapsin-1 (semaIII/coll-1) in structural plasticity during adulthood, we used high-resolution nonradioactive in situ hybridization to identify neural structures that express semaIII/coll-1 mRNA in the mature rat and human brain. SemaIII/coll-1 was expressed in distinct but anatomically and functionally linked structures of the adult nervous system. The olfactory-hippocampal pathway displayed semaIII/coll-1 expression in a continuum of neuronal structures, including mitral and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb, olfactory tubercle, and piriform cortex; and distinct nuclei of the amygdaloid complex, the superficial layers of the entorhinal cortex, and the subiculum of the hippocampal formation. In addition, prominent labeling was found in neuronal components of the motor system, particularly in cerebellar Purkinje cells and in subpopulations of cranial and spinal motoneurons. Retrograde tracing combined with in situ hybridization also revealed that the staining of semaIII/coll-1 within the entorhinal cortex was present in the stellate neurons that project via the perforant path to the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. Like in the rat, the human brain displayed discrete expression of semaIII/coll-1. Among the structures examined, the most prominent staining was observed in the cellular islands of the superficial layers of the human entorhinal cortex. The constitutive expression of the chemorepellent semaIII/coll-1 in discrete populations of neurons in the mature rat and human CNS raises the possibility that, in addition to its function as repulsive axon guidance cue during development, semaIII/coll-1 might be involved in restricting structural changes that occur in the wiring of the intact CNS.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19980401)52:1<27::aid-jnr4>3.0.co;2-m}, institution = {Graduate School of Neurosciences, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Amsterdam.}, keywords = {Adult; Aged; Aging, metabolism; Animals; Brain, cytology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Cerebellum, cytology/metabolism; DNA Primers; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Glycoproteins, analysis/biosynthesis; Hippocampus, cytology/metabolism; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Growth Factors, analysis/biosynthesis; Olfactory Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Organ Specificity; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA Probes; RNA, Messenger, analysis/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Semaphorin-3A; Transcription, Genetic}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-M}, pmid = {9556027}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gilad:1978, author = {G. Gilad and D. J. Reis}, title = {Reversible reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme protein during the retrograde reaction in mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1978}, volume = {149}, number = {1}, pages = {141--153}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Changes in the activity and amount of the neurotransmitter synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were measured in dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the A10-mesolimbic system of the rat following electrolytic lesions of their axons. Unilateral hypothalamic lesions in close proximity to the cell bodies resulted, within 24--48 h, in a permanent anterograde reduction of TH to 10--20\% of control in the ipsilateral olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens. The retrograde reaction in the A10-DA nerve cell bodies was characterized by an initial increase in TH activity to 133\% by 24--48 h followed by a gradual and permanent fall to 50\% of control by day 14 due to retrograde cell death of DA neurons. In contrast, lesions of DA axon terminals in the olfactory tubercle resulted in a reversible retrograde reduction of TH activity of the A10. The enzyme activity declined during the first 7 days to 70\% of control and then gradually recovered, reaching control levels by 28 days after the operation. The reduction in TH activity in the A10 was demonstrated by immunochemical titration with a specific antibody to TH to be entirely due to reduced amounts of enzyme protein. We conclude that in mesolimbic DA neurons; (a) the anterograde reaction is characterized by a rapid and permanent decline of TH in degenerating terminals; (b) the retrograde reaction is dependent upon the proximity of the lesion to the nerve cell body, and (c) a reversible reduced accumulation of TH characterizes the retrograde reaction in response to lesions of distal axons. The reaction of DA neurons of the mesolimbic system to axonal injury is comparable to that of the nigrostriatal system.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(78)90594-2}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, enzymology; Corpus Striatum, enzymology; Female; Hypothalamus, Posterior, enzymology; Limbic System, enzymology; Mesencephalon, enzymology; Nerve Degeneration; Neural Pathways, enzymology; Nucleus Accumbens, enzymology; Olfactory Bulb, enzymology; Rats; Receptors, Dopamine, metabolism; Retrograde Degeneration; Substantia Nigra, enzymology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(78)90594-2}, pmid = {77710}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Giles:2001, author = {Giles, M. E. and Sly, D. J. and McKinley, M. J. and Oldfield, B. J.}, title = {A method for the identification of pseudorabies virus protein and angiotensin AT(1A) receptor mRNA expression in the same CNS neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res Brain Res Protoc}, year = {2001}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {153--158}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Neurotropic viruses have been used over the last 10 years to map the distribution of chains of synaptically connected neurons in the CNS. The peptide content of infected neurons has been determined in a number of cases immunohistochemically. However, it has been unclear whether specific mRNA can be assessed in virus-infected neurons. We have established a technique which enables the identification of viral protein and mRNA in the same neuron. In the present study pseudorabies virus retrogradely transported from the kidney was localised using immunohistochemistry and mRNA for the angiotensin II AT(1A) receptor was detected by hybridisation histochemistry. Virus protein was visualised using an immunohistochemical procedure with diaminobenzidine as the chromogen and the same sections were exposed to radioactively labelled ((35)S) riboprobes, hybridising the angiotensin II AT(1A) receptor. The combination of these two approaches resulted in the identification of neurons shown to project polysynaptically to the kidney and express AT(1A) mRNA. These data provide neuroanatomical support for previous physiological observations that ablation of the lamina terminalis and administration of losartan, the AT(1) receptor antagonist, blocks the inhibition of renal sympathetic nerve activity following centrally injected Ang II in rats and sheep [5].}, doi = {10.1016/s1385-299x(01)00105-2}, institution = {Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Central Nervous System, cytology/metabolism; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Paraffin Embedding; RNA, Messenger, biosynthesis; RNA, Viral, biosynthesis/genetics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; Receptors, Angiotensin, biosynthesis/genetics; Tissue Fixation; Viral Envelope Proteins, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S1385299X01001052}, pmid = {11733190}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gill:1999, author = {C. F. Gill and J. M. Madden and B. P. Roberts and L. D. Evans and M. S. King}, title = {A subpopulation of neurons in the rat rostral nucleus of the solitary tract that project to the parabrachial nucleus express glutamate-like immunoreactivity.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {821}, number = {2}, pages = {251--262}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {In rodents, gustatory information is transmitted from second order neurons in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST) to the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) in the pons. The chemical nature of this projection is unknown. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to determine if rNST neurons that project to the PBN express glutamate-like immunoreactivity. Projection neurons were retrogradely labeled following stereotaxic injection of rhodamine-filled latex microspheres into the right PBN of seven rats while glutamate-immunoreactive (GLU-IR) structures were visualized in the same tissue using an immunoperoxidase procedure. The number of single- and double-labeled neurons located in the right (ipsilateral) and left rNST, in each of the nuclear subdivisions as well as their position along the rostral-caudal axis of the rNST was determined. GLU-IR cell bodies were located throughout the rNST. Although the rostral central subdivision contained the highest percentage (33.8\%) of GLU-IR perikarya, immunolabeled neurons were most concentrated (number/area of subdivision) within the medial subnucleus. The rostral third of the rNST contained the fewest (20. 5\%) and lowest density of GLU-IR cell bodies. The highest percentage of rNST neurons retrogradely labeled from the PBN were located ipsilateral (85.4\%) to the pontine injection site, in the middle third of the nucleus (44.2\%) and within the rostral central subdivision (52.4\%). Overall, 18\% of the labeled rNST projection neurons were GLU-IR. The distribution of double-labeled neurons mirrored that of the projection neurons with the largest number located in the ipsilateral rNST (84.5\%), middle third of the nucleus (40.5\%) and rostral central subdivision (64.7\%). These results indicate that glutamate may be a main component of the ascending pathway from the rNST to the PBN. In addition, since GLU-IR neurons were located throughout the rNST and most were not retrogradely-labeled, the current results suggest that glutamate may be an important neurotrans-mitter within the medulla.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(98)01270-0}, institution = {Unit 8264, 421 N. Woodland Blvd., Biology Department, Stetson University, DeLand, FL 32720, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Antibodies; Cell Count; Glutamic Acid, analysis/immunology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways; Neurons, chemistry/cytology; Pons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, cytology; Taste, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(98)01270-0}, pmid = {10064811}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gillet:1986, author = {Gillet, J. P. and Derer, P. and Tsiang, H.}, title = {Axonal transport of rabies virus in the central nervous system of the rat.}, journal = {J Neuropathol Exp Neurol}, year = {1986}, volume = {45}, number = {6}, pages = {619--634}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Stereotaxic inoculation of rabies virus into specific nuclei in the central nervous system has been used for the investigation of the central neural transport mechanisms of viral information. The infection was monitored by specific fluorescence and peroxidase studies and the titration of viral infectivity in dissected brain areas. Twenty-four hours after inoculation into the striatum, cortex, or substantia nigra, infected neurons were detected only in cells from areas and nuclei which were related to the site of inoculation. The distribution of infected neurons showed that retrograde axoplasmic flow plays a determining role in the transport of rabies virus 24 hours after delivery of virus to specific target nuclei. Local destruction of neurons by kainic acid at the site of viral inoculation did not prevent the uptake and subsequent retrograde axonal transport of virus. There was an overall correlation between the major neural connections of the inoculated areas (e.g. the striatum) and the infected areas 24 hours later (e.g. the substantia nigra).}, doi = {10.1097/00005072-198611000-00002}, keywords = {Animals; Antigens, Viral, analysis; Axonal Transport; Axons, microbiology; Brain, microbiology/pathology; Central Nervous System, immunology/microbiology/physiology; Cerebral Cortex, microbiology; Corpus Striatum, microbiology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Injections; Kainic Acid, pharmacology; Rabies virus, immunology; Rabies, microbiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stereotaxic Techniques; Substantia Nigra, microbiology; Viral Vaccines, administration /&/ dosage}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2430067}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gilmour:1995, author = {Gilmour, J. A. and Myles, L. M. and Glasby, M. A.}, title = {The fate of motoneurons in the spinal cord after peripheral nerve repair: a quantitative study using the neural tracer horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {J Neurosurg}, year = {1995}, volume = {82}, number = {4}, pages = {623--629}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {This study assessed the changes that occurred in the spinal motoneuron pool after the repair of a specific peripheral nerve by means of several clinically appropriate surgical techniques: nerve graft, muscle graft, and epineurial suture. The motoneuron pool relating to a single muscle was assessed at 50, 100, 200, and 300 days after repair via retrograde axonal transport of the neural tracer horseradish peroxidase. The results indicate that although a small portion of the motoneuron population dies following peripheral nerve surgery, this is not a significant number. The majority of the anterior horn cells appear to have the ability to both survive nerve transection and form new functional connections with the regenerated nerve after repair. The degree of cell loss is influenced by the nature of the injury and the method of repair implemented. Injuries involving neurotmesis result in the loss of a greater proportion of the cell population than less severe injuries involving axonotmesis. A greater proportion of the motoneuron population is preserved when the severed nerve has been repaired using a direct epineurial suture than when repair is achieved by means of a graft. The two methods of grafting produced comparable results, although the muscle graft tended to result in the preservation of a greater number of cells than the nerve graft, making it an acceptable alternative method for the surgical repair of short gaps in peripheral nerves.}, doi = {10.3171/jns.1995.82.4.0623}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Scotland.}, keywords = {Animals; Anterior Horn Cells, chemistry/pathology/physiology; Ganglia, Spinal, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, pharmacokinetics; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation/transplantation; Nerve Crush; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Peripheral Nerves, physiopathology/surgery; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retrograde Degeneration, physiology; Sciatic Nerve, injuries/physiopathology; Spinal Cord, chemistry/pathology/physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7897525}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1995.82.4.0623}, } @Article{Giolli:1984, author = {R. A. Giolli and R. H. Blanks and Y. Torigoe}, title = {Pretectal and brain stem projections of the medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system of the rabbit and rat as studied by anterograde and retrograde neuronal tracing methods.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1984}, volume = {227}, number = {2}, pages = {228--251}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The projections of the medial terminal nucleus (MTN) of the accessory optic system have been studied in the rabbit and rat following injection of 3H-leucine or 3H-leucine/3H-proline into the MTN and the charting of the course and terminal distribution of the MTN efferents. The projections of the MTN, as demonstrated autoradiographically, have been confirmed in retrograde transport studies in which horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been injected into nuclei shown in the autoradiographic series to contain fields of terminal axons. The following projections of the MTN have been identified in the rabbit and rat. The largest projection is to the ipsilateral nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus (DTN) of the accessory optic system. Labeled axons course through the midbrain reticular formation and the superior fasiculus, posterior fibers of the accessory optic system, to reach the nucleus of the optic tract and the DTN in both rabbit and rat. Axons also run forward to traverse the lateral thalamus and to distribute to rostral portions of the nucleus of the optic tract in rat only. A second, large projection is to the contralateral dorsolateral portion of the nucleus parabrachialis pigmentosus of the ventral tegmental area together with an adjacent segment of the midbrain reticular formation. The patchy terminal field observed has been named the visual tegmental relay zone (VTRZ). This fiber projection courses within the posterior commissure and along its path to the VTRZ, provides terminals to the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, both bilaterally. A third, large MTN projection distributes ipsilaterally to the deep mesencephalic nucleus, pars medialis, and the oral pontine reticular formation. Further, this projection also supplies input to the medial nucleus of the periaqueductal gray matter, bilaterally in the rabbit and rat, and in the rabbit also to the ipsilateral superior and lateral vestibular nuclei. A fourth projection crosses the midline and courses caudally to reach, contralaterally, the dorsolateral division of the basilar pontine complex and the above nuclei of the vestibular complex. A fifth projection of the MTN utilizes the medial longitudinal fasciiculus to reach the rostral medulla, in which its axons distribute ispilaterally to the dorsal cap, its ventrolateral outgrowth, and the beta nucleus of the inferior olivary complex. There is also a contralateral contingent of this projection that leaves the medial longitudinal fasciculus to innervate a small rostral segment of the contralateral dorsal cap.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902270208}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Eye Movements; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Motion Perception, physiology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rabbits; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6470215}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902270208}, } @Article{Giolli:1985d, author = {R. A. Giolli and R. H. Blanks and Y. Torigoe and D. D. Williams}, title = {Projections of medial terminal accessory optic nucleus, ventral tegmental nuclei, and substantia nigra of rabbit and rat as studied by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1985}, volume = {232}, number = {1}, pages = {99--116}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Projections of the medial terminal nucleus (MTN) of the accessory optic system, the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, and the substantia nigra of the rabbit and the rat have been studied by the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The data show that MTN projections are remarkably similar in the rabbit and rat. The MTN projects heavily to the ipsilateral nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system and to a portion of the contralateral ventral tegmental area of Tsai that we have termed the visual tegmental relay zone (VTRZ). Further, the MTN sends projections to the ipsilateral mesencephalic (deep mesencephalic nucleus, pars medialis) and pontine (nucleus reticularis pontis oralis) reticular formations; the contralateral dorsolateral division of the basal pontine complex; the superior and lateral vestibular nuclei (contralateral in rat; bilateral in rabbit); and the ipsi- and contralateral interstitial nucleus of Cajal, nucleus of Darkschewitsch, and supraoculomotor-periaqueductal gray. The findings also indicate that the MTN has a small bilateral, but mainly ipsilateral, projection to the dorsal cap, its ventrolateral outgrowth, and the B division of the inferior olivary complex. This study further reveals that ventral tegmental nuclei (n. parabrachialis pigmentosus and n. paranigralis) and subdivisions of the substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) project to many brain stem targets of the MTN. Thus, the VTRZ projections are similar to those of the MTN in both distribution and density except that the VTRZ projection to the inferior olive is substantially stronger. The nucleus parabrachialis pigmentosus sends a small contralateral projection to the VTRZ and a moderate-sized bilateral projection to the supraoculomotor-periaqueductal gray. The nucleus paranigralis sends a moderate number of axons to the ipsilateral deep mesencephalic nucleus, pars medialis, and the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis and provides a strong bilateral projection to the supraoculomotor-periaqueductal gray. The pars compacta of the substantia nigra provides a sparse input to the ipsilateral deep mesencephalic nucleus, pars medialis, and nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, and to the contralateral VTRZ and sends a moderate number of axons, bilaterally, to the supraoculomotor-periaqueductal gray. The pars reticulata of the substantia nigra sends an ipsiateral projection of moderate size to the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, sparse ipsilateral projections to the deep mesencephalic nucleus, pars medialis, and nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, and a sparse bilateral projection to}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902320109}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Periaqueductal Gray; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rabbits; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3973086}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902320109}, } @Article{Giolli:1990, author = {R. A. Giolli and R. J. Clarke and Y. Torigoe and R. H. Blanks and J. H. Fallon}, title = {The projection of GABA-ergic neurons of the medial terminal accessory optic nucleus to the pretectum in the rat.}, journal = {Braz J Med Biol Res}, year = {1990}, volume = {23}, number = {12}, pages = {1349--1352}, abstract = {Large numbers of neurons were retrogradely labeled in both the dorsal and ventral medial terminal nucleus (MTN) after fluoro-gold injections into the rat pretectal nucleus of the optic tract/dorsal terminal nucleus (NOT/DTN). Fluorescence immunocytochemistry for GABA in the same brains revealed GABA-positive neurons distributed mainly in the dorsal MTN. Approximately half of all the GABAergic neurons in the MTN were double-labeled. Therefore, GABAergic neurons comprise a significant component of the MTN-NOT/DTN projection which most likely inhibits the pretectal pathway mediating horizontal optokinetic nystagmus.}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, California College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717.}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, Efferent, physiology; Rats; Stilbamidines; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2136569}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Giolli:1985, author = {R. A. Giolli and L. C. Schmued and J. H. Fallon}, title = {A retino-mesotelencephalic pathway in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1985}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {1--7}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {We have demonstrated a disynaptic pathway in the adult rat that connects retinal ganglion cells with the anteromedial portion of the caudate-putamen and with the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex through the ventral midbrain tegmentum. This retino-mesotelencephalic pathway has been revealed by double-labeling methods in which neurons located in the medial portion of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra and the lateral portion of the nucleus paranigralis of the ventral tegemental area have been retrogradely labeled with tracers injected into the anteromedial portion of the caudate-putamen or the prefrontal/anterior cingulate cortex and have been anterogradely, and transynaptically, labeled with [3H]adenosine injected into the eye. The data show a disynaptic connection from retinal ganglion cells to striatal and cortical neurons by which direction and velocity specific visual information may affect visually guided motor behavior.}, doi = {10.1016/s0304-3940(85)80002-1}, keywords = {Animals; Caudate Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Gyrus Cinguli, anatomy /&/ histology; Putamen, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Retina, anatomy /&/ histology; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3991045}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Giolli:1988a, author = {R. A. Giolli and Y. Torigoe and R. H. Blanks}, title = {Nonretinal projections to the medial terminal accessory optic nucleus in rabbit and rat: a retrograde and anterograde transport study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1988}, volume = {269}, number = {1}, pages = {73--86}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The distribution and density of the nonretinal projections to the rabbit medial terminal accessory optic nucleus (MTN) have been studied after injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the MTN in seven rabbits, and confirmation for the presence of certain of these projections has been made in the rabbit or rat by utilizing anterograde transport of tritiated leucine or leucine/proline after appropriate injections into cerebral cortical areas and brainstem nuclei. In seven cases studied by the retrograde axonal transport method, HRP-labeled neurons have been identified: (A) In four visual or preoculomotor nuclei in which available autoradiographic brain series have confirmed the presence of projections to the MTN: (1) The nucleus of the optic tract/dorsal terminal accessory optic nucleus, (2) the interstitial nucleus of the superior fasciculus (posterior fibers), (3) the periaqueductal gray (including its supraoculomotor portion), and (4) the medial division of the deep mesencephalic nucleus. (B) Within the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, from which a projection to the MTN has been confirmed autoradiographically in the rat by other workers. (C) In brainstem nuclei and cerebral cortical areas in which available autoradiographic brain series fail to confirm the presence of afferents to the MTN: (1) The nucleus reticularis pontis, pars oralis and pars caudalis, (2) the intermediate interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, (3) the nucleus raphe pontis, and (4) five cerebral cortical areas (the area retrosplenialis granularis dorsalis, the striate area, the parietal area 3, the subicular cortex, and the regio praecentralis granularis). Finally, we report retrograde labeling which, on the basis of published connectional data, we believe to result from the spread to and uptake from axons en passant. The false-positive labeling in this category is likely to result from spread of HRP into ventral tegmental nuclei or tracts adjacent to the MTN. Thus, as a result, in the medulla and pons, labeled neurons are found in the medial, lateral, and superior vestibular nuclei, the medullary reticular formation including the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, the lateral reticular nucleus, the nucleus raphe magnus, the spinal nucleus of V, the nucleus gracilis/nucleus cuneatus, the dorsal and ventral divisions of the parabrachial nucleus, the central pontine gray, the nucleus K of Meessen and Olszewski, and the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902690106}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, California College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717.}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Leucine, diagnostic use; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Proline, diagnostic use; Rabbits; Rats; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3361005}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902690106}, } @Article{Giolli:1988, author = {R. A. Giolli and Y. Torigoe and R. H. Blanks and H. M. McDonald}, title = {Projections of the dorsal and lateral terminal accessory optic nuclei and of the interstitial nucleus of the superior fasciculus (posterior fibers) in the rabbit and rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1988}, volume = {277}, number = {4}, pages = {608--620}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The projections of the dorsal and lateral terminal accessory optic nuclei (DTN and LTN) and of the dorsal and ventral components of the interstitial nucleus of the superior fasciculus (posterior fibers; inSFp have been studied in the rabbit and rat by the method of retrograde axonal transport following injections of horseradish peroxidase into oculomotor-related brainstem nuclei. The projections of the ventral division of the inSFp have been further investigated in rabbits with the anterograde axonal transport of 3H-leucine. The data show that the projections of the DTN, LTN, and inSFp are remarkably similar in rabbit and rat. The DTN projects heavily to the ipsilateral medial terminal accessory optic nucleus (MTN), nucleus of the optic tract, and dorsal cap of the inferior olive. The DTN projects sparsely to the ipsilateral visual tegmental relay zone and to the contralateral superior and lateral vestibular nuclei. The LTN and dorsal component of the inSFp are found to share the same basic connections; both project heavily to the ipsilateral nucleus of the optic tract and visual tegmental relay zone and send a moderately sized projection to the ipsilateral MTN. However, while the dorsal component of the inSFp sends significant ipsilateral projections to both rostral and caudal portions of the dorsal cap, only a few LTN neurons appear to follow this example and only by projecting to the rostral part of the dorsal cap. In addition, both the LTN and dorsal component of the inSFp send sparse contralateral projections to the MTN, nucleus of the optic tract, and visual tegmental relay zone; and the dorsal component of the inSFp also provides a sparse contralateral projection to both rostral and caudal portions of the dorsal cap. The ventral component of the inSFp projects heavily to the ipsilateral visual tegmental relay zone and moderately to the ipsilateral MTN and nucleus of the optic tract. The ventral inSFp projects sparsely to the contralateral MTN, the nucleus of the optic tract, and the visual tegmental relay zone. A few of its neurons target the ipsilateral dorsal cap of the inferior olive. Unlike the DTN (present study) and the MTN (Giolli et al.: J. Comp. Neurol. 227:228-251, '84; J. Comp. Neurol. 232:99-116, '85a), the LTN and the inSFp of the rabbit and rat lack projections to the superior and lateral vestibular nuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902770412}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, California College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rabbits; Rats; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3209748}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902770412}, } @Article{Giolli:1992, author = {R. A. Giolli and Y. Torigoe and R. J. Clarke and R. H. Blanks and J. H. Fallon}, title = {GABAergic and non-GABAergic projections of accessory optic nuclei, including the visual tegmental relay zone, to the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal accessory optic nucleus in rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {319}, number = {3}, pages = {349--358}, month = {May}, abstract = {This study examines the non-gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)ergic (group I neurons) and GABAergic neurons (group II neurons) of the accessory optic system projecting to the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT)/dorsal terminal nucleus (DTN) of the accessory optic system in rat. These nuclei include the dorsal (MTNd) and ventral (MTNv) divisions of the medial terminal nucleus, the lateral terminal nucleus, the interstitial nucleus of the superior fasciculus, the posterior fibers, and the visual tegmental relay zone. GABAergic neurons of these nuclei that do not target the NOT/DTN (group III neurons) have also been observed. The fluorescent retrograde tracer fluoro-gold was injected into the pretectum, targeting the NOT/DTN and the tissue prepared immunocytochemically to reveal neurons containing the neurotransmitter GABA. Three groups of neurons (groups I, II, and III neurons) were examined in terms of their distribution, density, and percentage present. Group I neurons are single- labeled with fluoro-gold and represent non-GABAergic neurons projecting to the NOT/DTN. These neurons are of the highest density in the lateral terminal nucleus (204 neurons/mm2). Their densities are also substantial in the MTNv (120 neurons/mm2), interstitial nucleus of the superior fasciculus, posterior fibers (96 neurons/mm2), and visual tegmental relay zone (93 neurons/mm2). Group II neurons are double-labeled with fluoro-gold and GABA. They form a system of GABAergic neurons projecting to the NOT/DTN, which are exceedingly dense in the MTNd (78 neurons/mm2) but are also dense in both the visual tegmental relay zone (49 neurons/mm2) and MTNv (33 neurons/mm2). Group III neurons are GABAergic neurons that do not target the NOT/DTN but must project to other brain nuclei and/or be interneurons. These are of extremely high concentration in the visual tegmental relay zone (316 neurons/mm2) and are also of substantial densities in the MTNd (77 neurons/mm2), lateral terminal nucleus (72 neurons/mm2), and MTNv ( 44 neurons/mm2). The MTNd has the highest percentage of GABAergic neurons projecting to the NOT/DTN (72\%). GABAergic neurons also form significant percentages of the projections to the NOT/DTN from the visual tegmental relay zone (34\%) and MTNv (21\%). The percentage of the total GABAergic neurons that project to the NOT/DTN is the highest in the MTNd (50\%) and MTNv (42\%). The described GABAergic afferents to the NOT/DTN may function to process information concerned with the compensation for retinal slip.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903190304}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, California College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717.}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Nerve Fibers, drug effects; Rats; Stilbamidines; Tegmentum Mesencephali, cytology/physiology; Visual Pathways, cytology/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1602049}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903190304}, } @Article{Giolli:1980, author = {Giolli, R. A. and Towns, L. C.}, title = {A review of axon collateralization in the mammalian visual system.}, journal = {Brain Behav Evol}, year = {1980}, volume = {17}, number = {5}, pages = {364--390}, abstract = {Axon collateralization appears to represent a prominent feature of the mammalian visual system. Both anatomical and electrophysiological evidence reveal that axon branching occurs in the retinofugal, geniculocortical and visual corticifugal projections. Most of this evidence is provided by studies on the cat, but enough data are available from investigations on the rat and monkey to permit certain interspecies differences to be recognized and evaluated. Axon branching allows individual axons to provide innervation to two or more targets and generally to transmit the same type of visual information to these targets. There is abundant evidence to suggest that two of the three functional classes of retinal ganglion cells and geniculate relay cells (namely Y and W ganglion and relay cells) utilize axon branching; however, few details regarding this subject are currently available. The third functional class of ganglion and relay cells (X ganglion and relay cells) essentially lacks axon branches. This review has three primary goals: (1) to review the pertinent anatomical and electrophysiological literature dealing with axon branching and to discuss areas in which information is meager and further investigation necessary; (2) to emphasize the need for applying recently developed techniques, such as double-labeling of neurons and electrical collision, to the study of axon collateralization, and (3) to formulate some hypotheses concerning the functional significance of axon branching.}, doi = {10.1159/000121809}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Cats; Electrophysiology; Macaca mulatta; Rats; Retina, innervation; Retrograde Degeneration; Species Specificity; Vision, Ocular, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {7002261}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Giuditta:2003, author = {Marianna Giuditta and David A Ruggiero and Alberto Del Bo}, title = {Anatomical basis for the fastigial pressor response.}, journal = {Blood Press}, year = {2003}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {175-180}, abstract = {Electrical stimulation of rostromedial portion of cerebellar fastigial nucleus elicits integrated cardiovascular effects, which are neurally and humorally mediated. In this study, we sought to demonstrate the anatomical substrates of the fastigial pressor response (FPR) in the rat. The response was electrophysiologically localized in anesthetized, paralyzed-ventilated rats. Anterograde transport techniques were used to study the efferent projections of the fastigial pressor area; the distribution of efferent projection cells were then mapped by injecting retrograde tracers into anterogradely labeled sites. Electrolytic lesions were then placed bilaterally in selected brainstem areas in the attempt to block the pressor response. Sites of cerebellar stimulation and of brainstem lesions were subsequently histologically identified. The following lesions abolished the FPR: in nine animals lesions involved portions of the nucleus gigantocellularis dorsalis (NGCd), paramedian reticular formation ( PMN) and the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) (in two animals fairly selectively the caudal NTS); in two other animals lesions destroyed the rostral ventrolateral medulla (C1 area) and in one animal the area encompassing the dorsal convexity of the superior cerebellar peduncle bordering the locus coeruleus-lateral parabrachial complex; partially effective were unilateral lesions of NGCd and NTS (three), bilateral lesions confined to NGCd and PMN (two), to vestibular complex and uncinate fasciculus (UF) (three), to UF and locus coeruleus (three) and to nucleus reticularis ventralis (two). Ineffective lesions involved A1 area, the nucleus gigantocellularis ventralis (NGCv), the spinal trigeminal nucleus and nucleus reticularis parvocellularis, the A5 area of the ventrolateral pons, the central gray and lateral mesencephalic tegmentum. It seems therefore that the pressor response elicited by stimulation of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus utilizes central specific pathways, as lesions involving other brainstem regions also known to participate in cardiovascular control do not affect the response. Furthermore, the FPR persisted after midbrain decerebration, thus demonstrating that it is organized beneath the midbrain.}, doi = {10.1080/08037050310010912}, institution = {Centro di Fisiologia Clinica e Ipertensione, Università e Ospedale Maggiore di Milano, Italy. giuditta_emme@libero.it}, keywords = {Animals; Blood Pressure, physiology; Brain Stem, injuries; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12875480}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Giuffrida:1989, author = {Giuffrida, R. and Rustioni, A.}, title = {Glutamate and aspartate immunoreactivity in cortico-cortical neurons of the sensorimotor cortex of rats.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1989}, volume = {74}, number = {1}, pages = {41--46}, abstract = {Retrograde transport of tracers and immunocytochemistry have been used to determine if association and callosal neurons in the primary motor and somatosensory cortex of rats contain high levels of glutamate or aspartate and may, thus, use these amino acids as neurotransmitter. After tracer injections in these areas, about 65\% of the retrogradely labeled neurons in layer V in the ipsilateral or contralateral hemisphere are immunopositive for glutamate. Lower percentages of double-labeled neurons are found in layers III, VI, and II. Similar results are obtained when sections are processed for aspartate immunoreactivity. About 90\% of retrogradely labeled neurons are immunopositive in sections incubated with a mixture of both glutamate-and aspartate antisera. These results suggest that a large fraction of cortico-cortical neurons are immunoreactive for either one amino acid but not for both. It is proposed that neurons with high levels of one amino acid use this as neurotransmitter; high levels of glutamate and aspartate are likely to be present in a fraction of neurons which may release both amino acids or a substance closely related to these.