JabRef references

Author	Title	Year	Journal/Proceedings	Reftype	DOI/URL
Baseer, N.	Spinal cord neuronal circuitry involving dorsal horn projection cells [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	School: College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow	phdthesis	URL
Abstract: The spinal cord dorsal horn is involved in the processing and transmission of sensory information to the brain. There are several distinct populations of dorsal horn projection cells that constitute the major output of the spinal cord. These cells are mostly found in lamina I and are scattered throughout the deep dorsal horn. There is a population of large lamina III projection cells that expresses the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r), which is the main target for substance P released by nociceptive primary afferents. These cells are densely innervated by peptidergic nociceptive afferents and more sparsely by low-threshold myelinated afferents. In addition, they also receive selective innervation from neuropeptide Y-containing inhibitory interneurons. However, not much is known about their input from glutamatergic spinal neurons. It has already been reported that the great majority of large lamina III NK1r expressing cells project to caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) therefore in this study these cells were easily identified without retrograde tracer injection. Preliminary observations showed that these cells received contacts from preprodynorphin (PPD)-containing excitatory axons. The first part of the study tested the hypothesis that lamina III projection cells are selectively targeted by PPD-containing excitatory spinal neurons. Spinal cord sections from lumbar segments of the rat underwent immunocytochemical processing including combined confocal and electron microscopy to look for the presence of synapses at the sites of contact. The results showed that lamina III NK1r cells received numerous contacts from non-primary boutons that expressed vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2), and formed asymmetrical synapses on their dendrites and cell bodies. These synapses were significantly smaller than those formed by peptidergic afferents but provided a substantial proportion of the glutamatergic input to lamina III NK1r projection cells. Furthermore, it was observed that PPD was found to be present in 58% of the VGLUT2 boutons that contacted these cells while a considerably smaller proportion of (5-7%) VGLUT2 boutons in laminae I-IV expressed PPD. These results indicate a highly selective targeting of the lamina III projection neurons by glutamatergic neurons that express PPD. Fine myelinated (Aδ) nociceptors are responsible for the perception of fast, well-localised pain. Very little is known about their postsynaptic targets in the spinal cord, and therefore about their roles in the neuronal circuits that process nociceptive information. In the second part of the study, Fluorogold injections were made into the lateral parabrachial region (LPb) of the rat brain on one side and cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) was injected into the sciatic nerve on the contralateral side to assess whether Aδ nociceptors provide input to lamina I projection cells. The vast majority of lamina I projection neurons belong to the spinoparabrachial tract, and these can be divided into two major groups: those that express NK1r, and those that do not. The results suggested that CTb labelled a distinct set of Aδ nociceptors, most of which lack neuropeptides. CTb-labelled Aδ afferents formed contacts on 43% of the spinoparabrachial lamina I neurons that lacked the NK1r, but on a significantly smaller proportion (26%) of NK1r projection cells. Combined confocal and electron microscopy established that the contacts were associated with synapses. Furthermore, the contact density of CTb labelled boutons was considerably higher on the NK1r- cells than on those with the NK1r. These results provide further evidence that primary afferents input to projection cells is organized in a specialized way and that both NK1r+ and NK1r- lamina I projection neurons are directly innervated by Aδ nociceptors, thus may have an important role in the perception of fast pain. Lamina I of the rat spinal cord dorsal horn contains a population of large spinoparabrachial projection neurons (giant cells) that receive numerous synapses from both excitatory (VGLUT2) and inhibitory (VGAT) interneurons. The giant cells are selectively innervated by GABAergic axons that express neuronal-nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and are thought to originate from local inhibitory interneurons. In the rat, the nNOS inhibitory cells belong to a distinct functional population that differs from other inhibitory interneurons in terms of somatostatin receptor (sst2A) expression and also in responsiveness to painful stimuli. There is a population of inhibitory interneurons that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in lamina II of mice in which GFP is under control of the prion promoter (PrP) and the great majority of these cells also express nNOS. In this part of the study, the inhibitory synaptic input from nNOS-containing GFP boutons to giant lamina I cells was investigated. The great majority of lamina I projection neurons express NK1 receptor; therefore, the possibility that lamina I NK1r-expressing projection neurons received innervation from GFP+/nNOS+ axons was also tested. Since retrograde tracing technique was not used in this part of the study, lamina I projection cells were identified based on the observations made in the previous studies in the rat. Lamina I giant cells were recognized with antibodies against glycine receptor associated protein gephyrin as well as VGLUT2 and VGAT boutons, all of which provide dense innervation to these cells while only those lamina I NK1cells were included in the sample that were large and strongly immunoreactive for NK1r. The results indicated that although GFP axons accounted for only 7-9% of the GABAergic boutons in superficial dorsal horn, they provided over 70% of the inhibitory synapses on most of the giant cells in the PrP-GFP mouse and the great majority of these boutons also contained nNOS. Moreover, a subset of large lamina I NK1r-expressing cells (18/60) received a substantial inhibitory input (> 30%) from GFP+ boutons while the majority of these neurons showed sparse (< 15%) synaptic input. Recently, it has been reported that loss of some inhibitory interneurons in mice lacking the transcription factor Bhlhb5 results in exaggerated itch, and the cells that are lost include many of those that would normally express nNOS. Therefore, in the final set of experiments was designed to test whether there is a reduction in the inhibitory synaptic input to the giant cells in Bhlhb5-/- mouse. Spinal cord sections from Bhlhb5-/- mice and the wild type littermates were processed and analysed to determine any difference in the inhibitory nNOS input to lamina I giant cells belonging to either group. The giant cells from the knockout mice showed a substantial reduction ( 80%) in their inhibitory nNOS input; with a moderate reduction in their overall GABAergic input ( 35%). There was a considerable increase in nNOS-/VGAT+ boutons in the Bhlhb5-/- mouse (18 ± 4.6 and 37.7 ± 8.2/100 µm of the dendrite in WT and KO, respectively), suggesting some compensation from other nNOS-negative inhibitory interneurons. These results suggest that the loss of nNOS-containing inhibitory synaptic input to lamina I projection cells may contribute to the abnormal scratching behaviour seen in the Bhlhb5-/- mouse. This raises the possibility that the giant cells and a subset of large lamina I NK1r-expressing cells are involved in perception of itch.
BibTeX: @phdthesis{Baseer:2014, author = {Baseer, Najma}, title = {Spinal cord neuronal circuitry involving dorsal horn projection cells}, school = {College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow}, year = {2014}, url = {http://theses.gla.ac.uk/id/eprint/5596} }
Mathiasen, M.L., Dillingham, C.M., Kinnavane, L., Powell, A. and Aggleton, J.P.	Asymmetric cross-hemispheric connections link the rat anterior thalamic nuclei with the cortex and hippocampal formation [BibTeX]	2017	Neuroscience	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Mathiasen:2017, author = {Mathiasen, M. L. and Dillingham, C. M. and Kinnavane, L. and Powell, A. and Aggleton, J. P.}, title = {Asymmetric cross-hemispheric connections link the rat anterior thalamic nuclei with the cortex and hippocampal formation}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2017}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.026} }
d'Ascanio , P., Centini, C., Pompeiano, M., Pompeiano, O. and Balaban, E.	Fos and FRA protein expression in rat nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis during different space flight conditions. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Brain Res Bull Vol. 59(1), pp. 65-74School: Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.	article	DOI
Abstract: The nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (LPGi) exerts a prominent excitatory influence over locus coeruleus (LC) neurons, which respond to gravity signals. We investigated whether adult albino rats exposed to different gravitational fields during the NASA Neurolab Mission (STS-90) showed changes in Fos and Fos-related antigen (FRA) protein expression in the LPGi and related cardiovascular, vasomotor, and respiratory areas. Fos and FRA proteins are induced rapidly by external stimuli and return to basal levels within hours (Fos) or days (FRA) after stimulation. Exposure to a light pulse (LP) 1 h prior to sacrifice led to increased Fos expression in subjects maintained for 2 weeks in constant gravity (either at approximately 0 or 1 G). Within 24 h of a gravitational change (launch or landing), the Fos response to LP was abolished. A significant Fos response was also induced by gravitational stimuli during landing, but not during launch. FRA responses to LP showed a mirror image pattern, with significant responses 24 h after launch and landing, but no responses after 2 weeks at approximately 0 or 1 G. There were no direct FRA responses to gravity changes. The juxtafacial and retrofacial parts of the LPGi, which integrate somatosensory/acoustic and autonomic signals, respectively, also showed gravity-related increases in LP-induced FRA expression 24 h after launch and landing. The neighboring nucleus ambiguus (Amb) showed completely different patterns of Fos and FRA expression, demonstrating the anatomical specificity of these results. Immediate early gene expression in the LPGi and related cardiovascular vasomotor and ventral respiratory areas may be directly regulated by excitatory afferents from vestibular gravity receptors. These structures could play an important role in shaping cardiovascular and respiratory function during adaptation to altered gravitational environments encountered during space flight and after return to earth.
BibTeX: @article{Ascanio:2002, author = {d'Ascanio, Paola and Centini, Claudia and Pompeiano, Maria and Pompeiano, Ottavio and Balaban, Evan}, title = {Fos and FRA protein expression in rat nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis during different space flight conditions.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.}, year = {2002}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, pages = {65--74}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0361-9230(02)00840-7} }
d'Alcantara , P., Schiffmann, S.N. and Swillens, S.	Effect of protein kinase A-induced phosphorylation on the gating mechanism of the brain Na+ channel: model fitting to whole-cell current traces. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Biophys J Vol. 77(1), pp. 204-216School: Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie humaine et Nucléaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. pdalcant@ulb.ac.be	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The activity of the voltage-gated Na+ channel is subjected to modulation through covalent modifications. It has been previously shown that brain Na+ currents are reduced following the activation of the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway, but the effect of the phosphorylation on the gating mechanism of the channel has not been demonstrated so far. In this study, we analyze the whole-cell Na+ current recorded in the absence or presence of forskolin, which stimulates the PKA pathway. A minimal molecular model of the gating mechanism of the Na+ channel is defined to fit the experimental data: it consists of three closed states, one open state, and two inactivated states. We experimentally demonstrate that the kinetics of inactivation from the closed states are not affected by phosphorylation. The results obtained by computer fitting indicate that, among all the kinetic parameters describing the transitions between states, only one parameter is significantly modified in the presence of forskolin, and corresponds to the acceleration of the inactivation from the open state. This conclusion is supported by the analysis of current traces obtained from cells in the presence of a phosphatase inhibitor or loaded with the PKA catalytic unit, and is in agreement with previously reported single channel records.
BibTeX: @article{Alcantara:1999a, author = {d'Alcantara, P. and Schiffmann, S. N. and Swillens, S.}, title = {Effect of protein kinase A-induced phosphorylation on the gating mechanism of the brain Na+ channel: model fitting to whole-cell current traces.}, journal = {Biophys J}, school = {Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie humaine et Nucléaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. pdalcant@ulb.ac.be}, year = {1999}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, pages = {204--216}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(99)76882-7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(99)76882-7} }
d'Alcantara , P., Schiffmann, S.N. and Swillens, S.	Effect of protein kinase A-induced phosphorylation on the gating mechanism of the brain Na+ channel: model fitting to whole-cell current traces. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Biophysical journal Vol. 77, pp. 204-16	article
Abstract: The activity of the voltage-gated Na+ channel is subjected to modulation through covalent modifications. It has been previously shown that brain Na+ currents are reduced following the activation of the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway, but the effect of the phosphorylation on the gating mechanism of the channel has not been demonstrated so far. In this study, we analyze the whole-cell Na+ current recorded in the absence or presence of forskolin, which stimulates the PKA pathway. A minimal molecular model of the gating mechanism of the Na+ channel is defined to fit the experimental data: it consists of three closed states, one open state, and two inactivated states. We experimentally demonstrate that the kinetics of inactivation from the closed states are not affected by phosphorylation. The results obtained by computer fitting indicate that, among all the kinetic parameters describing the transitions between states, only one parameter is significantly modified in the presence of forskolin, and corresponds to the acceleration of the inactivation from the open state. This conclusion is supported by the analysis of current traces obtained from cells in the presence of a phosphatase inhibitor or loaded with the PKA catalytic unit, and is in agreement with previously reported single channel records.
BibTeX: @article{Alcantara:1999b, author = {d'Alcantara, P. and Schiffmann, S. N. and Swillens, S.}, title = {Effect of protein kinase A-induced phosphorylation on the gating mechanism of the brain Na+ channel: model fitting to whole-cell current traces.}, journal = {Biophysical journal}, year = {1999}, volume = {77}, pages = {204-16}, note = {Duplicate!} }
A'bertin, S.	Involvement of the Nucleus Accumbens in the Formation of Spatial Selection Reactions in Rats in a Radial Maze [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology Vol. 33(8), pp. 777-781	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Studies on rats demonstrated that lesioning of the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens led to impairment of the ability of experimental rats to perform error-free identification of the arm containing the largest amount of reinforcement in a radial maze. The behavioral deficit was not associated with impaired motivation or sensorimotor learning ability, as there was no such deficit in operated rats during sequential presentation of local discriminant stimuli identifying the location of the forthcoming reinforcement. These data suggest that the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens, which receives convergent projections from the ventral hippocampus, amygdala, and ventral tegmental area, plays an important role in organizing the spatial orientation of the animal in the direction of the preferred reinforcement in conditions of a sensory information deficit.
BibTeX: @article{Abertin:2003, author = {A'bertin, S.V.}, title = {Involvement of the Nucleus Accumbens in the Formation of Spatial Selection Reactions in Rats in a Radial Maze}, journal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology}, year = {2003}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, pages = {777-781}, note = {Not a tract tracing study i the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1642458268&partnerID=40&md5=05d85d911e64bbb85c1a4dd6ff224277}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025193114311} }
Aalders, T. and Meek, J.	The hypothalamic aggression region of the rat: Observations on the synaptic organization [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Brain Research Bulletin Vol. 31(1-2), pp. 229-232	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Comparison of detailed physiological and morphological data shows that the hypothalamic aggression region in the rat largely coincides with the intermediate hypothalamic area. This region has a neuronal density of about 35.103 neurons per mm3, a synaptic density of about 300.106 per mm3, and a synapse to neuron ratio of about 9000, including only about 200 axosomatic synaptic contacts per neuron. Septal synaptic contacts in this region originate from unmyelinated axons and are axodendritic of the asymmetrical type, with an average bouton diameter of 785 nm and an average synaptic contact length of 270 nm. © 1993.
BibTeX: @article{Aalders:1993, author = {Aalders, T.T.A. and Meek, J.}, title = {The hypothalamic aggression region of the rat: Observations on the synaptic organization}, journal = {Brain Research Bulletin}, year = {1993}, volume = {31}, number = {1-2}, pages = {229-232}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/036192309390030F/pdf?md5=242de26f46725ac4518e183d9359fb11&pid=1-s2.0-036192309390030F-main.pdf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(93)90030-F} }
Aamodt, S., Shi, J., Colonnese, M., Veras, W. and Constantine-Paton, M.	Chronic NMDA exposure accelerates development of GABAergic inhibition in the superior colliculus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	J Neurophysiol Vol. 83(3), pp. 1580-1591School: Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.	article	URL
Abstract: Maturation of excitatory synaptic connections depends on the amount and pattern of their activity, and activity can affect development of inhibitory synapses as well. In the superficial visual layers of the superior colliculus (sSC), developmental increases in the effectiveness of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA(A)) receptor-mediated inhibition may be driven by the maturation of visual inputs. In the rat sSC, GABA(A) receptor currents significantly jump in amplitude between postnatal days 17 and 18 (P17 and P18), approximately when the effects of cortical inputs are first detected in collicular neurons. We manipulated the development of these currents in vivo by implanting a drug-infused slice of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer Elvax over the superior colliculus of P8 rats to chronically release from this plastic low levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Sham-treated control animals received a similar implant containing only the solvent for NMDA. To examine the effects of this treatment on the development of GABA-mediated neurotransmission, we used whole cell voltage-clamp recording of spontaneous synaptic currents (sPSCs) from sSC neurons in untreated, NMDA-treated, and sham-treated superior colliculus slices ranging in age from 10 to 20 days postnatal. Both amplitude and frequency of sPSCs were studied at holding potentials of +50 mV in the presence and absence of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist, bicuculline methiodide (BMI). The normal developmental increase in GABA(A) receptor currents occurred on schedule (P18) in sham-treated sSC, but NMDA treatment caused premature up-regulation (P12). The average sPSCs in early NMDA-treated neurons were significantly larger than in age-matched sham controls or in age-matched, untreated neurons. No differences in average sPSC amplitudes across treatments or ages were present in BMI-insensitive, predominantly glutamatergic synaptic currents of the same neurons. NMDA treatment also significantly increased levels of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), measured by quantitative western blotting with staining at P13 and P19. Cell counting using the dissector method for MAP 2 and GAD(67) at P13 and P19 indicated that the differences in GABAergic transmission were not due to increases in the proportion of inhibitory to excitatory neurons after NMDA treatment. However, chronic treatments begun at P8 with Elvax containing both NMDA and BMI significantly decreased total neuron density at P19 ( approximately 15, suggesting that the NMDA-induced increase in GABA(A) receptor currents may protect against excitotoxicity.
BibTeX: @article{Aamodt:2000, author = {Aamodt, SM and Shi, J and Colonnese, MT and Veras, W and Constantine-Paton, M}, title = {Chronic NMDA exposure accelerates development of GABAergic inhibition in the superior colliculus.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, school = {Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.}, year = {2000}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, pages = {1580--1591}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://jn.physiology.org/content/83/3/1580.long} }
Aarnisalo, A.A. and Panula, P.	Neuropeptide FF in the lateral spinal and lateral cervical nuclei: evidence of contacts on spinothalamic neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Exp Brain Res Vol. 119(2), pp. 159-165School: Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Finland.	article	DOI
Abstract: Neuropeptide FF (NPFF, F8Famide) is best known for its modulating effect on opioid analgesia and morphine tolerance. However, the exact mode of action of NPFF in sensory transmission is not known. We compared the distribution of NPFF-immunoreactive (ir) fibers and terminal-like thickenings with the retrograde, tracer-filled spinothalamic (ST) neurons in the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN) and lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) of rat, areas where NPFF-containing nerve terminals are abundant. We injected fluorescent latex microspheres into the ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus and more medial thalamic nuclei, which are innervated by ST neurons. We found NPFF-ir terminal-like thickenings and fibers apposing the tracer-filled neurons in the LSN and LCN. ST neurons filled with the retrograde tracer making contacts with NPFF-ir terminal-like thickenings, were found to terminate not only in the ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus but also in more medial thalamic nuclei. The highest number of tracer- filled ST neurons having NPFF-ir terminal-like thickenings and fibers in apposition were found at the cervical level. Our results suggest that NPFF-containing systems in the spinal cord of rat are not limited to the substantia gelatinosa, and the sensory functions of NPFF may be mediated at least partly through the modulation of the ST system. NPFF-ir contacts in the LSN and LCN might play an important role in the somatic sensory transmission system. This study shows evidence for the first time that the spinal NPFF-containing system may be involved in mechanisms that control sensory input to the supraspinal levels.
BibTeX: @article{Aarnisalo:1998, author = {Aarnisalo, A. A. and Panula, P.}, title = {Neuropeptide FF in the lateral spinal and lateral cervical nuclei: evidence of contacts on spinothalamic neurons.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, school = {Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Finland.}, year = {1998}, volume = {119}, number = {2}, pages = {159--165}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s002210050329} }
Aarnisalo, A.A. and Panula, P.	Neuropeptide FF in the lateral spinal and lateral cervical nuclei: evidence of contacts on spinothalamic neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Experimental brain research Vol. 119, pp. 159-65	article	DOI
Abstract: Neuropeptide FF (NPFF, F8Famide) is best known for its modulating effect on opioid analgesia and morphine tolerance. However, the exact mode of action of NPFF in sensory transmission is not known. We compared the distribution of NPFF-immunoreactive (ir) fibers and terminal-like thickenings with the retrograde, tracer-filled spinothalamic (ST) neurons in the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN) and lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) of rat, areas where NPFF-containing nerve terminals are abundant. We injected fluorescent latex microspheres into the ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus and more medial thalamic nuclei, which are innervated by ST neurons. We found NPFF-ir terminal-like thickenings and fibers apposing the tracer-filled neurons in the LSN and LCN. ST neurons filled with the retrograde tracer making contacts with NPFF-ir terminal-like thickenings, were found to terminate not only in the ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus but also in more medial thalamic nuclei. The highest number of tracer- filled ST neurons having NPFF-ir terminal-like thickenings and fibers in apposition were found at the cervical level. Our results suggest that NPFF-containing systems in the spinal cord of rat are not limited to the substantia gelatinosa, and the sensory functions of NPFF may be mediated at least partly through the modulation of the ST system. NPFF-ir contacts in the LSN and LCN might play an important role in the somatic sensory transmission system. This study shows evidence for the first time that the spinal NPFF-containing system may be involved in mechanisms that control sensory input to the supraspinal levels.
BibTeX: @article{Aarnisalo:1998a, author = {Aarnisalo, A. A. and Panula, P.}, title = {Neuropeptide FF in the lateral spinal and lateral cervical nuclei: evidence of contacts on spinothalamic neurons.}, journal = {Experimental brain research}, year = {1998}, volume = {119}, pages = {159-65}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s002210050329} }
Aarnisalo, A. and Panula, P.	Neuropeptide FF-containing efferent projections from the medial hypothalamus of rat: a phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study [BibTeX]	1995	Neuroscience Vol. 65, pp. 175-192	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Aarnisalo:1995, author = {Aarnisalo, AA and Panula, P}, title = {Neuropeptide FF-containing efferent projections from the medial hypothalamus of rat: a phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1995}, volume = {65}, pages = {175-192}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(94)00459-i} }
Aarnoutse, E.J., Van der Want, J.J. and Vrensen, G.F.	Retrograde fluorescent microsphere tracing of retinal and central afferents to the nucleus of the optic tract in pigmented and albino rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Neurosci Lett Vol. 201(2), pp. 143-146School: Department of Morphology, Graduate School for the Neurosciences, The Netherlands.	article	DOI
Abstract: The pretectal nucleus of the optic tract is involved in optokinetic nystagmus. Albino animals suffer from inverse optokinetic nystagmus, possibly due to a smaller number of ipsilateral projections. Animals with laterally placed eyes have an asymmetric nystagmus, attributed to a presumed lack of binocular cortical input to the nucleus of the optic tract. Moreover, a direct input from the ipsilateral retina is controversial. We investigated the retinal and central afferents to the nucleus of the optic tract in the rat by retrograde tracing using fluorescent latex microspheres. Ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells were observed in pigmented and also in albino rats. Projections from the visual cortex and primary visual nuclei were demonstrated.
BibTeX: @article{Aarnoutse:1995, author = {Aarnoutse, E. J. and Van der Want, J. J. and Vrensen, G. F.}, title = {Retrograde fluorescent microsphere tracing of retinal and central afferents to the nucleus of the optic tract in pigmented and albino rats.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, school = {Department of Morphology, Graduate School for the Neurosciences, The Netherlands.}, year = {1995}, volume = {201}, number = {2}, pages = {143--146}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(95)12159-5} }
Aas, J.E. and Brodal, P.	GABA and glycine as putative transmitters in subcortical pathways to the pontine nuclei. A combined immunocytochemical and retrograde tracing study in the cat with some observations in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Neuroscience Vol. 34(1), pp. 149-162School: Anatomical Institute, University of Oslo, Norway.	article	DOI
Abstract: Using the retrograde tracers horseradish peroxidase-wheatgerm agglutinin and gold particles conjugated to wheatgerm agglutinin apo-horseradish peroxidase in combination with an antiserum against glutaraldehyde-fixed GABA, it was examined whether the pontine nuclei of the cat receive projections from GABA-like immunoreactive neurons in the brainstem, diencephalon, or deep cerebellar nuclei, contributing to the GABA-like immunoreactive fibre plexus previously demonstrated in the pontine nuclei [Brodal et al. (1988) Neuroscience 25, 27-45]. Following tracer injections that covered both the pontine nuclei and the reticular tegmental nucleus in two cats, it was found that 125 out of 1166 (10.7 and 29 out of 294 (9.9 retrogradely labelled neurons in the cerebellar nuclei were GABA-like immunoreactive. In the same two experiments only six out of 2029 (0.3 and 10 out of 1398 (0.7 retrogradely labelled neurons in the brainstem and diencephalon were GABA-like immunoreactive. Among the regions in the brainstem and diencephalon known to project to the pontine nuclei, double-labelled cells were seen in the reticular formation, the periaqueductal gray, and the nucleus praepositus hypoglossi, but not in the zona incerta or the anterior pretectal nucleus, regions that have been shown to contain glutamate decarboxylase-like immunoreactive neurons projecting to the pontine nuclei in the rat [Border et al. (1986) Brain Res. Bull. 17, 169-179]. In order to test whether this is due to species differences, the same experimental approach was used in the rat, and it was found that 54 out of 3249 (1.7 retrogradely labelled neurons in the brainstem and diencephalon were double-labelled. Notably, in the zona incerta 2% of the retrogradely labelled cells were also GABA-like immunoreactive, and in the reticular formation there was a higher proportion of double-labelled cells than was found in the cat. Additional sources were identified, that may contribute to the GABA-like immunoreactive fibre plexus in the pontine nuclei of the rat. This, in conjunction with the previous finding that the pontine nuclei of the rat contain only very few putative GABAergic neurons [Border and Mihailoff (1985) Expl Brain Res. 59, 600-614; Brodal et al. (1988) Neuroscience 25, 27-45], lead to the suggestion that the GABA-like immunoreactive fibre plexus in the pontine nuclei of the rat is predominantly of extrinsic origin, possibly representing a mosaic of the terminal fields of several subcorticopontine projections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Aas:1990, author = {J. E. Aas and P. Brodal}, title = {GABA and glycine as putative transmitters in subcortical pathways to the pontine nuclei. A combined immunocytochemical and retrograde tracing study in the cat with some observations in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Anatomical Institute, University of Oslo, Norway.}, year = {1990}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {149-162}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(90)90309-r} }
Aas, J.-E. and Brodal, P.	Demonstration of a Mamillo-Ponto-Cerebellar Pathway. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 1(1), pp. 61-74School: Anatomical Institute, University of Oslo, O162 Oslo 1, Norway.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The pathway from the mamillary complex to the cerebellum via the pontine nuclei has been studied using several anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques in the cat. We have also compared the pontine terminal regions of fibres from the mamillary complex and from the cingulate gyrus. Implantations of crystalline horseradish peroxidase wheat germ agglutinin (HRP-WGA) in the mamillary complex and lesions of the cingulate gyrus were combined in the same animal with injections of HRP-WGA, rhodamine-B-isothiocyanate (RITC), and Fluoro-Gold in different parts of the cerebellar hemisphere. Fibres from both the mamillary complex and the cingulate gyrus terminate mainly within a transversely oriented, c-shaped band in the ipsilateral, rostral pontine nuclei. Within this band the terminal fields of fibres from the mamillary complex and the cingulate gyrus form a mosaic-like pattern of partly overlapping patches. Pontine regions receiving a mamillary input project mainly to the ventral paraflocculus, and to a lesser degree to the dorsal paraflocculus, but apparently not to the uvula or crus II. Judging from the literature it seems highly unlikely that other parts of the cerebellar hemispheres received projections from these pontine regions. Fibres from the ventral paraflocculus were shown to terminate in the parvicellular part of the lateral cerebellar nucleus only. The present findings would seem to imply that inputs from the mamillary complex and a related cortical region, the cingulate gyrus, are partly integrated, partly kept separate at the precerebellar level. This would ensure that small groups of cells in the rostral pontine nuclei receive a specific set of afferents. Conceivably, the information transmitted to the cerebellum by these groups of pontine cells might be related to functions of the mamillary complex, such as learning, motivation, and spatial memory.
BibTeX: @article{Aas:1989, author = {Aas, Jan-Erik and Brodal, Per}, title = {Demonstration of a Mamillo-Ponto-Cerebellar Pathway.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Anatomical Institute, University of Oslo, O162 Oslo 1, Norway.}, year = {1989}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {61--74}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1989.tb00775.x/abstract}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1989.tb00775.x} }
Abankwa, D., Kury, P. and Muller, H.W.	Dynamic changes in gene expression profiles following axotomy of projection fibres in the Mammalian CNS. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Molecular and cellular neurosciences Vol. 21, pp. 421-35	article	DOI
Abstract: Following postcommissural fornix transection we have investigated the postaxotomy transcriptional program in the subiculum where the injured axons originate. cDNA array hybridization revealed 125 genes that were specifically regulated as the injured neurons passed through three distinct postlesion (PL) stages comprising (i). early phase of injury and axon degeneration, (ii). sprouting phase of the proximal stump, and (iii). axonal growth arrest at the lesion scar. Numerous genes were detected which have, so far, not been associated with axotomy or axonal growth. Following the early lesion response that is characterized predominantly by down-regulation of genes at 1 day PL, neurons switch to a sprouting program with the majority of genes up-regulated at 7 days PL. However, the latter program of gene expression is not maintained but largely reversed (at 3 weeks PL) to the initial profile as axonal growth is blocked at the lesion barrier, indicating retrograde signaling that leads to down- regulation of neuronal genes previously up-regulated during axon sprouting.
BibTeX: @article{Abankwa:2002b, author = {Abankwa, Daniel and Kury, Patrick and Muller, Hans Werner}, title = {Dynamic changes in gene expression profiles following axotomy of projection fibres in the Mammalian CNS.}, journal = {Molecular and cellular neurosciences}, year = {2002}, volume = {21}, pages = {421-35}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/mcne.2002.1183} }
Abankwa, D., Küry, P. and Müller, H.W.	Dynamic changes in gene expression profiles following axotomy of projection fibres in the Mammalian CNS. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Mol Cell Neurosci Vol. 21(3), pp. 421-435School: Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.	article	DOI
Abstract: Following postcommissural fornix transection we have investigated the postaxotomy transcriptional program in the subiculum where the injured axons originate. cDNA array hybridization revealed 125 genes that were specifically regulated as the injured neurons passed through three distinct postlesion (PL) stages comprising (i). early phase of injury and axon degeneration, (ii). sprouting phase of the proximal stump, and (iii). axonal growth arrest at the lesion scar. Numerous genes were detected which have, so far, not been associated with axotomy or axonal growth. Following the early lesion response that is characterized predominantly by down-regulation of genes at 1 day PL, neurons switch to a sprouting program with the majority of genes up-regulated at 7 days PL. However, the latter program of gene expression is not maintained but largely reversed (at 3 weeks PL) to the initial profile as axonal growth is blocked at the lesion barrier, indicating retrograde signaling that leads to down- regulation of neuronal genes previously up-regulated during axon sprouting.
BibTeX: @article{Abankwa:2002, author = {Abankwa, Daniel and Küry, Patrick and Müller, Hans Werner}, title = {Dynamic changes in gene expression profiles following axotomy of projection fibres in the Mammalian CNS.}, journal = {Mol Cell Neurosci}, school = {Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.}, year = {2002}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {421--435}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/mcne.2002.1183} }
Abankwa, D., Küry, P. and Müller, H.W.	Dynamic changes in gene expression profiles following axotomy of projection fibres in the Mammalian CNS. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Mol Cell Neurosci Vol. 21(3), pp. 421-435School: Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.	article	DOI
Abstract: Following postcommissural fornix transection we have investigated the postaxotomy transcriptional program in the subiculum where the injured axons originate. cDNA array hybridization revealed 125 genes that were specifically regulated as the injured neurons passed through three distinct postlesion (PL) stages comprising (i). early phase of injury and axon degeneration, (ii). sprouting phase of the proximal stump, and (iii). axonal growth arrest at the lesion scar. Numerous genes were detected which have, so far, not been associated with axotomy or axonal growth. Following the early lesion response that is characterized predominantly by down-regulation of genes at 1 day PL, neurons switch to a sprouting program with the majority of genes up-regulated at 7 days PL. However, the latter program of gene expression is not maintained but largely reversed (at 3 weeks PL) to the initial profile as axonal growth is blocked at the lesion barrier, indicating retrograde signaling that leads to down- regulation of neuronal genes previously up-regulated during axon sprouting.
BibTeX: @article{Abankwa:2002a, author = {Abankwa, Daniel and Küry, Patrick and Müller, Hans Werner}, title = {Dynamic changes in gene expression profiles following axotomy of projection fibres in the Mammalian CNS.}, journal = {Mol Cell Neurosci}, school = {Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.}, year = {2002}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {421--435}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/mcne.2002.1183} }
Abbadie, C. and Besson, J.-M.	c-fos Expression in rat lumbar spinal cord during the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Neuroscience Vol. 48(4), pp. 985-993	article	DOI URL
Abstract: A parallel clinical and behavioral study of adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat showed four stages in the time-course of the disease: preclinical (first week), acute (weeks 2-4), post-acute (weeks 5-8) and recovery weeks 9-11) [Calvino et al. (1987) Behav. Brain Res. 24, 11-29]. As several studies have reported the expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos in spinal cord neurons following acute noxious peripheral stimuli, the aim of this study was to quantitatively assess Fos-like immunoreactivity in lumbar spinal cord neurons at various times of adjuvant-induced arthritis development, i.e. one, two, three, 11 and 22 weeks post-inoculation. The total number of Fos-like immunoreactive neurons in the lumbar enlargement correlated with the observed development of adjuvant-induced arthritis, i.e. Fos-like immunoreactivity was absent at one week, moderate at two weeks, greatly increased at three weeks, decreased at 11 weeks and returned to control values at 22 weeks. At three weeks, at the peak of Fos- like immunoreactivity distribution and acute stage of hyperalgesia, maximal labeling was observed in L3 and L4 spinal segments. In these segments, the most densely labeled region was the neck (laminae V and VI) of the dorsal horn (55%) and the ventral horn (35%) as compared to the superficial laminae (laminae I and II; 5%) and the nucleus proprius (laminae III and IV; 5%). These data indicate that c-fos expression induced by chronic inflammation is better expressed in deeper laminae than in the superficial ones, and that the number of Fos-positive cells correlates with behavioral studies. Thus, the use of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the chronic inflammatory pain model seems to be an interesting tool to study possible effects of various pharmacological compounds such as analgesic or anti-inflammatory drugs. © 1992.
BibTeX: @article{Abbadie:1992, author = {Abbadie, C. and Besson, J.-M.}, title = {c-fos Expression in rat lumbar spinal cord during the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1992}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {985-993}, note = {Not a tract tracing study i the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026611139&partnerID=40&md5=77217a31612ac5cf6f1796b3a0f4d06c}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(92)90287-c} }
Abbadie, C. and Besson, J.-M.	C-fos expression in rat lumbar spinal cord following peripheral stimulation in adjuvant-induced arthritic and normal rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Brain Research Vol. 607(1-2), pp. 195-204	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Our previous data reported a maximal expression of the c-fos immediate-early gene in the lumbar spinal cord of the non-stimulated p polyarthritic rat neurons, three weeks after Freund's adjuvant injection. The present study utilises c-fos expression to judge the reactivity of spinal neurons to calibrated mechanical pressure applied to the ankle joint, in both normal and arthritic rats under ketamine anesthesia. The results indicate that the number of Fos-like immunoreactive neurons (1) is slightly decreased in ketamine-anesthetized non-stimulated arthritic rats as compared to the non-anesthetized non-stimulated ones, (2) is significantly higher in both stimulated normal and arthritic animals as compared to non-stimulated animals, particularly in laminae I, II, V and VI of L3 and L4, and (3) is significantly increased in stimulated arthritic as compared to stimulated normal rats, in all laminae of lumbar spinal segments. The appearance of 'basal' Fos labeling during the adjuvant- induced arthritic disease and the increased number of Fos-like immunoreactive neurons in stimulated arthritic rats compared to stimulated normal animals indirectly suggests that these neurons are abnormally active and thus involved in the hyperglesia of arthritic disease. Therefore the use of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the chronic pain model seems to be an appropriate tool to study possible effects of various pharmacological compounds, such as analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. © 1993.
BibTeX: @article{Abbadie:1993, author = {Abbadie, C. and Besson, J.-M.}, title = {C-fos expression in rat lumbar spinal cord following peripheral stimulation in adjuvant-induced arthritic and normal rats}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1993}, volume = {607}, number = {1-2}, pages = {195-204}, note = {Not a tract tracing study i the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027499092&partnerID=40&md5=6ab9db3ccacb9878a0342abfc30df388}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(93)91507-O} }
Abbadie, C., Gultekin, S. and Pasternak, G.	Immunohistochemical localization of the carboxy terminus of the novel mu opioid receptor splice variant MOR-IC within the human spinal cord [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	NeuroReport Vol. 11(9), pp. 1953-1957	article	URL
Abstract: The present study examined the distribution in the human spinal cord of a unique carboxy terminus sequence contained within MOR-IC, one of the recently described splice variants of the cloned mu opioid receptor gene MOR- I. Although MOR-I-like immunoreactivity (LI) and delta opioid receptor-like immunoreactivity were observed only in the superficial laminae. MOR-IC-LI was abundant in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn and around the central canal. In the substantia gelatinosa, MOR-IC-LI was found in small diameter axonal elements, the cytoplasm and the plasmalemma of small spinal neurons and dendrites in inner lamina II and in some fibers within Lissauer's tract. These studies imply the presence of MOR-IC in human spinal cord and its distribution suggests that it plays a role in the control of pain processing. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
BibTeX: @article{Abbadie:2000, author = {Abbadie, C. and Gultekin, S.H. and Pasternak, G.W.}, title = {Immunohistochemical localization of the carboxy terminus of the novel mu opioid receptor splice variant MOR-IC within the human spinal cord}, journal = {NeuroReport}, year = {2000}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {1953-1957}, note = {Not a tract tracing study i the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034717682&partnerID=40&md5=0c1a1f09f2a4fb734612cbc920631007} }
Abbaoui, A., E L Hiba, O. and Gamrani, H.	The neuronal basis of copper induced modulation of anxiety state in rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2017	Acta histochemica Vol. 119, pp. 10-17	article	DOI
Abstract: Recently, studies have provided strong evidence indicating the involvement of trace elements in the physiopathology of psychiatric disorders, particularly anxiety. We aimed, through the present study, to describe the effect of acute exposure to Cu (10mg/kg BW) on anxiety state together with the serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems in rat by means of neurobehavioral tests (elevated plus maze, dark light box) and immunohistochemistry using anti-serotonin (5HT) and anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Our data report that Cu enhanced 5HT innervation in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) together with a loss of TH expression within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), Substantia nigra compacta (SNc) and their subsequent outputs including the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) and striatum. In the elevated plus maze Cu significantly increased the time and the number of entries into the open arms, and raised the time spent in the Dark Box indicating a clear reduced anxiety state induced by Cu. The present data show for the first time a powerful neuro-modulatory potential of Cu in rat which involves primarily a dysfunction of 5HT and DA neurotransmissions.
BibTeX: @article{Abbaoui:2017, author = {Abbaoui, Abdellatif and E L Hiba, Omar and Gamrani, Halima}, title = {The neuronal basis of copper induced modulation of anxiety state in rat.}, journal = {Acta histochemica}, year = {2017}, volume = {119}, pages = {10--17}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2016.10.003} }
Abbasi, S. and Kumar, S.S.	Electrophysiological and morphological characterization of cells in superficial layers of rat presubiculum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	J Comp Neurol Vol. 521(13), pp. 3116-3132School: Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4300, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The presubiculum (PrS) plays critical roles in spatial information processing and memory consolidation and has also been implicated in temporal lobe epileptogenesis. Despite its involvement in these processes, a basic structure-function analysis of PrS cells remains far from complete. To this end, we performed whole-cell recording and biocytin labeling of PrS neurons in layer (L)II and LIII to examine their electrophysiological and morphological properties. We characterized the cell types based on electrophysiological criteria, correlated their gross morphology, and classified them into distinct categories using unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis. We identified seven distinct cell types: regular-spiking (RS), irregular-spiking (IR), initially bursting (IB), stuttering (Stu), single-spiking (SS), fast-adapting (FA), and late-spiking (LS) cells, of which RS and IB cells were common to LII and LIII, LS cells were specific to LIII, and the remaining types were identified exclusively in LII. Recorded neurons were either pyramidal or nonpyramidal and, except for Stu cells, displayed spine-rich dendrites. The RS, IB, and IR cells appeared to be projection neurons based on extension of their axons into LIII of the medial entorhinal area (MEA) and/or angular bundle. We conclude that LII and LIII of PrS are distinct in their neuronal populations and together constitute a more diverse population of neurons than previously suggested. PrS neurons serve as major drivers of circuits in superficial (LII-III) entorhinal cortex (ERC) and couple neighboring structures through robust afferentation, thereby substantiating the PrS's critical role in the parahippocampal region.
BibTeX: @article{Abbasi:2013, author = {Abbasi, Saad and Kumar, Sanjay S}, title = {Electrophysiological and morphological characterization of cells in superficial layers of rat presubiculum.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4300, USA.}, year = {2013}, volume = {521}, number = {13}, pages = {3116--3132}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23365}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.23365} }
Abbasova, K.R., Chepurnov, S.A., Chepurnova, N.E. and van Luijtelaar, G.	The role of perioral afferentation in the occurrenceof spike-wave discharges in the WAG/Rij modelof absence epilepsy. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Brain Res Vol. 1366, pp. 257-262School: Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. akenul@gmail.com	article	DOI URL
Abstract: According to the focal cortical theory of absence epilepsy, spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) have a cortical focal origin in the perioral region of the somatosensory cortex in rats. In the present study the role of peripheral afferents of the perioral (snout) region in the occurrence of spontaneous SWDs was investigated in the WAG/Rij (Wistar Albino Glaxo from Rijswijk) rat model of absence epilepsy in order to examine whether an input from peripheral sources is imperative for the occurrence of SWDs. Twelve male WAG/Rij rats were chronically equipped with cortical EEG electrodes. Peripheral afferents of the perioral region of the snout nervus trigeminus were pharmacologically blocked with a local injection of 2% Novocain, a blockade of nervus facialis and saline injections were used as controls. ECoGs were recorded before and after bilateral injection of the drug. Blockade of the n. trigeminus decreased the incidence and duration of SWD, while similar injections with Novocain near the n. facialis had no effect. Injections with saline were also not effective. Our data demonstrate that intact peripheral afferent input may be primarily involved in the initiation of SWDs. It suggests that the cortico-thalamo-cortical circuits need the peripheral stimulations from the snout and vibrissae for an initiation of the spontaneous SWDs.
BibTeX: @article{Abbasova:2010, author = {Abbasova, K. R. and Chepurnov, S. A. and Chepurnova, N. E. and van Luijtelaar, G.}, title = {The role of perioral afferentation in the occurrenceof spike-wave discharges in the WAG/Rij modelof absence epilepsy.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. akenul@gmail.com}, year = {2010}, volume = {1366}, pages = {257--262}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.007}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.007} }
Abbate, S.L., Atkinson, M.B. and Breuer, A.C.	Amount and speed of fast axonal transport in diabetes. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Diabetes Vol. 40(1), pp. 111-117School: Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195.	article	DOI
Abstract: Abnormalities in axonal transport have been observed in human and experimental diabetes and may be related to the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Axonal transport has previously been evaluated by indirect methods. In this study, direct-measurement techniques were applied (with computer-enhanced video-recorded images) for the first time to evaluate intra-axonal organelle speed and frequency (the amount of organelle traffic) in both the anterograde fast component (AFC) and retrograde fast component (RFC) of axonal transport in diabetic nerve. Sciatic nerve and dorsal and ventral nerve roots were studied in the animal model of insulin-dependent diabetes (BB/Wistar rat) and sciatic nerve in the non-insulin-dependent (streptozocin-induced) model of diabetes (STZ-D rat). STZ-D rats were studied at 1 mo, and BB/Wistar rats were studied at 1 and 2 mo of diabetes duration. Statistically significant decreases in peripheral axon organelle speed were found only for RFC at 1 mo of diabetes in both the BB/Wistar (8.1 and STZ-D (5.4 rats. The difference was no longer significant in BB/Wistar rats at 2 mo of diabetes. This recovery suggests that the underlying abnormality is reversible. No differences were seen in AFC of any axons, and the only other difference seen was a 5.1% decrement in RFC at 2 mo in the ventral roots. No significant difference was observed in any group for organelle frequencies. Other factors should be considered to explain the decrease in materials transported in accumulation studies. The transient deficits in RFC speed observed remain of undetermined significance in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.
BibTeX: @article{Abbate:1991, author = {Abbate, S. L. and Atkinson, M. B. and Breuer, A. C.}, title = {Amount and speed of fast axonal transport in diabetes.}, journal = {Diabetes}, school = {Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195.}, year = {1991}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {111--117}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.40.1.111} }
Abbott, A., Wigmore, M. and Lacey, M.	Excitation of rat subthalamic nucleus neurones in vitro by activation of a group I metabotropic glutamate receptor [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Brain Research Vol. 766(1-2), pp. 162-167	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The subthalamic nucleus (SThN) provides a glutamate mediated excitatory drive to several other component nuclei of the basal ganglia, thereby significantly influencing locomotion and control of voluntary movement. We have characterised functionally the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors in the SThN using extracellular single unit recording from rat midbrain slices. SThN neurones fired action potentials spontaneously at a rate of 10 Hz which was increased by the group I/II mGlu receptor agonist (1S,3R)-1- amino-cyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate (1S,3R-ACPD; 1-30 μM) and the group I selective agonist (S,R)-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG; 1-30 μM). However, both the group II selective agonist (1S, 1'R,2'R,3'R)-2-(2,3- dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine (DCG-IV; 1 μM) and the group III selective agonist (S)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoic acid (L-AP4; 10 μM) were without effect, indicating that the excitation was mediated by a group I mGlu receptor. The excitation caused by DHPG (3 μM) was reversed by co- application of the mGlu receptor antagonist (+)-α-methyl-4- carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG; 500 μM). Thus a group I mGlu receptor mediates excitation of SThN neurones, and suggests a use for group I mGlu receptor ligands for treatment of both hypo- and hyperkinetic disorders of basal ganglia origin, such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.
BibTeX: @article{Abbott:1997, author = {Abbott, A. and Wigmore, M.A. and Lacey, M.G.}, title = {Excitation of rat subthalamic nucleus neurones in vitro by activation of a group I metabotropic glutamate receptor}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1997}, volume = {766}, number = {1-2}, pages = {162-167}, note = {Not a tract tracing study i the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030886785&partnerID=40&md5=5ae632fb001c247efe4a1a53114e0a6c}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00550-7} }
Abbott, C.J., Choe, T.E., Lusardi, T.A., Burgoyne, C.F., Wang, L. and Fortune, B.	Imaging axonal transport in the rat visual pathway. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Biomed Opt Express Vol. 4(2), pp. 364-386School: Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute, and Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR 97232, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: A technique was developed for assaying axonal transport in retinal ganglion cells using 2 µl injections of 1% cholera toxin b-subunit conjugated to AlexaFluor488 (CTB). In vivo retinal and post-mortem brain imaging by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and post-mortem microscopy were performed. The transport of CTB was sensitive to colchicine, which disrupts axonal microtubules. The bulk rates of transport were determined to be approximately 80-90 mm/day (anterograde) and 160 mm/day (retrograde). Results demonstrate that axonal transport of CTB can be monitored in vivo in the rodent anterior visual pathway, is dependent on intact microtubules, and occurs by active transport mechanisms.
BibTeX: @article{Abbott:2013, author = {Abbott, Carla J. and Choe, Tiffany E. and Lusardi, Theresa A. and Burgoyne, Claude F. and Wang, Lin and Fortune, Brad}, title = {Imaging axonal transport in the rat visual pathway.}, journal = {Biomed Opt Express}, school = {Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute, and Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR 97232, USA.}, year = {2013}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {364--386}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/BOE.4.000364}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.4.000364} }
Abbott, C.J., Choe, T.E., Lusardi, T.A., Burgoyne, C.F., Wang, L. and Fortune, B.	Imaging axonal transport in the rat visual pathway. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Biomedical optics express Vol. 4, pp. 364-86	article	DOI
Abstract: A technique was developed for assaying axonal transport in retinal ganglion cells using 2 microl injections of 1% cholera toxin b-subunit conjugated to AlexaFluor488 (CTB). In vivo retinal and post-mortem brain imaging by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and post-mortem microscopy were performed. The transport of CTB was sensitive to colchicine, which disrupts axonal microtubules. The bulk rates of transport were determined to be approximately 80-90 mm/day (anterograde) and 160 mm/day (retrograde). Results demonstrate that axonal transport of CTB can be monitored in vivo in the rodent anterior visual pathway, is dependent on intact microtubules, and occurs by active transport mechanisms.
BibTeX: @article{Abbott:2013a, author = {Abbott, Carla J. and Choe, Tiffany E. and Lusardi, Theresa A. and Burgoyne, Claude F. and Wang, Lin and Fortune, Brad}, title = {Imaging axonal transport in the rat visual pathway.}, journal = {Biomedical optics express}, year = {2013}, volume = {4}, pages = {364-86}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.4.000364} }
Abbott, C.R., Monteiro, M., Small, C.J., Sajedi, A., Smith, K.L., Parkinson, J.R.C., Ghatei, M.A. and Bloom, S.R.	The inhibitory effects of peripheral administration of peptide YY(3-36) and glucagon-like peptide-1 on food intake are attenuated by ablation of the vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Brain Res Vol. 1044(1), pp. 127-131School: Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The vagus nerve forms a neuro-anatomical link between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. A number of gastrointestinal hormones, including cholecystokinin and ghrelin, require an intact vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway to affect CNS feeding circuits. We have shown that the effects of peripheral administration of both peptide YY(3-36) (PYY(3-36)) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on food intake and activation of hypothalamic arcuate feeding neurones are abolished following either bilateral sub-diaphragmatic total truncal vagotomy or brainstem-hypothalamic pathway transectioning in rodents. These findings suggest that the vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway may also play a role in the effects of circulating PYY(3-36) and GLP-1 on food intake.
BibTeX: @article{Abbott:2005, author = {Abbott, Caroline R. and Monteiro, Mariana and Small, Caroline J. and Sajedi, Arshia and Smith, Kirsty L. and Parkinson, James R C. and Ghatei, Mohammad A. and Bloom, Stephen R.}, title = {The inhibitory effects of peripheral administration of peptide YY(3-36) and glucagon-like peptide-1 on food intake are attenuated by ablation of the vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK.}, year = {2005}, volume = {1044}, number = {1}, pages = {127--131}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.03.011}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.03.011} }
Abbott, S.B., Kanbar, R., Bochorishvili, G., Coates, M.B., Stornetta, R.L. and Guyenet, P.G.	C1 neurons excite locus coeruleus and A5 noradrenergic neurons along with sympathetic outflow in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	J Physiol Vol. 590(Pt 12), pp. 2897-2915School: Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: C1 neurons activate sympathetic tone and stimulate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in circumstances such as pain, hypoxia or hypotension. They also innervate pontine noradrenergic cell groups, including the locus coeruleus (LC) and A5. Activation of C1 neurons reportedly inhibits LC neurons; however, because these neurons are glutamatergic and have excitatory effects elsewhere, we re-examined the effect of C1 activation on pontine noradrenergic neurons (LC and A5) using a more selective method. Using a lentivirus that expresses channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) under the control of the artificial promoter PRSx8, we restricted ChR2 expression to C1 neurons (67, retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons (20 and cholinergic neurons (13. The LC contained ChR2-positive terminals that formed asymmetric synapses and were immunoreactive for vesicular glutamate transporter type 2. Low-frequency photostimulation of ChR2-expressing neurons activated LC (38 of 65; 58 and A5 neurons (11 of 16; 69 and sympathetic nerve discharge. Locus coeruleus and A5 inhibition was not seen unless preceded by excitation. Locus coeruleus activation was eliminated by intracerebroventricular kynurenic acid. Stimulation of ChR2-expressing neurons at 20 Hz produced modest increases in LC and A5 neuronal discharge. In additional rats, the retrotrapezoid nucleus region was destroyed with substance P–saporin prior to lentivirus injection into the rostral ventrolateral medulla, increasing the proportion of C1 ChR2-expressing neurons (83. Photostimulation in these rats activated the same proportion of LC and A5 neurons as in control rats but produced no effect on sympathetic nerve discharge owing to the destruction of bulbospinal C1 neurons. In conclusion, low-frequency stimulation of C1 neurons activates pontine noradrenergic neurons and sympathetic nerve discharge, possibly via the release of glutamate from monosynaptic C1 inputs.
BibTeX: @article{Abbott:2012, author = {Abbott, S. B. and Kanbar, R. and Bochorishvili, G. and Coates, M. B. and Stornetta, R. L. and Guyenet, P. G.}, title = {C1 neurons excite locus coeruleus and A5 noradrenergic neurons along with sympathetic outflow in rats.}, journal = {J Physiol}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.}, year = {2012}, volume = {590}, number = {Pt 12}, pages = {2897--2915}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.232157}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.232157} }
Abdallah, K., Artola, A., Monconduit, L., Dallel, R. and Luccarini, P.	Bilateral descending hypothalamic projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	PLoS One Vol. 8(8), pp. e73022School: d, France.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Several lines of evidence suggest that the hypothalamus is involved in trigeminal pain processing. However, the organization of descending hypothalamic projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5C) remains poorly understood. Microinjections of the retrograde tracer, fluorogold (FG), into the Sp5C, in rats, reveal that five hypothalamic nuclei project to the Sp5C: the paraventricular nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area, the perifornical hypothalamic area, the A11 nucleus and the retrochiasmatic area. Descending hypothalamic projections to the Sp5C are bilateral, except those from the paraventricular nucleus which exhibit a clear ipsilateral predominance. Moreover, the density of retrogradely FG-labeled neurons in the hypothalamus varies according to the dorso-ventral localization of the Sp5C injection site. There are much more labeled neurons after injections into the ventrolateral part of the Sp5C (where ophthalmic afferents project) than after injections into its dorsomedial or intermediate parts (where mandibular and maxillary afferents, respectively, project). These results demonstrate that the organization of descending hypothalamic projections to the spinal dorsal horn and Sp5C are different. Whereas the former are ipsilateral, the latter are bilateral. Moreover, hypothalamic projections to the Sp5C display somatotopy, suggesting that these projections are preferentially involved in the processing of meningeal and cutaneous inputs from the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve in rats. Therefore, our results suggest that the control of trigeminal and spinal dorsal horn processing of nociceptive information by hypothalamic neurons is different and raise the question of the role of bilateral, rather than unilateral, hypothalamic control.
BibTeX: @article{Abdallah:2013, author = {Abdallah, Khaled and Artola, Alain and Monconduit, Lénaic and Dallel, Radhouane and Luccarini, Philippe}, title = {Bilateral descending hypothalamic projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis in rats.}, journal = {PLoS One}, school = {d, France.}, year = {2013}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e73022}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073022}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073022} }
Abdallah, K., Monconduit, L., Artola, A., Luccarini, P. and Dallel, R.	GABAAergic inhibition or dopamine denervation of the A11 hypothalamic nucleus induces trigeminal analgesia. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Pain Vol. 156(4), pp. 644-655School: Inserm U1107, F-63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France bCHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service d'Odontologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Descending pain-modulatory systems, either inhibitory or facilitatory, play a critical role in both acute and chronic pain. Compared with serotonin and norepinephrine, little is known about the function of dopamine (DA). We characterized the anatomical organization of descending DA pathways from hypothalamic A11 nuclei to the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) and investigated their role in trigeminal pain. Immunochemistry analysis reveals that A11 is a heterogeneous nucleus that contains at least 3 neuronal phenotypes, DA, GABA, and alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP) neurons, exhibiting different distribution patterns, with a large proportion of GABA relative to DA neurons. Using fluorogold, we show that descending pathways from A11 nuclei to MDH originate mainly from DA neurons and are bilateral. Facial nociceptive stimulation elevates Fos immunoreactivity in both ipsilateral and contralateral A11 nuclei. Fos immunoreactivity is not detected in DA or projecting neurons but, interestingly, in GABA neurons. Finally, inactivating A11, using muscimol, or partially lesioning A11 DA neurons, using the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine, inhibits trigeminal pain behavior. These results show that A11 nuclei are involved in pain processing. Interestingly, however, pain seems to activate GABAergic neurons within A11 nuclei, which suggests that pain inhibits rather than activates descending DA controls. We show that such inhibition produces an antinociceptive effect. Pain-induced inhibition of descending DA controls and the resulting reduced DA concentration within the dorsal horn may inhibit the transfer of nociceptive information to higher brain centers through preferential activation of dorsal horn D2-like receptors.
BibTeX: @article{Abdallah:2015, author = {Abdallah, Khaled and Monconduit, Lénaic and Artola, Alain and Luccarini, Philippe and Dallel, Radhouane}, title = {GABAAergic inhibition or dopamine denervation of the A11 hypothalamic nucleus induces trigeminal analgesia.}, journal = {Pain}, school = {Inserm U1107, F-63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France bCHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service d'Odontologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France.}, year = {2015}, volume = {156}, number = {4}, pages = {644--655}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000091}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000091} }
Abdallah, K., Monconduit, L., Artola, A., Luccarini, P. and Dallel, R.	GABAAergic inhibition or dopamine denervation of the A11 hypothalamic nucleus induces trigeminal analgesia [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Pain Vol. 156(4), pp. 644-655	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Descending pain-modulatory systems, either inhibitory or facilitatory, play a critical role in both acute and chronic pain. Compared with serotonin and norepinephrine, little is known about the function of dopamine (DA). We characterized the anatomical organization of descending DA pathways from hypothalamic A11 nuclei to the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) and investigated their role in trigeminal pain. Immunochemistry analysis reveals that A11 is a heterogeneous nucleus that contains at least 3 neuronal phenotypes, DA, GABA, and alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP) neurons, exhibiting different distribution patterns, with a large proportion of GABA relative to DA neurons. Using fluorogold, we show that descending pathways from A11 nuclei to MDH originate mainly from DA neurons and are bilateral. Facial nociceptive stimulation elevates Fos immunoreactivity in both ipsilateral and contralateral A11 nuclei. Fos immunoreactivity is not detected in DA or projecting neurons but, interestingly, in GABA neurons. Finally, inactivating A11, using muscimol, or partially lesioning A11 DA neurons, using the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine, inhibits trigeminal pain behavior. These results show that A11 nuclei are involved in pain processing. Interestingly, however, pain seems to activate GABAergic neurons within A11 nuclei, which suggests that pain inhibits rather than activates descending DA controls. We show that such inhibition produces an antinociceptive effect. Pain-induced inhibition of descending DA controls and the resulting reduced DA concentration within the dorsal horn may inhibit the transfer of nociceptive information to higher brain centers through preferential activation of dorsal horn D2-like receptors.
BibTeX: @article{Abdallah:2015a, author = {Abdallah, K. and Monconduit, L. and Artola, A. and Luccarini, P. and Dallel, R.}, title = {GABAAergic inhibition or dopamine denervation of the A11 hypothalamic nucleus induces trigeminal analgesia}, journal = {Pain}, year = {2015}, volume = {156}, number = {4}, pages = {644-655}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84952315961&partnerID=40&md5=0569abc5bd85e62584ccecf58792ece9}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000091} }
Abdellah, M., Bilgili, A., Eilemann, S., Shillcock, J., Markram, H. and Schürmann, F.	Bio-physically plausible visualization of highly scattering fluorescent neocortical models for in silico experimentation. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2017	BMC bioinformatics Vol. 18, pp. 62	article	DOI
Abstract: We present a visualization pipeline capable of accurate rendering of highly scattering fluorescent neocortical neuronal models. The pipeline is mainly developed to serve the computational neurobiology community. It allows the scientists to visualize the results of their virtual experiments that are performed in computer simulations, or in silico. The impact of the presented pipeline opens novel avenues for assisting the neuroscientists to build biologically accurate models of the brain. These models result from computer simulations of physical experiments that use fluorescence imaging to understand the structural and functional aspects of the brain. Due to the limited capabilities of the current visualization workflows to handle fluorescent volumetric datasets, we propose a physically-based optical model that can accurately simulate light interaction with fluorescent-tagged scattering media based on the basic principles of geometric optics and Monte Carlo path tracing. We also develop an automated and efficient framework for generating dense fluorescent tissue blocks from a neocortical column model that is composed of approximately 31000 neurons. Our pipeline is used to visualize a virtual fluorescent tissue block of 50 μm(3) that is reconstructed from the somatosensory cortex of juvenile rat. The fluorescence optical model is qualitatively analyzed and validated against experimental emission spectra of different fluorescent dyes from the Alexa Fluor family. We discussed a scientific visualization pipeline for creating images of synthetic neocortical neuronal models that are tagged virtually with fluorescent labels on a physically-plausible basis. The pipeline is applied to analyze and validate simulation data generated from neuroscientific in silico experiments.
BibTeX: @article{Abdellah:2017, author = {Abdellah, Marwan and Bilgili, Ahmet and Eilemann, Stefan and Shillcock, Julian and Markram, Henry and Schürmann, Felix}, title = {Bio-physically plausible visualization of highly scattering fluorescent neocortical models for in silico experimentation.}, journal = {BMC bioinformatics}, year = {2017}, volume = {18}, pages = {62}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-016-1444-4} }
Abdel-Majid, R.M., Archibald, M.L., Tremblay, F. and Baldridge, W.H.	Tracer coupling of neurons in the rat retina inner nuclear layer labeled by Fluorogold. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Brain Res Vol. 1063(2), pp. 114-120School: Laboratory for Retina and Optic Nerve Research, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: A subpopulation of neurons in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the rat retina were labeled 9-13 weeks after application of Fluorogold (FG) to the superior colliculus. Neurobiotin injection of FG-labeled cells in the INL of flatmounted living retina revealed that these cells consisted of both displaced ganglion cells and a subset of amacrine cells. Fluorogold-labeled amacrine cells in the INL showed tracer coupling to other presumptive amacrine cells in the INL, but there was no evidence of coupling to neurons in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). As the labeling of amacrine cells by FG may be due to gap junction coupling between ganglion and amacrine cells, these data add to the evidence that tracer coupling between these cells can be unidirectional. Some of the FG-labeled displaced ganglion cells in the INL injected with Neurobiotin also showed tracer coupling to neurons in the INL or GCL.
BibTeX: @article{Abdel-Majid:2005, author = {Raja' M Abdel-Majid and Michele L Archibald and François Tremblay and William H Baldridge}, title = {Tracer coupling of neurons in the rat retina inner nuclear layer labeled by Fluorogold.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Laboratory for Retina and Optic Nerve Research, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5.}, year = {2005}, volume = {1063}, number = {2}, pages = {114--120}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.09.046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.09.046} }
Abdel-Majid, R.M., Archibald, M.L., Tremblay, F. and Baldridge, W.H.	Tracer coupling of neurons in the rat retina inner nuclear layer labeled by Fluorogold. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Brain research Vol. 1063, pp. 114-20	article	DOI
Abstract: A subpopulation of neurons in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the rat retina were labeled 9-13 weeks after application of Fluorogold (FG) to the superior colliculus. Neurobiotin injection of FG-labeled cells in the INL of flatmounted living retina revealed that these cells consisted of both displaced ganglion cells and a subset of amacrine cells. Fluorogold-labeled amacrine cells in the INL showed tracer coupling to other presumptive amacrine cells in the INL, but there was no evidence of coupling to neurons in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). As the labeling of amacrine cells by FG may be due to gap junction coupling between ganglion and amacrine cells, these data add to the evidence that tracer coupling between these cells can be unidirectional. Some of the FG-labeled displaced ganglion cells in the INL injected with Neurobiotin also showed tracer coupling to neurons in the INL or GCL.
BibTeX: @article{Abdel-Majid:2005a, author = {Abdel-Majid, Raja' M. and Archibald, Michele L. and Tremblay, Francois and Baldridge, William H.}, title = {Tracer coupling of neurons in the rat retina inner nuclear layer labeled by Fluorogold.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {2005}, volume = {1063}, pages = {114-20}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.09.046} }
Abdullah, M., O'Daly, A., Vyas, A., Rohde, C. and Brushart, T.M.	Adult motor axons preferentially reinnervate predegenerated muscle nerve. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Exp Neurol Vol. 249, pp. 1-7School: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, 601 N. Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Preferential motor reinnervation (PMR) is the tendency for motor axons regenerating after repair of mixed nerve to reinnervate muscle nerve and/or muscle rather than cutaneous nerve or skin. PMR may occur in response to the peripheral nerve pathway alone in juvenile rats (Brushart, 1993; Redett et al., 2005), yet the ability to identify and respond to specific pathway markers is reportedly lost in adults (Uschold et al., 2007). The experiments reported here evaluate the relative roles of pathway and end organ in the genesis of PMR in adult rats. Fresh and 2-week predegenerated femoral nerve grafts were transferred in correct or reversed alignment to replace the femoral nerves of previously unoperated Lewis rats. After 8 weeks of regeneration the motoneurons projecting through the grafts to recipient femoral cutaneous and muscle branches and their adjacent end organs were identified by retrograde labeling. Motoneuron counts were subjected to Poisson regression analysis to determine the relative roles of pathway and end organ identity in generating PMR. Transfer of fresh grafts did not result in PMR, whereas substantial PMR was observed when predegenerated grafts were used. Similarly, the pathway through which motoneurons reached the muscle had a significant impact on PMR when grafts were predegenerated, but not when they were fresh. Comparison of the relative roles of pathway and end organ in generating PMR revealed that neither could be shown to be more important than the other. These experiments demonstrate unequivocally that adult muscle nerve and cutaneous nerve differ in qualities that can be detected by regenerating adult motoneurons and that can modify their subsequent behavior. They also reveal that two weeks of Wallerian degeneration modify the environment in the graft from one that provides no modality-specific cues for motor neurons to one that actively promotes PMR.
BibTeX: @article{Abdullah:2013, author = {Abdullah, M. and O'Daly, A. and Vyas, A. and Rohde, C. and Brushart, T. M.}, title = {Adult motor axons preferentially reinnervate predegenerated muscle nerve.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, school = {Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, 601 N. Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.}, year = {2013}, volume = {249}, pages = {1--7}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.07.019}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.07.019} }
Abe, J., Okamura, H., Makino, S., Yanaihara, N. and Ibata, Y.	Immunocytochemical distribution of [Met]enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu immunoreactivity in the rat diencephalon [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Brain Research Bulletin Vol. 19(6), pp. 735-741	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Recently, [Met]Enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu (MEAGL) was isolated from bovine adrenal glands, and it was found to be derived exclusively from proenkephalin. Therefore, we investigated the distribution of MEAGL-like rmmunoreactive neuronal perikarya and fibers in the rat diencephalon pretreated with colchicine by PAP immunocytochemistry. In the thalamus MEAGL immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were distributed in the paraventricular nucleus and the ventral part of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Immunoreactive fibers were found in the paraventricular, paracentral, anteroventral, reuniens and rhomboid nuclei. In addition, immunoreactive fibers were also noted in the anterior pretectal nucleus. In the hypothalamus, immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were observed in the medial preoptic area, anterior and lateral hypothalamic nuclei, perifornical region, parvocellular and postero-magnocellular regions of paraventricular nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, arcuate nucleus, premammillary, medial mammillary and lateral mammillary nuclei. The distribution of immunoreactive fibers was similar to that of neuronal perikarya. However, immunoreactive fibers were also observed in the supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei where no immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were detected. Numerous immunoreactive fibers were detected in the external layer of the median eminence, but there were few in the internal layer. The similarity and difference in the distribution between MEAGL and other proenkephalin peptides such as [Met]enkephalin were also discussed. © 1987.
BibTeX: @article{Abe:1987, author = {Abe, J. and Okamura, H. and Makino, S. and Yanaihara, N. and Ibata, Y.}, title = {Immunocytochemical distribution of [Met]enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu immunoreactivity in the rat diencephalon}, journal = {Brain Research Bulletin}, year = {1987}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, pages = {735-741}, note = {Not a tract tracing study i the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023543559&partnerID=40&md5=f6a6ba26da04bc3e490d90585bf8bc51}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(87)90061-X} }
Abe, K.	A study of sensory projection from jaw muscles to the cerebral cortex in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1978	Jpn J Physiol Vol. 28(3), pp. 309-322	article	DOI
Abstract: The sensory projection from jaw muscles to the cerebral cortex have been studied in rats by electrophysiological and histochemical methods. Electrical stimulation of individual masticatory muscles elicited bilateral responses in the cortical areas 8, 10, 2, and 2a. The following pathway was postulated to mediate these cortical responses; impulses of muscle origin are conducted in turn to the trigeminal mesencephalic tract nucleus (TMT), the contralateral thalamic nucleus ventralis posteromedialis (VPM), the cerebral cortex and finally to the other cerebral cortex which is ipsilateral to the side of stimulation. The ipsilateral cortical response appeared about 5 msec later than the contralateral one and was abolished by sectioning the corpus callosum. By stimulating the cerebral cortex antidromically, the conduction time to the VPM was found to be as long as 6 msec. The conduction from the TMT to the contralateral VPM consumed a period of more than 10 msec. It was presumed to be multisynaptic, being based on the finding that horseradish peroxidase injected into the VPM could not be recovered in the contralateral TMT.
BibTeX: @article{Abe:1978, author = {Abe, K.}, title = {A study of sensory projection from jaw muscles to the cerebral cortex in the rat.}, journal = {Jpn J Physiol}, year = {1978}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {309--322}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2170/jjphysiol.28.309} }
Abe, K., Kikuta, J., Kato, M., Ishida, K., Shigenaga, T., Taguchi, K. and Miyatake, T.	Effects of microinjected carbachol on the antinociceptive response to noxious heat stimuli [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin Vol. 26(2), pp. 162-165	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Injecting muscarinic receptor agonists into a specific area of the brainstem produces an antinociceptive response. The present study investigates whether direct injections of the cholinergic agonist, carbachol, into the rat nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRGC)/nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis alpha (NRGCα) of the rostral ventrolateral medulla evokes antinociception, and then examines the interference action of cholinergic antagonists in rats. Microinjections of carbachol (0.75, 1.5, 3 μg/site) prolonged hot plate (HP) and tail flick (TF) responses to noxious heat stimuli in a dose-dependent manner. The level of carbachol-induced antinociception during the HP and TF tests reached a maximum at 5-15 min after carbachol administration in all groups. Thereafter, the peak level progressively decreased and reached the baseline by the end of the experiment. Antinociception induced by carbachol at 3 μg/site was attenuated by the prior administration of the muscarinic receptor antagonist, atropine (200, 500 ng/site). On the other hand, the nicotinic autonomic ganglion blocker, mecamylamine (1, 3 μg/site), did not affect subsequent carbachol-induced antinociception. These results suggest that the antinociceptive effects induced by a microinjection of carbachol depend on muscarinic, but not nicotinic, mechanisms within the rat NRGC/NRGCα. © 2003 Pharmaceutical Society of Japan.
BibTeX: @article{Abe:2003, author = {Abe, K. and Kikuta, J. and Kato, M. and Ishida, K. and Shigenaga, T. and Taguchi, K. and Miyatake, T.}, title = {Effects of microinjected carbachol on the antinociceptive response to noxious heat stimuli}, journal = {Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin}, year = {2003}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {162-165}, note = {Not a tract tracing study i the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0043269371&partnerID=40&md5=ea9c80e9e731ad612d7443b50bb75e9d}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.26.162} }
van Abeelen, J.H.	Genetic control of hippocampal cholinergic and dynorphinergic mechanisms regulating novelty-induced exploratory behavior in house mice. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Experientia Vol. 45(9), pp. 839-845School: Department of Animal Physiology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.	article	DOI
Abstract: Neurobehavioral genetics endeavors to trace the pathways from genetic and environmental determinants to neuroanatomical and neurophysiological systems and, thence, to behavior. Exploiting genetic variation as a tool, the behavioral sequelae of manipulating these neuronal systems by drugs and antisera are analyzed. Apart from research in rats, this paper deals mainly with the genetically-influenced regulation in mice of exploratory behaviors that are adaptive in novel surroundings and are hippocampally-mediated. Special attention is paid to neuropeptidergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic synaptic functions in the mouse hippocampus. The behaviorally different inbred mouse strains C57BL/6 and DBA/2 show opposite reactions (reductions and increases, respectively, in exploration rates) to peripheral and intrahippocampal injections with agents that interfere with peptidergic, cholinergic, and GABAergic neurotransmission. These findings can be explained by an interdependent over-release of opioids, arrested GABA release, and excess acetylcholine in the hippocampal neuronal network of DBA/2 mice, as compared to C57BL/6 mice where these systems are functionally well balanced. Very similar results have been obtained with the lines SRH and SRL, derived from C57BL/6 and DBA/2, and genetically selected for rearing behavior. Most probably, the opioids act to disinhibit exploratory responses. An additional genetic approach is mentioned, in which four inbred mouse strains and one derived heterogeneous stock are used for estimating genetic correlations between structural properties of the hippocampal mossy fibers and levels of hippocampal dynorphin B, on the one hand, and frequencies of exploratory responses to environmental novelty, on the other.
BibTeX: @article{Abeelen:1989a, author = {van Abeelen, J. H.}, title = {Genetic control of hippocampal cholinergic and dynorphinergic mechanisms regulating novelty-induced exploratory behavior in house mice.}, journal = {Experientia}, school = {Department of Animal Physiology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.}, year = {1989}, volume = {45}, number = {9}, pages = {839--845}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01954058} }
Abel, P. and Olavarria, J.	The callosal pattern in striate cortex is more patchy in monocularly enucleated albino than pigmented rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Neurosci Lett Vol. 204(3), pp. 169-172School: Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-1525, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: We investigated the effect of neonatal monocular enucleation on the pattern of interhemispheric connections through the corpus callosum in occipital cortex of pigmented and albino rats. Callosal connections were revealed in tangential sections through the flattened cortex following multiple injections of horseradish peroxidase into the opposite hemisphere. In pigmented rats, we found that monocular enucleation induces the development of an anomalous band-like accumulation of callosal connections in middle portions of striate cortex in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the remaining eye, as reported previously. In one-eyed albino rats, we also found callosal connections anomalously placed in middle portions of striate cortex, but they tended to form several patches of labeling rather than a single continuous band as in pigmented rats. Densitometric analysis of the callosal patterns revealed that this difference between rat strains was statistically significant. The increased patchiness in the callosal pattern of one-eyed albino rats may reflect differences in the ipsilateral retinal projections in albino versus pigmented rats.
BibTeX: @article{Abel:1996, author = {Abel, PL and Olavarria, JF}, title = {The callosal pattern in striate cortex is more patchy in monocularly enucleated albino than pigmented rats.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, school = {Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-1525, USA.}, year = {1996}, volume = {204}, number = {3}, pages = {169--172}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(96)12359-4} }
Abel, R., Bishop, A., Moscoso, G., Spitz, L. and Polak, J.	The ontogeny of innervation of the human pylorus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Journal of Pediatric Surgery Vol. 33(4), pp. 613-618	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to document the vagal innervation and expression of neuropeptides, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in the neuromuscular system of the developing human pylorus. Methods: Specimens of human pylorus (n = 54; age range, 8 weeks' gestation to 6 months postnatal) were studied. Vagal innervation was determined by Dil autofluorescence. A wide range of neuropeptides, NCAM, and the neural isoform of NOS were examined by immunohistochemistry. Results: Vagal innervation was first recognized in the myenteric plexus in the 12-week-old fetus as was vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) expression. Neuropeptides were present from 8 weeks' gestation and appeared to be expressed progressively from the adventitia toward the mucosa and showed an adultlike profile by 23 weeks' gestation. A craniocaudal pattern of expression was noted for VIP and nNOS. Alpha smooth muscle actin was expressed by muscle fibers of the muscularis propria from 8 weeks and the muscularis mucosae by 14 weeks. All the isoforms of NCAM examined were expressed from 8 weeks in the muscularis propria and by 12 weeks in the submucosa. Conclusion: The expression of the antigens studied correlated with the gestational age and development of the pylorus.
BibTeX: @article{Abel:1998, author = {Abel, R.M. and Bishop, A.E. and Moscoso, G. and Spitz, L. and Polak, J.M.}, title = {The ontogeny of innervation of the human pylorus}, journal = {Journal of Pediatric Surgery}, year = {1998}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {613-618}, note = {Not a tract tracing study i the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031895022&partnerID=40&md5=8b05665d04c0c294e3c00a46a8646913}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3468(98)90327-X} }
Ableitner, A., Wüster, M. and Herz, A.	Specific changes in local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat brain induced by acute and chronic diazepam [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Brain Research Vol. 359(1-2), pp. 49-56	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The effect of acute and long term administration of diazepam upon local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) in discrete regions of the central nervous system of the rat was studied by means of a quantitative autoradiographic [14C]2-deoxy-d-glucose technique16. A single injection of diazepam (1.0 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg i.v.) reduced LCGU up to 30% in particular brain areas, such as the lateral and ventral thalamic nuclei, the medial geniculate body and the mamillary body, whereas the activity in many other structures was not significantly altered. That the effects may be mediated via specific benzodiazepine receptors was indicated by the ability of the selective benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 (imidazobenzodiazepine) to attenuate these actions. Rats treated chronically with diazepam (20 mg/kg day for a period of 14 days) still displayed slight reductions of LCGU in certain areas affected acutely such as the lateral thalamic nucleus. In contrast to its effects in rats chronically treated with vehicle, an acute diazepam injection failed to significantly modify LCGU in rats chronically treated with diazepam. Furthermore, in chronic diazepam-treated animals Ro 15-1788 produced an increase of LCGU to values above control levels in those brain regions in which a decrement was seen upon acute diazepam administration to naive rats. These findings indicate an adaptation to and a possible development of physical dependence upon chronic drug treatment. © 1985.
BibTeX: @article{Ableitner:1985, author = {Ableitner, A. and Wüster, M. and Herz, A.}, title = {Specific changes in local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat brain induced by acute and chronic diazepam}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1985}, volume = {359}, number = {1-2}, pages = {49-56}, note = {Not a tract tracing study i the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022402929&partnerID=40&md5=cfd118217f84b41ad95b2819fabc0382}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(85)91411-8} }
Abou-Madi, L., Pontarotti, P., Tramu, G., Cupo, A. and Eybalin, M.	Coexistence of putative neuroactive substances in lateral olivocochlear neurons of rat and guinea pig. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Hear Res Vol. 30(2-3), pp. 135-146School: INSERM-U. 254, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Audition, Hôpital St Charles, Montpellier, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: We have used the retrograde axonal transport of Fast Blue, injected intra-cochlearly, to identify in the rat lateral superior olive (LSO) neurons which belong to the lateral olivocochlear system (LOCS). Using immunohistofluorescence technique, we have localized within Fast Blue-labeled neurons immunostainings for enkephalins (Met-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8), dynorphins (alpha-neo-endorphin, dynorphin 1-17) or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Many Fast Blue-labeled neurons did not show any immunostaining, but all the immunostained neurons found in the LSO were Fast Blue-labeled. In immunohistofluorescence colocalization experiments of two antigens, we could colocalize within the same neurons of the rat LSO immunostainings for ChAT and enkephalins and for ChAT and dynorphins. In each case, neurons only immunostained for ChAT, enkephalins or dynorphins could also be observed. A colocalization of the immunostainings for Met-enkephalin and dynorphins within neurons of the guinea pig and rat LSO was also found. However, in this case, neurons which did not show colocalization were only Met-enkephalin-immunoreactive, thus suggesting that all the dynorphins immunoreactive LSO neurons also contain enkephalins. These findings support the idea that the neurons of the LSO which contain ChAT-, enkephalin- or dynorphin-immunostainings project to the cochlea and belong to the LOCS. It can also be concluded that acetylcholine, enkephalins and dynorphins coexist within a same population of neurons of the LOCS, although other patterns of co-containment of neuroactive substances within LOCS neurons may also exist.
BibTeX: @article{Abou-Madi:1987, author = {L. Abou-Madi and P. Pontarotti and G. Tramu and A. Cupo and M. Eybalin}, title = {Coexistence of putative neuroactive substances in lateral olivocochlear neurons of rat and guinea pig.}, journal = {Hear Res}, school = {INSERM-U. 254, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Audition, Hôpital St Charles, Montpellier, France.}, year = {1987}, volume = {30}, number = {2-3}, pages = {135--146}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(87)90131-6} }
Abou-Madi, L., Pontarotti, P., Tramu, G., Cupo, A. and Eybalin, M.	Coexistence of putative neuroactive substances in lateral olivocochlear neurons of rat and guinea pig. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Hearing research Vol. 30, pp. 135-46	article	DOI
Abstract: We have used the retrograde axonal transport of Fast Blue, injected intra-cochlearly, to identify in the rat lateral superior olive (LSO) neurons which belong to the lateral olivocochlear system (LOCS). Using immunohistofluorescence technique, we have localized within Fast Blue-labeled neurons immunostainings for enkephalins (Met-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8), dynorphins (alpha-neo-endorphin, dynorphin 1-17) or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Many Fast Blue-labeled neurons did not show any immunostaining, but all the immunostained neurons found in the LSO were Fast Blue-labeled. In immunohistofluorescence colocalization experiments of two antigens, we could colocalize within the same neurons of the rat LSO immunostainings for ChAT and enkephalins and for ChAT and dynorphins. In each case, neurons only immunostained for ChAT, enkephalins or dynorphins could also be observed. A colocalization of the immunostainings for Met-enkephalin and dynorphins within neurons of the guinea pig and rat LSO was also found. However, in this case, neurons which did not show colocalization were only Met-enkephalin-immunoreactive, thus suggesting that all the dynorphins immunoreactive LSO neurons also contain enkephalins. These findings support the idea that the neurons of the LSO which contain ChAT-, enkephalin- or dynorphin-immunostainings project to the cochlea and belong to the LOCS. It can also be concluded that acetylcholine, enkephalins and dynorphins coexist within a same population of neurons of the LOCS, although other patterns of co-containment of neuroactive substances within LOCS neurons may also exist.
BibTeX: @article{Abou-Madi:1987a, author = {Abou-Madi, L. and Pontarotti, P. and Tramu, G. and Cupo, A. and Eybalin, M.}, title = {Coexistence of putative neuroactive substances in lateral olivocochlear neurons of rat and guinea pig.}, journal = {Hearing research}, year = {1987}, volume = {30}, pages = {135-46}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(87)90131-6} }
Abraham, I. and Kovacs, K.	Postnatal handling alters the activation of stress-related neuronal circuitries [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	European Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 12(8), pp. 3003-3014	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Postnatal handling, as a crucial early life experience, plays an essential role in the development of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to stress. The impact of postnatal handling on the reactivity of stress-related neuronal circuitries was investigated in animals that were handled for the first 21 days of life and as adults they were exposed to physical (ether) or emotional (restraint) challenge. To assess neuronal activation we relied on the induction of immediate-early gene product c-Fos and analysed its spatial and temporal distribution at various time intervals after stress. Ether and restraint commonly activated parvocellular neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, and resulted in activation of brain areas providing stress-related information to the hypothalamic effector neurons and/or in regions governing autonomic and behavioural responses to stress. Beyond these areas, the strength and timing of c-Fos induction showed stressor specificity in olfactory and septal region, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, hippocampal formation, amygdala and brainstem. Handled rats displayed a lower number of c-Fos-positive cell nuclei and weaker staining intensity than non-handled controls in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, central nucleus of amygdala, hippocampus, piriform cortex and posterior division of the cingulum. Significant differences were revealed in timing of c-Fos induction as a function of stressor and early life experience. Together, these data provide functional anatomical evidence that environmental enrichment in the early postnatal period attenuates the reactivity of stress-related neuronal circuitries in the adult rat brain.