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00248278}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Aspartic Acid, metabolism; Cell Count; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Glutamates, metabolism; Glutamic Acid; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2564344}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Giuffrida:1992, author = {Giuffrida, R. and Rustioni, A.}, title = {Dorsal root ganglion neurons projecting to the dorsal column nuclei of rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {316}, number = {2}, pages = {206--220}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons may give origin to ascending branches that terminate in the dorsal column nuclei (DCN); uncertainties still exist with regard to the proportion of these neurons in different DRGs and to the type of these neurons. The percentage and size of neurons that project to the DCN were determined in a large number of DRGs by means of the retrograde transport of colloidal gold-labeled wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to enzymatically inactive horseradish peroxidase (WGAapoHRP-AU). A total of 16,239 neurons was tallied in 80 DRGs from nine rats; 3,240 (20\%) of these were retrogradely labeled by the tracer injected in the DCN. Percentages of DCN projecting neurons vary considerably at different segmental levels: they are higher in cervical (up to 63\%) than in thoracic (up to 31\% for T1, up to 12\% for thoracic DRGs below T1) or lumbar DRGs (up to 15\%). At cervical levels highest percentages were encountered in C6, C7, and C8 and lowest percentages in C2- C4. At lumbar levels highest percentages were encountered in L4 and lowest in L1 and L6. When considering the soma size of DRG neurons it appears that: 1) there are more large cells, labeled and unlabeled, at cervical (38\%) than at lumbar levels (30\%) and more at lumbar than at thoracic levels (23\%); 2) at every level, most labeled, i.e., projecting, neurons are large; and 3) DRGs with the highest proportions of large vs. small cells contain the highest percentages of DCN projecting neurons. These results represent the first attempt at establishing the percentages and soma size of DCN projecting neurons from a large number of DRGs and at comparing the contribution to these nuclei from cervical, thoracic, and lumbar DRGs. Some of the differences in the ratio of projecting neurons at different levels may be explained on the basis of well-known anatomical features, e.g., the projections to the Clarke's column of many DRG neurons in lumbar ganglia. The contribution of virtually exclusively large DRG neurons to the DCN, suggested by indirect or incomplete evidence, is demonstrated by the present retrograde labeling and soma size measurements. The results relate to the functional component of peripheral receptors that relay their input via the dorsal columns and do not seem to support a recent suggestion that a sizeable fraction of unmyelinated primary afferents ascend in the dorsal columns to terminate in the DCN.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903160206}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599.}, keywords = {Animals; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Myelin Sheath, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Neurotransmitter Agents, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1374085}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903160206}, } @Article{Glass:2002, author = {Michael J Glass and Eric E O Colago and Virginia M Pickel}, title = {Alpha-2A-adrenergic receptors are present on neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala that project to the dorsal vagal complex in the rat.}, journal = {Synapse}, year = {2002}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, pages = {258--268}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The descending pathway between the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) is an important substrate for autonomic functions associated with emotion. Activity in this circuit is crucially modulated by catecholamines and agonists of the alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor (alpha(2A)-AR), which relieve cardiovascular and gastrointestinal symptoms associated with experience of aversive stimuli. The subcellular distribution of alpha(2A)-AR within the CeA, however, has not been characterized. It is also not known if any alpha(2A)-AR-expressing neurons in the CeA project to the dorsal vagal complex. In order to address these questions, we examined the immunocytochemical labeling of alpha(2A)-AR in the CeA of rats receiving microinjection of the retrograde tracer fluorogold (FG) into the dorsal vagal complex at the level of the area postrema, an area involved in cardiorespiratory and gastrointestinal functions. Of all alpha(2A)-AR-labeled profiles in the CeA, the majority were either dendrites (42\%) or somata (24\%). alpha(2A)-AR labeling was often present on the plasmalemma in dendrites and was mainly found in endosome-like organelles in somata. Of all alpha(2A)-AR immunoreactive somata, 62\% also contained immunolabeling for FG and 23\% of all dendrites also showed labeling for the retrograde tracer. The intracellular distribution of alpha(2A)-AR did not differ in somata or dendrites with or without detectable FG. The remaining singly labeled alpha(2A)-AR profiles consisted of axons (11\%), axon terminals (12\%), and glial processes (13\%). In numerous instances, alpha(2A)-AR-labeled glia or axon terminals were apposed to DVC projecting neurons. Together, this evidence suggests that the principal site for alpha(2A)-AR activation is at extrasynaptic sites on dendrites of CeA neurons, many of which project to the DVC and also show endosomal receptor labeling. In addition, these results indicate that activation of alpha(2A)-AR in the CeA may influence the activity of DVC projecting neurons through indirect mechanisms, including changes in presynaptic transmitter release or glial function. These results suggest that alpha(2A)-AR agonists in the CeA may modulate numerous processes including stress-evoked autonomic reactions and feeding behavior.}, doi = {10.1002/syn.10136}, institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA. mjg2003@mail.med.cornell.edu}, keywords = {Amygdala, chemistry/ultrastructure; Animals; Area Postrema, chemistry/ultrastructure; Male; Neural Pathways, chemistry/ultrastructure; Neurons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2, analysis; Solitary Nucleus, chemistry/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12373741}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.10136}, } @Article{Glatt:1973, author = {Glatt, H. R. and Honegger, C. G.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport for cartography of neurones.}, journal = {Experientia}, year = {1973}, volume = {29}, number = {12}, pages = {1515--1517}, month = {Dec}, doi = {10.1007/bf01943889}, keywords = {Albumins; Animals; Axonal Transport; Coloring Agents; Fluorescence; Foot; Forelimb; Methods; Motor Neurons, cytology; Muscles, innervation; Neural Pathways; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {4129570}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Glicksman:1980, author = {Glicksman, M. A.}, title = {Localization of motoneurons controlling the extraocular muscles of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1980}, volume = {188}, number = {1}, pages = {53--62}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The localization of extraocular motoneurons in the rat was investigated by injecting horseradish peroxidase and [125I]wheat germ agglutinin as retrograde tracer substances into individual eye muscles. The organization of subnuclei was found to be most similar to the rabbit. The subgroups representing the medial rectus and inferior rectus muscles are located in the rostral two thirds of the ipsilateral oculomotor nucleus (nIII) with some medial rectus motoneurons scattered laterally along the edge of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The motor pool controlling the inferior oblique muscle is located in the middle third of the ipsilateral nIII. The motoneurons of the superior rectus muscle are in the caudal two-thirds of contralateral nIII while the levator palpebrae muscle has a bilateral innervation in the oculomotor nucleus. The motoneurons of the superior oblique are located in the contralateral trochlear nucleus although a few labeled neurons were scattered laterally in amongst the fibers of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The cell bodies of lateral rectus motoneurons are not homogeneously distributed throughout the ipsilateral abducens nucleus. A regional separation between the latter and internuclear neurons was found after injecting HRP into the oculomotor nucleus.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(80)90556-9}, keywords = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase; Lectins; Motor Neurons, physiology; Oculomotor Muscles, innervation; Oculomotor Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(80)90556-9}, pmid = {7370761}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Glickstein:1992, author = {Glickstein, M. and Kralj-Hans, I. and Legg, C. and Mercier, B. and Ramna-Rayan, M. and Vaudano, E.}, title = {The organisation of fibres within the rat basis pedunculi.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1992}, volume = {135}, number = {1}, pages = {75--79}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The organisation of corticofugal fibres within the basis pedunculi of rats was studied using wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase as an orthograde tracer. Following cortical injections, labelled fibres were distributed within the cerebral peduncle in an orderly way. Fibres which originate from cells in the frontal cortex maintain a position in the ventromedial part of the basis pedunculi. Fibres from the occipital and temporal cortex travel in the most dorsolateral part. Somatosensory fibres travel between these two. The extent of labelled fibres within the peduncles is correlated with the relative density of corticopontine cells arising from different areas of the cerebral cortex.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(92)90139-x}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College, London, U.K.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Rats; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(92)90139-X}, pmid = {1371860}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gloveli:2001, author = {T. Gloveli and T. Dugladze and D. Schmitz and U. Heinemann}, title = {Properties of entorhinal cortex deep layer neurons projecting to the rat dentate gyrus.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2001}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {413--420}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Medial entorhinal cortex (EC) deep layer neurons projecting to the dentate gyrus (DG) were studied. Neurons, retrogradely-labelled with rhodamine-dextran-amine were characterized electrophysiologically with the patch clamp technique and finally labelled with biocytin. Pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons form projections from the deep layers of the EC to the molecular layer of the DG. In addition, both classes of projection neurons send ascending axon collaterals to the superficial layers of the EC. Both classes of neurons were characterized physiologically by regular action potential firing upon depolarizing current injection. While a substantial number of pyramidal projection cells showed intrinsic membrane potential oscillations, none of the studied nonpyramidal cells exhibited oscillations. Despite the morphological similarity of bipolar and multipolar cells to those of GABAergic interneurons in the EC, their electrophysiological characteristics were similar to those of principal neurons and immunocytochemistry for GABA was negative. We conclude, that neurons of the deep layers of the medial EC projecting to the DG may function as both local circuit and projecting neurons thereby contributing to synchronization between deep layers of the EC, superficial layers of the EC and the DG.}, doi = {10.1046/j.0953-816x.2000.01405.x}, institution = {Johannes-Müller-Institute of Physiology at the Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Tucholskystrasse 2, 10117 Berlin, Germany. tengis.gloveli@charite.de}, keywords = {Animals; Dentate Gyrus, cytology/physiology; Dextrans; Entorhinal Cortex, cytology/physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Membrane Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Neural Pathways; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rhodamines; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {ejn1405}, pmid = {11168548}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Godefroy:1998, author = {J. N. Godefroy and D. Thiesson and B. Pollin and R. Rokyta and J. Azerad}, title = {Reciprocal connections between the red nucleus and the trigeminal nuclei: a retrograde and anterograde tracing study.}, journal = {Physiol Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {47}, number = {6}, pages = {489--500}, abstract = {An anterograde biocytin and a retrograde WGA-colloidal gold study in the rat can provide information about reciprocal communication pathways between the red nucleus and the trigeminal sensory complex. No terminals were found within the trigeminal motor nucleus, in contrast with the facial motor nucleus. A dense terminal field was observed in the parvicellular reticular formation ventrally to the trigeminal motor nucleus. The parvicellular area may be important for the control of jaw movements by rubrotrigeminal inputs. On the other hand, the contralateral rostral parvicellular part of the red nucleus receives terminals from the same zone in the rostral part of the trigeminal sensory complex, where retrogradely labelled neurones were found after tracer injections into the red nucleus. Such relationships could be part of a control loop for somatosensory information from the orofacial area.}, institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Manducation, Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Biological Transport, Active, physiology; Biological Transport, physiology; Brain Mapping; Gold Colloid, pharmacokinetics; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacokinetics; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Red Nucleus, metabolism/physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, metabolism/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, pharmacokinetics}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10453757}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Godino:2010, author = {Godino, Andrea and Margatho, Lisandra Oliveira and Caeiro, Ximena E. and Antunes-Rodrigues, José and Vivas, Laura}, title = {Activation of lateral parabrachial afferent pathways and endocrine responses during sodium appetite regulation.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {2010}, volume = {221}, number = {2}, pages = {275--284}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Modulation of salt appetite involves interactions between the circumventricular organs (CVOs) receptive areas and inhibitory hindbrain serotonergic circuits. Recent studies provide support to the idea that the serotonin action in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) plays an important inhibitory role in the modulation of sodium appetite. The aim of the present work was to identify the specific groups of neurons projecting to the LPBN that are activated in the course of sodium appetite regulation, and to analyze the associated endocrine response, specifically oxytocin (OT) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) plasma release, since both hormones have been implicated in the regulatory response to fluid reestablishment. For this purpose we combined the detection of a retrograde transported dye, Fluorogold (FG) injected into the LPBN with the analysis of the Fos immunocytochemistry brain pattern after sodium intake induced by sodium depletion. We analyzed the Fos-FG immunoreactivity after sodium ingestion induced by peritoneal dialysis (PD). We also determined OT and ANP plasma concentration by radioimmunoassay (RIE) before and after sodium intake stimulated by PD. The present study identifies specific groups of neurons along the paraventricular nucleus, central extended amygdala, insular cortex, dorsal raphe nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract and the CVOs that are activated during the modulation of sodium appetite and have direct connections with the LPBN. It also shows that OT and ANP are released during the course of sodium satiety and fluid reestablishment. The result of this brain network activity may enable appropriate responses that re-establish the body fluid balance after induced sodium consumption.}, doi = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.11.001}, institution = {Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC-CONICET), Casilla de Correo 389-5000, Córdoba, Argentina.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, drug effects; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Appetite Regulation, drug effects/physiology; Atrial Natriuretic Factor, blood; Electric Stimulation, methods; Endocrine System, physiology; Male; Oncogene Proteins v-fos, metabolism; Oxytocin, blood; Peritoneal Dialysis; Radioimmunoassay, methods; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sodium, Dietary; Sodium, pharmacology; Stilbamidines, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0014-4886(09)00457-9}, pmid = {19913016}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.11.001}, } @Article{Gojyo:2002, author = {Fusami Gojyo and Shinichi Sugiyo and Ryotaro Kuroda and Atsufumi Kawabata and Vidya Varathan and Yoshio Shigenaga and Motohide Takemura}, title = {Effects of somatosensory cortical stimulation on expression of c-Fos in rat medullary dorsal horn in response to formalin-induced noxious stimulation.}, journal = {J Neurosci Res}, year = {2002}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, pages = {479--488}, month = {May}, abstract = {We examined the effects of epidural electrical stimulation of primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortex on expression of c-Fos protein in rat medullary dorsal horn neurons (Vc; trigeminal nucleus caudalis) in response to formalin-induced noxious stimulation. Epidural electrical stimulation (single pulse, 0.2 msec duration at 10 Hz) was applied to the left facial region SI or SII at three different stimulus intensities, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mA for 60 min 0 or 2 hr after bilateral injection of formalin into the lower lip. SII stimulation at 1.0 mA immediately after injection of formalin, significantly decreased the number of Fos-positive cells in the right VcI/II by 32.4\%. There was no significant change in the number of Fos-positive cells in the VcIII/IV. SII stimulation at 0.5 and 1.0 mA 2 hr after injection of formalin, significantly decreased the number of Fos-positive cells in the right VcI/II by 47.9\% and 40.8\%, but significantly increased the number of Fos- positive cells in the right VcIII/IV by 178.8\% and 324.3\%, respectively. In contrast, SI stimulation had no effect on expression of c-Fos in Vc. Possible direct corticotrigeminal projections were labeled anterogradely by injection of WGA-HRP into the SI and SII. In the Vc, labeled terminals were distributed mostly in the contralateral medial half of VcIII/IV and medullary reticular nucleus dorsalis but rarely in VcI/II. These results suggest that activation of SII-medullary fibers suppress nociceptive information from the oro-facial regions.}, doi = {10.1002/jnr.10227}, institution = {Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Electric Stimulation; Fixatives, adverse effects; Formaldehyde, adverse effects; Gene Expression Regulation; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, metabolism; Pain, chemically induced/metabolism; Posterior Horn Cells, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Time Factors; Trigeminal Nuclei, metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11992475}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.10227}, } @Article{Golanov:2000, author = {Golanov, E. V. and Ruggiero, D. A. and Reis, D. J.}, title = {A brainstem area mediating cerebrovascular and EEG responses to hypoxic excitation of rostral ventrolateral medulla in rat.}, journal = {J Physiol}, year = {2000}, volume = {529 Pt 2}, pages = {413--429}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {We sought to identify the medullary relay area mediating the elevations of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and synchronization of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in the rat cerebral cortex elicited by hypoxic excitation of reticulospinal sympathoexcitatory neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM ). In anaesthetized spinalized rats electrical stimulation of RVLM elevated rCBF (laser-Doppler flowmetry) by 31 +/- 6 \%, reduced cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) by 26 +/- 8 \%, and synchronized the EEG, increasing the power of the 5-6 Hz band by 98 +/- 25 \%. Stimulation of a contiguous caudal region, the medullary cerebral vasodilator area (MCVA), had comparable effects which, like responses of RVLM, were replicated by microinjection of L-glutamate (5 nmol, 20 nl). Microinjection of NaCN (300 pmol in 20 nl) elevated rCBF (17 +/- 5 \%) and synchronized the EEG from RVLM, but not MCVA, while nicotine (1.2 nmol in 40 nl) increased rCBF by 13 +/- 5 \% and synchronized the EEG from MCVA. In intact rats nicotine lowered arterial pressure only from MCVA (101 +/- 3 to 52 +/- 9 mmHg). Bilateral electrolytic lesions of MCVA significantly reduced, by over 59 \%, elevations in rCBF and, by 78 \%, changes in EEG evoked from RVLM. Bilateral electrolytic lesions of RVLM did not affect responses from MCVA. Anterograde tracing with BDA demonstrated that RVLM and MCVA are interconnected. The MCVA is a nicotine-sensitive region of the medulla that relays signals elicited by excitation of oxygen-sensitive reticulospinal neurons in RVLM to reflexively elevate rCBF and slow the EEG as part of the oxygen-conserving (diving) reflex initiated in these neurons by hypoxia or ischaemia.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00413.x}, institution = {Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 411 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA. egolano@mail.med.cornell.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Blood Pressure; Brain Stem, physiology; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Electric Stimulation; Electroencephalography; Ganglionic Stimulants, pharmacology; Hypoxia, Brain, physiopathology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, blood supply/drug effects/physiopathology; Nicotine, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, physiology; Sodium Cyanide, pharmacology; Vasodilation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {PHY_0815}, pmid = {11101651}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gold:2004, author = {Gold, Michael S. and Traub, Richard J.}, title = {Cutaneous and colonic rat DRG neurons differ with respect to both baseline and PGE2-induced changes in passive and active electrophysiological properties.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {2004}, volume = {91}, number = {6}, pages = {2524--2531}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {This study was designed to test the hypotheses that pain syndromes associated with specific body regions reflect unique properties of sensory neurons innervating these regions and/or unique responses of these afferents to tissue damage. Acutely dissociated adult rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons retrogradely labeled from either the colon or the glabrous skin of the hindpaw were studied by whole cell patch-clamp recording in current-clamp mode. Two populations of colonic afferent neurons were studied: pelvic afferents (arising from L(6), S(1), and S(2) DRG = LS DRG) and hypogastric/lumbar colonic afferents (arising from T(13), L(1), and L(2) DRG = TL DRG). Passive and active electrophysiological properties were studied before and after application prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). We observed marked differences between cutaneous and colonic sensory neurons with respect to baseline passive and active electrophysiological properties as well as both the magnitude and pattern of PGE(2) -induced changes in excitability, passive, and active properties. There were also significant differences between TL and LS neurons with respect to baseline and PGE(2)-induced changes in several passive and active electrophysiological properties. Our results suggest that differences between cutaneous and colonic neurons reflect differences in pattern and/or density of ionic currents present in the plasma membrane. More interestingly, the ionic currents underlying the PGE(2)-induced sensitization of cutaneous neurons appeared to differ from those underlying the sensitization of colonic neurons. The implication of this observation is that it may be possible, in fact necessary, to treat pain arising from specific body regions with unique therapeutic interventions.}, doi = {10.1152/jn.00866.2003}, institution = {Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Dept. BMS, Room 5-A-12 HHH, 666 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. msg001@dental.umaryland.edu}, keywords = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Colon, drug effects/physiology; Dinoprostone, pharmacology; Electrophysiology; Ganglia, Spinal, drug effects/physiology; Male; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Skin, drug effects}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {00866.2003}, pmid = {14736864}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00866.2003}, } @Article{Gold:2002, author = {Gold, Michael S. and Zhang, Lei and Wrigley, Dena L. and Traub, Richard J.}, title = {Prostaglandin E(2) modulates TTX-R I(Na) in rat colonic sensory neurons.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {2002}, volume = {88}, number = {3}, pages = {1512--1522}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {This study was performed to determine the impact of the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) on the biophysical properties of tetrodotoxin resistant voltage-gated Na(+) currents (TTX-R I(Na)) in colonic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. TTX-R I(Na) was studied in DRG neurons from thoracolumbar (TL: T(13)-L(2)) and lumbosacral (LS: L(6)-S(2)) DRG retrogradely labeled following the injection of DiIC(18) (DiI) into the wall of the descending colon of adult male rats. TTX-R I(Na) in colonic DRG neurons had a high threshold for activation [V(0.5) of conductance-voltage (G-V) curve = -3.1 +/- 1.0 (SE) mV] and steady-state availability (V(0.5) for H-infinity curve = -18.4 +/- 1.4 mV), was slowly inactivating (10.6 +/- 1.4 ms at 0 mV), and recovered rapidly from inactivation (83.5 +/- 5.0\% of the current recovered with a time constant of 1.3 +/- 0.1 ms at -80 mV). TTX-R I(Na) was present in every colonic DRG neuron studied (n = 62). PGE(2) induced a rapid (<15 s) increase in TTX-R I(Na) that was associated with a hyperpolarizing shift in the G-V curve (3.4 +/- 0.7 mV), an increase in the rate of inactivation (4.21 +/- 0.7 ms at 0 mV), and no change in steady-state availability. There was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between TL and LS colonic DRG neurons with respect to the biophysical properties of TTX-R I(Na), the current density or the magnitude of PGE(2)-induced changes in the current. However, both the proportion of TL and LS neurons in which TTX-R I(Na) was modulated by PGE(2) (16 of 16 TL neurons and 12 of 14 LS neurons) as well as the magnitude of PGE(2)-induced changes in the current were significantly larger in colonic DRG neurons than in the total population of DRG neurons. These results suggest that changes in nociceptive processing associated with inflammation of the colon does not reflect differences between TL and LS neurons with respect to the properties of TTX-R I(Na), distribution of current, or magnitude of inflammatory mediator-induced changes in the current. However, these results do suggest modulation of TTX-R I(Na) in colonic afferents is an underlying mechanism of hyperalgesia and pain associated with inflammation of the colon and that this current constitutes a novel target for therapeutic relief of visceral inflammatory pain.}, institution = {Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. msg001@dental.umaryland.edu}, keywords = {Animals; Colon, innervation; Differential Threshold; Dinoprostone, physiology; Drug Resistance; Electric Conductivity; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/physiology; Homeostasis; Ion Channel Gating; Lumbosacral Region; Male; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium Channels, drug effects/physiology; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology; Thorax}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12205171}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Goldsmith:1988, author = {Goldsmith, M. and {van der Kooy}, D.}, title = {Separate non-cholinergic descending projections and cholinergic ascending projections from the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1988}, volume = {445}, number = {2}, pages = {386--391}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {A substantial population of cells from the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus was demonstrated to have descending projections to the spinal cord using fluorescent retrograde axonal tracers. Double-labeling studies showed that separate perikarya in this region have descending versus ascending projections. The distributions of the cell bodies with ascending or descending projections were spatially distinct, but partially overlapping. Some ascending, but not the descending, projections were cholinergic.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(88)91205-x}, institution = {University of Toronto, Department of Anatomy, Ont., Canada.}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, physiology; Amidines; Animals; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(88)91205-X}, pmid = {2453253}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Goldstein:1993, author = {Goldstein, L. A. and Kurz, E. M. and Kalkbrenner, A. E. and Sengelaub, D. R.}, title = {Changes in dendritic morphology of rat spinal motoneurons during development and after unilateral target deletion.}, journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res}, year = {1993}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {151--163}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {During normal development, motoneuron dendrites in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) grow exuberantly to almost twice their adult length and then retract. In this study, we retrogradely labeled SNB motoneurons with cholera toxin B-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (BHRP) to examine the maturation of SNB dendritic arbors in more detail, particularly with regard to its spatial distribution and reorganization. The number and orientation of SNB motoneuron primary processes did not change over the first ten weeks of life. In contrast, total dendritic length, radial extent and arbor area increased significantly through the first four postnatal weeks and declined thereafter. The declines in length and extent were restricted to particular portions of the arbor, specifically the dorsal, ipsi- and contralateral projections. Estimates of the degree of overlap between the dendritic arbors from both sides of the SNB reflected these changes, with overlap initially increasing and then decreasing as the SNB established its adult dendritic morphology. To determine if dendritic interactions facilitated by this arbor overlap might be involved in regulating the normal retraction of SNB dendrites, we reduced SNB motoneuron numbers unilaterally by target muscle removal on the day of birth. Somal size, number and orientation of primary processes developed normally in unilateral muscle-extirpated animals. The dendritic morphology of surviving SNB motoneurons in unilateral muscle extirpated males was altered, with significant increases in dendritic length, extent and arbor area relative to those of normal males. These results indicate that substantial changes in dendritic organization of SNB motoneurons occur in normal development and may be influenced by interactions between dendrites from the two halves of the SNB.}, doi = {10.1016/0165-3806(93)90133-u}, institution = {Program in Neural Science, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405.}, keywords = {Animals; Cholera Toxin; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Motor Neurons, ultrastructure; Muscle Development; Muscles, innervation/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/growth /&/ development}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8353928}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Goldstein:1994, author = {Goldstein, L. A. and Sengelaub, D. R.}, title = {Differential effects of dihydrotestosterone and estrogen on the development of motoneuron morphology in a sexually dimorphic rat spinal nucleus.}, journal = {J Neurobiol}, year = {1994}, volume = {25}, number = {7}, pages = {878--892}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The rat lumbar spinal cord contains a sexually dimorphic motor nucleus, the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB), whose motoneurons innervate perineal muscles involved in copulatory reflexes. Dendritic development of SNB motoneurons is biphasic and androgen dependent. During the first 4 postnatal weeks, SNB dendrites grow exuberantly, and subsequently retract to mature lengths by 7 weeks of age. After early postnatal castration, SNB dendrites fail to grow, and testosterone replacement restores this growth. In other systems, testosterone and its metabolites, dihydrotestosterone and estrogen, are important for somatic and neural sexual differentiation. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of castration and dihydrotestosterone or estrogen replacement on the growth of SNB motoneuron somata and dendritic arbors. Male rat pups were castrated on postnatal (P) day 7 and treated daily with either dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP; 2 mg) or estradiol benzoate (EB; 100 micrograms) until P28 or P49. By using cholera toxin horseradish peroxidase (BHRP) histochemistry, the soma size, dendritic length, dendritic extent, and arbor area of BHRP-labeled SNB motoneurons were measured and analyzed. Both DHTP and EB treatment supported the initial exuberant growth of SNB dendrites through P28, but EB treatment was ineffective in maintaining mature, adult lengths at P49. The possible sites of hormone action and functional implications of these hormonal treatments are discussed.}, doi = {10.1002/neu.480250711}, institution = {Department of Neurology, VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40511.}, keywords = {Animals; Castration; Cell Aging, drug effects; Cholera Toxin; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Dihydrotestosterone, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Estradiol, pharmacology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Motor Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Sex Characteristics; Spinal Cord, cytology/drug effects/growth /&/ development}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8089663}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/neu.480250711}, } @Article{Gomez:1993, author = {Gómez, R. E. and Cannata, M. A. and Milner, T. A. and Anwar, M. and Reis, D. J. and Ruggiero, D. A.}, title = {Vasopressinergic mechanisms in the nucleus reticularis lateralis in blood pressure control.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1993}, volume = {604}, number = {1-2}, pages = {90--105}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {We sought to determine whether arginine vasopressin (AVP) modulates arterial pressure (AP) by a receptor-mediated action in the nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis (nRVL). Immunocytochemical labeling with an antiserum against a synthetic AVP conjugate revealed a discrete although modest presumptive neuropeptidergic innervation of the nRVL. Electron microscopic analysis of vasopressinergic processes in the nRVL revealed that AVP-like immunoreactivity (AVP-LI) was primarily in axons and axon terminals. Immunoreactive terminals contained numerous small clear vesicles and large dense core vesicles and formed synapses with unlabeled dendrites. In the nRVL, retrograde transport-immunofluorescence data demonstrated close appositions between vasopressinergic beaded processes and a compact subambigual column of reticulospinal neurons labeled by deposits of cholera toxin beta-subunit into the thoracic spinal cord. Similar methods were used to define the origins of the AVP-afferent projection to nRVL. These retrograde transport-immunofluorescence studies demonstrated numerous retrogradely labeled neurons in the hypothalamus, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), after injections of a retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold into the ventrolateral medulla. However, double-labeled neurons were rare and confirmed a diffuse AVP afferent innervation of the sympathoexcitatory area. Microinjection of AVP into the nRVL in anesthetized rats produced a large dose-related increase in AP different from control at a dose of 1 pmol or higher. AVP injected intravenously elevated AP only at significantly higher doses. Microinjections of AVP into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) had a smaller effect whereas into the caudal ventrolateral medulla exerted no effect on AP. Bilateral microinjections of an AVP antagonist, d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2]AVP into the nRVL produced no change in AP but blocked the increase produced by subsequent injections of AVP. An acute hemorrhage produced by withdrawal of 2 ml of blood from the femoral vein did not alter AP. However, bilateral microinjections of the AVP antagonist into the nRVL 5 min after hemorrhage decreased AP. In contrast, the AVP-antagonist injected intravenously after hemorrhage had no effect on AP. Our data suggest that under conditions demanding increased sympathetic drive to maintain AP, such as hemorrhage, a functional AVP receptor mechanism via terminals in the nRVL may be activated to restore normal levels of AP.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(93)90356-r}, institution = {Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.}, keywords = {Animals; Arginine Vasopressin, administration /&/ dosage/analogs /&/ derivatives/analysis/pharmacology/physiology; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Blood Pressure, drug effects; Brain, physiology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hemorrhage, physiopathology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Microinjections; Neurons, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(93)90356-R}, pmid = {7681349}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gomez-Nieto:2008a, author = {R. Gómez-Nieto and J. A C Horta-Junior and O. Castellano and M. J. Herrero-Turrión and M. E. Rubio and D. E. López}, title = {Neurochemistry of the afferents to the rat cochlear root nucleus: possible synaptic modulation of the acoustic startle.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2008}, volume = {154}, number = {1}, pages = {51--64}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Afferents to the primary startle circuit are essential for the elicitation and modulation of the acoustic startle reflex (ASR). In the rat, cochlear root neurons (CRNs) comprise the first component of the acoustic startle circuit and play a crucial role in mediating the ASR. Nevertheless, the neurochemical pattern of their afferents remains unclear. To determine the distribution of excitatory and inhibitory inputs, we used confocal microscopy to analyze the immunostaining for vesicular glutamate and GABA transporter proteins (VGLUT1 and VGAT) on retrogradely labeled CRNs. We also used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry to detect and localize specific neurotransmitter receptor subunits in the cochlear root. Our results show differential distributions of VGLUT1- and VGAT-immunoreactive endings around cell bodies and dendrites. The RT-PCR data showed a positive band for several ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits, M1-M5 muscarinic receptor subtypes, the glycine receptor alpha1 subunit (GlyRalpha1), GABAA, GABAB, and subunits of alpha2 and beta-noradrenergic receptors. By immunohistochemistry, we confirmed that CRN cell bodies exhibit positive immunoreaction for the glutamate receptor (GluR) 3 and NR1 GluR subunits. Cell bodies and dendrites were also positive for M2 and M4, and GlyRalpha1. Other subunits, such as GluR1 and GluR4 of the AMPA GluRs, were observed in glial cells neighboring unlabeled CRN cell bodies. We further confirmed the existence of noradrenergic afferents onto CRNs from the locus coeruleus by combining tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and tract-tracing experiments. Our results provide valuable information toward understanding how CRNs might integrate excitatory and inhibitory inputs, and hence how they could elicit and modulate the ASR.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.079}, institution = {Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Audición, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, Universidad de Salamanca, Alfonso X El Sabio s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.}, keywords = {3,3'-Diaminobenzidine, metabolism; Animals; Auditory Pathways, metabolism; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Dendrites, metabolism; Gene Expression, physiology; Neurochemistry; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Adrenergic, metabolism; Receptors, GABA, classification/metabolism; Receptors, Glutamate, classification/metabolism; Receptors, Glycine, genetics/metabolism; Receptors, Muscarinic, classification/metabolism; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1, genetics/metabolism; Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins, genetics/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(08)00246-7}, pmid = {18384963}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.079}, } @Article{Gomez-Nieto:2009, author = {Ricardo Gómez-Nieto and María E Rubio}, title = {A bushy cell network in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2009}, volume = {516}, number = {4}, pages = {241--263}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Geometry of the dendritic tree and synaptic organization of afferent inputs are essential factors in determining how synaptic input is integrated by neurons. This information remains elusive for one of the first brainstem neurons involved in processing of the primary auditory signal from the ear, the bushy cells (BCs) of the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). Here, we labeled the BC dendritic trees with retrograde tracing techniques to analyze their geometry and synaptic organization after immunofluorescence for excitatory and inhibitory synaptic markers, electron microscopy, morphometry, double tract-tracing methods, and 3D reconstructions. Our study revealed that BC dendrites provide space for a large number of compartmentalized excitatory and inhibitory synaptic interactions. The dendritic inputs on BCs are of cochlear and noncochlear origin, and their proportion and distribution are dependent on the branching pattern and orientation of the dendritic tree in the VCN. Three- dimensional reconstructions showed that BC dendrites branch and cluster with those of other BCs in the core of the VCN. Within the cluster, incoming synaptic inputs establish divergent multiple-contact synapses (dyads and triads) between BCs. Furthermore, neuron-neuron connections including puncta adherentia, sarcoplasmic junctions, and gap junctions are common between BCs, which suggests that these neurons are electrically coupled. Overall, our study demonstrates the existence of a BC network in the rat VCN. This network may establish the neuroanatomical basis for acoustic information processing by individual BCs as well as for enhanced synchronization of the output signal of the VCN.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.22139}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3156, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, cytology; Auditory Perception, physiology; Cochlear Nerve, cytology; Cochlear Nucleus, ultrastructure; Dendrites; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Immunohistochemistry; Nerve Net, ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptic Transmission, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {19634178}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22139}, } @Article{Gomez-Nieto:2008, author = {Ricardo Gómez-Nieto and María E Rubio and Dolores E López}, title = {Cholinergic input from the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body to cochlear root neurons in rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2008}, volume = {506}, number = {3}, pages = {452--468}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Brain stem pathways are essential for the modulation of the acoustic startle reflex by sounds; nevertheless, the neural circuits that convey fast auditory information to the primary acoustic startle circuit are still unclear. In the rat, cochlear root neurons (CRNs) comprise the first component of the primary acoustic startle circuit and are critical in the initiation and full expression of the acoustic startle reflex. To determine whether CRNs receive auditory descending inputs, we developed tract-tracing studies combined with immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, morphometry, and confocal microscopy. Either FluoroGold or biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) injections in CRNs showed retrogradely labeled neurons in the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB). We verified the projection to CRNs by injecting BDA into the VNTB. Our results showed that neurons from VNTB project bilaterally and directly to CRNs, giving off numerous endings onto cell bodies and preferentially dendrites of CRNs. Electron microscopy analysis of labeled VNTB terminals demonstrated that they made multiple symmetric synapses and contained small round vesicles. Colocalization of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter and fluorescein dextran after injection in the VNTB indicated that these terminals use acetylcholine as neurotransmitter. We also revealed that the inferior colliculus, an important nucleus mediating the auditory prepulse inhibition, projects to VNTB neurons that innervate CRNs. Our data show a novel and short descending auditory pathway from the VNTB to the first nucleus of the primary acoustic startle circuit that might play an important role in the auditory prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex elicited by sounds.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.21554}, institution = {Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Audición, Departamento de Biología Celular y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, physiology; Axons, physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cochlear Nerve, cytology/physiology; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Dendrites, physiology; Dextrans; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi, cytology/physiology; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Parasympathetic Nervous System, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {18041785}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21554}, } @Article{Gomez-Nieto:2014a, author = {Gómez-Nieto, Ricardo and Sinex, Donal G. and Horta-Júnior, José de Anchieta C. and Castellano, Orlando and Herrero-Turrión, Javier M. and López, Dolores E.}, title = {A fast cholinergic modulation of the primary acoustic startle circuit in rats.}, journal = {Brain Struct Funct}, year = {2014}, volume = {219}, number = {5}, pages = {1555--1573}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Cochlear root neurons (CRNs) are the first brainstem neurons which initiate and participate in the full expression of the acoustic startle reflex. Although it has been suggested that a cholinergic pathway from the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB) conveys auditory prepulses to the CRNs, the neuronal origin of the VNTB-CRNs projection and the role it may play in the cochlear root nucleus remain uncertain. To determine the VNTB neuronal type which projects to CRNs, we performed tract-tracing experiments combined with mechanical lesions, and morphometric analyses. Our results indicate that a subpopulation of non-olivocochlear neurons projects directly and bilaterally to CRNs via the trapezoid body. We also performed a gene expression analysis of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors which indicates that CRNs contain a cholinergic receptor profile sufficient to mediate the modulation of CRN responses. Consequently, we investigated the effects of auditory prepulses on the neuronal activity of CRNs using extracellular recordings in vivo. Our results show that CRN responses are strongly inhibited by auditory prepulses. Unlike other neurons of the cochlear nucleus, the CRNs exhibited inhibition that depended on parameters of the auditory prepulse such as intensity and interstimulus interval, showing their strongest inhibition at short interstimulus intervals. In sum, our study supports the idea that CRNs are involved in the auditory prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex, and confirms the existence of multiple cholinergic pathways that modulate the primary acoustic startle circuit.}, doi = {10.1007/s00429-013-0585-8}, institution = {Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {23733175}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-013-0585-8}, } @Article{Gomez-Ramos:1984, author = {P. Gomez-Ramos and C. Perez-Rico and F. Reinoso-Suarez}, title = {Anterograde axoplasmic transport of peroxidase in the rat visual system after intraocular neurotoxin injection.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {290}, number = {2}, pages = {211--218}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The effect of intraocular injection of the neurotoxin, kainic acid, on the retinofugal pathway has been examined by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Although less peroxidase was present in all the primary optic centers after the intraocular injection of kainic acid than in the controls, the area occupied by the retinal terminals remained fairly constant except for the pretectal region where there is a smaller area of peroxidase precipitate. These results suggest that certain ganglion cells are killed by kainic acid but some others survive and their terminals are present in the majority of the terminal fields.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90939-9}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects; Horseradish Peroxidase; Kainic Acid, toxicity; Pyrrolidines, toxicity; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retina, physiology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(84)90939-9}, pmid = {6198040}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gomez-Ramos:1981, author = {Gomez-Ramos, P. and Rodriguez-Echandia, E. L.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport and transneuronal transference of horseradish peroxidase in the rat ciliary ganglion.}, journal = {Experientia}, year = {1981}, volume = {37}, number = {12}, pages = {1337--1339}, month = {Dec}, doi = {10.1007/bf01948397}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Ciliary Body, physiology/ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6173254}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonatas:1979, author = {N. K. Gonatas and C. Harper and T. Mizutani and J. O. Gonatas}, title = {Superior sensitivity of conjugates of horseradish peroxidase with wheat germ agglutinin for studies of retrograde axonal transport.}, journal = {J Histochem Cytochem}, year = {1979}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {728--734}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {We have compared the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), to the retrograde transport of HRP conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Morphometric studies have shown that WGA-HRP conjugates were 40 times more sensitive than free HRP, in the tracing of retrograde connections from the rat submandibular gland to the superior cervical ganglion. Also, WGA-HRP was more sensitive than free HRP in the tracing of retrograde connections from the rat tongue to the hypoglossal nucleus. Our findings with WGA-HRP are consistent with the observations by Schwab et al. who reported (-125I) WGA is a highly sensitive retrograde tracer (Brain Research 152:145, 1978 (22)).}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1177/27.3.90065}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use/metabolism; Hypoglossal Nerve, metabolism; Lectins, diagnostic use/metabolism; Male; Peroxidases, diagnostic use; Plant Lectins; Rats; Submandibular Gland, metabolism; Tongue, metabolism; Triticum}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {90065}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Goncalves:2009, author = {Luciano Gonçalves and Maria Inês Nogueira and Sara Joyce Shammah-Lagnado and Martin Metzger}, title = {Prefrontal afferents to the dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {2009}, volume = {78}, number = {4-5}, pages = {240--247}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The prefrontal cortex (PFC) receives strong inputs from monoaminergic cell groups in the brainstem and also sends projections to these nuclei. Recent evidence suggests that the PFC exerts a powerful top-down control over the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) and that it may be involved in the actions of pharmaceutical drugs and drugs of abuse. In the light of these findings, the precise origin of prefrontal inputs to DR was presently investigated by using the cholera toxin subunit b (CTb) as retrograde tracer. All the injections placed in DR produced retrograde labeling in the medial, orbital, and lateral divisions of the PFC as well as in the medial part of the frontal polar cortex. The labeling was primarily located in layer V. Remarkably, labeling in the medial PFC was denser in its ventral part (infralimbic and ventral prelimbic cortices) than in its dorsal part (dorsal prelimbic, anterior cingulate and medial precentral cortices). After injections in the rostral or caudal DR, the largest number of labeled neurons was observed in the medial PFC, whereas after injections in the mid-rostrocaudal DR, the labeled neurons were more homogeneously distributed in the three main PFC divisions. A cluster of labeled neurons also was observed around the apex of the rostral pole of the accumbens, especially after rostral and mid-rostrocaudal DR injections. Overall, these results confirm the existence of robust prefrontal projections to DR, mainly derived from the ventral part of the medial PFC, and underscore a substantial contribution of the frontal polar cortex.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.11.012}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Cholera Toxin, administration /&/ dosage/analysis/pharmacokinetics; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Models, Anatomic; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0361-9230(08)00400-0}, pmid = {19103268}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.11.012}, } @Article{Goncalves:2012, author = {Gonçalves, Luciano and Sego, Chemutai and Metzger, Martin}, title = {Differential projections from the lateral habenula to the rostromedial tegmental nucleus and ventral tegmental area in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2012}, volume = {520}, number = {6}, pages = {1278--1300}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {The mesopontine rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) is a mostly γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic structure believed to be a node for signaling aversive events to dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The RMTg receives glutamatergic inputs from the lateral habenula (LHb) and sends substantial GABAergic projections to the VTA, which also receives direct projections from the LHb. To further specify the topography of LHb projections to the RMTg and VTA, small focal injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin were aimed at different subdivisions of the LHb. The subnuclear origin of LHb inputs to the VTA and RMTg was then confirmed by injections of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit b into the VTA or RMTg. Furthermore, we compared the topographic position of retrogradely labeled neurons in the RMTg resulting from VTA injections with that of anterogradely labeled axons emerging from the LHb. As revealed by anterograde and retrograde tracing, LHb projections were organized in a strikingly topographic manner, with inputs to the RMTg mostly arising from the lateral division of the LHb (LHbL), whereas inputs to the VTA mainly emerged from the medial division of the LHb (LHbM). In the RMTg, profusely branched LHb axons were found in close register with VTA projecting neurons and were frequently apposed to the latter. Overall, our findings demonstrate that LHb inputs to the RMTg and VTA arise from different divisions of the LHb and provide direct evidence for a disynaptic pathway that links the LHbL to the VTA via the RMTg.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.22787}, institution = {Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.}, keywords = {Animals; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Habenula, cytology/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tegmentum Mesencephali, cytology/physiology; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {22020635}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22787}, } @Article{Gonchar:1995, author = {Y. A. Gonchar and P. B. Johnson and R. J. Weinberg}, title = {GABA-immunopositive neurons in rat neocortex with contralateral projections to S-I.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {697}, number = {1-2}, pages = {27--34}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The callosal projection is traditionally believed to be exclusively excitatory in function. A new method combining lectin-conjugated colloidal gold for retrograde tracing with immunofluorescence for GABA was used to investigate this question. The large majority of neurons retrogradely labeled after injections of tracer into contralateral S-I were GABA-negative cells in layers II-VI. However, GABA-positive neurons projecting to contralateral S-I were also seen. The majority of double-labeled cells were only weakly labeled with tracer; they were located both in superficial and deep cortical layers and represented at least 1\% of all retrogradely labeled neurons. Neurons double-labeled for both tracer and GABA in upper layers were found mainly within the central patch of callosally projecting neurons, whereas those in deep layers were scattered throughout contralateral cortex.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)00746-d}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Cholera Toxin; Corpus Callosum, cytology; Gold Colloid; Immunohistochemistry; Lectins; Male; Neural Pathways; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Peptide Fragments; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(95)00746-D}, pmid = {8593589}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonchar:1999, author = {Y. Gonchar and A. Burkhalter}, title = {Differential subcellular localization of forward and feedback interareal inputs to parvalbumin expressing GABAergic neurons in rat visual cortex.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {406}, number = {3}, pages = {346--360}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {In rat visual cortex, forward and feedback interareal pathways innervate both pyramidal and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic (Johnson and Burkhalter [1996] J. Comp. Neurol. 368:383-398). GABAergic neurons consist of different cell types of which the largest group expresses parvalbumin (PV; Gonchar and Burkhalter [1997] Cereb. Cortex 4:347-358). Here, we report that PV neurons in layers 2/3 are synaptic targets of forward and feedback projections between area 17 and the lateromedial area (LM) of rat visual cortex. In both forward and feedback pathways, approximately 90\% of axon terminals in layer 2/3 labeled by tracing with biotinylated dextran amine formed synapses with PV-negative profiles. In both pathways, most of these profiles resembled dendritic spines. Although there were no differences in the innervation of PV-negative targets, the two pathways differed in the innervation of PV-positive neurons. In each pathway, approximately 10\% of terminals formed synapses with PV-positive profiles. However, in the forward pathway, the size of the contacted PV-positive profiles was larger than in the feedback pathway. Moreover, in the forward pathway, axon terminals on PV-positive profiles were larger, contained more mitochondria and docked synaptic vesicles than feedback synapses on PV neurons. Our results show that PV neurons provide a major target for area 17 <-> LM forward and feedback pathways terminating in upper layers. In each pathway, the proportion of axons contacting PV neurons is similar. However, both pathways differ in the subcellular localization and morphology of synapses on PV neurons. These asymmetries may contribute to the inequality in the strength of disynaptic inhibition evoked by forward and feedback inputs (Shao and Burkhalter [1996] J. Neurosci. 16:7353-7365).}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990412)406:3<346::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-e}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Subcellular Fractions, metabolism; Synapses, ultrastructure; Tissue Distribution; Visual Cortex, cytology/metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-E}, pmid = {10102500}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonchar:2003, author = {Yuri Gonchar and Andreas Burkhalter}, title = {Distinct GABAergic targets of feedforward and feedback connections between lower and higher areas of rat visual cortex.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2003}, volume = {23}, number = {34}, pages = {10904--10912}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Processing of visual information is performed in different cortical areas that are interconnected by feedforward (FF) and feedback (FB) pathways. Although FF and FB inputs are excitatory, their influences on pyramidal neurons also depend on the outputs of GABAergic neurons, which receive FF and FB inputs. Rat visual cortex contains at least three different families of GABAergic neurons that express parvalbumin (PV), calretinin (CR), and somatostatin (SOM) (Gonchar and Burkhalter, 1997). To examine whether pathway-specific inhibition (Shao and Burkhalter, 1996) is attributable to distinct connections with GABAergic neurons, we traced FF and FB inputs to PV, CR, and SOM neurons in layers 1-2/3 of area 17 and the secondary lateromedial area in rat visual cortex. We found that in layer 2/3 maximally 2\% of FF and FB inputs go to CR and SOM neurons. This contrasts with 12-13\% of FF and FB inputs onto layer 2/3 PV neurons. Unlike inputs to layer 2/3, connections to layer 1, which contains CR but lacks SOM and PV somata, are pathway-specific: 21\% of FB inputs go to CR neurons, whereas FF inputs to layer 1 and its CR neurons are absent. These findings suggest that FF and FB influences on layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons mainly involve disynaptic connections via PV neurons that control the spike outputs to axons and proximal dendrites. Unlike FF input, FB input in addition makes a disynaptic link via CR neurons, which may influence the excitability of distal pyramidal cell dendrites in layer 1.}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, biosynthesis; Feedback, physiology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Neurons, classification/cytology/metabolism; Parvalbumins, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Somatostatin, biosynthesis; Synapses, ultrastructure; Visual Cortex, cytology/metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {23/34/10904}, pmid = {14645486}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/23/34/10904.long}, } @Article{Gong:2003, author = {Suzhen Gong and Qihong Zhou and Mark S LeDoux}, title = {Blink-related sensorimotor anatomy in the rat.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {2003}, volume = {207}, number = {3}, pages = {193--208}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Protection of the eye and maintenance of the precorneal tear film depend on sensory innervation of the cornea and eyelids and motor innervation of muscles involved in closing and opening the eyes. Using a variety of fluorescent and transganglionic tracers, the sensorimotor innervation of blink-related orbital and periorbital structures was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. The orbicularis oculi muscle surrounded the entire palpebral fissure and was innervated by motoneurons located along the dorsal cap of the ipsilateral facial motor nucleus. Upper and lower eyelid orbicularis oculi motoneurons were strictly ipsilateral and co-extensive, but upper eyelid orbicularis oculi motoneurons were, on average, slightly rostral and lateral to lower eyelid orbicularis oculi motoneurons. Facial motoneurons supplying the frontoscutularis, a muscle that helps to elevate the upper eyelid, were located in the medial division of the ipsilateral facial motor nucleus. Presumptive type Abeta afferents from the cornea terminated most prominently at the junction of the first cervical segment and the spinal trigeminal nucleus, pars caudalis. There was a second concentration of corneal terminations at the junction of pars caudalis and pars interpolaris of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Sparse projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus, pars oralis and the principal trigeminal nucleus were also detected. Presumptive type Abeta afferents from the eyelids terminated throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the spinal trigeminal nucleus with a heavy concentration within laminae III and IV of the first cervical segment. Presumptive types Adelta and C terminals from the eyelids were virtually limited to laminae I and II of the first cervical segment. Central terminations from the frontal nerve were present in the principal trigeminal nucleus and throughout the spinal trigeminal nucleus, but were most prominent within the dorsal horn of the first cervical segment. Our comprehensive description of blink- related sensorimotor anatomy in rats will provide a foundation for future physiological studies of blinking.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1007/s00429-003-0341-6}, institution = {Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Suite 415 Link Building, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Blinking, physiology; Cornea, innervation; Eyelids, innervation/physiology; Motor Neurons, cytology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/physiology; Oculomotor Nerve, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Trigeminal Nerve, cytology/physiology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {14551765}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-003-0341-6}, } @Article{Gong:2014, author = {Gong, Yanling and Xu, Luo and Guo, Feifei and Pang, Mingjie and Shi, Zhenyan and Gao, Shengli and Sun, Xiangrong}, title = {Effects of ghrelin on gastric distension sensitive neurons and gastric motility in the lateral septum and arcuate nucleus regulation.}, journal = {J Gastroenterol}, year = {2014}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {219--230}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) and a peptide hormone that promotes food intake and gastric motility. Our aims are to explore the effects of ghrelin on gastric distension (GD) sensitive neurons in the lateral septum, and the possible regulation of gastric motility by ghrelin through the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC).Single-unit discharges were recorded, extracellularly, and the gastric motility was monitored by the administration of ghrelin in the lateral septum. The projection of nerve fiber and expression of ghrelin were observed by retrograde tracer and fluo-immunohistochemistry staining. The expression of GHS-R and ghrelin was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis.There were GD neurons in the lateral septum. The administration of ghrelin could excite both GD-excitatory (GD-E) and GD-inhibitory (GD-I) neurons in the lateral septum. Gastric motility was significantly enhanced by the administration of ghrelin in the lateral septum in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6, however, could completely abolish the ghrelin-induced effects. Electrical stimulation of the ARC could significantly excite the response of GD neurons to ghrelin, increase ghrelin protein expression in the lateral septum and promote gastric motility. Nevertheless, these effects could be mitigated by pretreatment of [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6. Electrical lesion of the lateral septum resulted in decreased gastric motility. The GHS-R and Ghrelin/FG-double labeled neurons were observed in the lateral septum and ARC, respectively.It is suggested that the lateral septum may receive afferent information from the gastrointestinal tract and promote gastric motility. Ghrelin plays an important role in promoting gastric motility in the lateral septum. The ARC may be involved in the regulation of the lateral septum's influence on gastric motility.}, doi = {10.1007/s00535-013-0789-y}, institution = {Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong, China.}, keywords = {Animals; Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus, cytology/drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Gastrointestinal Motility, drug effects/physiology; Ghrelin, genetics/metabolism/pharmacology; Humans; Male; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Oligopeptides, pharmacology; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Ghrelin, genetics/metabolism; Septal Nuclei, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Stomach, drug effects/innervation/physiology; Visceral Afferents, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {23525979}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00535-013-0789-y}, } @Article{Gong:2013, author = {Gong, Yanling and Xu, Luo and Wang, Hongbo and Guo, Feifei and Sun, Xiangrong and Gao, Shengli}, title = {Involvements of the lateral hypothalamic area in gastric motility and its regulation by the lateral septum.}, journal = {Gen Comp Endocrinol}, year = {2013}, volume = {194}, pages = {275--285}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) pre-dominantly produced in the stomach. Recent studies have shown that it may promote food intake and gastric motility. We aim to explore effects of ghrelin on the gastric distension (GD) sensitive neurons and gastric motility in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), and the possible regulation by the lateral septum. Extracellular single unit discharges were recorded and the gastric motility was monitored by administration of ghrelin into LHA and electrical stimulation of lateral septum. Expression of GHS-R was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blot and immunohistochemistry staining. Projection of nerve fiber and expression of ghrelin were observed by retrograde tracer and fluo-immunohistochemistry staining. Results revealed that there were GD neurons in the LHA, and administration of ghrelin could excite both GD-excitatory (GD-E) and GD-inhibited (GD-I) neurons in the LHA. The gastric motility was significantly promoted by administration of ghrelin into LHA with a dose dependent manner, which could be completely abolished by treatment with ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 or BIM-28163. c-Fos expression was significantly increased after ghrelin administration to the LHA. Electrical stimulation of the lateral septum could significantly excite GD neurons responsive to ghrelin in the LHA as well as promote gastric motility. However, those effects could be absorbed by pre-treatment of [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6. GHSR-1a expression in the LHA had no change after ghrelin administration to the LHA or electrical stimulating lateral septum. Electrical lesion of the LHA resulted in the decrease of gastric motility. GHS-R and Ghrelin/FG-double labeled neurons were observed in the LHA and lateral septum, respectively. It is suggested that the LHA may involve in promoting gastric motility via ghrelin. The Lateral septum projects to the LHA and exerts some regulating function on the LHA.}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.09.022}, institution = {Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021 Shandong, China; Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China.}, keywords = {Animals; Blotting, Western; Eating, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Gastrointestinal Motility, physiology; Ghrelin, metabolism; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Receptors, Ghrelin, metabolism; Septal Nuclei, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0016-6480(13)00400-0}, pmid = {24100167}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.09.022}, } @Article{Gonsalvez:2010, author = {Gonsalvez, David G. and Kerman, Ilan A. and McAllen, Robin M. and Anderson, Colin R.}, title = {Chemical coding for cardiovascular sympathetic preganglionic neurons in rats.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2010}, volume = {30}, number = {35}, pages = {11781--11791}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) is present in a subset of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat. We examined the distribution of CART-immunoreactive terminals in rat stellate and superior cervical ganglia and adrenal gland and found that they surround neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive postganglionic neurons and noradrenergic chromaffin cells. The targets of CART-immunoreactive preganglionic neurons in the stellate and superior cervical ganglia were shown to be vasoconstrictor neurons supplying muscle and skin and cardiac-projecting postganglionic neurons: they did not target non-vasoconstrictor neurons innervating salivary glands, piloerector muscle, brown fat, or adrenergic chromaffin cells. Transneuronal tracing using pseudorabies virus demonstrated that many, but not all, preganglionic neurons in the vasoconstrictor pathway to forelimb skeletal muscle were CART immunoreactive. Similarly, analysis with the confocal microscope confirmed that 70\% of boutons in contact with vasoconstrictor ganglion cells contained CART, whereas 30\% did not. Finally, we show that CART-immunoreactive cells represented 69\% of the preganglionic neuron population expressing c-Fos after systemic hypoxia. We conclude that CART is present in most, although not all, cardiovascular preganglionic neurons but not thoracic preganglionic neurons with non-cardiovascular targets. We suggest that CART immunoreactivity may identify the postulated "accessory" preganglionic neurons, whose actions may amplify vasomotor ganglionic transmission.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0796-10.2010}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.}, keywords = {Adrenergic Fibers, chemistry/physiology; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, chemistry/physiology; Cardiovascular System, chemistry/cytology; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis/physiology; Neurons, chemistry/classification/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superior Cervical Ganglion, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic, chemistry/physiology; Vasoconstriction, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {30/35/11781}, pmid = {20810898}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0796-10.2010}, } @Article{GonzalezFleitas:2015, author = {{Gonz{\'{a}}lez Fleitas}, Mar{\'{i}}a Florencia and Bordone, Melina and Rosenstein, Ruth E. and Dorfman, Dami{\'{a}}n}, title = {Effect of retinal ischemia on the non-image forming visual system.}, journal = {Chronobiol Int}, year = {2015}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, pages = {152--163}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Retinal ischemic injury is an important cause of visual impairment. The loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a key sign of retinal ischemic damage. A subset of RGCs expressing the photopigment melanopsin (mRGCs) regulates non-image-forming visual functions such as the pupillary light reflex (PLR), and circadian rhythms. We studied the effect of retinal ischemia on mRGCs and the non-image-forming visual system function. For this purpose, transient ischemia was induced by raising intraocular pressure to 120 mm Hg for 40 min followed by retinal reperfusion by restoring normal pressure. At 4 weeks post-treatment, animals were subjected to electroretinography and histological analysis. Ischemia induced a significant retinal dysfunction and histological alterations. At this time point, a significant decrease in the number of Brn3a(+) RGCs and in the anterograde transport from the retina to the superior colliculus and lateral geniculate nucleus was observed, whereas no differences in the number of mRGCs, melanopsin levels, and retinal projections to the suprachiasmatic nuclei and the olivary pretectal nucleus were detected. At low light intensity, a decrease in pupil constriction was observed in intact eyes contralateral to ischemic eyes, whereas at high light intensity, retinal ischemia did not affect the consensual PLR. Animals with ischemia in both eyes showed a conserved locomotor activity rhythm and a photoentrainment rate which did not differ from control animals. These results suggest that the non-image forming visual system was protected against retinal ischemic damage.}, doi = {10.3109/07420528.2014.959526}, institution = {Laboratorio de Neuroquímica Retiniana y Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina/CEFyBO, Universidad de Buenos Aires/CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina.}, keywords = {Animals; Cholera Toxin, chemistry; Circadian Rhythm, physiology; Electroretinography; Geniculate Bodies, pathology; Ischemia, pathology; Light; Male; Movement; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retina, pathology/physiopathology; Retinal Ganglion Cells, metabolism; Rod Opsins, metabolism; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, metabolism; Time Factors; Vision, Ocular}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {25238585}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2014.959526}, } @Article{Gonzales:1990, author = {C. Gonzales and M. F. Chesselet}, title = {Amygdalonigral pathway: an anterograde study in the rat with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L).}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {297}, number = {2}, pages = {182--200}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The projection from the central nucleus of the amygdala to the substantia nigra was labeled by injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into different subregions of the nucleus. A sparse projection of labeled bouton-like swellings was observed in the rostral, medial substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area from all subregions of the central nucleus of the amygdala that were injected. A dense projection of labeled axons and bouton-like swellings was observed in the lateral part of the substantia nigra pars compacta and pars lateralis when the injection site included the dorsal and rostral central nucleus. Heavy labeling was also seen in the lateral retrorubral field in these cases. In no instances were labeled terminals observed in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. The same pattern of labeling in the lateral substantia nigra and retrorubral field was seen after injections rostral to the central nucleus or dorsal and medial to it in the sublenticular region. The results suggest that the amygdalonigral pathway contributes to the innervation of extensive areas of the substantia nigra pars compacta. The major component of the pathway, however, projects only to a subregion of the substantia nigra. The origin of this pathway is confined to a discrete region of the dorsal central nucleus of the amygdala but extends rostrally into an area that is part of the "extended amygdala."}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902970203}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19129.