BibTeX: @article{Abraham:2000, author = {Abraham, I.M. and Kovacs, K.J.}, title = {Postnatal handling alters the activation of stress-related neuronal circuitries}, journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2000}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {3003-3014}, note = {Not a tract tracing study i the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033812015&partnerID=40&md5=5ba117adcf2765f5be0da7e66bab6c71}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00176.x} }
Abraham, M., Sánchez-Moreno, R., Cometto-Muñiz, J. and Cain, W.	A quantitative structure-activity analysis on the relative sensitivity of the olfactory and the nasal trigeminal chemosensory systems [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Chemical Senses Vol. 32(7), pp. 711-719	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We have applied a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approach to analyze the chemical parameters that determine the relative sensitivity of olfaction and nasal chemesthesis to a common set of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We used previously reported data on odor detection thresholds (ODTs) and nasal pungency thresholds (NPTs) from 64 VOCs belonging to 7 chemical series (acetate esters, carboxylic acids, alcohols, aliphatic aldehydes, alkylbenzenes, ketones, and terpenes). The analysis tested whether NPTs could be used to separate out "selective" chemosensory effects (i.e., those resting on the transfer of VOCs from the gas phase to the receptor phase) from "specific" chemosensory effects in ODTs. Previous work showed that selective effects overwhelmingly dominate chemesthetic potency whereas both selective and specific effects control olfactory potency. We conclude that it is indeed possible to use NPTs to separate out selective from specific effects in ODTs. Among the series studied, aldehydes and acids, except for formic acid, show clear specific effects in their olfactory potency. Furthermore, for VOCs whose odor potency rests mainly on selective effects, we have developed a QSAR equation that can predict their ODTs based on their NPTs. © The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Abraham:2007, author = {Abraham, M.H. and Sánchez-Moreno, R. and Cometto-Muñiz, J.E. and Cain, W.S.}, title = {A quantitative structure-activity analysis on the relative sensitivity of the olfactory and the nasal trigeminal chemosensory systems}, journal = {Chemical Senses}, year = {2007}, volume = {32}, number = {7}, pages = {711-719}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34548370709&partnerID=40&md5=ab98ddfac73b1809333b2d8f43252989}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjm038} }
Abrahams, T., Liu, W. and Varner, K.	Blockade of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla attenuates the sympathoinhibitory response to cocaine [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol. 279(2), pp. 967-974	article	URL
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla play a role in the sympathoinhibitory response elicited by i.v. administration of cocaine and, if so, to identify the type(s) of receptors involved. Adrenergic antagonists were microinjected bilaterally into the rostral ventrolateral medulla in pentobarbital- anesthetized rats in an attempt to block the decrease in sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) elicited by cocaine (1 mg/kg i.v.). After the bilateral microinjection of saline, cocaine elicited a -56 ± 5% (mean ± S.E.) decrease in SND lasting 36 ± 3 min. Cocaine also increased arterial pressure (21 ± 3 mm Hg). Prior microinjection of the alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist idazoxan (0.3, 3 or 10 nmol) did not alter the magnitude of the sympathoinhibitory response to cocaine; however, the duration of the response was significantly reduced by all 3 doses (range 21 ± 3 to 11 ± 2 min). Similarly, microinjection of the alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist piperoxan (10 nmol) decreased the duration (from 45 ± 8 to 23 ± 4 min), but not the magnitude of the sympathoinhibitory response. Microinjection of either the alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist terazosin (0.24 nmol) or the beta adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol (2 nmol) did not attenuate the decrease in SND elicited by cocaine. The cocaine-mediated pressor response was not affected by any of the antagonist treatments. These data show that the decrease in SND elicited by cocaine is mediated centrally and involves, at least in part, the activation of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla.
BibTeX: @article{Abrahams:1996, author = {Abrahams, T.P. and Liu, W. and Varner, K.J.}, title = {Blockade of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla attenuates the sympathoinhibitory response to cocaine}, journal = {Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics}, year = {1996}, volume = {279}, number = {2}, pages = {967-974}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030433177&partnerID=40&md5=caae63ab9741a8e73640b6e0c67f2654} }
Abrahamson, D.R. and Rodewald, R.	Evidence for the sorting of endocytic vesicle contents during the receptor-mediated transport of IgG across the newborn rat intestine. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	J Cell Biol Vol. 91(1), pp. 270-280	article	DOI
Abstract: Fc receptors on the luminal membranes of intestinal epithelial cells in the neonatal rat mediate the vesicular transfer of functionally intact IgG from the intestinal lumen to the circulation. In addition, there is a low level of nonselective protein uptake, but in this case transfer does not occur. To determine whether a specialized class of endocytic vesicles could account for the selective transfer of IgG, mixtures of IgG conjugated to ferritin (IgG-Ft) and unconjugated horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were injected together into the proximal intestine of 10-d-old rats, and the cellular distribution of these two different tracers was determined by electron microscopy. Virtually all apical endocytic vesicles contained both tracers, indicating simultaneous uptake of both proteins within the same vesicle. However, only IgG-Ft bound to the apical plasma membrane, appeared within coated vesicles at the lateral cell surface, and was released from cells. HRP did not bind to the luminal membrane and was not transferred across cells but was confined to apical lysosomes as identified by acid phosphatase and aryl sulfatase activities. To test the possibility that the binding of IgG to its receptor stimulated endocytosis, HRP was used as a fluid volume tracer, and the amount of HRP taken up by cells in the presence and absence of IgG was measured morphologically and biochemically. The results demonstrate that endocytosis in these cells is constitutive and occurs at the same level in the absence of IgG. The evidence presented indicates that the principal selective mechanism for IgG transfer is the binding of IgG to its receptor during endocytosis. Continued binding to vesicle membranes appears to be required for successful transfer because unbound proteins are removed from the transport pathway before exocytosis. These results favor the proposal that IgG is transferred across cells as an IgG-receptor complex.
BibTeX: @article{Abrahamson:1981, author = {Abrahamson, D. R. and Rodewald, R.}, title = {Evidence for the sorting of endocytic vesicle contents during the receptor-mediated transport of IgG across the newborn rat intestine.}, journal = {J Cell Biol}, year = {1981}, volume = {91}, number = {1}, pages = {270--280}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.91.1.270} }
Abrahamson, E. and Moore, R.	The posterior hypothalamic area: chemoarchitecture and afferent connections. [BibTeX]	2001	Brain Res Vol. 889, pp. 1-22	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Abrahamson:2001, author = {Abrahamson, EE and Moore, RY}, title = {The posterior hypothalamic area: chemoarchitecture and afferent connections.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {2001}, volume = {889}, pages = {1-22}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03015-8} }
Abrahamson, E.E. and Moore, R.Y.	The posterior hypothalamic area: chemoarchitecture and afferent connections. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Brain research Vol. 889, pp. 1-22	article	DOI
Abstract: This study provides an analysis of the chemoarchitecture of the posterior hypothalamic area (PHA) and a retrograde transport analysis of inputs to the PHA in the rat. The chemoarchitectural analysis reveals that the majority of PHA neurons contain glutamate. Hypocretin, melanin concentrating hormone, tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y and gamma-aminobutyric acid are also found in subsets of PHA neurons, and fibers immunoreactive for these substances as well as for serotonin, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and met-enkephalin are observed in the area and aid in the delineation of its borders. The retrograde tracing study demonstrates that the PHA receives input from multiple, diverse neuron populations. Descending projections to the PHA arise from the limbic forebrain (cingulate cortex and lateral septum) and both the medial and lateral hypothalamus. Subcortical visual nuclei, including the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and intergeniculate leaflet, pretectal area, and superior colliculus, and the subthalamus (zona incerta, fields of Forel) also project to the PHA. Ascending projections to the PHA arise from brainstem cholinergic nuclei, the reticular formation, midbrain raphe nuclei, periaqueductal gray and parabrachial nucleus. Retrograde transport studies using the psuedorabies virus (PRV) demonstrate that the PHA receives input indirectly from the hippocampus, amygdala and suprachiasmatic nucleus through circuits including nuclei in the limbic forebrain and hypothalamus. These data suggest that the PHA is important in the neural control of behavioral state, modulating aspects of hippocampal, autonomic and cortical function as they relate to the elaboration of adaptive behavior.
BibTeX: @article{Abrahamson:2001a, author = {Abrahamson, E. E. and Moore, R. Y.}, title = {The posterior hypothalamic area: chemoarchitecture and afferent connections.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {2001}, volume = {889}, pages = {1-22}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03015-8} }
Abramets, I. and Samoilovich, I.	Analysis of two types of dopaminergic responses of neurons of the spinal ganglia of rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology Vol. 21(5), pp. 435-440	article	DOI URL
Abstract: It was established, in experiments on isolated spinal ganglia of adult rats in concluons of intracellular recording, that dopamine (1 μM/liter) elicits depolarized responses in 61% of neurons, hyperpolarized in 20% of neurons, and depolarized-hyperpolarized in 19% of neurons. The depolarized responses are associated with the activation of D1 dopamine receptors, and are governed by the shift of cAMP-dependent cation (sodium) channels to the conducting state. The hyperpolarized responses are triggered by the activation of D2 dopamine receptors, which by means of HTP-binding protein convert the potassium channels to the conducting state. The change in the polarization of neurons with the action of dopamine influences their electrical excitability variously. © 1991 Plenum Publishing Corporation.
BibTeX: @article{Abramets:1991, author = {Abramets, I.I. and Samoilovich, I.M.}, title = {Analysis of two types of dopaminergic responses of neurons of the spinal ganglia of rats}, journal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology}, year = {1991}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {435-440}, note = {Not a tract tracing study i the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026212476&partnerID=40&md5=1e450fef613124f77969ba84640fd6e5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01200278} }
Abrams, J.K., Johnson, P.L., Hay-Schmidt, A., Mikkelsen, J.D., Shekhar, A. and Lowry, C.A.	Serotonergic systems associated with arousal and vigilance behaviors following administration of anxiogenic drugs. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Neuroscience Vol. 133(4), pp. 983-997School: Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Serotonergic systems play important roles in modulating behavioral arousal, including behavioral arousal and vigilance associated with anxiety states. To further our understanding of the neural systems associated with increases in anxiety states, we investigated the effects of multiple anxiogenic drugs on topographically organized subpopulations of serotonergic neurons using double immunohistochemical staining for c-Fos and tryptophan hydroxylase combined with topographical analysis of the rat dorsal raphe nucleus (DR). Anxiogenic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties including the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine, the serotonin 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist m-chlorophenyl piperazine (mCPP), the alpha2-adrenoreceptor antagonist yohimbine, and the benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonist N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG-7142) induced increases in behavioral arousal and vigilance behaviors consistent with an increase in anxiety state. In addition, these anxiogenic drugs, excluding yohimbine, had convergent actions on an anatomically-defined subset of serotonergic neurons within the middle and caudal, dorsal subdivision of the DR. High resolution topographical analysis revealed that at the mid-rostrocaudal level, caffeine and FG-7142 had convergent effects on c-Fos expression in serotonergic neurons that were restricted to a previously undefined region, which we have named the shell region of the dorsal part of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRDSh), that overlaps the anatomical border between the dorsal part of the dorsal raphe nucleus, the ventral part of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRV), and the ventrolateral part of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRVL). Retrograde tracing methods revealed that DRDSh contains large numbers of neurons projecting to the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, a forebrain structure important for emotional appraisal and modulation of anxiety-related physiological and behavioral responses. Together these findings support the hypothesis that there is a functional topographical organization in the DR and are consistent with the hypothesis that anxiogenic drugs have selective actions on a subpopulation of serotonergic neurons projecting to a distributed central autonomic and emotional motor control system regulating anxiety states and anxiety-related physiological and behavioral responses.
BibTeX: @article{Abrams:2005, author = {J. K. Abrams and P. L. Johnson and A. Hay-Schmidt and J. D. Mikkelsen and A. Shekhar and C. A. Lowry}, title = {Serotonergic systems associated with arousal and vigilance behaviors following administration of anxiogenic drugs.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.}, year = {2005}, volume = {133}, number = {4}, pages = {983--997}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.025}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.025} }
Abrams, J.K., Johnson, P.L., Hollis, J.H. and Lowry, C.A.	Anatomic and functional topography of the dorsal raphe nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Ann N Y Acad Sci Vol. 1018, pp. 46-57School: University Research Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Bristol, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom. J.K.Abrams@bristol.ac.uk	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Serotonergic systems play an important and generalized role in regulation of sleep-wake states and behavioral arousal. Recent in vivo electrophysiologic recording studies in animals suggest that several different subtypes of serotonergic neurons with unique behavioral correlates exist within the brainstem raphe nuclei, raising the possibility that topographically organized subpopulations of serotonergic neurons may have unique behavioral or physiologic correlates and unique functional properties. We have shown that the stress-related and anxiogenic neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor can stimulate the in vitro neuronal firing rates of topographically organized subpopulations of serotonergic neurons within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR). These findings are consistent with a wealth of behavioral studies suggesting that serotonergic systems within the DR are involved in the modulation of ongoing anxiety-related behavior and in behavioral sensitization, a process whereby anxiety- and fear- related behavioral responses are sensitized for a period of up to 24 to 48 h. The dorsomedial subdivision of the DR, particularly its middle and caudal aspects, has attracted considerable attention as a region that may play a critical role in the regulation of acute and chronic anxiety states. Future studies aimed at characterization of the molecular and cellular properties of topographically organized subpopulations of serotonergic neurons are likely to lead to major advances in our understanding of the role of serotonergic systems in stress-related physiology and behavior.
BibTeX: @article{Abrams:2004, author = {Abrams, Jolane K. and Johnson, Philip L. and Hollis, Jacob H. and Lowry, Christopher A.}, title = {Anatomic and functional topography of the dorsal raphe nucleus.}, journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci}, school = {University Research Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Bristol, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom. J.K.Abrams@bristol.ac.uk}, year = {2004}, volume = {1018}, pages = {46--57}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1296.005}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1296.005} }
de Abreu, S., Lenhard, A., Mehanna, A., de Souza, H., de Aguiar Correa, F., Hasser, E. and Martins-Pinge, M.	Role of paraventricular nucleus in exercise training-induced autonomic modulation in conscious rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical Vol. 148(1-2), pp. 28-35	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is an important site for autonomic regulation, where gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system plays an important role. The central mechanisms underlying modulatory effects of exercise training have yet to be characterized. Our objective was to analyze the effects on the autonomic modulation and hemodynamic parameters after bicuculline or muscimol injections into the PVN of sedentary (control, C) and previously submitted to swimming training (ST) rats. After ST protocol, adult male Wistar rats, instrumented with guide cannulas to PVN and femoral artery and vein catheters were submitted to mean arterial pressure (MAP) recording. The exercise training reduced the LF oscillations in normalized units and increased the HF oscillations in absolute and normalized units. Compared with the C group, muscimol microinjections in the ST group promoted a higher decrease in MAP (C = - 14 ± 1 vs. ST = - 28 ± 4 mm Hg). Spectral analysis of HR ( pulse interval) showed that the muscimol microinjections also reduced LF and HF oscillations in absolute units in both groups. Bicuculline microinjections increased the systolic arterial pressure (C = 155 ± 5, ST = 164 ± 5 mm Hg) in ST compared with the C group. Bicuculline injections also increased the LF oscillations of HR in absolute units in C and ST groups. Meanwhile, in normalized units only the ST group showed an increase in the LF oscillations. Our data showed that PVN has an important role in autonomic modulation after exercise training. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Abreu:2009, author = {de Abreu, S.B. and Lenhard, A. and Mehanna, A. and de Souza, H.C.D. and de Aguiar Correa, F.M. and Hasser, E.M. and Martins-Pinge, M.C.}, title = {Role of paraventricular nucleus in exercise training-induced autonomic modulation in conscious rats}, journal = {Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical}, year = {2009}, volume = {148}, number = {1-2}, pages = {28-35}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67349274734&partnerID=40&md5=b43ffcfabbe5b303a395c24888933b37}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2009.02.007} }
Abrous, D., Choulli, K., Rouge-Pont, F., Simon, H., Le Moal, M. and Herman, J.	Effects of intracerebral dopaminergic grafts on behavioural deficits induced by neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the mesotelencephalic dopaminergic pathway [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Neuroscience Vol. 54(2), pp. 499-511	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The functional capabilities of dopamine neuron-rich grafts implanted into the accumbens and striatal regions in neonatal rats were evaluated in a series of behavioural tests. The ascending mesotelencephalic dopaminergic system of three-day-old rat pups was bilaterally lesioned by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine at the level of the lateral hypothalamus. Five days later a suspension containing dopaminergic neurons obtained from embryonic day 14 mesencephali was injected bilaterally into the striatal complex. The functional effects of such grafts were evaluated using behavioural tests for which it was known that the performance of the animals is changed following the lesion of the mesotelencephalic pathway and for which the influence of dopaminergic grafts implanted into adult hosts have previously been described. The dopamine-rich grafts compensated for the modifications of the locomotor responsiveness to amphetamine and apomorphine induced by neonatal dopamine depletion. However, the grafts were unable to restore more complex behaviours such as hoarding for food pellets, schedule-induced polydipsia and learning behaviours. Moreover, the neonatal transplants induced additional deficits such as catalepsia, nocturnal hyperactivity and day-time hyperactivity during food deprivation. It was concluded that, at least in the present paradigm, the implantation into neonatal brain does not lead to any greater functional recovery than that observed after implantation during adulthood. © 1993.
BibTeX: @article{Abrous:1993, author = {Abrous, D.N. and Choulli, K. and Rouge-Pont, F. and Simon, H. and Le Moal, M. and Herman, J.P.}, title = {Effects of intracerebral dopaminergic grafts on behavioural deficits induced by neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the mesotelencephalic dopaminergic pathway}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1993}, volume = {54}, number = {2}, pages = {499-511}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027151877&partnerID=40&md5=73e7dfee45d41298a3381f050fea612f}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(93)90269-L} }
Abrous, D., Rivet, J., Le Moal, M. and Herman, J.	Similar post-lesion receptor readjustments following the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the dopaminergic mesotelencephalic system in neonatal and adult rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Brain Research Vol. 526(2), pp. 195-202	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The ascending dopaminergic system of adult or 3-day-old rats has been unilaterally lesioned by the intraparenchymal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine aimed at the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the level of the lateral hypothalamus. Nigral dopaminergic neurons disappeared following the lesion on the lesioned side in both experimental groups while the depletion of the ventral tegmental area was less extensive, especially following the neonatal lesion. Striatal regions were markedly depleted of their dopaminergic innervation, although the magnitude of the depletion was slightly higher following the adult stage lesion as judged on the basis of biochemical measurements (99% vs. 96%). Amphetamine (5 mg/kg) evoked an identical ipsilateral rotational response in both experimental groups. Moreover, this rotational response was blocked both by the specific D1 receptor blocker SCH-23390 (0.1 mg/kg) and the specific D2 receptor antagonist raclopride (2 mg/kg). Likewise, contralateral rotational responses to the directly acting D1 and D2 dopamine receptor agonists SKF-38393 (2.5 mg/kg) and LY-171555 (0.15 mg/kg) were similar in both experimental groups, both qualitatively and quantitatively. These results confirm conclusions obtained in earlier works, and indicate that reported differences in behavioral deficits between animals lesioned as neonates or adults are not related to differing modifications of striatal DA receptor sensitivities. © 1990.
BibTeX: @article{Abrous:1990, author = {Abrous, D.N. and Rivet, J.M. and Le Moal, M. and Herman, J.P.}, title = {Similar post-lesion receptor readjustments following the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the dopaminergic mesotelencephalic system in neonatal and adult rats}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1990}, volume = {526}, number = {2}, pages = {195-202}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024992672&partnerID=40&md5=986266c32e3954143d20f03160f75a33}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(90)91221-2} }
Abrous, D., Simon, H. and Le Moal, M.	Administration of amphetamine does not increase the functional efficacy of dopaminergic grafts made in infancy [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Brain Research Vol. 708(1-2), pp. 21-28	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Previous reports have evoked the possibility that a priming stimulation of grafted dopaminergic (DA) neurones by amphetamine enhances their efficacy in behavioural tests performed several days later. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis. Five days after the unilateral destruction of the DA mesotelencephalic system of 3-day-old rat pups, DA grafts were implanted into the denervated neostriatum of half of the lesioned pups. At adulthood, lesion and graft groups were subdivided into 4 subgroups which received one of the following treatments: saline or amphetamine injection in an environment where the behavioural test was subsequently conducted (paired environment) or in an unrelated environment (unpaired environment). Five days later, rotational response to a tail-pinch stress was tested in the paired environment. In these conditions, we found no evidence for a priming effect of amphetamine. Animals that received amphetamine or saline in the unpaired environment displayed the same rotational response to the tail-pinch stress. On the other hand, a conditioning influence of the environment was detected. Thus, the effect previously described might have been caused by a conditioning effect and/or might be due to differences in the experimental conditions. This suggests that 'priming' the graft with amphetamine does not provide a general strategy to enhance the functional efficacy of DA grafts.
BibTeX: @article{Abrous:1996, author = {Abrous, D.N. and Simon, H. and Le Moal, M.}, title = {Administration of amphetamine does not increase the functional efficacy of dopaminergic grafts made in infancy}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1996}, volume = {708}, number = {1-2}, pages = {21-28}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030063456&partnerID=40&md5=0830e67433b2d3e20906a0de544fd138}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)01246-X} }
Abuirmeileh, A., Lever, R., Kingsbury, A., Lees, A., Locke, I., Knight, R., Chowdrey, H., Biggs, C. and Whitton, P.	The corticotrophin-releasing factor-like peptide urocortin reverses key deficits in two rodent models of Parkinson's disease [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	European Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 26(2), pp. 417-423	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The potential neuroprotective action of the corticotrophin-releasing factor-related peptide urocortin (UCN) was investigated in the rat 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) paradigms of Parkinson's disease. UCN (20 fmol) was either given at the same time as (T = 0) or 7 days after (T = +7) intracerebral 6-OHDA or LPS injection. At 14 days after 6-OHDA or LPS injection, circling behaviour was measured following apomorphine challenge. Circling was significantly lower in rats given UCN at either T = 0 or T = +7 compared with animals given 6-OHDA or LPS and vehicle. Sham-treated rats showed no circling. Consistent with these observations, striatal dopamine concentrations were markedly higher in 6-OHDA/LPS + UCN rats vs. 6-OHDA/LPS + vehicle groups. Additionally, l-dihydroxyphenylalanine production by tyrosine hydroxylase was greatly reduced in the striata of 6-OHDA/LPS + vehicle rats, whereas this was not the case in rats coadministered UCN. Finally, the numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells recorded in the substantia nigra of 6-OHDA/LPS + vehicle-treated animals were markedly lower than those of sham-operated or 6-OHDA/LPS + UCN rats. Critically, UCN was effective in reversing lesion-induced deficits when given either at the same time as or 7 days after the neurotoxic insult. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such an effect has been demonstrated in vivo. The apparent ability of UCN to arrest the progression of or even reverse nigral lesions once established suggests that pharmacological manipulation of this system could have substantial therapeutic utility. © The Authors (2007).
BibTeX: @article{Abuirmeileh:2007, author = {Abuirmeileh, A. and Lever, R. and Kingsbury, A.E. and Lees, A.J. and Locke, I.C. and Knight, R.A. and Chowdrey, H.S. and Biggs, C.S. and Whitton, P.S.}, title = {The corticotrophin-releasing factor-like peptide urocortin reverses key deficits in two rodent models of Parkinson's disease}, journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2007}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {417-423}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34447624725&partnerID=40&md5=f4d9d760a15c0ebee033bc4eba91c0e2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05653.x} }
Abul, H.T., Mathew, T.C., Abul, F., Al-Sayer, H. and Dashti, H.M.	Antioxidant enzyme level in the testes of cirrhotic rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Nutrition Vol. 18(1), pp. 56-59School: Department of Pharmacology, Kuwait University Health Sciences Center, Safat, Kuwait.	article	DOI
Abstract: An understanding of the tissue and organ level of antioxidant enzymes that scavenge reactive oxygen species may provide an indication of their susceptibility to free radical-related cytotoxic damage. A direct association between testicular production of excessive reactive oxygen species and male infertility has been noted. We measured the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the testes of thioacetamide-induced cirrhotic rats.Antioxidant enzyme activities and trace element levels (copper, zinc, manganese, and selenium) in the testes of thioacetamide-induced cirrhotic and control rats were measured. The statistical difference between the experimental and control groups with regard to the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and levels of trace elements was analyzed with Student's t test.Our results showed a significant decrease in the activity of these enzymes in the testes of cirrhotic rats. The testicular levels of copper, zinc, and manganese, which are associated with these antioxidant enzymes, increased, whereas selenium decreased slightly in cirrhotic rats; that decrease was not statistically significant.Our studies showed a drastic decrease in the level of antioxidant enzymes in the testes of cirrhotic rats that could have deleterious effects on sperm function in these animals. Further studies are necessary to understand the exact pathways of trace element metabolism in the testes of cirrhotic rats.
BibTeX: @article{Abul:2002, author = {Abul, Habib T. and Mathew, T Chacko and Abul, Fawzi and Al-Sayer, Hilal and Dashti, Hussein M.}, title = {Antioxidant enzyme level in the testes of cirrhotic rats.}, journal = {Nutrition}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, Kuwait University Health Sciences Center, Safat, Kuwait.}, year = {2002}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {56--59}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00743-2} }
Acarin, L., Gonzalez, B., Castellano, B. and Castro, A.J.	Microglial response to N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated excitotoxicity in the immature rat brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 367, pp. 361-74	article
Abstract: The intracerebral injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) has been proposed as a model for hypoxic-ischemic insult in the immature brain. In this light, the aim of this study was to describe the time course of the microglial reaction in the areas undergoing primary degeneration at the site of intracortical NMDA injection as well as in areas undergoing secondary anterograde and/or retrograde degeneration. Fifty nanomoles of NMDA were injected in the sensorimotor cortex of 6-day-old rats. After survival times ranging from 10 hours to 28 days, cryostat sections were stained for routine histology and for the demonstration of microglial cells by means of tomato lectin histochemistry. The areas affected by primary degeneration caused by the intracortical injection of NMDA were the neocortex, the hippocampus, and the rostral thalamus. Secondary degeneration (retrograde and anterograde) was observed in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus. The cortical lesion also caused Wallerian degeneration of the cortical descending efferents as observed in the basilar pons. Microglial reactivity in all these areas was present at 10 hours postinjection and was restricted to the areas undergoing neuronal or axonal degeneration. Reactive microglial cells were stained intensely and showed a round or pseudopodic morphology. At 3 days, an apparent increase in the number of tomato lectin-positive cells was observed in the areas undergoing neuronal death. By 7 days after the injection, the lesion became nonprogressive, and by 14 and 28 days, microglial cells showed moderate lectin binding and a more ramified morphology.
BibTeX: @article{Acarin:1996b, author = {Acarin, L. and Gonzalez, B. and Castellano, B. and Castro, A. J.}, title = {Microglial response to N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated excitotoxicity in the immature rat brain.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1996}, volume = {367}, pages = {361-74}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Acarin, L., González, B., Castellano, B. and Castro, A.J.	Microglial response to N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated excitotoxicity in the immature rat brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	J Comp Neurol Vol. 367(3), pp. 361-374School: Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The intracerebral injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) has been proposed as a model for hypoxic-ischemic insult in the immature brain. In this light, the aim of this study was to describe the time course of the microglial reaction in the areas undergoing primary degeneration at the site of intracortical NMDA injection as well as in areas undergoing secondary anterograde and/or retrograde degeneration. Fifty nanomoles of NMDA were injected in the sensorimotor cortex of 6-day-old rats. After survival times ranging from 10 hours to 28 days, cryostat sections were stained for routine histology and for the demonstration of microglial cells by means of tomato lectin histochemistry. The areas affected by primary degeneration caused by the intracortical injection of NMDA were the neocortex, the hippocampus, and the rostral thalamus. Secondary degeneration (retrograde and anterograde) was observed in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus. The cortical lesion also caused Wallerian degeneration of the cortical descending efferents as observed in the basilar pons. Microglial reactivity in all these areas was present at 10 hours postinjection and was restricted to the areas undergoing neuronal or axonal degeneration. Reactive microglial cells were stained intensely and showed a round or pseudopodic morphology. At 3 days, an apparent increase in the number of tomato lectin-positive cells was observed in the areas undergoing neuronal death. By 7 days after the injection, the lesion became nonprogressive, and by 14 and 28 days, microglial cells showed moderate lectin binding and a more ramified morphology.
BibTeX: @article{Acarin:1996, author = {L. Acarin and B. González and B. Castellano and A. J. Castro}, title = {Microglial response to N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated excitotoxicity in the immature rat brain.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.}, year = {1996}, volume = {367}, number = {3}, pages = {361--374}, note = {Not a tract tracing experiment in the rat. NMDA injection. Degeneration / lesion experiment. Hypoxic insult.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-3}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-3} }
Acarin, L., González, B., Castellano, B. and Castro, A.J.	Microglial response to N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated excitotoxicity in the immature rat brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	J Comp Neurol Vol. 367(3), pp. 361-374School: Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The intracerebral injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) has been proposed as a model for hypoxic-ischemic insult in the immature brain. In this light, the aim of this study was to describe the time course of the microglial reaction in the areas undergoing primary degeneration at the site of intracortical NMDA injection as well as in areas undergoing secondary anterograde and/or retrograde degeneration. Fifty nanomoles of NMDA were injected in the sensorimotor cortex of 6-day-old rats. After survival times ranging from 10 hours to 28 days, cryostat sections were stained for routine histology and for the demonstration of microglial cells by means of tomato lectin histochemistry. The areas affected by primary degeneration caused by the intracortical injection of NMDA were the neocortex, the hippocampus, and the rostral thalamus. Secondary degeneration (retrograde and anterograde) was observed in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus. The cortical lesion also caused Wallerian degeneration of the cortical descending efferents as observed in the basilar pons. Microglial reactivity in all these areas was present at 10 hours postinjection and was restricted to the areas undergoing neuronal or axonal degeneration. Reactive microglial cells were stained intensely and showed a round or pseudopodic morphology. At 3 days, an apparent increase in the number of tomato lectin-positive cells was observed in the areas undergoing neuronal death. By 7 days after the injection, the lesion became nonprogressive, and by 14 and 28 days, microglial cells showed moderate lectin binding and a more ramified morphology.
BibTeX: @article{Acarin:1996a, author = {Acarin, L. and González, B. and Castellano, B. and Castro, A. J.}, title = {Microglial response to N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated excitotoxicity in the immature rat brain.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.}, year = {1996}, volume = {367}, number = {3}, pages = {361--374}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-3}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-3} }
Accolla, R., Bathellier, B., Petersen, C.C.H. and Carleton, A.	Differential spatial representation of taste modalities in the rat gustatory cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	J Neurosci Vol. 27(6), pp. 1396-1404School: Flavour Perception Group, Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Discrimination between foods is crucial for the nutrition and survival of animals. Remarkable progress has been made through molecular and genetic manipulations in the understanding of the coding of taste at the receptor level. However, much less is known about the cortical processing of taste sensation and the organizing principles of the gustatory cortex (GC). Using genetic tracing, it has recently been shown that sweet and bitter taste are processed through segregated neuronal circuitries along the gustatory pathway up to the cortical level. This is in disagreement with the evidence that GC neurons recorded in both anesthetized and behaving animals responded to multiple taste modalities (including sweet and bitter). To investigate the functional architecture of the GC in regard to taste modalities, we used in vivo intrinsic optical imaging, a technique that has been successfully applied to explore the organization of other neocortical regions. We found that four of the primary taste modalities (sweet, bitter, salty, and sour) are represented by distinctive spatial patterns but that no region was specific to a single modality. In addition, we found that two tastants of similar hedonic value (pleasant or unpleasant) activated areas with more common regions than two tastants with opposite hedonic value. In summary, we propose that these specific cortical patterns can be used to discriminate among various tastants.
BibTeX: @article{Accolla:2007, author = {Riccardo Accolla and Brice Bathellier and Carl C H Petersen and Alan Carleton}, title = {Differential spatial representation of taste modalities in the rat gustatory cortex.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Flavour Perception Group, Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.}, year = {2007}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {1396--1404}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5188-06.2007}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5188-06.2007} }
Accolla, R., Bathellier, B., Petersen, C.C.H. and Carleton, A.	Differential spatial representation of taste modalities in the rat gustatory cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Vol. 27, pp. 1396-404	article	DOI
Abstract: Discrimination between foods is crucial for the nutrition and survival of animals. Remarkable progress has been made through molecular and genetic manipulations in the understanding of the coding of taste at the receptor level. However, much less is known about the cortical processing of taste sensation and the organizing principles of the gustatory cortex (GC). Using genetic tracing, it has recently been shown that sweet and bitter taste are processed through segregated neuronal circuitries along the gustatory pathway up to the cortical level. This is in disagreement with the evidence that GC neurons recorded in both anesthetized and behaving animals responded to multiple taste modalities (including sweet and bitter). To investigate the functional architecture of the GC in regard to taste modalities, we used in vivo intrinsic optical imaging, a technique that has been successfully applied to explore the organization of other neocortical regions. We found that four of the primary taste modalities (sweet, bitter, salty, and sour) are represented by distinctive spatial patterns but that no region was specific to a single modality. In addition, we found that two tastants of similar hedonic value (pleasant or unpleasant) activated areas with more common regions than two tastants with opposite hedonic value. In summary, we propose that these specific cortical patterns can be used to discriminate among various tastants.
BibTeX: @article{Accolla:2007a, author = {Accolla, Riccardo and Bathellier, Brice and Petersen, Carl C. H. and Carleton, Alan}, title = {Differential spatial representation of taste modalities in the rat gustatory cortex.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, year = {2007}, volume = {27}, pages = {1396-404}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5188-06.2007} }
Accorsi-Mendonca, D., Almado, C.E.L., Bonagamba, L.G.H., Castania, J.A., Moraes, D.J.A. and Machado, B.H.	Enhanced Firing in NTS Induced by Short-Term Sustained Hypoxia Is Modulated by Glia-Neuron Interaction. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Vol. 35, pp. 6903-17	article	DOI
Abstract: Humans ascending to high altitudes are submitted to sustained hypoxia (SH), activating peripheral chemoreflex with several autonomic and respiratory responses. Here we analyzed the effect of short-term SH (24 h, FIO210%) on the processing of cardiovascular and respiratory reflexes using an in situ preparation of rats. SH increased both the sympatho-inhibitory and bradycardiac components of baroreflex and the sympathetic and respiratory responses of peripheral chemoreflex. Electrophysiological properties and synaptic transmission in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons, the first synaptic station of afferents of baroreflexes and chemoreflexes, were evaluated using brainstem slices and whole-cell patch-clamp. The second-order NTS neurons were identified by previous application of fluorescent tracer onto carotid body for chemoreceptor afferents or onto aortic depressor nerve for baroreceptor afferents. SH increased the intrinsic excitability of NTS neurons. Delayed excitation, caused by A-type potassium current (IKA), was observed in most of NTS neurons from control rats. The IKA amplitude was higher in identified second-order NTS neurons from control than in SH rats. SH also blunted the astrocytic inhibition of IKA in NTS neurons and increased the synaptic transmission in response to afferent fibers stimulation. The frequency of spontaneous excitatory currents was also increased in neurons from SH rats, indicating that SH increased the neurotransmission by presynaptic mechanisms. Therefore, short-term SH changed the glia-neuron interaction, increasing the excitability and excitatory transmission of NTS neurons, which may contribute to the observed increase in the reflex sensitivity of baroreflex and chemoreflex in in situ preparation.
BibTeX: @article{Accorsi-Mendonca:2015a, author = {Accorsi-Mendonca, Daniela and Almado, Carlos E. L. and Bonagamba, Leni G. H. and Castania, Jaci A. and Moraes, Davi J. A. and Machado, Benedito H.}, title = {Enhanced Firing in NTS Induced by Short-Term Sustained Hypoxia Is Modulated by Glia-Neuron Interaction.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, year = {2015}, volume = {35}, pages = {6903-17}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4598-14.2015} }
Accorsi-Mendonça, D., Almado, C.E.L., Bonagamba, L.G.H., Castania, J.A., Moraes, D.J.A. and Machado, B.H.	Enhanced Firing in NTS Induced by Short-Term Sustained Hypoxia Is Modulated by Glia-Neuron Interaction. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	J Neurosci Vol. 35(17), pp. 6903-6917School: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Humans ascending to high altitudes are submitted to sustained hypoxia (SH), activating peripheral chemoreflex with several autonomic and respiratory responses. Here we analyzed the effect of short-term SH (24 h, FIO210 on the processing of cardiovascular and respiratory reflexes using an in situ preparation of rats. SH increased both the sympatho-inhibitory and bradycardiac components of baroreflex and the sympathetic and respiratory responses of peripheral chemoreflex. Electrophysiological properties and synaptic transmission in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons, the first synaptic station of afferents of baroreflexes and chemoreflexes, were evaluated using brainstem slices and whole-cell patch-clamp. The second-order NTS neurons were identified by previous application of fluorescent tracer onto carotid body for chemoreceptor afferents or onto aortic depressor nerve for baroreceptor afferents. SH increased the intrinsic excitability of NTS neurons. Delayed excitation, caused by A-type potassium current (IKA), was observed in most of NTS neurons from control rats. The IKA amplitude was higher in identified second-order NTS neurons from control than in SH rats. SH also blunted the astrocytic inhibition of IKA in NTS neurons and increased the synaptic transmission in response to afferent fibers stimulation. The frequency of spontaneous excitatory currents was also increased in neurons from SH rats, indicating that SH increased the neurotransmission by presynaptic mechanisms. Therefore, short-term SH changed the glia-neuron interaction, increasing the excitability and excitatory transmission of NTS neurons, which may contribute to the observed increase in the reflex sensitivity of baroreflex and chemoreflex in in situ preparation.
BibTeX: @article{Accorsi-Mendonca:2015, author = {Accorsi-Mendonça, Daniela and Almado, Carlos E L. and Bonagamba, Leni G H. and Castania, Jaci A. and Moraes, Davi J A. and Machado, Benedito H.}, title = {Enhanced Firing in NTS Induced by Short-Term Sustained Hypoxia Is Modulated by Glia-Neuron Interaction.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.}, year = {2015}, volume = {35}, number = {17}, pages = {6903--6917}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4598-14.2015}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4598-14.2015} }
Accorsi-Mendonca, D., Bonagamba, L.G.H., Leao, R.M. and Machado, B.H.	Are L-glutamate and ATP cotransmitters of the peripheral chemoreflex in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Experimental physiology Vol. 94, pp. 38-45	article	DOI
Abstract: Peripheral chemoreflex activation in awake rats or in the working heart-brainstem preparation (WHBP) produces sympathoexcitation, bradycardia and an increase in the frequency of phrenic nerve activity. Our focus is the neurotransmission of the sympathoexcitatory component of the chemoreflex within the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS), and recently we verified that the simultaneous antagonism of ionotropic glutamate and purinergic P(2) receptors in the NTS blocked the pressor response and increased thoracic sympathetic activity in awake rats and WHBP, respectively, in response to peripheral chemoreflex activation. These previous data suggested the involvement of ATP and L-glutamate in the NTS in the processing of the sympathoexcitatory component of the chemoreflex by unknown mechanisms. For a better understanding of these mechanisms, here we used a patch-clamp approach in brainstem slices to evaluate the characteristics of the synaptic transmission of NTS neurons sending projections to the ventral medulla, which include the premotor neurons involved in the generation of the sympathetic outflow. The NTS neurons sending projections to the ventral medulla were identified by previous microinjection of the membrane tracer dye, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), in the ventral medulla and the spontaneous (sEPSCs) and tractus solitarius (TS)-evoked excitatory postsynaptic current (TS-eEPSCs) were recorded using patch clamp. With this approach, we made the following observations on NTS neurons projecting to the ventral medulla: (i) the sEPSCs and TS-eEPSCs of DiI-labelled NTS neurons were completely abolished by 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3(1H,4H)-dione (DNQX), an antagonist of ionotropic non-NMDA glutamatergic receptors, showing that they are mediated by L-glutamate; (ii) application of ATP increased the frequency of appearance of spontaneous glutamatergic currents, reflecting an increased exocytosis of glutamatergic vesicles; and (iii) ATP decreased the peak of TS-evoked glutamatergic currents. We conclude that L-glutamate is the main neurotransmitter of spontaneous and TS-evoked synaptic activities in the NTS neurons projecting to the ventral medulla and that ATP has a dual modulatory role on this excitatory transmission, facilitating the spontaneous glutamatergic transmission and inhibiting the TS-evoked glutamatergic transmission. These data also suggest that ATP is not acting as a cotransmitter with L-glutamate, at least at the level of this subpopulation of NTS neurons studied.
BibTeX: @article{Accorsi-Mendonca:2009b, author = {Accorsi-Mendonca, Daniela and Bonagamba, Leni G. H. and Leao, Ricardo M. and Machado, Benedito H.}, title = {Are L-glutamate and ATP cotransmitters of the peripheral chemoreflex in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius?}, journal = {Experimental physiology}, year = {2009}, volume = {94}, pages = {38-45}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2008.043653} }
Accorsi-Mendonça, D., Bonagamba, L.G.H., Leão, R.M. and Machado, B.H.	Are L-glutamate and ATP cotransmitters of the peripheral chemoreflex in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Exp Physiol Vol. 94(1), pp. 38-45School: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Peripheral chemoreflex activation in awake rats or in the working heart-brainstem preparation (WHBP) produces sympathoexcitation, bradycardia and an increase in the frequency of phrenic nerve activity. Our focus is the neurotransmission of the sympathoexcitatory component of the chemoreflex within the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS), and recently we verified that the simultaneous antagonism of ionotropic glutamate and purinergic P(2) receptors in the NTS blocked the pressor response and increased thoracic sympathetic activity in awake rats and WHBP, respectively, in response to peripheral chemoreflex activation. These previous data suggested the involvement of ATP and L-glutamate in the NTS in the processing of the sympathoexcitatory component of the chemoreflex by unknown mechanisms. For a better understanding of these mechanisms, here we used a patch-clamp approach in brainstem slices to evaluate the characteristics of the synaptic transmission of NTS neurons sending projections to the ventral medulla, which include the premotor neurons involved in the generation of the sympathetic outflow. The NTS neurons sending projections to the ventral medulla were identified by previous microinjection of the membrane tracer dye, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), in the ventral medulla and the spontaneous (sEPSCs) and tractus solitarius (TS)-evoked excitatory postsynaptic current (TS-eEPSCs) were recorded using patch clamp. With this approach, we made the following observations on NTS neurons projecting to the ventral medulla: (i) the sEPSCs and TS-eEPSCs of DiI-labelled NTS neurons were completely abolished by 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3(1H,4H)-dione (DNQX), an antagonist of ionotropic non-NMDA glutamatergic receptors, showing that they are mediated by L-glutamate; (ii) application of ATP increased the frequency of appearance of spontaneous glutamatergic currents, reflecting an increased exocytosis of glutamatergic vesicles; and (iii) ATP decreased the peak of TS-evoked glutamatergic currents. We conclude that L-glutamate is the main neurotransmitter of spontaneous and TS-evoked synaptic activities in the NTS neurons projecting to the ventral medulla and that ATP has a dual modulatory role on this excitatory transmission, facilitating the spontaneous glutamatergic transmission and inhibiting the TS-evoked glutamatergic transmission. These data also suggest that ATP is not acting as a cotransmitter with L-glutamate, at least at the level of this subpopulation of NTS neurons studied.
BibTeX: @article{Accorsi-Mendonca:2009, author = {Daniela Accorsi-Mendonça and Leni G H Bonagamba and Ricardo M Leão and Benedito H Machado}, title = {Are L-glutamate and ATP cotransmitters of the peripheral chemoreflex in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius?}, journal = {Exp Physiol}, school = {Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.}, year = {2009}, volume = {94}, number = {1}, pages = {38--45}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2008.043653}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2008.043653} }
Accorsi-Mendonça, D., Bonagamba, L.G.H., Leão, R.M. and Machado, B.H.	Are L-glutamate and ATP cotransmitters of the peripheral chemoreflex in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Exp Physiol Vol. 94(1), pp. 38-45School: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Peripheral chemoreflex activation in awake rats or in the working heart-brainstem preparation (WHBP) produces sympathoexcitation, bradycardia and an increase in the frequency of phrenic nerve activity. Our focus is the neurotransmission of the sympathoexcitatory component of the chemoreflex within the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS), and recently we verified that the simultaneous antagonism of ionotropic glutamate and purinergic P(2) receptors in the NTS blocked the pressor response and increased thoracic sympathetic activity in awake rats and WHBP, respectively, in response to peripheral chemoreflex activation. These previous data suggested the involvement of ATP and L-glutamate in the NTS in the processing of the sympathoexcitatory component of the chemoreflex by unknown mechanisms. For a better understanding of these mechanisms, here we used a patch-clamp approach in brainstem slices to evaluate the characteristics of the synaptic transmission of NTS neurons sending projections to the ventral medulla, which include the premotor neurons involved in the generation of the sympathetic outflow. The NTS neurons sending projections to the ventral medulla were identified by previous microinjection of the membrane tracer dye, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), in the ventral medulla and the spontaneous (sEPSCs) and tractus solitarius (TS)-evoked excitatory postsynaptic current (TS-eEPSCs) were recorded using patch clamp. With this approach, we made the following observations on NTS neurons projecting to the ventral medulla: (i) the sEPSCs and TS-eEPSCs of DiI-labelled NTS neurons were completely abolished by 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3(1H,4H)-dione (DNQX), an antagonist of ionotropic non-NMDA glutamatergic receptors, showing that they are mediated by L-glutamate; (ii) application of ATP increased the frequency of appearance of spontaneous glutamatergic currents, reflecting an increased exocytosis of glutamatergic vesicles; and (iii) ATP decreased the peak of TS-evoked glutamatergic currents. We conclude that L-glutamate is the main neurotransmitter of spontaneous and TS-evoked synaptic activities in the NTS neurons projecting to the ventral medulla and that ATP has a dual modulatory role on this excitatory transmission, facilitating the spontaneous glutamatergic transmission and inhibiting the TS-evoked glutamatergic transmission. These data also suggest that ATP is not acting as a cotransmitter with L-glutamate, at least at the level of this subpopulation of NTS neurons studied.
BibTeX: @article{Accorsi-Mendonca:2009a, author = {Accorsi-Mendonça, Daniela and Bonagamba, Leni G H. and Leão, Ricardo M. and Machado, Benedito H.}, title = {Are L-glutamate and ATP cotransmitters of the peripheral chemoreflex in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius?}, journal = {Exp Physiol}, school = {Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.}, year = {2009}, volume = {94}, number = {1}, pages = {38--45}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2008.043653}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2008.043653} }
Accorsi-Mendonça, D. and Machado, B.	Synaptic transmission of baro- and chemoreceptors afferents in the NTS second order neurons [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical Vol. 175(1-2), pp. 3-8	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Second order neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) process and integrate the afferent information from arterial baroreceptors with high fidelity and precise timing synaptic transmission. Since 2nd-order NTS neurons receiving baroreceptors inputs are relatively well characterized, their electrophysiological profile has been accepted as a general characteristic for all 2nd-order NTS neurons involved with the processing of different sensorial inputs. On the other hand, the synaptic properties of other afferent systems in NTS, such as the peripheral chemoreceptors, are not yet well understood. In this context, in previous studies we demonstrated that in response to repetitive afferents stimulation, the chemoreceptors 2nd-order NTS neurons also presented high fidelity of synaptic transmission, but with a large variability in the latency of evoked responses. This finding is different in relation to the precise timing transmission for baroreceptor 2nd-order NTS neurons, which was accepted as a general characteristic profile for all 2nd order neurons in the NTS. In this brief review we discuss this new concept as an index of complexity of the sensorial inputs to NTS with focus on the synaptic processing of baro- and chemoreceptor afferents. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Accorsi-Mendonca:2013, author = {Accorsi-Mendonça, D. and Machado, B.H.}, title = {Synaptic transmission of baro- and chemoreceptors afferents in the NTS second order neurons}, journal = {Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical}, year = {2013}, volume = {175}, number = {1-2}, pages = {3-8}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84877022953&partnerID=40&md5=683629a728f2545ea3d5f3c4c0f6799a}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2012.12.002} }
Ackerley, R., Pardoe, J. and Apps, R.	A novel site of synaptic relay for climbing fibre pathways relaying signals from the motor cortex to the cerebellar cortical C1 zone. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	J Physiol Vol. 576(Pt 2), pp. 503-518School: Department of Physiology, school of Medical Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, UK.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The climbing fibre projection from the motor cortex to the cerebellar cortical C1 zone in the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum was investigated using a combination of physiological, anatomical and neuropharmacological techniques. Electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral fore- or hindimbs or somatotopically corresponding parts of the contralateral motor cortex evoked climbing fibre field potentials at the same cerebellar recording sites. Forelimb-related responses were located in the C1 zone in the paramedian lobule or lobulus simplex and hindlimb-related responses were located in the C1 zone in the copula pyramidis. Microinjections of anterograde axonal tracer (Fluoro-Ruby or Fluoro-Emerald) were made into the fore- or hindlimb parts of the motor cortex where stimulation evoked the largest cerebellar responses. After a survival period of 7-10 days, the neuraxis was examined for anterograde labelling. No terminal labelling was ever found in the inferior olive, but labelled terminals were consistently found in a well-localized site in the dorso-medial medulla, ventral to the gracile nucleus, termed the matrix region. Pharmacological inactivation of the matrix region (2 mm caudal to the obex) selectively reduced transmission in descending (cerebro-olivocerebellar) but not ascending (spino-olivocerebellar) paths targeting fore- or hindlimb-receiving parts of the C1 zone. Transmission in spino-olivocerebellar paths was either unaffected, or in some cases increased. The identification of a novel pre-olivary relay in cerebro-olivocerebellar paths originating from fore- and hindlimb motor cortex has implications for the regulation of transmission in climbing fibre pathways during voluntary movements and motor learning.
BibTeX: @article{Ackerley:2006, author = {Rochelle Ackerley and Joanne Pardoe and Richard Apps}, title = {A novel site of synaptic relay for climbing fibre pathways relaying signals from the motor cortex to the cerebellar cortical C1 zone.}, journal = {J Physiol}, school = {Department of Physiology, school of Medical Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, UK.}, year = {2006}, volume = {576}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {503--518}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.114215}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.114215} }
Ackerley, R., Pardoe, J. and Apps, R.	A novel site of synaptic relay for climbing fibre pathways relaying signals from the motor cortex to the cerebellar cortical C1 zone. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	The Journal of physiology Vol. 576, pp. 503-18	article	DOI
Abstract: The climbing fibre projection from the motor cortex to the cerebellar cortical C1 zone in the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum was investigated using a combination of physiological, anatomical and neuropharmacological techniques. Electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral fore- or hindimbs or somatotopically corresponding parts of the contralateral motor cortex evoked climbing fibre field potentials at the same cerebellar recording sites. Forelimb-related responses were located in the C1 zone in the paramedian lobule or lobulus simplex and hindlimb-related responses were located in the C1 zone in the copula pyramidis. Microinjections of anterograde axonal tracer (Fluoro-Ruby or Fluoro-Emerald) were made into the fore- or hindlimb parts of the motor cortex where stimulation evoked the largest cerebellar responses. After a survival period of 7-10 days, the neuraxis was examined for anterograde labelling. No terminal labelling was ever found in the inferior olive, but labelled terminals were consistently found in a well-localized site in the dorso-medial medulla, ventral to the gracile nucleus, termed the matrix region. Pharmacological inactivation of the matrix region (2 mm caudal to the obex) selectively reduced transmission in descending (cerebro-olivocerebellar) but not ascending (spino-olivocerebellar) paths targeting fore- or hindlimb-receiving parts of the C1 zone. Transmission in spino-olivocerebellar paths was either unaffected, or in some cases increased. The identification of a novel pre-olivary relay in cerebro-olivocerebellar paths originating from fore- and hindlimb motor cortex has implications for the regulation of transmission in climbing fibre pathways during voluntary movements and motor learning.
BibTeX: @article{Ackerley:2006a, author = {Ackerley, Rochelle and Pardoe, Joanne and Apps, Richard}, title = {A novel site of synaptic relay for climbing fibre pathways relaying signals from the motor cortex to the cerebellar cortical C1 zone.}, journal = {The Journal of physiology}, year = {2006}, volume = {576}, pages = {503-18}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.114215} }
Ackerman, A., Lange, G. and Clemens, L.	Effects of paraventricular lesions on sex behavior and seminal emission in male rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Physiology and Behavior Vol. 63(1), pp. 49-53	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Oxytocinergic neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus have been implicated in modulating male sexual responses in rats. Previous investigators have shown that cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of oxytocin (OT) increased after ejaculation and that intraventricular administration of OT and electrolytic lesions of the PVN increased temporal measures of male sexual behavior. Recently, we have demonstrated that OT-immunoreactive neurons in the parvocellular subnuclei of the PVN project to lower levels of spinal cord. In the present study, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid lesions, which have been shown to destroy parvocellular PVN neurons while leaving magnocellular neurons intact, were used to evaluate the role of parvocellular neurons on male copulatory behavior and seminal emissions. OT-immunoreactive fibers were reduced in the lower lumbar spinal cord (L3-L6) following N-methyl-D-aspartic acid lesions in the PVN. This reduction was associated with a significant decrease in seminal emission at the time of ejaculation, but mount, intromission and ejaculatory latencies were unaffected.
BibTeX: @article{Ackerman:1997, author = {Ackerman, A.E. and Lange, G.M. and Clemens, L.G.}, title = {Effects of paraventricular lesions on sex behavior and seminal emission in male rats}, journal = {Physiology and Behavior}, year = {1997}, volume = {63}, number = {1}, pages = {49-53}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030717436&partnerID=40&md5=a280661c1c9a6bc8f3122d5563567b3f}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(97)00386-7} }
Acosta, C.G., Fabrega, A.R., Masco, D.H. and Lopez, H.S.	A sensory neuron subpopulation with unique sequential survival dependence on nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor during development. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Vol. 21, pp. 8873-85	article
Abstract: We characterized a subpopulation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons that were previously identified as preferential targets of enkephalins. This group, termed P-neurons after their "pear" shape, sequentially required nerve growth factor (NGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for survival in vitro during different developmental stages. Embryonic P-neurons required NGF, but not bFGF. NGF continued to promote their survival, although less potently, up to postnatal day 2 (P2). Conversely, at P5, they needed bFGF but not NGF, with either factor having similar effects at P2. This trophic switch was unique to that DRG neuronal group. In addition, neither neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) nor brain-derived neurotrophic factor influenced their survival during embryonic and postnatal stages, respectively. The expression of NGF (Trk-A) and bFGF (flg) receptors paralleled the switch in trophic requirement. No single P-neuron appeared to coexpress both Trk-A and flg. In contrast, all of them coexpressed flg and substance P, providing a specific marker of these cells. Immunosuppression of bFGF in newborn animals greatly reduced their number, suggesting that the factor was required in vivo. bFGF was present in the DRG and spinal cord, as well as in skeletal muscle, the peripheral projection site of P-neurons, as revealed by tracer DiIC(18)3. The lack of requirement of NT-3 for survival and immunoreactivity for the neurofilament of 200 kDa distinguished them from muscle proprioceptors, suggesting that they are likely to be unmyelinated muscle fibers. Collectively, their properties indicate that P-neurons constitute a distinct subpopulation of sensory neurons for which the function may be modulated by enkephalins.
BibTeX: @article{Acosta:2001b, author = {Acosta, C. G. and Fabrega, A. R. and Masco, D. H. and Lopez, H. S.}, title = {A sensory neuron subpopulation with unique sequential survival dependence on nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor during development.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, year = {2001}, volume = {21}, pages = {8873-85}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Acosta, C.G., Fábrega, A.R., Mascó, D.H. and López, H.S.	A sensory neuron subpopulation with unique sequential survival dependence on nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor during development. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	J Neurosci Vol. 21(22), pp. 8873-8885School: Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, INIMEC-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina.	article	URL
Abstract: We characterized a subpopulation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons that were previously identified as preferential targets of enkephalins. This group, termed P-neurons after their "pear" shape, sequentially required nerve growth factor (NGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for survival in vitro during different developmental stages. Embryonic P-neurons required NGF, but not bFGF. NGF continued to promote their survival, although less potently, up to postnatal day 2 (P2). Conversely, at P5, they needed bFGF but not NGF, with either factor having similar effects at P2. This trophic switch was unique to that DRG neuronal group. In addition, neither neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) nor brain-derived neurotrophic factor influenced their survival during embryonic and postnatal stages, respectively. The expression of NGF (Trk-A) and bFGF (flg) receptors paralleled the switch in trophic requirement. No single P-neuron appeared to coexpress both Trk-A and flg. In contrast, all of them coexpressed flg and substance P, providing a specific marker of these cells. Immunosuppression of bFGF in newborn animals greatly reduced their number, suggesting that the factor was required in vivo. bFGF was present in the DRG and spinal cord, as well as in skeletal muscle, the peripheral projection site of P-neurons, as revealed by tracer DiIC(18)3. The lack of requirement of NT-3 for survival and immunoreactivity for the neurofilament of 200 kDa distinguished them from muscle proprioceptors, suggesting that they are likely to be unmyelinated muscle fibers. Collectively, their properties indicate that P-neurons constitute a distinct subpopulation of sensory neurons for which the function may be modulated by enkephalins.
BibTeX: @article{Acosta:2001, author = {Acosta, C. G. and Fábrega, A. R. and Mascó, D. H. and López, H. S.}, title = {A sensory neuron subpopulation with unique sequential survival dependence on nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor during development.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, INIMEC-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina.}, year = {2001}, volume = {21}, number = {22}, pages = {8873--8885}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/22/8873.long} }
Acosta, C.G., Fábrega, A.R., Mascó, D.H. and López, H.S.	A sensory neuron subpopulation with unique sequential survival dependence on nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor during development. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	J Neurosci Vol. 21(22), pp. 8873-8885School: Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, INIMEC-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina.	article	URL
Abstract: We characterized a subpopulation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons that were previously identified as preferential targets of enkephalins. This group, termed P-neurons after their "pear" shape, sequentially required nerve growth factor (NGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for survival in vitro during different developmental stages. Embryonic P-neurons required NGF, but not bFGF. NGF continued to promote their survival, although less potently, up to postnatal day 2 (P2). Conversely, at P5, they needed bFGF but not NGF, with either factor having similar effects at P2. This trophic switch was unique to that DRG neuronal group. In addition, neither neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) nor brain-derived neurotrophic factor influenced their survival during embryonic and postnatal stages, respectively. The expression of NGF (Trk-A) and bFGF (flg) receptors paralleled the switch in trophic requirement. No single P-neuron appeared to coexpress both Trk-A and flg. In contrast, all of them coexpressed flg and substance P, providing a specific marker of these cells. Immunosuppression of bFGF in newborn animals greatly reduced their number, suggesting that the factor was required in vivo. bFGF was present in the DRG and spinal cord, as well as in skeletal muscle, the peripheral projection site of P-neurons, as revealed by tracer DiIC(18)3. The lack of requirement of NT-3 for survival and immunoreactivity for the neurofilament of 200 kDa distinguished them from muscle proprioceptors, suggesting that they are likely to be unmyelinated muscle fibers. Collectively, their properties indicate that P-neurons constitute a distinct subpopulation of sensory neurons for which the function may be modulated by enkephalins.
BibTeX: @article{Acosta:2001a, author = {Acosta, C. G. and Fábrega, A. R. and Mascó, D. H. and López, H. S.}, title = {A sensory neuron subpopulation with unique sequential survival dependence on nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor during development.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, INIMEC-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina.}, year = {2001}, volume = {21}, number = {22}, pages = {8873--8885}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/22/8873.long} }
Acosta-Galvan, G., Yi, C.-X., van der Vliet, J., Jhamandas, J.H., Panula, P., Angeles-Castellanos, M., Del Carmen Basualdo, M., Escobar, C. and Buijs, R.M.	Interaction between hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus and the suprachiasmatic nucleus determines intensity of food anticipatory behavior. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol. 108, pp. 5813-5818	article	DOI
Abstract: Food anticipatory behavior (FAA) is induced by limiting access to food for a few hours daily. Animals anticipate this scheduled meal event even without the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the biological clock. Consequently, a food-entrained oscillator has been proposed to be responsible for meal time estimation. Recent studies suggested the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) as the site for this food-entrained oscillator, which has led to considerable controversy in the literature. Herein we demonstrate by means of c-Fos immunohistochemistry that the neuronal activity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which signals the rest phase in nocturnal animals, is reduced when animals anticipate the scheduled food and, simultaneously, neuronal activity within the DMH increases. Using retrograde tracing and confocal analysis, we show that inhibition of SCN neuronal activity is the consequence of activation of GABA-containing neurons in the DMH that project to the SCN. Next, we show that DMH lesions result in a loss or diminution of FAA, simultaneous with increased activity in the SCN. A subsequent lesion of the SCN restored FAA. We conclude that in intact animals, FAA may only occur when the DMH inhibits the activity of the SCN, thus permitting locomotor activity. As a result, FAA originates from a neuronal network comprising an interaction between the DMH and SCN. Moreover, this study shows that the DMH-SCN interaction may serve as an intrahypothalamic system to gate activity instead of rest overriding circadian predetermined temporal patterns.
BibTeX: @article{Acosta-Galvan:2011, author = {Acosta-Galvan, Guadalupe and Yi, Chun-Xia and van der Vliet, Jan and Jhamandas, Jack H and Panula, Pertti and Angeles-Castellanos, Manuel and Del Carmen Basualdo, María and Escobar, Carolina and Buijs, Ruud M}, title = {Interaction between hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus and the suprachiasmatic nucleus determines intensity of food anticipatory behavior.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, year = {2011}, volume = {108}, pages = {5813--5818}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015551108} }
Acquas, E., Fenu, S., Loddo, P. and Di Chiara, G.	A within-subjects microdialysis/behavioural study of the role of striatal acetylcholine in D1-dependent turning [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Behavioural Brain Research Vol. 103(2), pp. 219-228	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In rats lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) the effect of the noncompetitive N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK-801, the dopamine (DA) D2 receptor agonist quinpirole and the A(2A) adenosine antagonist SCH 58261 was studied on acetylcholine (ACh) release in the lesioned striatum and contralateral turning behaviour stimulated by the administration of the DA D1 receptor agonist CY 208-243. Administration of CY 208-243 (75, 100 and 200 μg/kg) to 6-OHDA-lesioned rats dose-dependently stimulated ACh release and induced contralateral turning. MK-801 (50 and 100 μg/kg) reduced basal ACh release (max 22%) and did not elicit any turning. MK-801 (50 and 100 μg/kg) potentiated the contralateral turning, but failed to modify the stimulation of ACh release elicited by 100 and 200 μg/kg of CY 208-243. MK-801 (100 μg/kg) prevented the increase in striatal ACh release evoked by the lower dose of CY 208-243 (75 μg/kg) but contralateral turning was not observed. The D2 receptor agonist quinpirole (30 and 60 μg/kg) elicited low-intensity contralateral turning and decreased basal ACh release. Quinpirole potentiated the D1-mediated contralateral turning behaviour elicited by CY 208-243 (100 μg/kg), but failed to affect the increase in ACh release elicited by the D1 agonist. The adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist SCH 58261 (1 mg/kg i.v.) failed per se to elicit contralateral turning behaviour. SCH 58261 potentiated the contraversive turning induced by CY 208-243 but failed to affect the increase of ACh release. The results of the present study indicate that blockade of NMDA receptors by MK-801, stimulation of DA D2 receptors by quinpirole and blockade of adenosine A(2A) receptors by SCH 58261 potentiate the D1-mediated contralateral turning behaviour in DA denervated rats without affecting the action of the D1 agonist on ACh release. These observations do not support the hypothesis that the potentiation of D1-dependent contralateral turning by MK-801, quinpirole or SCH 58261 is mediated by changes in D1-stimulated release of ACh in the striatum. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Acquas:1999, author = {Acquas, E. and Fenu, S. and Loddo, P. and Di Chiara, G.}, title = {A within-subjects microdialysis/behavioural study of the role of striatal acetylcholine in D1-dependent turning}, journal = {Behavioural Brain Research}, year = {1999}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, pages = {219-228}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033198430&partnerID=40&md5=9ec500788077a15cade0bf280787fb85}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(99)00038-8} }
Acsady, L., Arabadzisz, D., Katona, I. and Freund, T.F.	Topographic distribution of dorsal and median raphe neurons with hippocampal, septal and dual projection. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Acta biologica Hungarica Vol. 47, pp. 9-19	article
Abstract: Double retrograde neuronal tracing techniques with used to determine the distribution and degree of overlap between cell population in the raphe nuclei with a projection to the medial septum and/or the hippocampus. The results of the present study showed that numerous median raphe neurons that innervated the hippocampus, sent a collateral projection to the medial septum. In contrast to that, a spatially segregated population of serotonergic neurons located caudally in the dorsal raphe nucleus projected only to the medial septum but not to the hippocampus. Our results show that the medial septum receives dual serotonergic innervation from the midbrain raphe nuclei. One projection arises from axon collaterals of neurons that contribute to the median raphe-hippocampal pathway as well. The second serotonergic input originates from the caudal part of the dorsal raphe nucleus, and innervates the medial septum, but ignores the hippocampus. These findings suggest that, in addition to the well-known serotonergic effect of the median raphe on hippocampal electrical activity, theta rhythm in the hippocampus may also be modulated by the dorsal raphe nucleus via the medial septum.
BibTeX: @article{Acsady:1996b, author = {Acsady, L. and Arabadzisz, D. and Katona, I. and Freund, T. F.}, title = {Topographic distribution of dorsal and median raphe neurons with hippocampal, septal and dual projection.}, journal = {Acta biologica Hungarica}, year = {1996}, volume = {47}, pages = {9-19}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Acsády, L., Arabadzisz, D., Katona, I. and Freund, T.F.	Topographic distribution of dorsal and median raphe neurons with hippocampal, septal and dual projection. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Acta Biol Hung Vol. 47(1-4), pp. 9-19School: Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.	article
Abstract: Double retrograde neuronal tracing techniques with used to determine the distribution and degree of overlap between cell population in the raphe nuclei with a projection to the medial septum and/or the hippocampus. The results of the present study showed that numerous median raphe neurons that innervated the hippocampus, sent a collateral projection to the medial septum. In contrast to that, a spatially segregated population of serotonergic neurons located caudally in the dorsal raphe nucleus projected only to the medial septum but not to the hippocampus. Our results show that the medial septum receives dual serotonergic innervation from the midbrain raphe nuclei. One projection arises from axon collaterals of neurons that contribute to the median raphe-hippocampal pathway as well. The second serotonergic input originates from the caudal part of the dorsal raphe nucleus, and innervates the medial septum, but ignores the hippocampus. These findings suggest that, in addition to the well-known serotonergic effect of the median raphe on hippocampal electrical activity, theta rhythm in the hippocampus may also be modulated by the dorsal raphe nucleus via the medial septum.
BibTeX: @article{Acsady:1996, author = {Acsády, L. and Arabadzisz, D. and Katona, I. and Freund, T. F.}, title = {Topographic distribution of dorsal and median raphe neurons with hippocampal, septal and dual projection.}, journal = {Acta Biol Hung}, school = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.}, year = {1996}, volume = {47}, number = {1-4}, pages = {9--19} }
Acsády, L., Arabadzisz, D., Katona, I. and Freund, T.F.	Topographic distribution of dorsal and median raphe neurons with hippocampal, septal and dual projection. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Acta Biol Hung Vol. 47(1-4), pp. 9-19School: Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.	article
Abstract: Double retrograde neuronal tracing techniques with used to determine the distribution and degree of overlap between cell population in the raphe nuclei with a projection to the medial septum and/or the hippocampus. The results of the present study showed that numerous median raphe neurons that innervated the hippocampus, sent a collateral projection to the medial septum. In contrast to that, a spatially segregated population of serotonergic neurons located caudally in the dorsal raphe nucleus projected only to the medial septum but not to the hippocampus. Our results show that the medial septum receives dual serotonergic innervation from the midbrain raphe nuclei. One projection arises from axon collaterals of neurons that contribute to the median raphe-hippocampal pathway as well. The second serotonergic input originates from the caudal part of the dorsal raphe nucleus, and innervates the medial septum, but ignores the hippocampus. These findings suggest that, in addition to the well-known serotonergic effect of the median raphe on hippocampal electrical activity, theta rhythm in the hippocampus may also be modulated by the dorsal raphe nucleus via the medial septum.
BibTeX: @article{Acsady:1996a, author = {Acsády, L. and Arabadzisz, D. and Katona, I. and Freund, T. F.}, title = {Topographic distribution of dorsal and median raphe neurons with hippocampal, septal and dual projection.}, journal = {Acta Biol Hung}, school = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.}, year = {1996}, volume = {47}, number = {1-4}, pages = {9--19}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Acsády, L., Halasy, K. and Freund, T.F.	Calretinin is present in non-pyramidal cells of the rat hippocampus--III. Their inputs from the median raphe and medial septal nuclei. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Neuroscience Vol. 52(4), pp. 829-841School: Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.	article	DOI
Abstract: The subcortical innervation of a recently described subpopulation of non-pyramidal neurons, containing the calcium binding protein, calretinin, was investigated in the rat hippocampus using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and double immunocytochemistry for calretinin and serotonin at the light and electron microscopic levels. Our results show that the GABAergic component of the septohippocampal pathway and the serotonergic raphe afferents establish multiple synaptic contacts with the calretinin-immunoreactive interneurons. The majority of the targets of both pathways were spine-free calretinin neurons known to innervate the dendritic region of the principal cells, but the GABAergic septal pathway was found to terminate also on the spiny neurons of stratum lucidum of the CA3 region and in the dentate hilus. The present results demonstrate that the serotonergic raphe-hippocampal and the GABAergic septohippocampal pathways are able to modulate dendritic inhibition of principal cells via calretinin-containing GABAergic interneurons.
BibTeX: @article{Acsady:1993, author = {L. Acsády and K. Halasy and T. F. Freund}, title = {Calretinin is present in non-pyramidal cells of the rat hippocampus--III. Their inputs from the median raphe and medial septal nuclei.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.}, year = {1993}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {829--841}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(93)90532-k} }
Acsády, L., Halasy, K. and Freund, T.F.	Calretinin is present in non-pyramidal cells of the rat hippocampus--III. Their inputs from the median raphe and medial septal nuclei. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Neuroscience Vol. 52(4), pp. 829-841School: Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.	article	DOI
Abstract: The subcortical innervation of a recently described subpopulation of non-pyramidal neurons, containing the calcium binding protein, calretinin, was investigated in the rat hippocampus using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and double immunocytochemistry for calretinin and serotonin at the light and electron microscopic levels. Our results show that the GABAergic component of the septohippocampal pathway and the serotonergic raphe afferents establish multiple synaptic contacts with the calretinin-immunoreactive interneurons. The majority of the targets of both pathways were spine-free calretinin neurons known to innervate the dendritic region of the principal cells, but the GABAergic septal pathway was found to terminate also on the spiny neurons of stratum lucidum of the CA3 region and in the dentate hilus. The present results demonstrate that the serotonergic raphe-hippocampal and the GABAergic septohippocampal pathways are able to modulate dendritic inhibition of principal cells via calretinin-containing GABAergic interneurons.
BibTeX: @article{Acsady:1993a, author = {Acsády, L. and Halasy, K. and Freund, T. F.}, title = {Calretinin is present in non-pyramidal cells of the rat hippocampus--III. Their inputs from the median raphe and medial septal nuclei.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.}, year = {1993}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {829--841}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(93)90532-k} }
Acsády, L., Pascual, M., Rocamora, N., Soriano, E. and Freund, T.F.	Nerve growth factor but not neurotrophin-3 is synthesized by hippocampal GABAergic neurons that project to the medial septum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Neuroscience Vol. 98(1), pp. 23-31School: Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 67 H-1450, Budapest, Hungary.	article	DOI
Abstract: Conventional uptake of neurotrophins takes place at axon terminals via specific receptors, and is followed by retrograde transport. Recent studies demonstrated that, with the exception of nerve growth factor, other neurotrophins may be delivered anterogradely to the region containing the receptor expressing neurons. In this study we used a triple labeling method that combines retrograde tract tracing, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to examine whether non-principal cells projecting from the hippocampus to the septum synthesize nerve growth factor. Our results show that, on average, 59% of the horseradish peroxidase-labeled hippocamposeptal nonpyramidal neurons also display nerve growth factor messenger RNA hybridization signal. The ratio was slightly higher in the CA1 stratum oriens and the hilus of the dentate gyrus (64 and 62 respectively) compared to stratum oriens of the CA3 region (58. In addition, we demonstrated that many nerve growth factor-positive septally projecting neurons also contain the calcium-binding protein calbindin D-28K, whereas nerve growth factor-negative projecting cells mostly lack this neurochemical marker. In contrast to nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3 has never been found in hippocamposeptal cells. Hippocamposeptal GABAergic cells are reciprocally connected with the medial septum, thus they are in a key position to regulate nerve growth factor release as a function of the activity level in the septohippocampal system. Furthermore, our results raise the intriguing possibility that nerve growth factor may be transported also in an anterograde manner. Regardless of the direction of transport, the presence of nerve growth factor in hippocamposeptal cells suggests that long distance fast synaptic mechanisms and slow neurotrophin action are coupled in these neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Acsady:2000, author = {Acsády, L. and Pascual, M. and Rocamora, N. and Soriano, E. and Freund, T. F.}, title = {Nerve growth factor but not neurotrophin-3 is synthesized by hippocampal GABAergic neurons that project to the medial septum.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 67 H-1450, Budapest, Hungary.}, year = {2000}, volume = {98}, number = {1}, pages = {23--31}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00091-9} }
Acsády, L., Pascual, M., Rocamora, N., Soriano, E. and Freund, T.F.	Nerve growth factor but not neurotrophin-3 is synthesized by hippocampal GABAergic neurons that project to the medial septum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Neuroscience Vol. 98(1), pp. 23-31School: Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 67 H-1450, Budapest, Hungary.	article	DOI
Abstract: Conventional uptake of neurotrophins takes place at axon terminals via specific receptors, and is followed by retrograde transport. Recent studies demonstrated that, with the exception of nerve growth factor, other neurotrophins may be delivered anterogradely to the region containing the receptor expressing neurons. In this study we used a triple labeling method that combines retrograde tract tracing, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to examine whether non-principal cells projecting from the hippocampus to the septum synthesize nerve growth factor. Our results show that, on average, 59% of the horseradish peroxidase-labeled hippocamposeptal nonpyramidal neurons also display nerve growth factor messenger RNA hybridization signal. The ratio was slightly higher in the CA1 stratum oriens and the hilus of the dentate gyrus (64 and 62 respectively) compared to stratum oriens of the CA3 region (58. In addition, we demonstrated that many nerve growth factor-positive septally projecting neurons also contain the calcium-binding protein calbindin D-28K, whereas nerve growth factor-negative projecting cells mostly lack this neurochemical marker. In contrast to nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3 has never been found in hippocamposeptal cells. Hippocamposeptal GABAergic cells are reciprocally connected with the medial septum, thus they are in a key position to regulate nerve growth factor release as a function of the activity level in the septohippocampal system. Furthermore, our results raise the intriguing possibility that nerve growth factor may be transported also in an anterograde manner. Regardless of the direction of transport, the presence of nerve growth factor in hippocamposeptal cells suggests that long distance fast synaptic mechanisms and slow neurotrophin action are coupled in these neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Acsady:2000a, author = {Acsády, L. and Pascual, M. and Rocamora, N. and Soriano, E. and Freund, T. F.}, title = {Nerve growth factor but not neurotrophin-3 is synthesized by hippocampal GABAergic neurons that project to the medial septum.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 67 H-1450, Budapest, Hungary.}, year = {2000}, volume = {98}, number = {1}, pages = {23--31}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00091-9} }
Acuña-Goycolea, C., Fuentealba, P. and Torrealba, F.	Anatomical substrate for separate processing of ascending and descending visceral information in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Brain Res Vol. 883(2), pp. 229-232School: Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.	article	DOI
Abstract: We examined the possible existence of divergent visceral pathways arising from the nucleus of the solitary tract, by co-injecting axonal tracers into the parabrachial nucleus and into the ventrolateral medulla. We found that around 5% of NTS neurons projected to both sites, and that neurons projecting to VLM were larger. This parallel organization allows a differential control of the ascending versus descending visceral pathways at an early stage of processing.
BibTeX: @article{Acuna-Goycolea:2000, author = {C. Acuña-Goycolea and P. Fuentealba and F. Torrealba}, title = {Anatomical substrate for separate processing of ascending and descending visceral information in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.}, year = {2000}, volume = {883}, number = {2}, pages = {229--232}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02845-6} }
Acuña-Goycolea, C., Fuentealba, P. and Torrealba, F.	Anatomical substrate for separate processing of ascending and descending visceral information in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Brain Res Vol. 883(2), pp. 229-232School: Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.	article	DOI
Abstract: We examined the possible existence of divergent visceral pathways arising from the nucleus of the solitary tract, by co-injecting axonal tracers into the parabrachial nucleus and into the ventrolateral medulla. We found that around 5% of NTS neurons projected to both sites, and that neurons projecting to VLM were larger. This parallel organization allows a differential control of the ascending versus descending visceral pathways at an early stage of processing.
BibTeX: @article{Acuna-Goycolea:2000a, author = {Acuña-Goycolea, C. and Fuentealba, P. and Torrealba, F.}, title = {Anatomical substrate for separate processing of ascending and descending visceral information in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.}, year = {2000}, volume = {883}, number = {2}, pages = {229--232}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02845-6} }
Acuña-Goycolea, C., Fuentealba, P. and Torrealba, F.	Anatomical substrate for separate processing of ascending and descending visceral information in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Brain Research Vol. 883(2), pp. 229-232	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We examined the possible existence of divergent visceral pathways arising from the nucleus of the solitary tract, by co-injecting axonal tracers into the parabrachial nucleus and into the ventrolateral medulla. We found that around 5% of NTS neurons projected to both sites, and that neurons projecting to VLM were larger. This parallel organization allows a differential control of the ascending versus descending visceral pathways at an early stage of processing. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Acuna-Goycolea:2000b, author = {Acuña-Goycolea, C. and Fuentealba, P. and Torrealba, F.}, title = {Anatomical substrate for separate processing of ascending and descending visceral information in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2000}, volume = {883}, number = {2}, pages = {229-232}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034680983&partnerID=40&md5=6c4677e765113645a7de3ddf8328f2fc}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02845-6} }
Adachi, H., Sato, Y., Kato, R., Hisasue, S., Suzuki, K., Masumori, N., Itoh, N. and Tsukamoto, T.	Direct evidence of facilitative actions of dopamine in the medial preoptic area on reflexive and noncontact erections in male rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Journal of Urology Vol. 169(1), pp. 386-389	article	URL
Abstract: Purpose: We examined the effects of alterations of the extracellular dopamine level in the medial preoptic area on 2 erectile contexts, namely reflexive and noncontact erections, in male rats. Materials and Methods: The extracellular dopamine level was measured in the medial preoptic area after administering the dopamine reuptake inhibitor bupropion hydrochloride (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri) into the same area through a micro-dialysis tube. We measured the frequency and latency of reflexive erections, and the frequency of noncontact erection during infusion of bupropion. Results: Administration of 10 mM. bupropion was associated with significant elevation in the extracellular dopamine level in the medial preoptic area. Bupropion (1 mM.) and Ringer's solution did not induce significant alterations in dopamine in the medial preoptic area. The number of reflexive erections significantly increased and erection latency decreased during infusion of 10 mM. bupropion into the medial preoptic area. The number of noncontact erections was also increased by administering 10 mM. of drug. Conclusions: The altered dopamine level in the medial preoptic area affected 2 distinct penile erectile contexts, suggesting that the dopamine levels in the medial preoptic area may be involved in the regulation of erection. These results may have important implications for the central regulation of penile erection.
BibTeX: @article{Adachi:2003, author = {Adachi, H. and Sato, Y. and Kato, R. and Hisasue, S. and Suzuki, K. and Masumori, N. and Itoh, N. and Tsukamoto, T.}, title = {Direct evidence of facilitative actions of dopamine in the medial preoptic area on reflexive and noncontact erections in male rats}, journal = {Journal of Urology}, year = {2003}, volume = {169}, number = {1}, pages = {386-389}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037212755&partnerID=40&md5=777e88dccc3fd0c6d5d890e78e4596f7} }
Adachi, T., Biesold, D., Inanami, O. and Sato, A.	Stimulation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert and substantia innominata produces widespread increases in cerebral blood flow in the frontal, parietal and occipital cortices [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Brain Research Vol. 514(1), pp. 163-166	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The effect of a focal stimulation of the magnocellular nucleus of the basal forebrain at two different areas, the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) and the substantia innominata (SI), on local cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the frontal, parietal and occipital cortices was examined in urethane-anesthetized rats. The stimulation, either electrically or chemically, of both the NBM and SI produced significant CBF increase in all these 3 cortices ipsilateral to the stimulation site. This fact suggests that activation of neurons originating in the NBM and SI produces widespread increases in local CBF in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex. © 1990.
BibTeX: @article{Adachi:1990, author = {Adachi, T. and Biesold, D. and Inanami, O. and Sato, A.}, title = {Stimulation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert and substantia innominata produces widespread increases in cerebral blood flow in the frontal, parietal and occipital cortices}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1990}, volume = {514}, number = {1}, pages = {163-166}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025264487&partnerID=40&md5=8120b44c8e07cda72d5798d6f985ffc1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(90)90452-H} }
Adachi, T., Inanami, O., Ohno, K. and Sato, A.	Responses of regional cerebral blood flow following focal electrical stimulation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert and the medial septum using the [14C]iodoantipyrine method in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 112(2-3), pp. 263-268	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The effects of focal electrical stimulation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) and the medial septum (MS) on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) of the 14 brain regions were examined in halothaneanesthetized rats using the [14C]iodoantipyrine (14]IAP) method. The stimulation of the unilateral NBM (with parameters of 200 μA, 0.5 ms, 50 Hz for 60 s) produced significant increases in frontal, parietal and occipital cortical blood flows in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the stimulated NBM; no rCBFs in all other brain regions examined were influenced by the stimulation. The stimulation of the MS produced significant increases in bilateral hippocampal rCBFs, but rCBFs in other brain regions were not influenced by the stimulation. In summary, the response of increase in rCBF following focal electrical stimulation of the NBM or MS is restricted to regions that receive cholinergic nerve projections from the NBM or MS. © 1990.
BibTeX: @article{Adachi:1990a, author = {Adachi, T. and Inanami, O. and Ohno, K. and Sato, A.}, title = {Responses of regional cerebral blood flow following focal electrical stimulation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert and the medial septum using the [14C]iodoantipyrine method in rats}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1990}, volume = {112}, number = {2-3}, pages = {263-268}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025699730&partnerID=40&md5=362c444b7c9d229be3489bf35791e2bd}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(90)90214-T} }
Adaikkan, C. and Rosenblum, K.	A molecular mechanism underlying gustatory memory trace for an association in the insular cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Elife Vol. 4School: Center for Gene Manipulation in the Brain, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Events separated in time are associatively learned in trace conditioning, recruiting more neuronal circuits and molecular mechanisms than in delay conditioning. However, it remains unknown whether a given sensory memory trace is being maintained as a unitary item to associate. Here, we used conditioned taste aversion learning in the rat model, wherein animals associate a novel taste with visceral nausea, and demonstrate that there are two parallel memory traces of a novel taste: a short-duration robust trace, lasting approximately 3 hr, and a parallel long-duration weak one, lasting up to 8 hr, and dependent on the strong trace for its formation. Moreover, only the early robust trace is maintained by a NMDAR-dependent CaMKII- AMPAR pathway in the insular cortex. These findings suggest that a memory trace undergoes rapid modifications, and that the mechanisms underlying trace associative learning differ when items in the memory are experienced at different time points.
BibTeX: @article{Adaikkan:2015, author = {Adaikkan, Chinnakkaruppan and Rosenblum, Kobi}, title = {A molecular mechanism underlying gustatory memory trace for an association in the insular cortex.}, journal = {Elife}, school = {Center for Gene Manipulation in the Brain, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.}, year = {2015}, volume = {4}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07582}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07582} }
Adams, C., Mihailoff, G. and Woodward, D.	A transient component of the developing corticospinal tract arises in visual cortex [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 36(3), pp. 243-248	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Following injections of tritiated leucine restricted to occipital (visual) regions of cerebral cortex during the first postnatal week (days 3-6), labeled corticofugal axons were followed caudally through the pons, medullary pyramid, pyramidal decussation and into the cervical spinal cord. However, when similar injections were made into visual cortex during the second postnatal week, labeled corticofugal axons could not be traced beyond mid-pontine levels where abundant axon terminal labeling was evident in the basilar pontine nuclei. Since axonal labeling did not subsequently appear at levels caudal to the pons during later stages of development or in the adult, it is suggested that the contribution to the corticospinal system made by visual cortical axons in the first postnatal week is a transient connection which is eventually lost either by a process of selective axon collateral elimination or cell death. © 1983.
BibTeX: @article{Adams:1983a, author = {Adams, C.E. and Mihailoff, G.A. and Woodward, D.J.}, title = {A transient component of the developing corticospinal tract arises in visual cortex}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1983}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {243-248}, note = {Transient connectivity in the newborn rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020628206&partnerID=40&md5=1e618fc617a85a13d6f27eea1466a16a}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(83)90007-1} }
Adams, J.C.	Ascending projections to the inferior colliculus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1979	J Comp Neurol Vol. 183(3), pp. 519-538	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Cells that send ascending projections to the inferior colliculus were identified following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the colliculus. Labelled cells were found in all subcollicular auditory nuclei. Virtually all cells of the ipsilateral ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and medial superior olive appear to project to the colliculus. Very few cells in these nuclei were labelled on the contralateral side. Heavy labelling on the contralateral side was found in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and cochlear nucleus, with less labelling being found ipsilaterally in these nuclei. The lateral superior olive was approximately evenly labelled on the two sides, with about half the cells from each side projecting to each colliculus. Cells in all periolivary cell groups were labelled, with most being found adjacent to the medial superior olive. An effort was made to identify individual cell types that were labelled and some 24 cell types were identified. In the cochlear nucleus there were marked differences between cell types in the extent of their labelling. Topographic projections matched previously described tonotopic organization of the colliculus and all major subcollicular nuclei except the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. A description of the cells in the nucleus is provided.