}, keywords = {Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2370319}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902970203}, } @Article{Gonzalez-Hernandez:2001, author = {T. González-Hernández and P. Barroso-Chinea and A. Acevedo and E. Salido and M. Rodríguez}, title = {Colocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase and GAD65 mRNA in mesostriatal neurons.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, year = {2001}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {57--67}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Although dopamine has been considered as the only neurotransmitter in the nigrostriatal pathway, studies carried out in the last two decades have suggested the existence of a nondopaminergic nigrostriatal projection, and more recently, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been identified as its neurotransmitter. In this study, we used the combination of immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; a marker of dopaminergic neurons), in situ hybridization (ISH) for two different isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67, the rate-limiting enzyme in GABA synthesis) and retrograde tracing techniques to investigate the possible existence of nigrostriatal neurons containing both neurotransmitters (dopamine and GABA) in the rat. Our results revealed that approximately 10\% of mesostriatal dopaminergic neurons, most of them lying in the medial region of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) and neighbouring A10 region, contain GAD65 mRNA. These findings reveal a third nigrostriatal pathway formed by dopaminergic/GABAergic neurons. Contrasting with the idea that in the basal ganglia, dopamine and GABA are released from different cell populations, the results suggest a more complex dopamine/GABA interaction than previously assumed, probably including cotransmission.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2001.01371.x}, institution = {Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. tgonhern@ull.es}, keywords = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, genetics/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Isoenzymes, genetics/metabolism; Male; Neurons, enzymology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Tissue Distribution; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, genetics/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {ejn1371}, pmid = {11135004}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonzalez-Hernandez:1994a, author = {González-Hernández, T. and Mantolán-Sarmiento, B. and González-González, B. and Ferres-Torres, R. and Meyer, G.}, title = {NADPH-d (dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase) activity in geniculo-tectal neurons of the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1994}, volume = {167}, number = {1-2}, pages = {77--80}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry were used in order to determine whether NADPH-d-positive neurons of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGv) project to the superior colliculus (SC). Our results show that intensely stained NADPH-d neurons are restricted to the lateral half of the magnocellular division of LGv (LGv-MC), where they represent 50\% of the total number of retrogradely labeled neurons. These findings indicate: (1) that LGv provides an important NADPH-d input to SC, and (2) that within the population of geniculo-tectal neurons, which constitute a morphologically well defined neuronal type, there are two different subclasses, one being NADPH-d positive and the other NADPH-d negative.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(94)91031-6}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/enzymology; Horseradish Peroxidase; NADPH Dehydrogenase, metabolism; Neurons, enzymology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superior Colliculi, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Tectum Mesencephali, cytology/enzymology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8177533}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonzalez-Hernandez:1996, author = {T. González-Hernández and B. Mantolán-Sarmiento and B. González-González and H. Pérez-González}, title = {Sources of GABAergic input to the inferior colliculus of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1996}, volume = {372}, number = {2}, pages = {309--326}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {We have studied the GABAergic projections to the inferior colliculus (IC) of the rat by combining the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunohistochemistry for gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). Medium-sized (0.06-0.14 microliter) HRP injections were made in the ventral part of the central nucleus (CNIC), in the dorsal part of the CNIC, in the dorsal cortex (DCIC), and in the external cortex (ECIC) of the IC. Single HRP-labeled and double (HRP-GABA)-labeled neurons were systematically counted in all brainstem auditory nuclei. Our results revealed that the IC receives GABAergic afferent connections from ipsi- and contralateral brainstem auditory nuclei. Most of the contralateral GABAergic input originates in the IC and the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL). The dorsal region of the IC (DCIC and dorsal part of the CNIC) receives connections mostly from its homonimous contralateral region, and the ventral region from the contralateral DNLL. The commissural GABAergic projections originate in a morphologically heterogeneous neuronal population that includes small to medium-sized round and fusiform neurons as well as large and giant neurons. Quantitatively, the ipsilateral ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus is the most important source of GABAergic input to the CNIC. In the superior olivary complex, a smaller number of neurons, which lie mainly in the periolivary nuclei, display double labeling. In the contralateral cochlear nuclei, only a few of the retrogradely labeled neurons were GABA immunoreactive. These findings give us more information about the role of GABA in the auditory system, indicating that inhibitory inputs from different ipsi- and contralateral, mono- and binaural auditory brainstem centers converge in the IC.}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-E}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. thgonzalez@ull.es}, keywords = {Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi, metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-E}, pmid = {8863133}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-E}, } @Article{Gonzalez-Hernandez:1991, author = {T. H. González-Hernández and D. Galindo-Mireles and A. Castañeyra-Perdomo and R. Ferres-Torres}, title = {Divergent projections of projecting neurons of the inferior colliculus to the medial geniculate body and the contralateral inferior colliculus in the rat.}, journal = {Hear Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {17--21}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The present paper shows, by means of the combination of two fluorescent tracers, that a significant number of neurons of the three divisions of the inferior colliculus in the rat project to the contralateral inferior colliculus and the ipsilateral medial geniculate body. The topographic distribution of double-labeled cells depends on the location of injections in each case. According to the soma size and the dendritic stem, different neuron types may be distinguished. Our results suggest that the inputs that converge in individual neurons of the inferior colliculus can diverge again.}, doi = {10.1016/0378-5955(91)90184-b}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.}, keywords = {Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Benzimidazoles, diagnostic use; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Geniculate Bodies, physiology; Inferior Colliculi, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2061205}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonzalez-Hernandez:1989, author = {González-Hernández, T. H. and Meyer, G. and Galindo-Mireles, D. and {del Mar Pérez-Delgado}, M. and Ferres-Torres, R.}, title = {Direct projections from the medulla oblongata to selective cortical areas in the rat.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1989}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {319--323}, abstract = {Injections of horseradish peroxidase into different cortical areas reveal that neurons located in the rostroventral medulla oblongata innervate restricted cortical areas: the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex and the insular cortex. Other cortical areas do not receive medullary projections. Neurons projecting to both the anterior and the posterior cingulate cortex lie scattered throughout a wide territory of the ventrorostral medulla, whereas neurons projecting to the insular cortex are restricted to more medial regions.}, institution = {Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2745968}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonzalo:1988, author = {L. M. Gonzalo and S. Rotinen}, title = {Descending projections from the first three myelomeres.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1988}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {73--81}, abstract = {By means of retrograde labeling with WGA-HRP, and anterograde Wallerian degeneration, the propriospinal connections of the first three cervical myelomeres of the rat have been studied. These cervical segments project to the caudal ones, at least as far as L4 (the last segment studied). These descending fibres arise from neurons located in the deeper laminae of the dorsal horn, mainly in laminae V-VII. They run bilaterally, but with ipsilateral predominance, principally in the cervical cord. The course of the descending fibres is predominantly intragriseal for the cervical segments, and in the pars dorsomedialis of the funiculus lateralis for the caudal segments. The laminae in what the grat part of these descending fibres project are, mainly, VII, V and VIII.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Wallerian Degeneration; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2454987}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonzalo:1990, author = {Gonzalo, L. M. and Rotinen, S.}, title = {Ascending projections to the first two myelomeres.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1990}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {223--226}, abstract = {Afferent fibres to the first 2 myelomeres arising from more caudal spinal segments have been studied in rats by means of retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horse radish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). In 10 Wistar rats 30 nl of a 1\% WGA-HRP solution were injected into the right dorsal horn of the first or second cervical segments. The results were similar for both levels. Labelled neurons were observed in all spinal myelomeres but their density was higher in cervical than in thoracic regions. The laminar distribution was, in decreasing order: V, VII, VIII, IV and X, and the location of labelled neurons in these laminae was predominantly medial. Both sides of the spinal cord contained labelled neurons, but these were more numerous on the ipsilateral side. The dorsal laminae did not show labelled neurons. The number of labelled cells was larger when the WGA-HRP deposit reached laminae V, VI and VII. These results suggest that nerve impulses arising in more caudal dermatomes may modulate the excitability of centrally transmitting neurons in the first 2 cervical myelomeres.}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1694198}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonzalo:2001, author = {N. Gonzalo and A. Moreno and M. A. Erdozain and P. García and A. Vázquez and M. Castle and J. L. Lanciego}, title = {A sequential protocol combining dual neuroanatomical tract-tracing with the visualization of local circuit neurons within the striatum.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {2001}, volume = {111}, number = {1}, pages = {59--66}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {We describe here an experimental approach designed to aid in the identification of complex brain circuits within the rat corpus striatum. Our aim was to characterize in a single section (i) striatal thalamic afferents, (ii) striatopallidal projection neurons and (iii) striatal local circuit interneurons. To this end, we have combined anterograde tracing using biotinylated dextran amine and retrograde neuroanatomical tracing with Fluoro-Gold. This dual tracing protocol was further implemented with the visualization of different subpopulations of striatal interneurons. The subsequent use of three different peroxidase substrates enabled us to unequivocally detect structures that were labeled within a three-color paradigm.}, doi = {10.1016/s0165-0270(01)00440-x}, institution = {Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.}, keywords = {3,3'-Diaminobenzidine, diagnostic use; Animals; Avidin, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Axons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, metabolism; Cell Size, physiology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Dendrites, metabolism/ultrastructure; Dextrans, diagnostic use; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Interneurons, cytology/metabolism; Molecular Probes, diagnostic use; NADPH Dehydrogenase, metabolism; Neostriatum, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Nickel, diagnostic use; Nitroblue Tetrazolium, diagnostic use; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165-0270(01)00440-X}, pmid = {11574120}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonzalo-Ruiz:1992, author = {A. Gonzalo-Ruiz and A. Alonso and J. M. Sanz and R. R. Llinás}, title = {Afferent projections to the mammillary complex of the rat, with special reference to those from surrounding hypothalamic regions.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {321}, number = {2}, pages = {277--299}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {To better understand the functional organization of the mammillary nuclei, we investigated the afferents to this nuclear complex in the rat with iontophoretically injected wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Particular attention was paid to tracing local hypothalamic afferents to these nuclei. Injections into the medial mammillary nucleus (MMN) revealed strong projections from the subicular region, and weaker projections from the prefrontal cortex, medial septum, and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Other descending subcortical projections to the MMN arise from the anterior and the lateral hypothalamic area, the medial preoptic area, and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Ascending afferents to the MMN were found to originate in the raphe and various tegmental nuclei. Following all injections into the MMN, labelled neurons were found in nuclei surrounding the mammillary body. The lateral and posterior subdivisions of the tuberomammillary nucleus projected mainly to the pars medianus and pars medialis of the MMN. The dorsal and ventral premammillary nuclei projected to the pars lateralis of the MMN. The supramammillary nucleus at rostral level had a small projection to the pars medialis and lateralis of the MMN. However, the most obvious projection from this nucleus was to the pars posterior of the MMN, chiefly from the lateral part of the caudal supramammillary nucleus. Injections into the lateral mammillary nucleus revealed inputs from the presubiculum, parasubiculum, septal region, dorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, and periaqueductal gray. In addition, the lateral mammillary nucleus was found to receive a moderate projection from the medial part of the supramammillary nucleus and stronger projections from the lateral part of the caudal supramammillary nucleus. A very light projection was also seen from the lateral and posterior subdivisions of the tuberomammillary nucleus. These findings add to our knowledge of the extensive and complex connectivity of the mammillary nuclei. In particular, the local connections we have demonstrated with the supramammillary and tuberomammillary nuclei indicate the existence of significant local circuits as well as circuits involving more distant brain regions such as the septal nuclei, subiculum, prefrontal cortex, and brain stem tegmentum.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903210208}, institution = {NY U Med Ctr, NY}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/physiology; Female; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Mamillary Bodies, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Neurotransmitter Agents, physiology; Rats; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1380015}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903210208}, } @Article{Gonzalo-Ruiz:1992a, author = {Gonzalo-Ruiz, A. and Alonso, A. and Sanz, J. M. and Llinás, R. R.}, title = {A dopaminergic projection to the rat mammillary nuclei demonstrated by retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {321}, number = {2}, pages = {300--311}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The presence and distribution of dopaminergic neurons and terminals in the hypothalamus of the rat were studied by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry. Strongly labelled TH-immunoreactive neurons were seen in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, periventricular region, zona incerta, arcuate nucleus, and supramammillary nucleus. A few TH-positive neurons were also identified in the dorsal and ventral premammillary nucleus, as well as the lateral hypothalamic area. TH-immunoreactive fibres and terminals were unevenly distributed in the mammillary nuclei; small, weakly labelled terminals were scattered in the medial mammillary nucleus, while large, strongly labelled, varicose terminals were densely concentrated in the internal part of the lateral mammillary nucleus. A few dorsoventrally oriented TH-positive axon bundles were also identified in the lateral mammillary nucleus. A dopaminergic projection to the mammillary nuclei from the supramammillary nucleus and lateral hypothalamic area was identified by double labelling with retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and TH-immunohistochemistry. The lateral mammillary nucleus receives a weak dopaminergic projection from the medial, and stronger projections from the lateral, caudal supramammillary nucleus. The double-labelled neurons in the lateral supramammillary nucleus appear to encapsulate the caudal end of the mammillary nuclei. The medial mammillary nucleus receives a very light dopaminergic projection from the caudal lateral hypothalamic area. These results suggest that the supramammillary nucleus is the principal source of the dopaminergic input to the mammillary nuclei, establishing a local TH-pathway in the mammillary complex. The supramammillary cell groups are able to modulate the limbic system through its dopaminergic input to the mammillary nuclei as well as through its extensive dopaminergic projection to the lateral septal nucleus.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903210209}, institution = {NY U Med Ctr, NY}, keywords = {Animals; Dopamine, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Mamillary Bodies, cytology; Nerve Endings, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, Afferent, enzymology/physiology; Rats; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis/metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1380016}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903210209}, } @Article{Gonzalo-Ruiz:2001, author = {Gonzalo-Ruiz, A and Bayona, I}, title = {Localization of excitatory amino acid and neuropeptide markers in neurons of the subicular complex projecting to the retrosplenial granular cortex of the rat}, journal = {Eur J Anat}, year = {2001}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {119--132}, abstract = {Retrograde labelling was combined with immunohistochemistry to localize neurons containing glutamate and different neuropeptides such as neurotensin, leu-enkephalin, and substance P-like immunoreactivity in the projection pathways from the presubiculum and subiculum to the retrosplenial granular cortex of the rat. Injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to subunit B of cholera toxin (CT-HRP) into the retrosplenial granular cortex labelled large numbers of neurons in the presubiculum. A significant number of retrogradely-labelled neurons was seen in the dorsal subiculum, whereas small numbers of CT-HRP-labelled neurons were also found in the ventral subiculum. In the presubiculum, 90-95% of the CT-HRP-labelled neurons (30-32 per section) were also immunoreactive for glutamate, and small numbers of retrogradely-labelled neurons also displayed neurotensin-, leu-enkephalin- or substance P-immunoreactivity. In the subiculum, approximately 90-95% of the CT-HRP-labelled neurons (19-20 per section) were also immunoreactive for glutamate, and a significant number of retrogradely-labelled neurons (70-75%, 14-15 per section) also displayed neurotensin immunoreactivity. In addition, small numbers of CT-HRP-labelled neurons in the subiculum were immunoreactive for leu-enkephalin or substance P. These results suggest that the complexity of the neurotransmitter(s)/neuromodulator(s) of the subicular projections to the retrosplenial granular cortex of the rat should be taken into account when considering the mechanisms of the retrosplenial cortical neurons thought to play a role in memory.}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, publisher = {European Journal of Anatomy}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonzalo-Ruiz:1987, author = {A. Gonzalo-Ruiz and G. R. Leichnetz}, title = {Collateralization of cerebellar efferent projections to the paraoculomotor region, superior colliculus, and medial pontine reticular formation in the rat: a fluorescent double-labeling study.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1987}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, pages = {365-378}, abstract = {Collateralization of cerebellar efferent projections to the oculomotor region, superior colliculus (SC), and medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) was studied in rats using fluorescent tracer substances. In one group, True Blue (TB) was injected into the oculomotor complex (OMC), including certain paraoculomotor nuclei and supraoculomotor ventral periaqueductal gray (PAG), and Diamidino Yellow (DY) was injected into the medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) or pontine raphe. The largest number of single-TB-labeled (paraoculomotor-projecting) cells was observed in the medial cerebellar nucleus (MCN) and posterior interposed nucleus (PIN), whereas the largest number of single-DY-labeled (mPRF-projecting) cells was in the MCN. Double-TB/DY-labeled cells were present in the caudal two-thirds of the MCN, suggesting that some MCN neurons send divergent axon collaterals to the paraoculomotor region and mPRF. In another group, TB was injected into the SC and DY into the mPRF. The largest number of single-TB-labeled (SC-projecting) cells was in the PIN, although a considerable number of cells was observed in the caudal MCN, and ventral lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN). Single-DY-labeled (mPRF-projecting) neurons were primarily located in the central and ventral MCN, but were also present in the lateral anterior interposed (AIN) and in the LCN. Double-TB/DY-labeled neurons were observed in the caudal two-thirds of the MCN and in the central portion of the LCN. The most significant new findings of the study concerned the MCN, which not only contained neurons that projected independently to the paraoculomotor region, SC, and mPRF, but also contained a considerable number of cells which collateralized to project to more than one of these nuclei. The possibility that the MCN projects to the supraoculomotor ventral PAG (containing an oculomotor interneuron system) and to the mPRF, which in the cat and monkey contain neural elements essential to the production of saccadic eye movements, is discussed. The anatomical findings suggest that the MCN in the rat plays an important role in eye movement.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00248802}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3691709}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonzalo-Ruiz:1990, author = {A. Gonzalo-Ruiz and G. R. Leichnetz and S. G. Hardy}, title = {Projections of the medial cerebellar nucleus to oculomotor-related midbrain areas in the rat: an anterograde and retrograde HRP study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {296}, number = {3}, pages = {427-436}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The mesencephalic projections of the medial cerebellar nucleus (MCN) were studied in the rat by using the method of anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin/horseradish peroxidase to establish connections of the nucleus with oculomotor-related nuclei as a basis for its proposed role in eye movement. The principal targets of projections were the supraoculomotor ventral periaqueductal gray (PAG) and lateral PAG, and paraoculomotor cell groups (nucleus of Darkschewitsch and medial accessory nucleus of Bechterew). Lesser projections were observed to the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus, nucleus of the posterior commissure, and prerubral field. Following transcannular HRP gel implants into the oculomotor complex that included adjacent paraoculomotor nuclei, the largest number of retrogradely labeled cells was found in the caudal MCN. The findings suggest that the caudal MCN in the rat, like the primate fastigial nucleus, is involved in the control of eye movement.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902960308}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, University College, Soria, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellar Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Eye Movements; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Mesencephalon, cytology/physiology; Oculomotor Muscles, innervation; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/physiology; Rats; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1694191}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902960308}, } @Article{Gonzalo-Ruiz:1995, author = {A. Gonzalo-Ruiz and A. R. Lieberman}, title = {GABAergic projections from the thalamic reticular nucleus to the anteroventral and anterodorsal thalamic nuclei of the rat.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {1995}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {165--174}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {We have studied GABAergic projections from the thalamic reticular nucleus to the anterior thalamic nuclei of the rat by combining retrograde labelling with horseradish peroxidase and GABA-immunohistochemistry. Small iontophoretic injections of the tracer into subnuclei of the anterior thalamic nuclear complex resulted in retrograde labelling of cells in the rostrodorsal pole of the ipsilateral thalamic reticular nucleus. All of these cells were also GABA-positive. The projections were topographically organized. Neurons located in the most dorsal part of the rostral reticular nucleus projected to the dorsal half of both the posterior sub-division and the medial subdivision of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus, and to the rostral portion of the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus. Immediately ventral to this group of neurons, but still within the dorsal portion of the reticular nucleus, a second group of neurons, extending from the dorsolateral to the dorsomedial edge of the nucleus, projected to the ventral parts of the posterior and medial subdivisions of the anteroventral nucleus. Following injection of tracer into the dorsal part of the rostral anteroventral nucleus, retrograde labelled GABA-containing cell bodies were also found in the ipsilateral anterodorsal nucleus.}, doi = {10.1016/0891-0618(95)00078-x}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Physiotherapy, Soria, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Neurons, chemistry; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0891-0618(95)00078-X}, pmid = {8588832}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonzalo-Ruiz:1995c, author = {Gonzalo-Ruiz, A. and Lieberman, A. R.}, title = {Topographic organization of projections from the thalamic reticular nucleus to the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1995}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {17--35}, abstract = {We have investigated connections between the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) and the anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) in the rat, following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into subnuclei of the ATN and different regions of the rostral TRN. Three nonoverlapping groups of neurons in the dorsal part of the ipsilateral rostral TRN project to, and receive reciprocal projections from, specific subnuclei of the ATN. A vertical sheet of neurons in the most dorsal part of the rostral TRN projects to the dorsal half of the posterior subdivision of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AVp), the dorsal region of the medial subdivision of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AVm), and the dorsolateral part of the rostral anterodorsal thalamic nucleus (AD). Immediately ventral to this part of TRN, but still within its dorsal portion, are a lateral cluster of neurons and a medially located vertical sheet of neurons. The lateral cluster projects to the ventral part of AVp and to the dorsomedial part of rostral AD. The medial sheet projects to the ventral part of AVm, the ventral part of rostral AD, and to the caudal portions of both AV and AD. There appears to be no input to the anteromedial thalamic nucleus (AM) from the TRN. These findings shed new light on the anatomy of the rostral TRN, the ATN, and the connections between the two, and are relevant to emerging hypotheses about the functional organization of the TRN and reticulo-thalamic projections.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(94)00252-5}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Physiotherapy, Soria, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Female; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(94)00252-5}, pmid = {7606476}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonzalo-Ruiz:1995b, author = {A. Gonzalo-Ruiz and A. R. Lieberman and J. M. Sanz-Anquela}, title = {Organization of serotoninergic projections from the raphé nuclei to the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat: a combined retrograde tracing and 5-HT immunohistochemical study.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {1995}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {103--115}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {We combined retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) immunohistochemistry to study serotoninergic projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) of the rat. Small iontophoretic injections of HRP into the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus resulted in double-labelled neurons predominantly in the ventromedial and also in the ventrolateral part of the ipsilateral dorsal raphé (DR). A smaller number of double-labelled neurons was also found in the dorsomedial part of the nucleus, predominantly ipsilaterally, and in the median raphé nucleus (MnR), close to the midline. After injection into the medial subdivision of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus, the pattern of labelling in DR and MnR was similar to that detected following injections into the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus. However, injection into the posterior subdivision of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus resulted in bilateral retrograde labelling of a few 5-HT-containing neurons in the dorsolateral part of the DR. Labelling in the ventromedial, ventrolateral and dorsomedial regions of DR and MnR was similar to that detected after injections into the medial subdivision of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus. After all injections into the ATN, double-labelled cells were found throughout the rostrocaudal extent of MnR and throughout the rostral two-thirds of DR. The caudal extension of DR was devoid of double-labelled cells. Although double-labelled cells were observed bilaterally in the dorsolateral part of the DR, the projection from DR to ATN was predominantly ipsilateral. These results show that there is an internal organization within DR such that subnuclei of the DR can be defined on the basis of their efferent projections to specific subdivisions of the ATN.}, doi = {10.1016/0891-0618(94)00039-v}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Physiotherapy, Soria, Spain.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Biological Transport; Brain Mapping; Horseradish Peroxidase, pharmacokinetics; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Rats; Serotonin, analysis; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0891-0618(94)00039-V}, pmid = {7598811}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonzalo-Ruiz:2000, author = {A. Gonzalo-Ruiz and L. Morte}, title = {Localization of amino acids, neuropeptides and cholinergic markers in neurons of the septum-diagonal band complex projecting to the retrosplenial granular cortex of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {2000}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, pages = {499--510}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Retrograde labelling was combined with immunohistochemistry to localize neurons containing choline acetyltransferase, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, leu-enkephalin, neurotensin, and substance P-like immunoreactivity in the projection pathways from the septum-diagonal band complex to the retrosplenial granular cortex in the rat. Injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to subunit B of cholera toxin (CT-HRP) into the retrosplenial granular cortex resulted in retrogradely labelled neurons in the ipsilateral nuclei of the diagonal band of Broca, especially in the horizonatal nucleus of the diagonal band, and small numbers of CT-HRP-labelled neurons were also found in the medial septal nucleus. In the horizontal and vertical nuclei of the diagonal band of Broca, 90-95\% of CT-HRP-labelled neurons (35-45 per section) were immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase and small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons (2 to 4-5 per section) were also immunoreactive for GABA, glutamate, neurotensin, leu-enkephalin, or substance P. In the medial septal nucleus approximately 75-80\% of the retrogradely labelled neurons (8-10 per section) were immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase and up to 25\% of the CT-HRP labelled neurons (1-3 per section) in the medial septal nucleus also displayed GABA-, glutamate-, neurotensin-, leu-enkephalin-, or substance P-immunoreactivity. These results suggest that the complexity of the neurotransmitter(s)/neuromodulator(s) of septum-diagonal band complex projections to the retrosplenial granular cortex should be taken into account when considering the mechanisms of cortical activation.}, doi = {10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00287-2}, institution = {Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla and Leon, Valladolid University, Soria, Spain.agruiz@ah.uva.es}, keywords = {Animals; Cholera Toxin; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Diagonal Band of Broca, cytology/metabolism; Enkephalin, Leucine, metabolism; Female; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Gyrus Cinguli, cytology/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Neurotensin, metabolism; Neurotransmitter Agents, metabolism; Rats; Septal Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Substance P, metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0361923000002872}, pmid = {10974489}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonzalo-Ruiz:1999, author = {A. Gonzalo-Ruiz and L. Morte and J. M. Flecha and J. M. Sanz}, title = {Neurotransmitter characteristics of neurons projecting to the supramammillary nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1999}, volume = {200}, number = {4}, pages = {377--392}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Retrograde labelling was combined with immunohistochemistry to localize neurons containing choline acetyltransferase, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, serotonin, somatostatin, Leu-enkephalin, neurotensin, and substance P-immunoreactivity in neurons projecting to the supramammillary nucleus in the rat. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the supramammillary nucleus resulted in retrogradely labelled neurons in the medial septal nucleus, the nuclei of the diagonal band of Broca, the infralimbic cortex, the medial and lateral preoptic nucleus, the subiculum, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, the compact subnucleus of the central superior nucleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus. In the medial septal nucleus and in the nuclei of the diagonal band of Broca, 80-85\% of WGA-HRP- labelled neurons (30-40 per section) were also immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase and small numbers of WGA-HRP-labelled neurons were immunoreactive for GABA, glutamate, neurotensin or substance P. In the medial preoptic nucleus, 85-90\% of retrogradely labelled neurons (25-30 per section) were immunoreactive for somatostatin and a few WGA-HRP-labelled neurons displayed neurotensin-immunoreactivity. In the rostroventral part of the subiculum, small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons were also immunoreactive for neurotensin or for glutamate. In the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, 90\% of WGA-HRP-labelled neurons (20-25 per section) were immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase and small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons also displayed substance P immunoreactivity. In the compact subnucleus of the central superior nucleus, 50-60\% of retrogradely labelled neurons (15-20 per section) were also immunolabelled for GABA and approximately 30-40\% of WGA-HRP-labelled neurons (10-12 per section) were immunoreactive for Leu-enkephalin. The compact subnucleus of the central superior nucleus also contained small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons that displayed neurotensin immunoreactivity. In the dorsal raphe nucleus, 80-85\% of WGA-HRP- labelled neurons (30-40 per section) were also immunoreactive for serotonin and small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons displayed neurotensin or glutamate immunoreactivity. These results suggest that the multiple neurochemicals contained in ascending and descending projections to the SuM participate in complex interactions in the transmission process of SuM neurons.}, doi = {10.1007/s004290050287}, institution = {Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla and León, Valladolid University, Nicolas Rabal, E-42003-Soria, Spain, agruiz@ah.uva.es}, keywords = {Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Excitatory Amino Acids, analysis; Female; Histocytochemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mamillary Bodies; Neurons, chemistry; Neuropeptides, analysis; Neurotransmitter Agents, analysis; Prosencephalon, chemistry/cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin, analysis; Substantia Innominata, chemistry/cytology; Ventral Tegmental Area, chemistry/cytology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {92000377.429}, pmid = {10460475}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonzalo-Ruiz:1997, author = {A. Gonzalo-Ruiz and L. Morte and A. R. Lieberman}, title = {Evidence for collateral projections to the retrosplenial granular cortex and thalamic reticular nucleus from glutamate and/or aspartate-containing neurons of the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1997}, volume = {116}, number = {1}, pages = {63--72}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Small, stereotaxically guided injections of true blue (TB) were made into the retrosplenial granular cortex (RSg) and of diamidino yellow (DY) into the dorsal portion of the rostral pole of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) in 16 adult rats to determine whether axons projecting from the anterior thalamic nuclear complex (ATN) to the TRN are branches of axons also projecting to the RSg. Following injections of the fluorescent dyes, serial coronal sections of the brain revealed single retrogradely labelled, and large numbers of double retrogradely labelled neuronal cell bodies in the ipsilateral anteroventral and anterodorsal nuclei and smaller numbers in the anteromedial nucleus of the ATN complex. In a second series of six adult rats with similar double injections of TB and DY, two sections in three were immunoreacted, one with antiserum against glutamate and one with antiserum against aspartate, using indirect immunofluorescence with rhodamine to detect reactive cells. The great majority of both single and double retrogradely labelled cell bodies were also immunoreactive for aspartate or glutamate. In addition, a moderate to small number of non-immunolabelled neurons projecting to the TRN and/or to the RSg were also found in all three nuclei of the ATN complex. These results are compatible with the possibility that large numbers of neurons in the ATN send axonal branches to both the RSg and the TRN, and that many such neurons use glutamate and/or aspartate as transmitters. The findings also suggest that the projections from the ATN might be heterogeneous with respect to transmitter phenotype.}, doi = {10.1007/pl00005745}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Physiotherapy, Valladolid University, Soria, Spain.}, keywords = {Amidines; Animals; Aspartic Acid, metabolism; Axons, physiology; Benzofurans; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Injections; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stereotaxic Techniques; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9305815}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonzalo-Ruiz:1998, author = {A. Gonzalo-Ruiz and L. Morte and J. M. Sanz}, title = {Glutamate/aspartate and leu-enkephalin immunoreactivity in mammillothalamic projection neurons of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1998}, volume = {47}, number = {6}, pages = {565--574}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {We have used retrograde transport and immunohistochemistry to study glutamate, aspartate, and enkephalin-like immunoreactive pathways from the mammillary nuclei to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus resulted in retrogradely labelled cell bodies in the lateral mammillary nucleus, bilaterally, whereas injections into the anteroventral thalamic nucleus resulted in retrogradely labelled neurons in the ipsilateral medial mammillary nucleus. In three parallel series of sections immunoreacted for glutamate, aspartate, and enkephalin, respectively, 50-60\% of the retrogradely labelled cell bodies were also immunolabelled for glutamate, 50-60\% for aspartate, and 40-50\% for enkephalin. The enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons may coincide with or constitute a separate population from the glutamate/aspartate-containing neurons. These results are compatible with the possibility that mammillothalamic projection neurons may use glutamate and/or aspartate and enkephalin as neurotransmitters.}, doi = {10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00077-x}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Physiotherapy, Valladolid University, Soria, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Aspartic Acid, analysis; Axons, chemistry; Enkephalin, Leucine, analysis; Female; Glutamic Acid, analysis; Limbic System, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Male; Mamillary Bodies, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Microinjections; Neurons, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thalamic Nuclei, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0361-9230(98)00077-X}, pmid = {10078614}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonzalo-Ruiz:1999a, author = {A. Gonzalo-Ruiz and J. C. Romero and J. M. Sanz and L. Morte}, title = {Localization of amino acids, neuropeptides and cholinergic neurotransmitter markers in identified projections from the mesencephalic tegmentum to the mammillary nuclei of the rat.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, year = {1999}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {117--133}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Retrograde labelling has been combined with immunohistochemistry to localize neurons containing GABA, glutamate, choline acetyltransferase, leu-enkephalin, neurotensin and substance P-like immunoreactivity in the projection pathways from the midbrain tegmental nuclei to the mammillary nuclei in the rat. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the medial mammillary nucleus resulted in retrogradely labelled neurons in the ventral tegmental nucleus of Gudden, whereas injections into the lateral mammillary nucleus resulted in large numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons in the ipsilateral dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden and in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. In the ventral tegmental nucleus, moderate to small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons were also immunolabelled for GABA and approximately ten to 18 WGA-HRP-labelled neurons per section were immunoreactive for leu-enkephalin. In addition, small numbers of WGA-HRP-labelled neurons in the principal subnucleus of the ventral tegmental nucleus were immunoreactive for Glu whereas small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons in the compact subnucleus of the central superior nucleus displayed neurotensin-like immunoreactivity. In the ventral subnucleus of the dorsal tegmental nucleus, moderate to small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons were also GABA-immunoreactive and approximately ten to 14 WGA-HRP labelled neurons per section were immunoreactive for leu-enkephalin. The ventral subnucleus of the dorsal tegmental nucleus also contained small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons that displayed either glutamate or substance P-like immunoreactivity. In addition, moderate to small numbers of WGA-HRP-labelled neurons (five to 20 per section) in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus were immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase. These results are compatible with the possibility that tegmentomammillary projection neurons use several different neurochemicals as neurotransmitter(s) and/or neuromodulator(s).}, doi = {10.1016/s0891-0618(98)00063-5}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Physiotherapy, Valladolid University, Soria, Spain.}, keywords = {Amino Acids, analysis; Animals; Biological Markers; Cell Nucleus, chemistry; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Enkephalins, analysis; Female; Male; Mamillary Bodies, chemistry; Neuropeptides, analysis; Neurotensin, analysis; Neurotransmitter Agents, analysis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substance P, analysis; Tegmentum Mesencephali, chemistry; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0891061898000635}, pmid = {10223311}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonzalo-Ruiz:1997a, author = {A. Gonzalo-Ruiz and J. M. Sanz and L. Morte and A. R. Lieberman}, title = {Glutamate and aspartate immunoreactivity in the reciprocal projections between the anterior thalamic nuclei and the retrosplenial granular cortex in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1997}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {309--321}, abstract = {We have used retrograde and anterograde labelling with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and immunohistochemistry with antibodies against glutamate and aspartate to examine the reciprocal connections between the anterior thalamic nuclei and the retrosplenial granular cortex in the rat, and to characterize those projection neurones that contain glutamate and/or aspartate. Injections into superficial layers of the retrosplenial granular cortex resulted in retrogradely labelled cell bodies in the anterodorsal, anteroventral, and to a lesser extent the anteromedial subnuclei. Approximately 70\% of these cell bodies were also immunolabelled for glutamate or aspartate. Injections confined to deep layers (V-VI) resulted in the presence, in anterior thalamic neuropil, of anterogradely labelled fibre and terminal-like structures, many of which appeared to be immunolabelled for glutamate or aspartate. Injections into the anterior thalamic nuclei resulted in retrogradely labelled pyramidal cells in layers V-VI of the retrosplenial granular cortex. Most (90-95\%) of these cells were immunolabelled for glutamate or aspartate. Thus, approximately 70\% of thalamocortical and 90-95\% of corticothalamic projection neurones in these circuits may use glutamate and/or aspartate as neurotransmitters.}, doi = {10.1016/s0361-9230(96)00291-2}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Physiotherapy, Valladolid University, Soria, Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Aspartic Acid, analysis/immunology; Female; Glutamic Acid, analysis/immunology; Gyrus Cinguli, chemistry/cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thalamic Nuclei, chemistry/cytology; te, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0361923096002912}, pmid = {9043718}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gonzalo-Ruiz:1995a, author = {A. Gonzalo-Ruiz and M. J. Sanz-Anquela and A. R. Lieberman}, title = {Cholinergic projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat: a combined retrograde tracing and choline acetyl transferase immunohistochemical study.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1995}, volume = {192}, number = {4}, pages = {335--349}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was combined with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry to study cholinergic projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat. Small iontophoretic injections of HRP placed into different subdivisions of the anterior thalamic nuclear complex resulted in distinct patterns of retrograde labelling in two major cholinergic cell groups of the mesopontine tegmentum, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg), in which a majority of the labelled cells was located, and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT). After injections into the posterior subdivision of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AVp), double-labelled neurons were present predominantly in the ipsilateral LDTg while a smaller number was found in the PPT. In the ipsilateral LDTg, 60-70\% of ChAT-positive neurons were HRP-labelled, and 90-95\% of the HRP-labelled neurons were ChAT-positive. In the contralateral LDTg, 30-40\% of ChAT-positive neurons were HRP- labelled. After injections in the medial subdivision of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AVm), the pattern of labelling in LDTg was similar to that detected after injections in the AVp. The number of double-labelled neurons in the LDTg and PPT was much lower after injections into AVm than after injections into AVp. When injections were confined to the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus (AD), no HRP-labelled cells were present in the LDTg or PPT. These results show that the LDTg and PPT are the sources of the cholinergic input to the rat anterior thalamus. The major projection from LDTg and PPT is to the AVp, whereas there is a lighter cholinergic projection to the AVm. The AD does not receive a projection from cholinergic cells in the mesopontine tegmentum.}, doi = {10.1007/bf00710103}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Physiotherapy, Soria, Spain.}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, analysis; Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, cytology; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology; Rats; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8554167}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Goodchild:2000, author = {A. K. Goodchild and I. J. Llewellyn-Smith and Q. J. Sun and J. Chalmers and A. M. Cunningham and P. M. Pilowsky}, title = {Calbindin-immunoreactive neurons in the reticular formation of the rat brainstem: catecholamine content and spinal projections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2000}, volume = {424}, number = {3}, pages = {547--562}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {Calbindin-D28k (calbindin) is a calcium-binding protein that is distributed widely in the rat brain. The localisation of calbindin immunoreactivity in the medulla oblongata and its colocalisation with adrenaline-synthesising neurons [phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive (PNMT-IR)] was examined (Granata and Chang [1994] Brain Res. 645:265-277). However, detailed information about the distribution of calbindin-IR neurons in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata in particular is lacking. In this report, the authors address this issue with an emphasis on the quantitation of calbindin-IR neurons, catecholamine neurons [tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-IR, or PNMT-IR], and spinally projecting neurons in the ventral brainstem. Rats received injections of the retrograde tracing agent cholera toxin B (CTB) into the thoracic spinal cord or into the superior cervical ganglion. Immunocytochemistry was used to reveal calbindin, TH, PNMT, and CTB immunoreactivity. Ten calbindin-IR cell groups were identified within the pontomedullary reticular formation. Seven previously undescribed but distinct clusters of calbindin-IR neurons were found. Within the ventral pons, a population of calbindin-IR neurons occurred dorsal but adjacent to the A5 cell group. These calbindin-IR neurons did not contain either TH or PNMT immunoreactivity, and few if any of these neurons projected to the spinal cord. A distinct group of calbindin-IR neurons was present in the ventral medulla. Seventy-five percent of these calbindin-IR neurons contained TH immunoreactivity, 45\% contained PNMT immunoreactivity, and 21\% were spinally projecting neurons. Spinally projecting, calbindin-IR neurons were a subpopulation of PNMT-IR cells. In the caudal ventral medulla, no TH-IR or PNMT-IR cells were calbindin-IR. In the intermediolateral cell column, close appositions of calbindin-IR terminals on identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons as well as calbindin-IR synapses indicated that these neurons may affect directly the sympathetic outflow. The results demonstrate for the first time the existence of a new subpopulation of spinally projecting, PNMT-IR neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/1096-9861(20000828)424:3<547::aid-cne11>3.0.co;2-o}, institution = {Hypertension and Stroke Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Sydney 2065, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, metabolism/ultrastructure; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, metabolism; Catecholamines, metabolism; Efferent Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Epinephrine, metabolism; Medulla Oblongata, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase, metabolism; Pons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats, Wistar; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Reticular Formation, metabolism/ultrastructure; Spinal Cord, metabolism/ultrastructure; Sympathetic Nervous System, metabolism/ultrastructure; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-O}, pmid = {10906719}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Goodchild:2001, author = {A. K. Goodchild and J. K. Phillips and J. Lipski and P. M. Pilowsky}, title = {Differential expression of catecholamine synthetic enzymes in the caudal ventral pons.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2001}, volume = {438}, number = {4}, pages = {457--467}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The analysis of colocalization of multiple catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata of the rat revealed distinct subpopulations of neurons within the C1 region (Phillips et al., J Comp Neurol 2001, 432:20-34). In extending this study to include the caudal pons, it was shown for the first time that the A5 cell group could be distinguished by the presence of immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), and dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH). A novel cell group was also identified. The cells within this new group were immunoreactive to DBH but not TH, AADC, or phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) and will be referred to as the TH-, DBH+ cell group. The TH-, DBH+ neurons were not immunoreactive for either the dopamine or noradrenaline transporters, suggesting that these neurons do not take up these transmitters. A5 neurons were immunoreactive for the noradrenaline transporter but not the dopamine transporter (as previously shown). Retrograde tracing with cholera toxin B revealed that the TH-, DBH+ neurons do not project to the thoracic spinal cord or to the rostral ventrolateral medulla, but A5 neurons do. A calbindin immunoreactive cell group is located in a region overlapping TH-, DBH+ cell group. However, only a few neurons were immunoreactive for both markers. The physiological role of the TH-, DBH+ cell group remains to be determined.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1002/cne.1328}, institution = {Hypertension and Stroke Research Laboratories, Departments of Physiology and Neurosurgery, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases, metabolism; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, metabolism; Carrier Proteins, metabolism; Catecholamines, biosynthesis; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Efferent Pathways, cytology/enzymology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/enzymology; Membrane Glycoproteins; Membrane Transport Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons, cytology/enzymology; Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase, metabolism; Pons, cytology/enzymology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology/enzymology; Symporters; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {10.1002/cne.1328}, pmid = {11559901}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Goodman:1992, author = {J. H. Goodman and R. S. Sloviter}, title = {Evidence for commissurally projecting parvalbumin-immunoreactive basket cells in the dentate gyrus of the rat.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {1992}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {13--21}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The fluorescent retrograde tracer, fluorogold, was used to identify commissurally projecting neurons in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. After injection of fluorogold into the hippocampus, the contralateral hippocampus was evaluated for fluorogold-immunoreactive or fluorescent neurons. In addition to observing labeled hilar neurons and CA3 pyramidal cells that previously have been reported to send commissurally projecting axons to the contralateral hippocampus, the authors unexpectedly found a population of fluorogold-labeled cells in the granule cell layer with the morphology and location of GABA-immunoreactive basket cells. Immunocytochemical staining revealed that all fluorogold-labeled cells of the granule cell layer were immunoreactive for parvalbumin. However, not all parvalbumin cells, shown previously to be a subset of GABA neurons, were fluorogold-labeled. The association between fluorogold transport and parvalbumin immunoreactivity was unique for these cells of the granule cell layer. In the adjacent hilus, relatively few of the many fluorogold-labeled cells were parvalbumin- or GABA-immunoreactive. These results (1) identify a population of presumed inhibitory neurons that apparently form commissural projections; (2) document that all of these cells contain the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin; and (3) indicate that the vast majority of commissurally projecting hilar neurons are neither parvalbumin- nor GABA-immunoreactive.}, doi = {10.1002/hipo.450020103}, institution = {Neurology Research Center, Helen Hayes Hospital, New York State Department of Health, West Haverstraw 10993.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Biological Markers, analysis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, cytology; Parvalbumins, analysis; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1284972}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450020103}, } @Article{Gooley:2003, author = {Gooley, Joshua J. and Lu, Jun and Fischer, Dietmar and Saper, Clifford B.}, title = {A broad role for melanopsin in nonvisual photoreception.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2003}, volume = {23}, number = {18}, pages = {7093--7106}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The rod and cone photoreceptors that mediate visual phototransduction in mammals are not required for light-induced circadian entrainment, negative masking of locomotor activity, suppression of pineal melatonin, or the pupillary light reflex. The photopigment melanopsin has recently been identified in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), intergeniculate leaflet (IGL), and olivary pretectal nucleus, suggesting that melanopsin might influence a variety of irradiance-driven responses. We have found novel projections from RGCs that express melanopsin mRNA to the ventral subparaventricular zone (vSPZ), a region involved in circadian regulation and negative masking, and the sleep-active ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) and determined the subsets of melanopsin-expressing RGCs that project to the SCN, the pretectal area (PTA), and the IGL division of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Melanopsin was expressed in the majority of RGCs that project to the SCN, vSPZ, and VLPO and in a subpopulation of RGCs that innervate the PTA and the IGL but not in RGCs projecting to the dorsal LGN or superior colliculus. Two-thirds of RGCs containing melanopsin transcript projected to each of the SCN and contralateral PTA, and one-fifth projected to the ipsilateral IGL. Double-retrograde tracing from the SCN and PTA demonstrated a subpopulation of RGCs projecting to both sites, most of which contained melanopsin mRNA. Our results suggest that melanopsin expression defines a subset of RGCs that play a broad role in the regulation of nonvisual photoreception, providing collateralized projections that contribute to circadian entrainment, negative masking, the regulation of sleep-wake states, and the pupillary light reflex.}, institution = {Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Ventricles, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Cholera Toxin; Dependovirus, genetics/physiology; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Light Signal Transduction, physiology; Luminescent Proteins, biosynthesis/genetics; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate, cytology/physiology; Preoptic Area, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; RNA, Messenger, biosynthesis; Rats; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology/physiology; Rod Opsins, biosynthesis/genetics/physiology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Tectum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {23/18/7093}, pmid = {12904470}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/23/18/7093.long}, } @Article{Gorelova:2012, author = {Gorelova, Natalia and Mulholland, Patrick J. and Chandler, L Judson and Seamans, Jeremy K.}, title = {The glutamatergic component of the mesocortical pathway emanating from different subregions of the ventral midbrain.}, journal = {Cereb Cortex}, year = {2012}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {327--336}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The mesocortical pathway projecting from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a critical role in a number of cognitive and emotional processes. While this pathway has been traditionally viewed as dopaminergic, recent data indicate that a considerable proportion of rostromedial VTA neurons possess markers for glutamate transmission. However, the relative density of the glutamatergic projection to the PFC from these rostromedial regions is unknown. In the present study, anterograde tracer injections into 4 ventral midbrain subregions were coupled with immunohistochemical analysis of labeled axons in PFC for markers of dopamine (DA; tyrosine hydroxylase [TH]) and glutamate (vesicular glutamate transporter 2; VGLUT2). We found that while tracer injections into the interfascicular nucleus produced labeled fibers in the PFC that were mainly TH positive, tracer injections into the rostral linear nucleus, rostral VTA, and parabrachial pigmented nucleus produced labeled fibers in PFC that contained mainly VGLUT2-positive rather than TH-positive varicosities. When viewed in the light of the previously documented strong γ-aminobutyric acidergic component, it would seem that the rostromedial mesocortical projection is actually an amino acid pathway that in addition has a DA component.}, doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhr107}, institution = {Department of Psychiatry and Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.}, keywords = {Adrenergic Agents, adverse effects; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Dextrans, metabolism; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, adverse effects; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Ibotenic Acid, adverse effects; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Oxidopamine, adverse effects; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology/injuries/physiology; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {bhr107}, pmid = {21666135}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr107}, } @Article{Gorelova:1997, author = {N. Gorelova and C. R. Yang}, title = {The course of neural projection from the prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1997}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, pages = {689--706}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Corticostriatal neurons linking the prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens connect the terminal fields of the ascending mesotelencephalic dopamine neurons and may potentially mediate cortical dopaminergic modulation of subcortical dopamine transmission. In our attempt to develop a brain slice preparation that maximally preserves this prefrontal accumbens pathway for in vitro electrophysiological studies, knowledge of the complete course of its projection is critical. Microinjection of biotin-dextran amine as an anterograde tracer into the prefrontal cortex revealed the following in the coronal, sagittal and oblique planes of rat brain. (1) Axonal fibers from the rostral prelimbic cortex projected at an angle of approximately 60 degrees to the horizontal plane through the infralimbic region and mainly entered the rostromedial accumbens. Some also chose a ventral route to enter the "core" of the accumbens. (2) From the central ventral prelimbic regions, axons spread out diffusely and descended to the dorsal accumbens. They then entered throughout the rostral-caudal "shell" of the nucleus accumbens. (3) From the caudal prelimbic region of the prefrontal cortex, axonal fibers descended approximately 10 degrees to the coronal plane and entered the dorsal nucleus accumbens and the caudate nucleus. The denser caudate-projecting fibers gave rise to collaterals that entered the accumbens "core". These results suggest that brain slices that preserve the rostral prelimbic-medial accumbens pathway can be obtained by an oblique (approximately 60 degrees) cut, whereas preservation of the caudal prefrontal-accumbens neurons necessitates a 10 degrees cut. Finally, in whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of accumbens neurons in such slices, orthodromically evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials to deep layer prefrontal cortical stimulation were observed, thus confirming the functional preservation of portions of this prefrontal cortex nucleus accumbens pathway.}, doi = {10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00380-6}, institution = {Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Biotin; Dextrans; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Histocytochemistry; Male; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neurons, Efferent, physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Time Factors}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306452296003806}, pmid = {9135043}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gorini:2009, author = {Gorini, C. and Jameson, H. S. and Mendelowitz, D.}, title = {Serotonergic modulation of the trigeminocardiac reflex neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons in the nucleus ambiguus.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {2009}, volume = {102}, number = {3}, pages = {1443--1450}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Stimulation of the trigeminal nerve evokes a dramatic decrease in heart rate and blood pressure, and this reflex has generally been termed the trigeminocardiac reflex. A subset of the trigeminocardiac reflex is the diving reflex in which the nasal mucosa is stimulated with water or air-borne chemical irritants. Activation of the diving reflex evokes a pronounced bradycardia, mediated by increased parasympathetic cardiac activity, and is the most powerful autonomic reflex. However, exaggeration of this protective response could be detrimental and has been implicated in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Despite the importance and strength of the trigeminocardiac reflex, there is little information about the cellular mechanisms and brain stem pathways that constitute this reflex. To address these issues, stimulation of trigeminal afferent fibers and the evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents were recorded in cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) in an in vitro brain stem slice preparation. This synaptic pathway is robust and activation of the trigeminal pathway often evoked action potentials in CVNs. Application of the serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor citalopram significantly enhanced these responses. Consistent with the hypothesis this pathway is endogenously modulated by 5-HT receptors the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, WAY 100635 inhibited, whereas the 5-HT2A/C receptor antagonist, ketanserin facilitated the excitatory neurotransmission to CVNs. The 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(dipropylamino)tetralin hydrobromide increased, whereas the 5-HT2 receptor agonist, alpha-methylserotonin maleate salt inhibited this reflex pathway. These results indicate stimulation of trigeminal fibers evokes a powerful excitatory and polysynaptic pathway to CVNs, and this pathway is endogenously modulated and differentially enhanced and depressed, by 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors, respectively.}, doi = {10.1152/jn.00287.2009}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, 2300 Eye St. NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA.}, keywords = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, pharmacology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Citalopram, pharmacology; Dipeptides, pharmacology; Drug Interactions; Electric Stimulation, methods; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Heart, innervation; Ketanserin, pharmacology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology; Piperazines, pharmacology; Pyridines, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin Antagonists, pharmacology; Serotonin Receptor Agonists, pharmacology; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors, pharmacology; Serotonin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism/pharmacology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Vagus Nerve, physiology; Valine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {00287.2009}, pmid = {19553488}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00287.2009}, } @Article{Gorini:2010, author = {Gorini, C. and Philbin, K. and Bateman, R. and Mendelowitz, D.}, title = {Endogenous inhibition of the trigeminally evoked neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, year = {2010}, volume = {104}, number = {4}, pages = {1841--1848}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Stimulation of the nasal mucosa by airborne irritants or water evokes a pronounced bradycardia accompanied by peripheral vasoconstriction and apnea. The dive response, which includes the trigeminocardiac reflex, is among the most powerful autonomic responses. These responses slow the heart rate and reduce myocardial oxygen consumption. Although normally cardioprotective, exaggeration of this reflex can be detrimental and has been implicated in cardiorespiratory diseases, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). An essential component of the diving response and trigeminocardiac reflex is activation of the parasympathetic cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) in the nucleus ambiguus that control heart rate. This study examined the involvement of cholinergic receptors in trigeminally evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents in CVNs in an in vitro preparation from rats. CVNs were identified using a retrograde tracer injected into the fat pads at the base of the heart. Application of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine significantly decreased the amplitude of glutamatergic neurotransmission to CVNs on stimulation of trigeminal fibers. Whereas nicotine did not have any effect on the glutamatergic responses, the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonist bethanechol significantly decreased the excitatory neurotransmission. Atropine, an mAChR antagonist, facilitated these responses indicating this trigeminally evoked brain stem pathway in vitro is endogenously inhibited by mAChRs. Tropicamide, an m4 mAChR antagonist, prevented the inhibitory action of the muscarinic agonist bethanechol. These results indicate that the glutamatergic synaptic neurotransmission in the trigeminally evoked pathway to CVNs is endogenously inhibited in vitro by m4 mAChRs.}, doi = {10.1152/jn.00442.2010}, institution = {George Washington University, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, 2300 Eye St NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Heart, innervation; Neural Inhibition, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Nicotinic Agonists, pharmacology; Nicotinic Antagonists, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Muscarinic, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Trigeminal Nerve, drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Vagus Nerve, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {jn.00442.2010}, pmid = {20719927}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00442.2010}, } @Article{Goshgarian:2014, author = {Goshgarian, Harry G. and Buttry, Janelle L.}, title = {The pattern and extent of retrograde transsynaptic transport of WGA-Alexa 488 in the phrenic motor system is dependent upon the site of application.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {2014}, volume = {222}, pages = {156--164}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The first aim of the study was to determine if WGA-Alexa 488 would undergo retrograde transsynaptic transport in the phrenic motor system as we have shown with WGA-HRP in a previous study. The advantage of using WGA-Alexa 488 is that labeled neurons could be isolated and analyzed for intracellular molecular mechanisms without exposing tissue sections to chemicals for histochemical staining. The second aim of the study was to investigate the pattern and extent of labeling that occurs when WGA-Alexa 488 is applied to the cervical phrenic nerve as compared to intradiaphragmatic injection. After injecting the hemidiaphragm ipsilateral to a C2 spinal cord hemisection, WGA-Alexa 488 presumably diffused to the contralateral hemidiaphragm and labeled the phrenic nuclei bilaterally. In all animals with hemidiaphragmatic injection, the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG) was also labeled bilaterally in the medulla. Thus, injection of WGA-Alexa 488 into the diaphragm results in retrograde transsynaptic transport in the phrenic motor system. After applying WGA-Alexa 488 to the ipsilateral intact cervical phrenic nerve in both C2 hemisected rats and rats with a sham hemisection, only ipsilateral phrenic neurons were labeled; there was no labeling of the rVRG or any other center in the medulla. These results suggest that WGA-Alexa 488 must be applied in the vicinity of the phrenic myoneural junction where there is a high concentration of WGA receptors in order for transsynaptic transport to occur. The present study provides investigators with a new tool to study plasticity in the respiratory system after spinal cord injury.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.11.003}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0165-0270(13)00379-8}, pmid = {24239778}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.11.003}, } @Article{Goshgarian:1991, author = {Goshgarian, H. G. and Ellenberger, H. H. and Feldman, J. L.}, title = {Decussation of bulbospinal respiratory axons at the level of the phrenic nuclei in adult rats: a possible substrate for the crossed phrenic phenomenon.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {1991}, volume = {111}, number = {1}, pages = {135--139}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The axonal trajectories of inspiratory bulbospinal neurons were examined after deposition of the anterograde neuronal tracer phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into the rostral ventral respiratory group in rats. At the level of the phrenic nucleus, PHA-L-labeled bulbospinal axons crossed the midline of the spinal cord in both the anterior gray and the anterior white commissure. These spinally decussating neurons provide a possible anatomical substrate for the respiratory reflex known as the crossed phrenic phenomenon.}, doi = {10.1016/0014-4886(91)90061-g}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Denervation; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology/ultrastructure; Motor Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, physiology; Phrenic Nerve, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Respiration; Spinal Cord, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0014-4886(91)90061-G}, pmid = {1984430}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Goshgarian:1984, author = {Goshgarian, H. G. and Rafols, J. A.}, title = {The ultrastructure and synaptic architecture of phrenic motor neurons in the spinal cord of the adult rat.}, journal = {J Neurocytol}, year = {1984}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {85--109}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Although light microscopic studies have analysed phrenic motor neurons in several different species, there has never been an ultrastructural investigation of identified phrenic motor neurons. In addition, electrophysiological studies have raised questions relating to the function of phrenic motor neurons which may be answered only by direct electron microscopic investigation. Thus, the present study was carried out to provide a detailed ultrastructural analysis of identified phrenic motor neurons. Phrenic motor neurons in the spinal cord of the rat were labelled by retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP) after transecting the phrenic nerve in the neck and applying the enzyme directly to the central stump of the transected nerve. The results showed that the general ultrastructural characteristics of phrenic motor neurons were similar to those previously reported for other spinal motor neurons. However, phrenic primary dendrites appeared to be isolated from all other dendritic profiles in the neuropil. Primary dendrites were not fasciculated. Fasciculation occurred only among the more distal secondary and tertiary phrenic dendritic branches. Direct dendrodendritic or dendrosomatic apposition was rarely seen; gap junctions between directly apposing phrenic neuronal membranes were not observed. The membranes of adjacent phrenic neuronal profiles were most frequently separated by intervening sheaths of astroglial processes. Myelinated phrenic axons and a phrenic axon collateral were identified. The initial portion of the phrenic axon collateral was cone-shaped, lacked myelin, and thus resembled a miniature axon hillock. In one instance, a large accumulation of polyribosomes was observed within the hillock-like structure of a phrenic axon collateral. Eight morphological types of synaptic boutons, M, P, NFs, S, NFf, F, G and C were classified according to criteria used by previous investigators. Most of these endings (M, NFs, NFf, S and F) made synaptic contact with profiles of labelled phrenic somata and dendrites. F, NFf, and S boutons also terminated on phrenic axon hillocks. C and G boutons contacted exclusively phrenic somata and small calibre dendrites, respectively. P boutons established axo-axonic synaptic contacts with the M and NFs bouton. The morphological findings of the present study provide new data that may be related to phrenic synchronized output and presynaptic inhibition of primary afferents terminating on phrenic motor neurons.