BibTeX: @article{Adams:1979, author = {Adams, J. C.}, title = {Ascending projections to the inferior colliculus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1979}, volume = {183}, number = {3}, pages = {519--538}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901830305}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901830305} }
Adams, J.C.	Multipolar cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus project to the dorsal cochlear nucleus and the inferior colliculus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Neurosci Lett Vol. 37(3), pp. 205-208	article	DOI
Abstract: When retrograde markers are placed in the dorsal cochlear nucleus two classes of labeled cells are found in the ventral cochlear nucleus. These are multipolar cells and granule cells. The structure and distribution of labeled multipolar cells greatly resemble those seen following injection of retrograde markers into the contralateral inferior colliculus. When one retrograde marker is placed in the dorsal cochlear nucleus and another simultaneously placed into the contralateral inferior colliculus, large numbers of multipolar cells containing both markers are found in the ventral cochlear nucleus. These findings show that all or most cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus that project to the inferior colliculus also send collaterals to the ipsilateral dorsal cochlear nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Adams:1983, author = {Adams, J. C.}, title = {Multipolar cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus project to the dorsal cochlear nucleus and the inferior colliculus.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1983}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {205--208}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(83)90431-7} }
Adams, N.C. and Baker, G.E.	Cells of the perireticular nucleus project to the developing neocortex of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	J Comp Neurol Vol. 359(4), pp. 613-626School: Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford, England.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The perireticular nucleus is a recently described thin sheet of small cells among the fibres of the internal capsule, lying lateral to the thalamic reticular nucleus and medial to the globus pallidus (Clemence and Mitrofanis [1992]. J. Comp. Neurol. 322:167-180). During development, the perireticular nucleus is relatively large, lying in the path of the growing corticofugal and thalamocortical axons and filling the area of the internal capsule lateral to the thalamic reticular nucleus. After these axons have formed their connections, the perireticular nucleus rapidly decreases in size, leaving only a few cells in the adult (Mitrofanis [1992] J. Comp. Neurol. 320:161-181). In this study, we aimed to investigate the connections between the developing cortex and thalamus by making injections of tracer into the cortical plate. Injections of Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP), Wheat Germ Agglutinin bound to HRP (WGA-HRP) and 1'dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3 tetramethycarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) were made in vivo between embryonic day (E) 18 and adult and DiI was placed in the fixed brains of rats aged between E16 and postnatal day (P)1. Between E17 and P10, the retrograde perikaryal labelling resulting from these injections revealed a transient projection from the perireticular nucleus to the ipsilateral cortical plate. No cells were labelled in the thalamic reticular nucleus. This suggests that the perireticular nucleus must be regarded as a group of cells distinct from the thalamic reticular nucleus and having a separate role in development. Comparisons between the perireticular cells and the cells of the cortical subplate suggest that both may be playing comparable roles in early development, possibly guiding fibres towards their end stations or serving to rearrange the complex mapped projections linking the thalamus and cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Adams:1995, author = {N. C. Adams and G. E. Baker}, title = {Cells of the perireticular nucleus project to the developing neocortex of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford, England.}, year = {1995}, volume = {359}, number = {4}, pages = {613--626}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903590408}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903590408} }
Adams, N.C. and Baker, G.E.	Cells of the perireticular nucleus project to the developing neocortex of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 359, pp. 613-26	article
Abstract: The perireticular nucleus is a recently described thin sheet of small cells among the fibres of the internal capsule, lying lateral to the thalamic reticular nucleus and medial to the globus pallidus (Clemence and Mitrofanis [1992]. J. Comp. Neurol. 322:167-180). During development, the perireticular nucleus is relatively large, lying in the path of the growing corticofugal and thalamocortical axons and filling the area of the internal capsule lateral to the thalamic reticular nucleus. After these axons have formed their connections, the perireticular nucleus rapidly decreases in size, leaving only a few cells in the adult (Mitrofanis [1992] J. Comp. Neurol. 320:161-181). In this study, we aimed to investigate the connections between the developing cortex and thalamus by making injections of tracer into the cortical plate. Injections of Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP), Wheat Germ Agglutinin bound to HRP (WGA-HRP) and 1'dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3 tetramethycarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) were made in vivo between embryonic day (E) 18 and adult and DiI was placed in the fixed brains of rats aged between E16 and postnatal day (P)1. Between E17 and P10, the retrograde perikaryal labelling resulting from these injections revealed a transient projection from the perireticular nucleus to the ipsilateral cortical plate. No cells were labelled in the thalamic reticular nucleus. This suggests that the perireticular nucleus must be regarded as a group of cells distinct from the thalamic reticular nucleus and having a separate role in development. Comparisons between the perireticular cells and the cells of the cortical subplate suggest that both may be playing comparable roles in early development, possibly guiding fibres towards their end stations or serving to rearrange the complex mapped projections linking the thalamus and cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Adams:1995a, author = {Adams, N. C. and Baker, G. E.}, title = {Cells of the perireticular nucleus project to the developing neocortex of the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1995}, volume = {359}, pages = {613-26}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Ade, K.K. and Lovinger, D.M.	Anandamide regulates postnatal development of long-term synaptic plasticity in the rat dorsolateral striatum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	J Neurosci Vol. 27(9), pp. 2403-2409School: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Long-term changes in synaptic efficacy produced by high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of glutamatergic afferents to the rat dorsolateral striatum exhibit heterogeneity during early stages of postnatal development. Whereas HFS most often induces striatal long-term potentiation (LTP) in rats postnatal day 12 (P12)-P14, the same stimulation tends to induce long-term depression (LTD) at ages P16-P34. Previous studies have shown that striatal LTD induction depends on retrograde endocannabinoid signaling and activation of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. It is also known that levels of one of the primary endogenous CB1 receptor agonists, anandamide (AEA), increases during development in whole-brain samples. In the present study, we sought to determine whether this developmental increase in AEA also takes place in striatal tissue and whether increased AEA levels contribute to the postnatal switch in the response to HFS. We observed a pronounced increase in striatal levels of AEA, but not the other major endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), during the postnatal period characterized by the switch from LTP to LTD. Furthermore, application of synthetic AEA during HFS in field recordings of slices from P12-P14 rats allowed for induction of LTD whereas blocking the CB1 receptor during HFS in animals P16-P34 resulted in expression of LTP. However, blocking 2-AG synthesis with the DAG-lipase inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin did not alter HFS-induced striatal LTD. In addition, synaptic depression produced by a synthetic CB1 agonist was similar across development. Together, these findings suggest that the robust developmental increase in striatal AEA may be the key factor in the emergence of HFS-induced striatal LTD.
BibTeX: @article{Ade:2007, author = {Kristen K Ade and David M Lovinger}, title = {Anandamide regulates postnatal development of long-term synaptic plasticity in the rat dorsolateral striatum.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.}, year = {2007}, volume = {27}, number = {9}, pages = {2403--2409}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2916-06.2007}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2916-06.2007} }
Ade, K.K. and Lovinger, D.M.	Anandamide regulates postnatal development of long-term synaptic plasticity in the rat dorsolateral striatum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Vol. 27, pp. 2403-9	article
Abstract: Long-term changes in synaptic efficacy produced by high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of glutamatergic afferents to the rat dorsolateral striatum exhibit heterogeneity during early stages of postnatal development. Whereas HFS most often induces striatal long-term potentiation (LTP) in rats postnatal day 12 (P12)-P14, the same stimulation tends to induce long-term depression (LTD) at ages P16-P34. Previous studies have shown that striatal LTD induction depends on retrograde endocannabinoid signaling and activation of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. It is also known that levels of one of the primary endogenous CB1 receptor agonists, anandamide (AEA), increases during development in whole-brain samples. In the present study, we sought to determine whether this developmental increase in AEA also takes place in striatal tissue and whether increased AEA levels contribute to the postnatal switch in the response to HFS. We observed a pronounced increase in striatal levels of AEA, but not the other major endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), during the postnatal period characterized by the switch from LTP to LTD. Furthermore, application of synthetic AEA during HFS in field recordings of slices from P12-P14 rats allowed for induction of LTD whereas blocking the CB1 receptor during HFS in animals P16-P34 resulted in expression of LTP. However, blocking 2-AG synthesis with the DAG-lipase inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin did not alter HFS-induced striatal LTD. In addition, synaptic depression produced by a synthetic CB1 agonist was similar across development. Together, these findings suggest that the robust developmental increase in striatal AEA may be the key factor in the emergence of HFS-induced striatal LTD.
BibTeX: @article{Ade:2007a, author = {Ade, Kristen K. and Lovinger, David M.}, title = {Anandamide regulates postnatal development of long-term synaptic plasticity in the rat dorsolateral striatum.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, year = {2007}, volume = {27}, pages = {2403-9}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Adebayo, O., Khera, A., Sandhir, R. and Adenuga, G.	Reduced expressions of calmodulin genes and protein and reduced ability of calmodulin to activate plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase in the brain of protein undernourished rats: Modulatory roles of selenium and zinc supplementation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2016	Cell Biochemistry and Function Vol. 34(2), pp. 95-103	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The roles of protein undernutrition as well as selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) supplementation on the ability of calmodulin (CaM) to activate erythrocyte ghost membrane (EGM) Ca2+-ATPase and the calmodulin genes and protein expressions in rat's cortex and cerebellum were investigated. Rats on adequate protein diet and protein-undernourished (PU) rats were fed with diet containing 16% and 5% casein, respectively, for a period of 10weeks. The rats were then supplemented with Se and Zn at a concentration of 0.15 and 227mgl-1, respectively, in drinking water for 3weeks. The results obtained from the study showed significant reductions in synaptosomal plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) activity, Ca2+/CaM activated EGM Ca2+ATPase activity and calmodulin genes and protein expressions in PU rats. Se or Zn supplementation improved the ability of Ca2+/CaM to activate EGM Ca2+-ATPase and protein expressions. Se or Zn supplementation improved gene expression in the cerebellum but not in the cortex. Also, the activity of PMCA was significantly improved by Zn. In conclusion, it is postulated that Se and Zn might be beneficial antioxidants in protecting against neuronal dysfunction resulting from reduced level of calmodulin such as present in protein undernutrition. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Adebayo:2016, author = {Adebayo, O.L. and Khera, A. and Sandhir, R. and Adenuga, G.A.}, title = {Reduced expressions of calmodulin genes and protein and reduced ability of calmodulin to activate plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase in the brain of protein undernourished rats: Modulatory roles of selenium and zinc supplementation}, journal = {Cell Biochemistry and Function}, year = {2016}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {95-103}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84975749423&partnerID=40&md5=7f4aae9607cb8a58f2fa7d70624968cb}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cbf.3168} }
van Adel, B.A., Kidd, S.A. and Kelly, J.B.	Contribution of the commissure of Probst to binaural evoked responses in the rat's inferior colliculus: interaural time differences. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Hearing research Vol. 130, pp. 115-30	article
Abstract: Binaural evoked responses were recorded with glass micropipettes from the central nucleus of the rat's inferior colliculus (ICC) before and after transection of the commissure of Probst (CP) with a microsurgical knife. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the averaged evoked response was measured for binaural clicks with interaural time differences (ITDs) between -1.0 and +30.0 ms (positive values reflecting ipsilateral-leading-contralateral click pairs). Before transection, the amplitude of the evoked response decreased as the ITD was shifted in favor of larger ipsilateral lead times. After transection of the CP, acoustic stimulation of the ipsilateral ear was much less effective in reducing evoked response amplitude. Responses to both short (+/-1.0 ms) and long (1.0-30.0 ms) ITD intervals were affected. After recordings were made, both anterograde and retrograde tract tracing methods were used to verify that the CP was completely transected and that all crossed projections from the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) to ICC were destroyed. The surgery completely eliminated the retrograde transport of fluorogold from the ICC to the opposite DNLL and blocked the anterograde transport of biotinylated dextran to contralateral DNLL and ICC. The physiological consequences of CP transection are attributed to the complete destruction of decussating, inhibitory (GABAergic) efferent projections from the DNLL.
BibTeX: @article{Adel:1999, author = {van Adel, B. A. and Kidd, S. A. and Kelly, J. B.}, title = {Contribution of the commissure of Probst to binaural evoked responses in the rat's inferior colliculus: interaural time differences.}, journal = {Hearing research}, year = {1999}, volume = {130}, pages = {115-30}, note = {Duplicate!} }
van Adel, B.A., Kidd, S.A. and Kelly, J.B.	Contribution of the commissure of Probst to binaural evoked responses in the rat's inferior colliculus: interaural time differences. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Hear Res Vol. 130(1-2), pp. 115-130School: Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.	article	DOI
Abstract: Binaural evoked responses were recorded with glass micropipettes from the central nucleus of the rat's inferior colliculus (ICC) before and after transection of the commissure of Probst (CP) with a microsurgical knife. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the averaged evoked response was measured for binaural clicks with interaural time differences (ITDs) between -1.0 and +30.0 ms (positive values reflecting ipsilateral-leading-contralateral click pairs). Before transection, the amplitude of the evoked response decreased as the ITD was shifted in favor of larger ipsilateral lead times. After transection of the CP, acoustic stimulation of the ipsilateral ear was much less effective in reducing evoked response amplitude. Responses to both short (+/-1.0 ms) and long (1.0-30.0 ms) ITD intervals were affected. After recordings were made, both anterograde and retrograde tract tracing methods were used to verify that the CP was completely transected and that all crossed projections from the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) to ICC were destroyed. The surgery completely eliminated the retrograde transport of fluorogold from the ICC to the opposite DNLL and blocked the anterograde transport of biotinylated dextran to contralateral DNLL and ICC. The physiological consequences of CP transection are attributed to the complete destruction of decussating, inhibitory (GABAergic) efferent projections from the DNLL.
BibTeX: @article{Adel:1999c, author = {van Adel, B. A. and Kidd, S. A. and Kelly, J. B.}, title = {Contribution of the commissure of Probst to binaural evoked responses in the rat's inferior colliculus: interaural time differences.}, journal = {Hear Res}, school = {Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.}, year = {1999}, volume = {130}, number = {1-2}, pages = {115--130}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(98)00226-3} }
Adell, A. and Artigas, F.	A microdialysis study of the in vivo release of 5-HT in the median raphe nucleus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Br J Pharmacol Vol. 125(6), pp. 1361-1367School: Department of Neurochemistry, IIBB, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The present study has examined several characteristics of the release of 5-HT in the median raphe nucleus in terms of its dependence of nerve impulse, provenance of a vesicular storage fraction as well as the regulatory role played by 5-HT1A receptors. Tetrodotoxin (1 microM) and reserpine (5 mg kg(-1), i.p.) virtually suppressed the output of 5-HT. The administration of EEDQ (10 mg kg(-1), i.p.) did not alter the basal release of 5-HT but abolished the reduction of 5-HT release induced by 8-OH-DPAT (0.1 mg kg(-1), s.c.). The perfusion of 1-100 microM of 8-OH-DPAT or the novel 5-HT1A agonist BAY x 3702 decreased the efflux of 5-HT, whereas the perfusion of the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100635 failed to alter 5-HT release. The decrease in dialysate 5-HT induced by 100 microM 8-OH-DPAT was reversed by the concurrent perfusion of 100 microM WAY-100635. Also, the perfusion of 100 microM WAY-100635 for 2 h inhibited partly the reduction of 5-HT release evoked by the systemic administration of 8-OH- DPAT (0.1 mg kg(-1)). These results indicate that extracellular 5-HT in the median raphe nucleus is stored in vesicles and released in an impulse-dependent manner. Also, the basal release of 5-HT in the median raphe nucleus does not appear to be under the tonic control of somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors by endogenous 5-HT. Instead, this feedback mechanism seems to be triggered when an excess of the transmitter or a 5-HT1A agonist is present in the extracellular space of the median raphe nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Adell:1998, author = {Adell, A. and Artigas, F.}, title = {A microdialysis study of the in vivo release of 5-HT in the median raphe nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Br J Pharmacol}, school = {Department of Neurochemistry, IIBB, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.}, year = {1998}, volume = {125}, number = {6}, pages = {1361--1367}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0702206}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0702206} }
Adell, A., Celada, P., Abellán, M.T. and Artigas, F.	Origin and functional role of the extracellular serotonin in the midbrain raphe nuclei. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Brain Res Brain Res Rev Vol. 39(2-3), pp. 154-180School: Department of Neurochemistry, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, CSIC (IDIBAPS), Carrer Rosselló 161, 6th floor, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain. aacnqi@iibb.csic.es	article	DOI
Abstract: There is considerable interest in the regulation of the extracellular compartment of the transmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the midbrain raphe nuclei because it can control the activity of ascending serotonergic systems and the release of 5-HT in terminal areas of the forebrain. Several intrinsic and extrinsic factors of 5-HT neurons that regulate 5-HT release in the dorsal (DR) and median (MnR) raphe nucleus are reviewed in this article. Despite its high concentration in the extracellular space of the raphe nuclei, the origin of this pool of the transmitter remains to be determined. Regardless of its origin, is has been shown that the release of 5-HT in the rostral raphe nuclei is partly dependent on impulse flow and Ca(2+) ions. The release in the DR and MnR is critically dependent on the activation of 5-HT autoreceptors in these nuclei. Yet, it appears that 5-HT autoreceptors do not tonically inhibit 5-HT release in the raphe nuclei but rather play a role as sensors that respond to an excess of the endogenous transmitter. Both DR and MnR are equally responsive to the reduction of 5-HT release elicited by the local perfusion of 5-HT(1A) receptor agonists. In contrast, the effects of selective 5-HT(1B) receptor agonists are more pronounced in the MnR than in the DR. However, the cellular localization of 5-HT(1B) receptors in the raphe nuclei remains to be established. Furthermore, endogenous noradrenaline and GABA tonically regulate the extracellular concentration of 5-HT although the degree of tonicity appears to depend upon the sleep/wake cycle and the behavioral state of the animal. Glutamate exerts a phasic facilitatory control over the release of 5-HT in the raphe nuclei through ionotropic glutamate receptors. Overall, it appears that the extracellular concentration of 5-HT in the DR and the MnR is tightly controlled by intrinsic serotonergic mechanisms as well as afferent connections.
BibTeX: @article{Adell:2002, author = {Adell, Albert and Celada, Pau and Abellán, M Teresa and Artigas, Francesc}, title = {Origin and functional role of the extracellular serotonin in the midbrain raphe nuclei.}, journal = {Brain Res Brain Res Rev}, school = {Department of Neurochemistry, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, CSIC (IDIBAPS), Carrer Rosselló 161, 6th floor, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain. aacnqi@iibb.csic.es}, year = {2002}, volume = {39}, number = {2-3}, pages = {154--180}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0173(02)00182-0} }
Adelmann, G., Deller, T. and Frotscher, M.	Organization of identified fiber tracts in the rat fimbria-fornix: an anterograde tracing and electron microscopic study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Anat Embryol (Berl) Vol. 193(5), pp. 481-493School: Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Germany.	article	DOI
Abstract: The fimbria is a major route for afferent and efferent fibers of the hippocampal formation. However, little is known about the intrinsic organization of the fimbria-fornix complex. In this study, the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHAL) was used to analyze the ultrastructure and topography of identified fiber tracts within the fimbria-fornix. Septo-hippocampal fibers are loosely distributed throughout the fimbria-fornix. Commissural fibers cross the midline in the ventral hippocampal commissure and form a tight fiber bundle in the fimbria. Crossed entorhino-hippocampal fibers cross the midline in the ventral hippocampal commissure rostral to the commissural fiber bundle, and crossed entorhino-entorhinal fibers pass through the dorsal hippocampal commissure. This suggests a topographical organization of fiber tracts within the fimbria-fornix that reflects the laminar organization of the hippocampal target structure: fibers of the diffusely terminating septohippocampal projection are loosely distributed throughout the fimbria-fornix, while those projections that are known to terminate in specific laminae of the hippocampal formation (commissural projection, crossed entorhino-hippocampal projection) form fiber bundles within the fimbria and the ventral hippocampal commissure.
BibTeX: @article{Adelmann:1996, author = {G. Adelmann and T. Deller and M. Frotscher}, title = {Organization of identified fiber tracts in the rat fimbria-fornix: an anterograde tracing and electron microscopic study.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, school = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Germany.}, year = {1996}, volume = {193}, number = {5}, pages = {481--493}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00185879} }
Adelmann, G., Deller, T. and Frotscher, M.	Organization of identified fiber tracts in the rat fimbria-fornix: An anterograde tracing and electron microscopic study [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Anatomy and Embryology Vol. 193(5), pp. 481-493	article	URL
Abstract: The fimbria is a major route for afferent and efferent fibers of the hippocampal formation. However, little is known about the intrinsic organization of the fimbria-fornix complex. In this study, the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHAL) was used to analyze the ultrastructure and topography of identified fiber tracts within the fimbria-fornix. Septo-hippocampal fibers are loosely distributed throughout the fimbria-fornix. Commissural fibers cross the midline in the ventral hippocampal commissure and form a tight fiber bundle in the fimbria. Crossed entorhino-hippocampal fibers cross the midline in the ventral hippocampal commissure rostral to the commissural fiber bundle, and crossed entorhino-entorhinal fibers pass through the dorsal hippocampal commissure. This suggests a topographical organization of fiber tracts within the fimbria-fornix that reflects the laminar organization of the hippocampal target structure: fibers of the diffusely terminating septo- hippocampal projection are loosely distributed throughout the fimbria-fornix, while those projections that are known to terminate in specific laminae of the hippocampal formation (commissural projection, crossed entorhino-hippocampal projection) form fiber bundles within the fimbria and the ventral hippocampal commissure.
BibTeX: @article{Adelmann:1996a, author = {Adelmann, G. and Deller, T. and Frotscher, M.}, title = {Organization of identified fiber tracts in the rat fimbria-fornix: An anterograde tracing and electron microscopic study}, journal = {Anatomy and Embryology}, year = {1996}, volume = {193}, number = {5}, pages = {481-493}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029966052&partnerID=40&md5=3096c623052054736afdd8a84f1e9f66} }
Adèr, J., Postema, F. and Korf, J.	Contribution of the locus coeruleus to the adrenergic innervation of the rat spinal cord: a biochemical study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1979	J Neural Transm Vol. 44(3), pp. 159-173	article	DOI
Abstract: The possible existence and magnitude of a noradrenergic innervation from the locus coeruleus (LC) to the spinal cord was investigated in the rat with various techniques. Horseradish peroxidase, injected into the lumbar spinal cord produced heavy labelling of presumably noradrenaline (NA)-containing neurons in the ventral region of the LC, while cells in the dorsal region of the LC were only lightly labelled. The effects of electrothermic destruction and electrical stimulation of the LC on levels of NA in various parts of the spinal cord, the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus were studied. Fourteen days after unilateral destruction of the LC there were decreases in NA levels of about 85% in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and of about 15% in the cervical and thoracic segments of the spinal cord (ipsilateral versus contralateral). Fourteen days after bilateral lesioning of the LC significant decreases (about 25 in NA levels were observed in all spinal cord segments. Unilateral stimulation in or near the LC induced decreases of NA levels in all areas of the central nervous system investigated. In this experiment the levels of NA in the spinal cord were significantly lowered in the ipsilateral cervical (16, thoracic (12 and lumbar/sacral (15 segments of the spinal cord. These findings together indicate that a small part (no more than 30 of the NA levels in the rat spinal cord are dependent upon the integrity and activity of NA-containing neurons of the predominantly ipsilaterally localized LC.
BibTeX: @article{Ader:1979a, author = {Adèr, JP and Postema, F and Korf, J}, title = {Contribution of the locus coeruleus to the adrenergic innervation of the rat spinal cord: a biochemical study.}, journal = {J Neural Transm}, year = {1979}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, pages = {159--173}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01253060} }
Adèr, J.P., Aizenstein, M.L., Postema, F. and Korf, J.	Origin of free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1979	Journal of neural transmission Vol. 46, pp. 279-290	article
Abstract: The origin of free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG, a major metabolite of norepinephrine) in rat cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was investigated using brain and spinal cord perfusions with artificial CSF, electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus (LC) and the technique of retrograde cell labelling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The rates of appearance of MHPG into ventricular-cisternal and lumbar-cisternal perfusates were about 12.4 and 19.2 ng/hour respectively. Probenecid (200 mg/kg i.p.) did not alter the MHPG output in either preparation. Intravenous administration of 3 micrograms MHPG did not substantially enhance the outflow of the metabolite in the ventricular-cisternal perfusate, indicating that MHPG found in the perfusate is of central origin. Maximal activation of central norepinephrine (NE)-containing neurons of the LC by electrical stimulation induced a 50% increase of MHPG levels in the ventricular-cisternal perfusate. In addition HRP was found to be retrogradely transported from the lateral ventricle to these LC-neurons. These findings indicate that MHPG in CSF originates, at least in part from NE of nerve terminals adjacent to the cerebral ventricles, which have their origin in the LC. We calculated that the fraction of MHPG formed in the central nervous system, that was released into the CSF was about 34%. It is concluded that MHPG in CSF is a measure for changes in central NE turnover and that a considerable portion is dependent upon the activity of LC neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Ader:1979b, author = {Adèr, J P and Aizenstein, M L and Postema, F and Korf, J}, title = {Origin of free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol.}, journal = {Journal of neural transmission}, year = {1979}, volume = {46}, pages = {279--290}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Adèr, J.P., Postema, F. and Korf, J.	Contribution of the locus coeruleus to the adrenergic innervation of the rat spinal cord: a biochemical study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1979	J Neural Transm Vol. 44(3), pp. 159-173	article	DOI
Abstract: The possible existence and magnitude of a noradrenergic innervation from the locus coeruleus (LC) to the spinal cord was investigated in the rat with various techniques. Horseradish peroxidase, injected into the lumbar spinal cord produced heavy labelling of presumably noradrenaline (NA)-containing neurons in the ventral region of the LC, while cells in the dorsal region of the LC were only lightly labelled. The effects of electrothermic destruction and electrical stimulation of the LC on levels of NA in various parts of the spinal cord, the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus were studied. Fourteen days after unilateral destruction of the LC there were decreases in NA levels of about 85% in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and of about 15% in the cervical and thoracic segments of the spinal cord (ipsilateral versus contralateral). Fourteen days after bilateral lesioning of the LC significant decreases (about 25 in NA levels were observed in all spinal cord segments. Unilateral stimulation in or near the LC induced decreases of NA levels in all areas of the central nervous system investigated. In this experiment the levels of NA in the spinal cord were significantly lowered in the ipsilateral cervical (16, thoracic (12 and lumbar/sacral (15 segments of the spinal cord. These findings together indicate that a small part (no more than 30 of the NA levels in the rat spinal cord are dependent upon the integrity and activity of NA-containing neurons of the predominantly ipsilaterally localized LC.
BibTeX: @article{Ader:1979, author = {Adèr, J. P. and Postema, F. and Korf, J.}, title = {Contribution of the locus coeruleus to the adrenergic innervation of the rat spinal cord: a biochemical study.}, journal = {J Neural Transm}, year = {1979}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, pages = {159--173}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01253060} }
Adèr, J.P., Room, P., Postema, F. and Korf, J.	Bilaterally diverging axon collaterals and contralateral projections from rat locus coeruleus neurons, demonstrated by fluorescent retrograde double labeling and norepinephrine metabolism. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1980	J Neural Transm Vol. 49(4), pp. 207-208	article	DOI
Abstract: Evans Blue (EB) and a mixture of 4'-6'-diamidino-2-phenylindol 2 HCl and primuline (DAPI-Pr), fluorescing at different wave-lengths were injected into the rat hippocampus, frontal cortex or lateral part of the thalamus. After unilateral injection either of the two substances was retrogradely transported not only to ipsilateral but also to contralateral locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. Moreover after simultaneous injections of EB and DAPI-Pr respectively into the opposite brain structures of individual animals double-labeled neurons were observed in the bilateral LC. Unilateral electrical stimulation of the LC induced significant decreases of norepinephrine and increases of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene-glycol in both the ipsi- and contralateral frontal cortex and whole forebrain, respectively. These ipsi- and contralateral alterations of the amine and its metabolite correlated highly significantly. These results indicate that several LC neurons have both contralateral and bilateral projections to the brain areas mentioned above.
BibTeX: @article{Ader:1980, author = {J. P. Adèr and P. Room and F. Postema and J. Korf}, title = {Bilaterally diverging axon collaterals and contralateral projections from rat locus coeruleus neurons, demonstrated by fluorescent retrograde double labeling and norepinephrine metabolism.}, journal = {J Neural Transm}, year = {1980}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {207--208}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01252126} }
Adèr, J.P., Room, P., Postema, F. and Korf, J.	Bilaterally diverging axon collaterals and contralateral projections from rat locus coeruleus neurons, demonstrated by fluorescent retrograde double labeling and norepinephrine metabolism. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1980	J Neural Transm Vol. 49(4), pp. 207-208	article	DOI
Abstract: Evans Blue (EB) and a mixture of 4'-6'-diamidino-2-phenylindol 2 HCl and primuline (DAPI-Pr), fluorescing at different wave-lengths were injected into the rat hippocampus, frontal cortex or lateral part of the thalamus. After unilateral injection either of the two substances was retrogradely transported not only to ipsilateral but also to contralateral locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. Moreover after simultaneous injections of EB and DAPI-Pr respectively into the opposite brain structures of individual animals double-labeled neurons were observed in the bilateral LC. Unilateral electrical stimulation of the LC induced significant decreases of norepinephrine and increases of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene-glycol in both the ipsi- and contralateral frontal cortex and whole forebrain, respectively. These ipsi- and contralateral alterations of the amine and its metabolite correlated highly significantly. These results indicate that several LC neurons have both contralateral and bilateral projections to the brain areas mentioned above.
BibTeX: @article{Ader:1980a, author = {Adèr, J. P. and Room, P. and Postema, F. and Korf, J.}, title = {Bilaterally diverging axon collaterals and contralateral projections from rat locus coeruleus neurons, demonstrated by fluorescent retrograde double labeling and norepinephrine metabolism.}, journal = {J Neural Transm}, year = {1980}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {207--208}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01252126} }
Adèr, J.P., Room, P., Postema, F. and Korf, J.	Bilaterally diverging axon collaterals and contralateral projections from rat locus coeruleus neurons, demonstrated by fluorescent retrograde double labeling and norepinephrine metabolism. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1980	Journal of neural transmission Vol. 49, pp. 207-208	article	DOI
Abstract: Evans Blue (EB) and a mixture of 4'-6'-diamidino-2-phenylindol 2 HCl and primuline (DAPI-Pr), fluorescing at different wave-lengths were injected into the rat hippocampus, frontal cortex or lateral part of the thalamus. After unilateral injection either of the two substances was retrogradely transported not only to ipsilateral but also to contralateral locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. Moreover after simultaneous injections of EB and DAPI-Pr respectively into the opposite brain structures of individual animals double-labeled neurons were observed in the bilateral LC. Unilateral electrical stimulation of the LC induced significant decreases of norepinephrine and increases of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene-glycol in both the ipsi- and contralateral frontal cortex and whole forebrain, respectively. These ipsi- and contralateral alterations of the amine and its metabolite correlated highly significantly. These results indicate that several LC neurons have both contralateral and bilateral projections to the brain areas mentioned above.
BibTeX: @article{Ader:1980b, author = {Adèr, J P and Room, P and Postema, F and Korf, J}, title = {Bilaterally diverging axon collaterals and contralateral projections from rat locus coeruleus neurons, demonstrated by fluorescent retrograde double labeling and norepinephrine metabolism.}, journal = {Journal of neural transmission}, year = {1980}, volume = {49}, pages = {207--208}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01252126} }
Adermark, L.	Modulation of endocannabinoid-mediated long-lasting disinhibition of striatal output by cholinergic interneurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Neuropharmacology Vol. 61, pp. 1314-1320	article	DOI
Abstract: The frequency and duration of glutamatergic inputs to the striatum are strong determinants of the net effect of retrograde endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling, and key factors in determining if long-term depression (LTD) has a net disinhibitory or inhibitory action in striatum. Low to moderate frequency stimulation in the dorsolateral striatum elevates eCB levels to an extent that primarily depresses transmitter release at inhibitory synapses, leading to a long-lasting disinhibition (DLL) of synaptic output. The aim of this study was to further characterize the basic features of endocannabinoid-mediated DLL of striatal output induced by moderate frequency stimulation (5 Hz, 60 s). DLL was inhibited in slices treated with the group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonists MPEP (40 μM) and CPCCOEt (40 μM), the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride (5 μM), the L-type calcium channel blocker nifedipine (20 μM), the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine (10 μM), the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine sesquifumarate (10 μM), and strychnine (0.1 μM). Strychnine did not block DLL induced by WIN55,212-2 (250 nM), showing that glycine receptor-mediated modulation of eCB signaling occurs upstream from CB(1)R activation. Scopolamine (10 μM) restored DLL in strychnine-treated slices, suggesting that inhibition of glycine receptors on cholinergic interneurons could modulate eCB signaling by enhancing muscarinic receptor activation and reducing the opening of L-type calcium channels in response to depolarization. These data suggests that similar activation points are required for stimulation-induced DLL as for LTD at excitatory striatal synapses, and that cholinergic interneurons are key modulators of stimulation-induced eCB signaling in the striatum.
BibTeX: @article{Adermark:2011, author = {Adermark, Louise}, title = {Modulation of endocannabinoid-mediated long-lasting disinhibition of striatal output by cholinergic interneurons.}, journal = {Neuropharmacology}, year = {2011}, volume = {61}, pages = {1314--1320}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.07.039} }
Adermark, L. and Lovinger, D.M.	Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling at striatal synapses requires a regulated postsynaptic release step. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Vol. 104(51), pp. 20564-20569School: Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Endocannabinoids (eCBs) mediate short- and long-term depression of synaptic strength by retrograde transsynaptic signaling. Previous studies have suggested that an eCB mobilization or release step in the postsynaptic neuron is involved in this retrograde signaling. However, it is not known whether this release process occurs automatically upon eCB synthesis or whether it is regulated by other synaptic factors. To address this issue, we loaded postsynaptic striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) with the eCBs anandamide (AEA) or 2-arachidonoylglycerol and determined the conditions necessary for presynaptic inhibition. We found that presynaptic depression of glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) induced by postsynaptic eCB loading required a certain level of afferent activation that varied between the different synaptic types. Synaptic depression at excitatory synapses was temperature-dependent and blocked by the eCB membrane transport blockers, VDM11 and UCM707, but did not require activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, l-calcium channels, nitric oxide, voltage-activated Na(+) channels, or intracellular calcium. Application of the CB(1)R antagonist, AM251, after depression was established, reversed the decrease in EPSC, but not in IPSC, amplitude. Direct activation of the CB(1) receptor by WIN 55,212-2 initiated synaptic depression that was independent of afferent stimulation. These findings indicate that retrograde eCB signaling requires a postsynaptic release step involving a transporter or carrier that is activated by afferent stimulation/synaptic activation.
BibTeX: @article{Adermark:2007, author = {Adermark, Louise and Lovinger, David M.}, title = {Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling at striatal synapses requires a regulated postsynaptic release step.}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, school = {Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.}, year = {2007}, volume = {104}, number = {51}, pages = {20564--20569}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706873104}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706873104} }
Adermark, L. and Lovinger, D.M.	Combined activation of L-type Ca2+ channels and synaptic transmission is sufficient to induce striatal long-term depression. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	J Neurosci Vol. 27(25), pp. 6781-6787School: Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Changes in synaptic strength at striatal synapses, such as long-term depression (LTD), may be involved in striatal-based learning and memory. Several molecular mechanisms have been implicated in striatal LTD, but it is not clear which mechanisms are crucial for LTD induction. We found that the activation of L-type calcium channels by 2,5-dimethyl-4-[2-(phenylmethyl)benzoyl]-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid methylester (FPL64176), combined with modest postsynaptic depolarization and synaptic activation, is sufficient to induce robust LTD (FPL-LTD). The L-channel activator 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (Bay K 8644) has a similar action. FPL-LTD occludes LTD induced by high-frequency stimulation (HFS-LTD) and requires elevated postsynaptic calcium and retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, properties similar to those of HFS-LTD. In contrast, FPL-LTD does not require the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), phospholipase C, or dopamine D2 receptors. FPL-LTD induction also requires afferent stimulation. These findings suggest a scenario in which L-type calcium channel activation is a crucial switch for LTD induction, and mGluRs and D2 receptors can be bypassed if this channel is activated.
BibTeX: @article{Adermark:2007a, author = {Adermark, Louise and Lovinger, David M.}, title = {Combined activation of L-type Ca2+ channels and synaptic transmission is sufficient to induce striatal long-term depression.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.}, year = {2007}, volume = {27}, number = {25}, pages = {6781--6787}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0280-07.2007}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0280-07.2007} }
Adermark, L. and Lovinger, D.M.	Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling at striatal synapses requires a regulated postsynaptic release step. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol. 104, pp. 20564-9	article
Abstract: Endocannabinoids (eCBs) mediate short- and long-term depression of synaptic strength by retrograde transsynaptic signaling. Previous studies have suggested that an eCB mobilization or release step in the postsynaptic neuron is involved in this retrograde signaling. However, it is not known whether this release process occurs automatically upon eCB synthesis or whether it is regulated by other synaptic factors. To address this issue, we loaded postsynaptic striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) with the eCBs anandamide (AEA) or 2-arachidonoylglycerol and determined the conditions necessary for presynaptic inhibition. We found that presynaptic depression of glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) induced by postsynaptic eCB loading required a certain level of afferent activation that varied between the different synaptic types. Synaptic depression at excitatory synapses was temperature-dependent and blocked by the eCB membrane transport blockers, VDM11 and UCM707, but did not require activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, l-calcium channels, nitric oxide, voltage-activated Na(+) channels, or intracellular calcium. Application of the CB(1)R antagonist, AM251, after depression was established, reversed the decrease in EPSC, but not in IPSC, amplitude. Direct activation of the CB(1) receptor by WIN 55,212-2 initiated synaptic depression that was independent of afferent stimulation. These findings indicate that retrograde eCB signaling requires a postsynaptic release step involving a transporter or carrier that is activated by afferent stimulation/synaptic activation.
BibTeX: @article{Adermark:2007b, author = {Adermark, Louise and Lovinger, David M.}, title = {Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling at striatal synapses requires a regulated postsynaptic release step.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, year = {2007}, volume = {104}, pages = {20564-9}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Adesnik, H. and Scanziani, M.	Lateral competition for cortical space by layer-specific horizontal circuits. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Nature Vol. 464(7292), pp. 1155-1160School: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Neurobiology Section and Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0634, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The cerebral cortex constructs a coherent representation of the world by integrating distinct features of the sensory environment. Although these features are processed vertically across cortical layers, horizontal projections interconnecting neighbouring cortical domains allow these features to be processed in a context-dependent manner. Despite the wealth of physiological and psychophysical studies addressing the function of horizontal projections, how they coordinate activity among cortical domains remains poorly understood. We addressed this question by selectively activating horizontal projection neurons in mouse somatosensory cortex, and determined how the resulting spatial pattern of excitation and inhibition affects cortical activity. We found that horizontal projections suppress superficial layers while simultaneously activating deeper cortical output layers. This layer-specific modulation does not result from a spatial separation of excitation and inhibition, but from a layer- specific ratio between these two opposing conductances. Through this mechanism, cortical domains exploit horizontal projections to compete for cortical space.
BibTeX: @article{Adesnik:2010, author = {Adesnik, Hillel and Scanziani, Massimo}, title = {Lateral competition for cortical space by layer-specific horizontal circuits.}, journal = {Nature}, school = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Neurobiology Section and Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0634, USA.}, year = {2010}, volume = {464}, number = {7292}, pages = {1155--1160}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08935}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08935} }
Adler, E.S., Hollis, J.H., Clarke, I.J., Grattan, D.R. and Oldfield, B.J.	Neurochemical characterization and sexual dimorphism of projections from the brain to abdominal and subcutaneous white adipose tissue in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	J Neurosci Vol. 32(45), pp. 15913-15921School: Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (rWAT) and subcutaneous (inguinal) white adipose tissue (iWAT) are both innervated and regulated by sympathetic efferents, but the distribution and identity of the cells in the brain that regulate sympathetic outflow are poorly characterized. Our aim was to use two isogenic strains of a neurotropic virus (pseudorabies, Bartha) tagged with either green or red fluorescent reporters to identify cells in the brain that project to rWAT and/or iWAT. These viruses were injected into separate WAT depots in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Retrogradely labeled neurons in the CNS were characterized by immunohistochemistry and PCR. For the latter, laser capture of individual virally labeled neurons was used. All virally labeled brain regions contained neurons projecting to either and both WAT depots. Neurons to abdominal fat were the most abundant in males, whereas females contained a greater proportion of neurons to subcutaneous via private lines and collateral branches. Retrogradely labeled neurons directed to WAT expressed estrogen receptor-α (ERα), and fewer neurons to subcutaneous WAT expressed ERα in males. Regardless of sex, projections from the arcuate nucleus were predominantly from pro-opiomelanocortin cells, with a notable lack of projections from agouti-related protein-expressing neurons. Within the lateral hypothalamus, neurons directed to rWAT and iWAT expressed orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), but male rats had a predominance of MCH directed to iWAT. In conclusion, the neurochemical substrates that project through polysynaptic pathways to iWAT and rWAT are different in male and female rats, suggesting that metabolic regulation of rWAT and iWAT is sexually dimorphic.
BibTeX: @article{Adler:2012, author = {Adler, Elaine S. and Hollis, Jacob H. and Clarke, Iain J. and Grattan, David R. and Oldfield, Brian J.}, title = {Neurochemical characterization and sexual dimorphism of projections from the brain to abdominal and subcutaneous white adipose tissue in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.}, year = {2012}, volume = {32}, number = {45}, pages = {15913--15921}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in normal adult rats.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2591-12.2012}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2591-12.2012} }
Adler, E.S., Hollis, J.H., Clarke, I.J., Grattan, D.R. and Oldfield, B.J.	Neurochemical characterization and sexual dimorphism of projections from the brain to abdominal and subcutaneous white adipose tissue in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Vol. 32, pp. 15913-15921	article	DOI
Abstract: Retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (rWAT) and subcutaneous (inguinal) white adipose tissue (iWAT) are both innervated and regulated by sympathetic efferents, but the distribution and identity of the cells in the brain that regulate sympathetic outflow are poorly characterized. Our aim was to use two isogenic strains of a neurotropic virus (pseudorabies, Bartha) tagged with either green or red fluorescent reporters to identify cells in the brain that project to rWAT and/or iWAT. These viruses were injected into separate WAT depots in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Retrogradely labeled neurons in the CNS were characterized by immunohistochemistry and PCR. For the latter, laser capture of individual virally labeled neurons was used. All virally labeled brain regions contained neurons projecting to either and both WAT depots. Neurons to abdominal fat were the most abundant in males, whereas females contained a greater proportion of neurons to subcutaneous via private lines and collateral branches. Retrogradely labeled neurons directed to WAT expressed estrogen receptor-α (ERα), and fewer neurons to subcutaneous WAT expressed ERα in males. Regardless of sex, projections from the arcuate nucleus were predominantly from pro-opiomelanocortin cells, with a notable lack of projections from agouti-related protein-expressing neurons. Within the lateral hypothalamus, neurons directed to rWAT and iWAT expressed orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), but male rats had a predominance of MCH directed to iWAT. In conclusion, the neurochemical substrates that project through polysynaptic pathways to iWAT and rWAT are different in male and female rats, suggesting that metabolic regulation of rWAT and iWAT is sexually dimorphic.
BibTeX: @article{Adler:2012a, author = {Adler, Elaine S and Hollis, Jacob H and Clarke, Iain J and Grattan, David R and Oldfield, Brian J}, title = {Neurochemical characterization and sexual dimorphism of projections from the brain to abdominal and subcutaneous white adipose tissue in the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, year = {2012}, volume = {32}, pages = {15913--15921}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2591-12.2012} }
Adli, D.S., Stuesse, S.L. and Cruce, W.L.	Immunohistochemistry and spinal projections of the reticular formation in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	J Comp Neurol Vol. 404(3), pp. 387-407School: Zoology Department, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.	article	DOI
Abstract: Over 30 nuclei have been identified in the reticular formation of rats, but only a small number of distinct reticular nuclei have been recognized in frogs. We used immunohistochemistry, retrograde tracing, and cell morphology to identify nuclei within the brainstem of Rana pipiens. FluoroGold was injected into the spinal cord, and, in the same frogs, antibodies to enkephalin, substance P, somatostatin, and serotonin were localized in adjacent sections. We identified many previously unrecognized reticular nuclei. The rhombencephalic reticular formation contained reticularis (r.) dorsalis; r. ventralis, pars alpha and pars beta; r. magnocellularis; r. parvocellularis; r. gigantocellularis; r. paragigantocellularis lateralis and dorsalis; r. pontis caudalis, pars alpha and pars beta; nucleus visceralis secundarius; r. pontis oralis, pars medialis and pars lateralis; raphe obscurus; raphe pallidus; raphe magnus; and raphe pontis. The mesencephalic reticular formation contained locus coeruleus- subcoeruleus, r. cuneiformis, r. subcuneiformis, raphe dorsalis-raphe centralis superior, and raphe linearis. Thus, the reticular formation of frog, which is an anamniote, is organized complexly and is similar to the reticular formation in amniotes. Because many of these nuclei may be homologous to reticular nuclei in mammals, we used mammalian terminology for frog reticular nuclei.
BibTeX: @article{Adli:1999, author = {Adli, D. S. and Stuesse, S. L. and Cruce, W. L.}, title = {Immunohistochemistry and spinal projections of the reticular formation in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Zoology Department, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.}, year = {1999}, volume = {404}, number = {3}, pages = {387--407}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990215)404:3%3C387::aid-cne8%3E3.0.co;2-z} }
Adli, D.S., Stuesse, S.L. and Cruce, W.L.	Immunohistochemistry and spinal projections of the reticular formation in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 404, pp. 387-407	article
Abstract: Over 30 nuclei have been identified in the reticular formation of rats, but only a small number of distinct reticular nuclei have been recognized in frogs. We used immunohistochemistry, retrograde tracing, and cell morphology to identify nuclei within the brainstem of Rana pipiens. FluoroGold was injected into the spinal cord, and, in the same frogs, antibodies to enkephalin, substance P, somatostatin, and serotonin were localized in adjacent sections. We identified many previously unrecognized reticular nuclei. The rhombencephalic reticular formation contained reticularis (r.) dorsalis; r. ventralis, pars alpha and pars beta; r. magnocellularis; r. parvocellularis; r. gigantocellularis; r. paragigantocellularis lateralis and dorsalis; r. pontis caudalis, pars alpha and pars beta; nucleus visceralis secundarius; r. pontis oralis, pars medialis and pars lateralis; raphe obscurus; raphe pallidus; raphe magnus; and raphe pontis. The mesencephalic reticular formation contained locus coeruleus- subcoeruleus, r. cuneiformis, r. subcuneiformis, raphe dorsalis-raphe centralis superior, and raphe linearis. Thus, the reticular formation of frog, which is an anamniote, is organized complexly and is similar to the reticular formation in amniotes. Because many of these nuclei may be homologous to reticular nuclei in mammals, we used mammalian terminology for frog reticular nuclei.
BibTeX: @article{Adli:1999a, author = {Adli, D. S. and Stuesse, S. L. and Cruce, W. L.}, title = {Immunohistochemistry and spinal projections of the reticular formation in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1999}, volume = {404}, pages = {387-407}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damasio, H. and Damasio, A.	Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Nature Vol. 372(6507), pp. 669-672School: Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Studies in animals have shown that the amygdala receives highly processed visual input, contains neurons that respond selectively to faces, and that it participates in emotion and social behaviour. Although studies in epileptic patients support its role in emotion, determination of the amygdala's function in humans has been hampered by the rarity of patients with selective amygdala lesions. Here, with the help of one such rare patient, we report findings that suggest the human amygdala may be indispensable to: (1) recognize fear in facial expressions; (2) recognize multiple emotions in a single facial expression; but (3) is not required to recognize personal identity from faces. These results suggest that damage restricted to the amygdala causes very specific recognition impairments, and thus constrains the broad notion that the amygdala is involved in emotion.
BibTeX: @article{Adolphs:1994, author = {R. Adolphs and D. Tranel and H. Damasio and A. Damasio}, title = {Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala.}, journal = {Nature}, school = {Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242.}, year = {1994}, volume = {372}, number = {6507}, pages = {669--672}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/372669a0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/372669a0} }
Adriaensen, D., Brouns, I. and Timmermans, J.-P.	Sensory input to the central nervous system from the lungs and airways: A prominent role for purinergic signalling via P2X2/3 receptors [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Specific subpopulations of lung-related primary afferent neurons in dorsal root and vagal sensory ganglia have been reported to express P2X2 and P2X3 receptors both in the neuronal cell bodies and in their peripheral terminals. The afferent innervation of airways and lungs is organised as sensory receptor structures, of which at least seven types with a vagal origin and two with a spinal origin have been reported.In view of the recently suggested therapeutic promise of ATP antagonism ? specifically at P2X3 receptor expressing nociceptive fibres ? in respiratory disorders, the present work focusses on four distinct populations of pulmonary sensory receptors that have so far been reported to express P2X2/3 receptors. Three of them originate from myelinated nerve fibres that display similar mechanosensor-like morphological and neurochemical characteristics. Two of the latter concern vagal nodose sensory fibres, either related to pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs), or giving rise to smooth muscle-associated airway receptors (SMARs); the third gives rise to visceral pleura receptors (VPRs) and most likely arises from dorsal root ganglia. The fourth population concerns C-fibre receptors (CFRs) that also derive from neuronal cell bodies located in vagal nodose ganglia.Although the majority of the airway- and lung-related sensory receptors that express P2X2/3 receptors apparently do not belong to accepted nociceptive populations, these data definitely point out that ATP may be an important player in the physiological transduction of different lung-related afferent signals from the periphery to the CNS. The observed variety within the populations of pulmonary sensory receptors that express P2X2/3 receptors argues for a critical and careful interpretation of the functional data.
BibTeX: @article{Adriaensen:2015, author = {Adriaensen, Dirk and Brouns, Inge and Timmermans, Jean-Pierre}, title = {Sensory input to the central nervous system from the lungs and airways: A prominent role for purinergic signalling via P2X2/3 receptors}, journal = {Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical}, year = {2015}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2015.04.006}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2015.04.006} }
Adriaensen, D., Timmermans, J.P., Brouns, I., Berthoud, H.R., Neuhuber, W.L. and Scheuermann, D.W.	Pulmonary intraepithelial vagal nodose afferent nerve terminals are confined to neuroepithelial bodies: an anterograde tracing and confocal microscopy study in adult rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Cell Tissue Res Vol. 293(3), pp. 395-405School: Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp (RUCA), Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium. dadria@ruca.ua.ac.be	article	DOI
Abstract: Our present understanding of the morphology of neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) in mammalian lungs is comprehensive. Several hypotheses have been put forward regarding their function but none has been proven conclusively. Microscopic data on the innervation that appears to affect the reaction of NEBs to stimuli have given rise to conflicting interpretations. The aim of this study has been to check the validity of the hypothesis that pulmonary NEBs receive an extensive vagal sensory innervation. The fluorescent neuronal tracer DiI was injected into the vagal sensory nodose ganglion and NEBs were visualized in toto by using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy on 100-micrometer-thick frozen sections of the lungs of adult rats. The most striking finding was the extensive intraepithelial terminal arborizations of DiI-labelled vagal afferents in intrapulmonary airways, apparently always co-appearing with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive NEBs. Not all NEBs received a traced nerve fibre. Intrapulmonary CGRP-containing nerve fibres, including those innervating NEBs, always appeared to belong to a nerve fibre population different from the DiI-traced fibres and hence did not arise from the nodose ganglion. Therefore, at least some of the pulmonary NEBs in adult rats are supplied with sensory nerve fibres that originate from the vagal nodose ganglion and form beaded ramifications between the NEB cells, thus providing support for the hypothesis of a receptor function for NEBs.
BibTeX: @article{Adriaensen:1998, author = {Adriaensen, D. and Timmermans, J. P. and Brouns, I. and Berthoud, H. R. and Neuhuber, W. L. and Scheuermann, D. W.}, title = {Pulmonary intraepithelial vagal nodose afferent nerve terminals are confined to neuroepithelial bodies: an anterograde tracing and confocal microscopy study in adult rats.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, school = {Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp (RUCA), Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium. dadria@ruca.ua.ac.be}, year = {1998}, volume = {293}, number = {3}, pages = {395--405}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s004410051131} }
Aerts, J.J., Plenevaux, A.R., Lemaire, C.F., Giacomelli, F., Warnock, G.I., Phillips, C.L. and Luxen, A.J.	Metabolism of no-carrier-added 2-[18F]fluoro-L-tyrosine in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	BMC Med Phys Vol. 8, pp. 4School: Centre de Recherches du Cyclotron, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique. j.aerts@ulg.ac.be	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Several fluorine-18 labelled fluoroamino acids have been evaluated as tracers for the quantitative assessment of cerebral protein synthesis in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET). Among these, 2-[18F]fluoro-L-tyrosine (2-[18F]Tyr) has been studied in mice at a low specific activity. Its incorporation into proteins is fast and metabolism via other pathways is limited. The present in vivo study was carried out in normal awake rats using no-carrier-added 2-[18F]Tyr. Under normal physiological conditions, we have studied the incorporation into proteins and the metabolism of the tracer in different brain areas.No-carrier-added 2-[18F]Tyr was administered to awake rats equipped with chronic arterial and venous catheters. The time course of the plasma activity was studied by arterial blood sampling. The biodistribution of the activity in the main organs was studied at the end of the experiment. The distribution of radioactive species in plasma and brain regions was studied by acidic precipitation of the proteins and HPLC analysis of the supernatant.The absolute uptake of radioactivity in brain regions was homogenous. In awake rats, no-carrier-added 2-[18F]Tyr exhibits a fast and almost quantitative incorporation into the proteins fractions of cerebellum and cortex. In striatum, this incorporation into proteins and the unchanged fraction of the tracer detected by HPLC could be lower than in other brain regions.This study confirms the potential of 2-[18F]fluoro-L-tyrosine as a tracer for the assessment of the rate of protein synthesis by positron emission tomography. The observed metabolism suggests a need for a correction for the appearance of metabolites, at least in plasma.
BibTeX: @article{Aerts:2008, author = {Aerts, Joël J. and Plenevaux, Alain R. and Lemaire, Christian F. and Giacomelli, Fabrice and Warnock, Geoffrey I. and Phillips, Christophe L. and Luxen, André J.}, title = {Metabolism of no-carrier-added 2-[18F]fluoro-L-tyrosine in rats.}, journal = {BMC Med Phys}, school = {Centre de Recherches du Cyclotron, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique. j.aerts@ulg.ac.be}, year = {2008}, volume = {8}, pages = {4}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-6649-8-4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-6649-8-4} }
Afarinesh M-R, B.G.	Specific and Non-Specific Thalamocortical Afferents to the Whisker–Related Sensory Cortical Region in Rats with Congenital Hypothyroidism [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences Vol. 22(4), pp. 355-369	article	URL
Abstract: Background & Aims: Thyroid hormones are of great importance in the development of the central nervous system. Congenital hypothyroidism may affect the reorganization of specific and non-specific thalamocortical afferents to whisker–related sensory (wS1) corticol region in rats. Methods: Congenital hypothyroidism was induced by adding propylthiouracil (PTU) (25 ppm) to the rats’ drinking water from embryonic day 16 to postnatal day 60. Pregnant rats were divided into normal and congenital hypothyroidism groups. Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into wS1 cortical area as tracer. Results: Following tracer injection, retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in the thalamic specific relay nuclus including ventral posterior medial (VPM), and in the nonspecific thalamic nuclei including centrolatral (CL), centromedial (CM), ventromedial (VM), posteromedial (PO), and reunion (Re). The number of VPM and PO labeled neurons significantly reduced in the congenital hypothyroidim group compared to the normal group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, recpectively). No significant difference was observed between the hypothyroidism group and control group in terms of the number of labeled projection neurons in CL, CM, VM, and Re nuclei. Conclusion: The present study showed that congenital hypothyroidism alters the thalamocortical projection pattern from VPM and PO thalamic nuclei to barrel cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Afarinesh:2015, author = {Afarinesh M-R, Behzadi G}, title = {Specific and Non-Specific Thalamocortical Afferents to the Whisker–Related Sensory Cortical Region in Rats with Congenital Hypothyroidism}, journal = {Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, year = {2015}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {355-369}, url = {http://scholar.google.de/scholar_url?url=http://www.jkmu.kmu.ac.ir/en/index.php/kmus/article/viewFile/978/pdf&hl=de&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm3orklnzEbQ4Bh9BVUO2P38Ki_CUg&nossl=1&oi=scholaralrt} }
Afarinesh, M.R. and Behzadi, G.	The pattern of thalamocortical and brain stem projections to the vibrissae-related sensory and motor cortices in de-whiskered congenital hypothyroid rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2017	Metabolic brain disease Vol. 32, pp. 1223-1235	article	DOI
Abstract: The present study is designed to investigate the plastic organization of the thalamo-cortical (TC) and brain stem afferents of whisker primary sensory (wS1) and motor (wM1) cortical areas in congenital hypothyroid (CH) pups following whisker deprivation (WD) from neonatal to adolescence period. Maternal hypothyroidism was induced by adding propylthiouracil (PTU) to the drinking water from early embryonic day 16 to postnatal day (PND) 60. Pregnant rats were divided into intact and CH groups (n = 8). In each group, the total whiskers of pups (4 of 8) were trimmed continuously from PND 1 to PND 60. Retrograde tracing technique with WGA-HRP was performed in the present study. Retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in the specific thalamic nuclei (VPM and VL) following separately WGA-HRP injections into wS1/M1 cortical areas. The number of labeled cells in the VPM, VL, VM and PO nuclei of the thalamus significantly decreased in CH offsprings rats (P < 0.05). Neonatal WD did not show any significant effects on the number of VPM, VL, VM and PO labeled projection neurons to wS1 and wM1 cortical areas. In addition, retrogradely labeled neurons in dorsal raphe (DR) and locus coeruleus (LC) nuclei were observed in all experimental groups. The number of DR and LC labeled neurons were higher in the CH and whisker deprived groups compared to their matching controls (P < 0.05). Upon our results, CH and WD had no synergic or additive effects on the TC and brain stem afferent patterns of barrel sensory and motor cortices.
BibTeX: @article{Afarinesh:2017, author = {Afarinesh, Mohammad Reza and Behzadi, Gila}, title = {The pattern of thalamocortical and brain stem projections to the vibrissae-related sensory and motor cortices in de-whiskered congenital hypothyroid rats.}, journal = {Metabolic brain disease}, year = {2017}, volume = {32}, pages = {1223--1235}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-017-0027-z} }
Afework, M., Ralevic, V. and Burnstock, G.	The intra-adrenal distribution of intrinsic and extrinsic nitrergic nerve fibres in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Neurosci Lett Vol. 190(2), pp. 109-112School: Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK.	article	DOI
Abstract: The intra-adrenal distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive nerve fibres was studied in rats subjected to various denervations. Splanchnic nerve section eliminated the NOS-immunoreactive nerve fibres which innervate adrenal chromaffin and neuronal cells. It did not affect those innervating blood vessels and zona glomerulosa, which instead were affected by adrenal demedullation. Guanethidine, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and capsaicin treatments, however, did not produce any change. These results suggest that nitrergic nerves which innervate adrenal medullary cells are extrinsic (largely preganglionic sympathetic), whilst those innervating the zona glomerulosa and the majority of adrenal vessels are intrinsic, and that they do not belong to nerves sensitive to the sympathetic nerve neurotoxins, guanethidine and 6-OHDA, or the sensory neurotoxin, capsaicin.
BibTeX: @article{Afework:1995, author = {Afework, M. and Ralevic, V. and Burnstock, G.}, title = {The intra-adrenal distribution of intrinsic and extrinsic nitrergic nerve fibres in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK.}, year = {1995}, volume = {190}, number = {2}, pages = {109--112}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(95)11514-w} }
Affleck, V.S., Coote, J.H. and Pyner, S.	The projection and synaptic organisation of NTS afferent connections with presympathetic neurons, GABA and nNOS neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Neuroscience Vol. 219, pp. 48-61School: Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Elevated sympathetic nerve activity, strongly associated with cardiovascular disease, is partly generated from the presympathetic neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). The PVN-presympathetic neurons regulating cardiac and vasomotor sympathetic activity receive information about cardiovascular status from receptors in the heart and circulation. These receptors signal changes via afferent neurons terminating in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), some of which may result in excitation or inhibition of PVN-presympathetic neurons. Understanding the anatomy and neurochemistry of NTS afferent connections within the PVN could provide important clues to the impairment in homeostasis cardiovascular control associated with disease. Transynaptic labelling has shown the presence of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-containing neurons and GABA interneurons that terminate on presympathetic PVN neurons any of which may be the target for NTS afferents. So far NTS connections to these diverse neuronal pools have not been demonstrated and were investigated in this study. Anterograde (biotin dextran amine - BDA) labelling of the ascending projection from the NTS and retrograde (fluorogold - FG or cholera toxin B subunit - CTB) labelling of PVN presympathetic neurons combined with immunohistochemistry for GABA and nNOS was used to identify the terminal neuronal targets of the ascending projection from the NTS. It was shown that NTS afferent terminals are apposed to either PVN-GABA interneurons or to nitric oxide producing neurons or even directly to presympathetic neurons. Furthermore, there was evidence that some NTS axons were positive for vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGLUT2). The data provide an anatomical basis for the different functions of cardiovascular receptors that mediate their actions via the NTS-PVN pathways.
BibTeX: @article{Affleck:2012, author = {Affleck, V. S. and Coote, J. H. and Pyner, S.}, title = {The projection and synaptic organisation of NTS afferent connections with presympathetic neurons, GABA and nNOS neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = { Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.}, year = {2012}, volume = {219}, pages = {48--61}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.070}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.070} }
Afonso-Oramas, D., Cruz-Muros, I., Castro-Hernandez, J., Salas-Hernandez, J., Barroso-Chinea, P., Garcia-Hernandez, S., Lanciego, J.L. and Gonzalez-Hernandez, T.	Striatal vessels receive phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase-rich innervation from midbrain dopaminergic neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Frontiers in neuroanatomy Vol. 8, pp. 84	article	DOI
Abstract: Nowadays it is assumed that besides its roles in neuronal processing, dopamine (DA) is also involved in the regulation of cerebral blood flow. However, studies on the hemodynamic actions of DA have been mainly focused on the cerebral cortex, but the possibility that vessels in deeper brain structures receive dopaminergic axons and the origin of these axons have not been investigated. Bearing in mind the evidence of changes in the blood flow of basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease (PD), and the pivotal role of the dopaminergic mesostriatal pathway in the pathophysiology of this disease, here we studied whether striatal vessels receive inputs from midbrain dopaminergic neurons. The injection of an anterograde neuronal tracer in combination with immunohistochemistry for dopaminergic, vascular and astroglial markers, and dopaminergic lesions, revealed that midbrain dopaminergic axons are in close apposition to striatal vessels and perivascular astrocytes. These axons form dense perivascular plexuses restricted to striatal regions in rats and monkeys. Interestingly, they are intensely immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylated at Ser19 and Ser40 residues. The presence of phosphorylated TH in vessel terminals indicates they are probably the main source of basal TH activity in the striatum, and that after activation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, DA release onto vessels precedes that onto neurons. Furthermore, the relative weight of this "vascular component" within the mesostriatal pathway suggests that it plays a relevant role in the pathophysiology of PD.
BibTeX: @article{Afonso-Oramas:2014b, author = {Afonso-Oramas, Domingo and Cruz-Muros, Ignacio and Castro-Hernandez, Javier and Salas-Hernandez, Josmar and Barroso-Chinea, Pedro and Garcia-Hernandez, Sonia and Lanciego, Jose L. and Gonzalez-Hernandez, Tomas}, title = {Striatal vessels receive phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase-rich innervation from midbrain dopaminergic neurons.}, journal = {Frontiers in neuroanatomy}, year = {2014}, volume = {8}, pages = {84}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2014.00084} }
Afonso-Oramas, D., Cruz-Muros, I., Castro-Hernández, J., Salas-Hernández, J., Barroso-Chinea, P., García-Hernández, S., Lanciego, J.L. and González-Hernández, T.	Striatal vessels receive phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase-rich innervation from midbrain dopaminergic neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Front Neuroanat Vol. 8, pp. 84School: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Biomedical Technologies Institute (ITB, CIBICAN) La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Spanish Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Madrid, Spain.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Nowadays it is assumed that besides its roles in neuronal processing, dopamine (DA) is also involved in the regulation of cerebral blood flow. However, studies on the hemodynamic actions of DA have been mainly focused on the cerebral cortex, but the possibility that vessels in deeper brain structures receive dopaminergic axons and the origin of these axons have not been investigated. Bearing in mind the evidence of changes in the blood flow of basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease (PD), and the pivotal role of the dopaminergic mesostriatal pathway in the pathophysiology of this disease, here we studied whether striatal vessels receive inputs from midbrain dopaminergic neurons. The injection of an anterograde neuronal tracer in combination with immunohistochemistry for dopaminergic, vascular and astroglial markers, and dopaminergic lesions, revealed that midbrain dopaminergic axons are in close apposition to striatal vessels and perivascular astrocytes. These axons form dense perivascular plexuses restricted to striatal regions in rats and monkeys. Interestingly, they are intensely immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylated at Ser19 and Ser40 residues. The presence of phosphorylated TH in vessel terminals indicates they are probably the main source of basal TH activity in the striatum, and that after activation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, DA release onto vessels precedes that onto neurons. Furthermore, the relative weight of this "vascular component" within the mesostriatal pathway suggests that it plays a relevant role in the pathophysiology of PD.
BibTeX: @article{Afonso-Oramas:2014, author = {Afonso-Oramas, Domingo and Cruz-Muros, Ignacio and Castro-Hernández, Javier and Salas-Hernández, Josmar and Barroso-Chinea, Pedro and García-Hernández, Sonia and Lanciego, José L. and González-Hernández, Tomás}, title = {Striatal vessels receive phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase-rich innervation from midbrain dopaminergic neurons.}, journal = {Front Neuroanat}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Biomedical Technologies Institute (ITB, CIBICAN) La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Spanish Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Madrid, Spain.}, year = {2014}, volume = {8}, pages = {84}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2014.00084}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2014.00084} }
Afonso-Oramas, D., Cruz-Muros, I., Castro-Hernández, J., Salas-Hernández, J., Barroso-Chinea, P., García-Hernández, S., Lanciego, J.L. and González-Hernández, T.	Striatal vessels receive phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase-rich innervation from midbrain dopaminergic neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Front Neuroanat Vol. 8, pp. 84School: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Biomedical Technologies Institute (ITB, CIBICAN) La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Spanish Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Madrid, Spain.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Nowadays it is assumed that besides its roles in neuronal processing, dopamine (DA) is also involved in the regulation of cerebral blood flow. However, studies on the hemodynamic actions of DA have been mainly focused on the cerebral cortex, but the possibility that vessels in deeper brain structures receive dopaminergic axons and the origin of these axons have not been investigated. Bearing in mind the evidence of changes in the blood flow of basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease (PD), and the pivotal role of the dopaminergic mesostriatal pathway in the pathophysiology of this disease, here we studied whether striatal vessels receive inputs from midbrain dopaminergic neurons. The injection of an anterograde neuronal tracer in combination with immunohistochemistry for dopaminergic, vascular and astroglial markers, and dopaminergic lesions, revealed that midbrain dopaminergic axons are in close apposition to striatal vessels and perivascular astrocytes. These axons form dense perivascular plexuses restricted to striatal regions in rats and monkeys. Interestingly, they are intensely immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylated at Ser19 and Ser40 residues. The presence of phosphorylated TH in vessel terminals indicates they are probably the main source of basal TH activity in the striatum, and that after activation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, DA release onto vessels precedes that onto neurons. Furthermore, the relative weight of this "vascular component" within the mesostriatal pathway suggests that it plays a relevant role in the pathophysiology of PD.
BibTeX: @article{Afonso-Oramas:2014a, author = {Afonso-Oramas, Domingo and Cruz-Muros, Ignacio and Castro-Hernández, Javier and Salas-Hernández, Josmar and Barroso-Chinea, Pedro and García-Hernández, Sonia and Lanciego, José L. and González-Hernández, Tomás}, title = {Striatal vessels receive phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase-rich innervation from midbrain dopaminergic neurons.}, journal = {Front Neuroanat}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Biomedical Technologies Institute (ITB, CIBICAN) La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Spanish Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Madrid, Spain.}, year = {2014}, volume = {8}, pages = {84}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2014.00084}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2014.00084} }
Afsharpour, A.	Topographical projections of the cerebral cortex to the subthalamic nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Journal of Comparative Neurology Vol. 236(1), pp. 14-28	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Corticosubthalamic projections in the rat were investigated using the autoradiographic anterograde axonal tracing technique. After unilateral injections of tritiated amino acids in the cerebral cortex, projections to the ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus (STH) could be found arising only from the frontal agranular cortex and the zone of MI-SI overlap. Injections into granular areas of the cortex (e.g., somatosensory and visual areas) did not result in labeling in STH. Following injections in the frontal agranular cortex, labeling was present in the ipsilateral but not the contralateral STH. In general, injections that involved the lateral agranular field of frontal cortex, as defined by Donoghue and Wise ('82), resulted in a greater amount of labeling in STH than injections within the medial agranular area or the zone of MI-SI overlap. The projection from the frontal agranular areas to STH is topographically organized. The rostral part of the lateral agranular cortex projects to the lateral portion of the rostral two-thirds of STH, and the caudal part of this field projects to the ventral aspect of the middle third of STH. Injections in the rostral part of the medial agranular cortex resulted in labeling throughout the ventral two-thirds of the medial half of STH. The caudal part of the medial agranular cortex projects to the dorsolateral part of the caudal two-thirds of STH. The present results reveal projections from only the frontal agranular cortex and the zone of MI-SI overlap to STH in the rat. The cortico-STH projection is ipsilateral and terminates in a topographical manner in all parts of STH.
BibTeX: @article{Afsharpour:1985a, author = {Afsharpour, A.}, title = {Topographical projections of the cerebral cortex to the subthalamic nucleus}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, year = {1985}, volume = {236}, number = {1}, pages = {14-28}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021878883&partnerID=40&md5=7167785599e3f467d4fc6fa60ea6131e}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902360103} }
Afsharpour, S.	Topographical projections of the cerebral cortex to the subthalamic nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	J Comp Neurol Vol. 236(1), pp. 14-28	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Corticosubthalamic projections in the rat were investigated using the autoradiographic anterograde axonal tracing technique. After unilateral injections of tritiated amino acids in the cerebral cortex, projections to the ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus (STH) could be found arising only from the frontal agranular cortex and the zone of MI-SI overlap. Injections into granular areas of the cortex (e.g., somatosensory and visual areas) did not result in labeling in STH. Following injections in the frontal agranular cortex, labeling was present in the ipsilateral but not the contralateral STH. In general, injections that involved the lateral agranular field of frontal cortex, as defined by Donoghue and Wise ('82), resulted in a greater amount of labeling in STH than injections within the medial agranular area or the zone of MI-SI overlap. The projection from the frontal agranular areas to STH is topographically organized. The rostral part of the lateral agranular cortex projects to the lateral portion of the rostral two-thirds of STH, and the caudal part of this field projects to the ventral aspect of the middle third of STH. Injections in the rostral part of the medial agranular cortex resulted in labeling throughout the ventral two-thirds of the medial half of STH. The caudal part of the medial agranular cortex projects to the dorsolateral part of the caudal two-thirds of STH. The present results reveal projections from only the frontal agranular cortex and the zone of MI-SI overlap to STH in the rat. The cortico-STH projection is ipsilateral and terminates in a topographical manner in all parts of STH.
BibTeX: @article{Afsharpour:1985, author = {S. Afsharpour}, title = {Topographical projections of the cerebral cortex to the subthalamic nucleus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1985}, volume = {236}, number = {1}, pages = {14--28}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902360103}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902360103} }
Afsharpour, S.	Topographical projections of the cerebral cortex to the subthalamic nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 236, pp. 14-28	article
Abstract: Corticosubthalamic projections in the rat were investigated using the autoradiographic anterograde axonal tracing technique. After unilateral injections of tritiated amino acids in the cerebral cortex, projections to the ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus (STH) could be found arising only from the frontal agranular cortex and the zone of MI-SI overlap. Injections into granular areas of the cortex (e.g., somatosensory and visual areas) did not result in labeling in STH. Following injections in the frontal agranular cortex, labeling was present in the ipsilateral but not the contralateral STH. In general, injections that involved the lateral agranular field of frontal cortex, as defined by Donoghue and Wise ('82), resulted in a greater amount of labeling in STH than injections within the medial agranular area or the zone of MI-SI overlap. The projection from the frontal agranular areas to STH is topographically organized. The rostral part of the lateral agranular cortex projects to the lateral portion of the rostral two-thirds of STH, and the caudal part of this field projects to the ventral aspect of the middle third of STH. Injections in the rostral part of the medial agranular cortex resulted in labeling throughout the ventral two-thirds of the medial half of STH. The caudal part of the medial agranular cortex projects to the dorsolateral part of the caudal two-thirds of STH. The present results reveal projections from only the frontal agranular cortex and the zone of MI-SI overlap to STH in the rat. The cortico-STH projection is ipsilateral and terminates in a topographical manner in all parts of STH.
BibTeX: @article{Afsharpour:1985b, author = {Afsharpour, S.}, title = {Topographical projections of the cerebral cortex to the subthalamic nucleus.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1985}, volume = {236}, pages = {14-28}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Agarwal, S.K. and Calaresu, F.R.	Electrical stimulation of nucleus tractus solitarius excites vagal preganglionic cardiomotor neurons of the nucleus ambiguus in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Brain Res Vol. 574(1-2), pp. 320-324School: Department of Physiology, University of Western Ontario London, Canada.	article	DOI
Abstract: Recent evidence indicates that the cell bodies of vagal cardioinhibitory neurons are located principally in the external formation of the nucleus ambiguus (NA). As activation of baroreceptor afferent fibers projecting to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) elicits a decrease in heart rate it is likely that there is a connection between the NTS and NA. To test the hypothesis that stimulation of the NTS can excite vagal preganglionic cardiomotor neurons (VPCN) in the NA, activity from 78 neurons in the NA was recorded extracellularly before and during stimulation of a depressor site in the NTS (1 Hz, 0.1 ms) in urethan anesthetized and artificially ventilated male Wistar rats. Sixteen neurons were characterized as vagal preganglionic cardiomotor neurons (VPCN) because they were excited by baroreceptor activation (1-3 micrograms phenylephrine i.v.) and showed rhythmicity of their spontaneous activity in synchrony with the cardiac cycle. Stimulation of the NTS increased the firing rate of all these VPCN. The remaining 62 neurons could not be considered as VPCN because they either had respiratory rhythmicity or were not sensitive to baroreceptor activation, or they were sensitive to baroreceptor activation but did not display cardiac cycle related rhythmicity. These results provide evidence for the existence of an excitatory pathway from NTS to vagal preganglionic cardiomotor neurons in the NA.
BibTeX: @article{Agarwal:1992, author = {Agarwal, S. K. and Calaresu, F. R.}, title = {Electrical stimulation of nucleus tractus solitarius excites vagal preganglionic cardiomotor neurons of the nucleus ambiguus in rats.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Physiology, University of Western Ontario London, Canada.}, year = {1992}, volume = {574}, number = {1-2}, pages = {320--324}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)90833-u} }
Agarwal, S.K. and Calaresu, F.R.	Supramedullary inputs to cardiovascular neurons of rostral ventrolateral medulla in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Am J Physiol Vol. 265(1 Pt 2), pp. R111-R116School: Department of Physiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.	article	URL
Abstract: Experiments were done to test the hypothesis that selective activation of cell bodies in different nuclei known to be involved in central cardiovascular control could excite or inhibit the discharge of neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). It is known that chemical stimulation of the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN), locus ceruleus (LC), and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in anesthetized animals elicits increases (LPBN) or decreases (LC and LHA) in arterial pressure. We therefore recorded extracellularly spontaneous activity from RVLM units in urethan-anesthetized rats and monitored the changes in firing frequency of these neurons during chemical stimulation of one of LPBN, LC, and LHA. Thirty-two units were classified as cardiovascular neurons because their activity was inhibited by baroreceptor activation (1-3 micrograms phenylephrine iv) and displayed a cardiac cycle-related rhythmicity. Chemical stimulation with sodium glutamate of arterial pressor sites in the ipsilateral LPBN increased the firing frequency (40.3 +/- 1.3 of 11 cardiovascular neurons. Activation of cell bodies in arterial depressor sites in the ipsilateral LC inhibited the firing rate (59.1 +/- 7.1 of 10 cardiovascular neurons and excited 1 unit. Activation of cell bodies in arterial depressor sites in the ipsilateral LHA inhibited the discharge rate (25.4 +/- 4.7 of six cardiovascular neurons, excited one unit, and did not alter the rate of the remaining three units. These results provide direct evidence for the existence of excitatory and inhibitory pathways from neurons located in the LPBN, LC, and LHA to cardiovascular neurons in the RVLM.
BibTeX: @article{Agarwal:1993, author = {Agarwal, S. K. and Calaresu, F. R.}, title = {Supramedullary inputs to cardiovascular neurons of rostral ventrolateral medulla in rats.}, journal = {Am J Physiol}, school = {Department of Physiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.}, year = {1993}, volume = {265}, number = {1 Pt 2}, pages = {R111--R116}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/ajpregu/265/1/R111.full.pdf} }
Agassandian, K., Fazan, V.P.S., Adanina, V. and Talman, W.T.	Direct projections from the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii to pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons: a link to cerebrovascular regulation. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	J Comp Neurol Vol. 452(3), pp. 242-254School: Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Peripheral or central interruption of the baroreflex or the parasympathetic innervation of cerebral vessels leads to similar changes in regulation of cerebral blood flow. Therefore, we sought to test the hypothesis that the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii, the site of termination of arterial baroreceptor nerves, projects to pontine preganglionic neurons whose stimulation elicits cerebral vasodilatation. The current study utilized both light and electron microscopic techniques to analyze anterograde tracing from the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii to preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the pons. We further used retrograde tracing from that same pontine region to the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii and evaluated the confluence of tracing from the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii to pontine preganglionic neurons labeled retrogradely from the pterygopalatine ganglia. The cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii projected to pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, but more rostral and caudal regions of nucleus tractus solitarii did not. In contrast, all three regions of nucleus tractus solitarii projected to the nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Although not projecting to pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, regions lateral, rostral, and caudal to cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii sent projections through the pons medial to the preganglionics. The study establishes the presence of a direct monosynaptic pathway from neurons in the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii to pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that project to the pterygopalatine ganglia, the source of nitroxidergic vasodilatory innervation of cerebral blood vessels. It provides evidence that activation of those preganglionic neurons can cause cerebral vasodilatation and increased cerebral blood flow. Finally, it demonstrates differential innervation of medullary and pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons by different regions of the nucleus tractus solitarii.
BibTeX: @article{Agassandian:2002, author = {Agassandian, Khristofor and Fazan, Valeria P S. and Adanina, Valentina and Talman, William T.}, title = {Direct projections from the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii to pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons: a link to cerebrovascular regulation.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.}, year = {2002}, volume = {452}, number = {3}, pages = {242--254}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10372}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.10372} }
Agassandian, K., Fazan, V.P.S., Adanina, V. and Talman, W.T.	Direct projections from the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii to pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons: a link to cerebrovascular regulation. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 452, pp. 242-54	article
Abstract: Peripheral or central interruption of the baroreflex or the parasympathetic innervation of cerebral vessels leads to similar changes in regulation of cerebral blood flow. Therefore, we sought to test the hypothesis that the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii, the site of termination of arterial baroreceptor nerves, projects to pontine preganglionic neurons whose stimulation elicits cerebral vasodilatation. The current study utilized both light and electron microscopic techniques to analyze anterograde tracing from the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii to preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the pons. We further used retrograde tracing from that same pontine region to the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii and evaluated the confluence of tracing from the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii to pontine preganglionic neurons labeled retrogradely from the pterygopalatine ganglia. The cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii projected to pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, but more rostral and caudal regions of nucleus tractus solitarii did not. In contrast, all three regions of nucleus tractus solitarii projected to the nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Although not projecting to pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, regions lateral, rostral, and caudal to cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii sent projections through the pons medial to the preganglionics. The study establishes the presence of a direct monosynaptic pathway from neurons in the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii to pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that project to the pterygopalatine ganglia, the source of nitroxidergic vasodilatory innervation of cerebral blood vessels. It provides evidence that activation of those preganglionic neurons can cause cerebral vasodilatation and increased cerebral blood flow. Finally, it demonstrates differential innervation of medullary and pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons by different regions of the nucleus tractus solitarii.
BibTeX: @article{Agassandian:2002a, author = {Agassandian, Khristofor and Fazan, Valeria P. S. and Adanina, Valentina and Talman, William T.}, title = {Direct projections from the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii to pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons: a link to cerebrovascular regulation.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {2002}, volume = {452}, pages = {242-54}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Agassandian, K., Fazan, V.P.S., Margaryan, N., Dragon, D.N., Riley, J. and Talman, W.T.	A novel central pathway links arterial baroreceptors and pontine parasympathetic neurons in cerebrovascular control. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Cell Mol Neurobiol Vol. 23(4-5), pp. 463-478School: Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.	article	URL
Abstract: 1. We tested the hypothesis that arterial baroreceptor reflexes modulate cerebrovascular tone through a pathway that connects the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii with parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the pons. 2. Anesthetized rats were used in all studies. Laser flowmetry was used to measure cerebral blood flow. We assessed cerebrovascular responses to increases in arterial blood pressure in animals with lesions of baroreceptor nerves, the nucleus tractus solitarii itself, the pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, or the parasympathetic ganglionic nerves to the cerebral vessels. Similar assessments were made in animals after blockade of synthesis of nitric oxide, which is released by the parasympathetic nerves from the pterygopalatine ganglia. Finally the effects on cerebral blood flow of glutamate stimulation of pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons were evaluated. 3. We found that lesions at any one of the sites in the putative pathway or interruption of nitric oxide synthesis led to prolongation of autoregulation as mean arterial pressure was increased to levels as high as 200 mmHg. Conversely, stimulation of pontine parasympathetic preganglionic neurons led to cerebral vasodilatation. The second series of studies utilized classic anatomical tracing methods to determine at the light and electron microscopic level whether neurons in the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii, the site of termination of baroreceptor afferents, projected to the pontine preganglionic neurons. Fibers were traced with anterograde tracer from the nucleus tractus solitarii to the pons and with retrograde tracer from the pons to the nucleus tractus solitarii. Using double labeling techniques we further studied synapses made between labeled projections from the nucleus tractus solitarii and preganglionic neurons that were themselves labeled with retrograde tracer placed into the pterygopalatine ganglion. 4. These anatomical studies showed that the nucleus tractus solitarii directly projects to pontine preganglionic neurons and makes asymmetric, seemingly excitatory, synapses with those neurons. These studies provide strong evidence that arterial baroreceptors may modulate cerebral blood flow through direct connections with pontine parasympathetic neurons. Further study is needed to clarify the role this pathway plays in integrative physiology.
BibTeX: @article{Agassandian:2003, author = {Agassandian, Khristofor and Fazan, Valeria P S. and Margaryan, Naira and Dragon, Deidre Nitschke and Riley, Jeffrey and Talman, William T.}, title = {A novel central pathway links arterial baroreceptors and pontine parasympathetic neurons in cerebrovascular control.}, journal = {Cell Mol Neurobiol}, school = {Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.}, year = {2003}, volume = {23}, number = {4-5}, pages = {463--478}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1025059710382} }
Agassandian, K., Fazan, V.P.S., Margaryan, N., Dragon, D.N., Riley, J. and Talman, W.T.	A novel central pathway links arterial baroreceptors and pontine parasympathetic neurons in cerebrovascular control. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Cellular and molecular neurobiology Vol. 23, pp. 463-478	article
Abstract: 1. We tested the hypothesis that arterial baroreceptor reflexes modulate cerebrovascular tone through a pathway that connects the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii with parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the pons. 2. Anesthetized rats were used in all studies. Laser flowmetry was used to measure cerebral blood flow. We assessed cerebrovascular responses to increases in arterial blood pressure in animals with lesions of baroreceptor nerves, the nucleus tractus solitarii itself, the pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, or the parasympathetic ganglionic nerves to the cerebral vessels. Similar assessments were made in animals after blockade of synthesis of nitric oxide, which is released by the parasympathetic nerves from the pterygopalatine ganglia. Finally the effects on cerebral blood flow of glutamate stimulation of pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons were evaluated. 3. We found that lesions at any one of the sites in the putative pathway or interruption of nitric oxide synthesis led to prolongation of autoregulation as mean arterial pressure was increased to levels as high as 200 mmHg. Conversely, stimulation of pontine parasympathetic preganglionic neurons led to cerebral vasodilatation. The second series of studies utilized classic anatomical tracing methods to determine at the light and electron microscopic level whether neurons in the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii, the site of termination of baroreceptor afferents, projected to the pontine preganglionic neurons. Fibers were traced with anterograde tracer from the nucleus tractus solitarii to the pons and with retrograde tracer from the pons to the nucleus tractus solitarii. Using double labeling techniques we further studied synapses made between labeled projections from the nucleus tractus solitarii and preganglionic neurons that were themselves labeled with retrograde tracer placed into the pterygopalatine ganglion. 4. These anatomical studies showed that the nucleus tractus solitarii directly projects to pontine preganglionic neurons and makes asymmetric, seemingly excitatory, synapses with those neurons. These studies provide strong evidence that arterial baroreceptors may modulate cerebral blood flow through direct connections with pontine parasympathetic neurons. Further study is needed to clarify the role this pathway plays in integrative physiology.