}, doi = {10.1007/bf01148320}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Motor Neurons, ultrastructure; Phrenic Nerve, cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, ultrastructure; Synapses, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {6707715}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Goshgarian:1986, author = {Goshgarian, H. G. and Roubal, P. J.}, title = {Origin and distribution of phrenic primary afferent nerve fibers in the spinal cord of the adult rat.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {1986}, volume = {92}, number = {3}, pages = {624--638}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Previous studies from this laboratory have localized and morphologically characterized phrenic motor neurons in the rat spinal cord at light and electron microscopic levels. The present investigation used a modification of the TMB method for the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to describe at light microscope levels the origin and distribution of phrenic primary afferent axons in the adult rat spinal cord. Dry HRP crystals were applied to the central stump of the transected phrenic nerve in the neck to label spinal ganglion cell bodies and thus determine the levels of origin of afferent axons in the phrenic nerve. Camera lucida drawings were then made from serial sections through the appropriate spinal cord levels to determine the specific distribution of transganglionically labeled phrenic central axonal processes within the spinal cord. HRP-labeled phrenic primary neurons were observed in the C3 to C7 spinal ganglia. The camera lucida studies indicated that the transganglionically labeled central processes of phrenic primary afferent axons distributed into the dorsal horn at the C4 and C5 levels of the spinal cord. Furthermore, central processes distributing to C5 were more numerous than those that distributed to C4. Afferent axons were never seen in the dorsal horn at C3, C6, or C7. As spinal ganglion cells were labeled at C3 above and C6 and C7 below, it follows that central processes of phrenic afferent fibers descend and ascend in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord before distributing into the dorsal horn. Specifically, the labeled primary afferent axons and their collateral branches were found in the fasciculus cuneatus, and in laminae I, II, III, and IV of the dorsomedial aspect of the dorsal horn. The function of these central axonal processes is unknown, but based on a comparison of our morphologic data with previous physiological and anatomical studies, we suggest that phrenic afferent fibers may arise from proprioceptors (muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs), nociceptors, or rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors (Pacinian corpuscles) within the diaphragm.}, doi = {10.1016/0014-4886(86)90304-3}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/ultrastructure; Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Nerve Fibers, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/ultrastructure; Phrenic Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3709737}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Goto:2005, author = {Goto, Marina and Canteras, Newton S. and Burns, Gully and Swanson, Larry W.}, title = {Projections from the subfornical region of the lateral hypothalamic area.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2005}, volume = {493}, number = {3}, pages = {412--438}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The L-shaped anterior zone of the lateral hypothalamic area's subfornical region (LHAsfa) is delineated by a pontine nucleus incertus input. Functional evidence suggests that the subfornical region and nucleus incertus modulate foraging and defensive behaviors, although subfornical region connections are poorly understood. A high-resolution Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHAL) structural analysis is presented here of the LHAsfa neuron population's overall axonal projection pattern. The strongest LHAsfa targets are in the interbrain and cerebral hemisphere. The former include inputs to anterior hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial part of the ventromedial nucleus, and ventral region of the dorsal premammillary nucleus (defensive behavior control system components), and to lateral habenula and dorsal region of the dorsal premammillary nucleus (foraging behavior control system components). The latter include massive inputs to lateral and medial septal nuclei (septo-hippocampal system components), and inputs to bed nuclei of the stria terminalis posterior division related to the defensive behavior system, intercalated amygdalar nucleus (projecting to central amygdalar nucleus), and posterior part of the basomedial amygdalar nucleus. LHAsfa vertical and horizontal limb basic projection patterns are similar, although each preferentially innervates certain terminal fields. Lateral hypothalamic area regions immediately medial, lateral, and caudal to the LHAsfa each generate quite distinct projection patterns. Combined with previous evidence that major sources of LHAsfa neural inputs include the parabrachial nucleus (nociceptive information), defensive and foraging behavior system components, and the septo-hippocampal system, the present results suggest that the LHAsfa helps match adaptive behavioral responses (either defensive or foraging) to current internal motivational status and external environmental conditions.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.20764}, institution = {Laboratory of Neuroscience, City University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 03071-000, Brazil.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Diencephalon, cytology; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, cytology; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, Efferent, cytology; Pons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Subfornical Organ, cytology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {16261534}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20764}, } @Article{Goto:2004, author = {Goto, Marina and Swanson, Larry W.}, title = {Axonal projections from the parasubthalamic nucleus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2004}, volume = {469}, number = {4}, pages = {581--607}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {The parasubthalamic nucleus (PSTN) is a differentiation of the lateral hypothalamic area, characterized by a distinct population of neurons expressing beta-preprotachykinin (beta-PPT) mRNA. The axonal projections from the PSTN have been analyzed with the PHAL anterograde tract tracing method in rats. The results indicate that the cell group is distinguished by massive projections to parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the brainstem (especially in the salivatory nuclei and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve) and to parts of the parabrachial nucleus and nucleus of the solitary tract that relay viscerosensory and gustatory information. In addition, the PSTN projects to cortical parts of the cerebral hemisphere (infralimbic, agranular insular, postpiriform transition and lateral entorhinal areas, and posterior basolateral amygdalar nucleus)-directly and also indirectly via thalamic feedback loops involving the paraventricular and mediodorsal nuclei-and to nuclear parts of the cerebral hemisphere (central amygdalar nucleus, striatal fundus, rhomboid nucleus of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, and substantia innominata). The PSTN is thus positioned to influence directly many cerebral hemisphere and hindbrain components of the central parasympathetic control network that is active, for example, during feeding behavior and cardiovascular regulation.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.11036}, institution = {Brazil.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; In Situ Hybridization, methods; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Protein Precursors, genetics/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Staining and Labeling; Subthalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Tachykinins, genetics/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {14755537}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.11036}, } @Article{Goto:2001, author = {Goto, M. and Swanson, L. W. and Canteras, N. S.}, title = {Connections of the nucleus incertus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2001}, volume = {438}, number = {1}, pages = {86--122}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The nucleus incertus (NI) is a distinct cell group in caudoventral regions of the pontine periventricular gray, adjacent to the ventromedial border of the caudal dorsal tegmental nucleus. Recent interest in the NI stems from evidence that it represents one of the periventricular sites with the highest expression levels of mRNA encoding the type 1 corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor, which has a high affinity for naturally occurring CRH, perhaps accounting for some of the extrapituitary actions of the peptide on autonomic and behavioral components of the stress response. However, almost nothing is known about NI function and hodological relationships. In this paper, we present the results of a systematic analysis of NI inputs and outputs using cholera toxin B subunit as a retrograde tracer and Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin as an anterograde tracer. Our retrograde tracer experiments indicate that the NI is in a strategic position to integrate information related to behavioral planning (from the prefrontal cortex), lateral habenular processing, hippocampal function, and oculomotor control. Based on its efferent connections, the NI is in a position to exert significant modulating influences on prefrontal and hippocampal cortical activity, and the nucleus is also in a position to influence brain sites known to control locomotor behavior, attentive states, and learning processes. Overall, the present results support the idea that the NI is a distinct region of the pontine periventricular gray, and together with the superior central (median raphé) and interpeduncular nuclei the NI appears to form a midline behavior control network of the brainstem.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.1303}, institution = {Neuroscience Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2520, USA.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Animals; Cholera Toxin, pharmacokinetics; Efferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Fourth Ventricle, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/metabolism; Pons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11503154}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gottlieb:1973, author = {Gottlieb, D. I. and Cowan, W. M.}, title = {Autoradiographic studies of the commissural and ipsilateral association connection of the hippocampus and detentate gyrus of the rat. I. The commissural connections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1973}, volume = {149}, number = {4}, pages = {393--422}, month = {Jun}, doi = {10.1002/cne.901490402}, keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Dendrites; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Leucine; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, Afferent; Rats; Tritium}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {4715298}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901490402}, } @Article{Gottlieb:1997, author = {J. P. Gottlieb and A. Keller}, title = {Intrinsic circuitry and physiological properties of pyramidal neurons in rat barrel cortex.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1997}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, pages = {47--60}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Pyramidal neurons in the rat posteromedial barrel subfield (PMBSF) were characterized physiologically and filled with biocytin in in vitro brain slices. Intrinsic axons belonging to supragranular neurons projected horizontally and vertically, arborizing in layers II/III and V, but had few or no projections to layers IV or VI. These axons projected horizontally for up to 2 mm, spanning two to seven barrel columns. Layer V neurons had more diffuse axon arbors that projected either vertically, arborizing in layers III to V, or horizontally, branching profusely in layers V and VI. The basal dendritic trees of neurons in layers II/III, V and VI spanned one or two barrel columns without being skewed toward particular barrel columns. Physiologically, regular-spiking neurons were classified as "RS1" or "RS2" according to their degree of late spike frequency adaptation. RS1 neurons were found in superficial and deep layers, whereas RS2 neurons were significantly more prevalent in the latter. Infragranular, but not supragranular neurons showed slow, inward rectification at hyperpolarized potentials. All neurons generated fast and medium afterhyperpolarizations following individual spikes; however, only infragranular pyramids had depolarizing afterpotentials interposed between the two afterhyperpolarizations. RS1 neurons had larger cell bodies, longer total basal dendritic lengths, and more densely branched proximal dendritic trees than RS2 neurons. These findings indicate that pyramidal neurons in the deep and superficial layers of the rat PMBSF have distinct patterns of intracortical axon arbors and distinct physiological properties. These features are probably involved in shaping and modulating the response properties of PMBSF neurons.}, doi = {10.1007/pl00005684}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Dendrites, physiology; Electrophysiology; Female; Histocytochemistry; Male; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Vibrissae, innervation/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {9224833}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Goudreau:1995, author = {J. L. Goudreau and W. M. Falls and K. J. Lookingland and K. E. Moore}, title = {Periventricular-hypophysial dopaminergic neurons innervate the intermediate but not the neural lobe of the rat pituitary gland.}, journal = {Neuroendocrinology}, year = {1995}, volume = {62}, number = {2}, pages = {147--154}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The purpose of the present study was to determine the relative distribution of axon terminals of A14 periventricular-hypophysial dopaminergic (PHDA) neurons in the neural and intermediate lobes of the rat pituitary gland. Discrete unilateral injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into the periventricular nucleus resulted in labelling of extensively branched terminal axonal arbors in the intermediate lobe, but not the neural lobe of the pituitary gland. In contrast, unilateral injections of PHA-L into the paraventricular nucleus revealed thick, varicose terminal arborizations containing PHA-L in the neural lobe, but not the intermediate lobe. Terminal axonal branches and varicosities containing PHA-L immunoreactivity in the intermediate lobe were also immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase. These results reveal that A14 PHDA neurons originating in the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus project axons to the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary gland.}, doi = {10.1159/000126999}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Hypothalamus, ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Pituitary Gland, ultrastructure; Rats; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8584114}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gougis:2002, author = {Gougis, Sylvette and Prud'homme, Marie-Jeanne and Rampin, Olivier}, title = {Presence of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid R1 glutamatergic receptor subunit in the lumbosacral spinal cord of male rats.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {2002}, volume = {323}, number = {3}, pages = {224--228}, month = {May}, abstract = {The lumbosacral spinal cord contains neurones that control the lower urogenital and digestive tracts. Spinal neurones respond to activation from the periphery and supraspinal nuclei. Glutamate, acting through a variety of receptors, is an established transmitter of excitatory pathways to the spinal cord. Using immunohistochemical methods, we reveal the presence of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid R1 (NMDAR1) glutamatergic receptor subunit in the lumbosacral spinal network that controls urogenital and digestive functions: the dorsal horn; the area around the central canal including the dorsal grey commissure; the sacral parasympathetic nucleus; and pudendal motoneurones. A complete thoracic spinal section did not alter labelling. Using retrograde labelling techniques, we identify sacral preganglionic neurones and pudendal neurones that are NMDAR1 immunoreactive. Glutamate, acting at NMDA receptors, can therefore co-ordinate the activity of the autonomic and somatic outflows to the pelvic organs.}, doi = {10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00143-x}, institution = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Fonctions Végétatives, Building 325, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France.}, keywords = {Animals; Efferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Genitalia, innervation/physiology; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Motor Neurons, metabolism; Nerve Net, cytology/metabolism; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/metabolism; Posterior Horn Cells, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, metabolism; Rectum, innervation/physiology; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Urinary Bladder, innervation/physiology; Viscera, innervation/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S030439400200143X}, pmid = {11959425}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gould:1989, author = {E. Gould and N. J. Woolf and L. L. Butcher}, title = {Cholinergic projections to the substantia nigra from the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1989}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {611--623}, abstract = {The cholinergic innervation of the compact and reticular parts of the substantia nigra in the rat was investigated by use of highly sensitive retrograde and anterograde tract-tracing methods in combination with choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry. The fluorescent tracers True Blue, propidium iodide, or fluorogold were infused preferentially into either nigral subnucleus. Cells positive for choline acetyltransferase and retrograde tracer were found in both the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei, although considerably more double-labeled somata were observed in the former than in the latter component of the pontomesencephalotegmental cholinergic complex. Approximately 2-3 times more cholinergic cells were labeled in the peduculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei when tracer injections were centered in the compact nigral subdivision than when infusions of about the same size were confined totally to the reticular part. Infusions of the anterogradely transported tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the pontomesencephalotegmental cholinergic complex resulted in uptake and transport of that label to both nigral subnuclei, and some of the Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin-accumulating somata and proximal processes also demonstrated choline acetyltransferase-like immunoreactivity. The Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin-labeled entities in the substantia nigra exhibited terminal-like profiles that were reminiscent of the pattern of nigral choline acetyltransferase-positive puncta demonstrated immunohistochemically by use of nickel ammonium sulfate enhancement of the final reaction product in the avidin-biotin procedure. These observations strongly support the contention that the pontomesencephalotegmental cholinergic complex is the major source of cholinergic projections to both the compact and reticular portions of the rat substantia nigra.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(89)90008-0}, institution = {Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1563.}, keywords = {Animals; Benzofurans; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Cholinergic Fibers, cytology/metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines; Substantia Nigra, cytology/metabolism; Tegmentum Mesencephali, cytology/metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2710334}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Goutagny:2008, author = {R. Goutagny and P-H. Luppi and D. Salvert and D. Lapray and D. Gervasoni and P. Fort}, title = {Role of the dorsal paragigantocellular reticular nucleus in paradoxical (rapid eye movement) sleep generation: a combined electrophysiological and anatomical study in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2008}, volume = {152}, number = {3}, pages = {849--857}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {It is well known that noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons decrease their activity during slow wave sleep and are quiescent during paradoxical sleep. It was recently proposed that their inactivation during paradoxical sleep is due to a tonic GABAergic inhibition arising from neurons located into the dorsal paragigantocellular reticular nucleus (DPGi). However, the discharge profile of DPGi neurons across the sleep-waking cycle as well as their connections with brain areas involved in paradoxical sleep regulation remain to be described. Here we show, for the first time in the unanesthetized rat that the DPGi contained a subtype of neurons with a tonic and sustained firing activation specifically during paradoxical sleep (PS-on neurons). Noteworthy, their firing rate increase anticipated for few seconds the beginning of the paradoxical sleep bout. By using anterograde tract-tracing, we further showed that the DPGi, in addition to locus coeruleus, directly projected to other areas containing wake-promoting neurons such as the serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus and hypocretinergic neurons of the posterior hypothalamus. Finally, the DPGi sent efferents to the ventrolateral part of the periaqueductal gray matter known to contain paradoxical sleep-suppressing neurons. Taken together, our original results suggest that the PS-on neurons of the DPGi may have their major role in simultaneous inhibitory control over the wake-promoting neurons and the permissive ventrolateral part of the periaqueductal gray matter as a means of influencing vigilance states and especially PS generation.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.12.014}, institution = {CNRS, UMR 5167, Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon (IFR19), Lyon, F-69372, France. Romain.goutagny@douglas.mcgill.ca}, keywords = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Brain Stem, cytology/physiology; Cholera Toxin; Electrophysiology; Hypothalamus, cytology/physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, cytology/physiology; Sleep, REM, physiology; Staining and Labeling; Stilbamidines; Wakefulness, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(07)01555-2}, pmid = {18308473}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.12.014}, } @Article{Grabauskas:2003, author = {Gintautas Grabauskas and Hylan C Moises}, title = {Gastrointestinal-projecting neurones in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus exhibit direct and viscerotopically organized sensitivity to orexin.}, journal = {J Physiol}, year = {2003}, volume = {549}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {37--56}, month = {May}, abstract = {Orexin (hypocretin)-containing projections from lateral hypothalamus (LH) are thought to play an important role in the regulation of feeding behaviour and energy balance. In rodent studies, central administration of orexin peptides increases food intake, and orexin neurones in the LH are activated by hypoglycaemia during fasting. In addition, administration of orexins into the fourth ventricle or the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) has been shown to stimulate gastric acid secretion and motility, respectively, via vagal efferent pathways. In this study, whole-cell recordings were obtained from DMV neurones in rat brainstem slices to investigate the cellular mechanism(s) by which orexins produce their gastrostimulatory effects. To determine whether responsiveness to orexins might be differentially expressed among distinct populations of preganglionic vagal motor neurones, recordings were made from neurones whose projections to the gastrointestinal tract had been identified by retrograde labelling following apposition of the fluorescent tracer DiI to the gastric fundus, corpus or antrum/pylorus, the duodenum or caecum. Additionally, the responses of neurones to orexins were compared with those produced by oxytocin, which acts within the DMV to stimulate gastric acid secretion, but inhibits gastric motor function. Bath application of orexin-A or orexin-B (30-300 nM) produced a slow depolarization, accompanied by increased firing in 47 of 102 DMV neurones tested, including 70 \% (30/43) of those that projected to the gastric fundus or corpus. In contrast, few DMV neurones that supplied the antrum/pylorus (3/13), duodenum (4/18) or caecum (1/13) were responsive to these peptides. The depolarizing responses were concentration dependent and persisted during synaptic isolation of neurones with TTX or Cd2+, indicating they resulted from activation of postsynaptic orexin receptors. They were also associated with a small increase in membrane resistance, and in voltage-clamp recordings orexin-A induced an inward current that reversed near the estimated equilibrium potential for K+, indicating the depolarization was due in large part to a reduction in K+ conductance. Orexins did not affect synaptically evoked excitation, but did reduce membrane excitability in a subset of gastric-projecting DMV neurones by enhancing GABA-mediated synaptic input. Lastly, although many DMV neurones responded to orexins and oxytocin with excitation, for the most part these peptides modulated excitability of distinct populations of gastric-projecting vagal motor neurones. These results indicate that orexins act preferentially within the DMV to directly excite vagal motor neurones that project to gastric fundus and corpus. In this way, release of endogenous orexins from descending hypothalamic projections into the DMV may mediate the increase in gastric acid secretion and motor activity associated with the cephalic phase of feeding.}, doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2002.029546}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0622, USA.}, keywords = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Carrier Proteins, pharmacology; Female; Gastric Acid, secretion; Gastric Fundus, innervation; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Male; Motor Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Neuropeptides, pharmacology; Oxytocin, pharmacology; Potassium, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology; Vagus Nerve, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {2002.029546}, pmid = {12679367}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2002.029546}, } @Article{Grabauskas:2004, author = {Gintautas Grabauskas and Shi-Yi Zhou and Sudipto Das and Yuanxu Lu and Chung Owyang and Hylan C Moises}, title = {Prolactin-releasing peptide affects gastric motor function in rat by modulating synaptic transmission in the dorsal vagal complex.}, journal = {J Physiol}, year = {2004}, volume = {561}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {821--839}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is a recently discovered neuropeptide implicated in the central control of feeding behaviour and autonomic homeostasis. PrRP-containing neurones and PrRP receptor mRNA are found in abundance in the caudal portion of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), an area which together with the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) comprises an integrated structure, the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) that processes visceral afferent signals from and provides parasympathetic motor innervation to the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, microinjection experiments were conducted in vivo in combination with whole-cell recording from neurones in rat medullary slices to test the hypothesis that PrRP plays a role in the central control of gastric motor function, acting within the DVC to modulate the activity of preganglionic vagal motor neurones that supply the stomach. Microinjection of PrRP (0.2 pmol (20 nl)(-1)) into the DMV at the level of the area postrema (+0.2 to +0.6 mm from the calamus scriptorius, CS) markedly stimulated gastric contractions and increased intragastric pressure (IGP). Conversely, administration of peptide into the DMV at sites caudal to the obex (0.0 to -0.3 mm from the CS) decreased IGP and reduced phasic contractions. These effects occurred without change in mean arterial pressure and were abolished by ipsilateral vagotomy, indicating mediation via a vagal-dependent mechanism(s). The pattern of gastric motor responses evoked by PrRP mimicked that produced by administration of L-glutamate at the same sites, and both the effects of L-glutamate and PrRP were abolished following local administration of NMDA and non-NMDA-type glutamate receptor antagonists. On the other hand, microinjection of PrRP into the medial or comissural nucleus of the solitary tract (mNTS and comNTS, respectively) resulted in less robust changes in IGP in a smaller percentage of animals, accompanied by marked alterations in arterial pressure. Superfusion of brain slices with PrRP (100-300 nm) produced a small depolarization and increased spontaneous firing in 10 of 30 retrogradely labelled gastric-projecting DMV neurones. The excitatory effects were blocked by administration of TTX (2 mum) or specific glutamate receptor antagonists, indicating that they resulted from interactions of PrRP at a presynaptic site. Congruent with this, PrRP increased the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs, 154 +/- 33\%, 12 of 25 neurones) evoked by electrical stimulation in mNTS or comNTS. In addition, administration of PrRP decreased the paired-pulse ratio of EPSCs evoked by two identical stimuli delivered 100 ms apart (from 0.95 +/- 0.08 to 0.71 +/- 0.11, P < 0.05), whereas it did not affect the amplitude of inward currents evoked by exogenous application of L-glutamate to the slice. The frequency, but not amplitude of spontaneous EPSCs and action potential-independent miniature EPSCs was also increased by administration of PrRP, suggesting that the peptide was acting at least in part at receptors on presynaptic nerve terminals to enhance glutamatergic transmission. In recordings obtained from a separate group of slices, we did not observe any direct effects of PrRP on spontaneous discharge or postsynaptic excitability in either mNTS or comNTS neurones (n = 31). These data indicate that PrRP may act within the DVC to regulate gastric motor function by modulating the efficacy of conventional excitatory synaptic inputs from the NTS onto gastric-projecting vagal motor neurones.}, doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2004.072736}, institution = {GI Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0622, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Stem, drug effects/physiology; Evoked Potentials; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Female; Gastrointestinal Motility, drug effects/physiology; Glutamic Acid; Hypothalamic Hormones, pharmacology/physiology; Male; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Neuropeptides, pharmacology/physiology; Prolactin-Releasing Hormone; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stomach, innervation; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Vagus Nerve, drug effects/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {jphysiol.2004.072736}, pmid = {15486017}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.072736}, } @Article{Grace:2000, author = {A.A. Grace}, title = {Gating of information flow within the limbic system and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia}, journal = {Brain Res Rev}, year = {2000}, volume = {31}, pages = {330-341}, doi = {10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00049-1}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gracia-Llanes:2010, author = {F. J. Gracia-Llanes and C. Crespo and J. M. Blasco-Ibáñez and J. Nacher and E. Varea and L. Rovira-Esteban and F. J. Martínez-Guijarro}, title = {GABAergic basal forebrain afferents innervate selectively GABAergic targets in the main olfactory bulb.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2010}, volume = {170}, number = {3}, pages = {913--922}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {In this work we have analyzed the targets of the GABAergic afferents to the main olfactory bulb originating in the basal forebrain of the rat. We combined anterograde tracing of 10 kD biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) injected in the region of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca that projects to the main olfactory bulb, with immunocytochemical detection of GABA under electron microscopy or vesicular GABA transporter (vGABAt) under confocal fluorescent microscopy. GABAergic afferents were identified as double labeled BDA-GABA boutons. Their targets were identified by their ultrastructure and GABA content. We found that GABAergic afferents from the basal forebrain were distributed all over the bulbar lamination, but were more abundant in the glomerular and inframitral layers (i.e. internal plexiform layer and granule cell layer). The fibers had thick varicosities with abundant mitochondria and large perforated synaptic specializations. They contacted exclusively GABAergic cells, corresponding to type 1 periglomerular cells in the glomerular layer, and to granule cells in inframitral layers. This innervation will synchronize the bulbar inhibition and consequently the response of the principal cells to the olfactory input. The effect of the activation of this pathway will produce a disinhibition of the bulbar principal cells. This facilitation might occur at two separate levels: first in the terminal tufts of mitral and tufted cells via inhibition of type 1 periglomerular cells; second at the level of the firing of the principal cells via inhibition of granule cells. The GABAergic projection from the basal forebrain ends selectively on interneurons, specifically on type 1 periglomerular cells and granule cells, and is likely to control the activity of the olfactory bulb via disinhibition of principal cells. Possible similarities of this pathway with the septo-hippocampal loop are discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.07.046}, institution = {lar, Unidad de Neurobiología. Str/Dr Moliner, 50. E-46.100 Burjasot (Valencia), Spain.}, keywords = {Animals; Female; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques, methods; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Olfactory Bulb, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/ultrastructure; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins, metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0306-4522(10)01049-3}, pmid = {20678549}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.07.046}, } @Article{Gramsbergen:1982, author = {A. Gramsbergen and J. Ijkema-Paassen}, title = {CNS plasticity after hemicerebellectomy in the young rat. Quantitative relations between aberrant and normal cerebello-rubral projections.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1982}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {129-134}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The double labelling technique has been applied to study the quantitative relations between aberrant and normal cerebello-rubral projections in rats hemicerebellectomized on the 2nd, 5th, 10th, 20th or 30th day after birth, respectively. In the group of rats lesioned on the 2nd day about 30\% of cells in the lateral nucleus and 20\% in the interpositus nuclei are labelled retrogradely by the fluorescent tracer injected in the aberrant ipsilateral projection area. These values decreased in the groups of rats operated on the 5th or 10th day and reached values of about 1-2\% in rats lesioned on the 20th or 30th day. These values have been also found in control rats. Both in experimental rats and in control rats less than 0.5\% of cells are double labelled from both projection areas. This implies that the aberrant cerebello-rubral fibres stem from separate parent cells and are not collaterals from normally projecting fibres.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(82)90239-7}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebellum, growth /&/ development/pathology/physiopathology; Female; Male; Neural Pathways, growth /&/ development/pathology/physiopathology; Neuronal Plasticity; Rats; Red Nucleus, growth /&/ development/pathology/physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(82)90239-7}, pmid = {7155454}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Granata:1989, author = {Granata, A.R. and Kitai, S.T.}, title = {Intracellular analysis of excitatory subthalamic inputs to the pedunculopontine neurons}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1989}, volume = {488}, pages = {57-72}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)90693-8}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Granata:1991, author = {Granata, A.R. and Kitai, S.T.}, title = {Inhibitory substantia nigra inputs to the pedunculopontine neurons}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1991}, volume = {86}, pages = {459-466}, doi = {10.1007/bf00230520}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Granata:1993, author = {Granata, A. R.}, title = {Ascending and descending convergent inputs to neurons in the nucleus parabrachialis of the rat: an intracellular study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1993}, volume = {600}, number = {2}, pages = {315--321}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Responses of the nucleus parabrachialis neurons (PBN) to electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (HL), central nucleus of the amygdala (Ac), dorsolateral funicullus in the spinal cord (SC), mediocaudal nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and substantia nigra (SN) were investigated in anesthetized rats by intracellular recording technique. Convergent excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were evoked on 8 of 36 neurons tested by both HL and NTS stimulation. The EPSPs evoked by HL stimulation were characterized as monosynaptic in 4 neurons. The EPSPs evoked by SC stimulation were characterized as monosynaptic in 2 of 36 neurons, moreover, these neurons were also antidromically activated by HL stimulation. Stimulation of Ac evoked EPSPs on 10 of 36 cells tested; 8 demonstrated to be monosynaptic. In addition, IPSP evoked by SN stimulation and EPSP evoked by NTS stimulation converged on three neurons. The results indicate that ascending and descending inputs converge on lateral PBN neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(93)91389-a}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163.