BibTeX: @article{Agassandian:2003a, author = {Agassandian, Khristofor and Fazan, Valeria P S and Margaryan, Naira and Dragon, Deidre Nitschke and Riley, Jeffrey and Talman, William T}, title = {A novel central pathway links arterial baroreceptors and pontine parasympathetic neurons in cerebrovascular control.}, journal = {Cellular and molecular neurobiology}, year = {2003}, volume = {23}, pages = {463--478}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Agassandian, K., Shan, Z., Raizada, M., Sved, A.F. and Card, J.P.	C1 catecholamine neurons form local circuit synaptic connections within the rostroventrolateral medulla of rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Neuroscience Vol. 227, pp. 247-259School: Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: C1 catecholamine neurons reside within the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM), an area that plays an integral role in blood pressure regulation through reticulospinal projections to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the thoracic spinal cord. In a previous investigation we mapped the efferent projections of C1 neurons, documenting supraspinal projections to cell groups in the preautonomic network that contribute to the control of cardiovascular function. Light microscopic study also revealed putative local circuit connections within RVLM. In this investigation we tested the hypothesis that RVLM C1 neurons elaborate a local circuit synaptic network that permits communication between C1 neurons giving rise to supraspinal and reticulospinal projections. A replication defective lentivirus vector that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of a synthetic dopamine beta hydroxylase (D?H) promoter was used to label C1 neurons and their processes. Confocal fluorescence microscopy demonstrated thin varicose axons immunopositive for EGFP and tyrosine hydroxylase that formed close appositions to C1 somata and dendrites throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the C1 area. Dual-labeled electron microscopic analysis revealed axosomatic, axodendritic and axospinous synaptic contacts with C1 and non-C1 neurons with a distribution recapitulating that observed in the light microscopic analysis. Labeled boutons were large, contained light axoplasm, lucent spherical vesicles, and formed asymmetric synaptic contacts. Collectively these data demonstrate that C1 neurons form a synaptic network within the C1 area that may function to coordinate activity among projection-specific subpopulations of neurons. The data also suggest that the boundaries of RVLM should be defined on the basis of function criteria rather than the C1 phenotype of neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Agassandian:2012, author = {Agassandian, K. and Shan, Z. and Raizada, M. and Sved, A. F. and Card, J. P.}, title = {C1 catecholamine neurons form local circuit synaptic connections within the rostroventrolateral medulla of rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.}, year = {2012}, volume = {227}, pages = {247--259}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.049}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.049} }
Aggarwal, M., Hyland, B. and Wickens, J.	Neural control of dopamine neurotransmission: Implications for reinforcement learning [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	European Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 35(7), pp. 1115-1123	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In the past few decades there has been remarkable convergence of machine learning with neurobiological understanding of reinforcement learning mechanisms, exemplified by temporal difference (TD) learning models. The anatomy of the basal ganglia provides a number of potential substrates for instantiation of the TD mechanism. In contrast to the traditional concept of direct and indirect pathway outputs from the striatum, we emphasize that projection neurons of the striatum are branched and individual striatofugal neurons innervate both globus pallidus externa and globus pallidus interna/substantia nigra (GPi/SNr). This suggests that the GPi/SNr has the necessary inputs to operate as the source of a TD signal. We also discuss the mechanism for the timing processes necessary for learning in the TD framework. The TD framework has been particularly successful in analysing electrophysiogical recordings from dopamine (DA) neurons during learning, in terms of reward prediction error. However, present understanding of the neural control of DA release is limited, and hence the neural mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. Inhibition is very conspicuously present among the inputs to the DA neurons, with inhibitory synapses accounting for the majority of synapses on DA neurons. Furthermore, synchronous firing of the DA neuron population requires disinhibition and excitation to occur together in a coordinated manner. We conclude that the inhibitory circuits impinging directly or indirectly on the DA neurons play a central role in the control of DA neuron activity and further investigation of these circuits may provide important insight into the biological mechanisms of reinforcement learning. © 2012 The Authors. European Journal of Neuroscience © 2012 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Aggarwal:2012, author = {Aggarwal, M. and Hyland, B.I. and Wickens, J.R.}, title = {Neural control of dopamine neurotransmission: Implications for reinforcement learning}, journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2012}, volume = {35}, number = {7}, pages = {1115-1123}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84859369427&partnerID=40&md5=b8b780c43a9e22761c84ce7120219751}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08055.x} }
Aggleton, J.	A description of intra-amygdaloid connections in old world monkeys. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Exp Brain Res Vol. 57(2), pp. 390-399	article	DOI
Abstract: The intrinsic amygdaloid connections of the cynomolgus monkey were investigated using the autoradiographic method. Additional evidence concerning the origin of some intra-amygdaloid connections was provided by a series of rhesus monkeys with injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the amygdaloid complex. The experiments indicated that each of the major amygdaloid nuclei possesses a unique, organized set of intrinsic projections. Furthermore, there were large differences in the magnitude of the internal connections arising from or terminating in the various nuclei. The heaviest intrinsic projections arose from the lateral and basal nuclei while the central, medial, cortical, and accessory basal nuclei received the greatest number of these afferents. Thus, there was a clear trend for the bulk of these connections to run dorsally and medially within the amygdala. One important function of these intrinsic connections may be the integration of afferent sensory information from the various association areas which project to the amygdala.
BibTeX: @article{Aggleton:1985, author = {Aggleton, JP}, title = {A description of intra-amygdaloid connections in old world monkeys.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, pages = {390--399}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in normal adult rats.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00236545} }
Aggleton, J.P., Kentridge, R.W. and Sembi, S.	Lesions of the fornix but not the amygdala impair the acquisition of concurrent discriminations by rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Behav Brain Res Vol. 48(2), pp. 103-112School: Department of Psychology, University of Durham, UK.	article	DOI
Abstract: Rats with lesions in either the fornix, the amygdala, or both were compared with control animals on the acquisition of three different concurrent object discrimination tasks. In the first task the animals received one trial per day on each of six pairs of stimulus objects ('spaced' condition). In the second task the animals received four trials per day on each of six stimulus pairs ('standard' condition), and in the last task the animals received 36 trials on each of two stimulus pairs in just a single day ('massed' condition). Animals with fornical lesions were impaired on all three conditions. In contrast, the amygdala lesions only affected the 'massed' condition and then only when the animals had to select the 'non-preferred' stimulus. Although animals with combined amygdala and fornical lesions were impaired on all three conditions there was no evidence that their deficit was greater than that in the animals with lesions restricted to just the fornix. In view of the evidence that concurrent discrimination learning offers an appropriate test for anterograde amnesia these findings are seen as consistent with the notion that the hippocampus, but not the amygdala, is critically involved in the mnemonic processes disrupted by amnesia.
BibTeX: @article{Aggleton:1992, author = {Aggleton, J. P. and Kentridge, R. W. and Sembi, S.}, title = {Lesions of the fornix but not the amygdala impair the acquisition of concurrent discriminations by rats.}, journal = {Behav Brain Res}, school = {Department of Psychology, University of Durham, UK.}, year = {1992}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {103--112}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4328(05)80146-9} }
Aggleton, J.P., Kentridge, R.W. and Sembi, S.	Lesions of the fornix but not the amygdala impair the acquisition of concurrent discriminations by rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Behavioural brain research Vol. 48, pp. 103-12	article
Abstract: Rats with lesions in either the fornix, the amygdala, or both were compared with control animals on the acquisition of three different concurrent object discrimination tasks. In the first task the animals received one trial per day on each of six pairs of stimulus objects ('spaced' condition). In the second task the animals received four trials per day on each of six stimulus pairs ('standard' condition), and in the last task the animals received 36 trials on each of two stimulus pairs in just a single day ('massed' condition). Animals with fornical lesions were impaired on all three conditions. In contrast, the amygdala lesions only affected the 'massed' condition and then only when the animals had to select the 'non-preferred' stimulus. Although animals with combined amygdala and fornical lesions were impaired on all three conditions there was no evidence that their deficit was greater than that in the animals with lesions restricted to just the fornix. In view of the evidence that concurrent discrimination learning offers an appropriate test for anterograde amnesia these findings are seen as consistent with the notion that the hippocampus, but not the amygdala, is critically involved in the mnemonic processes disrupted by amnesia.
BibTeX: @article{Aggleton:1992a, author = {Aggleton, J. P. and Kentridge, R. W. and Sembi, S.}, title = {Lesions of the fornix but not the amygdala impair the acquisition of concurrent discriminations by rats.}, journal = {Behavioural brain research}, year = {1992}, volume = {48}, pages = {103-12}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aggleton, J.P. and Sahgal, A.	The contribution of the anterior thalamic nuclei to anterograde amnesia. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Neuropsychologia Vol. 31(10), pp. 1001-1019School: Department of Psychology, University of Durham, U.K.	article	DOI
Abstract: This paper first reviews the anatomical, pathological, and neuropsychological evidence implicating the anterior thalamic nuclei in memory processes. It is concluded that there is much indirect evidence indicating that anterior thalamic dysfunction is an important factor in anterograde amnesia. More direct evidence for the involvement of the anterior thalamic nuclei in memory processes emerges from two experiments with rats that examined performance of a spatial test of working memory, delayed nonmatching-to-position. The first study revealed that neurotoxic lesions of the anterior thalamic nuclei and radiofrequency lesions of the fornix both produce equivalent performance deficits. In contrast, lesions of the mamillary bodies were without effect. A second study showed that lesions of the fornix and removal of the hippocampus produced very similar deficits. These data indicate that while the involvement of the anterior thalamic nuclei in certain memory functions depends on inputs from the hippocampus, this involvement need not depend on indirect afferents via the mamillary bodies.
BibTeX: @article{Aggleton:1993, author = {Aggleton, J. P. and Sahgal, A.}, title = {The contribution of the anterior thalamic nuclei to anterograde amnesia.}, journal = {Neuropsychologia}, school = {Department of Psychology, University of Durham, U.K.}, year = {1993}, volume = {31}, number = {10}, pages = {1001--1019}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(93)90029-y} }
Aggleton, J.P., Vann, S.D. and Saunders, R.C.	Projections from the hippocampal region to the mammillary bodies in macaque monkeys. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 22(10), pp. 2519-2530School: School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT UK. aggleton@cf.ac.uk	article	DOI URL
Abstract: A combination of anterograde and retrograde tracers mapped the direct hippocampal and parahippocampal inputs to the mammillary bodies in two species of macaque monkey. Dense projections arose from pyramidal cells in layer III of the subiculum and prosubiculum, and terminated in the medial mammillary nucleus. While there was no evidence of an input from the dentate gyrus or fields CA1-3, a small contribution arose from the presubiculum and entorhinal cortices. All of the hippocampal and parahippocampal projections to the mammillary bodies appeared to use the fornix as a route. The caudal portions of the subiculum and prosubiculum contained the greatest numbers of cells projecting to the mammillary bodies. A light contralateral projection to the medial mammillary nucleus was also observed, although this appeared to arise primarily from the more rostral portions of the subiculum and prosubiculum. There was a crude topography within the medial mammillary nucleus, with the caudal subicular projections terminating in the mid and dorsal portions of the nucleus while the rostral subicular and entorhinal projections terminated in the ventral and lateral portions of the medial nucleus. Light ipsilateral projections throughout the lateral mammillary nucleus were sometimes observed. Comparisons with related studies of the macaque brain showed that the dense hippocampal projections to the mammillary bodies arise from a population of subicular cells separate from those that project to the anterior thalamic nuclei, even though the major output from the mammillary bodies is to the anterior thalamic nuclei. Other comparisons revealed underlying similarities with the corresponding projections in the rat brain.
BibTeX: @article{Aggleton:2005, author = {John P Aggleton and Seralynne D Vann and Richard C Saunders}, title = {Projections from the hippocampal region to the mammillary bodies in macaque monkeys.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT UK. aggleton@cf.ac.uk}, year = {2005}, volume = {22}, number = {10}, pages = {2519--2530}, note = {Not a tract tracing experiment in the rat. Experiment with monkey.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04450.x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04450.x} }
Aghajanian, G.K. and Wang, R.Y.	Habenular and other midbrain raphe afferents demonstrated by a modified retrograde tracing technique. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1977	Brain Res Vol. 122(2), pp. 229-242	article	DOI
Abstract: Afferents to th midbrain dorsal and median raphe nuclei in the rat were studied by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport method. The HRP was given by means of a modified iontophoretic delivery technique. This technique permitted an efficient and localized deposition of a high concentration of HRP into the raphe nuclei. Afferents to the raphe as determined by this method could be categorized into 2 classes; those exclusively to the raphe and those also positive for adjacent reticular formation. The most striking afferent area to the raphe, both in terms of selectivity and density, was the lateral habenula. This result is in accord with previous studies using degeneration methods which indicate an habenular projection to the raphe area. There were afferents exclusively positive for the dorsal raphe nucleus emanating from the nucleus of the solitary tract. Most other raphe afferent areas were also positive for the reticular formation (e.g;, prefrontal cortex, medial forebrain bundle, preoptic nuclei, and reticular formation). The existence of a major afferent system from the lateral habenula to the midbrain raphe is consistent with the concept of a "dorsal pathway" which might be responsible for relaying information from forebrain limbic structures to the "midbrain limbic areas".
BibTeX: @article{Aghajanian:1977, author = {G. K. Aghajanian and R. Y. Wang}, title = {Habenular and other midbrain raphe afferents demonstrated by a modified retrograde tracing technique.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1977}, volume = {122}, number = {2}, pages = {229--242}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(77)90291-8} }
Aghajanian, G.K. and Wang, R.Y.	Habenular and other midbrain raphe afferents demonstrated by a modified retrograde tracing technique. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1977	Brain research Vol. 122, pp. 229-242	article	DOI
Abstract: Afferents to th midbrain dorsal and median raphe nuclei in the rat were studied by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport method. The HRP was given by means of a modified iontophoretic delivery technique. This technique permitted an efficient and localized deposition of a high concentration of HRP into the raphe nuclei. Afferents to the raphe as determined by this method could be categorized into 2 classes; those exclusively to the raphe and those also positive for adjacent reticular formation. The most striking afferent area to the raphe, both in terms of selectivity and density, was the lateral habenula. This result is in accord with previous studies using degeneration methods which indicate an habenular projection to the raphe area. There were afferents exclusively positive for the dorsal raphe nucleus emanating from the nucleus of the solitary tract. Most other raphe afferent areas were also positive for the reticular formation (e.g;, prefrontal cortex, medial forebrain bundle, preoptic nuclei, and reticular formation). The existence of a major afferent system from the lateral habenula to the midbrain raphe is consistent with the concept of a "dorsal pathway" which might be responsible for relaying information from forebrain limbic structures to the "midbrain limbic areas".
BibTeX: @article{Aghajanian:1977a, author = {Aghajanian, G K and Wang, R Y}, title = {Habenular and other midbrain raphe afferents demonstrated by a modified retrograde tracing technique.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1977}, volume = {122}, pages = {229--242}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(77)90291-8} }
Ågmo, A. and Villalpando, A.	Central nervous stimulants facilitate sexual behavior in male rats with medial prefrontal cortex lesions [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Brain Research Vol. 696(1-2), pp. 187-193	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Male rats with lesions of the cerebral cortex near the midline in the frontal region destroying most of the cingulate cortex and producing some dammage to adjacent frontal areas have very long mount and intromission latencies. Otherwise their sexual behavior is essentially normal. The dopamine releasers amfonelic acid, 0.5 mg/kg, and amphetamine, 1 mg/kg, reduced the mount and intromission latencies in males with such lesions. Caffeine, 30 mg/kg, had similar effects. None of the drugs modified sexual behavior in intact males. It has been suggested that medial prefrontal lesions reduce the animal's reactivity to environmental stimuli, and hence renders the activation of sexual behavior difficult. Present results show that stimulant drugs are capable of compensating for this reduced reactivity. The possible mechanisms behind this effect are discussed. The lesion had also a small but consistent effect on the intromission ratio, suggesting some motor impairment. The effect on intromission ratio was not reduced by the drugs, suggesting that the lesion's motor consequences are mediated by mechanisms different from those controlling behavioral reactivity. The noradrenaline precursor dl-threo-dihydroxyphenylserine, 10 mg/kg, in combination with carbidopa, 50 mg/kg, increased mount and intromission latencies in both intact and lesioned males. Thus, activation of noradrenergic neurotransmission had effects opposite to those found after activation of dopaminergic transmission. Noradrenergic stimulation cannot, therefore, be important for the effects of amphetamine or amfonelic acid. © 1995 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Aagmo:1995, author = {Ågmo, A. and Villalpando, A.}, title = {Central nervous stimulants facilitate sexual behavior in male rats with medial prefrontal cortex lesions}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1995}, volume = {696}, number = {1-2}, pages = {187-193}, note = {Not a tract tracing study i the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000689939500853I/pdf?md5=ff9b1348edeec7e68938ef1c35bb2d82&pid=1-s2.0-000689939500853I-main.pdf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)00853-I} }
Agnati, L., Fuxe, K., Hökfelt, T., Benfenati, F., Calza, L., Johansson, O. and De Mey, J.	Morphometric characterization of transmitter-identified nerve cell groups: Analysis of mesencephalic 5-HT nerve cell bodies [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Brain Research Bulletin Vol. 9(1-6), pp. 45-51	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Morphometric techniques have been used to introduce criteria to objectively define transmitter-identified nerve cell groups and subpopulations of nerve cells within such groups. The present method is exemplified on two coronal sections of the midbrain, in which 5-HT immunoreactive nerve cell bodies have been visualized. The reliability of the method is shown by the fact that it makes it possible not only to recognize groups B7, B8 and B9 of Dahlström and Fuxe [5] but also to assess the existence of two subpopulations within group B7 as previously suggested by Fuxe and Jonsson [11] based on subjective evaluations. Furthermore, the suggestion could be made that a small assembly of 5-HT nerve cell bodies in the dorsal part of the mesencephalic tegmentum may form a new 5-HT cell group. Hence, the present method offers the advantage of assessing the existence of transmitter-identified nerve cell groups on the basis of objective criteria and to describe them in a quantitative fashion. Therefore, it allows quantitation of morphological changes occurring in transmitter-identified neurons under different experimental and pathological conditions. © 1982.
BibTeX: @article{Agnati:1982, author = {Agnati, L.F. and Fuxe, K. and Hökfelt, T. and Benfenati, F. and Calza, L. and Johansson, O. and De Mey, J.}, title = {Morphometric characterization of transmitter-identified nerve cell groups: Analysis of mesencephalic 5-HT nerve cell bodies}, journal = {Brain Research Bulletin}, year = {1982}, volume = {9}, number = {1-6}, pages = {45-51}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020384506&partnerID=40&md5=764e27e7adb4d22dda570e98b6863e07}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(82)90119-8} }
Agnati, L., Fuxe, K., Zoli, M., Davalli, P., Corti, A., Zini, I. and Toffano, G.	Effects of neurotoxic and mechanical lesions of the mesostriatal dopamine pathway on striatal polyamine levels in the rat: Modulation by chronic ganglioside GM1 treatment [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 61(3), pp. 339-344	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In male rats, partial hemitransections but not 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced lesions of the mesostriatal dopamine (DA) pathway produce after 7 days a marked and a modest increase of striatal putrescine and spermidine levels, respectively, on the lesioned side. Following chronic ganglioside GM1 treatment of partially hemitransected rats, an increase of striatal polyamine levels was observed also on the intact side. It is suggested that retrograde cell body changes produced by hemitransection may induce striatal ornithine decarboxylase activity and in this way increase striatal putrescine levels, favoring regenerative mechanisms. The increase of striatal polyamine levels by GM1 treatment on the intact side of both 6-OHDA and mechanically lesioned rats compared with intact unoperated rats may also reflect an increased synthesis of striatal polyamines. © 1985.
BibTeX: @article{Agnati:1985a, author = {Agnati, L.F. and Fuxe, K. and Zoli, M. and Davalli, P. and Corti, A. and Zini, I. and Toffano, G.}, title = {Effects of neurotoxic and mechanical lesions of the mesostriatal dopamine pathway on striatal polyamine levels in the rat: Modulation by chronic ganglioside GM1 treatment}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1985}, volume = {61}, number = {3}, pages = {339-344}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022373507&partnerID=40&md5=ee7b99480768635ccd287b983477fe50}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(85)90487-2} }
AGNATI, L., K., FUXE, GIARDINO, L., CALZA, L., M., ZOLI, BATTISTINI, N., BENFENATI, F., VANDERHAEGHEN, J., GUIDOLIN, D., RUGGERI, M. and GOLDSTEIN, M.	Evidence for Cholecystokinin‐Dopamine Receptor Interactions in the Central Nervous System of the Adult and Old Rat: Studies on Their Functional Meaning [BibTeX]	1985	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Vol. 448(1), pp. 315-333	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{AGNATI:1985, author = {AGNATI, L.F. and FUXE, K. and GIARDINO, L. and CALZA, L. and ZOLI, M. and BATTISTINI, N. and BENFENATI, F. and VANDERHAEGHEN, J.‐J. and GUIDOLIN, D. and RUGGERI, M. and GOLDSTEIN, M.}, title = {Evidence for Cholecystokinin‐Dopamine Receptor Interactions in the Central Nervous System of the Adult and Old Rat: Studies on Their Functional Meaning}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, year = {1985}, volume = {448}, number = {1}, pages = {315-333}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022271293&partnerID=40&md5=0706aa0846334594241fe265709bc83d}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb29927.x} }
Agnati, L.F., Fuxe, K., Benfenati, F., Zoli, M., Owman, C., Diemer, N.H., Kahrstrom, J., Toffano, G. and Cimino, M.	Effects of ganglioside GM1 treatment on striatal glucose metabolism, blood flow, and protein phosphorylation of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Acta physiologica Scandinavica Vol. 125, pp. 43-53	article
Abstract: Effects of ganglioside GM1 administration have been studied in unilaterally partially hemitransected rats on striatal energy metabolism, using the radioactive deoxyglucose (DG) technique, on striatal blood flow, using radiolabelled iodoantipyrine (IAP) as tracer, and on cyclic AMP (cAMP) and Ca2+ induced protein phosphorylation in striatal membranes (P2 fraction). Ganglioside GM1 treatment counteracted the imbalance in striatal energy metabolism, in striatal blood flow, as well as in protein phosphorylation found between the striata of the lesioned and unlesioned side, possibly due to excitatory effects on the lesioned side and inhibitory effects on the unlesioned side. In intact animals, GM1 treatment produced a reduction in cAMP and Ca2+ induced striatal protein phosphorylation. Facilitatory actions of the ganglioside GM1 dominate following a lesion, probably due to its possible function as a modulator of receptors for neuronotrophic factors, leading to restoration of metabolic rate and of cAMP and Ca2+ induced protein phosphorylation in the striatum of the lesioned side. The results emphasize that ganglioside GM1 treatment can restore the metabolism of a partially innervated striatum towards normal, as evaluated both at the level of the entire striatal structure by means of the DG and IAP techniques and at the molecular level by means of studies on the cAMP and Ca2+ induced protein phosphorylation.
BibTeX: @article{Agnati:1985b, author = {Agnati, L. F. and Fuxe, K. and Benfenati, F. and Zoli, M. and Owman, C. and Diemer, N. H. and Kahrstrom, J. and Toffano, G. and Cimino, M.}, title = {Effects of ganglioside GM1 treatment on striatal glucose metabolism, blood flow, and protein phosphorylation of the rat.}, journal = {Acta physiologica Scandinavica}, year = {1985}, volume = {125}, pages = {43-53}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Agnati, L.F., Fuxe, K., Zoli, M., Davalli, P., Corti, A., Zini, I. and Toffano, G.	Effects of neurotoxic and mechanical lesions of the mesostriatal dopamine pathway on striatal polyamine levels in the rat: modulation by chronic ganglioside GM1 treatment. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Neurosci Lett Vol. 61(3), pp. 339-344	article	DOI
Abstract: In male rats, partial hemitransections but not 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced lesions of the mesostriatal dopamine (DA) pathway produce after 7 days a marked and a modest increase of striatal putrescine and spermidine levels, respectively, on the lesioned side. Following chronic ganglioside GM1 treatment of partially hemitransected rats, an increase of striatal polyamine levels was observed also on the intact side. It is suggested that retrograde cell body changes produced by hemitransection may induce striatal ornithine decarboxylase activity and in this way increase striatal putrescine levels, favoring regenerative mechanisms. The increase of striatal polyamine levels by GM1 treatment on the intact side of both 6-OHDA and mechanically lesioned rats compared with intact unoperated rats may also reflect an increased synthesis of striatal polyamines.
BibTeX: @article{Agnati:1985, author = {L. F. Agnati and K. Fuxe and M. Zoli and P. Davalli and A. Corti and I. Zini and G. Toffano}, title = {Effects of neurotoxic and mechanical lesions of the mesostriatal dopamine pathway on striatal polyamine levels in the rat: modulation by chronic ganglioside GM1 treatment.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1985}, volume = {61}, number = {3}, pages = {339--344}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(85)90487-2} }
Agster, K.L. and Burwell, R.D.	Cortical efferents of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Hippocampus Vol. 19(12), pp. 1159-1186School: Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We investigated the cortical efferents of the parahippocampal region by placing injections of the anterograde tracers, Phaseolus vulgaris-leuccoagglutinin, and biotinylated dextran amine, throughout the perirhinal (PER), postrhinal (POR), and entorhinal cortices of the rat brain. The resulting density of labeled fibers was evaluated in 25 subregions of the piriform, frontal, insular, temporal, cingulate, parietal, and occipital areas. The locations of labeled terminal fibers differed substantially depending on whether the location of the injection site was in PER area 35, PER area 36, POR, or the lateral or the medial entorhinal (LEA and MEA). The differences were greater for sensory regions. For example, the POR efferents preferentially target visual and spatial regions, whereas the PER efferents target all sensory modalities. The cortical efferents of each region largely reciprocate the cortical afferents, though the degree of reciprocity varied across originating and target regions. The laminar pattern of terminal fibers was consistent with the notion that the efferents are feedback projections. The density and amount of labeled fibers also differed substantially depending on the regional location of injection sites. PER area 36 and POR give rise to a greater number of heavy projections, followed by PER area 35. LEA also gives rise to widespread cortical efferents, arising mainly from a narrow band of cortex adjacent to the PER. In contrast, the remainder of the LEA and the MEA provides only weak efferents to cortical regions. Prior work has shown that nonspatial and spatial information is transmitted to the hippocampus via the PER-LEA and POR-MEA pathways, respectively. Our findings suggest that the return projections follow the same pathways, though perhaps with less segregration.
BibTeX: @article{Agster:2009, author = {Kara L Agster and Rebecca D Burwell}, title = {Cortical efferents of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices of the rat.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.}, year = {2009}, volume = {19}, number = {12}, pages = {1159--1186}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20578}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20578} }
Agster, K.L. and Burwell, R.D.	Hippocampal and subicular efferents and afferents of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Behav Brain Res Vol. 254, pp. 50-64School: Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Available evidence suggests there is functional differentiation among hippocampal and parahippocampal subregions and along the dorsoventral (septotemporal) axis of the hippocampus. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the efferent and afferent connections of perirhinal areas 35 and 36, postrhinal cortex, and the lateral and medial entorhinal areas (LEA and MEA) with dorsal and ventral components of the hippocampal formation (dentate gyrus, hippocampus cornu ammonis fields, and subiculum) as well as the presubiculum, and the parasubiculum. The entorhinal connections were also characterized with respect to the LEA and MEA dentate gyrus-projecting bands. In general, the entorhinal connections with the hippocampal formation are much stronger than the perirhinal and postrhinal connections. The entorhinal cortex projects strongly to all components of the hippocampal formation, whereas the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices project weakly and only to CA1 and the subiculum. In addition, the postrhinal cortex preferentially targets the dorsal CA1 and subiculum, whereas the perirhinal cortex targets ventral subiculum. Similarly, the perirhinal cortex receives more input from ventral hippocampal formation structures and the postrhinal cortex receives more input from dorsal hippocampal structures. The LEA and the MEA medial band are more strongly interconnected with ventral hippocampal structures, whereas the MEA lateral band is more interconnected with dorsal hippocampal structures. With regard to the presubiculum and parasubiculum, the postrhinal cortex and the MEA lateral band receive stronger input from the dorsal presubiculum and caudal parasubiculum. In contrast, the LEA and MEA medial bands receive stronger input from the ventral presubiculum and rostral parasubiculum.
BibTeX: @article{Agster:2013, author = {Agster, Kara L. and Burwell, Rebecca D.}, title = {Hippocampal and subicular efferents and afferents of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices of the rat.}, journal = {Behav Brain Res}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.}, year = {2013}, volume = {254}, pages = {50--64}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.005}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.005} }
Agster, K.L. and Burwell, R.D.	Hippocampal and subicular efferents and afferents of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Behavioural brain research Vol. 254, pp. 50-64	article	DOI
Abstract: Available evidence suggests there is functional differentiation among hippocampal and parahippocampal subregions and along the dorsoventral (septotemporal) axis of the hippocampus. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the efferent and afferent connections of perirhinal areas 35 and 36, postrhinal cortex, and the lateral and medial entorhinal areas (LEA and MEA) with dorsal and ventral components of the hippocampal formation (dentate gyrus, hippocampus cornu ammonis fields, and subiculum) as well as the presubiculum, and the parasubiculum. The entorhinal connections were also characterized with respect to the LEA and MEA dentate gyrus-projecting bands. In general, the entorhinal connections with the hippocampal formation are much stronger than the perirhinal and postrhinal connections. The entorhinal cortex projects strongly to all components of the hippocampal formation, whereas the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices project weakly and only to CA1 and the subiculum. In addition, the postrhinal cortex preferentially targets the dorsal CA1 and subiculum, whereas the perirhinal cortex targets ventral subiculum. Similarly, the perirhinal cortex receives more input from ventral hippocampal formation structures and the postrhinal cortex receives more input from dorsal hippocampal structures. The LEA and the MEA medial band are more strongly interconnected with ventral hippocampal structures, whereas the MEA lateral band is more interconnected with dorsal hippocampal structures. With regard to the presubiculum and parasubiculum, the postrhinal cortex and the MEA lateral band receive stronger input from the dorsal presubiculum and caudal parasubiculum. In contrast, the LEA and MEA medial bands receive stronger input from the ventral presubiculum and rostral parasubiculum.
BibTeX: @article{Agster:2013a, author = {Agster, Kara L and Burwell, Rebecca D}, title = {Hippocampal and subicular efferents and afferents of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices of the rat.}, journal = {Behavioural brain research}, year = {2013}, volume = {254}, pages = {50--64}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.005} }
Agster, K.L., Tomás Pereira, I., Saddoris, M.P. and Burwell, R.D.	Subcortical connections of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices of the rat. II. efferents. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2016	HippocampusSchool: Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: This is the second of two studies detailing the subcortical connections of the perirhinal (PER), the postrhinal (POR) and entorhinal (EC) cortices of the rat. In the present study, we analyzed the subcortical efferents of the rat PER areas 35 and 36, POR, and the lateral and medial entorhinal areas (LEA and MEA). Anterograde tracers were injected into these five regions, and the resulting density of fiber labeling was quantified in an extensive set of subcortical structures. Density and topography of fiber labeling were quantitatively assessed in 36 subcortical areas, including olfactory structures, claustrum, amygdala nuclei, septal nuclei, basal ganglia, thalamic nuclei, and hypothalamic structures. In addition to reporting the density of labeled fibers, we incorporated a new method for quantifying the size of anterograde projections that takes into account the volume of the target subcortical structure as well as the density of fiber labeling. The PER, POR and EC displayed unique patterns of projections to subcortical areas. Interestingly, all regions examined provided strong input to the basal ganglia, although the projections arising in the PER and LEA were stronger and more widespread. PER areas 35 and 36 exhibited similar pattern of projections with some differences. PER area 36 projects more heavily to the lateral amygdala and much more heavily to thalamic nuclei including the lateral posterior nucleus, the posterior complex, and the nucleus reuniens. Area 35 projects more heavily to olfactory structures. The LEA provides the strongest and most widespread projections to subcortical structures including all those targeted by the PER as well as the medial and posterior septal nuclei. POR shows fewer subcortical projections overall, but contributes substantial input to the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. The MEA projections are even weaker. Our results suggest that the PER and LEA have greater influence over olfactory, amygdala, and septal nuclei, whereas PER area 36 and the POR have greater influence over thalamic nuclei. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Agster:2016, author = {Agster, Kara L. and Tomás Pereira, Inês and Saddoris, Michael P. and Burwell, Rebecca D.}, title = {Subcortical connections of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices of the rat. II. efferents.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, school = {Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912.}, year = {2016}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22600}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22600} }
Aguado, L.I.	Role of the central and peripheral nervous system in the ovarian function. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Microsc Res Tech Vol. 59(6), pp. 462-473School: Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina 5700. labir@unsl.edu.ar	article	DOI URL
Abstract: This review attempts to give a comprehensive overview of ovarian innervation, considering the whole nervous system and its different levels that may modify the ovarian function. The connection between the ovary and the central nervous system through the autonomic pathways, including the peripheral ganglia, is highlighted. The evidence obtained over the last years highlights the role of the superior ovarian nerve (SON) in the ovarian phenomena. Besides, the effect on the ovary of conventional neurotransmitters and others such as indolamines and peptides, which have been found in this organ, are discussed. Various reproductive diseases have been studied almost exclusively from the endocrine point of view. It is evident that a better knowledge about the role of the neural factors involved in the ovarian physiology may facilitate the understanding of some of these. A review of the concepts and an update of some experimental designs is made that permits clarifying several aspects of the relationship between the neural system and the ovary. At present, there is no doubt that the innervation of the ovary is involved in several physiological aspects of this gland function. However, the relationship of some levels of the nervous system and the ovary offer a wide avenue for future research.
BibTeX: @article{Aguado:2002, author = {Aguado, Luis I.}, title = {Role of the central and peripheral nervous system in the ovarian function.}, journal = {Microsc Res Tech}, school = {Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina 5700. labir@unsl.edu.ar}, year = {2002}, volume = {59}, number = {6}, pages = {462--473}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.10232}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.10232} }
Aguayo, A.J.	Axonal regeneration in the adult mammalian central nervous system: anatomical and functional studies [BibTeX]	1986	Molecular genetics in developmental neurobiology Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, pp. 259-274	article	URL
BibTeX: @article{Aguayo:1986, author = {Aguayo, ALBERT J}, title = {Axonal regeneration in the adult mammalian central nervous system: anatomical and functional studies}, journal = {Molecular genetics in developmental neurobiology Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo}, year = {1986}, pages = {259--274}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1025059710382} }
Aguayo, A.J., David, S. and Bray, G.M.	Influences of the glial environment on the elongation of axons after injury: transplantation studies in adult rodents. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	J Exp Biol Vol. 95, pp. 231-240	article	URL
Abstract: Tissue transplantation methods, previously used to study neural development, myelination and inherited disorders of myelin can be applied also to the investigation of repair and regeneration in the mammalian CNS. The elongation of axons from injured peripheral nerve of CNS has been studied in adult mice and rats by observing the growth of axons into PNS or CNS tissue grafts. Following spinal cord injury and also after transplantation of optic nerves into the PNS there is axonal sprouting but these neuronal processes fail to elongate more than a few mm into the surrounding glia. On the other hand if segments of a peripheral nerve are grafted into the transected spinal cord, axons arising from spinal neurons and dorsal root ganglia become associated with the transplanted Schwann cells and elongate along the graft, approximately 1 cm. Recently the elongation of axons from spinal and medullary neurones was studied using a new experimental model which employed PNS grafts as 'bridges' to connect the spinal cord and the brain stem. In a series of adult C57BL/6J mice and Sprague Dawley rats, autologous segments of sciatic nerve were used to create 'bridges' between the lower cervical or upper thoracic spinal cord and the medulla oblongata. The spinal cord between these two levels was left intact. Grafted segments examined by light and electron microscope 1-7 months after surgery were well innervated by Schwann cell ensheathed axons that had grown the entire length of the graft (2 cm in mice and 3.5 cm in rats). The origin and termination of these axons were determined by transecting the regenerated grafts and applying horseradish peroxidase to the cut ends. Retrogradely labelled neurones were found to be distributed widely in the gray matter of the spinal cord and medulla near the sites of insertion of the graft. Anterogradely labelled fibres coursing within the graft penetrated the CNS for short distances, approximately 2 mm. These new results indicate that following CNS injury a conducive glial environment does allow spinal and brain stem neurones to elongate axons for distances that can be greater than those they usually extend for in the intact animal. This evidence that the regenerative response of similar axons differs in CNS and PNS neuroglia supports the hypothesis that influences arising from the environment play an important role in the success or failure of regeneration. The regenerative potentiality of central neurones may be expressed only when the CNS neuroglial environment is changed to resemble that in the PNS.
BibTeX: @article{Aguayo:1981, author = {Aguayo, A. J. and David, S. and Bray, G. M.}, title = {Influences of the glial environment on the elongation of axons after injury: transplantation studies in adult rodents.}, journal = {J Exp Biol}, year = {1981}, volume = {95}, pages = {231--240}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/content/95/1/231.long} }
Aguayo, A.J., Rasminsky, M., Bray, G.M., Carbonetto, S., McKerracher, L., Villegas-Pérez, M.P., Vidal-Sanz, M. and Carter, D.A.	Degenerative and regenerative responses of injured neurons in the central nervous system of adult mammals. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci Vol. 331(1261), pp. 337-343School: Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In adult mammals, the severing of the optic nerve near the eye is followed by a loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and a failure of axons to regrow into the brain. Experimental manipulations of the non-neuronal environment of injured RGCs enhance neuronal survival and make possible a lengthy axonal regeneration that restores functional connections with the superior colliculus. These effects suggest that injured nerve cells in the mature central nervous system (CNS) are strongly influenced by interactions with components of their immediate environment as well as their targets. Under these conditions, injured CNS neurons can express capacities for growth and differentiation that resemble those of normally developing neurons. An understanding of this regeneration in the context of the cellular and molecular events that influence the interactions of axonal growth cones with their non-neuronal substrates and neuronal targets should help in the further elucidation of the capacities of neuronal systems to recover from injury.
BibTeX: @article{Aguayo:1991, author = {Aguayo, A. J. and Rasminsky, M. and Bray, G. M. and Carbonetto, S. and McKerracher, L. and Villegas-Pérez, M. P. and Vidal-Sanz, M. and Carter, D. A.}, title = {Degenerative and regenerative responses of injured neurons in the central nervous system of adult mammals.}, journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci}, school = {Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.}, year = {1991}, volume = {331}, number = {1261}, pages = {337--343}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1991.0025}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1991.0025} }
Agudo, M., Pérez-Marín, M.C., Sobrado-Calvo, P., Lönngren, U., Salinas-Navarro, M., Cánovas, I., Nadal-Nicolás, F.M., Miralles-Imperial, J., Hallböök, F. and Vidal-Sanz, M.	Immediate upregulation of proteins belonging to different branches of the apoptotic cascade in the retina after optic nerve transection and optic nerve crush. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Vol. 50(1), pp. 424-431School: Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain. martabar@um.es	article	DOI URL
Abstract: To further investigate the molecular signals underlying optic nerve (ON) injury, the authors analyzed in adult control, ON-transected, and ON-crushed retinas the expression pattern and time-course regulation of the following proteins, all of which are linked to apoptosis through different pathways: Stat 1, caspase 11 (inflammation and death), cathepsins C and B (lysosomal death pathway), calpain 1 (endoplasmic reticulum stress), calreticulin (apoptosis marker), Jun (early response), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (cell cycle arrest).Adult female rats were subjected to intraorbital optic nerve transection (IONT) or intraorbital optic nerve crush (IONC). Protein from naive and ON-injured adult rat retinas was extracted at different times postlesion, and Western blotting experiments were performed. For immunohistofluorescence analyses, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were retrogradely identified with fluorogold applied to the superior colliculi 1 week before injury.Western blotting analyses revealed upregulation of all the analyzed proteins as early as 12 hours postlesion (hpl), peaking at 48 hpl, in agreement with our previous RNA study findings. Furthermore, immunohistofluorescence to radial sections showed that all but Stat 1 were expressed by the primarily injured neurons, the RGCs, as seen by colocalization with fluorogold.All analyzed proteins were upregulated in the retina after IONT or IONC as early as 12 hpl, indicating that ON injury regulates several branches of the apoptotic cascade and suggesting that commitment to death might be an earlier event than previously anticipated.
BibTeX: @article{Agudo:2009, author = {Agudo, Marta and Pérez-Marín, Maria C. and Sobrado-Calvo, Paloma and Lönngren, Ulrika and Salinas-Navarro, Manuel and Cánovas, Isabel and Nadal-Nicolás, Francisco M. and Miralles-Imperial, Jaime and Hallböök, Finn and Vidal-Sanz, Manuel}, title = {Immediate upregulation of proteins belonging to different branches of the apoptotic cascade in the retina after optic nerve transection and optic nerve crush.}, journal = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci}, school = {Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain. martabar@um.es}, year = {2009}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {424--431}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2404}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2404} }
Aguiar, P., Sousa, M. and Szucs, P.	Versatile morphometric analysis and visualization of the three-dimensional structure of neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Neuroinformatics Vol. 11(4), pp. 393-403School: Centro de Matemática da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal, pauloaguiar@fc.up.pt.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The computational properties of a neuron are intimately related to its morphology. However, unlike electrophysiological properties, it is not straightforward to collapse the complexity of the three-dimensional (3D) structure into a small set of measurements accurately describing the structural properties. This strong limitation leads to the fact that many studies involving morphology related questions often rely solely on empirical analysis and qualitative description. It is possible however to acquire hierarchical lists of positions and diameters of points describing the spatial structure of the neuron. While there is a number of both commercially and freely available solutions to import and analyze this data, few are extendable in the sense of providing the possibility to define novel morphometric measurements in an easy to use programming environment. Fewer are capable of performing morphometric analysis where the output is defined over the topology of the neuron, which naturally requires powerful visualization tools. The computer application presented here, Py3DN, is an open-source solution providing novel tools to analyze and visualize 3D data collected with the widely used Neurolucida (MBF) system. It allows the construction of mathematical representations of neuronal topology, detailed visualization and the possibility to define non-standard morphometric analysis on the neuronal structures. Above all, it provides a flexible and extendable environment where new types of analyses can be easily set up allowing a high degree of freedom to formulate and test new hypotheses. The application was developed in Python and uses Blender (open-source software) to produce detailed 3D data representations.
BibTeX: @article{Aguiar:2013, author = {Aguiar, Paulo and Sousa, Mafalda and Szucs, Peter}, title = {Versatile morphometric analysis and visualization of the three-dimensional structure of neurons.}, journal = {Neuroinformatics}, school = {Centro de Matemática da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal, pauloaguiar@fc.up.pt.}, year = {2013}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {393--403}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12021-013-9188-z}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12021-013-9188-z} }
Aguilar, J.R. and Castro-Alamancos, M.A.	Spatiotemporal gating of sensory inputs in thalamus during quiescent and activated states. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	J Neurosci Vol. 25(47), pp. 10990-11002School: Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The main role of the thalamus is to relay sensory inputs to the neocortex according to the regulations dictated by behavioral state. Hence, changes in behavioral state are likely to transform the temporal and spatial properties of thalamocortical receptive fields. We compared the receptive fields of single cells in the ventroposterior medial thalamus (VPM) of urethane-anesthetized rats during quiescent states and during aroused (activated) states. During quiescent states, VPM cells respond to stimulation of a principal whisker (PW) and may respond modestly to one or a few adjacent whiskers (AWs). During either generalized forebrain activation or selective thalamic activation caused by carbachol infusion in the VPM, the responses to AWs enhance so that VPM receptive fields become much larger. Such enlargement is not observed at the level of the principal trigeminal nucleus, indicating that it originates within the thalamus. Interestingly, despite the increase in AW responses during activation, simultaneous deflection of the PW and AWs produced VPM responses that resembled the PW response, as if the AWs were not stimulated. This nonlinear summation of sensory responses was present during both quiescent and activated states. In conclusion, the thalamus suppresses the excitatory surround (AWs) of the receptive field during quiescent states and enlarges this surround during arousal. But, thalamocortical cells represent only the center (PW) of the receptive field when the center (PW) and surround (AWs) are stimulated simultaneously.
BibTeX: @article{Aguilar:2005, author = {Aguilar, Juan R. and Castro-Alamancos, Manuel A.}, title = {Spatiotemporal gating of sensory inputs in thalamus during quiescent and activated states.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA.}, year = {2005}, volume = {25}, number = {47}, pages = {10990--11002}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3229-05.2005}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3229-05.2005} }
Aguilar-Roblero, R., Verduzco-Carbajal, L., Rodríguez, C., Mendez-Franco, J., Morán, J. and de la Mora, M.	Circadian rhythmicity in the GABAergic system in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 157(2), pp. 199-202	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The participation of GABAergic mechanisms in the regulation of circadian rhythmicity by the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) has been suggested from different lines of evidence. Little is known, however, whether GABA synthesis, release, uptake or content within the SCN may show a circadian pattern. The present results show that the activity of the GABAergic system within the SCN region of the rat exhibits circadian rhythmicity, which is manifested by correlative changes of the GABA content and the glutamic acid decarboxylase activity under the light/dark cycle, and by changes in the GABA content in animals kept under constant darkness. © 1993.
BibTeX: @article{Aguilar-Roblero:1993, author = {Aguilar-Roblero, R. and Verduzco-Carbajal, L. and Rodríguez, C. and Mendez-Franco, J. and Morán, J. and de la Mora, M.P.}, title = {Circadian rhythmicity in the GABAergic system in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the rat}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1993}, volume = {157}, number = {2}, pages = {199-202}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027234388&partnerID=40&md5=7b8c210023e6b5dc6bcb5eef92b9621b}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(93)90736-5} }
Aguilera, G., Harwood, J., Wilson, J., Morell, J., Brown, J. and Catt, K.	Mechanisms of action of corticotropin-releasing factor and other regulators of corticotropin release in rat pituitary cells. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	J Biol Chem Vol. 258(13), pp. 8039-8045	article
Abstract: The role of cyclic AMP in the stimulation of corticotropin (ACTH) release by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), angiotensin II (AII), vasopressin (VP), and norepinephrine (NE) was examined in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. Synthetic CRF rapidly stimulated cyclic AMP production, from 4- to 6-fold in 3 min to a maximum of 10- to 15-fold at 30 min. Stimulation of ACTH release by increasing concentrations of CRF was accompanied by a parallel increase in cyclic AMP formation, with ED50 values of 0.5 and 1.3 nM CRF for ACTH and cyclic AMP, respectively. A good correlation between cyclic AMP formation and ACTH release was also found when pituitary cells were incubated with the synthetic CRF(15-41) fragment, which displayed full agonist activity on both cyclic AMP and ACTH release with about 0.1% of the potency of the intact peptide. In contrast, the CRF(21-41) and CRF(36-41) fragments were completely inactive. The other regulators were less effective stimuli of ACTH release and caused either no change in cyclic AMP (AII and VP) or a 50% decrease in cyclic AMP (NE). Addition of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, methylisobutylxanthine, increased the sensitivity of the ACTH response to CRF but did not change the responses to AII, VP, and NE. In pituitary membranes, adenylate cyclase activity was stimulated by CRF in a dose-dependent manner with ED50 of 0.28 nM, indicating that the CRF-induced elevation of cyclic AMP production in intact pituitary cells is due to increased cyclic AMP biosynthesis. The intermediate role of cyclic AMP in the stimulation of ACTH release by CRF was further indicated by the dose-related increase in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity in pituitary cells stimulated by CRF with ED50 of 1.1 nM. These data demonstrate that the action of CRF on ACTH release is mediated by the adenylate cyclase-protein kinase pathway and that the sequence requirement for bioactivity includes the COOH-terminal 27 amino acid residues of the molecule. The other recognized regulators of ACTH release are less effective stimuli than CRF and do not exert their actions on the corticotroph through cyclic AMP-dependent mechanisms.
BibTeX: @article{Aguilera:1983, author = {Aguilera, G and Harwood, JP and Wilson, JX and Morell, J and Brown, JH and Catt, KJ}, title = {Mechanisms of action of corticotropin-releasing factor and other regulators of corticotropin release in rat pituitary cells.}, journal = {J Biol Chem}, year = {1983}, volume = {258}, number = {13}, pages = {8039--8045}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Ahlenius, S.	Enhanced suppression of a conditioned avoidance response by haloperidol but not phenoxybenzamine in rats with bilateral parafascicular lesions [BibTeX]	1980	Exp Brain Res Vol. 40(2), pp. 164-169	article	URL
BibTeX: @article{Ahlenius:1980, author = {Ahlenius, S}, title = {Enhanced suppression of a conditioned avoidance response by haloperidol but not phenoxybenzamine in rats with bilateral parafascicular lesions}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {1980}, volume = {40}, number = {2}, pages = {164--169}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCoQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%2FBF00237534.pdf&ei=fSdXVKuBJM7laJH-gogE&usg=AFQjCNFIlX052HnfU4XmgKXyAxWYZioMDA&bvm=bv.78677474,d.d2s&cad=rja} }
Ahlenius, S., Andén, N.E. and Grabowska-Andén, M.	Apomorphine-induced ipsilateral turning in rats with unilateral lesions of the parafascicular nucleus. [BibTeX]	1982	Exp Brain Res Vol. 47(2), pp. 270-276	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Ahlenius:1982, author = {Ahlenius, S. and Andén, N. E. and Grabowska-Andén, M.}, title = {Apomorphine-induced ipsilateral turning in rats with unilateral lesions of the parafascicular nucleus.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1982}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, pages = {270--276}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00239386} }
Ahlenius, S., Hillegaart, V., Thorell, G., Magnusson, O. and Fowler, C.J.	Suppression of exploratory locomotor activity and increase in dopamine turnover following the local application of cis-flupenthixol into limbic projection areas of the rat striatum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Brain Res Vol. 402(1), pp. 131-138	article	DOI
Abstract: Recent neuroanatomical tracer studies have demonstrated the topography of 'limbic' (A10) projections into the striatum of the rat (see Introduction). The target areas include the nucleus accumbens and the ventromedial part of the neostriatum, whereas the dorsolateral part of the neostriatum does not receive such afferents. Taking this topography into account, the present results show that local application of cis-flupenthixol (10-40 micrograms/side) into the nucleus accumbens or the ventromedial, but not the dorsolateral, neostriatum produces suppression of exploratory locomotor activity in the rat. trans-Flupenthixol (40 micrograms/side) was completely ineffective when locally applied into the nucleus accumbens. Measurements of the concentrations of the dopamine metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) at the site of injection, and in neighboring areas at different times after cis-flupenthixol administration, indicated that there was little or no diffusion of the drug from the injection sites. Much higher concentrations of DOPAC and HVA in a given area were found after systemic administration of cis-flupenthixol as compared with local application of the drug to the same area.
BibTeX: @article{Ahlenius:1987, author = {S. Ahlenius and V. Hillegaart and G. Thorell and O. Magnusson and C. J. Fowler}, title = {Suppression of exploratory locomotor activity and increase in dopamine turnover following the local application of cis-flupenthixol into limbic projection areas of the rat striatum.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1987}, volume = {402}, number = {1}, pages = {131--138}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(87)91055-9} }
Ahlenius, S., Hillegaart, V., Thorell, G., Magnusson, O. and Fowler, C.J.	Suppression of exploratory locomotor activity and increase in dopamine turnover following the local application of cis-flupenthixol into limbic projection areas of the rat striatum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Brain research Vol. 402, pp. 131-8	article
Abstract: Recent neuroanatomical tracer studies have demonstrated the topography of 'limbic' (A10) projections into the striatum of the rat (see Introduction). The target areas include the nucleus accumbens and the ventromedial part of the neostriatum, whereas the dorsolateral part of the neostriatum does not receive such afferents. Taking this topography into account, the present results show that local application of cis-flupenthixol (10-40 micrograms/side) into the nucleus accumbens or the ventromedial, but not the dorsolateral, neostriatum produces suppression of exploratory locomotor activity in the rat. trans-Flupenthixol (40 micrograms/side) was completely ineffective when locally applied into the nucleus accumbens. Measurements of the concentrations of the dopamine metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) at the site of injection, and in neighboring areas at different times after cis-flupenthixol administration, indicated that there was little or no diffusion of the drug from the injection sites. Much higher concentrations of DOPAC and HVA in a given area were found after systemic administration of cis-flupenthixol as compared with local application of the drug to the same area.
BibTeX: @article{Ahlenius:1987a, author = {Ahlenius, S. and Hillegaart, V. and Thorell, G. and Magnusson, O. and Fowler, C. J.}, title = {Suppression of exploratory locomotor activity and increase in dopamine turnover following the local application of cis-flupenthixol into limbic projection areas of the rat striatum.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1987}, volume = {402}, pages = {131-8}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Ahlenius, S. and Nordberg, A.	Effects of Lesions in the Parafascicular Nucleus on Catecholamine Synthesis and Number of Muscarinic Receptor Binding Sites in the Striatum of the Rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica Vol. 51(3), pp. 182-186	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Abstract: Unilateral radio‐frequency lesions of the parafascicular nucleus were performed in rats. Seven days, but not 24 hrs, postoperatively the following effects were observed in the ipsilateral striatum: (A) an increase in dopamine synthesis as estimated by the accumulation of DOPA following inhibition of cerebral aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase; (B) an increase in dopamine levels and (C) a decrease in the number of muscarinic receptors binding sites using [3H] QNB as receptor ligand. 1982 Nordic Pharmacological Society
BibTeX: @article{Ahlenius:1982a, author = {Ahlenius, S. and Nordberg, A.}, title = {Effects of Lesions in the Parafascicular Nucleus on Catecholamine Synthesis and Number of Muscarinic Receptor Binding Sites in the Striatum of the Rat}, journal = {Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica}, year = {1982}, volume = {51}, number = {3}, pages = {182-186}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0019992329&partnerID=40&md5=f16c33044c1c892099641308d2a4dd6e}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1982.tb01012.x} }
Ahlgren, J.K. and Hayward, L.F.	Role of lateral parabrachial opioid receptors in exercise-induced modulation of the hypotensive hemorrhage response in conscious male rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Behav Brain Res Vol. 226(2), pp. 404-410School: University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. of Physiological Sciences, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Some of the benefits of exercise appear to be mediated through modulation of neuronal excitability in central autonomic control circuits. Previously, we identified that six weeks of voluntary wheel running had a protective effect during hemorrhage (HEM), limiting both the hypotensive phase of HEM and enhancing recovery. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of opioid release in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) on the response to severe HEM in chronically exercised (EX, voluntary) versus sedentary (SED) controls. Male Sprague Dawley rats were allowed either free access to running wheels (EX) or normal cage conditions (SED). After 6 weeks of "training" animals were instrumented with a bilateral cannula directed toward the dorsolateral pons and arterial catheters. After a recovery period, animals underwent central microinjection of either vehicle (VEH; n=3/group) or the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (NAL; n=6/group) followed by withdrawal of 30% of their total estimated blood volume. Following VEH injection, the drop in MAP during and following HEM was significantly attenuated in the EX vs SED animals. Alternatively, NAL microinjection in the dorsolateral pons (20 ?M, 200-500 nl) reversed the beneficial effect of EX on the HEM response. NAL microinjection in SED rats did not significantly alter the response to HEM. These data suggest chronic voluntary EX has a beneficial effect on the autonomic response to severe HEM which is mediated, in part, via EX-induced plasticity of the opioid system within the dorsolateral pons.
BibTeX: @article{Ahlgren:2012, author = {Ahlgren, Joslyn K. and Hayward, Linda F.}, title = {Role of lateral parabrachial opioid receptors in exercise-induced modulation of the hypotensive hemorrhage response in conscious male rats.}, journal = {Behav Brain Res}, school = {University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. of Physiological Sciences, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.}, year = {2012}, volume = {226}, number = {2}, pages = {404--410}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.036}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.036} }
Ahlgren, S., Li, G. and Olsson, Y.	Accumulation of β-amyloid precursor protein and ubiquitin in axons after spinal cord trauma in humans: Immunohistochemical observations on autopsy material [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Acta Neuropathologica Vol. 92(1), pp. 48-55	article	URL
Abstract: We evaluated by immunohistochemistry the presence of β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) and ubiquitin-like material which may accumulate in axons of the human spinal cord subjected to injury. Autopsy material was obtained from nine cases with different types of trauma: breech delivery with neonatal spinal injury, compression of the cord induced by fractures of the vertebral column, haematomas or intradural meningioma. The posttrauma period ranged from 10 days to several years. The spinal cord of six control cases without evidence of injury presented βAPP immunoreactivity in nerve cell bodies and in a few axonal profiles but not in dendrites. Seven of the nine cases with spinal cord trauma showed an accumulation of βAPP-immunoreactive material in axons of the longitudinal tracts at the site of the injury. Five cases presented similar axonal immunoreactivity in the grey matter of the cord. Ubiquitin-like immunoreactivity was present in expanded axons in cases with spinal cord injury. Cases with spinal cord trauma thus present βAPP-immunoreactive axons particularly of the longitudinal tracts in the same way as in trauma to rat spinal cord and in various brain injuries. The aggregation of βAPP-immunoreactive material indicates disturbed axonal transport of βAPP. Accumulation of ubiquitin-like immunoreactive material in expanded axons at the site of trauma may be one prerequisite for degradation of abnormal proteins by the ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic pathway.
BibTeX: @article{Ahlgren:1996, author = {Ahlgren, S. and Li, G.L. and Olsson, Y.}, title = {Accumulation of β-amyloid precursor protein and ubiquitin in axons after spinal cord trauma in humans: Immunohistochemical observations on autopsy material}, journal = {Acta Neuropathologica}, year = {1996}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, pages = {48-55}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029984013&partnerID=40&md5=eb72e89355e6d36568fe6fb6326fe2d7} }
Ahlsen, G., Grant, K. and Lindström, S.	Monosynaptic excitation of principal cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus by corticofugal fibers. [BibTeX]	1982	Brain Res Vol. 234(2), pp. 454-458	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Ahlsen:1982, author = {Ahlsen, G. and Grant, K. and Lindström, S.}, title = {Monosynaptic excitation of principal cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus by corticofugal fibers.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1982}, volume = {234}, number = {2}, pages = {454--458}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(82)90886-1} }
Ahmad, A., Khan, M.M., Ishrat, T., Khan, M.B., Khuwaja, G., Raza, S.S., Shrivastava, P. and Islam, F.	Synergistic effect of selenium and melatonin on neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Biol Trace Elem Res Vol. 139(1), pp. 81-96School: Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The synergistic scavenger effects of selenium and melatonin collectively we called Se-Mel was studied on the prevention of neuronal injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion. Male Wistar rats were treated with sodium selenite (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) and melatonin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min before the middle carotid artery occlusion (MCAO) and immediately after MCAO to male Wistar rats and was continued for 3 days once daily at the interval of 24 h. Behavioral activity (spontaneous motor activity and motor deficit) was improved in Se-Mel-treated rats as compared to MCAO group rats. The level of glutathione and the activity of antioxidant enzymes was depleted significantly while the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, protein carbonyl, and nitric oxide radical (NO(·)) was increased significantly in MCAO group. Systemic administration of Se-Mel ameliorated oxidative stress and improves ischemia/reperfusion-induced focal cerebral ischemia. Se-Mel also inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in Se-Mel+MCAO group as compared to MCAO group rats. Thus, Se-Mel has shown an excellent neuroprotective effect against ischemia/reperfusion injury through an anti-ischemic pathway. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the pretreatment with Se-Mel at the onset of reperfusion, reduced post-ischemic damage, and improved neurological outcome following transient focal cerebral ischemia in male Wistar rat.
BibTeX: @article{Ahmad:2011, author = {Ahmad, Ajmal and Khan, Mohd Moshahid and Ishrat, Tauheed and Khan, M Badruzzaman and Khuwaja, Gulrana and Raza, Syed Shadab and Shrivastava, Pallavi and Islam, Fakhrul}, title = {Synergistic effect of selenium and melatonin on neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia in rats.}, journal = {Biol Trace Elem Res}, school = {Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.}, year = {2011}, volume = {139}, number = {1}, pages = {81--96}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-010-8643-z}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-010-8643-z} }
Ahmadi, S., Lippross, S., Neuhuber, W.L. and Zeilhofer, H.U.	PGE(2) selectively blocks inhibitory glycinergic neurotransmission onto rat superficial dorsal horn neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Nat Neurosci Vol. 5(1), pp. 34-40School: Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Fahrstrasse 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Despite the crucial role that prostaglandins (PGs) have in the sensitization of the central nervous system to pain, their cellular and molecular targets leading to increased pain perception have remained elusive. Here we investigated the effects of PGE(2) on fast synaptic transmission onto neurons in the rat spinal cord dorsal horn, the first site of synaptic integration in the pain pathway. We identified the inhibitory (strychnine-sensitive) glycine receptor as a specific target of PGE(2). PGE(2), but not PGF(2 alpha), PGD(2) or PGI(2), reduced inhibitory glycinergic synaptic transmission in low nanomolar concentrations, whereas GABAA, AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediated transmission remained unaffected. Inhibition of glycine receptors occurred via a postsynaptic mechanism involving the activation of EP2 receptors, cholera-toxin-sensitive G-proteins and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Via this mechanism, PGE(2) may facilitate the transmission of nociceptive input through the spinal cord dorsal horn to higher brain areas where pain becomes conscious.
BibTeX: @article{Ahmadi:2002, author = {Ahmadi, Seifollah and Lippross, Sebastian and Neuhuber, Winfried L and Zeilhofer, Hanns U}, title = {PGE(2) selectively blocks inhibitory glycinergic neurotransmission onto rat superficial dorsal horn neurons.}, journal = {Nat Neurosci}, school = {Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Fahrstrasse 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.}, year = {2002}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {34--40}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn778}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/nn778} }
Ahmed, A., Dong, K., Sugioka, K. and Yamadori, T.	Afferent projections to the cingulate cortex in albino rats: a study with a retrograde labeling method using fluoro-gold. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	The Kobe journal of medical sciences Vol. 41(6), pp. 247-255	article	URL
Abstract: We studied the neuronal populations that project their axons to the cingulate cortex in albino rats using the retrograde fluorescent dye of 4% Fluoro-Gold injected into the anterior, middle and posterior portions of the cingulate cortex. The result showed that the following ipsilateral structures are sending fibers to these three portions: the prefrontal cortex, frontoparietal motor cortex, indusium griseum, dorsal endopiriform nucleus, lateral part of medial mammillary nucleus, nuclei of diagonal band of Broca, anterior pretectum, anterior part of caudate-putamen, hippocampal formation, anteroventral, anteromedial, lateroposterior, ventroposterior and dorsomedial thalamic nuclei. The anterior portion of the cingulate cortex receives inputs from the following ipsi- and contralateral structures: the accessory olfactory bulbs, anterior olfactory nuclei, middle and posterior portions of the cingulate cortex. The middle cingulate cortex receives fibers only from the ipsilateral dorsal part of the lateral septal nucleus in addition from the ipsi- and contralateral anterior and posterior portions of the cingulate cortex. While the posterior portion of the cingulate cortex receives separate inputs from the following ipsilateral structures: anterodorsal thalamic nucleus, temporal cortex, entorhinal cortex, areas 17 and 18, as well as from the ipsi- and contralateral anterior and middle portions of the cingulate cortex. The present study shows that the cingulate cortex receives various kinds of inputs from the other parts of the brain which are involved in emotion, memory, vision and motion, and also suggests that there are differences in afferent projections among the anterior, middle and posterior portions of the cingulate cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Ahmed:1995d, author = {Ahmed, A.K. and Dong, K. and Sugioka, K. and Yamadori, T.}, title = {Afferent projections to the cingulate cortex in albino rats: a study with a retrograde labeling method using fluoro-gold.}, journal = {The Kobe journal of medical sciences}, year = {1995}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, pages = {247-255}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029421250&partnerID=40&md5=d73f022c9c25cbc2d0ee651f408ec5ee} }
Ahmed, A.K., Dong, K., Setsu, T. and Yamadori, T.	Correlation between different types of retinal ganglion cells and their projection pattern in the albino rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Brain Res Vol. 706(1), pp. 163-168School: First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.	article	DOI
Abstract: Injecting Fluoro-Gold (FG) and Evans-Blue (EB) into the right dLGN and SC in the adult albino rat, ipsilaterally projecting double-labeled retinal ganglion cells were mainly seen in the ventrotemporal crescent. They were mainly large sized cells. The ipsilaterally projecting double-labeled cells tended to have larger somata than the single- and double-labeled cells projecting to the contralateral superior colliculus and/or dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body.
BibTeX: @article{Ahmed:1996a, author = {Ahmed, A. K. and Dong, K. and Setsu, T. and Yamadori, T.}, title = {Correlation between different types of retinal ganglion cells and their projection pattern in the albino rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.}, year = {1996}, volume = {706}, number = {1}, pages = {163--168}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)01283-4} }
Ahmed, A.K., Dong, K., Sugioka, K. and Yamadori, T.	Afferent projections to the cingulate cortex in albino rats: a study with a retrograde labeling method using fluoro-gold. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Kobe J Med Sci Vol. 41(6), pp. 247-255School: Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine.	article
Abstract: We studied the neuronal populations that project their axons to the cingulate cortex in albino rats using the retrograde fluorescent dye of 4% Fluoro-Gold injected into the anterior, middle and posterior portions of the cingulate cortex. The result showed that the following ipsilateral structures are sending fibers to these three portions: the prefrontal cortex, frontoparietal motor cortex, indusium griseum, dorsal endopiriform nucleus, lateral part of medial mammillary nucleus, nuclei of diagonal band of Broca, anterior pretectum, anterior part of caudate-putamen, hippocampal formation, anteroventral, anteromedial, lateroposterior, ventroposterior and dorsomedial thalamic nuclei. The anterior portion of the cingulate cortex receives inputs from the following ipsi- and contralateral structures: the accessory olfactory bulbs, anterior olfactory nuclei, middle and posterior portions of the cingulate cortex. The middle cingulate cortex receives fibers only from the ipsilateral dorsal part of the lateral septal nucleus in addition from the ipsi- and contralateral anterior and posterior portions of the cingulate cortex. While the posterior portion of the cingulate cortex receives separate inputs from the following ipsilateral structures: anterodorsal thalamic nucleus, temporal cortex, entorhinal cortex, areas 17 and 18, as well as from the ipsi- and contralateral anterior and middle portions of the cingulate cortex. The present study shows that the cingulate cortex receives various kinds of inputs from the other parts of the brain which are involved in emotion, memory, vision and motion, and also suggests that there are differences in afferent projections among the anterior, middle and posterior portions of the cingulate cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Ahmed:1995b, author = {Ahmed, A. K. and Dong, K. and Sugioka, K. and Yamadori, T.}, title = {Afferent projections to the cingulate cortex in albino rats: a study with a retrograde labeling method using fluoro-gold.}, journal = {Kobe J Med Sci}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine.}, year = {1995}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, pages = {247--255} }
Ahmed, A.K., Dong, K. and Yamadori, T.	A retrograde double-labelling study of retinal ganglion cells that project ipsilaterally to vLGN and LPN rather than dLGN and SC, in albino rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Brain Res Vol. 674(2), pp. 275-282School: First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.	article	DOI
Abstract: We studied ipsilaterally projecting, double-labeled retinal ganglion cells that have bifurcating axons by retrograde fluorescent double-labeling in albino rats. Ten albino (Wistar, Japan Ceca) rats of either sex, weighing 350-400 g were used. With the rats in a state of deep anesthesia, we pressure-injected 0.02 microliter of 15% Evans blue (EB) into the right ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN), and 4% Fluoro-gold (FG) iontophoretically into the right posterior lateral thalamic nucleus (LP). The animals were perfused with formol-saline 48-72 h later and both the brain and eyes were exercised. The brain was sectioned coronally, and each retina was removed and mounted flat on a glass slide. Double-labeled cells were found in the ventral temporal crescent of the retina. In one animal and total number of ipsilaterally labeled cells was 566, and the percentage of double-labeled vLGN and LP projecting cells, single-labeled vLGN projecting cells, and single-labeled LP projecting cells were 29.8, 58.8 and 11.3, respectively.
BibTeX: @article{Ahmed:1995, author = {A. K. Ahmed and K. Dong and T. Yamadori}, title = {A retrograde double-labelling study of retinal ganglion cells that project ipsilaterally to vLGN and LPN rather than dLGN and SC, in albino rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.}, year = {1995}, volume = {674}, number = {2}, pages = {275--282}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(94)01452-n} }
Ahmed, A.K., Dong, K. and Yamadori, T.	A retrograde double-labelling study of retinal ganglion cells that project ipsilaterally to vLGN and LPN rather than dLGN and SC, in albino rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Brain research Vol. 674, pp. 275-82	article
Abstract: We studied ipsilaterally projecting, double-labeled retinal ganglion cells that have bifurcating axons by retrograde fluorescent double-labeling in albino rats. Ten albino (Wistar, Japan Ceca) rats of either sex, weighing 350-400 g were used. With the rats in a state of deep anesthesia, we pressure-injected 0.02 microliter of 15% Evans blue (EB) into the right ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN), and 4% Fluoro-gold (FG) iontophoretically into the right posterior lateral thalamic nucleus (LP). The animals were perfused with formol-saline 48-72 h later and both the brain and eyes were exercised. The brain was sectioned coronally, and each retina was removed and mounted flat on a glass slide. Double-labeled cells were found in the ventral temporal crescent of the retina. In one animal and total number of ipsilaterally labeled cells was 566, and the percentage of double-labeled vLGN and LP projecting cells, single-labeled vLGN projecting cells, and single-labeled LP projecting cells were 29. 8, 58.8 and 11.3, respectively.
BibTeX: @article{Ahmed:1995e, author = {Ahmed, A. K. and Dong, K. and Yamadori, T.}, title = {A retrograde double-labelling study of retinal ganglion cells that project ipsilaterally to vLGN and LPN rather than dLGN and SC, in albino rat.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1995}, volume = {674}, pages = {275-82}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Ahmed, A.K., Guison, N.G. and Yamadori, T.	A retrograde fluorescent-labeling study of direct relationship between the limbic (anterodorsal and anteroventral thalamic nuclei) and the visual system in the albino rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Brain Res Vol. 729(1), pp. 119-123School: First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.	article	DOI
Abstract: Injecting different fluorescent tracers into the right anterodorsal (AD)/anteroventral (AV) or AD/AV and the primary visual nuclei of dorsal lateral geniculate (dLGN) or superior colliculus (SC), a direct projection from the left retina to these anterior thalamic nuclei was ascertained in the central part of ventro-nasal retinal quadrant. Single-labeled cells were of small type. No double-labeled cells were demonstrated.
BibTeX: @article{Ahmed:1996, author = {A. K. Ahmed and N. G. Guison and T. Yamadori}, title = {A retrograde fluorescent-labeling study of direct relationship between the limbic (anterodorsal and anteroventral thalamic nuclei) and the visual system in the albino rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.}, year = {1996}, volume = {729}, number = {1}, pages = {119--123}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(96)00283-1} }
Ahmed, A.K., Guison, N.G. and Yamadori, T.	A retrograde fluorescent-labeling study of direct relationship between the limbic (anterodorsal and anteroventral thalamic nuclei) and the visual system in the albino rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Brain research Vol. 729, pp. 119-23	article
Abstract: Injecting different fluorescent tracers into the right anterodorsal (AD)/anteroventral (AV) or AD/AV and the primary visual nuclei of dorsal lateral geniculate (dLGN) or superior colliculus (SC), a direct projection from the left retina to these anterior thalamic nuclei was ascertained in the central part of ventro-nasal retinal quadrant. Single-labeled cells were of small type. No double-labeled cells were demonstrated.
BibTeX: @article{Ahmed:1996b, author = {Ahmed, A. K. and Guison, N. G. and Yamadori, T.}, title = {A retrograde fluorescent-labeling study of direct relationship between the limbic (anterodorsal and anteroventral thalamic nuclei) and the visual system in the albino rat.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1996}, volume = {729}, pages = {119-23}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Ahmed, A.K., Sugioka, K., Dong, K. and Yamadori, T.	A study of double-labeled retinal ganglion cells from the superior colliculus in the developing albino rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Brain Res Dev Brain Res Vol. 85(1), pp. 71-79School: First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.	article	DOI
Abstract: We studied the distribution pattern and percentage of bilaterally projecting, double-labeled retinal ganglion cells in the albino rat by the retrograde fluorescent double labeling. Forty-five albino (Wistar, Japan Clea) rats of either sex and of different stage of development ranging in age from the day of birth (Day 0) to Day 30, were used. With the rats under deep anesthesia, we pressure injected 0.02 microliter of 15% Evans blue (EB) and 0.02 microliter of 4% Fluoro-gold (FG) into the right and left superior colliculi, respectively; for rats older than 5 days, the volume of each tracer was 0.04 microliter. The animals were perfused with formol-saline 48 to 72 h later and the brain and eyeballs were excised and sectioned. Double-labeled cells were found over almost the entire retina, with the concentration in the lower temporal crescent in rats up to day 1; concentration gradually shifted to the ventral half between days 5 and 10. After day 15, double-labeled cells were found only in the ventral-temporal crescent of the retina, which is the pattern in the adult rats. The percentages of retinal ganglion cells that were double-labeled at days 0, 1, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 were 60.2, 51.6, 60.5, 57.6, 62.2, 60.7, 55.7, 45.2, and 39.1, respectively. After day 10, the percentage of such cells decreased steadily.
BibTeX: @article{Ahmed:1995c, author = {A. K. Ahmed and K. Sugioka and K. Dong and T. Yamadori}, title = {A study of double-labeled retinal ganglion cells from the superior colliculus in the developing albino rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res}, school = {First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.}, year = {1995}, volume = {85}, number = {1}, pages = {71--79}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(94)00191-2} }
Ahmed, A.K., Sugioka, K., Dong, K. and Yamadori, T.	A study of double-labeled retinal ganglion cells from the superior colliculus in the developing albino rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Brain research. Developmental brain research Vol. 85, pp. 71-9	article
Abstract: We studied the distribution pattern and percentage of bilaterally projecting, double-labeled retinal ganglion cells in the albino rat by the retrograde fluorescent double labeling. Forty-five albino (Wistar, Japan Clea) rats of either sex and of different stage of development ranging in age from the day of birth (Day 0) to Day 30, were used. With the rats under deep anesthesia, we pressure injected 0.02 microliter of 15% Evans blue (EB) and 0.02 microliter of 4% Fluoro-gold (FG) into the right and left superior colliculi, respectively; for rats older than 5 days, the volume of each tracer was 0.04 microliter. The animals were perfused with formol-saline 48 to 72 h later and the brain and eyeballs were excised and sectioned. Double-labeled cells were found over almost the entire retina, with the concentration in the lower temporal crescent in rats up to day 1; concentration gradually shifted to the ventral half between days 5 and 10. After day 15, double-labeled cells were found only in the ventral-temporal crescent of the retina, which is the pattern in the adult rats. The percentages of retinal ganglion cells that were double-labeled at days 0, 1, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 were 60.2, 51.6, 60.5, 57.6, 62.2, 60.7, 55.7, 45.2, and 39.1, respectively. After day 10, the percentage of such cells decreased steadily.
BibTeX: @article{Ahmed:1995f, author = {Ahmed, A. K. and Sugioka, K. and Dong, K. and Yamadori, T.}, title = {A study of double-labeled retinal ganglion cells from the superior colliculus in the developing albino rat.}, journal = {Brain research. Developmental brain research}, year = {1995}, volume = {85}, pages = {71-9}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Ahmed, A.K.F., Dong, K. and Yamadori, T.	A retrograde double-labeling study of uni- and bilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells that project to the superior colliculi after unilateral eye removal at birth in the albino rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Brain Res Vol. 704(2), pp. 307-312School: First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.	article	DOI
Abstract: By injecting Fluoro-Gold and Evans-Blue into the right and left superior colliculi of the normal adult albino rats, bilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells were labeled in the ventrotemporal crescent accounting for 37.9% of all the labeled cells, whereas in 0- and 5-day unilaterally enucleated rats these were found in the lower half of the retina accounting for 64.8% and 80.6 respectively. Furthermore, they tended to have larger somata (type I cells).
BibTeX: @article{Ahmed:1995a, author = {A. K. Farid Ahmed and K. Dong and T. Yamadori}, title = {A retrograde double-labeling study of uni- and bilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells that project to the superior colliculi after unilateral eye removal at birth in the albino rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.}, year = {1995}, volume = {704}, number = {2}, pages = {307--312}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)01282-6} }
Ahmed, F., MacArthur, L., De Bernardi, M.A. and Mocchetti, I.	Retrograde and anterograde transport of HIV protein gp120 in the nervous system. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Brain Behav Immun Vol. 23(3), pp. 355-364School: Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Research Building, Room EP04 Box 571464, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Neurodegeneration and gliosis are prominent pathological features of subjects with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dementia complex (HAD). In these patients, neurodegeneration occurs in uninfected neurons. In addition, these patients develop sensory neuropathy despite the antiretroviral therapy. The HIV protein gp120, which mimics some of the pathological alterations seen in HAD, is retrogradely transported in rodent neurons. However, it is still unclear whether gp120 can also be transported anterogradely and whether axonal transport can occur in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). To determine whether gp120 is transported retrogradely and/or anterogradely, we injected gp120IIIB together with the retrograde tracer fluoro-ruby (FR) or the anterograde tracer 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyamine perchlorate (DiI) into the rat superior colliculi. We discovered that gp120 is retrogradely transported with FR along a direct pathway from the superior colliculus to the retina and anterogradely transported with DiI to several areas of the occipital cortex. To determine whether gp120 is also axonally transported in the peripheral nerves, gp120 and FR were injected into the sciatic nerve. No gp120 immunoreactivity was found in the sciatic nerve or dorsal root ganglia, suggesting that gp120 axonal transport does not occur in the PNS. Gp120 axonal transport may play a role in neuronal injury. Therefore, we examined apoptosis at various time points after gp120 injection. Activated caspase-3 was evident within neurons transporting gp120. These results indicate that axonal transport of gp120 might exacerbate the pathogenesis of HIV-1.
BibTeX: @article{Ahmed:2009, author = {Ahmed, Farid and MacArthur, Linda and De Bernardi, Maria A. and Mocchetti, Italo}, title = {Retrograde and anterograde transport of HIV protein gp120 in the nervous system.}, journal = {Brain Behav Immun}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Research Building, Room EP04 Box 571464, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.}, year = {2009}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {355--364}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2008.11.007}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2008.11.007} }
Ahmed, F., MacArthur, L., De Bernardi, M.A. and Mocchetti, I.	Retrograde and anterograde transport of HIV protein gp120 in the nervous system. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Brain, behavior, and immunity Vol. 23, pp. 355-364	article	DOI
Abstract: Neurodegeneration and gliosis are prominent pathological features of subjects with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dementia complex (HAD). In these patients, neurodegeneration occurs in uninfected neurons. In addition, these patients develop sensory neuropathy despite the antiretroviral therapy. The HIV protein gp120, which mimics some of the pathological alterations seen in HAD, is retrogradely transported in rodent neurons. However, it is still unclear whether gp120 can also be transported anterogradely and whether axonal transport can occur in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). To determine whether gp120 is transported retrogradely and/or anterogradely, we injected gp120IIIB together with the retrograde tracer fluoro-ruby (FR) or the anterograde tracer 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyamine perchlorate (DiI) into the rat superior colliculi. We discovered that gp120 is retrogradely transported with FR along a direct pathway from the superior colliculus to the retina and anterogradely transported with DiI to several areas of the occipital cortex. To determine whether gp120 is also axonally transported in the peripheral nerves, gp120 and FR were injected into the sciatic nerve. No gp120 immunoreactivity was found in the sciatic nerve or dorsal root ganglia, suggesting that gp120 axonal transport does not occur in the PNS. Gp120 axonal transport may play a role in neuronal injury. Therefore, we examined apoptosis at various time points after gp120 injection. Activated caspase-3 was evident within neurons transporting gp120. These results indicate that axonal transport of gp120 might exacerbate the pathogenesis of HIV-1.
BibTeX: @article{Ahmed:2009a, author = {Ahmed, Farid and MacArthur, Linda and De Bernardi, Maria A and Mocchetti, Italo}, title = {Retrograde and anterograde transport of HIV protein gp120 in the nervous system.}, journal = {Brain, behavior, and immunity}, year = {2009}, volume = {23}, pages = {355--364}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2008.11.007} }
Ahmed, J. and Engbretson, G.	Disk shedding in the absence of a pigment epithelium in the lizard parietal eye [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Vision Research Vol. 33(18), pp. 2637-2643	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The photoreceptors and pigment epithelia of vertebrate retinas rhythmically synthesize and degrade photosensitive membrane, but the origin of the signal to shed the outer segment tips remains unknown. The parietal eye of lizards contains cone-like photoreceptors but no pigment epithelium. Parietal eye photoreceptors synthesize new disk membrane in a manner similar to rods and cones and also shed their tips rhythmically. The shed material is then engulfed by lumenal macrophages. The signal to shed must originate in, or be transduced by, the photoreceptor. © 1993.
BibTeX: @article{Ahmed:1993, author = {Ahmed, J. and Engbretson, G.A.}, title = {Disk shedding in the absence of a pigment epithelium in the lizard parietal eye}, journal = {Vision Research}, year = {1993}, volume = {33}, number = {18}, pages = {2637-2643}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027420603&partnerID=40&md5=36385e3f1ddd5a4e6bcd639780a09263}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(93)90222-I} }
Ahmed, M.U., Cheng, L. and Dietrich, S.	Establishment of the epaxial-hypaxial boundary in the avian myotome. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Dev Dyn Vol. 235(7), pp. 1884-1894School: Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, United Kingdom.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Trunk skeletal muscles are segregated into dorsomedial epaxial and ventrolateral hypaxial muscles, separated by a myoseptum. In amniotes, they are generated from a transient structure, the dermomyotome, which lays down muscle, namely the myotome underneath. However, the dermomyotome and myotome are dorsoventrally continuous, with no morphologically defined epaxial-hypaxial boundary. The transcription factors En1 and Sim1 have been shown to molecularly subdivide the amniote dermomyotome, with En1 labeling the epaxial dermomyotome and Sim1 the hypaxial counterpart. Here, we demonstrate that En1 and Sim1 expression persists in cells leaving the dermomyotome, superimposing the expression boundary onto muscle and skin. En1-expressing cells colonize the myotome initially from the rostral and caudal lips, and slightly later, directly from the de-epithelializing dermomyotomal center. En1 expression in the myotome is concomitant with the appearance of Fgfr4/Pax7-expressing mitotically active myoblasts. This finding suggests that Fgfr4+/Pax7+/En1+ cells carry their expression with them when entering the myotome. Furthermore, it suggests that the epaxial-hypaxial boundary of the myotome is established through the late arising, mitotically active myoblasts.
BibTeX: @article{Ahmed:2006, author = {Ahmed, Mohi U. and Cheng, Louise and Dietrich, Susanne}, title = {Establishment of the epaxial-hypaxial boundary in the avian myotome.}, journal = {Dev Dyn}, school = {Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, United Kingdom.}, year = {2006}, volume = {235}, number = {7}, pages = {1884--1894}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.20832}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.20832} }
Ahn, K., Nishiyama, A., Mierke, D. and Kendall, D.	Hydrophobic residues in helix 8 of cannabinoid receptor 1 are critical for structural and functional Properties [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Biochemistry Vol. 49(3), pp. 502-511	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In addition to the heptahelical transmembrane domain shared by all G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), many class A GPCRs adopt a helical domain, termed helix 8, in the membrane-proximal region of the C terminus. We investigated the role of residues in the hydrophobic and hydrophilic faces of amphiphilic helix 8 of human cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1). To differentiate between a role for specific residues and global features, we made two key mutants: one involving replacement of the highly hydrophobic groups, Leu404, Phe408, and Phe412, all with alanine and the second involving substitution of the basic residues, Lys402, Arg405, and Arg409, all with the neutral glutamine. The former showed a very low Bmax based on binding isotherms, a minimal Emax based on GTPγS binding analysis, and defective localization relative to the wild-type CB1 receptor as revealed by confocal microscopy. However, the latter mutant and the wild-type receptors were indistinguishable. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of purified peptides with corresponding sequences indicated that the highly hydrophobic residues are critical for maintaining a strong helical structure in detergent, whereas the positively charged residues are not. Further investigation of mutant receptors revealed that CB1 localization requires a threshold level of hydrophobicity but not specific amino acids. Moreover, mutant receptors carrying two- to six-residue insertions amino-terminal to helix 8 revealed a graded decrease in Bmax values. Our results identify the key helix 8 components (including hydrophobicity of specific residues, structure, and location relative to TM7) determinant for receptor localization leading to robust ligand binding and G protein activation. ©2009 American Chemical Society.
BibTeX: @article{Ahn:2010, author = {Ahn, K.H. and Nishiyama, A. and Mierke, D.F. and Kendall, D.A.}, title = {Hydrophobic residues in helix 8 of cannabinoid receptor 1 are critical for structural and functional Properties}, journal = {Biochemistry}, year = {2010}, volume = {49}, number = {3}, pages = {502-511}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-74949128254&partnerID=40&md5=7de8e378846375e9fffc41592147c4ff}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/bi901619r} }
Ahn, S. and Phillips, A.G.	Independent modulation of basal and feeding-evoked dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex by the central and basolateral amygdalar nuclei in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Neuroscience Vol. 116(1), pp. 295-305School: Department of Psychiatry and the Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada.	article	DOI
Abstract: Interactions of the central and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala with the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system are implicated in the acquisition and performance of conditioned responses for food reward. This study investigated whether dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens and the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat is influenced by the amygdala and if so, to assess the significance of the interaction in free feeding of a palatable food. To this end, we examined the effects of reverse-dialysis of the sodium channel blocker lidocaine into either the central or basolateral on dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens and the medial prefrontal cortex as determined by microdialysis and high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The present results revealed for the first time that inactivation of the central decreased basal levels of dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens, but not in the medial prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, administration of lidocaine into the central significantly attenuated feeding-evoked increases in dopamine efflux in both terminal regions. These neurochemical effects were accompanied by feeding-related behaviours akin to the Klüver-Bucy syndrome. In contrast, inactivation of the basolateral affected neither food intake nor dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens, but triggered dramatic long-lasting oscillations in dopamine efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex, irrespective of whether food was presented or not. Overall, these findings indicate that the central and basolateral independently modulate dopamine transmission in both terminal regions of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. The central, in particular, and its influence on the dopamine system, may be involved in the regulation of food intake.
BibTeX: @article{Ahn:2003, author = {Ahn, S. and Phillips, A. G.}, title = {Independent modulation of basal and feeding-evoked dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex by the central and basolateral amygdalar nuclei in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Psychiatry and the Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada.}, year = {2003}, volume = {116}, number = {1}, pages = {295--305}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00551-1} }
Ahnaou, A., Langlois, X., Steckler, T., Bartolome-Nebreda, J. and Drinkenburg, W.H.I.M.	Negative versus positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5): indices for potential pro-cognitive drug properties based on EEG network oscillations and sleep-wake organization in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Psychopharmacology (Berl) Vol. 232(6), pp. 1107-1122School: Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium, aahnaou@its.jnj.com.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Evidence is emerging that positive and negative modulation of the metabotropic glutamate (mGluR5) receptors has the potential for treating cognitive deficits and neuroprotection associated with psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, respectively. Sleep and synchronisation of disparate neuronal networks are critically involved in neuronal plasticity, and disturbance in vigilance states and cortical network connectivity contribute significantly to cognitive deficits described in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Here, we examined the circadian changes of mGluR5 density and the functional response to modulation of mGluR5 signaling.The current study carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats quantified the density of mGluR5 across the light-dark cycle with autoradiography. The central activity of mGluR5 negative allosteric modulators (2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP) and [(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]pyridine (MTEP) and positive allosteric modulators (S-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-[3-( 4-fluoro-phenyl)-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl]-piperidin-1-yl-methanone (ADX47273) and (7S)-3-tert-butyl-7-[3-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine (LSN2814617) was examined on sleep-wake architecture. The functional effect of mGluR5 modulation on cortical networks communication was described in freely moving animals.The density of mGluR5 in the striatal, cortical, hippocampal and thalamic structures was unchanged across the light-dark cycle. Allosteric blockade of mGluR5 consistently consolidated deep sleep, enhanced sleep efficiency and elicited prominent functional coherent network activity in slow theta and gamma oscillations. However, allosteric activation of mGluR5 increased waking, decreased deep sleep and reduced functional network connectivity following the activation of slow alpha oscillatory activity.This functional study differentiates the pharmacology of allosteric blockade of mGluR5 from that of allosteric activation and suggests that mGluR5 blockade enhances sleep and facilitates oscillatory network connectivity, both processes being known to have relevance in cognition processes.
BibTeX: @article{Ahnaou:2015, author = {Ahnaou, A and Langlois, X and Steckler, T and Bartolome-Nebreda, JM and Drinkenburg, W H I M}, title = {Negative versus positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5): indices for potential pro-cognitive drug properties based on EEG network oscillations and sleep-wake organization in rats.}, journal = {Psychopharmacology (Berl)}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium, aahnaou@its.jnj.com.}, year = {2015}, volume = {232}, number = {6}, pages = {1107--1122}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3746-4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3746-4} }
Ahumada, J., Fernández de Sevilla, D., Couve, A., Buño, W. and Fuenzalida, M.	Long-term depression of inhibitory synaptic transmission induced by spike-timing dependent plasticity requires coactivation of endocannabinoid and muscarinic receptors. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Hippocampus Vol. 23(12), pp. 1439-1452School: Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Valparaíso, Chile.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The precise timing of pre-postsynaptic activity is vital for the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) or depression (LTD) at many central synapses. We show in synapses of rat CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro that spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) protocols that induce LTP at glutamatergic synapses can evoke LTD of inhibitory postsynaptic currents or STDP-iLTD. The STDP-iLTD requires a postsynaptic Ca(2+) increase, a release of endocannabinoids (eCBs), the activation of type-1 endocananabinoid receptors and presynaptic muscarinic receptors that mediate a decreased probability of GABA release. In contrast, the STDP-iLTD is independent of the activation of nicotinic receptors, GABAB Rs and G protein-coupled postsynaptic receptors at pyramidal neurons. We determine that the downregulation of presynaptic Cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein Kinase A pathways is essential for the induction of STDP-iLTD. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which the activation of cholinergic neurons and retrograde signaling by eCBs can modulate the efficacy of GABAergic synaptic transmission in ways that may contribute to information processing and storage in the hippocampus.
BibTeX: @article{Ahumada:2013, author = {Ahumada, Juan and Fernández de Sevilla, David and Couve, Alejandro and Buño, Washington and Fuenzalida, Marco}, title = {Long-term depression of inhibitory synaptic transmission induced by spike-timing dependent plasticity requires coactivation of endocannabinoid and muscarinic receptors.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, school = {Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Valparaíso, Chile.}, year = {2013}, volume = {23}, number = {12}, pages = {1439--1452}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22196}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22196} }
Ahumada, J., Fernández de Sevilla, D., Couve, A., Buño, W. and Fuenzalida, M.	Long-term depression of inhibitory synaptic transmission induced by spike-timing dependent plasticity requires coactivation of endocannabinoid and muscarinic receptors. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Hippocampus Vol. 23(12), pp. 1439-1452School: Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Valparaíso, Chile.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The precise timing of pre-postsynaptic activity is vital for the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) or depression (LTD) at many central synapses. We show in synapses of rat CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro that spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) protocols that induce LTP at glutamatergic synapses can evoke LTD of inhibitory postsynaptic currents or STDP-iLTD. The STDP-iLTD requires a postsynaptic Ca(2+) increase, a release of endocannabinoids (eCBs), the activation of type-1 endocananabinoid receptors and presynaptic muscarinic receptors that mediate a decreased probability of GABA release. In contrast, the STDP-iLTD is independent of the activation of nicotinic receptors, GABAB Rs and G protein-coupled postsynaptic receptors at pyramidal neurons. We determine that the downregulation of presynaptic Cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein Kinase A pathways is essential for the induction of STDP-iLTD. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which the activation of cholinergic neurons and retrograde signaling by eCBs can modulate the efficacy of GABAergic synaptic transmission in ways that may contribute to information processing and storage in the hippocampus.
BibTeX: @article{Ahumada:2013a, author = {Ahumada, Juan and Fernández de Sevilla, David and Couve, Alejandro and Buño, Washington and Fuenzalida, Marco}, title = {Long-term depression of inhibitory synaptic transmission induced by spike-timing dependent plasticity requires coactivation of endocannabinoid and muscarinic receptors.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, school = {Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Valparaíso, Chile.}, year = {2013}, volume = {23}, number = {12}, pages = {1439--1452}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22196}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22196} }
Ai, J., Epstein, P.N., Gozal, D., Yang, B., Wurster, R. and Cheng, Z.J.	Morphology and topography of nucleus ambiguus projections to cardiac ganglia in rats and mice. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Neuroscience Vol. 149(4), pp. 845-860School: Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Vagal efferent axons from the nucleus ambiguus (NA) innervate ganglionated plexuses in the dorsal surface of cardiac atria, which in turn, may have different functional roles in cardiac regulation. However, the morphology and topography of vagal efferent projections to these ganglionated plexuses in rats and mice have not been well delineated. In the present study, we injected the tracer 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3' tetramethylindocarbocyanine methanesulfonate (DiI) into the left NA to label vagal efferent axons and terminals in cardiac ganglia and administered Fluoro-Gold (FG) i.p. to stain cardiac ganglia. Then, we used confocal microscopy and a Neurolucida 3-D Digitization System to qualitatively and quantitatively examine the distribution and structure of cardiac ganglia, and NA efferent projections to cardiac ganglia in the whole-mounts of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and FVB mice. Our observations were: 1) Cardiac ganglia of different shapes and sizes were distributed in the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and lower pulmonary vein (LPV) regions on the dorsal surface of the atria. In each region, several ganglia formed a ganglionated plexus. The plexuses at different locations were interconnected by nerves. 2) Vagal efferent fibers ramified within cardiac ganglia, formed a complex network of axons, and innervated cardiac ganglia with very dense basket endings around individual cardiac principal neurons (PNs). 3) The percent of the PNs in cardiac ganglia which were innervated by DiI-labeled axons was 54.3+/-3.2% in mice vs. 53.2+/-3.2% in rats (P>0.10). 4) The density of axonal putative-synaptic varicosities on the surface of PNs was 0.15+/-0.02/microm(2) in mice vs. 0.16+/-0.02/microm(2) in rats (P>0.10). Thus, the distributions of cardiac ganglia and vagal efferent projections to cardiac ganglia in mice and rats were quite similar both qualitatively and quantitatively. Our study provides the structural foundation for future investigation of functional differentiation of ganglionated plexuses and the brain-heart circuitry in rodent models of human disease.
BibTeX: @article{Ai:2007, author = {Ai, J. and Epstein, P. N. and Gozal, D. and Yang, B. and Wurster, R. and Cheng, Z. J.}, title = {Morphology and topography of nucleus ambiguus projections to cardiac ganglia in rats and mice.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.}, year = {2007}, volume = {149}, number = {4}, pages = {845--860}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.062}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.062} }
Ai, J., Gozal, D., Li, L., Wead, W.B., Chapleau, M.W., Wurster, R., Yang, B., Li, H., Liu, R. and Cheng, Z.	Degeneration of vagal efferent axons and terminals in cardiac ganglia of aged rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	J Comp Neurol Vol. 504(1), pp. 74-88School: Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Baroreflex control of the heart rate is significantly reduced during aging. However, neural mechanisms that underlie such a functional reduction are not fully understood. We injected the tracer DiI into the left nucleus ambiguus (NA), then used confocal microscopy and a Neurolucida Digitization System to examine qualitatively and quantitatively vagal efferent projections to cardiac ganglia of young adult (5-6 months) and aged (24-25 months) rats (Sprague Dawley). Fluoro-Gold was injected intraperitoneally to counterstain cardiac ganglionic principal neurons (PNs). In aged, as in young rats, NA axons projected to all cardiac ganglia and formed numerous basket endings around PNs in the hearts. However, significant structural changes were found in aged rats compared with young rats. Vagal efferent axons contained abnormally swollen axonal segments and exhibited reduced or even absent synaptic-like terminals around PNs, such that the numbers of vagal fibers and basket endings around PNs were substantially reduced (P < 0.01). Furthermore, synaptic-like varicose contacts of vagal cardiac axons with PNs were significantly reduced by approximately 50% (P < 0.01). These findings suggest that vagal efferents continue to maintain homeostatic control over the heart during aging. However, the marked morphological reorganization of vagal efferent axons and terminals in cardiac ganglia may represent the structural substrate for reduced vagal control of the heart rate and attenuated baroreflex function during aging.
BibTeX: @article{Ai:2007a, author = {Ai, Jing and Gozal, David and Li, Lihua and Wead, William B. and Chapleau, Mark W. and Wurster, Robert and Yang, Baofeng and Li, Hulun and Liu, Rugao and Cheng, Zixi}, title = {Degeneration of vagal efferent axons and terminals in cardiac ganglia of aged rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA.}, year = {2007}, volume = {504}, number = {1}, pages = {74--88}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21431}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.21431} }
Ai, J., Gozal, D., Li, L., Wead, W.B., Chapleau, M.W., Wurster, R., Yang, B., Li, H., Liu, R. and Cheng, Z.	Degeneration of vagal efferent axons and terminals in cardiac ganglia of aged rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 504, pp. 74-88	article	DOI
Abstract: Baroreflex control of the heart rate is significantly reduced during aging. However, neural mechanisms that underlie such a functional reduction are not fully understood. We injected the tracer DiI into the left nucleus ambiguus (NA), then used confocal microscopy and a Neurolucida Digitization System to examine qualitatively and quantitatively vagal efferent projections to cardiac ganglia of young adult (5-6 months) and aged (24-25 months) rats (Sprague Dawley). Fluoro-Gold was injected intraperitoneally to counterstain cardiac ganglionic principal neurons (PNs). In aged, as in young rats, NA axons projected to all cardiac ganglia and formed numerous basket endings around PNs in the hearts. However, significant structural changes were found in aged rats compared with young rats. Vagal efferent axons contained abnormally swollen axonal segments and exhibited reduced or even absent synaptic-like terminals around PNs, such that the numbers of vagal fibers and basket endings around PNs were substantially reduced (P < 0.01). Furthermore, synaptic-like varicose contacts of vagal cardiac axons with PNs were significantly reduced by approximately 50% (P < 0.01). These findings suggest that vagal efferents continue to maintain homeostatic control over the heart during aging. However, the marked morphological reorganization of vagal efferent axons and terminals in cardiac ganglia may represent the structural substrate for reduced vagal control of the heart rate and attenuated baroreflex function during aging.
BibTeX: @article{Ai:2007b, author = {Ai, Jing and Gozal, David and Li, Lihua and Wead, William B and Chapleau, Mark W and Wurster, Robert and Yang, Baofeng and Li, Hulun and Liu, Rugao and Cheng, Zixi}, title = {Degeneration of vagal efferent axons and terminals in cardiac ganglia of aged rats.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {2007}, volume = {504}, pages = {74--88}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.21431} }
Ai, J., Wurster, R.D., Harden, S.W. and Cheng, Z.J.	Vagal afferent innervation and remodeling in the aortic arch of young-adult fischer 344 rats following chronic intermittent hypoxia. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Neuroscience Vol. 164(2), pp. 658-666School: Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Previously, we have shown that chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) impairs baroreflex control of heart rate and augments aortic baroreceptor afferent function. In the present study, we examined whether CIH induces structural changes of aortic afferent axons and terminals. Young-adult Fischer 344 (F344, 4 months old) rats were exposed to room air (RA) or CIH for 35-45 days. After 14-24 days of exposure, they received tracer DiI injection into the left nodose ganglion to anterogradely label vagal afferent nerves. After surgery, animals were returned to their cages to continue RA or CIH exposure. Twenty-one days after DiI injection, the animals were sacrificed and the aortic arch was examined using confocal microscopy. In both RA and CIH rats, we found that DiI-labeled vagal afferent axons entered the wall of the aortic arch, then fanned out and branched into large receptive fields with numerous terminals (flower-sprays, end-nets and free endings). Vagal afferent axons projected much more to the anterior wall than to the posterior wall. In general, the flower-sprays, end-nets and free endings were widely and similarly distributed in the aortic arch of both groups. However, several salient differences between RA and CIH rats were found. Compared to RA control, CIH rats appeared to have larger vagal afferent receptive fields. The CIH rats had many abnormal flower-sprays, end-nets, and free endings which were intermingled and diffused into "bush-like" structures. However, the total number of flower-sprays was comparable (P>0.05). Since there was a large variance of the size of flower-sprays, we only sampled the 10 largest flower-sprays from each animal. CIH substantially increased the size of large flower-sprays (P<0.01). Numerous free endings with enlarged varicosities were identified, resembling axonal sprouting structures. Taken together, our data indicate that CIH induces significant remodeling of afferent terminal structures in the aortic arch of F344 rats. We suggest that such an enlargement of vagal afferent terminals may contribute to altered aortic baroreceptor function following CIH.
BibTeX: @article{Ai:2009, author = {Ai, J. and Wurster, R. D. and Harden, S. W. and Cheng, Z. J.}, title = {Vagal afferent innervation and remodeling in the aortic arch of young-adult fischer 344 rats following chronic intermittent hypoxia.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.}, year = {2009}, volume = {164}, number = {2}, pages = {658--666}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.066}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.066} }
Aicher, S.A., Goldberg, A., Sharma, S. and Pickel, V.M.	mu-opioid receptors are present in vagal afferents and their dendritic targets in the medial nucleus tractus solitarius. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	J Comp Neurol Vol. 422(2), pp. 181-190School: Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA. saaicher@med.cornell.edu	article	DOI
Abstract: Ligands of the mu-opiate receptor (MOR) are known to influence many functions that involve vagal afferent input to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), including cardiopulmonary responses, gastrointestinal activity, and cortical arousal. The current study sought to determine whether a cellular substrate exists for direct modulation of vagal afferents and/or their neuronal targets in the NTS by ligands of the MOR. Anterograde tracing of vagal afferents arising from the nodose ganglion was achieved with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), and the MOR was detected by using antipeptide MOR antiserum. The medial subdivision of the intermediate NTS was examined by electron microscopy for the presence of peroxidase-labeled, BDA-containing vagal afferents and immunogold MOR labeling. MOR was present in both presynaptic axon terminals and at postsynaptic sites, primarily dendrites. In dendrites, MOR immunogold particles usually were located along extrasynaptic portions of the plasma membrane. Of 173 observed BDA-labeled vagal afferent axon terminals, 33% contained immunogold labeling for MOR within the axon terminal. Many of these BDA-labeled terminals formed asymmetric, excitatory-type synapses with dendrites, some of which contained MOR immunogold labeling. MORs were present in 19% of the dendrites contacted by BDA-labeled terminals but were present rarely in both the vagal afferent and its dendritic target. Together, these results suggest that MOR ligands modulate either the presynaptic release from or the postsynaptic responses to largely separate populations of vagal afferents in the intermediate NTS. These results provide a cellular substrate for direct actions of MOR ligands on primary visceral afferents and their second-order neuronal targets in NTS.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:2000a, author = {Aicher, S. A. and Goldberg, A. and Sharma, S. and Pickel, V. M.}, title = {mu-opioid receptors are present in vagal afferents and their dendritic targets in the medial nucleus tractus solitarius.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA. saaicher@med.cornell.edu}, year = {2000}, volume = {422}, number = {2}, pages = {181--190}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000626)422:2%3C181::aid-cne3%3E3.0.co;2-g} }
Aicher, S.A., Goldberg, A., Sharma, S. and Pickel, V.M.	mu-opioid receptors are present in vagal afferents and their dendritic targets in the medial nucleus tractus solitarius. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 422, pp. 181-90	article
Abstract: Ligands of the mu-opiate receptor (MOR) are known to influence many functions that involve vagal afferent input to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), including cardiopulmonary responses, gastrointestinal activity, and cortical arousal. The current study sought to determine whether a cellular substrate exists for direct modulation of vagal afferents and/or their neuronal targets in the NTS by ligands of the MOR. Anterograde tracing of vagal afferents arising from the nodose ganglion was achieved with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), and the MOR was detected by using antipeptide MOR antiserum. The medial subdivision of the intermediate NTS was examined by electron microscopy for the presence of peroxidase-labeled, BDA-containing vagal afferents and immunogold MOR labeling. MOR was present in both presynaptic axon terminals and at postsynaptic sites, primarily dendrites. In dendrites, MOR immunogold particles usually were located along extrasynaptic portions of the plasma membrane. Of 173 observed BDA-labeled vagal afferent axon terminals, 33% contained immunogold labeling for MOR within the axon terminal. Many of these BDA-labeled terminals formed asymmetric, excitatory-type synapses with dendrites, some of which contained MOR immunogold labeling. MORs were present in 19% of the dendrites contacted by BDA-labeled terminals but were present rarely in both the vagal afferent and its dendritic target. Together, these results suggest that MOR ligands modulate either the presynaptic release from or the postsynaptic responses to largely separate populations of vagal afferents in the intermediate NTS. These results provide a cellular substrate for direct actions of MOR ligands on primary visceral afferents and their second-order neuronal targets in NTS.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:2000c, author = {Aicher, S. A. and Goldberg, A. and Sharma, S. and Pickel, V. M.}, title = {mu-opioid receptors are present in vagal afferents and their dendritic targets in the medial nucleus tractus solitarius.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {2000}, volume = {422}, pages = {181-90}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aicher, S.A., Hegarty, D.M. and Hermes, S.M.	Corneal pain activates a trigemino-parabrachial pathway in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Brain Res Vol. 1550, pp. 18-26School: Science University, Mail code: L334, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States. Electronic address: hermess@ohsu.edu.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Corneal pain is mediated by primary afferent fibers projecting to the dorsal horn of the medulla, specifically the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. In contrast to reflex responses, the conscious perception of pain requires transmission of neural activity to higher brain centers. Ascending pain transmission is mediated primarily by pathways to either the thalamus or parabrachial nuclei. We previously showed that some corneal afferent fibers preferentially contact parabrachial-projecting neurons in the rostral pole of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, but the role of these projection neurons in transmitting noxious information from the cornea has not been established. In the present study, we show that noxious stimulation of the corneal surface activates neurons in the rostral pole of the nucleus caudalis, including parabrachially projecting neurons that receive direct input from corneal afferent fibers. We used immunocytochemical detection of c-Fos protein as an index of neuronal activation after noxious ocular stimulation. Animals had previously received injections of a retrograde tracer into either thalamic or parabrachial nuclei to identify projection neurons in the trigeminal dorsal horn. Noxious stimulation of the cornea induced c-Fos in neurons sending projections to parabrachial nuclei, but not thalamic nuclei. We also confirmed that corneal afferent fibers identified with cholera toxin B preferentially target trigeminal dorsal horn neurons projecting to the parabrachial nucleus. The parabrachial region sends ascending projections to brain regions involved in emotional and homeostatic responses. Activation of the ascending parabrachial system may explain the extraordinary salience of stimulation of corneal nociceptors.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:2014, author = {Aicher, Sue A. and Hegarty, Deborah M. and Hermes, Sam M.}, title = {Corneal pain activates a trigemino-parabrachial pathway in rats.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = { Science University, Mail code: L334, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States. Electronic address: hermess@ohsu.edu.}, year = {2014}, volume = {1550}, pages = {18--26}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.002}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.002} }
Aicher, S.A., Hegarty, D.M. and Hermes, S.M.	Corneal pain activates a trigemino-parabrachial pathway in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Brain research Vol. 1550, pp. 18-26	article	DOI
Abstract: Corneal pain is mediated by primary afferent fibers projecting to the dorsal horn of the medulla, specifically the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. In contrast to reflex responses, the conscious perception of pain requires transmission of neural activity to higher brain centers. Ascending pain transmission is mediated primarily by pathways to either the thalamus or parabrachial nuclei. We previously showed that some corneal afferent fibers preferentially contact parabrachial-projecting neurons in the rostral pole of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, but the role of these projection neurons in transmitting noxious information from the cornea has not been established. In the present study, we show that noxious stimulation of the corneal surface activates neurons in the rostral pole of the nucleus caudalis, including parabrachially projecting neurons that receive direct input from corneal afferent fibers. We used immunocytochemical detection of c-Fos protein as an index of neuronal activation after noxious ocular stimulation. Animals had previously received injections of a retrograde tracer into either thalamic or parabrachial nuclei to identify projection neurons in the trigeminal dorsal horn. Noxious stimulation of the cornea induced c-Fos in neurons sending projections to parabrachial nuclei, but not thalamic nuclei. We also confirmed that corneal afferent fibers identified with cholera toxin B preferentially target trigeminal dorsal horn neurons projecting to the parabrachial nucleus. The parabrachial region sends ascending projections to brain regions involved in emotional and homeostatic responses. Activation of the ascending parabrachial system may explain the extraordinary salience of stimulation of corneal nociceptors.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:2014a, author = {Aicher, Sue A. and Hegarty, Deborah M. and Hermes, Sam M.}, title = {Corneal pain activates a trigemino-parabrachial pathway in rats.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {2014}, volume = {1550}, pages = {18-26}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.002} }
Aicher, S.A., Hermes, S.M. and Hegarty, D.M.	Corneal afferents differentially target thalamic- and parabrachial-projecting neurons in spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	NeuroscienceSchool: Science University, Mail Code: L334, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States. Electronic address: aichers@ohsu.edu.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Dorsal horn neurons send ascending projections to both thalamic nuclei and parabrachial nuclei; these pathways are thought to be critical pathways for central processing of nociceptive information. Afferents from the corneal surface of the eye mediate nociception from this tissue which is susceptible to clinically important pain syndromes. This study examined corneal afferents to the trigeminal dorsal horn and compared inputs to thalamic- and parabrachial-projecting neurons. We used anterograde tracing with cholera toxin B subunit to identify corneal afferent projections to trigeminal dorsal horn, and the retrograde tracer FluoroGold to identify projection neurons. Studies were conducted in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Our analysis was conducted at two distinct levels of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Vc) which receive corneal afferent projections. We found that corneal afferents project more densely to the rostral pole of Vc than the caudal pole. We also quantified the number of thalamic- and parabrachial-projecting neurons in the regions of Vc that receive corneal afferents. Corneal afferent inputs to both groups of projection neurons were also more abundant in the rostral pole of Vc. Finally, by comparing the frequency of corneal afferent appositions to thalamic- versus parabrachial-projecting neurons, we found that corneal afferents preferentially target parabrachial-projecting neurons in trigeminal dorsal horn. These results suggest that nociceptive pain from the cornea may be primarily mediated by a non-thalamic ascending pathway.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:2012a, author = {Aicher, S. A. and Hermes, S. M. and Hegarty, D. M.}, title = {Corneal afferents differentially target thalamic- and parabrachial-projecting neurons in spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = { Science University, Mail Code: L334, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States. Electronic address: aichers@ohsu.edu.}, year = {2012}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.033}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.033} }
Aicher, S.A., Hermes, S.M., Whittier, K.L. and Hegarty, D.M.	Descending projections from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) to trigeminal and spinal dorsal horns are morphologically and neurochemically distinct. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	J Chem Neuroanat Vol. 43(2), pp. 103-111School: Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States. aichers@ohsu.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) are thought to modulate nociceptive transmission via projections to spinal and trigeminal dorsal horns. The cellular substrate for this descending modulation has been studied with regard to projections to spinal dorsal horn, but studies of the projections to trigeminal dorsal horn have been less complete. In this study, we combined anterograde tracing from RVM with immunocytochemical detection of the GABAergic synthetic enzyme, GAD67, to determine if the RVM sends inhibitory projections to trigeminal dorsal horn. We also examined the neuronal targets of this projection using immunocytochemical detection of NeuN. Finally, we used electron microscopy to verify cellular targets. We compared projections to both trigeminal and spinal dorsal horns. We found that RVM projections to both trigeminal and spinal dorsal horn were directed to postsynaptic profiles in the dorsal horn, including somata and dendrites, and not to primary afferent terminals. We found that RVM projections to spinal dorsal horn were more likely to contact neuronal somata and were more likely to contain GAD67 than projections from RVM to trigeminal dorsal horn. These findings suggest that RVM neurons send predominantly GABAergic projections to spinal dorsal horn and provide direct input to postsynaptic neurons such as interneurons or ascending projection neurons. The RVM projection to trigeminal dorsal horn is more heavily targeted to dendrites and is only modestly GABAergic in nature. These anatomical features may underlie differences between trigeminal and spinal dorsal horns with regard to the degree of inhibition or facilitation evoked by RVM stimulation.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:2012, author = {Aicher, Sue A. and Hermes, Sam M. and Whittier, Kelsey L. and Hegarty, Deborah M.}, title = {Descending projections from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) to trigeminal and spinal dorsal horns are morphologically and neurochemically distinct.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, school = { Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States. aichers@ohsu.edu}, year = {2012}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, pages = {103--111}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.11.002}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.11.002} }
Aicher, S.A., Hermes, S.M., Whittier, K.L. and Hegarty, D.M.	Descending projections from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) to trigeminal and spinal dorsal horns are morphologically and neurochemically distinct. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Journal of chemical neuroanatomy Vol. 43, pp. 103-11	article	DOI
Abstract: Neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) are thought to modulate nociceptive transmission via projections to spinal and trigeminal dorsal horns. The cellular substrate for this descending modulation has been studied with regard to projections to spinal dorsal horn, but studies of the projections to trigeminal dorsal horn have been less complete. In this study, we combined anterograde tracing from RVM with immunocytochemical detection of the GABAergic synthetic enzyme, GAD67, to determine if the RVM sends inhibitory projections to trigeminal dorsal horn. We also examined the neuronal targets of this projection using immunocytochemical detection of NeuN. Finally, we used electron microscopy to verify cellular targets. We compared projections to both trigeminal and spinal dorsal horns. We found that RVM projections to both trigeminal and spinal dorsal horn were directed to postsynaptic profiles in the dorsal horn, including somata and dendrites, and not to primary afferent terminals. We found that RVM projections to spinal dorsal horn were more likely to contact neuronal somata and were more likely to contain GAD67 than projections from RVM to trigeminal dorsal horn. These findings suggest that RVM neurons send predominantly GABAergic projections to spinal dorsal horn and provide direct input to postsynaptic neurons such as interneurons or ascending projection neurons. The RVM projection to trigeminal dorsal horn is more heavily targeted to dendrites and is only modestly GABAergic in nature. These anatomical features may underlie differences between trigeminal and spinal dorsal horns with regard to the degree of inhibition or facilitation evoked by RVM stimulation.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:2012b, author = {Aicher, Sue A. and Hermes, Sam M. and Whittier, Kelsey L. and Hegarty, Deborah M.}, title = {Descending projections from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) to trigeminal and spinal dorsal horns are morphologically and neurochemically distinct.}, journal = {Journal of chemical neuroanatomy}, year = {2012}, volume = {43}, pages = {103-11}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.11.002} }
Aicher, S.A., Kurucz, O.S., Reis, D.J. and Milner, T.A.	Nucleus tractus solitarius efferent terminals synapse on neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Brain Res Vol. 693(1-2), pp. 51-63School: Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: The caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVL) contains neurons that are vasodepressor and are a critical component of the baroreceptor reflex pathway. While electrophysiological studies suggest that CVL neurons are intercalated in the baroreceptor pathway between the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL), there is no direct evidence for this projection. Therefore, we identified CVL neurons that project to RVL by retrogradely labelling them with wheat germ agglutinin-apo-horseradish peroxidase conjugated to colloidal gold (WAHG) injected into the RVL. Retrogradely labelled neurons were seen in previously identified vasodepressor areas of the rostral CVL that are critical for the baroreceptor reflex. Double labelling for WAHG and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry indicated that CVL neurons that project to the RVL (CVL --> RVL neurons) are distinct from the noradrenergic neurons of the A1 cell group. To establish the presence of a direct projection from the NTS to CVL --> RVL neurons, the retrograde tracer WAHG was pressure injected into the RVL and the anterograde tracer biocytin was iontophoresed into the NTS of anesthetized rats. After 4-6 h, anesthetized rats were perfused transcardially with 3.75% acrolein in 2% paraformaldehyde and sections through the CVL were processed for both markers. By light microscopy, numerous biocytin-labelled varicose processes overlapped neurons containing WAHG in the CVL. By electron microscopy, biocytin was found in myelinated and unmyelinated axons and in axon terminals (0.9 + 0.02 microns) that contained primarily small clear vesicles. These terminals formed predominantly asymmetric synapses on large (1.5-6.0 microns in diameter) dendrites within the CVL. Some of the post-synaptic perikarya and large dendrites contained WAHG associated with lysosomes and multivesicular bodies, indicating that they belong to neurons which project to the RVL. We conclude that CVL --> RVL neurons are (a) distinct from A1 noradrenergic cells; (b) receive direct synaptic contacts from NTS efferent terminals; (c) are potently and monosynaptically excited (asymmetric synapses) by NTS efferent terminals. These data support the hypothesis that CVL neurons are intercalated between the NTS and the RVL in the baroreceptor reflex pathway.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:1995a, author = {Aicher, S. A. and Kurucz, O. S. and Reis, D. J. and Milner, T. A.}, title = {Nucleus tractus solitarius efferent terminals synapse on neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.}, year = {1995}, volume = {693}, number = {1-2}, pages = {51--63}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)00660-i} }
Aicher, S.A., Kurucz, O.S., Reis, D.J. and Milner, T.A.	Nucleus tractus solitarius efferent terminals synapse on neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Brain research Vol. 693, pp. 51-63	article
Abstract: The caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVL) contains neurons that are vasodepressor and are a critical component of the baroreceptor reflex pathway. While electrophysiological studies suggest that CVL neurons are intercalated in the baroreceptor pathway between the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL), there is no direct evidence for this projection. Therefore, we identified CVL neurons that project to RVL by retrogradely labelling them with wheat germ agglutinin-apo-horseradish peroxidase conjugated to colloidal gold (WAHG) injected into the RVL. Retrogradely labelled neurons were seen in previously identified vasodepressor areas of the rostral CVL that are critical for the baroreceptor reflex. Double labelling for WAHG and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry indicated that CVL neurons that project to the RVL (CVL --> RVL neurons) are distinct from the noradrenergic neurons of the A1 cell group. To establish the presence of a direct projection from the NTS to CVL --> RVL neurons, the retrograde tracer WAHG was pressure injected into the RVL and the anterograde tracer biocytin was iontophoresed into the NTS of anesthetized rats. After 4-6 h, anesthetized rats were perfused transcardially with 3.75% acrolein in 2% paraformaldehyde and sections through the CVL were processed for both markers. By light microscopy, numerous biocytin-labelled varicose processes overlapped neurons containing WAHG in the CVL. By electron microscopy, biocytin was found in myelinated and unmyelinated axons and in axon terminals (0.9 + 0.02 microns) that contained primarily small clear vesicles. These terminals formed predominantly asymmetric synapses on large (1.5-6.0 microns in diameter) dendrites within the CVL. Some of the post-synaptic perikarya and large dendrites contained WAHG associated with lysosomes and multivesicular bodies, indicating that they belong to neurons which project to the RVL. We conclude that CVL --> RVL neurons are (a) distinct from A1 noradrenergic cells; (b) receive direct synaptic contacts from NTS efferent terminals; (c) are potently and monosynaptically excited (asymmetric synapses) by NTS efferent terminals. These data support the hypothesis that CVL neurons are intercalated between the NTS and the RVL in the baroreceptor reflex pathway.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:1995c, author = {Aicher, S. A. and Kurucz, O. S. and Reis, D. J. and Milner, T. A.}, title = {Nucleus tractus solitarius efferent terminals synapse on neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1995}, volume = {693}, pages = {51-63}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aicher, S.A., Milner, T.A., Pickel, V.M. and Reis, D.J.	Anatomical substrates for baroreflex sympathoinhibition in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Brain Res Bull Vol. 51(2), pp. 107-110School: Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA. saaicher@med.cornell.edu	article	DOI
Abstract: The fundamental neuronal substrates of the arterial baroreceptor reflex have been elucidated by combining anatomical, neurophysiological, and pharmacological approaches. A serial pathway between neurons located in the nuclei of the solitary tract (NTS), the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVL), and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL) plays a critical role in inhibition of sympathetic outflow following stimulation of baroreceptor afferents. In this paper, we summarize our studies using tract-tracing and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to define the potential functional sites for synaptic transmission within this circuitry. The results are discussed as they relate to the literature showing: (1) baroreceptor afferents excite second-order neurons in NTS through the release of glutamate; (2) these NTS neurons in turn send excitatory projections to neurons in the CVL; (3) GABAergic CVL neurons directly inhibit RVL sympathoexcitatory neurons; and (4) activation of this NTS-->CVL-->RVL pathway leads to disfacilitation of sympathetic preganglionic neurons by promoting withdrawal of their tonic excitatory drive, which largely arises from neurons in the RVL. Baroreceptor control may also be regulated over direct reticulospinal pathways exemplified by a newly recognized sympathoinhibitory region of the medulla, the gigantocellular depressor area. This important autonomic reflex may also be influenced by parallel, multiple, and redundant networks.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:2000, author = {S. A. Aicher and T. A. Milner and V. M. Pickel and D. J. Reis}, title = {Anatomical substrates for baroreflex sympathoinhibition in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA. saaicher@med.cornell.edu}, year = {2000}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, pages = {107--110}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00233-6} }
Aicher, S.A., Milner, T.A., Pickel, V.M. and Reis, D.J.	Anatomical substrates for baroreflex sympathoinhibition in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Brain research bulletin Vol. 51, pp. 107-10	article
Abstract: The fundamental neuronal substrates of the arterial baroreceptor reflex have been elucidated by combining anatomical, neurophysiological, and pharmacological approaches. A serial pathway between neurons located in the nuclei of the solitary tract (NTS), the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVL), and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL) plays a critical role in inhibition of sympathetic outflow following stimulation of baroreceptor afferents. In this paper, we summarize our studies using tract-tracing and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to define the potential functional sites for synaptic transmission within this circuitry. The results are discussed as they relate to the literature showing: (1) baroreceptor afferents excite second-order neurons in NTS through the release of glutamate; (2) these NTS neurons in turn send excitatory projections to neurons in the CVL; (3) GABAergic CVL neurons directly inhibit RVL sympathoexcitatory neurons; and (4) activation of this NTS-->CVL-->RVL pathway leads to disfacilitation of sympathetic preganglionic neurons by promoting withdrawal of their tonic excitatory drive, which largely arises from neurons in the RVL. Baroreceptor control may also be regulated over direct reticulospinal pathways exemplified by a newly recognized sympathoinhibitory region of the medulla, the gigantocellular depressor area. This important autonomic reflex may also be influenced by parallel, multiple, and redundant networks.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:2000d, author = {Aicher, S. A. and Milner, T. A. and Pickel, V. M. and Reis, D. J.}, title = {Anatomical substrates for baroreflex sympathoinhibition in the rat.}, journal = {Brain research bulletin}, year = {2000}, volume = {51}, pages = {107-10}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aicher, S.A. and Reis, D.J.	Gigantocellular vasodepressor area is tonically active and distinct from caudal ventrolateral vasodepressor area. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Am J Physiol Vol. 272(3 Pt 2), pp. R731-R742School: Division of Neurobiology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA.	article	URL
Abstract: The gigantocellular depressor area (GiDA) is a functionally defined subdivision of the medullary gigantocellular reticular formation where vasodepressor responses are evoked by glutamate microinjections (Aicher, S. A., D. J. Reis, D. A. Ruggiero, and T. A. Milner. Neuroscience 60: 761-779, 1994). The present experiments sought to determine whether the GiDA 1) tonically inhibits the sympathetic nervous system; 2) is necessary for baroreflex function; and 3) is functionally distinct from adjacent vasodepressor regions in the medullary reticular formation, including the midline raphe nuclei and the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVL). Excitotoxic lesions of the GiDA abolished the baroreflex and significantly increased sympathetic nerve activity in anesthetized rats. Equivalent injections into the midline raphe nuclei elevated sympathetic activity but did not alter baroreflex responses. Therefore, the GiDA is functionally distinct from the raphe nuclei, although both contain tonically active sympathoinhibitory neurons. Because the effects of GiDA lesions were identical to those seen after lesions of the CVL, further studies were required to demonstrate that the GiDA and CVL are functionally and anatomically distinct. First, intramedullary injections of kynurenic acid produced hypertension and blocked the baroreflex when placed in the CVL, but not when placed in the GiDA. Second, muscimol inactivation of the RVL blocked the hypertension produced by excitotoxic lesions of the CVL, but failed to block the hypertension produced by similar lesions of the GiDA. Third, CVL neurons project to the RVL but not the spinal cord, whereas GiDA neurons project to the spinal cord but not the RVL. These studies show that the CVL and GiDA are both tonically sympathoinhibitory regions, but they are distinct with regard to their functional connectivity with other autonomic regions.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:1997, author = {Aicher, S. A. and Reis, D. J.}, title = {Gigantocellular vasodepressor area is tonically active and distinct from caudal ventrolateral vasodepressor area.}, journal = {Am J Physiol}, school = {Division of Neurobiology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA.}, year = {1997}, volume = {272}, number = {3 Pt 2}, pages = {R731--R742}, url = {http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/ajpregu/272/3/R731.full.pdf} }
Aicher, S.A., Reis, D.J., Nicolae, R. and Milner, T.A.	Monosynaptic projections from the medullary gigantocellular reticular formation to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the thoracic spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	J Comp Neurol Vol. 363(4), pp. 563-580School: Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Microinjection of L-glutamate into a restricted area of the medullary gigantocellular reticular formation, the gigantocellular depressor area (GiDA), lowers arterial pressure. Unlike the nuclei tractus solitarii and the caudal ventrolateral medulla, the two principle medullary vasodepressor areas, the GiDA projects directly to the spinal cord and not to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (Aicher et al. [1994] Neuroscience 60:761-779). We investigated whether neurons within GiDA directly innervate autonomic areas of the thoracic spinal cord. Fluoro-Gold injected into the thoracic spinal cord labeled neurons within functionally defined vasodepressor sites in the GiDA in the same animal. To examine the morphology of GiDA efferents to the spinal cord, the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin was iontophoresed into the GiDA, and efferent processes in the intermediolateral cell column and nucleus intercalatus spinalis were examined by electron microscopy. Labeling was confined to axons and axon terminals (n = 144) that usually contained primarily small clear vesicles, contacted large and small dendrites, and formed symmetric (inhibitory) synapses. To determine whether some of the postsynaptic targets of GiDA efferent terminals in the thoracic spinal cord were sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons, these neurons were retrogradely labeled from the adrenal gland with Fluoro-Gold in rats that had deposits of the anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), in the GiDA. Some BDA-containing terminals formed symmetric synapses with dendrites containing Fluoro-Gold. We conclude that a population of neurons in the GiDA monosynaptically innervates some sympathetic preganglionic neurons. The findings suggest the presence of a novel reticulospinal sympathoinhibitory projection originating in the GiDA.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:1995, author = {Aicher, S. A. and Reis, D. J. and Nicolae, R. and Milner, T. A.}, title = {Monosynaptic projections from the medullary gigantocellular reticular formation to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the thoracic spinal cord.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA.}, year = {1995}, volume = {363}, number = {4}, pages = {563--580}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903630405}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903630405} }
Aicher, S.A., Reis, D.J., Nicolae, R. and Milner, T.A.	Monosynaptic projections from the medullary gigantocellular reticular formation to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the thoracic spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 363, pp. 563-580	article	DOI
Abstract: Microinjection of L-glutamate into a restricted area of the medullary gigantocellular reticular formation, the gigantocellular depressor area (GiDA), lowers arterial pressure. Unlike the nuclei tractus solitarii and the caudal ventrolateral medulla, the two principle medullary vasodepressor areas, the GiDA projects directly to the spinal cord and not to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (Aicher et al. [1994] Neuroscience 60:761-779). We investigated whether neurons within GiDA directly innervate autonomic areas of the thoracic spinal cord. Fluoro-Gold injected into the thoracic spinal cord labeled neurons within functionally defined vasodepressor sites in the GiDA in the same animal. To examine the morphology of GiDA efferents to the spinal cord, the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin was iontophoresed into the GiDA, and efferent processes in the intermediolateral cell column and nucleus intercalatus spinalis were examined by electron microscopy. Labeling was confined to axons and axon terminals (n = 144) that usually contained primarily small clear vesicles, contacted large and small dendrites, and formed symmetric (inhibitory) synapses. To determine whether some of the postsynaptic targets of GiDA efferent terminals in the thoracic spinal cord were sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons, these neurons were retrogradely labeled from the adrenal gland with Fluoro-Gold in rats that had deposits of the anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), in the GiDA. Some BDA-containing terminals formed symmetric synapses with dendrites containing Fluoro-Gold. We conclude that a population of neurons in the GiDA monosynaptically innervates some sympathetic preganglionic neurons. The findings suggest the presence of a novel reticulospinal sympathoinhibitory projection originating in the GiDA.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:1995b, author = {Aicher, S A and Reis, D J and Nicolae, R and Milner, T A}, title = {Monosynaptic projections from the medullary gigantocellular reticular formation to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the thoracic spinal cord.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1995}, volume = {363}, pages = {563--580}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903630405} }
Aicher, S.A., Reis, D.J., Ruggiero, D.A. and Milner, T.A.	Anatomical characterization of a novel reticulospinal vasodepressor area in the rat medulla oblongata. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Neuroscience Vol. 60(3), pp. 761-779School: Cornell University Medical College, Division of Neurobiology, New York, NY 10021.	article	DOI
Abstract: Microinjection of L-glutamate into a subregion of the gigantocellular nucleus of the rat medulla oblongata significantly lowers arterial pressure. This vasodepressor area, the gigantocellular depressor area, is topographically distinct from other vasoactive areas of the medulla. We sought to determine the efferent projections of the gigantocellular depressor area and compare these to the efferent projections of sympathoexcitatory neurons within the rostral ventrolateral medulla. The anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin was deposited into sites in the gigantocellular depressor area or rostral ventrolateral medulla (pressor area) functionally defined as vasodepressor or vasopressor by microinjections of L-glutamate. Following Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin injections into the gigantocellular depressor area, labeled punctuate fibers were seen bilaterally within distinct areas of a number of autonomic regions including the nuclei of the solitary tract, subcoeruleus area, parabrachial complex, the medial medullary reticular formation of the medulla and pons, and laminae 7 and 10 of the thoracic spinal cord. Following deposits into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (pressor area), labeled fibers were seen in many of these same autonomic nuclei; however, efferents from the gigantocellular depressor area to the nucleus of the solitary tract, the parabrachial complex and the reticular formation were medial to rostral ventrolateral medulla (pressor area) efferents to these same areas. These data indicate that neurons within the gigantocellular depressor area and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (pressor area) project to autonomic nuclei throughout the central nervous system and further suggest a heterogeneity of function with regard to autonomic control both within the reticular formation and its efferent targets. In addition, these data support the view that the gigantocellular depressor area may be a novel reticulospinal sympathoinhibitory area.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:1994, author = {S. A. Aicher and D. J. Reis and D. A. Ruggiero and T. A. Milner}, title = {Anatomical characterization of a novel reticulospinal vasodepressor area in the rat medulla oblongata.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Cornell University Medical College, Division of Neurobiology, New York, NY 10021.}, year = {1994}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, pages = {761--779}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(94)90503-7} }
Aicher, S.A., Schreihofer, A.M., Kraus, J.A., Sharma, S., Milner, T.A. and Guyenet, P.G.	Mu-opioid receptors are present in functionally identified sympathoexcitatory neurons in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	J Comp Neurol Vol. 433(1), pp. 34-47School: Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: Agonists of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) produce profound hypotension and sympathoinhibition when microinjected into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL). These effects are likely to be mediated by the inhibition of adrenergic and other presympathetic vasomotor neurons located in the RVL. The present ultrastructural studies were designed to determine whether these vasomotor neurons, or their afferents, contain MORs. RVL bulbospinal barosensitive neurons were recorded in anesthetized rats and filled individually with biotinamide by using a juxtacellular labeling method. Biotinamide was visualized by using a peroxidase method and MOR was identified by using immunogold localization of an antipeptide antibody that recognizes the cloned MOR, MOR1. The subcellular relationship of MOR1 to RVL neurons with fast- or slow-conducting spinal axons was examined by electron microscopy. Fast- and slow-conducting cells were not morphologically distinguishable. Immunogold-labeling for MOR1 was found in all RVL bulbospinal barosensitive neurons examined (9 of 9). MOR1 was present in 52% of the dendrites from both types of cells and in approximately half of these dendrites the MOR1 was at nonsynaptic plasmalemmal sites. A smaller portion of biotinamide-labeled dendrites (16 from both types of cells were contacted by MOR1-containing axons or axon terminals. Together, these results suggest that MOR agonists can directly influence the activity of all types of RVL sympathoexcitatory neurons and that MOR agonists may also influence the activity of afferent inputs to these cells. The heterogenous distribution of MORs within individual RVL neurons indicates that the receptor is selectively targeted to specific pre- and postsynaptic sites.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:2001, author = {Aicher, S. A. and Schreihofer, A. M. and Kraus, J. A. and Sharma, S. and Milner, T. A. and Guyenet, P. G.}, title = {Mu-opioid receptors are present in functionally identified sympathoexcitatory neurons in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.}, year = {2001}, volume = {433}, number = {1}, pages = {34--47}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.1123} }
Aicher, S.A., Sharma, S. and Pickel, V.M.	N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are present in vagal afferents and their dendritic targets in the nucleus tractus solitarius. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Neuroscience Vol. 91(1), pp. 119-132School: Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors are present in the nodose ganglion, which contains the cell bodies of vagal afferents, and in the nucleus tractus solitarius, where these afferent fibers terminate. This suggests that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are located presynaptically on visceral vagal afferents and/or their target neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius. To test this hypothesis, we combined anterograde transport of biotinylated dextran amine, following injections into the left nodose ganglion, with electron microscopic immunogold labeling of antipeptide antiserum against the R1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in the nucleus tractus solitarius of rat brain. Within the medial nucleus tractus solitarius, the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor R1 immunoreactivity was seen in dendrites (39% of 639 profiles), axons and axon terminals (41, and a few neuronal perikarya and glia. Many vagal afferent axons and terminals (40% of 468 profiles) contained N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor R1 immunogold labeling. In addition, 42% of the dendrites contacted by vagal afferent terminals (n = 206) contained N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor R1 immunoreactivity. In axons and dendrites, the gold particles were occasionally seen within asymmetric postsynaptic junctions or at non-synaptic sites on the plasma membrane. More commonly, however, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor R1 labeling was seen on membranes of vesicular cytoplasmic organelles, suggesting that there is abundant N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor protein available for activity-dependent mobilization to the plasmalemma. Since many vagal afferents are glutamatergic, our results implicate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in autoregulation of the presynaptic release and postsynaptic responses to glutamate at the level of the first central synapse in the nucleus tractus solitarius.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:1999, author = {S. A. Aicher and S. Sharma and V. M. Pickel}, title = {N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are present in vagal afferents and their dendritic targets in the nucleus tractus solitarius.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.}, year = {1999}, volume = {91}, number = {1}, pages = {119--132}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00530-2} }
Aicher, S., Hahn, B.-I. and Milner, T.	N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptors are found in post-synaptic targets of adrenergic terminals in the thoracic spinal cord [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Brain Research Vol. 856(1-2), pp. 1-11	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Adrenergic (C1) neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL) are sympathoexcitatory and project directly to sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) in the thoracic spinal cord. C1 neurons also contain glutamate which may mediate the excitatory effects of RVL stimulation on SPNs through the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type receptor. Dual-labeling immunocytochemistry, combined with electron microscopy, was used to determine if NMDA receptors are located post-synaptic to adrenergic terminals in the spinal cord. Adrenergic terminals were labeled using an antibody directed against phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) and the NMDA receptor was identified using an antibody directed against the R1 subunit of the receptor (NMDAR1). NMDAR1 was found primarily in large and small dendrites and a few perikarya. The presence of NMDAR1 in the dendritic targets of PNMT-containing terminals was quantified in spinal cords sectioned either horizontally or coronally. PNMT-labeled terminals formed asymmetric synapses on dendrites containing immunogold labeling for NMDAR1, but NMDAR1 was more often detected in the targets of PNMT terminals when spinal cords were sectioned horizontally (59%) rather than coronally (28%). This difference in prevalence of NMDAR1 in targets of PNMT terminals is likely due to the preferential orientation of SPN dendrites in the horizontal plane, since longer dendritic shafts were visible in horizontal sections. When NMDAR1 was present in the dendritic targets of many adrenergic terminals, it was usually located at sites distal to the adrenergic input. We conclude that NMDA receptor ligands are likely to modulate the activity of dendritic targets of adrenergic terminals in the spinal cord, but are not closely associated with adrenergic synaptic input. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:2000b, author = {Aicher, S.A. and Hahn, B.-I. and Milner, T.A.}, title = {N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptors are found in post-synaptic targets of adrenergic terminals in the thoracic spinal cord}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2000}, volume = {856}, number = {1-2}, pages = {1-11}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033955627&partnerID=40&md5=359eba4ac5455dd75410a4cdda3abd0a}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(99)02145-9} }
Aicher, S., Mitchell, J. and Mendelowitz, D.	Distribution of μ-opioid receptors in rat visceral premotor neurons [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Neuroscience Vol. 115(3), pp. 851-860	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Agonists of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) can modulate the activity of visceral premotor neurons, including cardiac premotor neurons. Neurons in brainstem regions containing these premotor neurons also contain dense concentrations of the MOR1. This study examined the distribution of MOR1 within two populations of visceral premotor neurons: one located in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the other in the nucleus ambiguus. Visceral premotor neurons contained the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold following injections of the tracer into the pericardiac region of the thoracic cavity. MOR1 was localized using immunogold detection of an anti-peptide antibody. Visceral premotor neurons in both regions contained MOR1 at somatic and dendritic sites, although smaller dendrites were less likely to contain the receptor than larger dendrites, suggesting there may be selective trafficking of MOR1 within these neurons. MOR1 labeling in nucleus ambiguus neurons was more likely to be localized to plasma membrane sites, suggesting that ambiguus neurons may be more responsive to opioid ligands than neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. In addition, many of the dendrites of visceral premotor neurons were in direct apposition to other dendrites. MOR1 was often detected at these dendro-dendritic appositions that may be gap junctions. Together these findings indicate that the activity of individual visceral premotor neurons, as well as the coupling between neurons, may be regulated by ligands of the MOR. © 2002 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:2002, author = {Aicher, S.A and Mitchell, J.L and Mendelowitz, D.}, title = {Distribution of μ-opioid receptors in rat visceral premotor neurons}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2002}, volume = {115}, number = {3}, pages = {851-860}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037049238&partnerID=40&md5=979093967ac155cdb04ce177481cbd17}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00459-1} }
Aicher, S., Mitchell, J., Swanson, K. and Zadina, J.	Endomorphin-2 axon terminals contact mu-opioid receptor-containing dendrites in trigeminal dorsal horn [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Brain Research Vol. 977(2), pp. 190-198	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The endomorphins represent a novel group of endogenous opioid peptides that have high affinity for the mu-opioid receptor (MOR1). Endomorphin-2 is present in high density in the spinal and trigeminal dorsal horns and is localized to primary afferents. If endomorphin-2 were an endogenous ligand for the MOR1, we would expect to find the receptor at cellular sites in close association with the peptide. We used dual-labeling immunocytochemical methods combined with electron microscopy to determine if a cellular substrate exists for functional interactions between endomorphin-2 and MOR1. We confirmed the localization of endomorphin-2 to unmyelinated axons and axon terminals in the trigeminal dorsal horn. A small proportion of these endomorphin-2 axons contained MOR1, but many of the dendritic targets of endomorphin-2 terminals contained MOR1. Consistent with previous studies, endomorphin-2 was contained primarily in dense core vesicles and MOR1 was located primarily at non-synaptic sites. These morphological characteristics are consistent with the hypothesis that peptides are released extra-synaptically and their receptors may be located at sites distal to the synaptic junction. These anatomical data support the hypothesis that endomorphin-2 is a ligand for MORs in the trigeminal dorsal horn, particularly at postsynaptic sites. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Aicher:2003, author = {Aicher, S.A. and Mitchell, J.L. and Swanson, K.C. and Zadina, J.E.}, title = {Endomorphin-2 axon terminals contact mu-opioid receptor-containing dendrites in trigeminal dorsal horn}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2003}, volume = {977}, number = {2}, pages = {190-198}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0038169088&partnerID=40&md5=dd46ebb26c339aa5e89106adce63f0c3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(03)02678-7} }
Aigner, M., Robert Lukas, J., Denk, M., Ziya-Ghazvini, F., Kaider, A. and Mayr, R.	Somatotopic organization of primary afferent perikarya of the guinea-pig extraocular muscles in the trigeminal ganglion: a post-mortem DiI-tracing study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Exp Eye Res Vol. 70(4), pp. 411-418School: Institute of Anatomy 2, University of Vienna, Austria. martin.aigner@akh-wien.ac.at	article	DOI
Abstract: Apart from the somatotopic organization of the trigeminal ganglion (TG) into the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular divisions along the mediolateral axis, there exist further somatotopic organizations within these three divisions. According to literature, the cell organization in the TG and the somatotopy in the brainstem develop together, formed by naturally occurring cell death in the TG. Thus, the somatotopy of the primary afferent trigeminal perikarya is of special interest. The aim of this study was to investigate the location of the primary afferent perikarya of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) in the TG of guinea-pig. The primary afferent perikarya were labeled by post-mortem application of the carbocyanine DiI on the oculomotor nerve branches near their entrance into the single EOMs. The DiI-positive perikarya were found musculo-somatically organized in the ipsilateral ophthalmic part of the TG at a wide range along the dorsoventral axis, expressing an overlap of the representation areas. The primary afferent perikarya of the superior rectus and the superior oblique muscles were mainly localized in the dorsal part of the ganglion while those of the inferior rectus and the inferior oblique muscle mainly in ventral part. The lateral and the medial rectus were predominantly represented in between. An organization along the mediolateral axis of the TG was not observed. Although guinea-pigs lack classical EOM proprioceptors, the somatotopic representation of the extraocular muscle primary afferent perikarya in the TG found in this study is in line with findings in species with well known encapsulated proprioceptors within the EOMs.
BibTeX: @article{Aigner:2000, author = {Aigner, M. and Robert Lukas, J. and Denk, M. and Ziya-Ghazvini, F. and Kaider, A. and Mayr, R.}, title = {Somatotopic organization of primary afferent perikarya of the guinea-pig extraocular muscles in the trigeminal ganglion: a post-mortem DiI-tracing study.}, journal = {Exp Eye Res}, school = {Institute of Anatomy 2, University of Vienna, Austria. martin.aigner@akh-wien.ac.at}, year = {2000}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, pages = {411--418}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/exer.1999.0828} }
Aigner, M., Robert Lukas, J., Denk, M., Ziya-Ghazvini, F., Kaider, A. and Mayr, R.	Somatotopic organization of primary afferent perikarya of the guinea-pig extraocular muscles in the trigeminal ganglion: a post-mortem DiI-tracing study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Experimental eye research Vol. 70, pp. 411-8	article
Abstract: Apart from the somatotopic organization of the trigeminal ganglion (TG) into the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular divisions along the mediolateral axis, there exist further somatotopic organizations within these three divisions. According to literature, the cell organization in the TG and the somatotopy in the brainstem develop together, formed by naturally occurring cell death in the TG. Thus, the somatotopy of the primary afferent trigeminal perikarya is of special interest. The aim of this study was to investigate the location of the primary afferent perikarya of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) in the TG of guinea-pig. The primary afferent perikarya were labeled by post-mortem application of the carbocyanine DiI on the oculomotor nerve branches near their entrance into the single EOMs. The DiI-positive perikarya were found musculo-somatically organized in the ipsilateral ophthalmic part of the TG at a wide range along the dorsoventral axis, expressing an overlap of the representation areas. The primary afferent perikarya of the superior rectus and the superior oblique muscles were mainly localized in the dorsal part of the ganglion while those of the inferior rectus and the inferior oblique muscle mainly in ventral part. The lateral and the medial rectus were predominantly represented in between. An organization along the mediolateral axis of the TG was not observed. Although guinea-pigs lack classical EOM proprioceptors, the somatotopic representation of the extraocular muscle primary afferent perikarya in the TG found in this study is in line with findings in species with well known encapsulated proprioceptors within the EOMs.
BibTeX: @article{Aigner:2000a, author = {Aigner, M. and Robert Lukas, J. and Denk, M. and Ziya-Ghazvini, F. and Kaider, A. and Mayr, R.}, title = {Somatotopic organization of primary afferent perikarya of the guinea-pig extraocular muscles in the trigeminal ganglion: a post-mortem DiI-tracing study.}, journal = {Experimental eye research}, year = {2000}, volume = {70}, pages = {411-8}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aimi, Y., Fujimura, M., Vincent, S.R. and Kimura, H.	Localization of NADPH-diaphorase-containing neurons in sensory ganglia of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	J Comp Neurol Vol. 306(3), pp. 382-392School: Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase activity was studied histochemically in the sensory ganglia of the rat. Supraspinally, the trigeminal ganglion possessed only a few cells positively stained for NADPH-diaphorase, while a large number of positive neurons was found in the nodose ganglion. In the dorsal root ganglia, the distribution of positive cells showed a peculiar pattern in relation to spinal levels. Very minor populations (less than 2% of the total ganglionic cells) exhibited positive reaction in ganglia at levels ranging from the first cervical (C1) to fourth thoracic (T4) and from the second lumber (L2) through the entire sacral levels. In the middle to lower thoracic levels (from T5 to L1), however, abundant diaphorase-positive cells were observed. From these positive neurons it was possible to trace intensely stained nerve fibers. In the lower thoracic level, for example, dense positive fibers were seen in the ramus communicans. Retrograde tracing studies revealed that diaphorase-containing neurons in the lower thoracic level project at least partly to the gastric wall and the celiac ganglion. These results indicate that the diaphorase-positive ganglionic neurons in the thoracicolumbar levels may carry autonomic visceral afferent information. Double staining with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and peptide immunohistochemistry revealed that NADPH-diaphorase colocalizes with calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in many of these visceral afferent neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Aimi:1991, author = {Aimi, Y. and Fujimura, M. and Vincent, S. R. and Kimura, H.}, title = {Localization of NADPH-diaphorase-containing neurons in sensory ganglia of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.}, year = {1991}, volume = {306}, number = {3}, pages = {382--392}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903060303}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903060303} }
Aimone, L., Bauer, C. and Gebhart, G.	Brain-stem relays mediating stimulation-production antinociception from the lateral hypothalamus in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 8(7), pp. 2652-2663	article	URL
Abstract: Several lines of evidence have demonstrated a role for the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in an endogenous system of descending inhibition. The present study, in rats lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital, was undertaken to examine systematically the organization in the brain stem of pathways mediating descending inhibition of the nociceptive tail flick (TF) reflex produced by focal electrical stimulation in the LH. The microinjection of lidocaine into the midbrain, dorsolateral pons, or medial medulla resulted in significant increases in stimulation thresholds in the LH for inhibition of the TF reflex (89.1, 67.4, and 73.6%, respectively). Selective lesions of cell bodies in the midbrain or medulla by the neurotoxin ibotenic acid also produced significant increases in stimulation thresholds in the LH for inhibition of the TF reflex (31.6 and 131.6%, respectively), thus revealing relays in the periaqueductal gray and the nucleus raphe magnus location between the LH and the lumbar spinal cord. The failure of ibotenic acid to affect LH-produced descending inhibition when microinjected into the dorsolateral pons, and the significant effect produced by lidocaine microinjected into the same area, implicates fibers of passage in the dorsolateral pons in descending inhibition of the TF reflex produced by focal electrical stimulation in the LH. The fluorescent dye Fast blue and HRP conjugated to wheat germ agglutination were used to confirm that the area stimulated in the LH has reciprocal connections with the periaqueductal gray and nucleus raphe magnus.
BibTeX: @article{Aimone:1988a, author = {Aimone, L.D. and Bauer, C.A. and Gebhart, G.F.}, title = {Brain-stem relays mediating stimulation-production antinociception from the lateral hypothalamus in the rat}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {1988}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {2652-2663}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023805265&partnerID=40&md5=d599dde2c2e0b1ad14f0de2a1b994793} }
Aimone, L.D., Bauer, C.A. and Gebhart, G.F.	Brain-stem relays mediating stimulation-produced antinociception from the lateral hypothalamus in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	J Neurosci Vol. 8(7), pp. 2652-2663School: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242.	article	URL
Abstract: Several lines of evidence have demonstrated a role for the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in an endogenous system of descending inhibition. The present study, in rats lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital, was undertaken to examine systematically the organization in the brain stem of pathways mediating descending inhibition of the nociceptive tail flick (TF) reflex produced by focal electrical stimulation in the LH. The microinjection of lidocaine into the midbrain, dorsolateral pons, or medial medulla resulted in significant increases in stimulation thresholds in the LH for inhibition of the TF reflex (89.1, 67.4, and 73.6 respectively). Selective lesions of cell bodies in the midbrain or medulla by the neurotoxin ibotenic acid also produced significant increases in stimulation thresholds in the LH for inhibition of the TF reflex (31.6 and 131.6 respectively), thus revealing relays in the periaqueductal gray and the nucleus raphe magnus located between the LH and the lumbar spinal cord. The failure of ibotenic acid to affect LH-produced descending inhibition when microinjected into the dorsolateral pons, and the significant effect produced by lidocaine microinjected into the same area, implicates fibers of passage in the dorsolateral pons in descending inhibition of the TF reflex produced by focal electrical stimulation in the LH. The fluorescent dye Fast blue and HRP conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin were used to confirm that the area stimulated in the LH has reciprocal connections with the periaqueductal gray and nucleus raphe magnus.
BibTeX: @article{Aimone:1988, author = {Aimone, L. D. and Bauer, C. A. and Gebhart, G. F.}, title = {Brain-stem relays mediating stimulation-produced antinociception from the lateral hypothalamus in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242.}, year = {1988}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {2652--2663}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/8/7/2652} }
Ainge, J.A., Jenkins, T.A. and Winn, P.	Induction of c-fos in specific thalamic nuclei following stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 20(7), pp. 1827-1837School: School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JU, Scotland.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) is a major source of cholinergic input to the thalamus. Tracing studies have established that the PPTg has projections to many thalamic nuclei and electrophysiological studies have shown acetylcholine (ACh) to have characteristic effects on thalamic neurons. Behavioural studies point to a role for the PPTg in attention and it is possible that a key substrate for this is the ability of the PPTg to modify sensorimotor gating through the thalamus. However, it is not clear how altered PPTg activity effects neuronal activity across the thalamus en masse. We have attempted to examine this by stimulating the PPTg in freely moving rats and measuring thalamic activation with c-fos immunohistochemistry. The PPTg was stimulated by unilateral microinjection of the L-glutamate uptake inhibitor L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) with the rationale that reuptake blockade increases locally the availability of endogenous neurotransmitter. It was shown that PDC microinjection into PPTg produced clear and consistent changes in Fos immunoreactivity in several thalamic nuclei, but most markedly in the centrolateral, ventrolateral and reticular nuclei. A second study was carried out to determine the gross behavioural effects of intra-PPTg L-glutamate blockade. No changes in locomotion or other general behaviours were observed, indicating that observed changes in thalamic Fos expression were not the result of increased behavioural output but rather a direct consequence of increased neuronal activity from PPTg input. The present data extend previous work establishing pedunculopontine-thalamic connections by specifying which particular nuclei are most affected by PPTg activation.
BibTeX: @article{Ainge:2004, author = {Ainge, James A. and Jenkins, Trisha A. and Winn, Philip}, title = {Induction of c-fos in specific thalamic nuclei following stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JU, Scotland.}, year = {2004}, volume = {20}, number = {7}, pages = {1827--1837}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03647.x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03647.x} }
Ainge, J.A., Jenkins, T.A. and Winn, P.	Induction of c-fos in specific thalamic nuclei following stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	The European journal of neuroscience Vol. 20, pp. 1827-37	article
Abstract: The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) is a major source of cholinergic input to the thalamus. Tracing studies have established that the PPTg has projections to many thalamic nuclei and electrophysiological studies have shown acetylcholine (ACh) to have characteristic effects on thalamic neurons. Behavioural studies point to a role for the PPTg in attention and it is possible that a key substrate for this is the ability of the PPTg to modify sensorimotor gating through the thalamus. However, it is not clear how altered PPTg activity effects neuronal activity across the thalamus en masse. We have attempted to examine this by stimulating the PPTg in freely moving rats and measuring thalamic activation with c-fos immunohistochemistry. The PPTg was stimulated by unilateral microinjection of the L-glutamate uptake inhibitor L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) with the rationale that reuptake blockade increases locally the availability of endogenous neurotransmitter. It was shown that PDC microinjection into PPTg produced clear and consistent changes in Fos immunoreactivity in several thalamic nuclei, but most markedly in the centrolateral, ventrolateral and reticular nuclei. A second study was carried out to determine the gross behavioural effects of intra-PPTg L-glutamate blockade. No changes in locomotion or other general behaviours were observed, indicating that observed changes in thalamic Fos expression were not the result of increased behavioural output but rather a direct consequence of increased neuronal activity from PPTg input. The present data extend previous work establishing pedunculopontine-thalamic connections by specifying which particular nuclei are most affected by PPTg activation.
BibTeX: @article{Ainge:2004a, author = {Ainge, James A. and Jenkins, Trisha A. and Winn, Philip}, title = {Induction of c-fos in specific thalamic nuclei following stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus.}, journal = {The European journal of neuroscience}, year = {2004}, volume = {20}, pages = {1827-37}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Ainge, J., Keating, G., Latimer, M. and Winn, P.	The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and responding for sucrose reward [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Behavioral Neuroscience Vol. 120(3), pp. 563-570	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) lesions in rodents lead to increased sucrose consumption, but the psychological deficit behind this remains uncertain. To understand better the relationship between consumption of, and motivation for, sucrose, the authors trained rats to traverse a runway for 20% or 4% sucrose solution; after 7 days, concentrations were reversed. Control rats consumed more 20% than 4% sucrose solution and promptly altered run times in response to concentration change. PPTg-lesioned rats consumed normal quantities of 4% but more 20% sucrose solution than controls and took longer to alter their runway time following the concentration change. These data suggest that lesions of the PPTg do not alter motivation per se and might be better understood as inducing a response selection deficit. Copyright 2006 by the American Psychological Association.
BibTeX: @article{Ainge:2006, author = {Ainge, J.A. and Keating, G.L. and Latimer, M.P. and Winn, P.}, title = {The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and responding for sucrose reward}, journal = {Behavioral Neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {120}, number = {3}, pages = {563-570}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33745905972&partnerID=40&md5=b15da4d66d8669fac69e7e8865838a4d}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.120.3.563} }
Aïoun, J. and Rampin, O.	Anatomical evidence for glutamatergic transmission in primary sensory neurons and onto postganglionic neurons controlling penile erection in rats: an ultrastructural study with neuronal tracing and immunocytochemistry. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Cell Tissue Res Vol. 323(3), pp. 359-375School: Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction et de la Prise Alimentaire, UR 1197 INRA-Bâtiment, 325-78352 Cedex, Jouy-en-Josas, France. aioun@jouy.inra.fr	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In male rats, the dorsal penile nerve (DPN) conveys sensory information from the genitals to the lumbosacral spinal segments of the spinal cord. DPN is the afferent limb of a reflex loop that supports reflexive erections, and that includes a network of spinal interneurons and autonomic and somatic motoneurons to the penis and perineal striated muscles. Autonomic efferent pathways to the penis relay in the major pelvic ganglion (MPG). Glutamate (Glu) is a likely candidate as a neurotransmitter of reflexive erections. Both AMPA and NMDA glutamatergic receptor subunits are present in the lumbosacral spinal cord, and AMPA and NMDA receptor antagonists block reflexive erections. In the present study, we used tract-tracing experiments combined with immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical techniques to ascertain the presence of Glu at two different levels of the network controlling reflexive erections. DPN afferents were localized in the dorsal horn of the lumbosacral cord and displayed the characteristics of either C-fibers or Adelta fibers. DPN terminals (some of them glutamatergic) were mainly distributed in the medial edge of the dorsal horn in the L6 spinal segment. GluR1 subunits were present in some DPN afferents, suggesting that they could be autoreceptors. DPN fibers were also present in the MPG, as were Glu terminals and GluR4 subunits. The results reveal the presence of Glu in DPN fibers and terminals and suggest that both the spinal cord and the MPG use glutamatergic transmission to control reflexive erections.
BibTeX: @article{Aioun:2006, author = {Aïoun, Josiane and Rampin, Olivier}, title = {Anatomical evidence for glutamatergic transmission in primary sensory neurons and onto postganglionic neurons controlling penile erection in rats: an ultrastructural study with neuronal tracing and immunocytochemistry.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, school = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction et de la Prise Alimentaire, UR 1197 INRA-Bâtiment, 325-78352 Cedex, Jouy-en-Josas, France. aioun@jouy.inra.fr}, year = {2006}, volume = {323}, number = {3}, pages = {359--375}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-005-0080-5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-005-0080-5} }
Airhart, M., Shirk, J. and Kriebel, R.	Telencephalic projections to the goldfish hypothalamus: An anterograde degeneration study [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Brain Research Bulletin Vol. 20(4), pp. 503-514	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In this study, large areas of goldfish telencephalon were ablated including rostral nucleus preopticus periventriculare (rNPP), and degenerating axons were traced by a modified Fink and Heimer procedure. The lesioning procedure ablated large regions of area dorsalis telencephali pars medialis, centralis, and dorsolateral complex; and completely removed area ventralis telencephali pars dorsalis, ventralis, and lateralis. In addition, the supracommissural nucleus and rNPP were lesioned specifically because both nuclei have been thought to be involved in courtship behavior and endocrine control of reproduction. This investigation demonstrated extensive fiber projections from telencephalic nuclei and/or rNPP to the hypothalamus. Lesioned telencephalon and/or rNPP projected bilaterally to nucleus preopticus and the suprachiasmatic nucleus and unilaterally to the following tuberal nuclei: nucleus anterior tuberis, and the lateral hypothalamic nucleus. A much larger fiber projection to the inferior lobe nuclei was also observed with a large contralateral as well as ipsilateral input. © 1988.
BibTeX: @article{Airhart:1988, author = {Airhart, M.J. and Shirk, J.O. and Kriebel, R.M.}, title = {Telencephalic projections to the goldfish hypothalamus: An anterograde degeneration study}, journal = {Brain Research Bulletin}, year = {1988}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {503-514}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024164345&partnerID=40&md5=32cbb5f7a36ddeba8c4eebfb251583f3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(88)90141-4} }
Aisa, B., Gil-Bea, F., Marcos, B., Tordera, R., Lasheras, B., Del Río, J. and Ramírez, M.	Neonatal stress affects vulnerability of cholinergic neurons and cognition in the rat: Involvement of the HPA axis [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Psychoneuroendocrinology Vol. 34(10), pp. 1495-1505	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Adverse experiences early in life may sensitize specific neurocircuits to subsequent stressors. We have evaluated in maternal separation (MS) rats, an animal paradigm of early-life stress, the effects of a selective cholinergic lesion on cognitive function as well as susceptibility of cholinergic neurons to the lesion. MS rats subjected to a cholinergic lesion by administration of the immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin, showed significant decreases in both choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity compared to control lesioned rats. Morris water maze results revealed a significant impairment in learning and memory function in MS adult rats and further cognitive deficits after the lesion. The lesion of cholinergic neurons induced a significant decrease in glucocorticoid receptor density in MS rats, accompanied by increases in CRF mRNA expression. Decreases in NGF and increases in NGF-p75NTR expression have also been found in MS rats. Our results suggest that vulnerability of basal forebrain cholinergic nerve cells might be affected by the HPA axis. The present data are discussed not only in terms of conditions that occur during ageing or Alzheimer disease, but also regarding a purported involvement of the cholinergic system in the regulation of HPA axis activity. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Aisa:2009, author = {Aisa, B. and Gil-Bea, F.J. and Marcos, B. and Tordera, R. and Lasheras, B. and Del Río, J. and Ramírez, M.J.}, title = {Neonatal stress affects vulnerability of cholinergic neurons and cognition in the rat: Involvement of the HPA axis}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, year = {2009}, volume = {34}, number = {10}, pages = {1495-1505}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70349835809&partnerID=40&md5=7c98608d19e378175aeb6116db66583e}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.05.003} }
Aiso, M., Potter, W. and Saavedra, J.	Axonal transport of dopamine D1 receptors in the rat brain [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Brain Research Vol. 426(2), pp. 392-396	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Binding of a specific dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, 125I-SCH 23982, was measured in rat brain sections by quantitative autoradiography at various time intervals, following a knife cut through the striatonigral pathway. Twenty-four hours after lesioning, accumulations of D1 receptor binding sites were found in sagittal sections both rostral and caudal to the lesion site. No other regions studied (caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and substantia nigra pars reticulata) showed any change in D1 receptor binding 24h after the lesion. In brain sections obtained 10 days after lesioning, only the substantia nigra pars reticulata had a significant decrease in D1 receptors ipsilateral to the lesion. These findings suggest the possibility of a presence of bidirectional axonal transport of D1 receptors in rat striatonigral pathway. © 1987.
BibTeX: @article{Aiso:1987, author = {Aiso, M. and Potter, W.Z. and Saavedra, J.M.}, title = {Axonal transport of dopamine D1 receptors in the rat brain}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1987}, volume = {426}, number = {2}, pages = {392-396}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023616966&partnerID=40&md5=cb5e98c920a8aef2c2743ab25dec0b66}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(87)90895-X} }
Aitkin, L.M.	The Inferior Colliculus [BibTeX]	1986	The Auditory Midbrain, pp. 75-100	incollection	DOI
BibTeX: @incollection{Aitkin:1986, author = {Aitkin, Lindsay M}, title = {The Inferior Colliculus}, booktitle = {The Auditory Midbrain}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {1986}, pages = {75--100}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-460-3_7} }
Aitkin, L.M. and Phillips, S.C.	The interconnections of the inferior colliculi through their commissure. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	J Comp Neurol Vol. 228(2), pp. 210-216	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Much is known of the sources and manner of termination of ascending and descending input to the inferior colliculus (IC) but its commissural connections are less well understood. Most studies of the commissure have utilized small lesions or tracer deposits; while all agree that commissural axons terminating in the IC do so in its superficial and dorsomedial sectors, it is not clear where projecting cell bodies are located in the IC. The present study attempted total infiltration of the commissure of the cat IC with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in an effort to label all neuronal somas whose axons cross in the commissure. The distribution of labeled cells after the brachium of the IC (BIC) was cut unilaterally and infiltrated with HRP was also examined to enable comparison of the locations and approximate proportions of cells projecting to the contralateral IC and medial geniculate body (MGB). The cells giving rise to commissural axons form an array tilted dorsally from caudal to rostral that spreads mediolaterally through the central nucleus into the external nucleus of the IC, but largely excludes the dorsomedial sector at posterior levels. A similar distribution of labeled cells, but with reduced numbers, is found when large HRP deposits are made in the contralateral BIC. These results, in conjunction with those from studies of the terminations of commissural axons made by others, suggest that the interconnections of the inferior colliculi through their commissure are complementary, rather than reciprocal.
BibTeX: @article{Aitkin:1984, author = {Aitkin, L. M. and Phillips, S. C.}, title = {The interconnections of the inferior colliculi through their commissure.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1984}, volume = {228}, number = {2}, pages = {210--216}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902280207}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902280207} }
Aizawa, H., Yanagihara, S., Kobayashi, M., Niisato, K., Takekawa, T., Harukuni, R., McHugh, T.J., Fukai, T., Isomura, Y. and Okamoto, H.	The synchronous activity of lateral habenular neurons is essential for regulating hippocampal theta oscillation. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	J Neurosci Vol. 33(20), pp. 8909-8921School: RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Medical Research Institute, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Lateral habenula (LHb) has attracted growing interest as a regulator of serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons in the CNS. However, it remains unclear how the LHb modulates brain states in animals. To identify the neural substrates that are under the influence of LHb regulation, we examined the effects of rat LHb lesions on the hippocampal oscillatory activity associated with the transition of brain states. Our results showed that the LHb lesion shortened the theta activity duration both in anesthetized and sleeping rats. Furthermore, this inhibitory effect of LHb lesion on theta maintenance depended upon an intact serotonergic median raphe, suggesting that LHb activity plays an essential role in maintaining hippocampal theta oscillation via the serotonergic raphe. Multiunit recording of sleeping rats further revealed that firing of LHb neurons showed significant phase-locking activity at each theta oscillation cycle in the hippocampus. LHb neurons showing activity that was coordinated with that of the hippocampal theta were localized in the medial LHb division, which receives afferents from the diagonal band of Broca (DBB), a pacemaker region for the hippocampal theta oscillation. Thus, our findings indicate that the DBB may pace not only the hippocampus, but also the LHb, during rapid eye movement sleep. Since serotonin is known to negatively regulate theta oscillation in the hippocampus, phase-locking activity of the LHb neurons may act, under the influence of the DBB, to maintain the hippocampal theta oscillation by modulating the activity of serotonergic neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Aizawa:2013, author = {Aizawa, Hidenori and Yanagihara, Shin and Kobayashi, Megumi and Niisato, Kazue and Takekawa, Takashi and Harukuni, Rie and McHugh, Thomas J and Fukai, Tomoki and Isomura, Yoshikazu and Okamoto, Hitoshi}, title = {The synchronous activity of lateral habenular neurons is essential for regulating hippocampal theta oscillation.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Medical Research Institute, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.}, year = {2013}, volume = {33}, number = {20}, pages = {8909--8921}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4369-12.2013}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4369-12.2013} }
Aizawa, H., Yanagihara, S., Kobayashi, M., Niisato, K., Takekawa, T., Harukuni, R., McHugh, T.J., Fukai, T., Isomura, Y. and Okamoto, H.	The synchronous activity of lateral habenular neurons is essential for regulating hippocampal theta oscillation. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Vol. 33, pp. 8909-21	article	DOI
Abstract: Lateral habenula (LHb) has attracted growing interest as a regulator of serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons in the CNS. However, it remains unclear how the LHb modulates brain states in animals. To identify the neural substrates that are under the influence of LHb regulation, we examined the effects of rat LHb lesions on the hippocampal oscillatory activity associated with the transition of brain states. Our results showed that the LHb lesion shortened the theta activity duration both in anesthetized and sleeping rats. Furthermore, this inhibitory effect of LHb lesion on theta maintenance depended upon an intact serotonergic median raphe, suggesting that LHb activity plays an essential role in maintaining hippocampal theta oscillation via the serotonergic raphe. Multiunit recording of sleeping rats further revealed that firing of LHb neurons showed significant phase-locking activity at each theta oscillation cycle in the hippocampus. LHb neurons showing activity that was coordinated with that of the hippocampal theta were localized in the medial LHb division, which receives afferents from the diagonal band of Broca (DBB), a pacemaker region for the hippocampal theta oscillation. Thus, our findings indicate that the DBB may pace not only the hippocampus, but also the LHb, during rapid eye movement sleep. Since serotonin is known to negatively regulate theta oscillation in the hippocampus, phase-locking activity of the LHb neurons may act, under the influence of the DBB, to maintain the hippocampal theta oscillation by modulating the activity of serotonergic neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Aizawa:2013a, author = {Aizawa, Hidenori and Yanagihara, Shin and Kobayashi, Megumi and Niisato, Kazue and Takekawa, Takashi and Harukuni, Rie and McHugh, Thomas J. and Fukai, Tomoki and Isomura, Yoshikazu and Okamoto, Hitoshi}, title = {The synchronous activity of lateral habenular neurons is essential for regulating hippocampal theta oscillation.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, year = {2013}, volume = {33}, pages = {8909-21}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4369-12.2013} }
Aja, S., Chan, P., Barrett, J. and Gietzen, D.	DA1 receptor activity opposes anorectic responses to amino acid-imbalanced diets [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior Vol. 62(3), pp. 493-498	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The serotonin3 (5-HT3) receptor plays an important role in the aminoprivic feeding model. Other neurochemical systems, including cholecystokinin (CCK) and dopamine (DA), are known to affect food intake. We pretreated rats systemically with tropisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, alone and combined with antagonists of DA1 and DA2 receptors, and measured intake of an amino acid-imbalanced diet (IMB). As expected, tropisetron significantly increased intake of IMB. SCH-23390, a DA1 antagonist, increased IMB anorexia. When combined with tropisetron, DA2 antagonism with eticlopride reduced short-term intake of both the basal diet (BAS) and IMB. In the IMB model, specificity of 5-HT3-DA2 interactions, and of 5-HT3-CCK(A) interactions from previous studies, prompted investigation of CCK(A)-DA2 interactions; there appeared to be none. SKF-38393, a DA1 agonist, combined with the CCK(A) receptor antagonist, devazepide, increased BAS and tended to increase IMB intake. Thus, CCK(A)-DA1 interactions were not specific for IMB. These data suggest that DA1 receptor activity opposes IMB anorexia, possibly via an interaction with the 5-HT3 receptor. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Aja:1999, author = {Aja, S.M. and Chan, P. and Barrett, J.A. and Gietzen, D.W.}, title = {DA1 receptor activity opposes anorectic responses to amino acid-imbalanced diets}, journal = {Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior}, year = {1999}, volume = {62}, number = {3}, pages = {493-498}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032588006&partnerID=40&md5=6af3ffd813e37b5a078602447f14315c}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(98)00213-5} }
Ajika, K. and Hökfelt, T.	Projections to the median eminence and the arcuate nucleus with special reference to monoamine systems: Effects of lesions [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1975	Cell and Tissue Research Vol. 158(1), pp. 15-35	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The external layer of the median eminence (ELME) and the arcuate nucleus of male rats were studied with the Falck-Hillarp technique and electron microscopy of aldehyde-OsO4 or KMnO4 fixed material after various types of hypothalamic deafferentation experiments with the Halász knife. Special reference was paid to the monoamine systems and the results can be summarized as follows. 1. The main monoaminergic input to the ELME comes from the arcuate nucleus-periventricular area via a dorsal approach. A horizontal transection through the arcuate nucleus decreases the percentage of monoamine boutons i.e. boutons with small granular vesicles, from 31.6% in the controls to 4.4% in the lesion group, whereas only a small effect is seen after anterior (or complete) deafferentations. 2. A major input to the ELME enters the basal hypothalamus at the anterior-lateral aspects (see Réthelyi and Halász, 1970). The fibers cut after anterior deafferentations in all probability mainly come from cell bodies localized in the anterior hypothalamus or even further rostrally but some may represent NA axons ascending from the lower brain stem. 3. The degeneration course of nerve endings in the ELME both after anterior deafferentations as well as after lesions in the arcuate nucleus is rapid (within 2-3 days) and morphologically characterized by an initial aggregation of large dense cored vesicles seemingly to electron dense bodies within the boutons and probably also to a closer spacing of the small electron lucent synaptic vesicles (see Raisman, 1972). This type of degeneration seems to take place both in monoamine and non-monoamine neurons. 4. Degenerating boutons are found in the arcuate nucleus after anterior and complete deafferentations. Thus, the anterior hypothalamus may exert an "indirect" control of the pituitary gland via synapses on arcuate neurons although quantitatively the "direct" influence through the projection to the ELME is of more importance. 5. After anterior deafferentations enlarged axons containing large amounts of large dense cored vesicles and other organelles are found caudally of the cut indicating the existence of rostral projections from the medial hypothalamus. These results have been reported in part at the 47th Annual Meeting of the Japan Endocrinological Society, April 8-10, 1974 in Tokyo. © 1975 Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX: @article{Ajika:1975, author = {Ajika, K. and Hökfelt, T.}, title = {Projections to the median eminence and the arcuate nucleus with special reference to monoamine systems: Effects of lesions}, journal = {Cell and Tissue Research}, year = {1975}, volume = {158}, number = {1}, pages = {15-35}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0016745474&partnerID=40&md5=63db988337f1438b2df1880d20725e59}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00219949} }
Akaike, A., Sasa, M. and Takaori, S.	Effects of haloperidol and sulpiride on dopamine-induced inhibition of nucleus accumbens neurons [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Life Sciences Vol. 32(23), pp. 2649-2653	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Microiontophoretic study was performed to elucidate dopaminergic mechanism in the nucleus accumbens (Acc) of rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate. Iontophoretically applied dopamine produced an inhibition of glutamate-induced firing in 28 (62%) out of 45 Acc neurons tested. The dopamine-induced inhibition of 14 Acc neurons was clearly antagonized by simultaneous application of haloperidol, and a partial antagonism by sulpiride was observed in 3 out of 10 Acc neurons. These results indicate that dopamine produces an inhibition of the Acc neuron and that, compared to haloperidol, sulpiride is a less potent blocker of the postsynaptic dopamine receptor involved in the dopamine-induced inhibition. © 1983.