}, keywords = {Anesthesia; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Electrodes; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Neurons, Efferent, physiology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reflex, drug effects; Synapses, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(93)91389-A}, pmid = {8435754}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Granata:1994, author = {A. R. Granata and H. T. Chang}, title = {Relationship of calbindin D-28k with afferent neurons to the rostral ventrolateral medulla in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1994}, volume = {645}, number = {1-2}, pages = {265--277}, month = {May}, abstract = {The phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)-containing neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) (the C1 adrenergic group) have been implicated in the generation of the tonic sympathetic nerve activity. Using a double-labeling immunohistofluorescence technique, we found that 34.6 +/- 11.4\% (mean +/- S.D.) of PNMT immunoreactive neurons in the RVLM were immunoreactive for Calbindin D-28k (CaBP), a Vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein. Since CaBP is probably involved in regulating intracellular calcium concentrations in cells that are metabolically or electrically very active, our results suggest that at least some C1 adrenergic neurons (those containing calbindin) may have calcium mediated high metabolic or electrophysiologic activity that is associated with generating tonic nerve function. The RVLM has wide connections with many different nuclei in the brain which are known to contain clusters of neurons that express immunoreactivity to CaBP. In order to determine whether CaBP could be used as a molecular marker for projection neurons to the RVLM or to identify a subpopulation of projection neurons containing CaBP, we sought to determine the relationships between CaBP and the neurons that project to RVLM. Following injections of the retrograde tracer FluoroGold (FG) into the rat RVLM, sections containing retrogradely labeled neurons in (1) the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), (2) the contralateral RVLM, (3) the area postrema, (4) the mesencephalic central gray (mCG), (5) the lateral hypothalamus (LH), (6) the substantia innominata (SI), and (7) the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PV) were tested for CaBP immunoreactivity. Although many retrogradely labeled neurons were found amidst many CaBP immunoreactive neurons in each of these nuclei, only a subpopulation of the retrogradely labeled neurons expressed CaBP immunoreactivity. The NTS demonstrated the higher proportion of double-labeled cells (mean 31.5 +/- 4.3\%), whereas the lower proportion corresponded to the contralateral RVLM (mean 9.6 +/- 3.2\%). On the other hand, both the retrogradely labeled neurons and the CaBP immunoreactive neurons in each of these nuclei were often found in regions containing a great number of adrenergic axons (i.e. immunoreactive for PNMT). Our results suggest that: (1) Two types of adrenergic RVLM neurons could be found, those containing CaBP and those lacking this calcium binding protein. (2) CaBP is not a common marker for the afferent neurons to the RVLM, but rather is found in selective subsets of them. (3) Both the non-CaBP projection neurons and the CaBP immunoreactive neurons in these nuclei may be innervated by adrenergic fibers.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)91660-8}, institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, College of Medicine 38163.}, keywords = {Animals; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, chemistry/metabolism; Electrophysiology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Hypothalamus, cytology/metabolism; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism; Molecular Weight; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Substantia Innominata, cytology/metabolism; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(94)91660-8}, pmid = {8062089}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Granata:1998, author = {A. R. Granata and D. A. Ruggiero}, title = {Evidence of disynaptic projections from the rostral ventrolateral medulla to the thoracic spinal cord.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {781}, number = {1-2}, pages = {329--334}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Sympathetic outflow is regulated by a direct pathway of the rostral ventrolateral reticular formation (rvlm) to the thoracic spinal cord. For the first time, a dual retrograde/anterograde transport technique was used to demonstrate by light microscopy, potential disynaptic pathways from the rvlm to the thoracic spinal cord in the rat. An anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the rvlm and a retrograde tracer, FluoroGold (FG) deposited into the upper thoracic spinal cord in the same animal. Rostral ventrolateral medullary efferents labeled with BDA were apposed to thoracic reticulospinal neurons labeled with FG in the ventrolateral tegmentum, ipsilateral and contralateral to the injection site in the rvlm. Suggestive evidence was obtained of synaptic interactions with neuronal somata and proximal dendrites. The results support the idea that the rvlm projects to the thoracic cord via disynaptic, intrareticular pathways paralleling the well established monosynaptic projection.}, comment = {Spinal cord connectivity}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01235-3}, institution = {Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Injections; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, physiology; Synapses, physiology; Thorax, innervation}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(97)01235-3}, pmid = {9507179}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Granato:1991, author = {Granato, A. and Santarelli, M. and Minciacchi, D.}, title = {Bihemispheric organization of amygdalo-cortical projections in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1991}, volume = {127}, number = {1}, pages = {53--56}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {Two fluorescent dyes were injected symmetrically into the prefrontal cortices of the left and right hemisphere. A consistent number of amygdaloid neurons was labeled from the injection in the contralateral cortex. Each nucleus of the basolateral amygdaloid complex showed a specific pattern of contralaterality. The highest degree of bihemisphericity was observed in the ventral basolateral nucleus. A significant number of neurons connected with the cortex of both hemispheres by means of axon collaterals was observed in the anterior basolateral nucleus. These anatomical findings indicate that the basolateral amygdaloid complex could act as subcortical link for interhemispheric communication.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(91)90893-x}, institution = {Institute of Anatomy, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.}, keywords = {Amidines, diagnostic use; Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Brain, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(91)90893-X}, pmid = {1881619}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Granger:1985, author = {Granger, E. M. and Masterton, R. B. and Glendenning, K. K.}, title = {Origin of interhemispheric fibers in acallosal opossum (with a comparison to callosal origins in rat).}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1985}, volume = {241}, number = {1}, pages = {82--98}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The neocortical origins of the anterior commissure in the acallosal, marsupial opossum were studied with the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. Following complete surgical transection of the anterior commissure, HRP was applied directly to the cut fiber tips. This procedure resulted in very large numbers of vividly labeled cells within the neocortex. The labeled cells were plotted and counted for comparison among cytoarchitectonic areas and among cortical layers. For comparative purposes, the neocortical origins of the corpus callosum are studied with the same procedure in the rat. No cytoarchitectonic area was entirely devoid of labeled cells in either species. The concentration of labeled cells throughout the entire neocortex averaged 25.2 cells/0.05 mm3 in opossum and 31.2 cells/0.05 mm3 in rat. The concentrations of labeled cells were correlated for the eight cytoarchitectonic areas common to the two species, though they were different enough in number to be statistically reliable. The distribution of labeled cells both among and within cytoarchitectonic areas was often more homogeneous in opossum than in rat. Although cortical layer 1 had no labeled cells in either species, the distribution of labeled cells across the remaining cortical layers differed sharply between the two species. In opossum, layer 3 had the most labeled cells (averaging 55\% of the total number) while layer 5 had considerably less (averaging 12\%). In rat, layer 5 had as many labeled cells as layer 3--both layers averaging 43\% of the total number of labeled cells. In both species, striate cortex deviated markedly from other cytoarchitectonic areas. Although both species had very few labeled cells in striate cortex, those that were labeled were invariably supragranular in opossum and infragranular in rat. The similarities and dissimilarities in the topographic distribution of the origins of the two types of interhemispheric fiber systems seem to parallel the degree of cortical (and thalamic) differentiation in the two animals. However, the differences in laminar distribution are much greater and in particular, the small contribution of layer 5 in opossum as opposed to rat may well be functionally significant.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902410107}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Corpus Callosum, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Opossums, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Species Specificity}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {4056114}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902410107}, } @Article{Grant:1993, author = {Grant, G.}, title = {Projection patterns of primary sensory neurons studied by transganglionic methods: somatotopy and target-related organization.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1993}, volume = {30}, number = {3-4}, pages = {199--208}, abstract = {The anatomical organization of the centrally projecting branches of different peripheral sensory nerves was not possible to investigate efficiently until the development of the axonal tracing methods. Horseradish peroxidase applied peripherally could be visualized in central projection areas provided a sensitive histochemical method was used; this created the basis for transganglionic tracing from the periphery. This has permitted the investigation of large-scale projections from peripheral sensory nerves. The use of conjugates of horseradish peroxidase and lectins with affinities for different populations of primary sensory neurons, as well as the use of different postoperative survival times, has offered the possibility for selective visualization of projections from subsets of primary sensory neurons. For detailed studies of single afferent fiber projections, a combined physiological-anatomical approach using single-unit recording followed by intraaxonal application of horseradish peroxidase, has become the method of choice. This chapter will focus on results which have been achieved by transganglionic tracing methods, in regard to the organization of the central projections of peripheral sensory nerves.}, doi = {10.1016/0361-9230(93)90245-7}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Ganglia, metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, Afferent, ultrastructure; Peripheral Nerves, ultrastructure}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0361-9230(93)90245-7}, pmid = {8457868}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Granum:1986, author = {S. L. Granum}, title = {The spinothalamic system of the rat. I. Locations of cells of origin.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1986}, volume = {247}, number = {2}, pages = {159--180}, month = {May}, abstract = {Horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport has been used to locate neurons of the rat spinal cord and lower medulla that project to the thalamus. Eight groups of spinothalamic cells are identified, some of which are anatomically continuous with thalamically projecting groups in the lower medulla. Most of the groups are seen only at the highest cervical levels, and several of them have not been previously recognised as spinothalamic relays. They are marginal layer (M), ventral border of the substantia gelatinosa (SGv), neck of the dorsal horn (N), lateral cervical nucleus (LCN), ventromedial portion of the dorsal horn (DHvm), intermediate gray zone (IGZ), dorsal portion of the ventral horn (VHd), and ventral portion of the ventral horn (VHv). Most of the cell bodies are contralateral to their thalamic terminations; only the VHd group is ipsilateral. The major finding conflicts with traditional concepts of the spinothalamic system, and concerns the rostrocaudal distribution of the cells of origin. With the sole exception of the DHvm group, the great majority of the thalamically projecting neurons of the rat are confined to the most rostral spinal levels (medulla/cord junction through C4). Below C4, most of the spinothalamic cells are concentrated in a single DHvm group between levels T9 and L4, probably concerned with hindlimb proprioception. The spinothalamic groups at high cervical levels may be relays for information ascending from lower regions. This might help to explain why, in man, surgical destruction of fibres crossing the midline in a single high cervical segment can cause a loss of pain sensation over most of the body.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902470204}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cell Count; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Microinjections; Neurons, Afferent, classification; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3722438}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902470204}, } @Article{Gravel:1987, author = {C. Gravel and L. M. Eisenman and R. Sasseville and R. Hawkes}, title = {Parasagittal organization of the rat cerebellar cortex: direct correlation between antigenic Purkinje cell bands revealed by mabQ113 and the organization of the olivocerebellar projection.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {265}, number = {2}, pages = {294-310}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {The Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex and the cortical afferent and efferent projections are organized into parallel parasagittal zones. The parasagittal organization is clearly revealed by immunocytochemistry with a monoclonal antibody, mabQ113. The mabQ113 antigen is confined to a subset of Purkinje cells that are clustered together to form an elaborate, highly reproducible pattern of bands and patches, interspersed with similar mabQ113- regions. The mabQ113+ territories have been classified into seven parasagittal bands (P1+-P7+) in each hemicerebellum. The degree of correspondence between the compartments revealed by the anterograde labeling of the olivocerebellar projection and by mabQ113 immunocytochemistry has been explored in the adult rat. Horseradish peroxide-wheat germ agglutinin conjugate was injected as an anterograde tracer into the inferior olivary complex. When the injection site did not encompass all the olive, an incomplete, patchy labeling of the molecular layer was seen in the cerebellar cortex. Labeled zones of the molecular layer were interrupted by unlabeled regions to give a pattern of parasagittal cortical bands. The positions of these bands were compared with the distribution of the mabQ113+ antigenic bands as seen on the two adjacent sections. Labeled climbing fibers were found to terminate on both mabQ113+ and mabQ113- Purkinje cell zones. The mabQ113+/mabQ113- boundaries and the bands of climbing fibers seen by using the anterograde tracer typically coincide. The one consistent exception is the midline band of mabQ113+ Purkinje cells, P1+. The normal olivocerebellar projection is exclusively contralateral and the climbing fiber projection to the paramedian vermis splits P1+ down the middle, implying that it consists of two adjacent mabQ113+ bands not separated by mabQ113-territory. It is likely that the climbing fiber projection to the cerebellar cortex and the distribution of the two Purkinje cell phenotypes share a common compartmental organization.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902650211}, institution = {Department of Biochemistry and Laboratory of Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/immunology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Purkinje Cells, immunology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/immunology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3320112}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902650211}, } @Article{Gravel:1990, author = {C. Gravel and R. Hawkes}, title = {Parasagittal organization of the rat cerebellar cortex: direct comparison of Purkinje cell compartments and the organization of the spinocerebellar projection.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {291}, number = {1}, pages = {79-102}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Retrograde and anterograde transport of tracers, electrophysiological recording, somatotopic mapping, and histochemical and immunological techniques have all revealed a parasagittal parcellation of the cerebellar cortex, including its efferent and many of its afferent connections. In order to establish whether the different compartments share a common organizational plan, a systematic comparative analysis of the patterns of parasagittal zonation in the cerebellar cortex of the rat has been undertaken, by using the parasagittal compartmentation of zebrin I+ and zebrin I- Purkinje cells as revealed by monoclonal antibody Q113 as a reference frame. The distribution of mossy fiber terminals originating from the lower thoracic-higher lumbar spinal cord was compared to the distribution of zebrin I bands. Three-dimensional reconstructions from alternate frontal sections processed either for the anterograde transport of tracer or for zebrin I immunoreactivity reveal that the limits of the spinocerebellar terminal fields in the granular layer correlate well with the boundaries of some, but not all, zebrin I compartments in the molecular layer above. This leads to a subdivision of the zebrin I compartments into spinal receiving and spinal nonreceiving portions. In lobules II and VIII, the spinocerebellar terminal fields assume different positions relative to the zebrin I compartments in the ventral compared to the dorsal faces. Thus, each longitudinal compartment may be further divided transversely into subzones, each receiving a specific combination of mossy fiber afferents. The further subdivision of zebrin I compartments by mossy fiber terminal fields increases the resolution of the topography to such a point that anatomical compartment widths become compatible with the width of the microzones and the patches identified by electrophysiological methods.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902910107}, institution = {Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Cell Count; Cerebellar Cortex, cytology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Purkinje Cells, cytology; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {1688891}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902910107}, } @Article{Gravel:1990a, author = {Gravel, C. and Hawkes, R.}, title = {Maturation of the corpus callosum of the rat: I. Influence of thyroid hormones on the topography of callosal projections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1990}, volume = {291}, number = {1}, pages = {128--146}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {The normal adult rat corpus callosum contains numerous axonal profiles that are immunoreactive for the high molecular weight subunit of the neurofilament triplet (NF-H). NF-H immunoreactivity develops gradually during the first 2 postnatal weeks. The expression of NF-H immunoreactivity is almost completely suppressed in rats rendered hypothyroid by neonatal treatment with propylthiouracil. To ensure that the cytoskeletal deficit was due to a shortage of thyroid hormones rather than to unspecific, toxic effects of propylthiouracil, hypothyroid animals kept on the propylthiouracil diet were given restorative thyroxine injections daily. Such animals express NF-H at normal levels. This suggests that the callosal axons may be arrested at an immature stage of development. The immaturity of the hypothyroid corpus callosum can also be revealed by a comparison of the myelin content in the corpus callosum between normal rats, hypothyroid rats, and hypothyroid rats under thyroxine therapy. Hypothyroid rats are severely deficient in myelin, and again this deficit can be corrected by postnatal thyroxine treatment. During normal callosal development, there is a progressive spatial restriction of the transcallosal projection that creates in the adult patches of callosally projecting cortex interposed by acallosal regions. Given the structural immaturity of the hypothyroid callosal axons, it was interesting to investigate the state of development of their topography. For this purpose, multiple injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were made into the occipital and parietal cortices of adult hypothyroid animals. In normal rats, the majority of visual callosally projecting cells are located in three groups--in area 18b, at the boundary of area 17 and 18a, and in the lateral portion of area 18a. Within these areas projecting cells are concentrated in layers II-III, Va, and Vc-VIa. The callosal axon terminals are concentrated in these same regions, with a laminar distribution as far as the somata plus layer I. In the midportion of areas 17 and 18a, fewer callosal cells are found, and they occupy mainly layers Vc-VIa, as in the case for terminals in these same areas. In the parietal cortex, callosal cells and terminals are disposed in vertical arrays alternating with almost empty zones. Most are concentrated in layers III and V. The topography of the callosal axon terminal fields is unaffected by hypothyroidism. However, there is a dramatic redistribution of the callosally projecting cell somata.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902910109}, institution = {Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.}, keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development; Corpus Callosum, cytology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Cytoskeleton, physiology; Hypothyroidism, chemically induced; Immunohistochemistry; Intermediate Filaments, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thyroid Hormones, physiology; Uracil, analogs /&/ derivatives}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2298927}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902910109}, } @Article{Gray:1989, author = {Gray, T. S. and Carney, M. E. and Magnuson, D. J.}, title = {Direct projections from the central amygdaloid nucleus to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: possible role in stress-induced adrenocorticotropin release.}, journal = {Neuroendocrinology}, year = {1989}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, pages = {433--446}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The amygdala, particularly the central amygdaloid nucleus, is important for the expression of adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone responses during stress. The aim of the present study was to determine if the central amygdaloid nucleus directly innervated the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. To accomplish this aim, the Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin lectin anterograde tracing method was used. Injections of the tracer into the medial central amygdaloid nucleus resulted in axonal and terminal labeling within the medial and lateral parvocellular parts of the caudal paraventricular nucleus. A dense patch of labeling was observed within the lateral wing of the lateral part of the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus. Only a few labeled axons were observed within the paraventricular nucleus of animals that had lectin injections localized to the lateral part of the central nucleus. Tracer injections localized to the medial amygdaloid nucleus resulted in axonal and terminal labeling primarily within the anterior parvocellular and periventricular regions of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Sparse to moderate axonal and terminal labeling was observed within the magnocellular parts of the paraventricular nucleus in animals that had injections of tracer into either the medial central nucleus or the medial nucleus. No labeling was observed within the paraventricular nucleus of animals that had injections of lectin within other amygdaloid nuclei or adjacent regions of the striatum. The results demonstrated a topographically organized projection from the amygdala to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The central nucleus mainly innervates the caudal lateral and medial parvocellular paraventricular nucleus. The medial nucleus innervates the rostral parvocellular parts of the paraventricular nucleus. These pathways could form the anatomical substrates of amygdaloid modulation of neuroendocrine responses to stressors.}, doi = {10.1159/000125260}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Loyola Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Ill.}, keywords = {Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, metabolism; Amygdala, cytology/physiopathology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Male; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiopathology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Stress, Physiological, physiopathology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2554178}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gray:1987, author = {T. S. Gray and D. J. Magnuson}, title = {Galanin-like immunoreactivity within amygdaloid and hypothalamic neurons that project to the midbrain central grey in rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1987}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, pages = {264--268}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {The possibility that galanin-immunoreactive cells within the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) and the lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTL) project to the midbrain central grey in the rat was investigated using the combined immunofluorescence-retrograde tracing technique. Injections of Fluoro-Gold tracer were made into the ventrolateral midbrain central grey and the brain tissue was processed for galanin-like immunoreactivity using the avidin-biotin Texas red immunofluorescence technique. Cells containing both galanin-like immunoreactivity and fluorescent retrograde tracer were identified within the medial Ce and in the ventral part of the BSTL. Retrogradely labeled galanin-like immunoreactive cells were also observed within the medial preoptic area and to a lesser extent within the dorsomedial and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei. The results of this study demonstrate the presence of long descending pathways containing galanin-like immunoreactivity that originate from discrete regions of the amygdala and hypothalamus and terminate within the midbrain central grey.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(87)90097-8}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153.}, keywords = {Amygdala, analysis/cytology; Animals; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Galanin; Hypothalamus, analysis/cytology; Male; Neurons, analysis; Peptides, analysis; Periaqueductal Gray, analysis/cytology; Rats}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2450313}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gray:1987a, author = {T. S. Gray and D. J. Magnuson}, title = {Neuropeptide neuronal efferents from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and central amygdaloid nucleus to the dorsal vagal complex in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {262}, number = {3}, pages = {365--374}, month = {Aug}, abstract = {The lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTL) and central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) are amygdaloid nuclei that have similar afferent and efferent connections within the brain. Previous studies have demonstrated that both regions send axonal projections to the dorsal vagal complex (dorsal motor nucleus and nucleus tractus solitarii). The present study used the combined retrograde fluorescence-immunofluorescence method to examine whether cells contributing to this pathway contained any of the following neuropeptides: corticotropin-releasing factor, neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P, enkephalin, or galanin. The inputs to the dorsal vagal complex originated mainly from ventral BSTL and medial Ce, although a significant number of neurons within the dorsal BSTL and lateral Ce also contributed. Corticotropin-releasing factor, neurotensin, and somatostatin neurons mainly located within the dorsal BSTL and the lateral Ce contained retrograde tracer after injections into the vagal complex. Substance P neurons in the ventral BSTL and medial Ce provide a sparse input to the dorsal vagal complex. Enkephalin and galanin neurons within the BSTL and Ce did not appear to project to the dorsal vagal complex. Corticotropin-releasing factor and neurotensin neurons within the lateral hypothalamus also project to the dorsal vagal complex. Approximately 22\% of the Ce and 15\% of the BSTL retrogradely labeled neurons were peptide immunoreactive. Thus, it is concluded the Ce and BSTL are sources of a significant peptidergic pathway to the dorsal vagal complex. However, it is also apparent that the majority of putative transmitter types within the amygdaloid vagal projection still are unknown. The results suggest that the dorsal and ventral BSTL and the lateral and medial Ce, respectively, are homologous zones with regard to chemoarchitecture and connections. The data is discussed considering the possible function of peptides within descending amygdaloid pathways to the brainstem.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.902620304}, institution = {Department of Anatomy, Loyola Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153.}, keywords = {Amygdala, cytology/physiology; Animals; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, Efferent, physiology; Neuropeptides, physiology; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, physiology; Vagus Nerve, cytology/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {3655018}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902620304}, } @Article{Gray:1992, author = {Gray, T. S. and Magnuson, D. J.}, title = {Peptide immunoreactive neurons in the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis project to the midbrain central gray in the rat.}, journal = {Peptides}, year = {1992}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {451--460}, abstract = {The central nucleus of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and central gray are important components of the neural circuitry responsible for autonomic and behavioral responses to threatening or stressful stimuli. Neurons of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis that project to the midbrain central gray were tested for the presence of peptide immunoreactivity. To accomplish this aim, a combined immunohistochemical and retrograde tracing technique was used. Maximal retrograde labeling was observed in the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis after injections of retrograde tracer into the caudal ventrolateral midbrain central gray. The majority of the retrogradely labeled neurons in the amygdala were located in the medial central nucleus, although many neurons were also observed in the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus. Most of the retrogradely labeled neurons in the BST were located in the ventral and posterior lateral subdivisions, although cells were also observed in most other subdivisions. Retrogradely labeled neurotensin, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), and somatostatin neurons were mainly observed in the lateral central nucleus and the dorsal lateral BST. Retrogradely labeled substance P-immunoreactive cells were found in the medial central nucleus and the posterior and ventral lateral BST. Enkephalin-immunoreactive retrogradely labeled cells were not observed in the amygdala or bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. A few cells in the hypothalamus (paraventricular and lateral hypothalamic nuclei) that project to the central gray also contained CRF and neurotensin immunoreactivity. The results suggest the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are a major forebrain source of CRF, neurotensin, somatostatin, and substance P terminals in the midbrain central gray.}, doi = {10.1016/0196-9781(92)90074-d}, institution = {Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loyola Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153.}, keywords = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, isolation /&/ purification; Enkephalins, isolation /&/ purification; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Neurons, chemistry; Neuropeptides, isolation /&/ purification; Neurotensin, isolation /&/ purification; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Somatostatin, isolation /&/ purification; Substance P, isolation /&/ purification; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0196-9781(92)90074-D}, pmid = {1381826}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gray:1986, author = {T. S. Gray and T. L. O'Donohue and D. J. Magnuson}, title = {Neuropeptide Y innervation of amygdaloid and hypothalamic neurons that project to the dorsal vagal complex in rat.}, journal = {Peptides}, year = {1986}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {341--349}, abstract = {The anatomic relationship between neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive terminals and forebrain areas in the rat that contain neurons that project to the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) was examined. To accomplish this, the combined retrograde fluorescent tracer and immunofluorescent technique was used. Neurons projecting to the DVC within the parvocellular divisions of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus were the most heavily innervated of the regions studied. A relatively high density of NPY-immunoreactive terminals innervated regions of the arcuate, dorsomedial and lateral hypothalamic areas that contained DVC efferent cells. Neurons that projected to the DVC within the medial division of the central nucleus of the amygdala and the lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis were also innervated by NPY immunoreactive terminals. The results suggest an important role for NPY terminals in the modulation of neurons within the amygdala and hypothalamus that directly influence visceral-autonomic functions of the dorsal vagal complex. The source and possible function of NPY within these regions is discussed.}, doi = {10.1016/0196-9781(86)90234-2}, keywords = {Amygdala, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Hypothalamus, drug effects/physiology; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins, physiology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Neuropeptide Y; Rats; Vagus Nerve, drug effects/physiology; Vasoconstrictor Agents}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0196-9781(86)90234-2}, pmid = {2426686}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Graybiel:1974, author = {A.M. Graybiel}, title = {Visuo-cerebellar and cerebello-visual connections involving the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1974}, volume = {20}, pages = {303-306}, doi = {10.1007/bf00238320}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Greco:1999, author = {Gréco, B. and Edwards, D. A. and Michael, R. P. and Zumpe, D. and Clancy, A. N.}, title = {Colocalization of androgen receptors and mating-induced FOS immunoreactivity in neurons that project to the central tegmental field in male rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {408}, number = {2}, pages = {220--236}, month = {May}, abstract = {Bilateral lesions of the central tegmental field (CTF) in male rats virtually eliminate mating behavior. This study examined if mating-induced Fos expression (a measure of neuronal activation) and androgen receptors (AR) are colocalized in brain and spinal cord neurons which project to the CTF. Animals received unilateral injections of the retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG) in the lateral part of the CTF (CTFl), and 10 days later were killed after ejaculating with females. Brains and spinal cords were examined for FG transport, AR-immunoreactivity (AR-ir), and Fos-immunoreactivity (Fos-ir). AR-ir and Fos-ir were visualized with fluorescence microscopy using cyanine-conjugated and fluorescein-conjugated secondary antibodies. The CTFl received projections from AR-containing neurons in forebrain structures (bed nucleus of stria terminalis, medial preoptic area, lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus), in the central amygdala and various mid- and hindbrain structures (dorsolateral tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi, pedunculopontine nucleus), and in the lumbosacral spinal cord (lamina X). Some of the AR-containing neurons in bed nucleus of stria terminalis and in the dorsal part of the medial preoptic area with projections to the CTFl were activated by mating. Most AR-containing neurons in spinal lamina X with projections to the CTFl were also activated by mating. Information from spinal cord and pontine nuclei and from outputs descending from the forebrain may be relayed in the CTFl. Thus, as part of a network of hormone-sensitive neurons linking brain and spinal cord mechanisms for mating, the CTFl could participate in the integration of visceral and somatic information relevant for sexual behavior.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990531)408:2<220::aid-cne6>3.0.co;2-q}, institution = {Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, cytology/physiology; Ejaculation, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Gene Expression Regulation; Genes, fos; Male; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Organ Specificity; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis/genetics; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Receptors, Androgen, analysis/metabolism; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Stilbamidines; Tegmentum Mesencephali, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-Q}, pmid = {10333272}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Greco:1998, author = {B. Gréco and D. A. Edwards and D. Zumpe and A. N. Clancy}, title = {Androgen receptor and mating-induced fos immunoreactivity are co-localized in limbic and midbrain neurons that project to the male rat medial preoptic area.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {781}, number = {1-2}, pages = {15--24}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Two studies were designed to document neuronal colocalization of androgen receptor immunoreactivity and mating-induced Fos immunoreactivity (AR-ir, Fos-ir) in brain of male rats and to examine the extent to which limbic and midbrain neurons that project to the preoptic area are androgen sensitive and activated by mating. Brains from male rats, killed 1 h after ejaculating with receptive females, were examined for Fos-ir and AR-ir and compared with those from control rats not given access to females. PG21 anti-AR and anti-c-fos primary antibodies were visualized by fluorescence microscopy using cyanine-conjugated and fluorescein-conjugated secondary antibodies. In mated males (Expt. 1), Fos-ir and AR-ir were colocalized in neurons of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN), the dorsal medial amygdala (dMEA), the central tegmental field (CTF), the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the anterior hypothalamus, the lateral hypothalamus, and the ventral premamillary nucleus. In Expt. 2, male rats received a unilateral injection of the retrograde tracer FluoroGold (FG) in the preoptic area and four days later were killed after ejaculating with receptive females. Brains were subsequently examined for FG transport, Fos-ir and AR-ir. Fluorogold-containing neurons were present in dMEA and CTF as well as in other hypothalamic and limbic regions known to project to the MPN. In dMEA and CTF, nuclear colocalization of AR-ir and mating-induced Fos-ir was present in a proportion of FG-containing neurons. Sexually relevant information may be carried through the brain by an interconnected network of hormone-sensitive neurons.