BibTeX: @article{Akaike:1983, author = {Akaike, A. and Sasa, M. and Takaori, S.}, title = {Effects of haloperidol and sulpiride on dopamine-induced inhibition of nucleus accumbens neurons}, journal = {Life Sciences}, year = {1983}, volume = {32}, number = {23}, pages = {2649-2653}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020519335&partnerID=40&md5=b690c45ffe8b7e65f88408beb3ac41de}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(83)90356-9} }
Akaike, N. and Rhee, J.S.	Age-related functional changes of the glutamate receptor channels in rat Meynert neurones. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	J Physiol Vol. 504 ( Pt 3), pp. 665-681School: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. akaike@physiol2.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp	article	DOI
Abstract: 1. The developmental changes of glutamate receptors (GluRs) in acutely dissociated rat Meynert neurones were investigated using the conventional whole cell and nystatin perforated patch recording modes under voltage-clamp conditions. 2. The neurones became less responsive to N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) with age, most dramatically between 1 day and 2 weeks, while the responses to kainic acid (KA) and L-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) gradually increased. The metabotropic GluR response appeared a few days after birth, but thereafter no further change was observed. 3. The decrease in the NMDA response during postnatal development was due to an abrupt reduction in the number of receptors without affecting the affinity, voltage-dependent Mg2+ blockade or high Ca2+ permeability (PCa/PCs approximately 7.0). 4. PCa/PCs in the presence of KA decreased from 2.8 in the 1-day-old (1D) rat neurones to 1.1 and 0.44 in the 2-week-old (2W) and 6-month-old (6M) rat neurones, respectively. The concentration-response relationship for KA shifted to the left with age. The KA response was not affected by NS-102, a KA-selective antagonist, thus indicating that the increased affinity of the receptor for the ligand resulted from the change in the AMPA receptor channel subunits. 5. The AMPA response in the presence of 10(-4) M cyclothiazide showed a change in the inward rectifying current-voltage relationship with age. The KA response was strongly cross-desensitized by the addition of AMPA and was also blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), whereas a rapid desensitization of the AMPA response was removed in a concentration-dependent manner by cyclothiazide. These results indicate that the non-NMDA receptor channels are assembled from the subunits of the AMPA receptor family without the GluR-2 subunit, thus resulting in a high Ca2+ permeability. 6. The L-glutamate (Glu)-induced responses were more sensitive to DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV) in the 1D rat neurones than in the adult rat neurones. 7. Both NMDA and KA raised the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in all neurones of 1D, 2W and 6M rats, though the charybdotoxin-sensitive Ca(2+)-activated K+ current (IK(Ca)) did not appear in the 1D rat neurones. An age-related prolongation of both IK(Ca) decay and [Ca2+]i clearance was also seen after the removal of KA. 8. It was thus concluded that the age-related changes of ionotropic receptors appear to play a key role in the activities of immature and mature rat Meynert cholinergic neurones. The KA-induced IK(Ca), which developed with ageing, may thus function as one of the negative feedback systems, and thereby prevent excess cell excitation and neural damage, especially in adult rats.
BibTeX: @article{Akaike:1997, author = {Akaike, N. and Rhee, J. S.}, title = {Age-related functional changes of the glutamate receptor channels in rat Meynert neurones.}, journal = {J Physiol}, school = {Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. akaike@physiol2.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp}, year = {1997}, volume = {504 ( Pt 3)}, pages = {665--681}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.665bd.x} }
Akaike, N., Shin, M.-C., Wakita, M., Torii, Y., Harakawa, T., Ginnaga, A., Kato, K., Kaji, R. and Kozaki, S.	Transsynaptic inhibition of spinal transmission by A2 botulinum toxin. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	J Physiol Vol. 591(Pt 4), pp. 1031-1043School: Research Division for Life Sciences, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto 861-5598, Japan. akaike@kumamoto-hsu.ac.jp	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Type A botulinum toxin blocks not only ACh release from motor nerve terminals but also central synaptic transmission, including glutamate, noradrenaline, dopamine, ATP, GABA and glycine. Neurotoxins (NTXs) are transported by both antero- and retrogradely along either motor or sensory axons for bidirectional delivery between peripheral tissues or the CNS. A newly developed type A2 NTX (A2NTX) injected into one rat foreleg muscle was transported to the contralateral muscle. This finding was consistent with the NTX traveling retrogradely via spinal neurons and then transsynaptically through motor neurons to the contralateral motor neurons within the spinal cord and on to the soleus muscle. In the present study we found that toxin injection into the rat left soleus muscle clearly induced bilateral muscle relaxation in a dose-dependent fashion, although the contralateral muscle relaxation followed the complete inhibition of toxin-injected ipsilateral muscles. The toxin-injected ipsilateral muscle relaxation was faster and stronger in A2NTX-treated rats than A1LL (BOTOX). A1LL was transported almost equally to the contralateral muscle via neural pathways and the bloodstream. In contrast, A2NTX was mainly transported to contralateral muscles via the blood. A1LL was more successfully transported to contralateral spinal neurons than A2NTX. We also demonstrated that A1LL and A2NTX were carried from peripheral to CNS and vice versa by dual antero- and retrograde axonal transport through either motor or sensory neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Akaike:2013, author = {Akaike, Norio and Shin, Min-Chul and Wakita, Masahito and Torii, Yasushi and Harakawa, Tetsuhiro and Ginnaga, Akihiro and Kato, Keiko and Kaji, Ryuji and Kozaki, Shunji}, title = {Transsynaptic inhibition of spinal transmission by A2 botulinum toxin.}, journal = {J Physiol}, school = {Research Division for Life Sciences, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto 861-5598, Japan. akaike@kumamoto-hsu.ac.jp}, year = {2013}, volume = {591}, number = {Pt 4}, pages = {1031--1043}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.242131}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.242131} }
Akaike, T.	The tectorecipient zone in the inferior olivary nucleus in the rat [BibTeX]	1992	J Comp Neurol Vol. 320(3), pp. 398-414	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Akaike:1992, author = {Akaike, T}, title = {The tectorecipient zone in the inferior olivary nucleus in the rat}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1992}, volume = {320(3)}, pages = {398-414}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903200311} }
Akaishi, T., Kimura, A., Sato, A. and Suzuki, A.	Responses of neurons in the nucleus basalis of meynert to various afferent stimuli in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	NeuroReport Vol. 1(1), pp. 37-39	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The effects of innocuous and noxious mechanical stimulation of skin, and of baroreceptor and chemoreceptor stimulation, on the activity of single neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), whose axons project to the cortex, were examined in urethane-anesthetized adult rats. Most of the neurons were not significantly influenced by innocuous mechanical cutaneous stimulation or baroreceptor stimulation, while they were excited by noxious mechanical cutaneous stimulation and chemoreceptor stimulation. The NBM neurons were excited more intensely and frequently by nociceptive mechanical stimulation to a fore- or hindpaw than by that to the back or face. The function of these NBM neurons is discussed. © Rapid Communications of Oxford Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Akaishi:1990, author = {Akaishi, T. and Kimura, A. and Sato, A. and Suzuki, A.}, title = {Responses of neurons in the nucleus basalis of meynert to various afferent stimuli in rats}, journal = {NeuroReport}, year = {1990}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {37-39}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025615546&partnerID=40&md5=025c34b60ef2157b1861d3ed47b25200}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199009000-00011} }
Akasaki, K., Fukuzawa, M., Kinoshita, H., Furuno, K. and Tsuji, H.	Cycling of two endogenous lysosomal membrane proteins, lamp-2 and acid phosphatase, between the cell surface and lysosomes in cultured rat hepatocytes. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	J Biochem Vol. 114(4), pp. 598-604School: Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima.	article	URL
Abstract: Our previous studies provided evidence that a 107-kDa major lysosomal membrane glycoprotein termed lamp-1 shuttles between lysosomes and the plasma membrane along the endocytic pathway in rat hepatic cells [Furuno et al. (1989) J. Biochem. 106, 708-716; Furuno et al. (1989) J. Biochem. 106, 717-722]. In the present study, we investigated the movement of a 96-kDa major lysosomal membrane glycoprotein, referred to as lamp-2, and lysosomal acid phosphatase (LAP) in the endocytic membrane transport system of cultured rat hepatocytes. Fab' fragments of anti-lamp-2 and anti-LAP antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were used as probes to analyze quantitatively the transport of these two membrane proteins from the cell surface to lysosomes. After the addition of HRP-anti-lamp-2 and anti-LAP Fab' fragments to the culture medium, the delivery of the antibody conjugates to lysosomes was examined by cell fractionation on a Percoll density gradient. The amount of these HRP tracers in the lysosomal fraction became larger as the period of cell incubation was increased. Km values for uptake of HRP-anti-lamp-2, and LAP Fab' fragments were 0.74 and 0.62 microM, respectively, which were comparable to that of HRP-anti-lamp-1 Fab' (0.57 microM). The endocytic process of the two HRP-antibodies continued for an extended period in the cells exposed to the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. Furthermore, we measured the transit times of HRP-anti-lamp-1, anti-lamp-2, and anti-LAP Fab' fragments from the cell surface to lysosomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Akasaki:1993, author = {Akasaki, K. and Fukuzawa, M. and Kinoshita, H. and Furuno, K. and Tsuji, H.}, title = {Cycling of two endogenous lysosomal membrane proteins, lamp-2 and acid phosphatase, between the cell surface and lysosomes in cultured rat hepatocytes.}, journal = {J Biochem}, school = {Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima.}, year = {1993}, volume = {114}, number = {4}, pages = {598--604}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/biochemistry1922/114/4/114_4_598/_article} }
Akasaki, K., Michihara, A., Mibuka, K., Fujiwara, Y. and Tsuji, H.	Biosynthetic transport of a major lysosomal membrane glycoprotein, lamp-1: convergence of biosynthetic and endocytic pathways occurs at three distinctive points. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Exp Cell Res Vol. 220(2), pp. 464-473School: Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima, Japan.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We studied the kinetics of the biosynthetic transport of lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein-1 (lamp-1) to the endocytic compartments in cultured rat hepatocytes. Newly synthesized lamp-1 (NS-lamp-1) was transported to the trans-Golgi from rough endoplasmic reticulum with a half time (t1/2) of 13 min. From the trans-Golgi, at least 25% of NS-lamp-1 was delivered to the cell periphery: to the cell surface and early endosomes with t1/2 s of 32 and 33 min, respectively. A comparison of the kinetics of the biosynthetic transport of lamp-1 to both compartments demonstrated that NS-lamp-1 takes two peripheral routes from the Golgi apparatus; it is delivered to early endosomes directly and after reaching the cell surface. A major portion of NS-lamp-1 follows a direct intracellular pathway to late endosomes (t1/2 = 45 min) and subsequently to lysosomes (t1/2 = 85 min). The kinetic data of the biosynthetic transport to these endocytic vacuoles suggested that a significant fraction of NS-lamp-1 returns to the late endosomes immediately after its arrival at lysosomes and that there is a unique retrograde delivery of NS-lamp-1 from late to early endosomes prior to its transport to lysosomes. Thus, in cultured rat hepatocytes, the lamp-1 biosynthetic and the endocytic pathways converge at the three distinctive points. Late endosomes are centrally situated in the complex biosynthetic route of lamp-1.
BibTeX: @article{Akasaki:1995, author = {Akasaki, K. and Michihara, A. and Mibuka, K. and Fujiwara, Y. and Tsuji, H.}, title = {Biosynthetic transport of a major lysosomal membrane glycoprotein, lamp-1: convergence of biosynthetic and endocytic pathways occurs at three distinctive points.}, journal = {Exp Cell Res}, school = {Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima, Japan.}, year = {1995}, volume = {220}, number = {2}, pages = {464--473}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/excr.1995.1338}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/excr.1995.1338} }
Akdag, M.Z., Dasdag, S., Aksen, F., Isik, B. and Yilmaz, F.	Effect of ELF magnetic fields on lipid peroxidation, sperm count, p53, and trace elements. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Med Sci Monit Vol. 12(11), pp. BR366-BR371School: Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty of Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.	article
Abstract: Some epidemiological and laboratory studies suggest a possible connection between extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields and certain illnesses, such as cancer, immune suppression, as well as reproductive toxic effects and abnormalities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ELF magnetic fields (1.35 mT) on sperm count, malondialdehyde concentration, the histology of such organs as the testes, brain, liver, and kidney tissues, p53 immunoreactivity of bone marrow, and the serum concentrations of Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and Fe3+ in rats.Sixteen Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into two groups. The rats in the experimental group were exposed to an ELF magnetic field 2 hr/day for 2 months (7 days a week). The rats in the control group were not exposed to the ELF magnetic field. The exposure was performed in a Faraday cage (130 x 65 x 80 cm) with grounded shielding against the electric component. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for the statistical analysis of the data.Magnetic field measurements showed that, under the experimental conditions, the magnetic field-exposure system produced a stable flux density of 1.35+/-0.018 mT and a stable frequency of 50 Hz, with negligible harmonics and no transients. However, no statistically significant alteration was observed in the parameters measured in this study except in Mn2+ concentrations (p<0.001).The present study found no evidence of an adverse effect of ELF magnetic fields on the measured parameters except for significantly increased Mn2+ concentrations (p<0.001).
BibTeX: @article{Akdag:2006, author = {Akdag, M Zulkuf and Dasdag, Suleyman and Aksen, Feyzan and Isik, Birgul and Yilmaz, Fahri}, title = {Effect of ELF magnetic fields on lipid peroxidation, sperm count, p53, and trace elements.}, journal = {Med Sci Monit}, school = {Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty of Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.}, year = {2006}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {BR366--BR371}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Akdag, M.Z., Dasdag, S., Aksen, F., Isik, B. and Yilmaz, F.	Effect of ELF magnetic fields on lipid peroxidation, sperm count, p53, and trace elements. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research Vol. 12, pp. BR366-71	article
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Some epidemiological and laboratory studies suggest a possible connection between extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields and certain illnesses, such as cancer, immune suppression, as well as reproductive toxic effects and abnormalities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ELF magnetic fields (1.35 mT) on sperm count, malondialdehyde concentration, the histology of such organs as the testes, brain, liver, and kidney tissues, p53 immunoreactivity of bone marrow, and the serum concentrations of Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and Fe3+ in rats. MATERIAL/METHODS: Sixteen Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into two groups. The rats in the experimental group were exposed to an ELF magnetic field 2 hr/day for 2 months (7 days a week). The rats in the control group were not exposed to the ELF magnetic field. The exposure was performed in a Faraday cage (130 x 65 x 80 cm) with grounded shielding against the electric component. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for the statistical analysis of the data. RESULTS: Magnetic field measurements showed that, under the experimental conditions, the magnetic field-exposure system produced a stable flux density of 1.35+/-0.018 mT and a stable frequency of 50 Hz, with negligible harmonics and no transients. However, no statistically significant alteration was observed in the parameters measured in this study except in Mn2+ concentrations (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The present study found no evidence of an adverse effect of ELF magnetic fields on the measured parameters except for significantly increased Mn2+ concentrations (p<0.001).
BibTeX: @article{Akdag:2006a, author = {Akdag, M. Zulkuf and Dasdag, Suleyman and Aksen, Feyzan and Isik, Birgul and Yilmaz, Fahri}, title = {Effect of ELF magnetic fields on lipid peroxidation, sperm count, p53, and trace elements.}, journal = {Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research}, year = {2006}, volume = {12}, pages = {BR366-71}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aker, F.D.	Innervation of rat molar teeth: II. A quantitative analysis of primary sensory neurons innervating a mandibular molar tooth. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Anat Rec Vol. 219(2), pp. 186-192School: Department of Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the source and number of primary sensory neurons (PSNs) innervating a mandibular molar tooth of a population of 15-18-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The pulpal tissue was exposed to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) pellets for 24 hours. Subsequently the animals were perfusion fixed and the following PSN structures were examined for the presence of HRP-labelled cells: trigeminal (TGs) and cervical dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and mesencephalic nucleus (MN). Only the TGs contained labelled cells and they thus were the sole source of PSN pulpal innervation. The number of TG cells was highly variable, 49-407, but most of this variability was attributable to insufficient HRP filling of the pulp chamber or leakage of HRP into periapical tissue. Selection of TGs whose respective experimental teeth demonstrated that HRP filled and was restricted to the pulp chamber revealed a narrower range of TG cells providing pulpal innervation to the first molars, 142- 288, with an average of 213. A detailed mapping of these cells indicated a somatotopic distribution within the mandibular territory of the TGs. It was concluded that these findings represent TG's contribution to the pulpal innervation of this specific population of rat first molar teeth. This suggests that from animal to animal the density of innervation may be quite variable and it is hypothesized that the sensitivity of the pulp would likewise vary. In addition, these findings may contribute to the explanation of why there is variability in the stimulus strength needed to elicit a pain response in the human dentition.
BibTeX: @article{Aker:1987, author = {Aker, F. D.}, title = {Innervation of rat molar teeth: II. A quantitative analysis of primary sensory neurons innervating a mandibular molar tooth.}, journal = {Anat Rec}, school = {Department of Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140.}, year = {1987}, volume = {219}, number = {2}, pages = {186--192}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092190212}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092190212} }
Aker, R.G., Ozyurt, H.B., Yananli, H.R., Cakmak, Y.O., Ozkaynakçi, A.E., Sehirli, U., Saka, E., Cavdar, S. and Onat, F.Y.	GABA(A) receptor mediated transmission in the thalamic reticular nucleus of rats with genetic absence epilepsy shows regional differences: functional implications. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Brain Res Vol. 1111(1), pp. 213-221School: Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Istanbul 34668, Turkey.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of local injections of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist, bicuculline, into the rostral and caudal parts of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), on the generation of spike-and-wave discharges in Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS). Spike-and-wave discharges are important in the pathophysiology of absence epilepsy and generated by the cortico-thalamo-cortical pathway, where GABA has a significant role, particularly in the TRN. Artificial cerebrospinal fluid or bicuculline was administered to rostral or caudal parts of TRN of GAERS through a stereotaxically placed guide cannula. Administration of bicuculline produced opposite effects according to the injection site. Administration into the caudal TRN produced statistically significant increases in the duration of spike-and-wave discharges, whereas injections into the rostral TRN produced significant decreases. Correspondingly, distinct patterns of afferent connections have been demonstrated with the wheat-germ-agglutinin horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) retrograde tracing method in control non-epileptic rats and GAERS for the rostral and caudal parts of the TRN. Injection of WGA-HRP tracer showed no detectable difference regarding the rostral and caudal connections between GAERS and Wistar animals. Rostral parts of TRN have thalamic and cortical connections that are primarily motor and limbic whereas for the caudal parts these connections are primarily sensory. Further, the rostral parts receive inputs from the substantia nigra pars reticularis and the ventral pallidum that the caudal part lacks. The extent to which these connectional differences may be responsible for the functional differences demonstrated by the bicucculine injections remains to be explored.
BibTeX: @article{Aker:2006, author = {Aker, Rezzan Gülhan and Ozyurt, Hazan B. and Yananli, Hasan R. and Cakmak, Yusuf Ozgür and Ozkaynakçi, Aydan E. and Sehirli, Umit and Saka, Erdinç and Cavdar, Safiye and Onat, Filiz Yilmaz}, title = {GABA(A) receptor mediated transmission in the thalamic reticular nucleus of rats with genetic absence epilepsy shows regional differences: functional implications.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Istanbul 34668, Turkey.}, year = {2006}, volume = {1111}, number = {1}, pages = {213--221}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.118}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.118} }
Aker, R.G., Ozyurt, H.B., Yananli, H.R., Cakmak, Y.O., Ozkaynakçi, A.E., Sehirli, U., Saka, E., Cavdar, S. and Onat, F.Y.	GABA(A) receptor mediated transmission in the thalamic reticular nucleus of rats with genetic absence epilepsy shows regional differences: functional implications. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Brain research Vol. 1111, pp. 213-221	article	DOI
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of local injections of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist, bicuculline, into the rostral and caudal parts of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), on the generation of spike-and-wave discharges in Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS). Spike-and-wave discharges are important in the pathophysiology of absence epilepsy and generated by the cortico-thalamo-cortical pathway, where GABA has a significant role, particularly in the TRN. Artificial cerebrospinal fluid or bicuculline was administered to rostral or caudal parts of TRN of GAERS through a stereotaxically placed guide cannula. Administration of bicuculline produced opposite effects according to the injection site. Administration into the caudal TRN produced statistically significant increases in the duration of spike-and-wave discharges, whereas injections into the rostral TRN produced significant decreases. Correspondingly, distinct patterns of afferent connections have been demonstrated with the wheat-germ-agglutinin horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) retrograde tracing method in control non-epileptic rats and GAERS for the rostral and caudal parts of the TRN. Injection of WGA-HRP tracer showed no detectable difference regarding the rostral and caudal connections between GAERS and Wistar animals. Rostral parts of TRN have thalamic and cortical connections that are primarily motor and limbic whereas for the caudal parts these connections are primarily sensory. Further, the rostral parts receive inputs from the substantia nigra pars reticularis and the ventral pallidum that the caudal part lacks. The extent to which these connectional differences may be responsible for the functional differences demonstrated by the bicucculine injections remains to be explored.
BibTeX: @article{Aker:2006a, author = {Aker, Rezzan Gülhan and Ozyurt, Hazan B and Yananli, Hasan R and Cakmak, Yusuf Ozgür and Ozkaynakçi, Aydan E and Sehirli, Umit and Saka, Erdinç and Cavdar, Safiye and Onat, Filiz Yilmaz}, title = {GABA(A) receptor mediated transmission in the thalamic reticular nucleus of rats with genetic absence epilepsy shows regional differences: functional implications.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {2006}, volume = {1111}, pages = {213--221}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.118} }
Akerman, S., Kaube, H. and Goadsby, P.J.	Vanilloid type 1 receptors (VR1) on trigeminal sensory nerve fibres play a minor role in neurogenic dural vasodilatation, and are involved in capsaicin-induced dural dilation. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Br J Pharmacol Vol. 140(4), pp. 718-724School: Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WCIN 3BG.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Capsaicin, the active substance in chilli peppers, activates the vanilloid type 1 receptor (VR1) rather than the vanilloid-like receptor (VRL1) in the trigeminal ganglion and nucleus of small and medium C- and Adelta-fibres. Capsaicin induces calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release when VR1 receptors are activated, and this can be reversed by both the VR1 receptor antagonist capsazepine and the CGRP blocker alphaCGRP8-37 in vitro. In this study we used intravital microscopy to look at the possible role of the VR1 receptor in the trigeminovascular system in producing dilation of dural blood vessels. Capsazepine (3 mg kg-1) was given to study the effect of the VR1 receptor in dural vessel dilation produced by either electrical stimulation, CGRP (1 microg x kg-1) or capsaicin (7 microg x kg-1) bolus injection. We also looked at the effect of the CGRP blocker alphaCGRP8-37 (300 microg x kg-1) on capsaicin-induced dilation so that we could see if the results found in vitro could also be found in vivo. Electrical stimulation of the dura mater produced a robust vasodilator response between 130 and 137% of baseline diameter that was no different across four repeat stimuli (F3,18=0.6, P=0.61). CGRP similarly produced a dilatation of 99-111% that was no different across four baseline infusions (F3,15=2.4, P=0.113). Capsaicin also produced a consistent dilation of between 112 and 120% of baseline across three injections (F2,10=0.6, P=0.567). Capsazepine did not inhibit the dilation brought about by either electrical stimulation or CGRP injection, while it was able to inhibit the dilation brought about by capsaicin (t5=3.4, P<0.05). AlphaCGRP8-37 also inhibited the capsaicin-induced dilation (t5=7.4, P<0.05) probably inhibiting the action of released CGRP at the CGRP receptor. The study demonstrates that capsaicin can repeatedly induce dural vessel dilation in vivo, presumably through inducing CGRP release from trigeminal sensory nerve fibres, while C-fibres may have been desensitised. The data imply that the VR1 receptor plays only a minor role in trigeminovascular-induced dural vessel dilation.
BibTeX: @article{Akerman:2003, author = {Akerman, S. and Kaube, H. and Goadsby, P. J.}, title = {Vanilloid type 1 receptors (VR1) on trigeminal sensory nerve fibres play a minor role in neurogenic dural vasodilatation, and are involved in capsaicin-induced dural dilation.}, journal = {Br J Pharmacol}, school = {Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WCIN 3BG.}, year = {2003}, volume = {140}, number = {4}, pages = {718--724}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705486}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705486} }
Akers, K. and Hamilton, D.	Effect of high-frequency stimulation of the perforant path on previously acquired spatial memory in rats: Influence of memory strength and reactivation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	PLoS ONE Vol. 9(6)	article	DOI URL
Abstract: If memory depends on changes in synaptic strength, then manipulation of synaptic strength after learning should alter memory for what was learned. Here, we examined whether high frequency stimulation of the perforant path in vivo disrupts memory for a previously-learned hidden platform location in the Morris water task as well as whether this effect is modulated by memory strength or memory reactivation. We found that high frequency stimulation affected probe test performance regardless of memory strength or state of memory activation, although the precise nature of this effect differed depending on whether rats received minimal or extensive training prior to high frequency stimulation. These findings suggest that artificial manipulation of synaptic strength between the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus may destabilize memory for a previously-learned spatial location. © 2014 Akers, Hamilton.
BibTeX: @article{Akers:2014a, author = {Akers, K.G. and Hamilton, D.A.}, title = {Effect of high-frequency stimulation of the perforant path on previously acquired spatial memory in rats: Influence of memory strength and reactivation}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, year = {2014}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84903515327&partnerID=40&md5=6608ccb383fcbc069a0253a5da4add48}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100766} }
Akers, K.G., Martinez-Canabal, A., Restivo, L., Yiu, A.P., De Cristofaro, A., Hsiang, H.-L.L., Wheeler, A.L., Guskjolen, A., Niibori, Y., Shoji, H., Ohira, K., Richards, B.A., Miyakawa, T., Josselyn, S.A. and Frankland, P.W.	Hippocampal neurogenesis regulates forgetting during adulthood and infancy. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Science Vol. 344(6184), pp. 598-602School: Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Throughout life, new neurons are continuously added to the dentate gyrus. As this continuous addition remodels hippocampal circuits, computational models predict that neurogenesis leads to degradation or forgetting of established memories. Consistent with this, increasing neurogenesis after the formation of a memory was sufficient to induce forgetting in adult mice. By contrast, during infancy, when hippocampal neurogenesis levels are high and freshly generated memories tend to be rapidly forgotten (infantile amnesia), decreasing neurogenesis after memory formation mitigated forgetting. In precocial species, including guinea pigs and degus, most granule cells are generated prenatally. Consistent with reduced levels of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis, infant guinea pigs and degus did not exhibit forgetting. However, increasing neurogenesis after memory formation induced infantile amnesia in these species.
BibTeX: @article{Akers:2014, author = {Akers, Katherine G. and Martinez-Canabal, Alonso and Restivo, Leonardo and Yiu, Adelaide P. and De Cristofaro, Antonietta and Hsiang, Hwa-Lin Liz and Wheeler, Anne L. and Guskjolen, Axel and Niibori, Yosuke and Shoji, Hirotaka and Ohira, Koji and Richards, Blake A. and Miyakawa, Tsuyoshi and Josselyn, Sheena A. and Frankland, Paul W.}, title = {Hippocampal neurogenesis regulates forgetting during adulthood and infancy.}, journal = {Science}, school = {Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada.}, year = {2014}, volume = {344}, number = {6184}, pages = {598--602}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1248903}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248903} }
Akers, R.M. and Killackey, H.P.	Organization of corticocortical connections in the parietal cortex of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1978	J Comp Neurol Vol. 181(3), pp. 513-537	article	DOI URL
Abstract: An analysis based on Nissl, anterograde degeneration, and succinic dehydrogenase histochemical techniques reveals that there are two distinct regions of parietal cortex which are characterized by different cytoarchitectonic features and anatomical connections. The "granular" cortical zone possesses a well-defined fourth layer composed of small, densely-packed cells, receives dense projections from the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, and is essentially free of callosal inputs. "Agranular" cortical areas which surround or lie embedded within the granular zone lack a well-defined fourth layer, receive sparse projection from the ventral posterior nucleus, but send and receive extensive callosal projections. These findings suggest that thalamic and callosal projections to the parietal cortex maintain a pattern of areal segregation. The granular cortical zone, which apparently corresponds to SmI, projects ipsilaterally to motor cortex, SmII, and adjacent agranular areas. The superficial layers of the granular cortex also project heavily upon the underlying layer V. This intracortical projection is not organized in discrete clusters within the "barrel field" cortex. This suggests that the specialized organization of thalamic afferents and granule cells within the "barrel field" is not maintained in the intracortical circuitry of this region.
BibTeX: @article{Akers:1978, author = {R. M. Akers and H. P. Killackey}, title = {Organization of corticocortical connections in the parietal cortex of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1978}, volume = {181}, number = {3}, pages = {513--537}, note = {Anterograde Degeneration / lesion experiment with succinic acid in teh parietal cortex.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901810305}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901810305} }
Akers, R.M. and Killackey, H.P.	Organization of corticocortical connections in the parietal cortex of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1978	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 181, pp. 513-537	article	DOI
Abstract: An analysis based on Nissl, anterograde degeneration, and succinic dehydrogenase histochemical techniques reveals that there are two distinct regions of parietal cortex which are characterized by different cytoarchitectonic features and anatomical connections. The "granular" cortical zone possesses a well-defined fourth layer composed of small, densely-packed cells, receives dense projections from the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, and is essentially free of callosal inputs. "Agranular" cortical areas which surround or lie embedded within the granular zone lack a well-defined fourth layer, receive sparse projection from the ventral posterior nucleus, but send and receive extensive callosal projections. These findings suggest that thalamic and callosal projections to the parietal cortex maintain a pattern of areal segregation. The granular cortical zone, which apparently corresponds to SmI, projects ipsilaterally to motor cortex, SmII, and adjacent agranular areas. The superficial layers of the granular cortex also project heavily upon the underlying layer V. This intracortical projection is not organized in discrete clusters within the "barrel field" cortex. This suggests that the specialized organization of thalamic afferents and granule cells within the "barrel field" is not maintained in the intracortical circuitry of this region.
BibTeX: @article{Akers:1978a, author = {Akers, R M and Killackey, H P}, title = {Organization of corticocortical connections in the parietal cortex of the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1978}, volume = {181}, pages = {513--537}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901810305} }
Akeson, J., Nilsson, F., Ryding, E. and Messeter, K.	A porcine model for sequential assessments of cerebral haemodynamics and metabolism. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Vol. 36(5), pp. 419-426School: Department of Anaesthesia, Malmö General Hospital, Lund University, Sweden.	article	DOI
Abstract: We present a physiologically stable porcine model designed for sequential assessments of pharmacological effects on mean hemispheric cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) at sustained normocapnia. The dynamic influence of continuously administered fentanyl (0.040 mg.kg-1.h-1 i.v.), nitrous oxide (70 and pancuronium (0.30 mg.kg-1.h-1 i.v.) on these variables was studied in eight normoventilated pigs. CBF was reliably assessable at 10-min intervals by clearance of intra-arterially injected 133Xe, monitored by an extracranial scintillation detector. CMRO2 was calculated from CBF and the simultaneously measured cerebral arteriovenous difference in blood oxygen content. The intracerebral distribution of a contrast medium injected into the external and internal carotid arteries was studied by angiography, and the cerebral venous outflow was investigated by measurements of the distribution of an intra-arterially administered non-diffusible tracer, [99mTc] pertechnetate, to the internal and external jugular veins. After a 3-h equilibration period, CBF and CMRO2 were determined on six occasions over a study period lasting 1 h 40 min. The mean ranges of these variables were 56-60 and 1.9-2.0 ml.100 g-1.min-1, respectively. We conclude that the model enables repeated assessments of CBF and CMRO2 under stable physiological background conditions and thus valid cerebral pharmacodynamic investigations of drugs given for anaesthesia.
BibTeX: @article{Akeson:1992, author = {Akeson, J. and Nilsson, F. and Ryding, E. and Messeter, K.}, title = {A porcine model for sequential assessments of cerebral haemodynamics and metabolism.}, journal = {Acta Anaesthesiol Scand}, school = {Department of Anaesthesia, Malmö General Hospital, Lund University, Sweden.}, year = {1992}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, pages = {419--426}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.1992.tb03491.x} }
Akesson, T., Simerly, R. and Micevych, P.	Estrogen-concentrating hypothalamic and limbic neurons project to the medial preoptic nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Brain Research Vol. 451(1-2), pp. 381-385	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Estrogen-concentrating neurons that project to the medial preoptic nucleus of the male rat were found to be numerous in limbic and hypothalamic cell groups including the ventral part of the lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminals, medial amygdaloid nucleus, the ventromedial nucleus, and the amygdalohippocampal zone. This steroid-sensitive circuitry is implicated in the activation of reproductive processes in the male. © 1988.
BibTeX: @article{Akesson:1988, author = {Akesson, T.R. and Simerly, R.B. and Micevych, P.E.}, title = {Estrogen-concentrating hypothalamic and limbic neurons project to the medial preoptic nucleus}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1988}, volume = {451}, number = {1-2}, pages = {381-385}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023885157&partnerID=40&md5=a30b17328648aabd7e86d41d1ce4c111}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)90789-5} }
Akesson, T., Ulibarri, C. and Truitt, S.	Divergent axon collaterals originate in the estrogen receptive ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Journal of Neurobiology Vol. 25(4), pp. 406-414	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) plays a crucial role in the mediation of lordosis by integrating predominantly inhibitory limbic signals with cyclic variation of ovarian steroids and sending a stimulatory output to the midbrain, especially the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Tract- tracing studies have established projections of the VMH and Golgi studies have shown these neurons to frequently give rise to axon collaterals, but the anatomical pattern of shared projections has not been explored. We have used a combination of retrograde tracers to map VMH projections to the medial division of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPNm), posterodorsal division of the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MeApd), and the PAG. Neurons with dual projections were mainly confined to the VMHvl and represented 31%-37% of each projection subset. Neurons simultaneously projecting to the MPNm, MeApd, and PAG represented 7%-9% of each projection subset. By combining tract-tracing with steroid autoradiography, we found that approximately one-quarter of each projection subset in the VMHvl concentrated 3H-estradiol. Thus, some of the VMHvl neurons that communicate a facilitatory signal to the PAG may also act to stimulate lordosis through a feedback suppression of the net inhibition formed by efferent signals from the forebrain. The even distribution of estrogen binding among projection subsets suggests a lack of compartmentalization of estrogen-regulated processes that are relevant to lordosis.
BibTeX: @article{Akesson:1994a, author = {Akesson, T.R. and Ulibarri, C. and Truitt, S.}, title = {Divergent axon collaterals originate in the estrogen receptive ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus in the rat}, journal = {Journal of Neurobiology}, year = {1994}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {406-414}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028205467&partnerID=40&md5=4789b0f38b208e4cab9ce068bedfbbca}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/neu.480250406} }
Akesson, T.R., Ulibarri, C. and Truitt, S.	Divergent axon collaterals originate in the estrogen receptive ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	J Neurobiol Vol. 25(4), pp. 406-414School: Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) plays a crucial role in the mediation of lordosis by integrating predominantly inhibitory limbic signals with cyclic variation of ovarian steroids and sending a stimulatory output to the midbrain, especially the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Tract-tracing studies have established projections of the VMH and Golgi studies have shown these neurons to frequently give rise to axon collaterals, but the anatomical pattern of shared projections has not been explored. We have used a combination of retrograde tracers to map VMH projections to the medial division of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPNm), posterodorsal division of the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MeApd), and the PAG. Neurons with dual projections were mainly confined to the VMHvl and represented 3137% of each projection subset. Neurons simultaneously projecting to the MPNm, MeApd, and PAG represented 79% of each projection subset. By combining tract-tracing with steroid autoradiography, we found that approximately one-quarter of each projection subset in the VMHvl concentrated 3H-estradiol. Thus, some of the VMHvl neurons that communicate a facilitatory signal to the PAG may also act to stimulate lordosis through a feedback suppression of the net inhibition formed by efferent signals from the forebrain. The even distribution of estrogen binding among projection subsets suggests a lack of compartmentalization of estrogen-regulated processes that are relevant to lordosis.
BibTeX: @article{Akesson:1994, author = {T. R. Akesson and C. Ulibarri and S. Truitt}, title = {Divergent axon collaterals originate in the estrogen receptive ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurobiol}, school = {Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164.}, year = {1994}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {406--414}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/neu.480250406}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/neu.480250406} }
Akhmadeev, A. and Kalimullina, L.	Morphogenesis of the dorsomedial nucleus of the amygdaloid complex in early juvenile period in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine Vol. 146(3), pp. 372-374	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We studied the dynamics and gender differences in the formation of the dorsomedial nucleus of the amygdaloid complex in early juvenile period (postnatal days 21, 24, 28 and 31) by determining its planimetric parameters, count of neural and glial cells, and glial and apoptotic indexes. © Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2008.
BibTeX: @article{Akhmadeev:2008, author = {Akhmadeev, A.V. and Kalimullina, L.B.}, title = {Morphogenesis of the dorsomedial nucleus of the amygdaloid complex in early juvenile period in rats}, journal = {Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine}, year = {2008}, volume = {146}, number = {3}, pages = {372-374}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-58249126103&partnerID=40&md5=dd43ec7f750146ff5a8f9bb36bdc6edd}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-008-0288-y} }
Akhmetshina, D., Nasretdinov, A., Zakharov, A., Valeeva, G. and Khazipov, R.	The Nature of the Sensory Input to the Neonatal Rat Barrel Cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2016	J Neurosci Vol. 36(38), pp. 9922-9932School: Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia, INMED/INSERM U901, Marseille 13273, France, and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13273, France roustem.khazipov@inserm.fr.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Sensory input plays critical roles in the development of the somatosensory cortex during the neonatal period. This early sensory input may involve: (1) stimulation arising from passive interactions with the mother and littermates and (2) sensory feedback arising from spontaneous infant movements. The relative contributions of these mechanisms under natural conditions remain largely unknown, however. Here, we show that, in the whisker-related barrel cortex of neonatal rats, spontaneous whisker movements and passive stimulation by the littermates cooperate, with comparable efficiency, in driving cortical activity. Both tactile signals arising from the littermate's movements under conditions simulating the littermates' position in the litter, and spontaneous whisker movements efficiently triggered bursts of activity in barrel cortex. Yet, whisker movements with touch were more efficient than free movements. Comparison of the various experimental conditions mimicking the natural environment showed that tactile signals arising from the whisker movements with touch and stimulation by the littermates, support: (1) a twofold higher level of cortical activity than in the isolated animal, and (2) a threefold higher level of activity than in the deafferented animal after the infraorbital nerve cut. Together, these results indicate that endogenous (self-generated movements) and exogenous (stimulation by the littermates) mechanisms cooperate in driving cortical activity in newborn rats and point to the importance of the environment in shaping cortical activity during the neonatal period.Sensory input plays critical roles in the development of the somatosensory cortex during the neonatal period. However, the origins of sensory input to the neonatal somatosensory cortex in the natural environment remain largely unknown. Here, we show that in the whisker-related barrel cortex of neonatal rats, spontaneous whisker movements and passive stimulation by the littermates cooperate, with comparable efficiency, in driving cortical activity during the critical developmental period.
BibTeX: @article{Akhmetshina:2016, author = {Akhmetshina, Dinara and Nasretdinov, Azat and Zakharov, Andrei and Valeeva, Guzel and Khazipov, Roustem}, title = {The Nature of the Sensory Input to the Neonatal Rat Barrel Cortex.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia, INMED/INSERM U901, Marseille 13273, France, and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13273, France roustem.khazipov@inserm.fr.}, year = {2016}, volume = {36}, number = {38}, pages = {9922--9932}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1781-16.2016}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1781-16.2016} }
Akhter, F., Haque, T., Sato, F., Kato, T., Ohara, H., Fujio, T., Tsutsumi, K., Uchino, K., Sessle, B.J. and Yoshida, A.	Projections from the dorsal peduncular cortex to the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn) and other lower brainstem areas in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Neuroscience Vol. 266, pp. 23-37School: Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address: yoshida@dent.osaka-u.ac.jp.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: This study has revealed direct projections from the dorsal peduncular cortex (DP) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPfC) to the trigeminal brainstem sensory nuclear complex and other lower brainstem areas in rats. We first examined the distribution of mPfC neurons projecting directly to the medullary dorsal horn (trigeminal subnucleus caudalis [Vc]) and trigeminal subnucleus oralis (Vo) which are known to receive direct projections from the lateral prefrontal cortex (insular cortex). After injections of the retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG) into the rostro-dorsomedial part of laminae I/II of Vc (rdm-I/II-Vc), many neurons were labeled bilaterally (with an ipsilateral predominance) in the rostrocaudal middle level of DP (mid-DP) and not in other mPfC areas. After FG injections into the lateral and caudal parts of laminae I/II of Vc, or the Vo, no neurons were labeled in the mPfC. We then examined projections from the mid-DP by using the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextranamine (BDA). After BDA injections into the mid-DP, many axons and terminals were labeled bilaterally (with an ipsilateral predominance) in the rdm-I/II-Vc, periaqueductal gray and solitary tract nucleus, and ipsilaterally in the parabrachial nucleus and trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. In addition, the connections of the mid-DP with the insular cortex were examined. Many BDA-labeled axons and terminals from the mid-DP were also found ipsilaterally in the caudalmost level of the granular and dysgranular insular cortex (GI/DI). After BDA injections into the caudalmost GI/DI, many axons and terminals were labeled ipsilaterally in the mid-DP. The projections from the mid-DP to the rdm-I/II-Vc and other brainstem nuclei suggest that mid-DP neurons may regulate intraoral and perioral sensory processing (including nociceptive processing) of rdm-I/II-Vc neurons directly or indirectly through the brainstem nuclei. The reciprocal connections between the mid-DP and caudalmost GI/DI suggest that this regulation may involve mid-DP interactions with the caudalmost GI/DI neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Akhter:2014, author = {Akhter, F. and Haque, T. and Sato, F. and Kato, T. and Ohara, H. and Fujio, T. and Tsutsumi, K. and Uchino, K. and Sessle, B. J. and Yoshida, A.}, title = {Projections from the dorsal peduncular cortex to the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn) and other lower brainstem areas in rats.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address: yoshida@dent.osaka-u.ac.jp.}, year = {2014}, volume = {266}, pages = {23--37}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.046} }
Akintunde, A. and Buxton, D.F.	Origins and collateralization of corticospinal, corticopontine, corticorubral and corticostriatal tracts: a multiple retrograde fluorescent tracing study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Brain Res Vol. 586(2), pp. 208-218School: Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849-5518.	article	DOI
Abstract: Cerebral cells of origin for the corticospinal (CST), corticopontine (CP), corticorubral (CR) and corticostriatal (CS) fibers in the rat were identified following the simultaneous retrograde transport of propidium iodide (PI), fast blue (FB), fluorogold (FG) and diamidino yellow (DY). PI was injected into the contralateral C4 spinal cord segment while FB, FG and DY were injected into the ipsilateral medial pontine nuclei, red nucleus and striatum, respectively. Labeled pyramidal neurons projecting corticospinal axons were contralateral to injection in lamina V and ranged in size from small to large. These CST neurons occupied two distinct cortical areas. The cortical neurons of origin for the corticopontine, corticorubral and corticostriatal fibers were ipsilateral to injections. Labeled neurons were localized in cortical lamina V for the corticopontine and corticorubral fibers while corticostriate neurons were located in laminae III, V and VI. The CP, CR and CS labeled cells occupied one large cortical area which topographically included parts of the medial (AGm) and lateral (AGl) agranular cortices and the primary (SI) somatosensory cortex. Considerable overlapping of the cortical neurons of origin for the four motor fiber systems was apparent. More than 98% of the labeled cells were single labeled while less than 2% were double labeled. No triple or quadruple labeled neurons were observed. Hence, morphological evidence is presented that cortical motor neurons project mainly individual, rather than collateral, axons to each of the four motor associated nuclei investigated in this study. However, only a few cortical neurons projected axons simultaneously to a maximum of two nuclei involved in the motor pathways.
BibTeX: @article{Akintunde:1992, author = {A. Akintunde and D. F. Buxton}, title = {Origins and collateralization of corticospinal, corticopontine, corticorubral and corticostriatal tracts: a multiple retrograde fluorescent tracing study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849-5518.}, year = {1992}, volume = {586}, number = {2}, pages = {208--218}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)91629-s} }
Akintunde, A. and Buxton, D.F.	Quadruple labeling of brain-stem neurons: a multiple retrograde fluorescent tracer study of axonal collateralization. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	J Neurosci Methods Vol. 45(1-2), pp. 15-22School: Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849-5518.	article	DOI
Abstract: Four different fluorochromes were injected into adjacent cervical spinal cord segments, 1 unique tracer per segment. Each tracer, Fluoro-Gold, Fast Blue, Diamidino Yellow dihydrochloride and Propidium Iodide, was taken up by axonal terminals and transported intra-axonally in a retrograde direction to the cell bodies. Some, though by no means all, of these axons were stem axons with terminals in 2, 3 or 4 of the injected spinal segments. Hence as many as 4 different fluorescent tracers could be discerned simultaneously within individual neuronal somata of origin using fluorescent microscopy. These results extend the possibilities for multiple interconnection determinations within the central nervous system. Specifically, the potential for individual neurons of a nucleus to project collateral branches of a stem axon to as many as 4 different central nervous system nuclei now can be studied simultaneously using these 4 fluorescent tracers.
BibTeX: @article{Akintunde:1992a, author = {Akintunde, A. and Buxton, D. F.}, title = {Quadruple labeling of brain-stem neurons: a multiple retrograde fluorescent tracer study of axonal collateralization.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849-5518.}, year = {1992}, volume = {45}, number = {1-2}, pages = {15--22}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(92)90039-g} }
Akintunde, A. and Buxton, D.F.	Quadruple labeling of brain-stem neurons: a multiple retrograde fluorescent tracer study of axonal collateralization. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Journal of neuroscience methods Vol. 45, pp. 15-22	article
Abstract: Four different fluorochromes were injected into adjacent cervical spinal cord segments, 1 unique tracer per segment. Each tracer, Fluoro-Gold, Fast Blue, Diamidino Yellow dihydrochloride and Propidium Iodide, was taken up by axonal terminals and transported intra-axonally in a retrograde direction to the cell bodies. Some, though by no means all, of these axons were stem axons with terminals in 2, 3 or 4 of the injected spinal segments. Hence as many as 4 different fluorescent tracers could be discerned simultaneously within individual neuronal somata of origin using fluorescent microscopy. These results extend the possibilities for multiple interconnection determinations within the central nervous system. Specifically, the potential for individual neurons of a nucleus to project collateral branches of a stem axon to as many as 4 different central nervous system nuclei now can be studied simultaneously using these 4 fluorescent tracers.
BibTeX: @article{Akintunde:1992b, author = {Akintunde, A. and Buxton, D. F.}, title = {Quadruple labeling of brain-stem neurons: a multiple retrograde fluorescent tracer study of axonal collateralization.}, journal = {Journal of neuroscience methods}, year = {1992}, volume = {45}, pages = {15-22}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Akintunde, A. and Buxton, D.F.	Origins and collateralization of corticospinal, corticopontine, corticorubral and corticostriatal tracts: a multiple retrograde fluorescent tracing study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Brain research Vol. 586, pp. 208-18	article
Abstract: Cerebral cells of origin for the corticospinal (CST), corticopontine (CP), corticorubral (CR) and corticostriatal (CS) fibers in the rat were identified following the simultaneous retrograde transport of propidium iodide (PI), fast blue (FB), fluorogold (FG) and diamidino yellow (DY). PI was injected into the contralateral C4 spinal cord segment while FB, FG and DY were injected into the ipsilateral medial pontine nuclei, red nucleus and striatum, respectively. Labeled pyramidal neurons projecting corticospinal axons were contralateral to injection in lamina V and ranged in size from small to large. These CST neurons occupied two distinct cortical areas. The cortical neurons of origin for the corticopontine, corticorubral and corticostriatal fibers were ipsilateral to injections. Labeled neurons were localized in cortical lamina V for the corticopontine and corticorubral fibers while corticostriate neurons were located in laminae III, V and VI. The CP, CR and CS labeled cells occupied one large cortical area which topographically included parts of the medial (AGm) and lateral (AGl) agranular cortices and the primary (SI) somatosensory cortex. Considerable overlapping of the cortical neurons of origin for the four motor fiber systems was apparent. More than 98% of the labeled cells were single labeled while less than 2% were double labeled. No triple or quadruple labeled neurons were observed. Hence, morphological evidence is presented that cortical motor neurons project mainly individual, rather than collateral, axons to each of the four motor associated nuclei investigated in this study. However, only a few cortical neurons projected axons simultaneously to a maximum of two nuclei involved in the motor pathways.
BibTeX: @article{Akintunde:1992c, author = {Akintunde, A. and Buxton, D. F.}, title = {Origins and collateralization of corticospinal, corticopontine, corticorubral and corticostriatal tracts: a multiple retrograde fluorescent tracing study.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1992}, volume = {586}, pages = {208-18}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Akintunde, A. and Buxton, D.F.	Differential sites of origin and collateralization of corticospinal neurons in the rat: a multiple fluorescent retrograde tracer study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Brain research Vol. 575, pp. 86-92	article	DOI
Abstract: Cells of origin for corticospinal fibers in the rat were identified following retrograde transport of Fluoro-Gold (FG), Propidium iodide (PI), Fast blue (FB), and Diamidino yellow (DY) injected unilaterally into lumbar (FG), mid-thoracic (PI), cervical enlargement (FB), and cranial cervical (DY) spinal gray matter. Most labeled neurons were contralateral to injection in lamina V and ranged from small to very large. These cells occupied two distinct cortical regions: one rostral and the other larger and more caudal. Neurons of the rostral region projected axons solely to cervical spinal segments whereas neurons of the caudal region projected fibers to all spinal segments. Somatotopically, most neurons projecting to lumbar segments were most medial. More than 98% of all labeled cortical neurons contained only a single fluorescent tracer; however, within a single tissue section each of the 4 tracers could be found in these single labeled neurons. The few double labeled neurons contained only cervical (DY + FB) or thoracolumbar (PI + FG) tracers. No triple or quadruple labeled cells were seen. Hence morphological evidence is presented that corticospinal axons branch to terminate in more than one spinal region, but these collateral terminations are restricted to only a few adjacent spinal segments.
BibTeX: @article{Akintunde:1992f, author = {Akintunde, A and Buxton, D F}, title = {Differential sites of origin and collateralization of corticospinal neurons in the rat: a multiple fluorescent retrograde tracer study.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1992}, volume = {575}, pages = {86--92}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)90427-b} }
Akinyi, M., Gao, X.M., Li, Y.H., Wang, B.Y., Liu, E.W., Chai, L.J., JawoBah, A. and Fan, G.W.	Vascular relaxation induced by Eucommiae Ulmoides Oliv. and its compounds Oroxylin A and wogonin: implications on their cytoprotection action. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Int J Clin Exp Med Vol. 7(10), pp. 3164-3180School: Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin 300193, China ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology Tianjin 300193, China ; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Tianjin 300193, China.	article
Abstract: The vascular relaxation action of Eucommiae Ulmoides Oliv. also known as Duzhong has been seen on arteries of the heart such as the aorta and the coronary artery which are elastic in nature. Duzhong is historically an active ingredient commonly used in hypertensive herbal prescriptions in China. This work investigated the vasodilating effect of Duzhong and its compounds (wogonin 10 μM and oroxylin-A) in the isolated intact rat heart, perfused retrograde according the method of Langendorff and the cytoprotective effect in EA.hy926 cell lines Coronary perfusion pressure was monitored with a pressure transducer connected to a side-arm of the aortic perfusion cannula. Duzhong induced vasorelaxation in a dose dependent manner, on precontracting the vessels with endothelin-1, Duzhong 10 mg/ml, wogonin 10 μM and oroxylin-A 10 μM could significantly lower the perfusion pressure in reference to positive control SNP, Duzhong induced vasodilation was not inhibited by L-NAME (nitric oxide inhibitor), but was significantly inhibited by Tetraethyl ammonium (TEA, a K(+) channel blocker and almost abolished by potassium chloride. The underlying mechanism was carried out in EA.hy926 cell lines. When these cells were treated with H2O2, there was higher expression of NOX-4, TNF-α and COX-2 mRNA. However, wogonin treatment attenuated the mRNA of NOX-4, TNF-α and COX-2. Wogonin also upregulated the mRNA expression of CAT, SOD-1 and GSR in oxidative stress induced by H2O2 EA.hy926 cells. Duzhong and compounds can exert an in vitro relaxation effect of the coronary artery and improve the heart function in Langendorff apparatus. This action appears to be endothelium dependent but not NO mediated. Cell culture findings indicated that wogonin can exert vascular and cellular protection by scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species.
BibTeX: @article{Akinyi:2014, author = {Akinyi, Mary and Gao, Xiu Mei and Li, Yu Hong and Wang, Bing Yao and Liu, Er Wei and Chai, Li Juan and JawoBah, Abdulai and Fan, Guan Wei}, title = {Vascular relaxation induced by Eucommiae Ulmoides Oliv. and its compounds Oroxylin A and wogonin: implications on their cytoprotection action.}, journal = {Int J Clin Exp Med}, school = {Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin 300193, China ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology Tianjin 300193, China ; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Tianjin 300193, China.}, year = {2014}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {3164--3180}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Akiya, O., Serizawa, N., Sugihara, M., Katagiri, S. and Kawashima, Y.	A histological study of changes in the lingual papillae of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Bull Tokyo Dent Coll Vol. 33(1), pp. 13-24School: Tokyo Dental College, Japan.	article
Abstract: This study examined the effect of experimental diabetes mellitus on the dorsal tongue of rats which were made diabetic by tail-vein injections of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) and then raised for either 5 or 10 months. Lingual papillae were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy. Morphological changes in lingual mucosal capillaries in 10-month diabetic rats were observed by electron microscopy (TEM). In the study of cellular movement in the lingual dorsal epithelium, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was applied as a tracer for studying DNA replication. In diabetic rats, lingual papillae showed morphological atrophic changes. The lingual mucosal capillaries' alterations included endothelial cells with numerous cell projections into the lumen, degenerated cell organs, increased basement membrane width, and narrowed capillary lumen. BrdU labeling index among the basal cells was reduced in diabetic rats which indicates a possible retardation of their epithelial-tissue activity. In diabetes mellitus, direct metabolic disturbances to the epithelia because of insulin deficiency first occurred, successively diabetic microangiopathy appeared on the lingual mucosal capillaries. The appearance of diabetic microangiopathy caused tissue hypoxia, which induced atrophic changes to the epithelia.
BibTeX: @article{Akiya:1992, author = {Akiya, O. and Serizawa, N. and Sugihara, M. and Katagiri, S. and Kawashima, Y.}, title = {A histological study of changes in the lingual papillae of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.}, journal = {Bull Tokyo Dent Coll}, school = {Tokyo Dental College, Japan.}, year = {1992}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {13--24}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Akiyoshi, M., Shimizu, Y. and Saito, M.	Interleukin-1 increases norepinephrine turnover in the spleen and lung in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications Vol. 173(3), pp. 1266-1270	article	DOI URL
Abstract: To clarify effects of interleukin-1 on sympathetic nerve activity, norepinephrine turnover in various organs was assessed in rats after intraperitoneal injection of recombinant human interleukin-1β. Interleukin-1 administration increased norepinephrine turnover in the spleen, lung and hypothalamus without appreciable effect in the heart, liver, submandibular gland, thymus, pancreas, brown adipose tissue and medulla oblongata. Similar changes in norepinephrine turnover were also found after the administration of bacterial endotoxin. It was concluded that interleukin-1 activates the sympathetic nerves specifically in the spleen and lung. © 1990 Academic Press, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Akiyoshi:1990, author = {Akiyoshi, M. and Shimizu, Y. and Saito, M.}, title = {Interleukin-1 increases norepinephrine turnover in the spleen and lung in rats}, journal = {Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications}, year = {1990}, volume = {173}, number = {3}, pages = {1266-1270}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025541827&partnerID=40&md5=f6029c781be44e10eaec0995f58a1cd7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80923-4} }
Akle, V., Guelin, E., Yu, L., Brassard-Giordano, H., Slack, B. and Zhdanova, I.	F-spondin/spon1b expression patterns in developing and adult zebrafish [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	PLoS ONE Vol. 7(6)	article	DOI URL
Abstract: F-spondin, an extracellular matrix protein, is an important player in embryonic morphogenesis and CNS development, but its presence and role later in life remains largely unknown. We generated a transgenic zebrafish in which GFP is expressed under the control of the F-spondin (spon1b) promoter, and used it in combination with complementary techniques to undertake a detailed characterization of the expression patterns of F-spondin in developing and adult brain and periphery. We found that F-spondin is often associated with structures forming long neuronal tracts, including retinal ganglion cells, the olfactory bulb, the habenula, and the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (nMLF). F-spondin expression coincides with zones of adult neurogenesis and is abundant in CSF-contacting secretory neurons, especially those in the hypothalamus. Use of this new transgenic model also revealed F-spondin expression patterns in the peripheral CNS, notably in enteric neurons, and in peripheral tissues involved in active patterning or proliferation in adults, including the endoskeleton of zebrafish fins and the continuously regenerating pharyngeal teeth. Moreover, patterning of the regenerating caudal fin following fin amputation in adult zebrafish was associated with F-spondin expression in the blastema, a proliferative region critical for tissue reconstitution. Together, these findings suggest major roles for F-spondin in the CNS and periphery of the developing and adult vertebrate. © 2012 Akle et al.
BibTeX: @article{Akle:2012, author = {Akle, V. and Guelin, E. and Yu, L. and Brassard-Giordano, H. and Slack, B.E. and Zhdanova, I.V.}, title = {F-spondin/spon1b expression patterns in developing and adult zebrafish}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, year = {2012}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84863112441&partnerID=40&md5=685d45160b5e5429dd99c169d25fb56d}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037593} }
Akmaev, I. and Fidelina, O.	Sex-related peculiarities of acetylcholinesterase activity in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus in newborn rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine Vol. 121(5), pp. 537-539	article	URL
Abstract: Acetylcholinesterase activity was examined histologically and enzymatically in the rostral, middle, and caudal parts of the dorsal nucleus of the vagus in newborn rats of both sexes in the critical period of sexual differentiation of the brain. It was found that the amount of active neurons in the middle and caudal parts depends on sex, i.e., it was reliably greater in the dorsal nucleus of males than of females on the 7th day after birth. ©1996 Plenum Publishing Corporation.
BibTeX: @article{Akmaev:1996, author = {Akmaev, I.G. and Fidelina, O.V.}, title = {Sex-related peculiarities of acetylcholinesterase activity in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus in newborn rats}, journal = {Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine}, year = {1996}, volume = {121}, number = {5}, pages = {537-539}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-26944486318&partnerID=40&md5=360fff90027f3018ff0fa294fe7e381d} }
Akmayev, I., Vikhreva, O. and Konovalova, L.	The origin of the hypothalamic-vagal descending pathway: an experimental ultrastructural study [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	Brain Research Vol. 230(1-2), pp. 342-345	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Placing uni- and bilateral electrolytic lesions in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei was followed by the degeneration of presynaptic profiles in the medullary dorsal vagal nuclei. Unilateral lesions resulted in degeneration of the dorsal vagal nuclei presynaptic profiles on the side of the lesion and on the site opposite. Our results seem to afford the first experimental proof that descending hypothalamic axons synapsing in the medulla on the neurons of the dorsal vagal nuclei arise in the paraventricular nuclei and intersect at some level of the lower brain stem. © 1981.
BibTeX: @article{Akmayev:1981, author = {Akmayev, I.G. and Vikhreva, O.V. and Konovalova, L.K.}, title = {The origin of the hypothalamic-vagal descending pathway: an experimental ultrastructural study}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1981}, volume = {230}, number = {1-2}, pages = {342-345}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0019787760&partnerID=40&md5=963f7528e32370b143bac7da7432897c}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(81)90412-1} }
Akopian, A.	Neuromodulation of ligand- and voltage-gated channels in the amphibian retina [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Microscopy Research and Technique Vol. 50(5), pp. 403-410	article	DOI URL
Abstract: To understand information processing in the retina, it is important to identify and characterize the types of synaptic receptors and intrinsic ion channels in retinal neurons. In order to achieve a high degree of adaptability, retinal synapses have evolved multiple neuromodulatory mechanisms. Light or modulatory agents can alter the efficacies of both electrical and chemical synaptic transmission in the retina. Recent studies indicate that interaction of voltage-gated channels with those activated by neurotransmitters plays a significant role in shaping the light-evoked postsynaptic responses of retinal neurons. The fact that both types of channels are subject to modulation by multiple second messenger-mediated intracellular processes is a clear indicator of the importance of neuromodulation in retinal function. The whole-cell patch clamp technique provides a means to study mechanisms of regulation of ion channels by controlling intracellular as well as the extracellular environment. This review describes the experimental evidence, mostly obtained in our laboratory, which indicates the important role of Ca-dependent neuromodulatory processes in the regulation of signal transmission in the vertical pathway of the amphibian retina. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Akopian:2000, author = {Akopian, A.}, title = {Neuromodulation of ligand- and voltage-gated channels in the amphibian retina}, journal = {Microscopy Research and Technique}, year = {2000}, volume = {50}, number = {5}, pages = {403-410}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033849605&partnerID=40&md5=daa34d3646f77936a16d6f9e6dca8b2f}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0029(20000901)50:5%3C403::AID-JEMT9%3E3.0.CO;2-D} }
Akopian, E.	[Visual thalamic afferents of field 29 of the limbic cortex in the rat]. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Neirofiziologiia Vol. 14(2), pp. 135-139	article
Abstract: The afferent connections of the retrosplenial field of the limbic cortex were studied in rats using the horseradish peroxidase method. The dry horseradish peroxidase was injected to the cortical surface in field 29. The HRP labelled cells were found in the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate body, nucleus lateralis posterior, in the pretectal and anterodorsalis nuclei. The connections of field 29 with fields 17 and 18 of the cortical visual areas and with contralateral field 29 were also revealed. According to the data obtained all principal thalamic structures project directly to the retrosplenial cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Akopian:1982, author = {Akopian, EV}, title = {[Visual thalamic afferents of field 29 of the limbic cortex in the rat].}, journal = {Neirofiziologiia}, year = {1982}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {135--139}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Akopian, E.V. and Zagorul'ko, T.M.	[Differences in the sensory support of the anterior and posterior sections of the limbic cortex of the rat]. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Zhurnal evoliutsionnoi biokhimii i fiziologii Vol. 24, pp. 396-403	article
Abstract: Using retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase, studies have been made on the thalamic projections in the anterior and posterior parts of the limbic cortex with special reference to exterosensory system projections (visual, auditory and somatic). Projections of the retinorecipient nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus and classic thalamic visual relays (n. geniculatus lateralis dorsalis, n. lateralis posterior, pretectum) were found in the anterior and posterior limbic cortex. There are also inputs from the thalamic relays of the auditory (n. geniculatus medialis) and somatic (n. ventralis posterior) systems in the posterior limbic cortex The data obtained indicate: 1) that sensory supply of the limbic cortex in rats may be realized via direct pathways from sensory thalamic relays; 2) that thalamic sensory supply of the anterior limbic cortex differs from that of the posterior one. In the former, projections of the thalamic relays of the visual, auditory and somatic systems were found, whereas in the posterior cortex only visual system is presented. Topographic organization of the thalamic nuclear areas sending afferents to the anterior limbic cortex differs from that of the posterior limbic cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Akopian:1988, author = {Akopian, E. V. and Zagorul'ko, T. M.}, title = {[Differences in the sensory support of the anterior and posterior sections of the limbic cortex of the rat].}, journal = {Zhurnal evoliutsionnoi biokhimii i fiziologii}, year = {1988}, volume = {24}, pages = {396-403}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Akopyan, E.	Visual thalamic afferents of field 29 of the limbic cortex in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Neirofiziologiia Vol. 14(2), pp. 135-139	article
Abstract: The afferent connections of the retrosplenial field of the limbic cortex were studied in rats using the horseradish peroxidase method. The dry horseradish peroxidase was injected to the cortical surface in field 29. The HRP labelled cells were found in the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate body, nucleus lateralis posterior, in the pretectal and anterodorsalis nuclei. The connections of field 29 with fields 17 and 18 of the cortical visual areas and with contralateral field 29 were also revealed. According to the data obtained all principal thalamic structures project directly to the retrosplenial cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Akopyan:1982, author = {Akopyan, EV}, title = {Visual thalamic afferents of field 29 of the limbic cortex in the rat.}, journal = {Neirofiziologiia}, year = {1982}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {135--139} }
Akoryian, E.V. and Zagorul'ko, T.M.	[Differences in the sensory support of the anterior and posterior sections of the limbic cortex of the rat]. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol Vol. 24(3), pp. 396-403	article
Abstract: Using retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase, studies have been made on the thalamic projections in the anterior and posterior parts of the limbic cortex with special reference to exterosensory system projections (visual, auditory and somatic). Projections of the retinorecipient nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus and classic thalamic visual relays (n. geniculatus lateralis dorsalis, n. lateralis posterior, pretectum) were found in the anterior and posterior limbic cortex. There are also inputs from the thalamic relays of the auditory (n. geniculatus medialis) and somatic (n. ventralis posterior) systems in the posterior limbic cortex The data obtained indicate: 1) that sensory supply of the limbic cortex in rats may be realized via direct pathways from sensory thalamic relays; 2) that thalamic sensory supply of the anterior limbic cortex differs from that of the posterior one. In the former, projections of the thalamic relays of the visual, auditory and somatic systems were found, whereas in the posterior cortex only visual system is presented. Topographic organization of the thalamic nuclear areas sending afferents to the anterior limbic cortex differs from that of the posterior limbic cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Akoryan:1988, author = {E. V. Akoryian and T. M. Zagorul'ko}, title = {[Differences in the sensory support of the anterior and posterior sections of the limbic cortex of the rat].}, journal = {Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol}, year = {1988}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {396--403} }
Aktas, Z., Gurelik, G., Göçün, P., Akyürek, N., Önol, M. and Hasanreisoǧlu, B.	Matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in retinal ganglion cell layer and effect of topically applied brimonidine tartrate 0.2% therapy on this expression in an endothelin-1-induced optic nerve ischemia model [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	International Ophthalmology Vol. 30(3), pp. 253-259	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The purpose of this research is to investigate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and the impact of topically applied brimonidine tartrate 0.2% (BMD) on this expression in an endothelin-1 (ET-1)- induced chronic optic nerve (ON) ischemia model of rabbit. Osmotically driven minipumps were implanted in one eye of 16 New Zealand albino rabbits to deliver ET-1 at the constant rate of 0.5 ll/h for 2 weeks. ET-1 was given with (group 3) and withouttopical BMD therapy (group 1). Groups 2 and 4 were taken as controls. MMP-9 expression by immunohistochemically and proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis in RGC layer were investigated. The correlation between the MMP-9 immunopositivity and the proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis in the RGC layer was evaluated. MMP-9immunopositivity was found to be significantly higher in both groups 1 and 3 compared to that of the controls. There was no difference between groups 1 and 3 regarding MMP- 9 expression (p = 0. 495). A positive correlation was found between the proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis and MMP-9 expressions in the RGC layer in group 1 (p = 0.031, r = 0.754). MMP-9 expression in the RGC layer seems to significantly increase in the ET-1-induced chronic ON ischemia model. Topical BMD therapy does not seem to affect this MMP-9 expression. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009.
BibTeX: @article{Aktas:2010, author = {Aktas, Z. and Gurelik, G. and Göçün, P.U. and Akyürek, N. and Önol, M. and Hasanreisoǧlu, B.}, title = {Matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in retinal ganglion cell layer and effect of topically applied brimonidine tartrate 0.2% therapy on this expression in an endothelin-1-induced optic nerve ischemia model}, journal = {International Ophthalmology}, year = {2010}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {253-259}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77955659295&partnerID=40&md5=da48d21bb7d9caa48a3b2955cc9406c7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-009-9316-9} }
Akutsu, T., Tanaka, S., Murakami, Y., Nakajima, K., Nagashima, Y., Yada, Y., Suzuki, T. and Sasaki, K.	Effect of the natural fragrance "cedrol" on dopamine metabolism in the lateral hypothalamic area of restrained rats: A microdialysis study [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	International Congress Series Vol. 1287, pp. 195-200	article	DOI URL
Abstract: It has been reported that cedrol, a natural crystalline substance derived from cedar wood oil, has sedative effects on behavioral and autonomic activities in animals. In the present study, the effect of cedrol on dopamine (DA) metabolism was investigated in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) of restrained rats using an in vivo microdialysis technique. Immobilization stress increased DA release in the LHA with concomitantly large increases in 3,4 hydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels, indicating that it activates the dopaminergic system in the brain. When the rats were exposed to cedrol, DA release was unchanged during and after immobilization stress compared with the basal level. The DOPAC and HVA levels showed only small increases during immobilization stress, and almost returned to basal levels after immobilization stress. The present results indicate that cedrol inhibits an increase in dopamine metabolism induced by immobilization stress, and suggest that the sedative effects of cedrol on behavioral and autonomic activities are partly due to the inhibition of dopaminergic neurotransmission and the modulation of LHA neuron activity by DA. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Akutsu:2006, author = {Akutsu, T. and Tanaka, S. and Murakami, Y. and Nakajima, K. and Nagashima, Y. and Yada, Y. and Suzuki, T. and Sasaki, K.}, title = {Effect of the natural fragrance "cedrol" on dopamine metabolism in the lateral hypothalamic area of restrained rats: A microdialysis study}, journal = {International Congress Series}, year = {2006}, volume = {1287}, pages = {195-200}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33646538126&partnerID=40&md5=c750881679821f841ff025052449a213}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2005.12.020} }
Al Ghamdi, K.S., Polgar, E. and Todd, A.J.	Soma size distinguishes projection neurons from neurokinin 1 receptor-expressing interneurons in lamina I of the rat lumbar spinal dorsal horn. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Neuroscience Vol. 164, pp. 1794-804	article	DOI
Abstract: Lamina I of the spinal dorsal horn contains neurons that project to various brain regions, and approximately 80% of these projection cells express the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r), the main receptor for substance P. Two populations of NK1r-immunoreactive neurons have been identified in lamina I: small weakly immunoreactive cells and large cells with strong immunolabelling [Cheunsuang O and Morris R (2000) Neuroscience 97:335-345]. The main aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the large cells are projection neurons and that the small cells are interneurons. Projection neurons were identified by injection of tracers into the caudal ventrolateral medulla and lateral parabrachial area, and this was combined with immunostaining for NK1r. We found a bimodal size distribution for NK1r-immunoreactive neurons. The small cells (with somatic cross-sectional areas <200 microm(2)) showed weak immunoreactivity, while immunostaining intensity was variable among the large cells. Virtually all (99%) of the immunoreactive cells with soma areas >200 microm(2) were retrogradely labelled, while only 10% of retrogradely labelled cells were smaller than this. Soma sizes of retrogradely labelled neurons that lacked NK1r did not differ from those of NK1r-expressing projection neurons. It has been suggested that a population of small pyramidal projection neurons that lack NK1r may correspond to cells activated by innocuous cooling, and we therefore assessed the morphology of retrogradely labelled cells that were not NK1r-immunoreactive. Fifteen percent of these were pyramidal, but these did not differ in size from pyramidal NK1r-immunoreactive projection neurons. These results confirm that large NK1r-immunoreactive lamina I neurons are projection cells, and suggest that the small cells are interneurons. Since almost all of the NK1r-immunoreactive cells with soma size >200 microm(2) were retrogradely labelled, cells of this type can be identified as projection cells in anatomical studies.
BibTeX: @article{AlGhamdi:2009, author = {Al Ghamdi, K. S. and Polgar, E. and Todd, A. J.}, title = {Soma size distinguishes projection neurons from neurokinin 1 receptor-expressing interneurons in lamina I of the rat lumbar spinal dorsal horn.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2009}, volume = {164}, pages = {1794-804}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.071} }
Al Ghamdi, K.S., Polgár, E. and Todd, A.J.	Soma size distinguishes projection neurons from neurokinin 1 receptor-expressing interneurons in lamina I of the rat lumbar spinal dorsal horn. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Neuroscience Vol. 164(4), pp. 1794-1804School: Neuroscience and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University Avenue, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Lamina I of the spinal dorsal horn contains neurons that project to various brain regions, and approximately 80% of these projection cells express the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r), the main receptor for substance P. Two populations of NK1r-immunoreactive neurons have been identified in lamina I: small weakly immunoreactive cells and large cells with strong immunolabelling [Cheunsuang O and Morris R (2000) Neuroscience 97:335-345]. The main aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the large cells are projection neurons and that the small cells are interneurons. Projection neurons were identified by injection of tracers into the caudal ventrolateral medulla and lateral parabrachial area, and this was combined with immunostaining for NK1r. We found a bimodal size distribution for NK1r-immunoreactive neurons. The small cells (with somatic cross-sectional areas <200 microm(2)) showed weak immunoreactivity, while immunostaining intensity was variable among the large cells. Virtually all ( 99 of the immunoreactive cells with soma areas >200 microm(2) were retrogradely labelled, while only 10% of retrogradely labelled cells were smaller than this. Soma sizes of retrogradely labelled neurons that lacked NK1r did not differ from those of NK1r-expressing projection neurons. It has been suggested that a population of small pyramidal projection neurons that lack NK1r may correspond to cells activated by innocuous cooling, and we therefore assessed the morphology of retrogradely labelled cells that were not NK1r-immunoreactive. Fifteen percent of these were pyramidal, but these did not differ in size from pyramidal NK1r-immunoreactive projection neurons. These results confirm that large NK1r-immunoreactive lamina I neurons are projection cells, and suggest that the small cells are interneurons. Since almost all of the NK1r-immunoreactive cells with soma size >200 microm(2) were retrogradely labelled, cells of this type can be identified as projection cells in anatomical studies.
BibTeX: @article{AlGhamdi:2009a, author = {Al Ghamdi, K. S. and Polgár, E. and Todd, A. J.}, title = {Soma size distinguishes projection neurons from neurokinin 1 receptor-expressing interneurons in lamina I of the rat lumbar spinal dorsal horn.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Neuroscience and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University Avenue, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.}, year = {2009}, volume = {164}, number = {4}, pages = {1794--1804}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.071}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.071} }
Al-Abdulla, N.A. and Martin, L.J.	Apoptosis of retrogradely degenerating neurons occurs in association with the accumulation of perikaryal mitochondria and oxidative damage to the nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Am J Pathol Vol. 153(2), pp. 447-456School: Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2196, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The mechanisms for neuronal apoptosis after axotomy and target deprivation in the adult central nervous system are poorly understood. We used a unilateral occipital cortex ablation model in the adult rat to test the hypothesis that apoptotic retrograde neurodegeneration in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus occurs in association with oxidative stress and mitochondrial abnormalities. Immunodetection of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, a marker for oxidative injury to DNA, demonstrated that these apoptotic neurons undergo oxidative stress. Dual immunolabeling for the retrograde tracer Fluorogold to identify projection neurons and for 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine demonstrated that apoptotic, oxidatively damaged neurons are geniculocortical projection neurons. By electron microscopy, degeneration of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus neurons evolved in association with a transient increase in mitochondria within the perikaryon of dying neurons during the transition between chromatolysis and early apoptosis. The morphological integrity of mitochondria was preserved until late in the progression of apoptosis. The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus ipsilateral to the cortical lesion had a transient increase in cytochrome c oxidase activity, and geniculocortical neurons at the transitional, early apoptotic stage accumulated cytochrome c oxidase activity. We conclude that axotomy-induced, retrograde neuronal apoptosis in the adult central nervous system occurs in association with the accumulation of functionally active mitochondria within the perikaryon and oxidative damage to nuclear DNA.
BibTeX: @article{Al-Abdulla:1998, author = {N. A. Al-Abdulla and L. J. Martin}, title = {Apoptosis of retrogradely degenerating neurons occurs in association with the accumulation of perikaryal mitochondria and oxidative damage to the nucleus.}, journal = {Am J Pathol}, school = {Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2196, USA.}, year = {1998}, volume = {153}, number = {2}, pages = {447--456}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65588-5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65588-5} }
Al-Abdulla, N.A. and Martin, L.J.	Apoptosis of retrogradely degenerating neurons occurs in association with the accumulation of perikaryal mitochondria and oxidative damage to the nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	The American journal of pathology Vol. 153, pp. 447-56	article
Abstract: The mechanisms for neuronal apoptosis after axotomy and target deprivation in the adult central nervous system are poorly understood. We used a unilateral occipital cortex ablation model in the adult rat to test the hypothesis that apoptotic retrograde neurodegeneration in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus occurs in association with oxidative stress and mitochondrial abnormalities. Immunodetection of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, a marker for oxidative injury to DNA, demonstrated that these apoptotic neurons undergo oxidative stress. Dual immunolabeling for the retrograde tracer Fluorogold to identify projection neurons and for 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine demonstrated that apoptotic, oxidatively damaged neurons are geniculocortical projection neurons. By electron microscopy, degeneration of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus neurons evolved in association with a transient increase in mitochondria within the perikaryon of dying neurons during the transition between chromatolysis and early apoptosis. The morphological integrity of mitochondria was preserved until late in the progression of apoptosis. The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus ipsilateral to the cortical lesion had a transient increase in cytochrome c oxidase activity, and geniculocortical neurons at the transitional, early apoptotic stage accumulated cytochrome c oxidase activity. We conclude that axotomy-induced, retrograde neuronal apoptosis in the adult central nervous system occurs in association with the accumulation of functionally active mitochondria within the perikaryon and oxidative damage to nuclear DNA.
BibTeX: @article{Al-Abdulla:1998b, author = {Al-Abdulla, N. A. and Martin, L. J.}, title = {Apoptosis of retrogradely degenerating neurons occurs in association with the accumulation of perikaryal mitochondria and oxidative damage to the nucleus.}, journal = {The American journal of pathology}, year = {1998}, volume = {153}, pages = {447-56}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Al-Abdulla, N.A. and Martin, L.J.	Projection neurons and interneurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus undergo distinct forms of degeneration ranging from retrograde and transsynaptic apoptosis to transient atrophy after cortical ablation in rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Neuroscience Vol. 115(1), pp. 7-14School: Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: The cytological responses of thalamic interneurons to selective degeneration of thalamocortical projection neurons after cortical damage in the adult brain are poorly understood. We used a unilateral neocortical lesion model (occipital cortex ablation) in the adult rat to test the hypothesis that interneurons and projection neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus undergo distinct forms of degeneration. In situ nuclear DNA fragmentation in neurons in the lateral geniculate occurs maximally at 7 days postlesion. Geniculocortical projection neurons that are identified by the retrograde tracer Fluorogold die primarily with a morphology of endstage apoptosis prominent at 7 days postlesion. In contrast, interneurons, identified by their particular nuclear ultrastructure and by glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity, undergo an atrophic vacuolar pathology starting early during the period of projection neuron death and peaking after the projection neuron death is complete. This degeneration of interneurons is transient, because these neurons exhibit structural recovery and their numbers are not changed significantly postlesion. A rare subset of interneurons (less than one in 100 interneurons and less than one in 100 apoptotic cells) undergoes apoptosis concurrently with the projection neurons. We conclude that different types of neurons within the same thalamic nucleus respond differently to focal cortical target deprivation. Unlike the apoptosis-prone projection neurons, most interneurons undergo transient transsynaptic atrophy and recovery rather than cell death. Nevertheless, a small subset of lateral geniculate interneurons undergoes transsynaptic apoptosis in response to projection neuron apoptosis. The pathological responses of thalamic neurons to cortical trauma vary depending on cell type.
BibTeX: @article{Al-Abdulla:2002, author = {N. A. Al-Abdulla and L. J. Martin}, title = {Projection neurons and interneurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus undergo distinct forms of degeneration ranging from retrograde and transsynaptic apoptosis to transient atrophy after cortical ablation in rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA.}, year = {2002}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, pages = {7--14}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00363-9} }
Al-Abdulla, N.A., Portera-Cailliau, C. and Martin, L.J.	Occipital cortex ablation in adult rat causes retrograde neuronal death in the lateral geniculate nucleus that resembles apoptosis. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Neuroscience Vol. 86(1), pp. 191-209School: Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: The mechanisms of retrograde neurodegeneration following axotomy and target deprivation in the adult central nervous system remain poorly understood. We used a unilateral occipital cortex ablation model in adult rats to test the hypothesis that retrograde neurodegeneration in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus resembles apoptosis. Using the retrograde tracer Fluorogold, combined with nuclear dyes or the terminal transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling method for detecting nuclear DNA fragmentation, apoptotic geniculocortical projection neurons were identified at approximately. six to seven days postlesion. Degeneration of dorsal lateral geniculate neurons was characterized by aberrant accumulation of perikaryal non-phosphorylated neurofilaments and, ultrastructurally, by early vacuolation and subsequent swelling of dendrites. Ultrastructural alterations in the perikaryon of dying dorsal lateral geniculate neurons included the classic chromatolytic response, with redistribution of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and dispersion of free ribosomes followed by fragmentation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as dilatation and vesiculation of the Golgi, and accumulation of intact mitochondria. Subcellular alterations evolved into classic apoptotic changes, including progressive cytoplasmic and nuclear condensation with chromatin compaction into uniformly large round clumps, while the morphological integrity of mitochondria was preserved until late in the progression of neuronal death. Cytoplasmic and then nuclear fragments budded into the surrounding neuropil and were engulfed by oligodendrocytes. We conclude that the retrograde neurodegeneration of geniculocortical neurons in adult brain results in neuronal death which has a phenotype that closely resembles apoptosis. The morphological changes that occur during this process progress from chromatolysis through consecutive stages associated with apoptosis.