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01136-0}, institution = {Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Immunohistochemistry; Limbic System, chemistry/cytology; Male; Mesencephalon, chemistry/cytology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Preoptic Area, physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Rats; Receptors, Androgen, physiology; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(97)01136-0}, pmid = {9507053}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Greco:2008, author = {Greco, Mary-Ann and Fuller, Patrick M. and Jhou, Thomas C. and Martin-Schild, S. and Zadina, James E. and Hu, Zhian and Shiromani, Priyattam and Lu, Jun}, title = {Opioidergic projections to sleep-active neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2008}, volume = {1245}, pages = {96--107}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Although opioids are known to influence sleep-wake regulation, the neuroanatomic substrate(s) mediating these effects remain unresolved. We hypothesized that the influence of opiates on sleep may be mediated, at least in part, by the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), a key cell group for producing behavioral sleep. By combining in situ hybridization for kappa and mu receptor mRNA with immunostaining of Fos expressed by VLPO cells during sleep we show that >85\% of sleep-active VLPO neurons contain mRNA for either or both opioid receptors. Microinfusions of a kappa receptor agonist into the VLPO region increased NREM sleep by 51\% during the subjective night, whereas a mu receptor agonist increased wakefulness by 60\% during the subjective day. The sleep- and wake-promoting effects of the kappa and mu agonists were blocked by prior administration of their respective antagonist. Combining retrograde tracing from the VLPO with immunohistochemistry for dynorphin (Dyn, the endogenous kappa receptor agonist) or endomorphin 1 (EM1, the endogenous mu receptor agonist) we show that the central lateral parabrachial subnucleus (PBcl) provides Dyn inputs to the VLPO, whereas hypothalamic histaminergic neurons provide EM1 inputs to the VLPO. In summary, results from the present study suggest that central opioid inputs to the VLPO may play a role in sleep-wake regulation and that the VLPO likely mediates the hypnotic response to high levels of opioid analgesics.}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.043}, institution = {Behavioral Biochemistry Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.}, keywords = {Analgesics, Opioid, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism/pharmacology; Animals; Dynorphins, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism/pharmacology; Electroencephalography; Hypothalamus, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Neural Pathways, drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Neurotransmitter Agents, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism/pharmacology; Oligopeptides, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism/pharmacology; Preoptic Area, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; RNA, Messenger, genetics/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Opioid, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors/genetics; Receptors, Opioid, kappa, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors/genetics; Receptors, Opioid, mu, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors/genetics; Sleep, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Wakefulness, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(08)02257-9}, pmid = {18840417}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.043}, } @Article{Green:1987, author = {Green, T. and Dockray, G. J.}, title = {Calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in afferents to the upper gastrointestinal tract in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1987}, volume = {76}, number = {2}, pages = {151--156}, month = {May}, abstract = {Combined immunohistochemistry and retrograde tracing was used to investigate the origin of the sensory calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) innervation of the rat stomach. Up to 85\% of spinal gastric afferents (T6-L1) contained CGRP immunoreactivity compared with less than 6\% of vagal gastric afferents. By comparison substance P immunoreactivity occurred in about 50\% of spinal gastric afferents and less than 2\% of vagal afferents. The vagal afferents to the oesophagus were 14 and 26\% substance P- and CGRP-immunoreactive respectively. The results suggest an important role for CGRP in gastric spinal afferents.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(87)90707-5}, keywords = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Esophagus, innervation; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism; Male; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Nodose Ganglion, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Nerves, metabolism; Stomach, innervation; Substance P, metabolism; Vagus Nerve, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(87)90707-5}, pmid = {2438603}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Green:1988, author = {Green, T. and Dockray, G. J.}, title = {Characterization of the peptidergic afferent innervation of the stomach in the rat, mouse and guinea-pig.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1988}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {181--193}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Retrograde tracing of the fluorescent marker, True Blue, has been used together with immunohistochemistry employing antibodies to substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and morphine-modulating peptide to study the afferent innervation of the stomach in rat, mouse and guinea-pig. Up to 85\% of spinal afferents to the stomach in all three species contained immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide, and up to 50\% contained substance P. In all three species less than 10\% of vagal afferents to the stomach reacted with antibodies to calcitonin gene-related peptide, or substance P. Cacitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive fibres were found in the myenteric plexus, circular muscle and around submucosal blood vessels in the stomach. In the rat, removal of the coeliac ganglion, splanchnic nerve section, or capsaicin treatment virtually abolished calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the stomach. Capsaicin and splanchnic section also abolished the staining of immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide fibres in the coeliac ganglion. The same treatments abolished substance P staining of fibres around submucosal blood vessels, but in the myenteric plexus and circular smooth muscle there were still abundant immunoreactive fibres, presumably arising from intrinsic cell bodies. No somatostatin-containing visceral afferents could be found, although somatostatin was localized to cell bodies in rat dorsal root ganglia. Immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing dorsal root ganglia neurons were not found; although antibodies to morphine-modulatory peptide revealed immunoreactive nerve cell bodies, we were unable to exclude the possibility that this result is attributable to cross reactivity with calcitonin gene-related peptide. These results provide direct evidence that calcitonin gene-related peptide is a marker for a major subset of visceral primary afferent neurons and suggest that this population of spinal afferents makes a major contribution to the total gastric content of calcitonin gene-related peptide.}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(88)90017-6}, institution = {Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, U.K.}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, analysis; Animals; Benzofurans; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Guinea Pigs; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mice; Neuropeptides, analysis; Oligopeptides, analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Somatostatin, analysis; Stomach, innervation; Substance P, analysis; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {2455875}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Greenwell:2002, author = {Greenwell, Thomas N. and Zangen, Abraham and Martin-Schild, Sheryl and Wise, Roy A. and Zadina, James E.}, title = {Endomorphin-1 and -2 immunoreactive cells in the hypothalamus are labeled by fluoro-gold injections to the ventral tegmental area.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2002}, volume = {454}, number = {3}, pages = {320--328}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {Endomorphin-1 and -2 (EM1, EM2) are endogenous opioids with high affinity and selectivity for the mu-opioid receptor. Cells expressing EM-like immunoreactivity (EM-LI) are present in the hypothalamus, and fibers containing EM-LI project to many brain regions, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The VTA is one of the most sensitive brain regions for the rewarding and locomotor effects of opioids. It contains mu-opioid receptors, which are thought to mediate gamma-aminobutyric acid-dependent disinhibition of dopamine transmission to the nucleus accumbens. We investigated whether hypothalamic EM-LI cells project to the VTA, where they could play a natural role in this circuitry. The retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG) was microinjected into the anterior or posterior VTA in rats. Nine days later, colchicine was injected, and 24 hours later, the animals were perfused and processed for fluorescence immunocytochemistry. Numerous FG-labeled cells were detected in the hypothalamus. Both EM1-LI and EM2-LI cells were present in the periventricular nucleus, between the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamus and between the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei. Subpopulations of EM1-LI and EM2-LI cells were labeled by FG. Injections of FG to the anterior and posterior VTA were both effective in producing double-labeled cells, and an anterior-posterior topographical organization between the VTA and hypothalamus was observed. The results support the idea that some endomorphin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus project to the VTA, where they may modulate reward and locomotor circuitry.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10464}, institution = {Neuroscience Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes, analysis; Hypothalamus, chemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, chemistry; Oligopeptides, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Ventral Tegmental Area, chemistry}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12442322}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10464}, } @Article{Gribnau:1989, author = {Gribnau, A. A. and Dederen, P. J.}, title = {Collateralization of the cervical corticospinal tract in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1989}, volume = {105}, number = {1-2}, pages = {47--51}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Anterograde staining with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) revealed the spinal arborization pattern of corticospinal tract (CST) fibers in the cervical enlargement of the rat. Within the confines of the pyramidal tract local nets of small fibers are present in addition to the rather large CST fibers with varicosities. CST termination is primarily located in lamina IV and extends into lamina V and VI. Extensive collateralization of CST axons was found interconnecting neurons located both in different horizontal laminae and in subsequent spinal cord segments. This complex pattern of CST collateralization is suggested to add a coordinative role in motor control to this tract both through serial axo-dendritic contacts in the spinal gray and through axo-axonal contacts in the white as well as the gray matter.}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(89)90009-8}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Animals; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0304-3940(89)90009-8}, pmid = {2485885}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Griffiths:1999, author = {M. R. Griffiths and I. J. Mitchell and A. J. Cooper}, title = {Phencyclidine induces D-1 dopamine receptor mediated Fos-like immunoreactivity in discretely localised populations of striatopallidal and striatoentopeduncular neurons in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {821}, number = {1}, pages = {177--189}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {Phencyclidine (PCP), a non-competitive antagonist of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor, which also acts as an indirect dopamine agonist and at sigma sites, can induce a long lasting psychotic state when taken acutely. It is well established that PCP is toxic to specific limbic structures and we have recently demonstrated that it induces apoptosis of a subpopulation of striatal neurons. These neurons lie predominantly in the dorsomedial striatum and project to the globus pallidus. The mechanisms mediating this neuronal death are unclear though manipulations of dopamine transmission can induce striatal c-fos expression and continuous c-fos expression has been implicated in the molecular cascades controlling apoptosis. We accordingly undertook a series of experiments to determine the action of PCP on striatal Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI). PCP (80 mg/kg, s.c.) elicited FLI in three distinct striatal areas, namely dorsomedial, dorsolateral and the nucleus accumbens. The level of PCP- induced FLI was consistently attenuated by the co-administration of the D-1 antagonist, SCH 23390. Vehicle injections also induced modest levels of FLI in the dorsomedial striatum and the nucleus accumbens which again were attenuated by SCH 23390. The type of striatal neuron in which PCP-induced FLI was determined by the use of a retrograde anatomical tracer. A colloidal gold tracer was thus injected into the major areas of termination of striatal projection neurons prior to the administration of PCP. This procedure demonstrated that the majority of the FLI positive striatal cells were striatopallidal neurons, though some FLI positive striatoentopeduncular neurons were also seen. The potential pharmacological mechanisms underlying the results are discussed. It is argued that the complex pattern of PCP-induced striatal FLI might be accounted for by a differential action upon extracellular dopamine levels whereby they are elevated in some striatal areas and simultaneously reduced in others.}, doi = {10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01120-8}, institution = {School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.}, keywords = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Behavior, Animal, drug effects; Brain, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Corpus Striatum, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Globus Pallidus, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Gold Colloid; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins, biosynthesis; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Phencyclidine, pharmacology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Dopamine D1, drug effects}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {S0006-8993(99)01120-8}, pmid = {10064802}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Grindstaff:2000, author = {R. J. Grindstaff and R. R. Grindstaff and J. T. Cunningham}, title = {Baroreceptor sensitivity of rat supraoptic vasopressin neurons involves noncholinergic neurons in the DBB.}, journal = {Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol}, year = {2000}, volume = {279}, number = {5}, pages = {R1934--R1943}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {Previous studies suggest that cholinergic neurons in the diagonal band of Broca (DBB) participate in the baroreceptor-mediated inhibition of phasic vasopressin neurons in the supraoptic nucleus (SON). To test this hypothesis, extracellular recordings were obtained from putative vasopressin SON neurons of anesthetized rats injected with the cholinergic immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin (0.8 microg/microl) in the DBB. Baroreceptor sensitivity of neurons was tested with brief phenylephrine-induced (10 microg/10 microl iv) increases in blood pressure of at least 40 mmHg. In rats injected with vehicle or unconjugated saporin, 19 of 21 and 18 of 20 phasic neurons, respectively, were inhibited by increased blood pressure. In rats injected with 192 IgG-saporin, which significantly reduced the number of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive DBB neurons, 33 of 36 phasic neurons were inhibited. Normal rats and rats with DBB saporin injections received rhodamine bead injections into the perinuclear zone ( PNZ) to retrogradely label DBB neurons, and their brains were stained for ChAT. ChAT-positive DBB neurons were not retrogradely labeled from the PNZ. Together, these results indicate that the pathway relaying baroreceptor information to the SON involves noncholinergic DBB neurons.}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Blood Pressure, drug effects; Cell Nucleus, drug effects/physiology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Cholinergic Agents, pharmacology; Diagonal Band of Broca, physiology; Evoked Potentials; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immunotoxins, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Male; N-Glycosyl Hydrolases; Neurons, enzymology/physiology; Phenylephrine, pharmacology; Pressoreceptors, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1; Supraoptic Nucleus, drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure; Vasopressins, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {11049879}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/279/5/R1934}, } @Article{Grindstaff:2000a, author = {R. J. Grindstaff and R. R. Grindstaff and M. J. Sullivan and J. T. Cunningham}, title = {Role of the locus ceruleus in baroreceptor regulation of supraoptic vasopressin neurons in the rat.}, journal = {Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol}, year = {2000}, volume = {279}, number = {1}, pages = {R306--R319}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The goal of this study was to identify the source of baroreceptor-related noradrenergic innervation of the diagonal band of Broca (DBB). Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent sinoaortic denervation (SAD, n = 13) or sham SAD surgery (n = 13). We examined Fos expression produced by baroreceptor activation and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunofluorescence in hindbrain regions that contain noradrenergic neurons. Baroreceptors were stimulated by increasing blood pressure >40 mmHg with phenylephrine (10 microgram. kg(-1). min(-1) iv) in sham SAD and SAD rats. Controls were infused with 0.9\% saline. Only the locus ceruleus (LC) demonstrated a baroreceptor-dependent increase in Fos immunoreactivity in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-positive neurons. In a second experiment, normal rats received rhodamine-labeled microsphere injections in the DBB (n = 12) before phenylephrine or vehicle infusion. In these experiments, only the LC consistently contained Fos-positive cells after phenylephrine infusion that were retrogradely labeled from the DBB. Finally, we lesioned the LC with ibotenic acid and obtained extracellular recordings from identified vasopressin neurons in the supraoptic nucleus. LC lesions significantly reduced the number of vasopressin neurons that were inhibited by acute baroreceptor stimulation. Together, these results suggest that noradrenergic neurons in the LC participate in the baroreflex activation of the DBB and may thus be important in the baroreflex inhibition of vasopressin-releasing neurons in the supraoptic nucleus.}, institution = {Department of Physiology and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.}, keywords = {Animals; Blood Pressure, drug effects; Cell Count; Denervation; Diagonal Band of Broca, metabolism; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Hypertension, chemically induced/metabolism; Ibotenic Acid, pharmacology; Locus Coeruleus, drug effects/pathology/physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Phenylephrine, pharmacology; Pons, physiology; Pressoreceptors, physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sinus of Valsalva, physiology/surgery; Supraoptic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Vasopressins, metabolism}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {10896895}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/279/1/R306}, } @Article{Grinevich:2005, author = {Grinevich, Valery and Brecht, Michael and Osten, Pavel}, title = {Monosynaptic pathway from rat vibrissa motor cortex to facial motor neurons revealed by lentivirus-based axonal tracing.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2005}, volume = {25}, number = {36}, pages = {8250--8258}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {The mammalian motor cortex typically innervates motor neurons indirectly via oligosynaptic pathways. However, evolution of skilled digit movements in humans, apes, and some monkey species is associated with the emergence of abundant monosynaptic cortical projections onto spinal motor neurons innervating distal limb muscles. Rats perform skilled movements with their whiskers, and we examined the possibility that the rat vibrissa motor cortex (VMC) projects monosynaptically onto facial motor neurons controlling the whisker movements. First, single injections of lentiviruses to VMC sites identified by intracortical microstimulations were used to label a distinct subpopulation of VMC axons or presynaptic terminals by expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) or GFP-tagged synaptophysin, respectively. Four weeks after the injections, GFP and synaptophysin-GFP labeling of axons and putative presynaptic terminals was detected in the lateral portion of the facial nucleus ( FN), in close proximity to motor neurons identified morphologically and by axonal back-labeling from the whisker follicles. The VMC projections were detected bilaterally, with threefold larger density of labeling in the contralateral FN. Next, multiple VMC injections were used to label a large portion of VMC axons, resulting in overall denser but still laterally restricted FN labeling. Ultrastructural analysis of the GFP-labeled VMC axons confirmed the existence of synaptic contacts onto dendrites and somata of FN motor neurons. These findings provide anatomical demonstration of monosynaptic VMC-to-FN pathway in the rat and show that lentivirus-based expression of GFP and GFP-tagged presynaptic proteins can be used as a high-resolution neuroanatomical tracing method.}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2235-05.2005}, institution = {Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.}, keywords = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure/virology; Electric Stimulation; Face, innervation; Genes, Reporter; Green Fluorescent Proteins, analysis/genetics; Lentivirus; Motor Cortex, physiology; Motor Neurons, physiology; Movement; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Rats; Synapses, physiology; Vibrissae, innervation/physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {25/36/8250}, pmid = {16148232}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2235-05.2005}, } @Article{Gritti:1994, author = {I. Gritti and L. Mainville and B. E. Jones}, title = {Projections of GABAergic and cholinergic basal forebrain and GABAergic preoptic-anterior hypothalamic neurons to the posterior lateral hypothalamus of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1994}, volume = {339}, number = {2}, pages = {251--268}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {Within the basal forebrain, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-synthesizing neurons are codistributed with acetylcholine-synthesizing neurons (Gritti et al. [1993] J. Comp. Neurol. 329:438-457), which constitute one of the major forebrain sources of subcortical afferents to the cerebral cortex. In the present study, descending projections of the GABAergic and cholinergic neurons were investigated to the lateral posterior hypothalamus (LHp) through which the medial forebrain bundle passes and where another major forebrain source of subcortical afferents is situated. Retrograde transport of cholera toxin b subunit (CT) from the LHp was combined with immunohistochemical staining for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) using a sequential peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. A relatively large number of GAD+ neurons (estimated at approximately 6,200), which represented > 15\% of the total population of GAD+ cells in the basal forebrain (estimated at approximately 39,000), were retrogradely labeled from the LHp. These cells were distributed through the basal forebrain cell groups, where ChAT+ cells are also located, including the medial septum and diagonal band nuclei, the magnocellular preoptic nucleus, and the substantia innominata, with few cells in the globus pallidus. In these same nuclei, a small number of ChAT+ cells were retrogradely labeled (estimated at approximately 800), which represented only a small percentage (< 5\%) of the ChAT+ cell population in the basal forebrain (estimated at approximately 18,000). Both the GAD+ and ChAT+ LHp-projecting neurons represented a small subset of their respective populations in the basal forebrain, distinct from the magnocellular, presumed cortically projecting, basal neurons. In addition to the GAD+ cells in the basal forebrain, GAD+ cells in the adjacent preoptic and anterior hypothalamic regions were also retrogradely labeled in significant numbers (estimated at approximately 5,500) and proportion (> 20\%) of the total population (estimated at approximately 30,000) from the LHp. The retrogradely labeled GAD+ neurons were distributed in continuity with those in the basal forebrain through the lateral preoptic area, medial preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminals, and anterior and dorsal hypothalamic areas. Of the large number of cells that project to the LHp in the basal forebrain and preoptic-anterior hypothalamic regions (estimated at approximately 66,000), the GAD+ neurons represented a significant proportion (> 15\%) and the ChAT+ neurons a very small proportion (approximately 2\%). The relative magnitude of the GABAergic projection suggests that it may represent an important inhibitory influence of the descending efferent output from the basal forebrain and preoptic-anterior hypothalamic regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903390206}, institution = {Istituto di Fisiologia Umana II, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Antibody Specificity; Autonomic Pathways, cytology/physiology; Cholera Toxin, immunology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, immunology/metabolism; Glutamate Decarboxylase, immunology/metabolism; Hypothalamus, Anterior, cytology/physiology; Hypothalamus, Posterior, cytology/physiology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology; Preoptic Area, cytology/physiology; Prosencephalon, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8300907}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903390206}, } @Article{Gritti:1997, author = {I. Gritti and L. Mainville and M. Mancia and B. E. Jones}, title = {GABAergic and other noncholinergic basal forebrain neurons, together with cholinergic neurons, project to the mesocortex and isocortex in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1997}, volume = {383}, number = {2}, pages = {163--177}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {The extrathalamic relay from the brainstem reticular formation to the cerebral cortex in the basal forebrain has been thought to be constituted predominantly, if not exclusively, by cholinergic neurons. In contrast, the septohippocampal projection has been shown to contain an important contingent of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons. In the present study, we investigated whether GABAergic neurons also contribute to the projection from the basal forebrain to neocortical regions, including the mesocortex (limbic) and the isocortex in the rat. For this purpose, retrograde transport of cholera toxin (CT) was examined from the medial prefrontal cortex for the mesocortex and from the parietal cortex for the isocortex and was combined with dual-immunohistochemical staining for either choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in adjacent series of sections. Retrogradely labelled GAD+ neurons were codistributed with retrogradely labelled ChAT+ neurons through the basal forebrain from both the prefrontal and the parietal cortex, suggesting parallel, widespread cortical projections. The GAD+ cortically projecting cells were similar in size to the ChAT+ cells, thereby indicating that they comprise a contingent of the magnocellular basal cell complex. The proportions of retrogradely labelled neurons that were GAD+ (approximately one-third) were equal to or greater than those that were ChAT+ from both the prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex. In addition, the total of GAD+ and ChAT+ neurons did not account for the total number of cortically projecting cells, indicating that another equivalent proportion of chemically unidentified noncholinergic neurons also contributes to the basalocortical projection. Accordingly, as in the allocortex, GABAergic, cholinergic, and other unidentified noncholinergic neurons may have the capacity to modulate activity in the mesocortex (limbic) and the isocortex through parallel, widespread projections.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970630)383:2<163::aid-cne4>3.3.co;2-t}, institution = {Istituto di Fisiologia Umana II, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/physiology; Cholera Toxin; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology; Parietal Lobe, cytology/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/physiology; Prosencephalon, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {3.0.CO;2-Z}, pmid = {9182846}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Gritti:2003, author = {Ivana Gritti and Ian D Manns and Lynda Mainville and Barbara E Jones}, title = {Parvalbumin, calbindin, or calretinin in cortically projecting and GABAergic, cholinergic, or glutamatergic basal forebrain neurons of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {2003}, volume = {458}, number = {1}, pages = {11--31}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {The basal forebrain (BF) plays an important role in modulating cortical activity and facilitating processes of attention, learning, and memory. This role is subserved by cholinergic neurons but also requires the participation of other noncholinergic neurons. Noncholinergic neurons include gamma-amino butyric acidergic (GABAergic) neurons, some of which project in parallel with the cholinergic cells to the cerebral cortex, others of which project caudally or locally. With the original aim of distinguishing different subgroups of GABAergic neurons, we examined immunostaining for the calcium binding proteins (CBPs) parvalbumin (Parv), calbindin (Calb), and calretinin (Calret) in the rat. Although the CBP(+) cell groups were distributed in a coextensive manner with the GABAergic cells, they were collectively more numerous. Of cells retrogradely labeled with cholera toxin (CT) from the prefrontal or parietal cortex, Parv(+) and Calb(+) cells, but not Calret(+) cells, represented substantial proportions ( approximately 35-45\% each) that collectively were greater than that of GABAergic projection neurons. From dual immunostaining for the CBPs and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), it appeared that the vast majority (>90\%) of the Parv(+) group was GAD(+), whereas only a small minority (<10\%) of the Calb(+) or Calret(+) group was GAD(+). Significant proportions of Calb(+) (>40\%) and Calret(+) (>80\%) neurons were immunopositive for phosphate-activated glutaminase, the synthetic enzyme for transmitter glutamate. The results suggested that, whereas Calret(+) cells predominantly comprise caudally or locally projecting, possibly glutamatergic BF neurons, Parv(+) cells likely comprise the cortically projecting GABAergic BF neurons and Calb(+) cells the cortically projecting, possibly glutamatergic BF neurons that would collectively participate with the cholinergic cells in the modulation of cortical activity.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10505}, institution = {Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy.}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, analysis; Animals; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Glutamate Decarboxylase, analysis; Glutamic Acid, analysis; Glutaminase, analysis; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Interneurons, chemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, chemistry; Neurons, chemistry; Parietal Lobe, chemistry; Parvalbumins, analysis; Prefrontal Cortex, chemistry; Prosencephalon, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Wistar; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {12577320}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10505}, } @Article{Grkovic:1995, author = {Grkovic, I. and Anderson, C. R.}, title = {Calretinin-containing preganglionic nerve terminals in the rat superior cervical ganglion surround neurons projecting to the submandibular salivary gland.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1995}, volume = {684}, number = {2}, pages = {127--135}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {The distribution and targets of calretinin-immunoreactive preganglionic nerve terminals in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat were examined using immunohistochemistry and retrograde neuronal tracing. Calretinin-immunoreactive nerve terminals were found throughout the ganglion, forming distinct pericellular baskets around a sub-population of postganglionic neurons. The targets of postganglionic neurons surrounded by calretinin-immunoreactive nerve terminals were determined after injection of tracer into the submandibular salivary gland, the extra-orbital lacrimal gland, the thyroid gland, the anterior chamber of the eye or the skin of the forehead. Only when tracer was injected into the submandibular gland were neurons labelled that were surrounded by calretinin-immunoreactive nerve terminals. When immunohistochemistry using antisera to neuropeptide Y was combined with retrograde tracing, only submandibular gland projecting neurons lacking neuropeptide Y were surrounded by calretinin- immunoreactive terminals. When retrograde neuronal tracer was injected into the superior cervical ganglion, a proportion of retrogradely-labelled neurons in the upper thoracic spinal cord showed relatively weak calretinin-immunoreactivity. All calretinin-immunoreactive terminals in the superior cervical ganglion disappeared following section of the sympathetic chain distal to the superior cervical ganglion. Thus, calretinin is present in a population of preganglionic neurons projecting exclusively to neuropeptide Y non-immunoreactive (presumably secretomotor) neurons innervating the submandibular salivary gland of the rat.}, doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)00392-4}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.}, keywords = {Animals; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, immunology; Fluorescence; Ganglia, immunology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins, immunology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neuropeptide Y, immunology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Salivary Glands, physiology; Superior Cervical Ganglion, immunology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pii = {0006-8993(95)00392-4}, pmid = {7583213}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, } @Article{Grkovic:1996, author = {Grkovic, I. and Anderson, C. R.}, title = {Distribution of immunoreactivity for the NK1 receptor on different subpopulations of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1996}, volume = {374}, number = {3}, pages = {376--386}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {The distribution of immunoreactivity to the receptor for substance P, the neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, was examined in preganglionic sympathetic neurons of the rat by using immunohistochemistry and retrograde neuronal tracing. About one-third of all sympathetic preganglionic neurons were NK1 receptor immunoreactive, and most of the NK1 receptor-immunoreactive neurons were also nitric oxide synthase immunoreactive. The proportions of sympathetic preganglionic neurons projecting to the superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia, adrenal gland, and lumbar sympathetic chain which were NK1 receptor-immunoreactive were determined. Most (89\%) of the preganglionic neurons projecting to the adrenal glands were NK1 receptor immunoreactive. Few (17\%) of the preganglionic neurons projecting to the L5 sympathetic chain ganglion were immunoreactive for the receptor, while preganglionic neurons projecting to the prevertebral ganglia were NK1 receptor immunoreactive at intermediate frequencies ( 61-64\%). Thus, substance P acting on NK1 receptors is likely to be important in the preganglionic pathways to the adrenal medulla and viscera via the prevertebral ganglia, but is unlikely to be important in pathways to the lumbar sympathetic chain. The co-localisation of the NK1 receptor with the enzyme nitric oxide synthase was also examined. The majority of NK1 receptor-immunoreactive neurons were also nitric oxide synthase immunoreactive. Thus NK1 receptors occur on preganglionic neurons over many spinal segments and in a range of preganglionic pathways, as well as in a range of combinations with nitric oxide synthase. The heterogeneity of preganglionic neurons showing NK1 receptor immunoreactivity may reflect the involvement of NK1-mediated transmission in a variety of functional pathways, most notably the preganglionic projections to the adrenal medulla and to the viscera.}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903740303}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. ivica@anatomy.unimelb.edu.au}, keywords = {Adrenal Glands, innervation; Adrenergic Fibers, metabolism; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, metabolism; Cell Count; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Sympathetic, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nitric Oxide Synthase, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, metabolism; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism; Stilbamidines; Substance P, physiology}, language = {eng}, medline-pst = {ppublish}, owner = {Schmitt, Oliver}, pmid = {8906506}, timestamp = {02.01.2018}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903740303}, } @Article{Grkovic:1999, author = {Grkovic, I. and Edwards, S. L. and Murphy, S. M. and Anderson, C. R.}, title = {Chemically distinct preganglionic inputs to iris-projecting postganglionic neurons in the rat: A light and electron microscopic study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {412}, number = {4}, pages = {606--616}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {Individual autonomic postganglionic neurons are surrounded by pericellular baskets of preganglionic terminals that are easily identifiable with the light microscope. It has been assumed that the target cell of a pericellular basket of preganglionic terminals is the neuron at the centre of the basket. This assumption has enabled the connectivity of preganglionic neurons to be determined at the light microscopic level. However, if the preganglionic terminals in a pericellular basket make synapses with the dendrites of nearby, but functionally different, postganglionic neurons, then the conclusions of light microscopic studies are far less certain. We have used a serial section ultrastructural study to determine the target of the preganglionic pericellular basket in a situation where the apparent target cell is surrounded by neurons of dissimilar function. In the rat superior cervical ganglion, postganglionic neurons projecting to the iris were identified, using retrograde tracers, as single neurons (i.e., not in clusters). We have used immunohistochemistry to show that iris-projecting neurons are surrounded by preganglionic nerve terminals containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). We have demonstrated that the pericellular basket of CGRP-immunoreactive preganglionic terminals provides inputs only to the soma at the centre of the basket and not to the dendrites of surrounding neurons. This suggests that, in autonomic ganglia, light microscopic identification of the preganglionic terminal baskets is likely to be a reliable method for identifying the targets of subclasses of preganglionic neurons.}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19991004)412:4<606::aid-cne3>3.3.co;2-h}, institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. i.grkovic@anatomy.unimelb.edu.au}, keywords = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic, chemistry/cytology; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, chemistry/cytology; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, analysis; Female; Iris, cytology; Male