BibTeX: @article{Al-Abdulla:1998a, author = {N. A. Al-Abdulla and C. Portera-Cailliau and L. J. Martin}, title = {Occipital cortex ablation in adult rat causes retrograde neuronal death in the lateral geniculate nucleus that resembles apoptosis.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA.}, year = {1998}, volume = {86}, number = {1}, pages = {191--209}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00014-1} }
Alaimo, A., Gorojod, R.M. and Kotler, M.L.	The extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways are involved in manganese toxicity in rat astrocytoma C6 cells. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Neurochem Int Vol. 59(2), pp. 297-308School: Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina. agusalaimo@gmail.com	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Manganese (Mn) is a trace element known to be essential for maintaining the proper function and regulation of many biochemical and cellular reactions. However, chronic exposure to high levels of Mn in occupational or environmental settings can lead to its accumulation in the brain resulting in a degenerative brain disorder referred to as Manganism. Astrocytes are the main Mn store in the central nervous system and several lines of evidence implicate these cells as major players in the role of Manganism development. In the present study, we employed rat astrocytoma C6 cells as a sensitive experimental model for investigating molecular mechanisms involved in Mn neurotoxicity. Our results show that C6 cells undergo reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptotic cell death involving caspase-8 and mitochondrial-mediated pathways in response to Mn. Exposed cells exhibit typical apoptotic features, such as chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, caspase-3 activation and caspase- specific cleavage of the endogenous substrate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Participation of the caspase-8 dependent pathway was assessed by increased levels of FasL, caspase-8 activation and Bid cleavage. The involvement of the mitochondrial pathway was demonstrated by the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, cytochrome c release, caspase-9 activation and the increased mitochondrial levels of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. In addition, our data also shows for the first time that mitochondrial fragmentation plays a relevant role in Mn-induced apoptosis. Taking together, these findings contribute to a deeper elucidation of the molecular signaling mechanisms underlying Mn-induced apoptosis.
BibTeX: @article{Alaimo:2011, author = {Agustina Alaimo and Roxana M Gorojod and Mónica L Kotler}, title = {The extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways are involved in manganese toxicity in rat astrocytoma C6 cells.}, journal = {Neurochem Int}, school = {Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina. agusalaimo@gmail.com}, year = {2011}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, pages = {297--308}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2011.06.001}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2011.06.001} }
Alaimo, A., Gorojod, R.M. and Kotler, M.L.	The extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways are involved in manganese toxicity in rat astrocytoma C6 cells. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Neurochemistry international Vol. 59, pp. 297-308	article	DOI
Abstract: Manganese (Mn) is a trace element known to be essential for maintaining the proper function and regulation of many biochemical and cellular reactions. However, chronic exposure to high levels of Mn in occupational or environmental settings can lead to its accumulation in the brain resulting in a degenerative brain disorder referred to as Manganism. Astrocytes are the main Mn store in the central nervous system and several lines of evidence implicate these cells as major players in the role of Manganism development. In the present study, we employed rat astrocytoma C6 cells as a sensitive experimental model for investigating molecular mechanisms involved in Mn neurotoxicity. Our results show that C6 cells undergo reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptotic cell death involving caspase-8 and mitochondrial-mediated pathways in response to Mn. Exposed cells exhibit typical apoptotic features, such as chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, caspase-3 activation and caspase-specific cleavage of the endogenous substrate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Participation of the caspase-8 dependent pathway was assessed by increased levels of FasL, caspase-8 activation and Bid cleavage. The involvement of the mitochondrial pathway was demonstrated by the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, cytochrome c release, caspase-9 activation and the increased mitochondrial levels of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. In addition, our data also shows for the first time that mitochondrial fragmentation plays a relevant role in Mn-induced apoptosis. Taking together, these findings contribute to a deeper elucidation of the molecular signaling mechanisms underlying Mn-induced apoptosis.
BibTeX: @article{Alaimo:2011a, author = {Alaimo, Agustina and Gorojod, Roxana M. and Kotler, Monica L.}, title = {The extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways are involved in manganese toxicity in rat astrocytoma C6 cells.}, journal = {Neurochemistry international}, year = {2011}, volume = {59}, pages = {297-308}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2011.06.001} }
Alamilla, J., Granados-Fuentes, D. and Aguilar-Roblero, R.	The anterior Paraventricular Thalamus Modulates Neuronal Excitability in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei of the Rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Eur J NeurosciSchool: División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70-253, 04510, DF, México.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the master clock, which regulates circadian rhythms, in mammals. Neural activity of SCN neurons is synchronized to external light through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). The paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) is a neural structure that receives synaptic inputs from, and projects back to, the SCN. Lesioning the anterior PVT (aPVT) modifies the behavioral phase response curve induced by short pulses of bright light. In order to study the influence of the aPVT on SCN neural activity, we addressed whether the stimulation of the aPVT can modulate the electrical response of the SCN to either retinal or RHT stimulation. Using in vitro and in vivo recordings, we found a large population of SCN neurons responsive to the stimulation of either aPVT or RHT pathways. Furthermore, we found that simultaneous stimulation of the aPVT and the RHT increased neuronal responsiveness and spontaneous firing rate (SFR) in neurons with a low basal SFR, which also have more negative membrane potentials, such as quiescent and arrhythmic neurons, but no change was observed in neurons with rhythmic firing patterns and more depolarized membrane potentials. These results suggest that inputs from the aPVT could shift the membrane potential of an SCN neurons to values closer to its firing threshold and thus contribute to integrating the response of the circadian clock to light. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Alamilla:2015, author = {Alamilla, Javier and Granados-Fuentes, Daniel and Aguilar-Roblero, Raul}, title = {The anterior Paraventricular Thalamus Modulates Neuronal Excitability in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei of the Rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70-253, 04510, DF, México.}, year = {2015}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13088}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13088} }
Alanen, K., Nevalainen, T.J. and Lipasti, J.	Ischaemic contracture and myocardial perfusion in isolated rat heart. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1980	Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol Vol. 385(2), pp. 143-149	article	DOI
Abstract: The development of left ventricular contracture and myocardial perfusion defect was studied in isolated rat hearts during global ischaemia of 90 min duration. The left ventricular pressure was measured by a balloon catheter inserted into the ventricle and filled with water. The pressure reached the maximum at 16 min of ischaemia. The left ventricular volume and compliance (passive distensibility) were measured by the same balloon, the former by connecting the balloon to an open catheter and the latter by applying a constant additional volume (0.020 ml) into the balloon. the left ventricular volume and compliance both decreased progressively for 20 min of ischaemia after which they remained low for the rest of the observation period (90 min). The myocardial perfusability was tested by infusing 0.1 per cent sodium fluorescein in isotonic saline into the cannulated aortic root of the isolated heart preparation. The percentage perfused with the fluorescent tracer in horizontal frozen myocardial sections was estimated by point counting from colour photogragraphs taken under ultraviolet light. The proportion of the perfused area decreased gradually from 100% at 0 min of ischaemia to 93, 67, 43 and 37% at 15, 30, 60 and 90 min of ischaemia, respectively. It was concluded that ischaemic contracture of the left ventricle is followed by the development of a myocardial perfusion defect in isolated ischaemic rat heart.
BibTeX: @article{Alanen:1980, author = {Alanen, K. and Nevalainen, T. J. and Lipasti, J.}, title = {Ischaemic contracture and myocardial perfusion in isolated rat heart.}, journal = {Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol}, year = {1980}, volume = {385}, number = {2}, pages = {143--149}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00427400} }
Alant, J.D.d.V., Senjaya, F., Ivanovic, A., Forden, J., Shakhbazau, A. and Midha, R.	The impact of motor axon misdirection and attrition on behavioral deficit following experimental nerve injuries. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	PLoS One Vol. 8(11), pp. e82546School: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Peripheral nerve transection and neuroma-in-continuity injuries are associated with permanent functional deficits, often despite successful end-organ reinnervation. Axonal misdirection with non-specific reinnervation, frustrated regeneration and axonal attrition are believed to be among the anatomical substrates that underlie the poor functional recovery associated with these devastating injuries. Yet, functional deficits associated with axonal misdirection in experimental neuroma-in-continuity injuries have not yet been studied. We hypothesized that experimental neuroma-in-continuity injuries would result in motor axon misdirection and attrition with proportional persistent functional deficits. The femoral nerve misdirection model was exploited to assess major motor pathway misdirection and axonal attrition over a spectrum of experimental nerve injuries, with neuroma-in-continuity injuries simulated by the combination of compression and traction forces in 42 male rats. Sciatic nerve injuries were employed in an additional 42 rats, to evaluate the contribution of axonal misdirection to locomotor deficits by a ladder rung task up to 12 weeks. Retrograde motor neuron labeling techniques were utilized to determine the degree of axonal misdirection and attrition. Characteristic histological neuroma-in-continuity features were demonstrated in the neuroma-in-continuity groups and poor functional recovery was seen despite successful nerve regeneration and muscle reinnervation. Good positive and negative correlations were observed respectively between axonal misdirection (p<.0001, r(2)=.67), motor neuron counts (attrition) (p<.0001, r(2)=.69) and final functional deficits. We demonstrate prominent motor axon misdirection and attrition in neuroma-in-continuity and transection injuries of mixed motor nerves that contribute to the long-term functional deficits. Although widely accepted in theory, to our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence to convincingly demonstrate these correlations with data inclusive of the neuroma-in-continuity spectrum. This work emphasizes the need to focus on strategies that promote both robust and accurate nerve regeneration to optimize functional recovery. It also demonstrates that clinically relevant neuroma-in-continuity injuries can now also be subjected to experimental investigation.
BibTeX: @article{Alant:2013, author = {Alant, Jacob Daniel de Villiers and Senjaya, Ferry and Ivanovic, Aleksandra and Forden, Joanne and Shakhbazau, Antos and Midha, Rajiv}, title = {The impact of motor axon misdirection and attrition on behavioral deficit following experimental nerve injuries.}, journal = {PLoS One}, school = {Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.}, year = {2013}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {e82546}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082546}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082546} }
Albanese, A. and Bentivoglio, M.	The organization of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic mesencephalo-cortical neurons in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Brain Res Vol. 238(2), pp. 421-425	article	DOI
Abstract: The dopamine containing mesencephalo-cortical pathway was studied in the rat by means of a combined retrograde fluorescent tracing and catecholamine histofluorescence technique. After large injections of the fluorescent retrograde tracer, Evans blue, into the frontal cortex, many neural somata of the ventral midbrain tegmentum were retrogradely labeled; most of the retrogradely labeled neurons also showed catecholamine fluorescence. However, some labeled cells (10-15 did not show any catecholamine fluorescence. The present findings confirm the existence of a non-dopaminergic (DA) mesencephalo-cortical pathway and describe the topographical interrelationships between its DA and the non-DA cell bodies of origin.
BibTeX: @article{Albanese:1982, author = {A. Albanese and M. Bentivoglio}, title = {The organization of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic mesencephalo-cortical neurons in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1982}, volume = {238}, number = {2}, pages = {421--425}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(82)90117-2} }
Albanese, A. and Bentivoglio, M.	Retrograde fluorescent neuronal tracing combined with acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	J Neurosci Methods Vol. 6(1-2), pp. 121-127	article	DOI
Abstract: The retrograde fluorescent tracing technique was combined with the di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) histochemical procedure for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Three fluorescent tracers (True blue, Fast blue and Evans blue) were injected into the rat striatum. After the appropriate survival time and after the administration of DFP, AChE reaction products could be observed in the fluorescent retrogradely labeled substantia nigra neurons. The fluorescent retrograde labeling and AChE brown reaction products were observed in the same cell bodies by simply turning on and off the bright-field illumination while observing with fluorescence. The sensitivity of the method appeared to be related to the length of the survival time after the tracer injection as well as after the DFP administration. This combined method allows to study the efferent connections of AChE-containing neurons in the central nervous system.
BibTeX: @article{Albanese:1982a, author = {A. Albanese and M. Bentivoglio}, title = {Retrograde fluorescent neuronal tracing combined with acetylcholinesterase histochemistry.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {1982}, volume = {6}, number = {1-2}, pages = {121--127}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(82)90022-x} }
Albanese, A. and Bentivoglio, M.	Retrograde fluorescent neuronal tracing combined with acetylcholinesterase histochemistry [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Journal of Neuroscience Methods Vol. 6(1-2), pp. 121-127	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The retrograde fluorescent tracing technique was combined with the di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) histochemical procedure for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Three fluorescent tracers (True blue Fast blue and Evans blue) were injected into the rat striatum. After the appropriate survival time and after the administration of DFP, AChE reaction products could be observed in the fluorescent retrogradely labeled substantia nigra neurons. The fluorescent retrograde labeling and the AChE brown reaction products were observed in the same cell bodies by simply turning on and off the bright-field illumination while observing with fluorescence. The sensitivity of the method appeared to be related to the length of the survival time after the tracer injection as well as after the DFP administration. This combined method allows to study the efferent connections of AChE-containing neurons in the central nervous system. © 1982.
BibTeX: @article{Albanese:1982b, author = {Albanese, A. and Bentivoglio, M.}, title = {Retrograde fluorescent neuronal tracing combined with acetylcholinesterase histochemistry}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods}, year = {1982}, volume = {6}, number = {1-2}, pages = {121-127}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020318913&partnerID=40&md5=35c7b5eec684e09159e0478e234d0eb7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(82)90022-X} }
Albanese, A. and Bentivoglio, M.	The organization of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic mesencephalo-cortical neurons in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Brain research Vol. 238, pp. 421-5	article
Abstract: The dopamine containing mesencephalo-cortical pathway was studied in the rat by means of a combined retrograde fluorescent tracing and catecholamine histofluorescence technique. After large injections of the fluorescent retrograde tracer, Evans blue, into the frontal cortex, many neural somata of the ventral midbrain tegmentum were retrogradely labeled; most of the retrogradely labeled neurons also showed catecholamine fluorescence. However, some labeled cells (10-15%) did not show any catecholamine fluorescence. The present findings confirm the existence of a non-dopaminergic (DA) mesencephalo-cortical pathway and describe the topographical interrelationships between its DA and the non-DA cell bodies of origin.
BibTeX: @article{Albanese:1982c, author = {Albanese, A. and Bentivoglio, M.}, title = {The organization of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic mesencephalo-cortical neurons in the rat.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1982}, volume = {238}, pages = {421-5}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Albanese, A., Castagna, M. and Altavista, M.C.	Cholinergic and non-cholinergic forebrain projections to the interpeduncular nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Brain Res Vol. 329(1-2), pp. 334-339	article	DOI
Abstract: A combined fluorescent retrograde tracing and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemical technique was used for the study of some forebrain projections to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). After injections of a fluorescent tracer into the IPN, the distribution of AChE-containing and of fluorescent retrogradely labeled neurons was simultaneously studied in the habenular nuclei, medial septum and diagonal band of Broca. In all these regions, the majority of retrogradely labeled neurons also contained AChE: neurons located in the habenular nuclei stained lightly or moderately for the enzyme, while neurons located in the diagonal band and medial septum displayed intense AChE staining and were classified as putatively cholinergic perikarya. In all regions, a minority of labeled neurons did not stain for AChE, and were identified as non-cholinergic neurons projecting to the IPN. The present study shows the existence of a biochemical heterogeneity in the habenulo-interpeduncular and telencephalo- interpeduncular pathways, and indicates that the latter contains putatively cholinergic as well as non-cholinergic fibers.
BibTeX: @article{Albanese:1985, author = {Albanese, A. and Castagna, M. and Altavista, M. C.}, title = {Cholinergic and non-cholinergic forebrain projections to the interpeduncular nucleus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {329}, number = {1-2}, pages = {334--339}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(85)90545-1} }
Albanese, A., Castagna, M. and Altavista, M.C.	Cholinergic and non-cholinergic forebrain projections to the interpeduncular nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Brain research Vol. 329, pp. 334-9	article
Abstract: A combined fluorescent retrograde tracing and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemical technique was used for the study of some forebrain projections to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). After injections of a fluorescent tracer into the IPN, the distribution of AChE-containing and of fluorescent retrogradely labeled neurons was simultaneously studied in the habenular nuclei, medial septum and diagonal band of Broca. In all these regions, the majority of retrogradely labeled neurons also contained AChE: neurons located in the habenular nuclei stained lightly or moderately for the enzyme, while neurons located in the diagonal band and medial septum displayed intense AChE staining and were classified as putatively cholinergic perikarya. In all regions, a minority of labeled neurons did not stain for AChE, and were identified as non-cholinergic neurons projecting to the IPN. The present study shows the existence of a biochemical heterogeneity in the habenulo-interpeduncular and telencephalo- interpeduncular pathways, and indicates that the latter contains putatively cholinergic as well as non-cholinergic fibers.
BibTeX: @article{Albanese:1985a, author = {Albanese, A. and Castagna, M. and Altavista, M. C.}, title = {Cholinergic and non-cholinergic forebrain projections to the interpeduncular nucleus.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1985}, volume = {329}, pages = {334-9}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Albanese, A. and Minciacchi, D.	Organization of the ascending projections from the ventral tegmental area: a multiple fluorescent retrograde tracer study in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	J Comp Neurol Vol. 216(4), pp. 406-420	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The projections from the ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) to the frontal cortex (FC), lateral septum (LS), were investigated in the rat by means of the double retrograde fluorescent tracer technique. True blue and fast blue were used in combination with nuclear yellow as retrograde tracers. After combined injections placed into two different terminal fields, many singly and some doubly labeled neurons were seen in the midbrain. In all cases the labeled cells were observed in the ipsilateral VTA, while after injections placed into the LS and Acc some fluorescent neurons were also seen in the contralateral VTA. The patterns of distribution of the labeled neurons showed a topographic organization of the VTA efferent pathways. However, some degree of overlapping was evident in the distribution of cells retrogradely labeled from different terminal fields. The number of the doubly labeled neurons varied according to the sites of combined injections, but in each experiment it never exceeded 10% of the total number of labeled perikarya. Doubly labeled neurons were particularly numerous after combined injections placed into the FC, LS, or LH; on the contrary, very few doubly labeled cells were observed after combined injections placed into the CPu and LS or LH. The organization of the ascending VTA projections suggests that they are probably integrated into different anatomical sets.
BibTeX: @article{Albanese:1983, author = {A. Albanese and D. Minciacchi}, title = {Organization of the ascending projections from the ventral tegmental area: a multiple fluorescent retrograde tracer study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1983}, volume = {216}, number = {4}, pages = {406--420}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902160406}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902160406} }
Albanese, A. and Minciacchi, D.	Organization of the ascending projections from the ventral tegmental area: A multiple fluorescent retrograde tracer study in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Journal of Comparative Neurology Vol. 216(4), pp. 406-420	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The projections from the ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) to the frontal cortex (FC), lateral septum (LS), nucleus accumbens (Acc), caudate-putamen (CPu), and lateral habenula (LH) were investigated in the rat by means of the double retrograde fluorescent tracer technique. True blue and fast blue were used in combination with nuclear yellow as retrograde tracers. After combined injections placed into two different terminal fields, many singly and some doubly labeled neurons were seen in the midbrain. In all cases the labeled cells were observed in the ipsilateral VTA, while after injections placed into the LS and Acc some fluorescent neurons were also seen in the contralateral VTA. The patterns of distribution of the labeled neurons showed a topographic organization of the VTA efferent pathways. However, some degree of overlapping was evident in the distribution of cells retrogradely labeled from different terminal fields. The number of the doubly labeled neurons varied according to the sites of combined injections, but in each experiment it never exceeded 10% of the total number of labeled perikarya. Doubly labeled neurons were particularly numerous after combined injections placed into the FC, LS, or LH; on the contrary, very few doubly labeled cells were observed after combined injections placed into the CPu and LS or LH. The organization of the ascending VTA projections suggests that they are probably integrated into different anatomical sets.
BibTeX: @article{Albanese:1983a, author = {Albanese, A. and Minciacchi, D.}, title = {Organization of the ascending projections from the ventral tegmental area: A multiple fluorescent retrograde tracer study in the rat}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, year = {1983}, volume = {216}, number = {4}, pages = {406-420}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020509941&partnerID=40&md5=76012c6c54f6c11e4ffa304e785ec489}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902160406} }
Albanese, A. and Minciacchi, D.	Organization of the ascending projections from the ventral tegmental area: a multiple fluorescent retrograde tracer study in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 216, pp. 406-420	article	DOI
Abstract: The projections from the ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) to the frontal cortex (FC), lateral septum (LS), were investigated in the rat by means of the double retrograde fluorescent tracer technique. True blue and fast blue were used in combination with nuclear yellow as retrograde tracers. After combined injections placed into two different terminal fields, many singly and some doubly labeled neurons were seen in the midbrain. In all cases the labeled cells were observed in the ipsilateral VTA, while after injections placed into the LS and Acc some fluorescent neurons were also seen in the contralateral VTA. The patterns of distribution of the labeled neurons showed a topographic organization of the VTA efferent pathways. However, some degree of overlapping was evident in the distribution of cells retrogradely labeled from different terminal fields. The number of the doubly labeled neurons varied according to the sites of combined injections, but in each experiment it never exceeded 10% of the total number of labeled perikarya. Doubly labeled neurons were particularly numerous after combined injections placed into the FC, LS, or LH; on the contrary, very few doubly labeled cells were observed after combined injections placed into the CPu and LS or LH. The organization of the ascending VTA projections suggests that they are probably integrated into different anatomical sets.
BibTeX: @article{Albanese:1983b, author = {Albanese, A and Minciacchi, D}, title = {Organization of the ascending projections from the ventral tegmental area: a multiple fluorescent retrograde tracer study in the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1983}, volume = {216}, pages = {406--420}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902160406} }
Albeck, D., Bullock, N., Marrs, K., Cooper, R., Smock, T. and De Vries, G.	Antidromic activation of a peptidergic pathway in the limbic system of the male rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Brain Research Vol. 606(1), pp. 171-174	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Stimulation of the medial amygdaloid nucleus (AME) produces a long-latency and long-lasting inhibition of pyramidal cells in both the dorsal and the ventral hippocampus. The inhibition is blocked by a specific antagonist to vasopressin, which is a candidate neurotransmitter in the system. Antidromic activation of the AME from the hippocampus occurs with a latency suggestive of the conduction velocity of small diameter unmyelinated fibers. Immunocytochemistry for vasopressin reveals small diameter, unmyelinated immunoreactive fibers in the vicinity of the stimulating electrode in the hippocampus, and immunoreactive cell bodies in the vicinity of the recording electrode in the AME. © 1993.
BibTeX: @article{Albeck:1993, author = {Albeck, D. and Bullock, N. and Marrs, K. and Cooper, R. and Smock, T. and De Vries, G.J.}, title = {Antidromic activation of a peptidergic pathway in the limbic system of the male rat}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1993}, volume = {606}, number = {1}, pages = {171-174}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027468065&partnerID=40&md5=1e43e4eb742b7dc2cc9b71ca86fe025f}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(93)91587-I} }
Albeck, D. and Smock, T.	A mechanism for vasopressin action in the hippocampus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Brain Res Vol. 463(2), pp. 394-397School: Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309.	article	DOI
Abstract: The action of arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the rat hippocampal slice has been extensively studied. Extracellular recording indicates that the peptide excites spontaneously active neurons in the slice, though uncertainty exists regarding the identity of this cell type. Intracellular recording from pyramidal cells also reveals an excitatory action of the peptide, but these results are confounded by simultaneous constriction of small blood vessels that surround each pyramidal cell. Here we use field potential recordings to show that AVP inhibits pyramidal cell discharge and employs a pressor-type (V1) receptor to bring about its action. The results resolve issues regarding the identity of AVP targets in the slice. Each reported result is consistent with a model that posits direct AVP excitation of inhibitory interneurons and direct AVP constriction of slice microvessels. Inhibition of pyramidal cells recorded extracellularly and excitation of pyramidal cells recorded intracellularly are respective indirect consequences of the two direct effects.
BibTeX: @article{Albeck:1988, author = {Albeck, D. and Smock, T.}, title = {A mechanism for vasopressin action in the hippocampus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309.}, year = {1988}, volume = {463}, number = {2}, pages = {394--397}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)90417-9} }
Albe-Fessard, D., Berkley, K.J., Kruger, L., Ralston, H.J. and Willis, W.D.	Diencephalic mechanisms of pain sensation. [BibTeX]	1985	Brain Res Vol. 356(3), pp. 217-296	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Albe-Fessard:1985, author = {D. Albe-Fessard and K. J. Berkley and L. Kruger and H. J. Ralston and W. D. Willis}, title = {Diencephalic mechanisms of pain sensation.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {356}, number = {3}, pages = {217--296}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173(85)90013-x} }
Albe-Fessard, D., Condes-Lara, M. and Sanderson, P.	The focal tonic cortical control of intralaminar thalamic neurons may involve a cortico-thalamic loop. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Acta Morphol Hung Vol. 31(1-3), pp. 9-26	article
Abstract: The effects exerted by the cortex on thalamic neuronal activity were studied using the technique of cortical spreading depression. Glass micropipette recordings were made simultaneously in the thalamus and cortex and we found that the activity of a portion of the thalamic neurons was suppressed when the cortical spreading depression arrived at a particular and localised cortical area, which was different for different thalamic nuclei. The suppression of spontaneous activity was longer and more frequently observed for cells of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei. To determine if the action of the cortex on the intralaminar thalamic nuclei, demonstrated by these experiments, involved a monosynaptic pathway we used both electrophysiological and anatomical methods. When recording in the cortical area which we had found to control intralaminar thalamic activity we observed that, antidromic activation and also a pause of cortical cells was produced by intralaminar stimulation. When HRP was injected into the intralaminar nuclei we found retrogradely labelled cells in the same cortical area. To determine if a reciprocal connection exists we injected HRP into the same cortical area; retrogradely labelled cells were subsequently found in the intralaminar nuclei. A reciprocal cortico-thalamic connection thus appears to exist between the controlling cortical area and the intralaminar thalamic region under this control. The possibility that this loop is involved in the facilitatory descending influence exerted on intralaminar nuclei is discussed.
BibTeX: @article{Albe-Fessard:1983, author = {Albe-Fessard, D. and Condes-Lara, M. and Sanderson, P.}, title = {The focal tonic cortical control of intralaminar thalamic neurons may involve a cortico-thalamic loop.}, journal = {Acta Morphol Hung}, year = {1983}, volume = {31}, number = {1-3}, pages = {9--26} }
Albe-Fessard, D., Condes-Lara, M. and Sanderson, P.	The focal tonic cortical control of intralaminar thalamic neurons may involve a cortico-thalamic loop. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Acta morphologica Hungarica Vol. 31, pp. 9-26	article
Abstract: The effects exerted by the cortex on thalamic neuronal activity were studied using the technique of cortical spreading depression. Glass micropipette recordings were made simultaneously in the thalamus and cortex and we found that the activity of a portion of the thalamic neurons was suppressed when the cortical spreading depression arrived at a particular and localised cortical area, which was different for different thalamic nuclei. The suppression of spontaneous activity was longer and more frequently observed for cells of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei. To determine if the action of the cortex on the intralaminar thalamic nuclei, demonstrated by these experiments, involved a monosynaptic pathway we used both electrophysiological and anatomical methods. When recording in the cortical area which we had found to control intralaminar thalamic activity we observed that, antidromic activation and also a pause of cortical cells was produced by intralaminar stimulation. When HRP was injected into the intralaminar nuclei we found retrogradely labelled cells in the same cortical area. To determine if a reciprocal connection exists we injected HRP into the same cortical area; retrogradely labelled cells were subsequently found in the intralaminar nuclei. A reciprocal cortico-thalamic connection thus appears to exist between the controlling cortical area and the intralaminar thalamic region under this control. The possibility that this loop is involved in the facilitatory descending influence exerted on intralaminar nuclei is discussed.
BibTeX: @article{Albe-Fessard:1983a, author = {Albe-Fessard, D. and Condes-Lara, M. and Sanderson, P.}, title = {The focal tonic cortical control of intralaminar thalamic neurons may involve a cortico-thalamic loop.}, journal = {Acta morphologica Hungarica}, year = {1983}, volume = {31}, pages = {9-26}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Alberghina, M. and Gould, R.	Characterization of phospholipase A2 and acyltransferase activities in squid (loligo pealei) axoplasm: comparison with enzyme activities in other neural tissues, axolemma and axoplasmic subfractions [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Neurochemistry International Vol. 21(4), pp. 563-571	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Phospholipase A2 and acyltransferase were assayed and characterized in pure axoplasm and neural tissues of squid. Intracellular phospholipase A2 activity was highest in giant fiber lobe and axoplasm, followed by homogenates from retinal fibers, optic lobe and fin nerve. In most preparations, exogenous calcium (5 mM) caused a slight stimulation of activity. EGTA (2 mM) was somewhat inhibitory, indicating that low levels of endogenous calcium may be required for optimum activity. Phospholipase A2 was inhibited by 0.1 mM p-bromophenacylbromide, and was completely inactivated following heating. The level of acylCoA: lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase activity was higher in axoplasm and giant fiber lobe than in other neural tissues of the squid. Km (apparent) and Vmax (apparent) for oleoyl-CoA and lysophosphatidylcholine were quite similar for axoplasm and giant fiber lobe enzyme preparations. Acyltransferase activity was inactivated by heat treatment, and greatly inhibited by 0. 2 mM p- chloromercuribenzoate, and to a lesser extent by 20 mM N-ethylmaleimide. Phospholipase A2 activity was present in fractions enriched in axolemmal membranes (separated from squid retinal fibers and garfish olfactory nerve) from both tissues, and it was also highly concentrated in vesicles derived from squid axoplasm. In all three preparations, phospholipase A2 activity was stimulated by Ca++ (5 mM) and inhibited by EGTA (2 mM). In addition, axoplasmic cytosol (114,000 g supernatant) retained a substantial portion of a Ca++-independent phospholipase A2, active in the presence of 2 mM EGTA. Acyltransferase activity was present at high content in both axolemma membrane rich fractions, and among subaxoplasmic fractions and axoplasmic vesicles. © 1992.
BibTeX: @article{Alberghina:1992, author = {Alberghina, M. and Gould, R.M.}, title = {Characterization of phospholipase A2 and acyltransferase activities in squid (loligo pealei) axoplasm: comparison with enzyme activities in other neural tissues, axolemma and axoplasmic subfractions}, journal = {Neurochemistry International}, year = {1992}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {563-571}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026615274&partnerID=40&md5=8a6103a1f331aeb0c29f27815c0da6eb}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-0186(92)90089-A} }
Albers, F.J., Meek, J. and Nieuwenhuys, R.	Morphometric parameters of the superior colliculus of albino and pigmented rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	J Comp Neurol Vol. 274(3), pp. 357-370School: Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The superior colliculus (SC) or optic tectum of mammals consists of seven layers, numbered I-VII from superficial to deep, each of which has distinct connectivity patterns and electrophysiological response properties. The present study is devoted to a morphometrical analysis of neuronal diameters, densities, and numbers in different layers and regions of the SC of albino as well as pigmented rats in order to present a quantitative characterization of the collicular neuronal population involved in the different connectivities and functions of these compartments. The morphometric parameters were calculated from tracings of nuclei and cell bodies by means of Kontron-Videoplan equipment and a Micro PDP 11/23 computer. The mean soma diameter per superior colliculus appears to be 12.0 microns, the average neuronal density 70 cells per 0.001 mm3, and the total number of neurons about 600,000. The mean soma diameter gradually increases from superficial to deep layers (i.e., from 10.0 to 14.0 microns) . Cellular density is highest in layer III, the retinal afferent layer (90 cells per 0.001 mm3), and decreases both in more superficial layers (to about 80 in layer I) and deeper layers (to about 44 in layer VII). About 25% of all collicular neurons are situated in layer II whereas layer I contains the lowest percentage of cells (4. Rostrally within each collicular layer, cellular volumes are about 25% larger than caudally. On the other hand, neuronal densities are rostrally about 38% lower than caudally in all layers except for layers VI and VII. We conclude that collicular neurons, in contrast to collicular axons, are not arranged in distinct layers or clusters but basically establish a random network with only gradual transitions. In this respect, no statistically significant differences were observed between albino and pigmented rats.
BibTeX: @article{Albers:1988, author = {Albers, F. J. and Meek, J. and Nieuwenhuys, R.}, title = {Morphometric parameters of the superior colliculus of albino and pigmented rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.}, year = {1988}, volume = {274}, number = {3}, pages = {357--370}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902740306}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902740306} }
Albert, J.L. and Nerbonne, J.M.	Calcium-independent depolarization-activated potassium currents in superior colliculus-projecting rat visual cortical neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Journal of neurophysiology Vol. 73, pp. 2163-2178	article	URL
Abstract: 1. K+ conductances were characterized in isolated, identified superior colliculus-projecting (SCP) rat visual cortical neurons. SCP neurons were identified in vitro under epifluorescence illumination after in vivo retrograde labeling with rhodamine-labeled microspheres or "beads." For experiments, SCP neurons were isolated from the primary visual cortex of postnatal day 7 to 16 (P7-P16) Long Evans rat pups after bead injections into the ipsilateral superior colliculus at p5. 2. Recording conditions were optimized to allow the characterization of Ca2+ -independent K+ conductances. SCP cells that were largely devoid of processes were selected for recording, and experiments were completed 2-30 h after cell isolation. Ca2+ -independent, depolarization-activated K+ currents were routinely recorded during 200-ms voltage steps to potentials positive to -50 mV from a holding potential of -70 mV. 3. Peak outward current densities and the relative amplitudes of the peak and plateau outward currents evoked during 200-ms voltage steps varied among SCP cells. Although cells were isolated from animals at different ages (P7-P16) and maintained for varying times in vitro (2-30 h), no correlations were found between the variations in peak current densities or peak to plateau current ratios and the age of the animal from which the cell was isolated or the length of time the cell was maintained in vitro before recording. 4. Pharmacological experiments revealed the coexpression of three K+ current components in SCP cells that could be separated on the basis of differing sensitivities to the K+ channel blockers, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and tetraethylammonium (TEA). Varying the concentration of 4-AP, for example, facilitated the separation of two rapidly activating K+ currents similar to A (IA) and D(ID) type currents in other cells. ID in SCP neurons is blocked by micromolar concentrations of 4-AP, whereas micromolar concentrations of 4-AP are required to effect complete block of IA in these cells. The current component remaining in the presence of high concentrations (5-10 mM) of 4-AP is slowly activating outward K+ current, similar to delayed rectifier (IK) currents in other cells. IK in SCP neurons is blocked by micromolar concentrations of TEA. 5. Activation of IA, ID, and IK in SCP neurons is voltage dependent, although the three current components display distinct time- and voltage-dependent properties. For example, although both IA and ID begin to activate at approximately -50 mV, IA activates two to three times faster than ID. In addition, the threshold for activation of IK (-30 mV) is approximately 20 mV depolarized from that of IA (or ID), and the voltage dependence of IK activation is steeper than that of IA and ID.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Albert:1995, author = {Albert, J L and Nerbonne, J M}, title = {Calcium-independent depolarization-activated potassium currents in superior colliculus-projecting rat visual cortical neurons.}, journal = {Journal of neurophysiology}, year = {1995}, volume = {73}, pages = {2163--2178}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.google.de/search?source=hp&q=Calcium-independent+depolarization-activated+potassium+currents+in+superior+colliculus-projecting+rat+visual+cortical+neurons.&oq=Calcium-independent+depolarization-activated+potassium+currents+in+superior+colliculus-projecting+rat+visual+cortical+neurons.&gs_l=psy-ab.3...1331.1331.0.1676.1.1.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..1.0.0....0.I_oCJ1dpOyY#} }
Albertin, S., Mulder, A., Tabuchi, E., Zugaro, M. and Wiener, S.	Lesions of the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens impair rats in finding larger rewards, but spare reward-seeking behavior [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Behavioural Brain Research Vol. 117(1-2), pp. 173-183	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The goal of this study was to help better understand the importance of the nucleus accumbens (Nacc) in the processing of position and reward value information for goal-directed orientation behaviors. Sixteen male Long-Evans rats, under partial water deprivation, were trained in a plus-maze to find water rewards in the respective arms which were lit in pseudo-random sequence (training trials). Each day one reward arm was selected to deliver six drops of water (at 1 s intervals) the others provided only one drop per visit. After 32 visits, probe trials were intermittently presented among training trials. Here, all four arms were lit and offered the previously assigned reward. The rats rapidly learned to go to the highly rewarded arm. Six trained rats were given bilateral electrolytic lesions in the Nacc shell, two others had unilateral lesions and eight had sham operations (with approved protocols). Field potentials evoked by fornix stimulation were recorded in lesion electrodes to guide placements. Only the lesioned rats showed significant impairments (P < 0.05) in selecting the greater reward on probe trials. However on training trials, lesioned (and sham-operated) rats made only rare errors. While the motivation to drink and the capacity for cue-guided goal-directed orientation behavior was spared, lesioned rats were impaired in learning the location of the larger reward. The accumbens lesions apparently impaired integration of position and reward value information, consistent with anatomical and electrophysiological data showing the convergence of hippocampal, amygdalar, ventral tegmental area (VTA) and prefrontal cortical inputs there. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Albertin:2001, author = {Albertin, S.V. and Mulder, A.B. and Tabuchi, E. and Zugaro, M.B. and Wiener, S.I.}, title = {Lesions of the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens impair rats in finding larger rewards, but spare reward-seeking behavior}, journal = {Behavioural Brain Research}, year = {2001}, volume = {117}, number = {1-2}, pages = {173-183}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034694933&partnerID=40&md5=ec717ff53772ef6efab98229a67675c2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(00)00303-X} }
Albertini, D.F. and Anderson, E.	Structural modifications of lutein cell gap junctions during pregnancy in the rat and the mouse. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1975	Anat Rec Vol. 181(2), pp. 171-194	article	DOI URL
Abstract: By use of lanthanum tracer and freeze-fracture procedures it was found that granulosa-lutein cells of the pregnant mouse and rat ovaries are connected by gap junctions and septate-like zones of contact. Lutein cell gap junctions enlarge and become partially internalized by the end of the first week of gestation. Expansion of the gap junction domain appears to be due initially to intercalation of particles along borders of small gap junctions devoid of smaller non-junctional particles. The number of gap junction lined processes appearing at the cell border increases concomitantly with hypertrophy of the lutein cell during the second week of pregnancy. Strands of particulate or grooved membrane emanate from the margin of larger gap junctions undergoing interiorization. Most large gap junctions are intimately associated with elements of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Spherical gap junctional profiles assume a deeper location in the lutein cell and may form concentric arrays by term while true surface gap junctions appear to fragment in the post-partum corpus luteum. The modifications observed are interpreted with respect to biogenesis of the gap junction and the hormonal control of lutein cell function.
BibTeX: @article{Albertini:1975, author = {Albertini, D. F. and Anderson, E.}, title = {Structural modifications of lutein cell gap junctions during pregnancy in the rat and the mouse.}, journal = {Anat Rec}, year = {1975}, volume = {181}, number = {2}, pages = {171--194}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091810203}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091810203} }
Alberto, C.O. and Hirasawa, M.	AMPA receptor-mediated miniature EPSCs have heterogeneous time courses in orexin neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Biochem Biophys Res Commun Vol. 400(4), pp. 707-712School: Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Glutamate plays a predominant role in regulating the activity of orexin neurons that coordinate motivated behaviors, sleep-wake cycle and autonomic functions. To gain more insight into the properties of excitatory transmission to orexin neurons, whole cell patch clamp recordings were made in rat brain slices and quantal analysis of pharmacologically isolated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) was performed. In more than half the orexin neurons examined, mEPSCs showed heterogeneous time course: some mEPSCs had fast rise and decay (fast mEPSC), while some had longer kinetics, smaller amplitude but larger integrated area (slow mEPSC). Other orexin neurons showed low frequency mEPSCs with uniform, fast kinetics. In the former, distribution histogram of 10-90% rise time displayed two peaks, indicating that fast and slow mEPSCs are distinct subgroups. Occasionally fast and slow EPSCs would summate, suggesting that they arise from different pairs of active zones and postsynaptic receptor clusters. A large majority of mEPSCs were mediated by AMPA receptors that are sensitive to GYKI 52466 and DNQX. To determine whether synapses that give rise to fast and slow mEPSCs are differentially modulated, the D1- and D2-like agonists were tested on various parameters of mEPSCs. The agonists altered the frequency as previously reported, but had no effect on the rise, decay or area of mEPSC, suggesting that dopamine affects fast and slow mEPSCs equally. Given the potential physiological impact of EPSC time course on synaptic integration, our study raises an interesting possibility that distinct subset of excitatory synaptic inputs are processed differently by orexin neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Alberto:2010, author = {Alberto, Christian O. and Hirasawa, Michiru}, title = {AMPA receptor-mediated miniature EPSCs have heterogeneous time courses in orexin neurons.}, journal = {Biochem Biophys Res Commun}, school = {Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.}, year = {2010}, volume = {400}, number = {4}, pages = {707--712}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.08.132}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.08.132} }
Albin, R., Makowiec, R., Hollingsworth, Z., Dure IV, L., Penney, J. and Young, A.	Excitatory amino acid binding sites in the periaqueductal gray of the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 118(1), pp. 112-115	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We used receptor autoradiography to determine the distribution of excitatory amino acid (EAA) binding site subtypes in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) of the rat. N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), kainate, quisqualate-ionotropic, and quisqualate-metabotropic binding sites were all present in the PAG. Distribution was inhomogeneous with greatest density of all binding site subtypes in the dorsolateral subdivision and lowest density in the ventrolateral subdivision. Relative to regions of brain with high densities of EAA binding site subtypes, quisqualate-metabotropic binding sites had the highest relative density and NMDA binding sites the least. The presence of all subtypes of EAA binding sites in the PAG suggests that EAA action within the PAG is likely to be complex. © 1990.
BibTeX: @article{Albin:1990, author = {Albin, R.L. and Makowiec, R.L. and Hollingsworth, Z. and Dure IV, L.S. and Penney, J.B. and Young, A.B.}, title = {Excitatory amino acid binding sites in the periaqueductal gray of the rat}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1990}, volume = {118}, number = {1}, pages = {112-115}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025038829&partnerID=40&md5=4991757ad5c41ef800e024d368d238f1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(90)90261-7} }
Albrechet-Souza, L., Borelli, K.G., Almada, R.C. and Brandao, M.L.	Midazolam reduces the selective activation of the rhinal cortex by contextual fear stimuli. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Behavioural brain research Vol. 216, pp. 631-8	article	DOI
Abstract: Independent brain circuits appear to underlie different forms of conditioned fear, depending on the type of conditioning used, such as a context or explicit cue paired with footshocks. Several clinical reports have associated damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) with retrograde amnesia. Although a number of studies have elucidated the neural circuits underlying conditioned fear, the involvement of MTL components in the aversive conditioning paradigm is still unclear. To address this issue, we assessed freezing responses and Fos protein expression in subregions of the rhinal cortex and ventral hippocampus of rats following exposure to a context, light or tone previously paired with footshock (Experiment 1). A comparable degree of freezing was observed in the three types of conditioned fear, but with distinct patterns of Fos distribution. The groups exposed to cued fear conditioning did not show changes in Fos expression, whereas the group subjected to contextual fear conditioning showed selective activation of the ectorhinal (Ect), perirhinal (Per), and entorhinal (Ent) cortices, with no changes in the ventral hippocampus. We then examined the effects of the benzodiazepine midazolam injected bilaterally into these three rhinal subregions in the expression of contextual fear conditioning (Experiment 2). Midazolam administration into the Ect, Per, and Ent reduced freezing responses. These findings suggest that contextual and explicit stimuli endowed with aversive properties through conditioning recruit distinct brain areas, and the rhinal cortex appears to be critical for storing context-, but not explicit cue-footshock, associations.
BibTeX: @article{Albrechet-Souza:2011b, author = {Albrechet-Souza, Lucas and Borelli, Karina G. and Almada, Rafael C. and Brandao, Marcus L.}, title = {Midazolam reduces the selective activation of the rhinal cortex by contextual fear stimuli.}, journal = {Behavioural brain research}, year = {2011}, volume = {216}, pages = {631-8}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.09.006} }
Albrechet-Souza, L., Borelli, K.G., Almada, R.C. and Brandão, M.L.	Midazolam reduces the selective activation of the rhinal cortex by contextual fear stimuli. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Behav Brain Res Vol. 216(2), pp. 631-638School: Comportamento, Campus USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. lucasas@pg.ffclrp.usp.br	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Independent brain circuits appear to underlie different forms of conditioned fear, depending on the type of conditioning used, such as a context or explicit cue paired with footshocks. Several clinical reports have associated damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) with retrograde amnesia. Although a number of studies have elucidated the neural circuits underlying conditioned fear, the involvement of MTL components in the aversive conditioning paradigm is still unclear. To address this issue, we assessed freezing responses and Fos protein expression in subregions of the rhinal cortex and ventral hippocampus of rats following exposure to a context, light or tone previously paired with footshock (Experiment 1). A comparable degree of freezing was observed in the three types of conditioned fear, but with distinct patterns of Fos distribution. The groups exposed to cued fear conditioning did not show changes in Fos expression, whereas the group subjected to contextual fear conditioning showed selective activation of the ectorhinal (Ect), perirhinal (Per), and entorhinal (Ent) cortices, with no changes in the ventral hippocampus. We then examined the effects of the benzodiazepine midazolam injected bilaterally into these three rhinal subregions in the expression of contextual fear conditioning (Experiment 2). Midazolam administration into the Ect, Per, and Ent reduced freezing responses. These findings suggest that contextual and explicit stimuli endowed with aversive properties through conditioning recruit distinct brain areas, and the rhinal cortex appears to be critical for storing context-, but not explicit cue-footshock, associations.
BibTeX: @article{Albrechet-Souza:2011, author = {Albrechet-Souza, Lucas and Borelli, Karina G. and Almada, Rafael C. and Brandão, Marcus L.}, title = {Midazolam reduces the selective activation of the rhinal cortex by contextual fear stimuli.}, journal = {Behav Brain Res}, school = {Comportamento, Campus USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. lucasas@pg.ffclrp.usp.br}, year = {2011}, volume = {216}, number = {2}, pages = {631--638}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.09.006}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.09.006} }
Albrechet-Souza, L., Borelli, K.G., Almada, R.C. and Brandão, M.L.	Midazolam reduces the selective activation of the rhinal cortex by contextual fear stimuli. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Behav Brain Res Vol. 216(2), pp. 631-638School: Comportamento, Campus USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. lucasas@pg.ffclrp.usp.br	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Independent brain circuits appear to underlie different forms of conditioned fear, depending on the type of conditioning used, such as a context or explicit cue paired with footshocks. Several clinical reports have associated damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) with retrograde amnesia. Although a number of studies have elucidated the neural circuits underlying conditioned fear, the involvement of MTL components in the aversive conditioning paradigm is still unclear. To address this issue, we assessed freezing responses and Fos protein expression in subregions of the rhinal cortex and ventral hippocampus of rats following exposure to a context, light or tone previously paired with footshock (Experiment 1). A comparable degree of freezing was observed in the three types of conditioned fear, but with distinct patterns of Fos distribution. The groups exposed to cued fear conditioning did not show changes in Fos expression, whereas the group subjected to contextual fear conditioning showed selective activation of the ectorhinal (Ect), perirhinal (Per), and entorhinal (Ent) cortices, with no changes in the ventral hippocampus. We then examined the effects of the benzodiazepine midazolam injected bilaterally into these three rhinal subregions in the expression of contextual fear conditioning (Experiment 2). Midazolam administration into the Ect, Per, and Ent reduced freezing responses. These findings suggest that contextual and explicit stimuli endowed with aversive properties through conditioning recruit distinct brain areas, and the rhinal cortex appears to be critical for storing context-, but not explicit cue-footshock, associations.
BibTeX: @article{Albrechet-Souza:2011a, author = {Albrechet-Souza, Lucas and Borelli, Karina G. and Almada, Rafael C. and Brandão, Marcus L.}, title = {Midazolam reduces the selective activation of the rhinal cortex by contextual fear stimuli.}, journal = {Behav Brain Res}, school = {Comportamento, Campus USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. lucasas@pg.ffclrp.usp.br}, year = {2011}, volume = {216}, number = {2}, pages = {631--638}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.09.006}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.09.006} }
Albro, P.W., Hass, J.R., Peck, C.C., Jordan, S.T., Corbett, J.T. and Schroeder, J.	Applications of isotope differentiation for metabolic studies with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	J Environ Sci Health B Vol. 17(6), pp. 701-714	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The pervasiveness of the plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in the environment and especially in the laboratory results in a background that may cause severe interference with analytical studies. Animal-to-animal variability in the distribution of DEHP metabolites in excreta normally makes it necessary to use large groups of animals when different treatments are compared. Finally, radioactive tracers are usually considered undesirable for metabolic studies involving human subjects. All of these problems can be overcome through the use of multiple isotopic labels, especially 12C/13C/14C. Examples are given involving rats and monkeys, and applicability to humans is discussed. The principles involved are not limited to any particular class of test compounds. In rats, the competing pathways for metabolism of phthalate esters produce a different distribution of metabolites from a small intravenous dose of DEHP than from a large oral dose.
BibTeX: @article{Albro:1982, author = {Albro, P. W. and Hass, J. R. and Peck, C. C. and Jordan, S. T. and Corbett, J. T. and Schroeder, J.}, title = {Applications of isotope differentiation for metabolic studies with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.}, journal = {J Environ Sci Health B}, year = {1982}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {701--714}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601238209372351}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03601238209372351} }
Alcaraz, F., Marchand, A.R., Courtand, G., Coutureau, E. and Wolff, M.	Parallel inputs from the mediodorsal thalamus to the prefrontal cortex in the Rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2016	Eur J NeurosciSchool: Université de Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33076, Bordeaux, France.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: There is a growing interest in determining the functional contribution of thalamic inputs to cortical functions. In the context of adaptive behaviors, identifying the precise role of the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) in particular remains difficult despite the large amount of experimental data available. A better understanding of the thalamocortical connectivity of this region may help to capture its functional role. To address this issue, the present study focused exclusively on the specific connections from the MD to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) by mean of direct comparisons of labeling produced by single and dual injections of retrograde tracers in the different subdivisions of the PFC in the Rat. We show that at least three parallel and essentially separate thalamocortical pathways originate from the MD, as follows: projections to the dorsal (1) and the ventral (2) subdivisions of the mPFC follow a mediolateral topography at the thalamic level (i.e. medial thalamic neurons target the mPFC ventrally whereas lateral thalamic neurons project dorsally), whereas a considerable innervation to the OFC (3) includes thalamic cells projecting to both the lateral and the ventral OFC subdivisions. These observations provide new insight on the functions of the MD and suggest a specific focus on each of these pathways for future functional studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Alcaraz:2016, author = {Alcaraz, Fabien and Marchand, Alain R. and Courtand, Gilles and Coutureau, Etienne and Wolff, Mathieu}, title = {Parallel inputs from the mediodorsal thalamus to the prefrontal cortex in the Rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Université de Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33076, Bordeaux, France.}, year = {2016}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13316}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13316} }
Alcaraz, F., Marchand, A.R., Vidal, E., Guillou, A., Faugere, A., Coutureau, E. and Wolff, M.	Flexible Use of Predictive Cues beyond the Orbitofrontal Cortex: Role of the Submedius Thalamic Nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Vol. 35, pp. 13183-93	article	DOI
Abstract: The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is known to play a crucial role in learning the consequences of specific events. However, the contribution of OFC thalamic inputs to these processes is largely unknown. Using a tract-tracing approach, we first demonstrated that the submedius nucleus (Sub) shares extensive reciprocal connections with the OFC. We then compared the effects of excitotoxic lesions of the Sub or the OFC on the ability of rats to use outcome identity to direct responding. We found that neither OFC nor Sub lesions interfered with the basic differential outcomes effect. However, more specific tests revealed that OFC rats, but not Sub rats, were disproportionally relying on the outcome, rather than on the discriminative stimulus, to guide behavior, which is consistent with the view that the OFC integrates information about predictive cues. In subsequent experiments using a Pavlovian contingency degradation procedure, we found that both OFC and Sub lesions produced a severe deficit in the ability to update Pavlovian associations. Altogether, the submedius therefore appears as a functionally relevant thalamic component in a circuit dedicated to the integration of predictive cues to guide behavior, previously conceived as essentially dependent on orbitofrontal functions. Significance statement: In the present study, we identify a largely unknown thalamic region, the submedius nucleus, as a new functionally relevant component in a circuit supporting the flexible use of predictive cues. Such abilities were previously conceived as largely dependent on the orbitofrontal cortex. Interestingly, this echoes recent findings in the field showing, in research involving an instrumental setup, an additional involvement of another thalamic nuclei, the parafascicular nucleus, when correct responding requires an element of flexibility (Bradfield et al., 2013a). Therefore, the present contribution supports the emerging view that limbic thalamic nuclei may contribute critically to adaptive responding when an element of flexibility is required after the establishment of initial learning.
BibTeX: @article{Alcaraz:2015a, author = {Alcaraz, Fabien and Marchand, Alain R. and Vidal, Elisa and Guillou, Alexandre and Faugere, Angelique and Coutureau, Etienne and Wolff, Mathieu}, title = {Flexible Use of Predictive Cues beyond the Orbitofrontal Cortex: Role of the Submedius Thalamic Nucleus.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, year = {2015}, volume = {35}, pages = {13183-93}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1237-15.2015} }
Alcaraz, F., Marchand, A.R., Vidal, E., Guillou, A., Faugère, A., Coutureau, E. and Wolff, M.	Flexible Use of Predictive Cues beyond the Orbitofrontal Cortex: Role of the Submedius Thalamic Nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	J Neurosci Vol. 35(38), pp. 13183-13193School: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, 33076 Bordeaux, France mathieu.wolff@u-bordeaux.fr.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is known to play a crucial role in learning the consequences of specific events. However, the contribution of OFC thalamic inputs to these processes is largely unknown. Using a tract-tracing approach, we first demonstrated that the submedius nucleus (Sub) shares extensive reciprocal connections with the OFC. We then compared the effects of excitotoxic lesions of the Sub or the OFC on the ability of rats to use outcome identity to direct responding. We found that neither OFC nor Sub lesions interfered with the basic differential outcomes effect. However, more specific tests revealed that OFC rats, but not Sub rats, were disproportionally relying on the outcome, rather than on the discriminative stimulus, to guide behavior, which is consistent with the view that the OFC integrates information about predictive cues. In subsequent experiments using a Pavlovian contingency degradation procedure, we found that both OFC and Sub lesions produced a severe deficit in the ability to update Pavlovian associations. Altogether, the submedius therefore appears as a functionally relevant thalamic component in a circuit dedicated to the integration of predictive cues to guide behavior, previously conceived as essentially dependent on orbitofrontal functions. Significance statement: In the present study, we identify a largely unknown thalamic region, the submedius nucleus, as a new functionally relevant component in a circuit supporting the flexible use of predictive cues. Such abilities were previously conceived as largely dependent on the orbitofrontal cortex. Interestingly, this echoes recent findings in the field showing, in research involving an instrumental setup, an additional involvement of another thalamic nuclei, the parafascicular nucleus, when correct responding requires an element of flexibility (Bradfield et al., 2013a). Therefore, the present contribution supports the emerging view that limbic thalamic nuclei may contribute critically to adaptive responding when an element of flexibility is required after the establishment of initial learning.
BibTeX: @article{Alcaraz:2015, author = {Alcaraz, Fabien and Marchand, Alain R. and Vidal, Elisa and Guillou, Alexandre and Faugère, Angélique and Coutureau, Etienne and Wolff, Mathieu}, title = {Flexible Use of Predictive Cues beyond the Orbitofrontal Cortex: Role of the Submedius Thalamic Nucleus.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, 33076 Bordeaux, France mathieu.wolff@u-bordeaux.fr.}, year = {2015}, volume = {35}, number = {38}, pages = {13183--13193}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1237-15.2015}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1237-15.2015} }
Al-Chaer, E.D., Lawand, N.B., Westlund, K.N. and Willis, W.D.	Pelvic visceral input into the nucleus gracilis is largely mediated by the postsynaptic dorsal column pathway. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	J Neurophysiol Vol. 76(4), pp. 2675-2690School: Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-1069, USA.	article
Abstract: 1. The purpose of this study was to investigate a proposed role for the postsynaptic dorsal column (PSDC) pathway in mediating visceral nociceptive input into the dorsal column (DC) nuclei. 2. In one group of animals, the hypogastric nerves were sectioned, thereby restricting colorectal input into the cord to pelvic afferent pathways known to coverage on lower lumbar and sacral segments. Extracellular recording were made from 41 nucleus gracilis (NG) cells that responded to colorectal distension (CRD). Results reported are from 15 NG cells that were tested before and after the administration of morphine into the sacral cord by microdialysis. 3. The responses of 11 NG cells to CRD were dramatically reduced by morphine infused into the sacral cord through a microdialysis fiber. This reduction was reversed by an intravenous injection of naloxone. Microdialysis administration of 6-cyano-7-nitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) or a lesion of the DC also abolished the responses of the NG cells to CRD. 4. Four NG cells that responded to CRD showed an increase in their background activity approximately 25 min after an injection of mustard oil (MO). This increase in activity was counteracted by morphine or by a lesion of the DC. 5. In a second group of animals, recordings were made from 28 PSDC cells in the L0-S1 segments of the cord. These units were antidromically activated by stimulation of the upper cervical fasciculus gracilis. The projections of five PSDC neurons into the NG were traced with the use of antidromic mapping. Results are reported for the responses of 12 PSDC cells to CRD and to cutaneous stimuli before and after morphine administration into the sacral cord by microdialysis. 6. Morphine given spinally reduced the responses of 12 PSDC cells to CRD. This reduction was reversed by an intravenous injection of naloxone. CNQX administered spinally also abolished the responses to CRD of the PSDC cells tested. 7. Four other PSDC cells were studied before and after an injection of MO into the colon. Their background activity started to increase within 25 min after the injection. Morphine suppressed this increase in background activity and this effect of morphine was reversed by naloxone. 8. The responses of NG cells to cutaneous stimuli were not significantly affected by morphine in the dose used. On the other hand, morphine significantly reduced the responses of PSDC cells to noxious cutaneous stimuli although this effect was not as dramatic as that on responses to visceral stimuli. 9. From the results of the studies described in this and the companion paper, we conclude that there is an important pelvic visceral nociceptive pathway involving PSDC neurons that synapse in the NG. The NG in turn activates neurons in the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus. We presume that activation of VPL neurons by noxious visceral stimulation contributes to visceral pain sensation and thus that pelvic visceral pain depends largely on activity in the DC-medial lemniscus system.
BibTeX: @article{Al-Chaer:1996, author = {E. D. Al-Chaer and N. B. Lawand and K. N. Westlund and W. D. Willis}, title = {Pelvic visceral input into the nucleus gracilis is largely mediated by the postsynaptic dorsal column pathway.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-1069, USA.}, year = {1996}, volume = {76}, number = {4}, pages = {2675--2690}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Al-Chaer, E.D., Lawand, N.B., Westlund, K.N. and Willis, W.D.	Pelvic visceral input into the nucleus gracilis is largely mediated by the postsynaptic dorsal column pathway. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Journal of neurophysiology Vol. 76, pp. 2675-90	article
Abstract: 1. The purpose of this study was to investigate a proposed role for the postsynaptic dorsal column (PSDC) pathway in mediating visceral nociceptive input into the dorsal column (DC) nuclei. 2. In one group of animals, the hypogastric nerves were sectioned, thereby restricting colorectal input into the cord to pelvic afferent pathways known to coverage on lower lumbar and sacral segments. Extracellular recording were made from 41 nucleus gracilis (NG) cells that responded to colorectal distension (CRD). Results reported are from 15 NG cells that were tested before and after the administration of morphine into the sacral cord by microdialysis. 3. The responses of 11 NG cells to CRD were dramatically reduced by morphine infused into the sacral cord through a microdialysis fiber. This reduction was reversed by an intravenous injection of naloxone. Microdialysis administration of 6-cyano-7-nitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) or a lesion of the DC also abolished the responses of the NG cells to CRD. 4. Four NG cells that responded to CRD showed an increase in their background activity approximately 25 min after an injection of mustard oil (MO). This increase in activity was counteracted by morphine or by a lesion of the DC. 5. In a second group of animals, recordings were made from 28 PSDC cells in the L0-S1 segments of the cord. These units were antidromically activated by stimulation of the upper cervical fasciculus gracilis. The projections of five PSDC neurons into the NG were traced with the use of antidromic mapping. Results are reported for the responses of 12 PSDC cells to CRD and to cutaneous stimuli before and after morphine administration into the sacral cord by microdialysis. 6. Morphine given spinally reduced the responses of 12 PSDC cells to CRD. This reduction was reversed by an intravenous injection of naloxone. CNQX administered spinally also abolished the responses to CRD of the PSDC cells tested. 7. Four other PSDC cells were studied before and after an injection of MO into the colon. Their background activity started to increase within 25 min after the injection. Morphine suppressed this increase in background activity and this effect of morphine was reversed by naloxone. 8. The responses of NG cells to cutaneous stimuli were not significantly affected by morphine in the dose used. On the other hand, morphine significantly reduced the responses of PSDC cells to noxious cutaneous stimuli although this effect was not as dramatic as that on responses to visceral stimuli. 9. From the results of the studies described in this and the companion paper, we conclude that there is an important pelvic visceral nociceptive pathway involving PSDC neurons that synapse in the NG. The NG in turn activates neurons in the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus. We presume that activation of VPL neurons by noxious visceral stimulation contributes to visceral pain sensation and thus that pelvic visceral pain depends largely on activity in the DC-medial lemniscus system.
BibTeX: @article{Al-Chaer:1996a, author = {Al-Chaer, E. D. and Lawand, N. B. and Westlund, K. N. and Willis, W. D.}, title = {Pelvic visceral input into the nucleus gracilis is largely mediated by the postsynaptic dorsal column pathway.}, journal = {Journal of neurophysiology}, year = {1996}, volume = {76}, pages = {2675-90}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Al-Chaer, E.D., Westlund, K.N. and Willis, W.D.	Sensitization of postsynaptic dorsal column neuronal responses by colon inflammation. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Neuroreport Vol. 8(15), pp. 3267-3273School: Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-1069, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: The role of a newly identified component of the postsynaptic dorsal column (PSDC) system in viscerosensory processing has been recently described. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of colon inflammation on the responses of single PSDC cells, located in the vicinity of the central canal at L6-S1 spinal segments, to graded colorectal distension (CRD) and to cutaneous stimulation. Experiments were conducted on seven male Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with pentobarbital. Recordings were made from seven PSDC cells located around the central canal at L6-S1 in response to CRD and cutaneous stimulation before and after colon inflammation. Inflammation of the colon with mustard oil (MO) induced an increase in the background activity of these cells. Colon inflammation also potentiated the responses of the PSDC cells to graded CRD but not to cutaneous stimulation. This is consistent with previously observed effects of colon inflammation on the responses of viscerosensitive cells in the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus and in the nucleus gracilis (NG). These observations support a role of the PSDC system in viscerosensory processing and primary visceral hyperalgesia.
BibTeX: @article{Al-Chaer:1997, author = {Al-Chaer, E. D. and Westlund, K. N. and Willis, W. D.}, title = {Sensitization of postsynaptic dorsal column neuronal responses by colon inflammation.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-1069, USA.}, year = {1997}, volume = {8}, number = {15}, pages = {3267--3273}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199710200-00016} }
Alden, M., Besson, J.M. and Bernard, J.F.	Organization of the efferent projections from the pontine parabrachial area to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and neighboring regions: a PHA-L study in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	J Comp Neurol Vol. 341(3), pp. 289-314School: Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux and EPHE, INSERM U 161, Paris, France.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The organization of efferent projections from the pontine parabrachial (pPB) area to the forebrain rostral to the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) was studied in the rat by using microinjections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), into subregions of the pPB area. The present study is a follow-up of a former study (Bernard et al. [1993] J. Comp. Neurol. 329:201-229) which examines pPB projections onto the Ce. The results demonstrate that: (1) the pPB(m) region (the medial, the ventral lateral subnuclei and the waist area) diffusely projects to the lateral division (BSTL) of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), the Ce-BSTL continuum (including, the dorsal portion of substantia innominata, the ventral portion of globus pallidus, the fundus striatum, and the substriatal area) and to a lesser extent the agranular insular cortex; (2) the pPB(1) region [the central lateral (pPBcl) and the outer portion of external lateral subnuclei] densely projects to the dorsal lateral subnucleus of BST (BSTdl); only the pPBcl subnucleus projects to the median, the anteroventral and the periventricular nuclei of the preoptic hypothalamus; and (3) the remaining pPB area (the dorsal lateral, part of the external lateral and the external medial subnuclei) projects to the nucleus of horizontal limb of diagonal band but does not project onto the BST and the preoptic hypothalamus. It is suggested that the pPB(m)-BSTL "diffuse pathway" is mainly implicated in motivational and autonomic aspects of taste. The pPB(1)-BSTdl and hypothalamic "concentrated pathways" could be implicated in autonomic and nociceptive processes.
BibTeX: @article{Alden:1994, author = {Alden, M. and Besson, J. M. and Bernard, J. F.}, title = {Organization of the efferent projections from the pontine parabrachial area to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and neighboring regions: a PHA-L study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux and EPHE, INSERM U 161, Paris, France.}, year = {1994}, volume = {341}, number = {3}, pages = {289--314}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903410302}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903410302} }
Alderson, H., Brown, V., Latimer, M., Brasted, P., Robertson, A. and Winn, P.	The effect of excitotoxic lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus on performance of a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Neuroscience Vol. 112(2), pp. 417-425	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus has connections with sites in both dorsal and ventral striatum, and a number of studies have suggested that it has a role in reward-related behaviour. The present experiment aimed to investigate the perception of reward in pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus-lesioned rats responding for food under a progressive ratio schedule, which measures willingness to work for a given reward. Rats were trained on a progressive ratio-5 schedule for food reward, then given ibotenic acid or sham lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Their performance under this schedule was examined again following recovery from surgery. Compared with sham-lesioned rats, those with lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus showed significantly reduced breaking points and significantly longer post-reinforcement pauses. However, there was no difference between the groups in their latency to collect food pellets once earned, suggesting that pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus excitotoxin and sham-lesioned rats were equally motivated by the presence of food. Excitotoxin-lesioned rats made significantly more responses on the control lever and more entries to the food hopper as progressive ratio increment increased, but did not differ from controls when the schedule requirement was low. These results are interpreted as indicating no global loss of motivation, since lesioned rats performed normally at low schedule requirements, and were as fast as controls to collect pellets. But as the schedule requirement increased, excitotoxin-lesioned rats showed reductions in responding on the active lever (that is, a reduction in breaking point) and an increase in inappropriate responses towards the food hopper and the control lever. We consider these data to indicate that the behavioural deficits in pedunculopontine-lesioned rats arise not from a sensory or hedonic change, but from alteration in the control of motor output. © 2002 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Alderson:2002, author = {Alderson, H.L. and Brown, V.J. and Latimer, M.P. and Brasted, P.J. and Robertson, A.H. and Winn, P.}, title = {The effect of excitotoxic lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus on performance of a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2002}, volume = {112}, number = {2}, pages = {417-425}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037129916&partnerID=40&md5=f4e73304a69ddea8e6d5e4846ab66528}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00087-8} }
Alderson, H., Faulconbridge, L., Gregory, L., Latimer, M. and Winn, P.	Behavioural sensitisation to repeated d-amphetamine: Effects of excitotoxic lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Neuroscience Vol. 118(2), pp. 311-315	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) interacts with anatomical systems thought to be involved in mediating sensitisation of the locomotor response to repeated d-amphetamine. The PPTg has direct and indirect connections with the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex, and also influences midbrain dopamine activity through direct projections to substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. In this experiment, the development of behavioural sensitisation to the locomotor stimulant effects of repeated d-amphetamine was examined in rats bearing excitotoxic lesions of the PPTg, and sham-lesioned controls. Rats were given repeated d-amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg i.p.) treatment in an on-off procedure, with saline and d-amphetamine given on alternate days, such that rats received a total of seven d-amphetamine and seven saline treatments. Locomotor responses were measured in photocell cages. On the first day of d-amphetamine treatment, there was no difference between excitotoxin and sham-lesioned rats. Development of sensitisation to the locomotor stimulant effects of d-amphetamine was delayed in PPTg-lesioned rats, relative to the sham-lesioned control rats. However, there was no difference between lesion and control groups in the locomotion seen on saline-treatment days. These data suggest that the PPTg is involved in the development of behavioural sensitisation to the locomotor stimulant effects of repeated d-amphetamine, and indicate that traditional striatal circuitry models of the mechanisms underlying sensitisation should be extended to include the PPTg. © 2003 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Alderson:2003, author = {Alderson, H.L. and Faulconbridge, L.F.H. and Gregory, L.P. and Latimer, M.P. and Winn, P.}, title = {Behavioural sensitisation to repeated d-amphetamine: Effects of excitotoxic lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2003}, volume = {118}, number = {2}, pages = {311-315}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037426597&partnerID=40&md5=5b53c62de8b5ec165c3e2449c2856aea}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00152-0} }
Alderson, H., Jenkins, T., Kozak, R., Latimer, M. and Winn, P.	The effects of excitotoxic lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus on conditioned place preference to 4%, 12% and 20% sucrose solutions [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Brain Research Bulletin Vol. 56(6), pp. 599-605	article	DOI URL
Abstract: A number of studies have suggested that the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) may play a role in reward-related behaviour. The present study was intended to investigate this further using conditioned place preference. In conditioned place preference paradigms the amount of time spent in a preferred environment is proportional to the value of the reinforcement present, until a maximum is reached. In the present experiments we aimed to determine whether this relationship was affected by lesions of the PPTg by examining the formation of a conditioned place preference to either 4%, 12% or 20% sucrose solutions in food-deprived PPTg lesioned rats. The conditioned place preference apparatus had two compartments different in colour, smell and floor texture. During conditioning, rats were restricted to one compartment or the other, one of which was paired with sucrose. This was carried out during 30 min sessions, alternating conditioned or nonconditioned trials for 14 days. On the test day, rats were given access to both compartments through a connecting chamber, and were scored for side preference over 15 min. Both PPTg and sham lesioned rats showed a conditioned place preference to 12% and 20% sucrose, but no place preference was formed by either group to 4% sucrose. There was no significant difference between the groups in the place preference shown. Consumption of 4% sucrose was not affected by excitotoxic lesions of the PPTg, but PPTg lesioned rats consumed significantly more 12% and 20% sucrose than sham controls. This suggests that perception of reward value, as judged by CPP formation, is unchanged by excitotoxic lesions of the PPTg. The increased consumption of 12% and 20% sucrose shown by rats bearing such lesions is therefore not likely to be a product of altered reward perception. © 2002 Elsevier Science Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Alderson:2001, author = {Alderson, H.L. and Jenkins, T.A. and Kozak, R. and Latimer, M.P. and Winn, P.}, title = {The effects of excitotoxic lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus on conditioned place preference to 4%, 12% and 20% sucrose solutions}, journal = {Brain Research Bulletin}, year = {2001}, volume = {56}, number = {6}, pages = {599-605}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035700839&partnerID=40&md5=97135a74e34f6d68be56c87ea114e524}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00733-X} }
Alderson, H., Parkinson, J., Robbins, T. and Everitt, B.	The effects of excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus accumbens core or shell regions on intravenous heroin self-administration in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Psychopharmacology Vol. 153(4), pp. 455-463	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Rationale: It has been suggested that the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) may be involved in heroin reward, and the core and shell regions respond differently following administration of a number of drugs of abuse. Objective: The possible role of the NAcc core and shell subregions in the acquisition of heroin self-administration behaviour was investigated. Methods: Rats were given selective excitotoxic lesions of either the nucleus accumbens core or shell before the acquisition of responding for IV heroin (0.04 mg/infusion) under a continuous reinforcement schedule in daily 3 h sessions. After sham-lesioned rats reached a stable baseline, a between-sessions heroin dose-response function was established. Results: Rats with lesions of the NAcc shell did not differ significantly from sham controls in either the acquisition of heroin self-administration or in their heroin dose-response function. The NAcc core lesion group showed reduced levels of responding during the acquisition of heroin self-administration and a reduction in responding during the heroin dose-response function, although this behaviour was sensitive to changes in the dose of heroin. Conclusions: The NAcc shell does not appear to be critical for heroin self-administration, whereas the NAcc core, although apparently not essential in mediating the rewarding effect of IV heroin, may mediate processes that are of special importance during the acquisition of instrumental behaviour.
BibTeX: @article{Alderson:2001a, author = {Alderson, H.L. and Parkinson, J.A. and Robbins, T.W. and Everitt, B.J.}, title = {The effects of excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus accumbens core or shell regions on intravenous heroin self-administration in rats}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = {2001}, volume = {153}, number = {4}, pages = {455-463}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035102873&partnerID=40&md5=f41b0ef23d2a6727e7310423760e96a9}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130000634} }
Aldes, L., Chronister, R., Shelton III, C., Haycock, J., Marco, L. and Wong, D.	Catecholamine innervation of the rat hypoglossal nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Brain Research Bulletin Vol. 21(2), pp. 305-312	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The catecholamine innervation of the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) was investigated immunocytochemically by comparing the distribution patterns of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in the rat. Numerous TH- and DBH-positive profiles were found throughout XII, while only occasional PNMT immunoreactivity was observed. Significantly, the distribution patterns of TH and DBH immunoreactivity were coextensive with the most intense staining found ventromedially along the caudal half of XII. We conclude, therefore, that the catecholamine innervation of XII is largely noradrenergic, and that motoneurons innervating the genioglossi muscles, the principal protrusors of the tongue, are the primary targets of this input. © 1988.
BibTeX: @article{Aldes:1988a, author = {Aldes, L.D. and Chronister, R.B. and Shelton III, C. and Haycock, J.W. and Marco, L.A. and Wong, D.L.}, title = {Catecholamine innervation of the rat hypoglossal nucleus}, journal = {Brain Research Bulletin}, year = {1988}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {305-312}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024158270&partnerID=40&md5=6166b83bbd2a1d00a19268c0440aa7d7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(88)90245-6} }
Aldes, L.D.	Thalamic connectivity of rat somatic motor cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Brain Res Bull Vol. 20(3), pp. 333-348School: Department of Anatomy, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile 36688.	article	DOI
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate certain organizational features regarding the connectional relationships between the somatic motor cortex (SMI) and dorsal thalamus in the rat. This was accomplished by applying microiontophoretically horseradish peroxidase and tritiated amino acids into low threshold stimulation sites within hindlimb, forelimb and face representations of the SMI as defined by intracortical microstimulation. Injections into the SMI produced labeling in distinct sets of specific and non-specific thalamic nuclei. The former included the ventrolateral (VL), ventromedial (VM), posteromedial (Pom) and posterior (Po) nuclei, and the latter included the centrolateral (CL), paracentral (PC), centromedial (CeM) and parafascicular (PF) nuclei. The densest labeling, both retrograde and anterograde, was found in the VL, and to a slightly lesser extent, in the Pom nuclei. Labeling of specific nuclei was more extensive than in non-specific groups. Thalamic-SMI projections were reciprocal in nature with the exception of the reticular thalamic nucleus (R). The ventrobasal (VB) nucleus was labeled only after injections into the SMI representations of the hindlimb and forelimb. A topographic organization between the SMI and dorsal thalamic nuclei was indicated by the varied position of label following injections into different cortical representations. Injections into the hindlimb representation resulted in labeling in the rostrodorsolateral VL, ventrolateral VM, rostrodorsomedial Pom, dorsal Po, rostrodorsolateral R, dorsolateral PF, CL and PC. In contrast, injections into the face representation resulted in labeling in the caudoventromedial VL, dorsolateral VM, caudoventrolateral Pom, ventral Po, caudoventromedial R, ventrolateral PF, the PC, CeM and ventral CL. The position of thalamic labeling following injections into the forelimb representation was intermediate between that for hindlimb and face representations. In coronal section, distinct patterns of labeling were identified in all specific thalamic nuclei following injections into each topographic region of the SMI. In the VL, labeling appeared as an obliquely-oriented, longitudinal strip or band (more C-shaped following injections of the hindlimb representation); in the VM as a horizontal strip; in the Pom as an irregular V-shaped band; and in the Po as a circular-to-ovoid cluster. No distinct patterns of labeling were discerned in non-specific nuclei. Labeling in the anterior grouping of non-specific nuclei overlapped to a large extent, but this was not the case in either the specific thalamic nuclei or the PF nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Aldes:1988, author = {L. D. Aldes}, title = {Thalamic connectivity of rat somatic motor cortex.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Department of Anatomy, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile 36688.}, year = {1988}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {333--348}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(88)90063-9} }
Aldes, L.D.	Thalamic connectivity of rat somatic motor cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Brain research bulletin Vol. 20, pp. 333-48	article
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate certain organizational features regarding the connectional relationships between the somatic motor cortex (SMI) and dorsal thalamus in the rat. This was accomplished by applying microiontophoretically horseradish peroxidase and tritiated amino acids into low threshold stimulation sites within hindlimb, forelimb and face representations of the SMI as defined by intracortical microstimulation. Injections into the SMI produced labeling in distinct sets of specific and non-specific thalamic nuclei. The former included the ventrolateral (VL), ventromedial (VM), posteromedial (Pom) and posterior (Po) nuclei, and the latter included the centrolateral (CL), paracentral (PC), centromedial (CeM) and parafascicular (PF) nuclei. The densest labeling, both retrograde and anterograde, was found in the VL, and to a slightly lesser extent, in the Pom nuclei. Labeling of specific nuclei was more extensive than in non-specific groups. Thalamic-SMI projections were reciprocal in nature with the exception of the reticular thalamic nucleus (R). The ventrobasal (VB) nucleus was labeled only after injections into the SMI representations of the hindlimb and forelimb. A topographic organization between the SMI and dorsal thalamic nuclei was indicated by the varied position of label following injections into different cortical representations. Injections into the hindlimb representation resulted in labeling in the rostrodorsolateral VL, ventrolateral VM, rostrodorsomedial Pom, dorsal Po, rostrodorsolateral R, dorsolateral PF, CL and PC. In contrast, injections into the face representation resulted in labeling in the caudoventromedial VL, dorsolateral VM, caudoventrolateral Pom, ventral Po, caudoventromedial R, ventrolateral PF, the PC, CeM and ventral CL. The position of thalamic labeling following injections into the forelimb representation was intermediate between that for hindlimb and face representations. In coronal section, distinct patterns of labeling were identified in all specific thalamic nuclei following injections into each topographic region of the SMI. In the VL, labeling appeared as an obliquely-oriented, longitudinal strip or band (more C-shaped following injections of the hindlimb representation); in the VM as a horizontal strip; in the Pom as an irregular V-shaped band; and in the Po as a circular-to-ovoid cluster. No distinct patterns of labeling were discerned in non-specific nuclei. Labeling in the anterior grouping of non-specific nuclei overlapped to a large extent, but this was not the case in either the specific thalamic nuclei or the PF nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Aldes:1988b, author = {Aldes, L. D.}, title = {Thalamic connectivity of rat somatic motor cortex.}, journal = {Brain research bulletin}, year = {1988}, volume = {20}, pages = {333-48}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aldes, L.D.	Topographically organized projections from the nucleus subceruleus to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat: a light and electron microscopic study with complementary axonal transport techniques. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	J Comp Neurol Vol. 302(3), pp. 643-656School: Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile 36688.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Projections from the nucleus subceruleus (nSC) to the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) were investigated with complementary retrograde and anterograde axonal transport techniques at the light and electron microscopic level in the rat. Injections of WGA-HRP into XII resulted in labeling of neurons in and around the nSC. Labeled nSC neurons were few in number (less than 4 per 40-60 microns sections) and variable in size and shape. Most labeled nSC neurons were medium-sized (mean = 16.89 microns), fusiform, triangular, or oval, with 3-4 dendrites typically oriented dorsomedially and ventrolaterally. These neurons were found throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the nSC but were most numerous medial, dorsomedial, and ventromedial to the motor trigeminal nucleus. Others were observed rostral to the motor trigeminal nucleus and ventral to the parabrachial nuclear complex. Confirmation of retrograde results was obtained following injections of tritiated amino acids or WGA-HRP into the nSC. This resulted in labeling throughout the rostrocaudal extent of XII mainly ipsilaterally. Labeled fibers descended the brainstem in the dorsolateral and, to a lesser extent, in the ventromedial component of Probst's tract. Fibers entered XII mainly rostrally along the lateral border of the nucleus. All regions of XII were recipients of nSC afferents, but the caudoventromedial quadrant contained the greatest density of terminal labeling. Electron microscopic evaluation confirmed that nSC afferents synapsed on motoneurons in XII. Axon terminals containing WGA-HRP reaction product were found contacting dendrites and somata, but primarily the former (81.3% versus 10.6. Axodendritic terminals synapsed mainly on medium-to-small sized dendrites (less than 3 microns in diameter). The majority of labeled axodendritic terminals (90.1 contained small, round, and clear synaptic vesicles (S-type: 20-50 nm) and were associated with an asymmetric (60.6, symmetric (11.4, or no (18 postsynaptic specialization. By contrast, most axosomatic terminals contained flattened vesicles (F-type) and formed a symmetric or no postsynaptic specialization (75. Large dense core vesicles (55-90 nm) were observed within a small proportion of all labeled axon terminals (1.3. The results from this study demonstrate that the nSC projects to XII, preferentially targets a specific subgrouping of protrusor motoneurons, and synapses on both somata and dendrites, although mainly on the latter. The implications of these data are discussed relative to tongue control.
BibTeX: @article{Aldes:1990, author = {L. D. Aldes}, title = {Topographically organized projections from the nucleus subceruleus to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat: a light and electron microscopic study with complementary axonal transport techniques.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile 36688.}, year = {1990}, volume = {302}, number = {3}, pages = {643--656}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020318}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020318} }
Aldes, L.D.	Topographically organized projections from the nucleus subceruleus to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat: a light and electron microscopic study with complementary axonal transport techniques. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 302, pp. 643-56	article
Abstract: Projections from the nucleus subceruleus (nSC) to the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) were investigated with complementary retrograde and anterograde axonal transport techniques at the light and electron microscopic level in the rat. Injections of WGA-HRP into XII resulted in labeling of neurons in and around the nSC. Labeled nSC neurons were few in number (less than 4 per 40-60 microns sections) and variable in size and shape. Most labeled nSC neurons were medium-sized (mean = 16.89 microns), fusiform, triangular, or oval, with 3-4 dendrites typically oriented dorsomedially and ventrolaterally. These neurons were found throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the nSC but were most numerous medial, dorsomedial, and ventromedial to the motor trigeminal nucleus. Others were observed rostral to the motor trigeminal nucleus and ventral to the parabrachial nuclear complex. Confirmation of retrograde results was obtained following injections of tritiated amino acids or WGA-HRP into the nSC. This resulted in labeling throughout the rostrocaudal extent of XII mainly ipsilaterally. Labeled fibers descended the brainstem in the dorsolateral and, to a lesser extent, in the ventromedial component of Probst's tract. Fibers entered XII mainly rostrally along the lateral border of the nucleus. All regions of XII were recipients of nSC afferents, but the caudoventromedial quadrant contained the greatest density of terminal labeling. Electron microscopic evaluation confirmed that nSC afferents synapsed on motoneurons in XII. Axon terminals containing WGA-HRP reaction product were found contacting dendrites and somata, but primarily the former (81.3% versus 10.6%). Axodendritic terminals synapsed mainly on medium-to-small sized dendrites (less than 3 microns in diameter). The majority of labeled axodendritic terminals (90.1%) contained small, round, and clear synaptic vesicles (S-type: 20-50 nm) and were associated with an asymmetric (60.6%), symmetric (11.4%), or no (18%) postsynaptic specialization. By contrast, most axosomatic terminals contained flattened vesicles (F-type) and formed a symmetric or no postsynaptic specialization (75%). Large dense core vesicles (55-90 nm) were observed within a small proportion of all labeled axon terminals (1.3%). The results from this study demonstrate that the nSC projects to XII, preferentially targets a specific subgrouping of protrusor motoneurons, and synapses on both somata and dendrites, although mainly on the latter. The implications of these data are discussed relative to tongue control.
BibTeX: @article{Aldes:1990a, author = {Aldes, L. D.}, title = {Topographically organized projections from the nucleus subceruleus to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat: a light and electron microscopic study with complementary axonal transport techniques.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1990}, volume = {302}, pages = {643-56}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aldes, L.D.	Subcompartmental organization of the ventral (protrusor) compartment in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	J Comp Neurol Vol. 353(1), pp. 89-108School: Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile 36688, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The extent and myotopic organization of the ventral (protrusor) compartment of the hypoglossal nucleus (nXII) in the rat is controversial. Of particular concern is the location of motoneurons that innervate the intrinsic (verticalis, transversus) as compared to extrinsic (genioglossus) tongue protrusor muscles. These issues were investigated with retrograde transport, lesion/degeneration/immunocytochemical, and classic Golgi staining techniques. Results from these experiments demonstrate the following: (1) the ventral compartment extends the entire rostrocaudal length of nXII and is organized into three longitudinally oriented subcompartments, one medial and one lateral within the boundaries of nXII, and one outside the confines of nXII, defined as the lateral accessory subcompartment; 2) the medial and lateral subcompartments contain motoneurons that innervate the intrinsic (verticalis, transversus) and extrinsic (genioglossus) tongue protrusor muscles, respectively, while the lateral accessory subcompartment innervates the geniohyoid muscle; (3) ventral subcompartments are unequal in size and vary along the rostrocaudal dimension of nXII. The medial subcompartment is largest caudally and smallest rostrally, while the converse is true for the lateral subcompartment. By contrast, the lateral accessory subcompartment is present only along the caudal one-half of nXII; (4) medial and lateral subcompartments are further organized into smaller subgroups. Medial and centromedial subgroups are discernible within the medial subcompartment, lateral and centrolateral subgroups within the lateral subcompartment. Both medial and lateral subgroups extend throughout the rostrocaudal length of nXII, whereas the centromedial and centrolateral subgroups are present only along the middle two-thirds of nXII where they form a central motoneuron band; (5) there is an inverse myotopic organization within the medial and lateral subcompartments such that proximal and distal portions of intrinsic and extrinsic protrusor muscles receive innervation from rostral and caudal motoneurons, respectively; and (6) there is a correlation between motoneuron morphology (size, shape and dendritic field domains), subcompartment localization, and myotopic specificity. Motoneurons in the medial subcompartment are small (mean = 23.08 microns), round to globular, with dendrites oriented medially, dorsomedially, dorsolaterally, and caudally, whereas lateral subcompartment motoneurons are large (mean = 29.49 microns), round to triangular, with dendrites directed mainly mediolaterally and dorsally. These data are relevant to understanding the functional organization of nXII and the motor control of the tongue. Results are further discussed relative to the convergence of multifunctional afferent systems in the ventromedial subcompartment of nXII.
BibTeX: @article{Aldes:1995, author = {L. D. Aldes}, title = {Subcompartmental organization of the ventral (protrusor) compartment in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile 36688, USA.}, year = {1995}, volume = {353}, number = {1}, pages = {89--108}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903530109}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903530109} }
Aldes, L.D.	Subcompartmental organization of the ventral (protrusor) compartment in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 353, pp. 89-108	article
Abstract: The extent and myotopic organization of the ventral (protrusor) compartment of the hypoglossal nucleus (nXII) in the rat is controversial. Of particular concern is the location of motoneurons that innervate the intrinsic (verticalis, transversus) as compared to extrinsic (genioglossus) tongue protrusor muscles. These issues were investigated with retrograde transport, lesion/degeneration/immunocytochemical, and classic Golgi staining techniques. Results from these experiments demonstrate the following: (1) the ventral compartment extends the entire rostrocaudal length of nXII and is organized into three longitudinally oriented subcompartments, one medial and one lateral within the boundaries of nXII, and one outside the confines of nXII, defined as the lateral accessory subcompartment; 2) the medial and lateral subcompartments contain motoneurons that innervate the intrinsic (verticalis, transversus) and extrinsic (genioglossus) tongue protrusor muscles, respectively, while the lateral accessory subcompartment innervates the geniohyoid muscle; (3) ventral subcompartments are unequal in size and vary along the rostrocaudal dimension of nXII. The medial subcompartment is largest caudally and smallest rostrally, while the converse is true for the lateral subcompartment. By contrast, the lateral accessory subcompartment is present only along the caudal one-half of nXII; (4) medial and lateral subcompartments are further organized into smaller subgroups. Medial and centromedial subgroups are discernible within the medial subcompartment, lateral and centrolateral subgroups within the lateral subcompartment. Both medial and lateral subgroups extend throughout the rostrocaudal length of nXII, whereas the centromedial and centrolateral subgroups are present only along the middle two-thirds of nXII where they form a central motoneuron band; (5) there is an inverse myotopic organization within the medial and lateral subcompartments such that proximal and distal portions of intrinsic and extrinsic protrusor muscles receive innervation from rostral and caudal motoneurons, respectively; and (6) there is a correlation between motoneuron morphology (size, shape and dendritic field domains), subcompartment localization, and myotopic specificity. Motoneurons in the medial subcompartment are small (mean = 23.08 microns), round to globular, with dendrites oriented medially, dorsomedially, dorsolaterally, and caudally, whereas lateral subcompartment motoneurons are large (mean = 29.49 microns), round to triangular, with dendrites directed mainly mediolaterally and dorsally. These data are relevant to understanding the functional organization of nXII and the motor control of the tongue. Results are further discussed relative to the convergence of multifunctional afferent systems in the ventromedial subcompartment of nXII.
BibTeX: @article{Aldes:1995a, author = {Aldes, L. D.}, title = {Subcompartmental organization of the ventral (protrusor) compartment in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1995}, volume = {353}, pages = {89-108}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aldes, L.D. and Boone, T.B.	Does the interstitial nucleus of cajal project to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	J Neurosci Res Vol. 12(4), pp. 553-561	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The present study sought to determine whether or not the hypoglossal nucleus receives direct afferent projections from the interstitial nucleus of Cajal. Results from anterograde and retrograde labeling experiments in the rat indicated that while projections from the interstitial nucleus of Cajal do not terminate within the hypoglossal nucleus, they do so among a small group of neurons located ventrolateral to the hypoglossal nucleus, the nucleus of Roller. These findings are discussed in relation to orolingual motor behavior.
BibTeX: @article{Aldes:1984, author = {L. D. Aldes and T. B. Boone}, title = {Does the interstitial nucleus of cajal project to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat?}, journal = {J Neurosci Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {553--561}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490120404}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490120404} }
Aldes, L.D. and Boone, T.B.	Does the interstitial nucleus of cajal project to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Journal of neuroscience research Vol. 12, pp. 553-61	article
Abstract: The present study sought to determine whether or not the hypoglossal nucleus receives direct afferent projections from the interstitial nucleus of Cajal. Results from anterograde and retrograde labeling experiments in the rat indicated that while projections from the interstitial nucleus of Cajal do not terminate within the hypoglossal nucleus, they do so among a small group of neurons located ventrolateral to the hypoglossal nucleus, the nucleus of Roller. These findings are discussed in relation to orolingual motor behavior.
BibTeX: @article{Aldes:1984a, author = {Aldes, L. D. and Boone, T. B.}, title = {Does the interstitial nucleus of cajal project to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat?}, journal = {Journal of neuroscience research}, year = {1984}, volume = {12}, pages = {553-61}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aldes, L.D. and Boone, T.B.	Organization of projections from the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat: an experimental light and electron microscopic study with axonal tracer techniques. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Exp Brain Res Vol. 59(1), pp. 16-29	article	DOI
Abstract: The organization of projections from the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (PSN) to the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) in the rat was investigated at the light and electron microscopic level with retrograde and anterograde axonal tracer techniques. Microiontophoretic injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into XII resulted in retrograde labeling of neurons confined to the dorsal one-third of the PSN. Labeled neurons were found bilaterally, although a clear preponderance for ipsilateral distribution was evident. Most labeled neurons were found in the medial one-third and caudal two-thirds of the PSN. Labeled neurons were large (30-50 micron), round-to-pear shaped multipolar cells with dendrites oriented primarily in the mediolateral direction. At the electron microscopic level, HRP reaction product was found throughout the cytoplasm of soma and processes of PSN projection neurons. The ultrastructural characteristics of these cells included a round, centrally placed nucleus and invaginated nuclear envelope, sparse Nissl bodies, numerous free ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes and Golgi complexes. Three to four main stem dendrites gradually tapered from the cell body and numerous synaptic terminals impinged upon soma and dendrites of labeled PSN neurons. Microiontophoretic injection of tritiated amino acids or HRP into the dorsal one-third of the PSN resulted in moderately dense terminal labeling in XII bilaterally, although mainly ipsilaterally. Terminal labeling was found diffusely throughout all regions of XII. Fibers descended the brainstem in the dorsolateral reticular formation and entered XII ventrolaterally. At the electron microscopic level, boutons containing HRP reaction product were found to synapse on dendritic processes in XII. Labeled boutons were characterized by clear, spherical vesicles and an asymmetrical postsynaptic density. The significance of these results are discussed in relation to oro-lingual motor behavior.
BibTeX: @article{Aldes:1985, author = {L. D. Aldes and T. B. Boone}, title = {Organization of projections from the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat: an experimental light and electron microscopic study with axonal tracer techniques.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, pages = {16--29}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00237661} }
Aldes, L.D. and Boone, T.B.	Organization of projections from the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat: an experimental light and electron microscopic study with axonal tracer techniques. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Experimental brain research Vol. 59, pp. 16-29	article	DOI
Abstract: The organization of projections from the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (PSN) to the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) in the rat was investigated at the light and electron microscopic level with retrograde and anterograde axonal tracer techniques. Microiontophoretic injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into XII resulted in retrograde labeling of neurons confined to the dorsal one-third of the PSN. Labeled neurons were found bilaterally, although a clear preponderance for ipsilateral distribution was evident. Most labeled neurons were found in the medial one-third and caudal two-thirds of the PSN. Labeled neurons were large (30-50 micron), round-to-pear shaped multipolar cells with dendrites oriented primarily in the mediolateral direction. At the electron microscopic level, HRP reaction product was found throughout the cytoplasm of soma and processes of PSN projection neurons. The ultrastructural characteristics of these cells included a round, centrally placed nucleus and invaginated nuclear envelope, sparse Nissl bodies, numerous free ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes and Golgi complexes. Three to four main stem dendrites gradually tapered from the cell body and numerous synaptic terminals impinged upon soma and dendrites of labeled PSN neurons. Microiontophoretic injection of tritiated amino acids or HRP into the dorsal one-third of the PSN resulted in moderately dense terminal labeling in XII bilaterally, although mainly ipsilaterally. Terminal labeling was found diffusely throughout all regions of XII. Fibers descended the brainstem in the dorsolateral reticular formation and entered XII ventrolaterally. At the electron microscopic level, boutons containing HRP reaction product were found to synapse on dendritic processes in XII. Labeled boutons were characterized by clear, spherical vesicles and an asymmetrical postsynaptic density. The significance of these results are discussed in relation to oro-lingual motor behavior.
BibTeX: @article{Aldes:1985a, author = {Aldes, L D and Boone, T B}, title = {Organization of projections from the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat: an experimental light and electron microscopic study with axonal tracer techniques.}, journal = {Experimental brain research}, year = {1985}, volume = {59}, pages = {16--29}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00237661} }
Aldes, L.D., Chapman, M.E., Chronister, R.B. and Haycock, J.W.	Sources of noradrenergic afferents to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Brain Res Bull Vol. 29(6), pp. 931-942School: Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile 36688.	article	DOI
Abstract: The sources of noradrenergic (NA) innervation to the hypoglossal nucleus (nXII) in the rat were investigated with double-labeling histochemical/immunocytochemical and lesion/degeneration techniques. Following injection of wheat germ-agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into nXII, brain stem sections were reacted with tetramethylbenzidine, stabilized, and incubated in antiserum to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Double-labeled neurons were observed in three pontine sites bilaterally, although mainly ipsilaterally, that included the nucleus subceruleus (nSC; 68.75 and the A7 (21.09 and A5 (10.15 cell groups. Confirmation of the above results and identification of the course taken by descending NA-nXII projections was accomplished by lesioning the rostral pons, the nSC, or the medullary catecholamine bundle (MB), the suspected route by which NA afferents reach nXII. Quantitative estimates of the reduction of TH immunoreactivity on the lesioned compared to nonlesioned side of nXII were made densitometrically. In each case, TH immunostaining was significantly decreased (75 in the ipsilateral caudoventromedial district of nXII, the predominant target area of NA input. The results from this study establish that multiple NA sources in the pons project to nXII in the rat, the majority of NA-nXII afferents are derived from the nSC, and descending NA-nXII projections course in the MB. These data are discussed relative to tongue control.
BibTeX: @article{Aldes:1992, author = {Aldes, L. D. and Chapman, M. E. and Chronister, R. B. and Haycock, J. W.}, title = {Sources of noradrenergic afferents to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile 36688.}, year = {1992}, volume = {29}, number = {6}, pages = {931--942}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(92)90168-w} }
Aldinio, C., Mazzari, S., Toffano, G., Köhler, C. and Schwarcz, R.	Effects of intracerebral injections of quinolinic acid on serotonergic neurons in the rat brain [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Brain Research Vol. 341(1), pp. 57-65	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The effects of intrastriatal and intrahippocampal injections of the excitotoxic amino acid, quinolinic acid (QUIN), were examined in the rat using immunohistochemical and neurochemical techniques. Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid measurements at 90 min, 6 h, 4 and 11 days following QUIN administration revealed highly elevated levels of the metabolite in the injected nuclei, with peak increases occurring after 4 days. Serotonin levels remained largely unchanged over the same time period. Direct visualization of hippocampal serotonergic fibers by immunohistochemistry demonstrated morphological changes (varicosities, swellings) in otherwise undamaged serotonin-positive afferents 4 days following a local QUIN injecton. Hippocampal serotonin turnover was assessed at 4 days after an intrahippocampal QUIN-application: following inhibition of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, the accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan was twice as rapid in QUIN-lesioned hippocampi as in controls. Dose-response relationships, examination of brain regions distant from the two injection sites and the temporal sequence of the changes described here suggest a close association between QUIN-induced neuronal degeneration and alterations in the serotonergic system. © 1985.
BibTeX: @article{Aldinio:1985, author = {Aldinio, C. and Mazzari, S. and Toffano, G. and Köhler, C. and Schwarcz, R.}, title = {Effects of intracerebral injections of quinolinic acid on serotonergic neurons in the rat brain}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1985}, volume = {341}, number = {1}, pages = {57-65}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022364297&partnerID=40&md5=b8535bd25603923e703928aa489193b8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(85)91472-6} }
Aldskogius, H. and Arvidsson, J.	Nerve cell degeneration and death in the trigeminal ganglion of the adult rat following peripheral nerve transection. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1978	J Neurocytol Vol. 7(2), pp. 229-250	article	DOI
Abstract: Trigeminal ganglia of normal rats and of adult rats subjected to unilateral transection of the infraorbital nerve were studied by light and electron microscopy. Counts of ganglion cells in ganglia on operated and unoperated sides were made following long postoperative survival times. The ultrastructural changes in ganglia of the operated side were studied from 3 to 70 days postoperatively. The quantitative observations show that a considerable loss of ganglion cells takes place on the operated side. The ultrastructural observations demonstrate the occurrence of ganglion cell degeneration, nerve fibre degeneration and phagocytosis by satellite and Schwann cells. The results are compatible with the view that degeneration of trigeminal afferents in the brain stem following lesions of peripheral trigeminal nerve branches is related to retrograde degeneration of trigeminal ganglion cells.
BibTeX: @article{Aldskogius:1978, author = {H. Aldskogius and J. Arvidsson}, title = {Nerve cell degeneration and death in the trigeminal ganglion of the adult rat following peripheral nerve transection.}, journal = {J Neurocytol}, year = {1978}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {229--250}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01217921} }
Aldskogius, H. and Arvidsson, J.	Nerve cell degeneration and death in the trigeminal ganglion of the adult rat following peripheral nerve transection. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1978	Journal of neurocytology Vol. 7, pp. 229-50	article
Abstract: Trigeminal ganglia of normal rats and of adult rats subjected to unilateral transection of the infraorbital nerve were studied by light and electron microscopy. Counts of ganglion cells in ganglia on operated and unoperated sides were made following long postoperative survival times. The ultrastructural changes in ganglia of the operated side were studied from 3 to 70 days postoperatively. The quantitative observations show that a considerable loss of ganglion cells takes place on the operated side. The ultrastructural observations demonstrate the occurrence of ganglion cell degeneration, nerve fibre degeneration and phagocytosis by satellite and Schwann cells. The results are compatible with the view that degeneration of trigeminal afferents in the brain stem following lesions of peripheral trigeminal nerve branches is related to retrograde degeneration of trigeminal ganglion cells.
BibTeX: @article{Aldskogius:1978a, author = {Aldskogius, H. and Arvidsson, J.}, title = {Nerve cell degeneration and death in the trigeminal ganglion of the adult rat following peripheral nerve transection.}, journal = {Journal of neurocytology}, year = {1978}, volume = {7}, pages = {229-50}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aldskogius, H., Arvidsson, J. and Grant, G.	The reaction of primary sensory neurons to peripheral nerve injury with particular emphasis on transganglionic changes. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Brain Res Vol. 357(1), pp. 27-46	article	DOI
Abstract: This paper reviews light- and electron microscopic, histochemical and physiological evidence which demonstrate that peripheral nerve injury in mammals is followed by profound structural and functional changes in the central terminals of the affected primary sensory neurons. Available evidence indicates that at least some of these so-called transganglionic changes are the result of ganglion cell degeneration and death, although other mechanisms are probably in effect as well. Existing data suggest that this ganglion cell death does not effect all types of ganglion cells equally, but do not permit a clearcut answer to the question of which kinds of ganglion cells are affected more than others. Results from studies with microtubule inhibitors and antibodies to nerve growth factor are compatible with the notion that depletion of retrogradely transported trophic factors is involved in the production of certain transganglionic changes. This issue needs further examination, however. Physiological studies indicate marked alterations in certain primary afferent synaptic connections after peripheral nerve lesions. So far, these changes have not been satisfactorily correlated with the structural changes induced by similar lesions. Further studies on the structural and functional response of primary sensory neurons to peripheral nerve injury are likely to contribute to the understanding of the frequent failure to regain normal sensory functions after peripheral nerve lesions in man, as well as of the basic aspects of lesion-induced changes in general in the peripheral and central nervous system.
BibTeX: @article{Aldskogius:1985, author = {Aldskogius, H. and Arvidsson, J. and Grant, G.}, title = {The reaction of primary sensory neurons to peripheral nerve injury with particular emphasis on transganglionic changes.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {357}, number = {1}, pages = {27--46}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173(85)90006-2} }
Aldskogius, H., Arvidsson, J. and Grant, G.	The reaction of primary sensory neurons to peripheral nerve injury with particular emphasis on transganglionic changes. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Brain research Vol. 357, pp. 27-46	article
Abstract: This paper reviews light- and electron microscopic, histochemical and physiological evidence which demonstrate that peripheral nerve injury in mammals is followed by profound structural and functional changes in the central terminals of the affected primary sensory neurons. Available evidence indicates that at least some of these so-called transganglionic changes are the result of ganglion cell degeneration and death, although other mechanisms are probably in effect as well. Existing data suggest that this ganglion cell death does not effect all types of ganglion cells equally, but do not permit a clearcut answer to the question of which kinds of ganglion cells are affected more than others. Results from studies with microtubule inhibitors and antibodies to nerve growth factor are compatible with the notion that depletion of retrogradely transported trophic factors is involved in the production of certain transganglionic changes. This issue needs further examination, however. Physiological studies indicate marked alterations in certain primary afferent synaptic connections after peripheral nerve lesions. So far, these changes have not been satisfactorily correlated with the structural changes induced by similar lesions. Further studies on the structural and functional response of primary sensory neurons to peripheral nerve injury are likely to contribute to the understanding of the frequent failure to regain normal sensory functions after peripheral nerve lesions in man, as well as of the basic aspects of lesion-induced changes in general in the peripheral and central nervous system.
BibTeX: @article{Aldskogius:1985a, author = {Aldskogius, H. and Arvidsson, J. and Grant, G.}, title = {The reaction of primary sensory neurons to peripheral nerve injury with particular emphasis on transganglionic changes.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1985}, volume = {357}, pages = {27-46}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aldskogius, H., Arvidsson, J. and Kinnman, E.	Movement of horseradish peroxidase after its entry into intact and damaged peripheral nerve axons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Exp Neurol Vol. 79(3), pp. 862-866	article	DOI
Abstract: After application of a solution of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) around intact sciatic nerve axons in the rat, numerous HRP-labeled neurons were found in the ipsilateral L5 dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord ventral horn. These findings indicate that HRP enters intact peripheral nerve axons, and is transported retrogradely from its site of entry to their cell bodies of origin.
BibTeX: @article{Aldskogius:1983, author = {Aldskogius, H. and Arvidsson, J. and Kinnman, E.}, title = {Movement of horseradish peroxidase after its entry into intact and damaged peripheral nerve axons.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {1983}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, pages = {862--866}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(83)90049-3} }
Aldskogius, H., Hermanson, A. and Jonsson, C.-E.	Reinnervation of experimental superficial wounds in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Vol. 79(4), pp. 595-599	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Sensory reinnervation of a superficial skin wound in the rat was studied by labeling sensory axons with anterogradely transported wheat germ agglutinin-horse-radish peroxidase. Reinnervation starts after 3 days from the edge of the wound as well as from beneath the wound. About 2 weeks after the production of the wound, some hyperinnervation appears to be present, but after a few additional weeks, the innervation pattern is essentially normal. The results indicate that structural recovery of sensory axons is rapid and probably complete when skin wounds heal with no or minimal scar formation.© 1987 American Society of Plastic Surgeons.
BibTeX: @article{Aldskogius:1987, author = {Aldskogius, H. and Hermanson, A. and Jonsson, C.-E.}, title = {Reinnervation of experimental superficial wounds in rats}, journal = {Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery}, year = {1987}, volume = {79}, number = {4}, pages = {595-599}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023194674&partnerID=40&md5=a0c4d3456750b38141c1cd961dfa4f64}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198704000-00014} }
Aldskogius, H., Kinnman, E. and Persson, J.	Labeling of cutaneous sensory nerve endings with axonally transported horseradish peroxidase and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate: a methodological study in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	J Neurosci Methods Vol. 15(4), pp. 281-294	article	DOI
Abstract: Practical aspects on the use of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) to trace peripheral cutaneous nerve endings have been studied. The parameters studied included application site of the tracer, post-application survival time, tracer concentration and tracer volume. These parameters were examined in the glabrous skin of the rat hindpaw. The best results were obtained with injections of 1 microliter WGA-HRP (20 micrograms/microliter) in dorsal root ganglia innervating the examined cutaneous region and a postinjection survival time of 18-36 h. With this approach extensive and heavy labeling was achieved of epidermal nerve endings, nerve endings in Merkel cell-neurite complexes and Meissner corpuscles. Useful, but less extensive labeling of these types of peripheral nerve endings, was obtained with injections of HRP in the lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn.
BibTeX: @article{Aldskogius:1986, author = {Aldskogius, H. and Kinnman, E. and Persson, J.}, title = {Labeling of cutaneous sensory nerve endings with axonally transported horseradish peroxidase and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate: a methodological study in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {1986}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {281--294}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(87)90096-0} }
Aldskogius, H. and Thomander, L.	Selective reinnervation of somatotopically appropriate muscles after facial nerve transection and regeneration in the neonatal rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Brain Res Vol. 375(1), pp. 126-134	article	DOI
Abstract: The organization of the facial motor nucleus (FMN) has been examined after transection and regeneration of the facial nerve (FN) in neonatal and adult rats. In one series of experiments, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied bilaterally to the superior or inferior buccal ramus 5 months after neonatal FN transection. In another series of experiments, wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate was injected in selected vibrissae follicular muscles on both sides in animals surviving 5 months after FN transection at the neonatal or adult stage. The number and distribution of HRP-labeled cell bodies in the FMN after regeneration was compared with the contralateral side. On the uninjured side, labeled neurons were somatotopically organized. Ipsilateral to nerve injury the number of labeled cells was markedly reduced after neonatal nerve transection, but somatotopy was preserved. However, after nerve lesion at the adult stage, no significant loss of motoneurons occurred, but motor nucleus somatotopy was not maintained. Two alternative principal explanations are proposed for the re-establishment of the normal somatotopy after neonatal injury: that regenerating axons grow in a random fashion but inappropriate connections are subsequently eliminated or that regenerating axons of surviving neurons immediately follow a pathway leading to the appropriate muscle.
BibTeX: @article{Aldskogius:1986a, author = {Aldskogius, H and Thomander, L}, title = {Selective reinnervation of somatotopically appropriate muscles after facial nerve transection and regeneration in the neonatal rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {375}, number = {1}, pages = {126--134}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in normal adult rats.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(86)90965-0} }
Aldskogius, H., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. and Kristensson, K.	Selective neuronal destruction by Ricinus communis agglutinin I and its use for the quantitative determination of sciatic nerve dorsal root ganglion cell numbers [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Brain Research Vol. 461(2), pp. 215-220	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The selectivity of the neurotoxic lesion of Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCAI) in rat dorsal root ganglia was examined. RCAI was injected in the sural nerve on one side. Two weeks later, the injected nerve, as well as the ipsilateral peroneal nerve, were examined in 1-μm-thick plastic embedded sections in the light microscope. The injected nerves showed a complete or almost complete Wallerian-like degeneration of myelinated fibers, but there were no signs of fiber damage in the uninjected nerves, which to a large extent originate in the same ganglia as the injected ones. We conclude that RCAI does not diffuse into and destroy ganglion cells adjacent to those that have transported the substance. We then used this selectivity in the effect of RCAI to determine indirectly the relative number of neurons in dorsal root ganglia L4-L6 which contribute to the sciatic nerve. Three weeks after unilateral injections of RCAI in the sciatic nerve, the L4-L6 dorsal root ganglion cells were counted bilaterally. On average, relative neuronal numbers between injected and uninjected sides were 0.36, 0.15 and 0.64 for L4, L5 and L6 respectively. From these data we conclude that the sciatic nerve receives on average of 64%, 85% and 36%, respectively of its sensory contribution from these ganglia. © 1988.
BibTeX: @article{Aldskogius:1988, author = {Aldskogius, H. and Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. and Kristensson, K.}, title = {Selective neuronal destruction by Ricinus communis agglutinin I and its use for the quantitative determination of sciatic nerve dorsal root ganglion cell numbers}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1988}, volume = {461}, number = {2}, pages = {215-220}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023789640&partnerID=40&md5=3bfcc2dda18a11bd4a64ba63230e2bff}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)90252-1} }
Aleksandrov, V.G., Bagaev, V.A., Nozdrachev, A.D. and Panteleev, S.S.	Identification of gastric related neurones in the rat insular cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Neurosci Lett Vol. 216(1), pp. 5-8School: Laboratory of cortico-visceral Physiology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Sankt-Petersburg, Russia. chi@physiology.spb.su	article	DOI
Abstract: Location peculiarities of insular neurones implicated in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility have been studied in acute experiments on rats. After microinjection of a horseradish peroxidase solution in a part of the dorsal vagal complex that receive gastric afferent inputs, retrogradely labelled cell bodies are observed in a certain area of the agranular and disgranular insular cortex. Electrical stimulation of the insular cortex area had no significant effect on heart and respiration rate but had evoked gastric tone changes. These results suggest that the insular cortex contains a specific cell group that provides direct output to the bulbar 'gastric' centre and takes part in regulation of gastrointestinal functions.
BibTeX: @article{Aleksandrov:1996, author = {V. G. Aleksandrov and V. A. Bagaev and A. D. Nozdrachev and S. S. Panteleev}, title = {Identification of gastric related neurones in the rat insular cortex.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, school = {Laboratory of cortico-visceral Physiology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Sankt-Petersburg, Russia. chi@physiology.spb.su}, year = {1996}, volume = {216}, number = {1}, pages = {5--8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(96)12980-3} }
Aleksandrov, V.G., Bagaev, V.A., Nozdrachev, A.D. and Panteleev, S.S.	Identification of gastric related neurones in the rat insular cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Neuroscience letters Vol. 216, pp. 5-8	article
Abstract: Location peculiarities of insular neurones implicated in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility have been studied in acute experiments on rats. After microinjection of a horseradish peroxidase solution in a part of the dorsal vagal complex that receive gastric afferent inputs, retrogradely labelled cell bodies are observed in a certain area of the agranular and disgranular insular cortex. Electrical stimulation of the insular cortex area had no significant effect on heart and respiration rate but had evoked gastric tone changes. These results suggest that the insular cortex contains a specific cell group that provides direct output to the bulbar 'gastric' centre and takes part in regulation of gastrointestinal functions.
BibTeX: @article{Aleksandrov:1996a, author = {Aleksandrov, V. G. and Bagaev, V. A. and Nozdrachev, A. D. and Panteleev, S. S.}, title = {Identification of gastric related neurones in the rat insular cortex.}, journal = {Neuroscience letters}, year = {1996}, volume = {216}, pages = {5-8}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Alexander, K., Brooks, J., Sarter, M. and Bruno, J.	Disruption of mesolimbic regulation of prefrontal cholinergic transmission in an animal model of schizophrenia and normalization by chronic clozapine treatment [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Neuropsychopharmacology Vol. 34(13), pp. 2710-2720	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Abnormal mesolimbic control of cortical cholinergic activity has been hypothesized to contribute to the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Stimulation of NMDA receptors in nucleus accumbens (NAC) increases acetylcholine (ACh) release in prefrontal cortex (PFC), an activation thought to contribute to attentional processing. Thus, the effects of intra-NAC perfusion of NMDA (250-400 M) on ACh release in PFC were determined in rats receiving lesions of the ventral hippocampus (VH) as neonates (nVHLX), a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, or as adults (aVHLX). NMDA elevated ACh release (100-150% above baseline) in adults sham-lesioned as neonates or in aVHLX rats. Adult nVHLX were unresponsive to NAC NMDA receptor stimulation. The inability of nVHLX to respond to NMDA emerged over development as a separate experiment demonstrated that evoked ACh release was normal before puberty (100-150% increase) yet, in these same nVHLX animals, absent after puberty. Amphetamine-evoked ACh release was assessed in nVHLX animals to exclude potential limitations in release capacity. Amphetamine produced greater increases in ACh release than in shams, indicating that nVHLX does not impair the capacity of cholinergic neurons to release ACh. Finally, the ability of 13 days of pretreatment with clozapine (1.25 mg/kg/day) to reinstate NMDA-evoked cortical ACh efflux was determined. Clozapine treatment normalized NMDA-evoked ACh release in nVHLX animals. These experiments show that mesolimbic regulation of cortical ACh release is disrupted in postpubertal nVHLX rats and normalized by low-dose treatment of clozapine; supporting the usefulness of nVHLX animals for research on the neuronal mechanisms underlying the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. © 2009 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Alexander:2009, author = {Alexander, K.S. and Brooks, J.M. and Sarter, M. and Bruno, J.P.}, title = {Disruption of mesolimbic regulation of prefrontal cholinergic transmission in an animal model of schizophrenia and normalization by chronic clozapine treatment}, journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology}, year = {2009}, volume = {34}, number = {13}, pages = {2710-2720}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70449531474&partnerID=40&md5=f4458a2d734b9c64ab876f70cf93ffd0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.105} }
Alger, B. and Teyler, T.	A monosynaptic fiber track studied in vitro: Evidence of a hippocampal CA1 associational system? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1977	Brain Research Bulletin Vol. 2(5), pp. 355-365	article	DOI URL
Abstract: An excitatory afferent system previously undescribed in the in vitro slice was found to be present in the hippocampal CA1 stratum oriens. Evidence was provided that the system makes monosynaptic, en passage contact with CA1 pyramidal cells in the region of their basal dendrites. Slices from partially deafferented hippocampi were used in evaluating the possibility that the s. oriens pathway originated in the contralateral hippocampus. This possibility was not confirmed and the results were discussed in terms of an ipsilateral associational system in CA1 s. oriens. © 1977.
BibTeX: @article{Alger:1977, author = {Alger, B.E. and Teyler, T.J.}, title = {A monosynaptic fiber track studied in vitro: Evidence of a hippocampal CA1 associational system?}, journal = {Brain Research Bulletin}, year = {1977}, volume = {2}, number = {5}, pages = {355-365}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0017657666&partnerID=40&md5=5498225ddc527db160d2f822f6e7597f}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(77)90069-7} }
Alger, S., Maasch, S. and Riters, L.	Lesions to the medial preoptic nucleus affect immediate early gene immunolabeling in brain regions involved in song control and social behavior in male European starlings [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	European Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 29(5), pp. 970-982	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The medial preoptic nucleus (POM) is a brain region outside of the song control system of songbirds. It has been implicated in song production, sexual motivation, and the integration of both sensory and hormonal information with appropriate behavioral responses. The POM is well positioned neuroanatomically to interact with multiple regions involved in song, social behavior, and motivation. However, little is known about the brain regions with which the POM directly or indirectly communicates to influence song. To gain insight into the neuronal circuits normally activated in association with POM activity during male song, we compared activity within multiple brain regions using immunolabeling for protein products of immediate early genes (IEGs) zenk (aka egr-1) and c-fos (indirect markers of neuronal activity) in sham and POM-lesioned male European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). As compared to sham lesions, POM lesions disrupted song and interest in a nest box, and females responded less to POM- lesioned males. POM lesions reduced numbers of IEG-labeled cells and disrupted correlations between numbers of IEG-labeled cells and song within several song control, limbic, hypothalamic and midbrain regions. These results are consistent with the possibility that the POM integrates activity among nuclei involved in song control, social behavior and motivational state that work in concert to promote sexually motivated communication. © Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Alger:2009, author = {Alger, S.J. and Maasch, S.N. and Riters, L.V.}, title = {Lesions to the medial preoptic nucleus affect immediate early gene immunolabeling in brain regions involved in song control and social behavior in male European starlings}, journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2009}, volume = {29}, number = {5}, pages = {970-982}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-61449223021&partnerID=40&md5=afb677bb9857f6d4f9a2101e8e08ff6a}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06637.x} }
Al-Ghoul, W., Volsi, G., Weinberg, R. and Rustioni, A.	Glutamate immunocytochemistry in the dorsal horn after injury or stimulation of the sciatic nerve of rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Brain Research Bulletin Vol. 30(3-4), pp. 453-459	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Glutamate is a major neurotransmitter of fine afferent fibers to the spinal cord. Neuropeptides are also released by the same fibers. We explored, by quantitative immunocytochemistry, the effects of two experimental manipulations of peripheral nerves on the levels of these two classes of mediators. Glutamate levels in the superficial dorsal horn of rats increased after chronic loose ligature of the sciatic nerve, a model for hyperpathic peripheral neuropathy. A similar increase was observed acutely, after stimulation of C fibers, but not A fibers, in the sciatic nerve. In contrast, immunostaining for substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide decreased in the same region with both manipulations. The decrease in immunocytochemical levels of peptides is in agreement with previous observations and can result from activity-related depletion. We propose that the increase in glutamate levels reflects differences in the regulation and kinetics of amino acid versus peptide neuromediators. © 1993.
BibTeX: @article{Al-Ghoul:1993, author = {Al-Ghoul, W.M. and Volsi, G.L. and Weinberg, R.J. and Rustioni, A.}, title = {Glutamate immunocytochemistry in the dorsal horn after injury or stimulation of the sciatic nerve of rats}, journal = {Brain Research Bulletin}, year = {1993}, volume = {30}, number = {3-4}, pages = {453-459}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027413423&partnerID=40&md5=702b4802221feaccae3d8a19c9c8703d}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(93)90278-J} }
al-Ghoul, W.M. and Miller, M.W.	Development of the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve of the rat and evidence for a transient synaptic field in the trigeminal sensory tract. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	J Comp Neurol Vol. 330(4), pp. 476-490School: Program in Physiology and Neurobiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The early development of the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (PSN) was examined to determine whether spatiotemporal patterns of synaptogenesis coincide with patterns in neuronal generation, migration, and death. The morphogenesis of PSN neurons during the period from G16 to P14 was studied with a Golgi method. Prenatally, PSN neurons had dendrites that extended into the sensory tract of the trigeminal nerve (s5), and from as early as G18, these dendrites were studded with spines. The dendrites in the s5 degenerated or regressed in the early postnatal period so that the s5 was free of dendrites by P14. The development of anti-synapsin I immunoreactivity was traced from G14 to P10. Immunoreactive puncta (synaptic boutons) appeared in the medial third of the s5 transiently between G18 and P5. On the other hand, puncta in the PSN did not appear until G20, at which time they were confined to the lateral margin of the PSN. By P0, puncta were distributed throughout the PSN. Cytochrome oxidase activity in the PSN was low and unpatterned prenatally. Postnatally, cytochrome oxidase activity intensified and a segmented pattern of barreloids appeared in the ventral PSN on the day of birth. By P5, the complete pattern of barreloids, spanning the full width of the ventral PSN, was evident. The development of cytochrome oxidase activity in the PSN followed the lateral-to-medial gradient of synaptogenesis revealed by the development of synapsin 1 immunoreactivity. This gradient is opposite of that for neuronal generation, migration, and death. Moreover, the s5 serves as a transient synaptic field.
BibTeX: @article{Ghoul:1993, author = {W. M. al-Ghoul and M. W. Miller}, title = {Development of the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve of the rat and evidence for a transient synaptic field in the trigeminal sensory tract.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Program in Physiology and Neurobiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.}, year = {1993}, volume = {330}, number = {4}, pages = {476--490}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903300404}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903300404} }
Alhadeff, A.L., Baird, J.-P., Swick, J.C., Hayes, M.R. and Grill, H.J.	Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor signaling in the lateral parabrachial nucleus contributes to the control of food intake and motivation to feed. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Neuropsychopharmacology Vol. 39(9), pp. 2233-2243School: Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Central glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation reduces food intake and the motivation to work for food, but the neurons and circuits mediating these effects are not fully understood. Although lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN) neurons are implicated in the control of food intake and reward, the specific role of GLP-1R-expressing lPBN neurons is unexplored. Here, neuroanatomical tracing, immunohistochemical, and behavioral/pharmacological techniques are used to test the hypothesis that lPBN neurons contribute to the anorexic effect of central GLP-1R activation. Results indicate that GLP-1-producing neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius project monosynaptically to the lPBN, providing a potential endogenous mechanism by which lPBN GLP-1R signaling may exert effects on food intake control. Pharmacological activation of GLP-1R in the lPBN reduced food intake, and conversely, antagonism of GLP-1R in the lPBN increased food intake. In addition, lPBN GLP-1R activation reduced the motivation to work for food under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Taken together, these data establish the lPBN as a novel site of action for GLP-1R-mediated control of food intake and reward.
BibTeX: @article{Alhadeff:2014, author = {Alhadeff, Amber L. and Baird, John-Paul and Swick, Jennifer C. and Hayes, Matthew R. and Grill, Harvey J.}, title = {Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor signaling in the lateral parabrachial nucleus contributes to the control of food intake and motivation to feed.}, journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology}, school = {Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.}, year = {2014}, volume = {39}, number = {9}, pages = {2233--2243}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.74}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.74} }
Alhadeff, A.L., Holland, R.A., Zheng, H., Rinaman, L., Grill, H.J. and De Jonghe, B.C.	Excitatory Hindbrain-Forebrain Communication Is Required for Cisplatin-Induced Anorexia and Weight Loss. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2017	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Vol. 37, pp. 362-370	article	DOI
Abstract: Cisplatin chemotherapy is commonly used to treat cancer despite severe energy balance side effects. In rats, cisplatin activates nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) projections to the lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN) and calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) projections from the lPBN to the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). We demonstrated previously that CeA glutamate receptor signaling mediates cisplatin-induced anorexia and body weight loss. Here, we used neuroanatomical tracing, immunofluorescence, and confocal imaging to demonstrate that virtually all NTS-->lPBN and lPBN-->CeA CGRP projections coexpress vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2), providing evidence that excitatory projections mediate cisplatin-induced energy balance dysregulation. To test whether lPBN-->CeA projection neurons are required for cisplatin-induced anorexia and weight loss, we inhibited these neurons chemogenetically using a retrograde Cre-recombinase-expressing canine adenovirus-2 in combination with Cre-dependent inhibitory Designer Receptors Exclusive Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) before cisplatin treatment. Inhibition of lPBN-->CeA neurons attenuated cisplatin-induced anorexia and body weight loss significantly. Using a similar approach, we additionally demonstrated that inhibition of NTS-->lPBN neurons attenuated cisplatin-induced anorexia and body weight loss significantly. Together, our data support the view that excitatory hindbrain-forebrain projections are necessary for cisplatin's untoward effects on energy intake, elucidating a key neuroanatomical circuit driving pathological anorexia and weight loss that accompanies chemotherapy treatment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Chemotherapy treatments are commonly used to treat cancers despite accompanying anorexia and weight loss that may limit treatment adherence and reduce patient quality of life. Strikingly, we lack a neural understanding of, and effective treatments for, chemotherapy-induced anorexia and weight loss. The current data characterize the excitatory nature of neural projections activated by cisplatin in rats and reveal the necessity of specific hindbrain-forebrain projections for cisplatin-induced anorexia and weight loss. Together, these findings help to characterize the neural mechanisms mediating cisplatin-induced anorexia, advancing opportunities to develop better-tolerated chemotherapies and adjuvant therapies to prevent anorexia and concurrent nutritional deficiencies during cancer treatment.
BibTeX: @article{Alhadeff:2017, author = {Alhadeff, Amber L. and Holland, Ruby A. and Zheng, Huiyuan and Rinaman, Linda and Grill, Harvey J. and De Jonghe, Bart C.}, title = {Excitatory Hindbrain-Forebrain Communication Is Required for Cisplatin-Induced Anorexia and Weight Loss.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, year = {2017}, volume = {37}, pages = {362-370}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2714-16.2017} }
Alhadeff, A.L., Rupprecht, L.E. and Hayes, M.R.	GLP-1 neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract project directly to the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens to control for food intake. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Endocrinology Vol. 153, pp. 647-658	article	DOI
Abstract: Central glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor activation reduces food intake; however, brain nuclei and mechanism(s) mediating this effect remain poorly understood. Although central nervous system GLP-1 is produced almost exclusively in the nucleus of the solitary tract in the hindbrain, GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) are expressed throughout the brain, including nuclei in the mesolimbic reward system (MRS), e.g. the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Here, we examine the MRS as a potential site of action for GLP-1-mediated control of food intake and body weight. Double immunohistochemistry for Fluorogold (monosynaptic retrograde tracer) and GLP-1 neuron immunoreactivity indicated that GLP-1-producing nucleus tractus solitarius neurons project directly to the VTA, the NAc core, and the NAc shell. Pharmacological data showed that GLP-1R activation in the VTA, NAc core, and NAc shell decreased food intake, especially of highly-palatable foods, and body weight. Moreover, blockade of endogenous GLP-1R signaling in the VTA and NAc core resulted in a significant increase in food intake, establishing a physiological relevance for GLP-1 signaling in the MRS. Current data highlight these nuclei within the MRS as novel sites for GLP-1R-mediated control of food intake and body weight.
BibTeX: @article{Alhadeff:2012, author = {Alhadeff, Amber L and Rupprecht, Laura E and Hayes, Matthew R}, title = {GLP-1 neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract project directly to the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens to control for food intake.}, journal = {Endocrinology}, year = {2012}, volume = {153}, pages = {647--658}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2011-1443} }
Alheid, B., Braun, M. and Francois, d.O.	The Basal Ganglia [BibTeX]	1994	, pp. 95-107	inbook
BibTeX: @inbook{Alheid:1994, author = {Alheid, Beltramino, Braun, Miselis, Francois, de Olmos}, title = {The Basal Ganglia}, publisher = {Plenum Press}, year = {1994}, pages = {95-107}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Alheid, G.	Extended amygdala and basal forebrain [BibTeX]	2003	Ann N Y Acad Sci Vol. 985, pp. 185-205	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Alheid:2003, author = {Alheid, GF}, title = {Extended amygdala and basal forebrain}, journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci}, year = {2003}, volume = {985}, pages = {185-205}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07082.x} }
Alheid, G. and Carlsen, J.	Small injections of fluorescent tracers by iontophoresis or chronic implantation of micropipettes [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Brain Research Vol. 235(1), pp. 174-178	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Iontophoresis and chronic micropipette implants were compared for delivery of retrograde fluorescent tracers. Injection sizes and retrograde transport were similar, but implants were more frequently successful than iontophoresis. © 1982.
BibTeX: @article{Alheid:1982a, author = {Alheid, G.F. and Carlsen, J.}, title = {Small injections of fluorescent tracers by iontophoresis or chronic implantation of micropipettes}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1982}, volume = {235}, number = {1}, pages = {174-178}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020059371&partnerID=40&md5=5190c0d6761e1a3f02c27ba3942f78ac}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(82)90209-8} }
Alheid, G., Carlsen, J. and Heimer, L.	An algebraic approach to the detection of multiple markers in complex neuronal systems [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Journal of Neuroscience Methods Vol. 10(1), pp. 71-77	article	DOI URL
Abstract: An important class of neuroanatomical problems requires identification of neurons that contain two or more substances. Based on the additivity of neuronal elements that are independently labeled, a simple numerical approach may be applied to these problems. This approach provides a sensitive and viable alternative to direct multiple labeling of endogenous or transported neuronal markers. © 1984.
BibTeX: @article{Alheid:1984b, author = {Alheid, G.F. and Carlsen, J. and Heimer, L.}, title = {An algebraic approach to the detection of multiple markers in complex neuronal systems}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods}, year = {1984}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {71-77}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021331032&partnerID=40&md5=4e257017907b6d361a8e8b836c487895}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(84)90081-5} }
Alheid, G.F., Beltramino, C.A., De Olmos, J.S., Forbes, M.S., Swanson, D.J. and Heimer, L.	The neuronal organization of the supracapsular part of the stria terminalis in the rat: the dorsal component of the extended amygdala. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Neuroscience Vol. 84(4), pp. 967-996School: Department of Psychiatric Medicine, University of Virginia, Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: In the present normal anatomical light and electron microscopic study in the rat, histochemical (Nissl, Timm, Golgi) or immunocytochemical (microtubule-associated protein type 2, glutamate decarboxylase, glutamate receptor subunit 1, synaptophysin) stains were used to analyse neurons embedded within the stria terminalis and their associated neuropil. These cells are closely related to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the centromedial amygdala, and have been termed the "supracapsular part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis". The largest part of this neuronal complex is located in the ventrolateral part of the stria, where it appears as a round or oval "lateral pocket" in virtually any type of light microscopic preparation because of its collection of neuronal cell bodies and dense neuropil, in addition to a lacework of unmyelinated axons. A much smaller but still distinct "medial pocket" is located in the medial corner of the stria. The large lateral subdivision of the supracapsular stria terminalis is directly continuous with the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and extends to the central amygdaloid nucleus, containing a column of neurons that is only broken up into cell clusters at the most caudal levels of the stria as it drops vertically toward the amygdala. The considerably smaller medial subdivision appears, in turn, to be directly continuous with the medial part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The medial column tapers off more rapidly than the lateral part, so that as the middle levels are approached, only small interrupted clusters of cells are seen. Solitary neurons can also be found in practically every part of the stria terminalis except among the ventrally located axons of the commissural component. Most of the neurons are small to medium in size, as viewed in transverse sections of the stria, but larger neurons are also encountered. In sections parallel to the stria, many neurons are fusiform in appearance. The dendrites are often aligned in a longitudinal fashion; many of the dendrites related to the cells in the lateral pocket are moderately to densely spined, whereas those in the medial pocket are more sparsely spined. The neuropil in both the lateral and medial pockets is characterized by boutons, bundles of unmyelinated axons, and dendrites. Based on their vesicle content, the boutons are divided into three major types: (A) round or slightly oval, agranular vesicles of uniform size; (B) pleomorphic, agranular vesicles, many of which are flattened; and (C) pleomorphic agranular vesicles, some of which are considerably larger than the ones in type B boutons. Type A boutons establish contacts with both dendritic spines and shafts, whereas types B and C usually contact dendritic shafts and sometimes somata. These synaptic components are similar to those described earlier for the central and medial amygdaloid nuclei. Overall, our results support the contention advanced in 1923 by Johnston [J. comp. Neurol. 35, 337481] that the cells accompanying the stria terminalis are interconnecting columns of a macrostructure encompassing the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and centromedial amygdala. More recently, it has been appreciated that columns of neurons below the globus pallidus also belong to this macrostructure [Alheid G. F. et al. (1995) In The Rat Nervous System, 2nd edn, pp. 495 578, Academic, San Diego; de Olmos J. S. et al. (1985) In The Rat Nervous System, pp. 223-334, Academic, Sydney], which has been named the "extended amygdala".
BibTeX: @article{Alheid:1998, author = {Alheid, G. F. and Beltramino, C. A. and De Olmos, J. S. and Forbes, M. S. and Swanson, D. J. and Heimer, L.}, title = {The neuronal organization of the supracapsular part of the stria terminalis in the rat: the dorsal component of the extended amygdala.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Psychiatric Medicine, University of Virginia, Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA.}, year = {1998}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, pages = {967--996}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00560-5} }
Alheid, G.F. and Carlsen, J.	Small injections of fluorescent tracers by iontophoresis or chronic implantation of micropipettes. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Brain Res Vol. 235(1), pp. 174-178	article	DOI
Abstract: Iontophoresis and chronic micropipette implants were compared for delivery of retrograde fluorescent tracers. Injection sizes and retrograde transport were similar, but implants were more frequently successful than iontophoresis.
BibTeX: @article{Alheid:1982, author = {Alheid, G. F. and Carlsen, J.}, title = {Small injections of fluorescent tracers by iontophoresis or chronic implantation of micropipettes.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1982}, volume = {235}, number = {1}, pages = {174--178}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(82)90209-8} }
Alheid, G.F., Carlsen, J., De Olmos, J. and Heimer, L.	Quantitative determination of collateral anterior olfactory nucleus projections using a fluorescent tracer with an algebraic solution to the problem of double retrograde labeling. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Brain Res Vol. 292(1), pp. 17-22	article	DOI
Abstract: The bilateral projections of the rat anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) were evaluated using retrograde fluorescent tracers. Competitive effects of these tracers led to severe underestimation of bilaterally projecting neurons, when double-labeled cells were counted. The underestimate was corrected using a numerical approach, which is of general utility for problems in double labeling and requires only a single tracer. With this method we estimated that approximately 63% of AON neurons project bilaterally to the olfactory bulbs, except for the external part which projects exclusively to the contralateral olfactory bulb. No other AON neurons project only to the contralateral bulb.
BibTeX: @article{Alheid:1984a, author = {Alheid, G. F. and Carlsen, J. and De Olmos, J. and Heimer, L.}, title = {Quantitative determination of collateral anterior olfactory nucleus projections using a fluorescent tracer with an algebraic solution to the problem of double retrograde labeling.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {292}, number = {1}, pages = {17--22}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(84)90885-0} }
Alheid, G.F., Carlsen, J., De Olmos, J. and Heimer, L.	Quantitative determination of collateral anterior olfactory nucleus projections using a fluorescent tracer with an algebraic solution to the problem of double retrograde labeling. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Brain research Vol. 292, pp. 17-22	article	DOI
Abstract: The bilateral projections of the rat anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) were evaluated using retrograde fluorescent tracers. Competitive effects of these tracers led to severe underestimation of bilaterally projecting neurons, when double-labeled cells were counted. The underestimate was corrected using a numerical approach, which is of general utility for problems in double labeling and requires only a single tracer. With this method we estimated that approximately 63% of AON neurons project bilaterally to the olfactory bulbs, except for the external part which projects exclusively to the contralateral olfactory bulb. No other AON neurons project only to the contralateral bulb.
BibTeX: @article{Alheid:1984c, author = {Alheid, G F and Carlsen, J and De Olmos, J and Heimer, L}, title = {Quantitative determination of collateral anterior olfactory nucleus projections using a fluorescent tracer with an algebraic solution to the problem of double retrograde labeling.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1984}, volume = {292}, pages = {17--22}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(84)90885-0} }
Alheid, G.F., Carlsen, J., Olmos, J.D. and Heimer, L.	Quantitative determination of collateral anterior olfactory nucleus projections using a fluorescent tracer with an algebraic solution to the problem of double retrograde labeling. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Brain Res Vol. 292(1), pp. 17-22	article	DOI
Abstract: The bilateral projections of the rat anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) were evaluated using retrograde fluorescent tracers. Competitive effects of these tracers led to severe underestimation of bilaterally projecting neurons, when double-labeled cells were counted. The underestimate was corrected using a numerical approach, which is of general utility for problems in double labeling and requires only a single tracer. With this method we estimated that approximately 63% of AON neurons project bilaterally to the olfactory bulbs, except for the external part which projects exclusively to the contralateral olfactory bulb. No other AON neurons project only to the contralateral bulb.
BibTeX: @article{Alheid:1984, author = {G. F. Alheid and J. Carlsen and J. De Olmos and L. Heimer}, title = {Quantitative determination of collateral anterior olfactory nucleus projections using a fluorescent tracer with an algebraic solution to the problem of double retrograde labeling.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {292}, number = {1}, pages = {17--22}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(84)90885-0} }
Alheid, G.F., Gray, P.A., Jiang, M.C., Feldman, J.L. and McCrimmon, D.R.	Parvalbumin in respiratory neurons of the ventrolateral medulla of the adult rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	J Neurocytol Vol. 31(8-9), pp. 693-717School: Department of Physiology and Institute for Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. gfa@northwestern.edu	article
Abstract: A column of parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons is closely associated with the location of respiratory neurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the rat. The majority (66 of bulbospinal neurons in the medullary ventral respiratory column (VRC) that were retrogradely labeled by tracer injections in the phrenic nucleus were also positive for parvalbumin. In contrast, only 18.8% of VRC neurons retrogradely labeled after a tracer injection in the VRC, also expressed parvalbumin. The average cross-sectional area of VRC neurons retrogradely labeled after VRC injections was 193.8 microm2 +/- 6.6 SE. These were significantly smaller than VRC parvalbumin neurons (271.9 microm2 +/- 12.3 SE). Parvalbumin neurons were found in the Bötzinger Complex, the rostral ventral respiratory group (VRG), and the caudal VRG, areas which all contribute to the bulbospinal projection. In contrast, parvalbumin neurons were sparse or absent in the preBötzinger Complex and in the vicinity of the retrotrapezoid nucleus, areas that have few bulbospinal projections. Parvalbumin was rarely colocalized within Neurokinin-1 receptor positive (NK1R) VRC neurons, which are found in the preBötzinger complex and in the anteroventral part of the rostral VRG. Parvalbumin neurons in the Bötzinger Complex and rostral VRG help define the rostrocaudal extent of these regions. The absence of parvalbumin neurons from the intervening preBötzinger complex also helps establish the boundaries of this region. Regional boundaries described in this manner are in good agreement with earlier physiological and anatomical studies. Taken together, the distributions of parvalbumin, NK1R and bulbospinal neurons suggest that the rostral VRG may be subdivided into distinct, anterodorsal, anteroventral, and posterior subdivisions.
BibTeX: @article{Alheid:2002, author = {G. F. Alheid and P. A. Gray and M. C. Jiang and J. L. Feldman and D. R. McCrimmon}, title = {Parvalbumin in respiratory neurons of the ventrolateral medulla of the adult rat.}, journal = {J Neurocytol}, school = {Department of Physiology and Institute for Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. gfa@northwestern.edu}, year = {2002}, volume = {31}, number = {8-9}, pages = {693--717} }
Alheid, G.F., Gray, P.A., Jiang, M.C., Feldman, J.L. and McCrimmon, D.R.	Parvalbumin in respiratory neurons of the ventrolateral medulla of the adult rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Journal of neurocytology Vol. 31, pp. 693-717	article
Abstract: A column of parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons is closely associated with the location of respiratory neurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the rat. The majority (66%) of bulbospinal neurons in the medullary ventral respiratory column (VRC) that were retrogradely labeled by tracer injections in the phrenic nucleus were also positive for parvalbumin. In contrast, only 18.8% of VRC neurons retrogradely labeled after a tracer injection in the VRC, also expressed parvalbumin. The average cross-sectional area of VRC neurons retrogradely labeled after VRC injections was 193.8 microm2 +/- 6.6 SE. These were significantly smaller than VRC parvalbumin neurons (271.9 microm2 +/- 12.3 SE). Parvalbumin neurons were found in the Botzinger Complex, the rostral ventral respiratory group (VRG), and the caudal VRG, areas which all contribute to the bulbospinal projection. In contrast, parvalbumin neurons were sparse or absent in the preBotzinger Complex and in the vicinity of the retrotrapezoid nucleus, areas that have few bulbospinal projections. Parvalbumin was rarely colocalized within Neurokinin-1 receptor positive (NK1R) VRC neurons, which are found in the preBotzinger complex and in the anteroventral part of the rostral VRG. Parvalbumin neurons in the Botzinger Complex and rostral VRG help define the rostrocaudal extent of these regions. The absence of parvalbumin neurons from the intervening preBotzinger complex also helps establish the boundaries of this region. Regional boundaries described in this manner are in good agreement with earlier physiological and anatomical studies. Taken together, the distributions of parvalbumin, NK1R and bulbospinal neurons suggest that the rostral VRG may be subdivided into distinct, anterodorsal, anteroventral, and posterior subdivisions.
BibTeX: @article{Alheid:2002a, author = {Alheid, G. F. and Gray, P. A. and Jiang, M. C. and Feldman, J. L. and McCrimmon, D. R.}, title = {Parvalbumin in respiratory neurons of the ventrolateral medulla of the adult rat.}, journal = {Journal of neurocytology}, year = {2002}, volume = {31}, pages = {693-717}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Alheid, G.F. and Heimer, L.	New perspectives in basal forebrain organization of special relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders: the striatopallidal, amygdaloid, and corticopetal components of substantia innominata. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Neuroscience Vol. 27(1), pp. 1-39School: Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908.	article	DOI
Abstract: The basal forebrain is critically involved in functions representing the highest levels of integration. Only recently has a relatively clear anatomical picture of this important area begun to emerge. The territory that has generally been referred to as the "substantia innominata" appears to be composed of portions of three recognizable forebrain structures: the ventral striatopallidal system, the extended amygdala and the magnocellular corticopetal system. (1) Rostrally, the striatopallidal system reaches ventrally to the base of the brain. (2) Caudal to the ventral extension of the striatopallidal system elements of the centromedial amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are merged so that these two areas together with this subpallidal corridor form a large forebrain unit that might be described as an "extended amygdala". (3) Large cholinergic and non-cholinergic corticopetal neurons form a more or less continuous aggregate that is interwoven with the striatopallidal and extended amygdala systems in basal forebrain. Consideration of morphological and connectional characteristics of basal forebrain suggests that the corticopetal cell groups, together with magnocellular elements of the striatum, serve similar functional roles for the striatopallidal system, the extended amygdala, and the septal-diagonal band complex. Specifically, the output of medium spiny neurons in striatum, extended amygdala, and lateral septum are directed toward somewhat larger sparsely or moderately spiny neurons with radiating dendrites which in turn project to diencephalon and brainstem or provide either local feedback (e.g. in striatum) or distal feedback to cortex. The functional implications of this parallel processing of descending forebrain afferents are discussed.
BibTeX: @article{Alheid:1988, author = {Alheid, G. F. and Heimer, L.}, title = {New perspectives in basal forebrain organization of special relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders: the striatopallidal, amygdaloid, and corticopetal components of substantia innominata.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908.}, year = {1988}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {1--39}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(88)90217-5} }
Alheid, G.F., Jiao, W. and McCrimmon, D.R.	Caudal nuclei of the rat nucleus of the solitary tract differentially innervate respiratory compartments within the ventrolateral medulla. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Neuroscience Vol. 190, pp. 207-227School: Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: A substantial array of respiratory, cardiovascular, visceral and somatic afferents are relayed via the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) to the brainstem (and forebrain). Despite some degree of overlap within the NTS, specificity is maintained in central respiratory reflexes driven by second order afferent relay neurons in the NTS. While the topographic arrangement of respiratory-related afferents targeting the NTS has been extensively investigated, their higher order brainstem targets beyond the NTS has only rarely been defined with any precision. Nonetheless, the various brainstem circuits serving blood gas homeostasis and airway protective reflexes must clearly receive a differential innervation from the NTS in order to evoke stimulus appropriate behavioral responses. Accordingly, we have examined the question of which specific NTS nuclei project to particular compartments within the ventral respiratory column (VRC) of the ventrolateral medulla. Our analyses of NTS labeling after retrograde tracer injections in the VRC and the nearby neuronal groups controlling autonomic function indicate a significant distinction between projections to the Bötzinger complex and preBötzinger complex compared to the remainder of the VRC. Specifically, the caudomedial NTS, including caudal portions of the medial solitary nucleus and the commissural division of NTS project relatively densely to the region of the retrotrapezoid nucleus and rostral ventrolateral medullary nucleus as well as to the rostral ventral respiratory group while avoiding the intervening Bötzinger and preBötzinger complexes. Area postrema appears to demonstrate a pattern of projections similar to that of caudal medial and commissural NTS nuclei. Other, less pronounced differential projections of lateral NTS nuclei to the various VRC compartments are additionally noted.
BibTeX: @article{Alheid:2011, author = {Alheid, G. F. and Jiao, W. and McCrimmon, D. R.}, title = {Caudal nuclei of the rat nucleus of the solitary tract differentially innervate respiratory compartments within the ventrolateral medulla.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA.}, year = {2011}, volume = {190}, pages = {207--227}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.005}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.005} }
Alheid, G.F., Shammah-Lagnado, S.J. and Beltramino, C.A.	The interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure: a novel layer of the central division of extended amygdala. [BibTeX]	1999	Ann N Y Acad Sci Vol. 877, pp. 645-654School: Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. gfa@nwu.edu	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Alheid:1999, author = {Alheid, G. F. and Shammah-Lagnado, S. J. and Beltramino, C. A.}, title = {The interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure: a novel layer of the central division of extended amygdala.}, journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci}, school = {Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. gfa@nwu.edu}, year = {1999}, volume = {877}, pages = {645--654}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09294.x} }
Alheid Heimer, S.	The Human Nervous System [BibTeX]	1990	, pp. 483-582	inbook
BibTeX: @inbook{Alheid:1990, author = {Alheid, Heimer, Switzer}, title = {The Human Nervous System}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1990}, pages = {483-582}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Ali, A., Deuchars, J., Pawelzik, H. and Thomson, A.	CA1 pyramidal to basket and bistratified cell EPSPs: dual intracellular recordings in rat hippocampal slices. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	J Physiol Vol. 507 ( Pt 1), pp. 201-217School: Department of Physiology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.	article	DOI
Abstract: 1. Dual intracellular recordings in the CA1 region of adult rat hippocampal slices and biocytin filling of synaptically connected cells were used to study the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) elicited in basket (n = 7) and bistratified interneurones (n = 7) by action potentials activated in simultaneously recorded pyramidal cells. 2. Interneurones could be subdivided according to their electrophysiological properties into classical fast spiking, burst firing, regular spiking and fast spiking cells with a rounded spike after-hyperpolarization. These physiological classes did not, however, correlate with morphological type. EPSPs were not recorded in regular spiking cells. 3. Average EPSP amplitudes were larger in bistratified cells (range, 0.5-9 mV) than in basket cells (range, 0. 15-3.6 mV) and the probability of obtaining a pyramidal cell-interneurone EPSP was also higher for the bistratified cells (1:7) than for the basket cells (1:22). EPSP 10-90 % rise times in bistratified cells (0.7-2 ms) and their widths at half-amplitude (3. 9-11.2 ms) were slightly longer than in basket cells (rise times, 0.4-1.6 ms; half-widths, 2.2-9.7 ms). 4. The majority of these EPSPs (6 of 8 tested) increased in amplitude and duration with postsynaptic depolarization, although in two (of 4) basket cells the voltage relation was conventional. 5. All EPSPs tested in both basket (n = 7) and bistratified cells (n = 5) decreased in amplitude with repetitive presynaptic firing. The average amplitudes of second EPSPs elicited within 15 ms of the first were between 34 and 94 % of the average amplitude of the first EPSP. Third and fourth EPSPs in brief trains were further depressed. This depression was associated with an increase in the incidence of apparent failures of transmission indicating a presynaptic locus.
BibTeX: @article{Ali:1998, author = {Ali, AB and Deuchars, J and Pawelzik, H and Thomson, AM}, title = {CA1 pyramidal to basket and bistratified cell EPSPs: dual intracellular recordings in rat hippocampal slices.}, journal = {J Physiol}, school = {Department of Physiology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.}, year = {1998}, volume = {507 ( Pt 1)}, pages = {201--217}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.201bu.x} }
Ali, A. and Thomson, A.	Facilitating pyramid to horizontal oriens-alveus interneurone inputs: dual intracellular recordings in slices of rat hippocampus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	J Physiol Vol. 507 ( Pt 1), pp. 185-199School: Department of Physiology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. aali@rfhsm.ac.uk	article	DOI
Abstract: 1. In adult rat hippocampal slices, simultaneous intracellular recordings from pyramidal cells in CA1 and interneurones near the stratum oriens-alveus border revealed excitatory connections that displayed facilitation on repetitive activation in twelve of thirty-six pairs tested. 2. Postsynaptic interneurones were classified as horizontal oriens-alveus interneurones by the pronounced 'sag' in response to hyperpolarizing current injection, high levels of spontaneous synaptic activity and by the morphology of their somata and dendrites, which were confined to stratum oriens-alveus and their axons which projected to stratum lacunosum-moleculare where they ramified extensively, in the region of entorhinal cortex input to CA1. 3. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) elicited by single pyramidal cells were 0 to 12 mV in amplitude. Mean EPSP amplitude (single spikes) was 0.93 +/- 1. 06 mV at -70 +/- 2.3 mV (n = 10). The rise time was 1.2 +/- 0.5 ms and the width at half-amplitude was 7.5 +/- 4.7 ms. 4. EPSPs fluctuated greatly in amplitude; the mean coefficient of variation was 0.84 +/- 0.37 for the first EPSP and 0.47 +/- 0.24 for the second. Apparent failures of transmission frequently occurred after first presynaptic spikes but less frequently after the second or subsequent spikes in brief trains. 5. EPSPs displayed facilitation at membrane potentials between -80 mV and spike threshold. Second EPSPs within 20 ms of the first were 253 +/- 48 % (range, 152-324 of the mean first EPSP amplitude. Third EPSPs within 60 ms were 266 +/- 70 % (range, 169-389 and fourth EPSPs within 60-120 ms were 288 +/- 71 % (range, 188-393 . Both proportions of apparent failures of transmission and coefficient of variation analysis indicated a presynaptic locus for this facilitation.
BibTeX: @article{Ali:1998a, author = {Ali, AB and Thomson, AM}, title = {Facilitating pyramid to horizontal oriens-alveus interneurone inputs: dual intracellular recordings in slices of rat hippocampus.}, journal = {J Physiol}, school = {Department of Physiology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. aali@rfhsm.ac.uk}, year = {1998}, volume = {507 ( Pt 1)}, pages = {185--199}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.185bu.x} }
Ali, A. and Todorova, M.	Asynchronous release of GABA via tonic cannabinoid receptor activation at identified interneuron synapses in rat CA1. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 31(7), pp. 1196-1207School: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK. afia.ali@pharmacy.ac.uk	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The influence of local circuit interneurons is thought to play an important role in adjusting synaptic strength via endogenous cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors. Using paired whole-cell recordings, combined with double immunofluorescence and biocytin labelling in acute slices of rat CA1 at postnatal day 18-23, we investigated the properties of Cholecystokinin (CCK)-positive stratum radiatum local circuit interneuron connections that utilised CB1 receptors. Three types of synaptic connections were studied, lacunosum-moleculare-radiatum perforant path-associated (LM-R PPA) to Shaffer collateral-associated (SCA) interneurons, SCA-SCA interneurons and SCA-pyramidal cells. These three synapses were differentially under tonic reduction of inhibition that was blocked by the CB1 receptor inverse agonist AM-251 (10 microM), which enhanced IPSPs. The strength of tonic reduction of inhibition was correlated with asynchronous release which was apparent at connections among interneurons. AM-251 increased the ratio of synchronous to asynchronous release (synchronicity ratio), while the CB receptor agonist anandamide (14 microM) decreased the synchronicity ratio. Fast and slow calcium chelators (BAPTA-AM and EGTA-AM) also increased the synchronicity ratio, accelerated inhibitory time courses and reduced IPSP amplitudes. These data suggest that CB1 receptors at connections among interneuron synapses play a role in tonic suppression of inhibition and govern the asynchronous release of GABA, modulating the time windows of inhibition. Effects of calcium chelators suggest that asynchronous release is a result of a long-lasting presynaptic calcium transients and/or a large distance between calcium source and sensor of exocytosis. These properties of specialised inhibitory neurons may have important modulatory roles in controlling spike timing among local circuit interneurons.
BibTeX: @article{Ali:2010, author = {Ali, AB and Todorova, M}, title = {Asynchronous release of GABA via tonic cannabinoid receptor activation at identified interneuron synapses in rat CA1.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK. afia.ali@pharmacy.ac.uk}, year = {2010}, volume = {31}, number = {7}, pages = {1196--1207}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07165.x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07165.x} }
Ali, A.B.	Presynaptic Inhibition of GABAA receptor-mediated unitary IPSPs by cannabinoid receptors at synapses between CCK-positive interneurons in rat hippocampus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	J Neurophysiol Vol. 98(2), pp. 861-869School: Department of Pharmacology, University of London, School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom. afia.ali@pharmacy.ac.uk	article	DOI URL
Abstract: There is growing evidence to link cholecystokinin (CCK)-positive interneurons and anxiety disorders. Despite this, little is known about the physiology and pharmacology of synaptic interactions between CCK-positive interneurons. This study aims to investigate the local circuit connections among CCK-positive Schaffer collateral associated (SCA) interneurons in stratum radiatum (SR) and their modulatory interactions using paired whole cell recordings combined with biocytin and double immunofluorescence labeling in slices of rat hippocampus. The cell bodies of SCA interneurons were located in SR, and their sparsely spiny dendrites projected toward s. pyramidale (SP) and along SR. Their axons innervated SR, SP, and s. oriens (SO) with predominant ramification in SR. These cells were immunopositive for CCK and immunonegative for parvalbumin (PV). SCA interneurons often displayed an accommodating firing pattern with or without a "sag" in response to hyperpolarizing current injection. Pairs of these cells exhibited electrical coupling and reciprocal chemical connections in which inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) displayed powerful frequency-dependent facilitation and augmentation. The synaptic connections were modulated by the endogenous cannabinoid receptor (CB) agonist, anandamide and by depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI), both of which reduced the amplitude of unitary IPSPs to 50% of control and increased the number of apparent failures of transmission. These effects were blocked by the CB1 receptor antagonist, AM-251. I suggest that synaptic facilitation between CCK-positive SCA interneurons may modify the onset of CB1 receptor-mediated regulation of inhibition, thereby affecting spike timing, and that this process could influence the expression of anxiety.
BibTeX: @article{Ali:2007, author = {Ali, Afia B}, title = {Presynaptic Inhibition of GABAA receptor-mediated unitary IPSPs by cannabinoid receptors at synapses between CCK-positive interneurons in rat hippocampus.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, University of London, School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom. afia.ali@pharmacy.ac.uk}, year = {2007}, volume = {98}, number = {2}, pages = {861--869}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00156.2007}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00156.2007} }
Ali, A.B.	CB1 modulation of temporally distinct synaptic facilitation among local circuit interneurons mediated by N-type calcium channels in CA1. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	J Neurophysiol Vol. 105(3), pp. 1051-1062School: Department of Pharmacology, University of London, School of Pharmacy, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK. afia.ali@pharmacy.ac.uk	article	DOI URL
Abstract: One of the critical factors in determining network behavior of neurons is the influence of local circuit connections among interneurons. The short-term synaptic plasticity and the subtype of presynaptic calcium channels used at local circuit connections of inhibitory interneurons in CA1 were investigated using dual whole-cell recordings combined with biocytin and double immunofluorescence labeling in acute slices of P18- to 21-day-old rat stratum radiatum (SR) and stratum lacunosum molecular (SLM). Two forms of temporally distinct synaptic facilitation were observed among interneuron connections involving presynaptic cholecystokinin (CCK)-positive cells in SR, frequency-dependent facilitation, and a delayed onset of release (45-80 ms) with subsequent facilitation (DORF). Inhibition at both these synapses was under tonic cannabinoid-type 1 (CB1) receptor activity. DORF synapses did not display conventional release-dependent properties; however, blocking CB1 receptors with antagonist AM-251 ( 10 μM) altered the synaptic transmission to frequency-dependent depression with a fast onset of release (2-4 ms). Presynaptic CCK-negative interneurons in SLM elicited inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) insensitive to CB1 receptor pharmacology displayed frequency-dependent depression. Release of GABA at facilitating synapses was solely mediated via N-type presynaptic calcium channels, whereas depressing synapses utilized P/Q-type channels. These data reveal two distinct models of neurotransmitter release patterns among interneuron circuits that correlate with the subtype of presynaptic calcium channel. These data suggest that endocannabinoids act via CB1 receptors to selectively modulate N-type calcium channels to alter signal transmission.
BibTeX: @article{Ali:2011, author = {Ali, Afia B}, title = {CB1 modulation of temporally distinct synaptic facilitation among local circuit interneurons mediated by N-type calcium channels in CA1.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, University of London, School of Pharmacy, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK. afia.ali@pharmacy.ac.uk}, year = {2011}, volume = {105}, number = {3}, pages = {1051--1062}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00831.2010}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00831.2010} }
Ali, A.B., Bannister, A.P. and Thomson, A.M.	Robust correlations between action potential duration and the properties of synaptic connections in layer 4 interneurones in neocortical slices from juvenile rats and adult rat and cat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	J Physiol Vol. 580(Pt 1), pp. 149-169School: Department of Pharmacology, The School of Pharmacy, London University, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Many studies of cortical interneurones use immature rodent tissue, while many recordings in vivo are made in adult cats. To determine the extent to which interneuronal circuitry studied with one approach can transfer to another, we compared layer 4 interneurones and their local connections across two age groups and two species and with similar connections in layers 3 and 5, using two common recording techniques: dual whole cell recordings at 20 degrees C and dual sharp electrode recordings at 35 degrees C. In each group, a range of morphological and electrophysiological characteristics was observed. In all groups, however, positive correlations were found between the width of the action potential and rise times and widths at half-amplitude of EPSPs and IPSPs and the EPSP paired pulse ratio. Multipolar interneurones with narrow spikes generated the fastest IPSPs in pyramidal cells and received the briefest, most strongly depressing EPSPs, while bitufted interneurones with broader spikes and adapting and burst firing patterns activated the broadest IPSPs and received the slowest, most strongly facilitating/augmenting EPSPs. Correlations were similar in all groups, with no significant differences between adult rat and cat, or between layers, but events were four times slower in juveniles at 20 degrees C. Comparisons with previous studies indicate that this is due in part to age, but in large part to temperature. Studies in adults were extended with detailed analysis of synaptic dynamics, which appeared to decay more rapidly than at juvenile connections. EPSPs exhibited the complexity in time course of facilitation, augmentation and depression previously described in other adult neocortical connections. That is, the time course of recovery from facilitation or depression rarely followed a simple smooth exponential decay. Facilitation and depression were not always maximal at the shortest interspike intervals, and recovery was often interrupted by peaks and troughs in mean EPSP amplitude with a periodicity around 80 Hz.
BibTeX: @article{Ali:2007a, author = {Ali, Afia B and Bannister, A Peter and Thomson, Alex M}, title = {Robust correlations between action potential duration and the properties of synaptic connections in layer 4 interneurones in neocortical slices from juvenile rats and adult rat and cat.}, journal = {J Physiol}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, The School of Pharmacy, London University, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.}, year = {2007}, volume = {580}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {149--169}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.124214}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.124214} }
Ali, A.B. and Nelson, C.	Distinct Ca2+ channels mediate transmitter release at excitatory synapses displaying different dynamic properties in rat neocortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Cereb Cortex Vol. 16(3), pp. 386-393School: University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK. afia.ali@ulsop.ac.uk	article	DOI URL
Abstract: To study the type of presynaptic calcium channels controlling transmitter release at synaptic connections displaying depression or facilitation, dual whole cell recordings combined with biocytin labelling were performed in acute slices from motor cortex of 17- to 22-day-old rats. Layer V postsynaptic interneurons displayed either fast spiking (FS) (n = 12) or burst firing (BF) (n = 12) behaviour. The axons of FS cells ramified preferentially around pyramidal cell somata, while BF cell axons ramified predominately around pyramidal cell dendrites. Synapses between pyramidal cells and FS cells displayed brief train depression (n = 12). Bath application of omega-Agatoxin IVA (0.5 microM), blocking P/Q-type calcium channels, decreased mean peak amplitudes of the EPSPs to 40% of control EPSPs (n = 8). Failure rate of the EPSPs after the first presynaptic action potential increased from 9 +/- 11 to 28 +/- 15%. This was associated with an increase in paired pulse ratio of 152 +/- 44%. Omega- conotoxin GVIA (1-10 microM), selectively blocking N-type calcium channels, had no effect on peak amplitudes or frequency dependent properties of these connections (n = 5). Synapses from pyramidal cells to BF cells displayed brief train facilitation (n = 8). Application of omega-Conotoxin in these connections decreased peak amplitudes of the EPSPs to 15% of control EPSPs (n = 6) and decreased the paired pulse ratio by 41 +/- 30%. Omega-agatoxin did not have any significant effect on the EPSPs elicited in BF cells. This study indicates that P/Q-type calcium channels are associated with transmitter release at connections displaying synaptic depression, whereas N-type channels are predominantly associated with connections displaying facilitation.
BibTeX: @article{Ali:2006, author = {Ali, Afia B and Nelson, Charmaine}, title = {Distinct Ca2+ channels mediate transmitter release at excitatory synapses displaying different dynamic properties in rat neocortex.}, journal = {Cereb Cortex}, school = {University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK. afia.ali@ulsop.ac.uk}, year = {2006}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {386--393}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhi117}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhi117} }
Aliaga, E., Cárcamo, C., Abarca, J., Tapia-Arancibia, L. and Bustos, G.	Transient increase of brain derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression in substantia nigra reticulata after partial lesion of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Molecular Brain Research Vol. 79(1-2), pp. 150-155	article	DOI URL
Abstract: By using non-isostopic in situ hybridization we have demonstrated a transient increase of BDNF mRNA in the lateral subregion of the substantia nigra pars reticulata 1 week after intrastriatal application of 6-OH-DA. These changes correlate with a partial reduction of dopamine (DA) content in the striatum but with a normal tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in substantia nigra pars compacta. Our data suggest that non-DA, BDNF expressing cells in substantia nigra pars reticulata may play a role in neuronal protection after partial lesions of the DA nigrostriatal pathway. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Aliaga:2000, author = {Aliaga, E. and Cárcamo, C. and Abarca, J. and Tapia-Arancibia, L. and Bustos, G.}, title = {Transient increase of brain derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression in substantia nigra reticulata after partial lesion of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway}, journal = {Molecular Brain Research}, year = {2000}, volume = {79}, number = {1-2}, pages = {150-155}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0342323734&partnerID=40&md5=3aa290738d122f1abb8480d92edc5f18}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-328X(00)00095-4} }
Alibardi, L.	Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus projecting to the inferior colliculus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Ann Anat Vol. 180(5), pp. 415-426School: Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy.	article	DOI
Abstract: Neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus which project to the inferior colliculus were identified after retrograde labelling of the neural tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horse radish peroxidase. After tracer injection into the Inferior Colliculus, electron microscopy and immunocytochemical localization of glycine, GABA and glutamate in retrograde labelled neurons were employed. In the acoustic root area and posterior ventral cochlear nucleus, most of the body surface of the neurons projecting to the inferior colliculus was 10-30% covered by axo-somatic boutons and appeared as multipolar cells of type I. These large to medium size cells with sparse stacks of ergastoplasmic cisternae organized in Nissl bodies, were heavily labelled and were the main projecting neurons to the inferior colliculus. Most of these cells were glycine and GABA negative but variably glutamate positive, suggesting that they are excitatory neurons. This result suggests the absence of an inhibitory innervation of the inferior colliculus from these cells. A few retrograde labelled, large to giant neurons showed an irregular surface, sparse short stacks of ergastoplasmic reticulum, numerous microtubules, cell bodies 60-80% covered by synaptic boutons, and they appeared as multipolar cells of type II. These cells were less strongly retrograde labelled than multipolar type I, and were occasionally glycine positive, presumably inhibitory. This suggests that at least a small caliber collateral axon stemming from these neurons can reach the inferior colliculus. Occasional glycine positive octopus cells not labelled with the tracer were also observed. The contribution of glycinergic axons to the innervation of the inferior colliculus appears therefore to by very limited. Occasional labelled cells were represented by apparently globular bushy neurons, but the weak labelling suggests that the tracer was taken up by collateral axons reaching the inferior colliculus and not by the main axon. Globular bushy cells were consistently negative for both glycine and GABA, and variably positive for glutamate. In the anteroventral cochlear nucleus, labelled multipolar type I and II showed similar immunocytological and ultrastructural characteristics to those in the posteroventral cochlear nucleus but their dimension was smaller. Cells identified as spherical bushy neurons were never retrograde labelled.
BibTeX: @article{Alibardi:1998, author = {L. Alibardi}, title = {Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus projecting to the inferior colliculus.}, journal = {Ann Anat}, school = {Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy.}, year = {1998}, volume = {180}, number = {5}, pages = {415--426}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0940-9602(98)80102-7} }
Alibardi, L.	Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of commissural neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Ann Anat Vol. 180(5), pp. 427-438School: Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica e sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Medium to large-giant multipolar neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus were retrograde labelled after injection of the tracer Wheat Germ Agglutinin conjugated to Horse Radish Peroxidase into the contralateral cochlear nucleus. Light microscopy immunocytochemistry showed that 42.45% of these retrograde labelled neurons, generally strongly labelled with the tracer, were markedly glycine immunopositive, and that 57.55 usually weakly retrograde labelled neurons, were immunonegative or weakly positive for glycine. These commissural neurons were generally GABA negative and variably immunopositive for glutamate. About 1/3rd of the commissural neurons had variably developed a rough endoplasmic reticulum whilst axo-somatic boutons covered 20-40% of the cell body. These cells were recognized as multipolar neurons of type I. Most of them were weakly glycine positive or even negative and a few appeared glycinergic. A little less than the remaining 2/3rds of the whole commissural population in the postero-ventral cochlear nucleus presented a surface which was 65-85% covered with synaptic boutons, among which some also appeared labelled. These cells were recognized as multipolar neurons of type II. Many microtubules and neurofilaments were present, free ribosomes being more numerous around Nissl bodies with short cisternae. A few low retrograde labelled type II were weakly or non glycinergic. A small number of large to giant neurons type II, strongly retrograde labelled, appeared to be glycine positive, consistently GABA negative and variably glutamate positive. A very small proportion of retrograde labelled neurons appeared having the characteristics of globular bushy neurons. Their weak labelling, however, suggests that they project by collaterals or thin axons to the contralateral cochlear nucleus. Spherical bushy cells in the rat anteroventral cochlear nucleus lack the nuclear capping of rough endoplasmic reticulum observed in the cat, and none was labelled after injection into the contralateral cochlear nucleus. Globular and spherical neurons were variably glutamate positive but glycine and GABA negative. In conclusion, the present study suggests that commissural neurons include a small number of strongly labelled large to giant glycinergic and presumably inhibitory type II and, less frequently type I. A large group of less heavily labelled commissural neurons of type I and II contain low levels or no glycine, which is probably used for metabolic purposes rather than as a neurotransmitter. This suggests that these neurons are presumably excitatory.
BibTeX: @article{Alibardi:1998a, author = {Alibardi, L.}, title = {Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of commissural neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Ann Anat}, school = {Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica e sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy.}, year = {1998}, volume = {180}, number = {5}, pages = {427--438}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0940-9602(98)80103-9}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0940-9602(98)80103-9} }
Alibardi, L.	Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus projecting to the inferior colliculus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft Vol. 180, pp. 415-26	article
Abstract: Neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus which project to the inferior colliculus were identified after retrograde labelling of the neural tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horse radish peroxidase. After tracer injection into the Inferior Colliculus, electron microscopy and immunocytochemical localization of glycine, GABA and glutamate in retrograde labelled neurons were employed. In the acoustic root area and posterior ventral cochlear nucleus, most of the body surface of the neurons projecting to the inferior colliculus was 10-30% covered by axo-somatic boutons and appeared as multipolar cells of type I. These large to medium size cells with sparse stacks of ergastoplasmic cisternae organized in Nissl bodies, were heavily labelled and were the main projecting neurons to the inferior colliculus. Most of these cells were glycine and GABA negative but variably glutamate positive, suggesting that they are excitatory neurons. This result suggests the absence of an inhibitory innervation of the inferior colliculus from these cells. A few retrograde labelled, large to giant neurons showed an irregular surface, sparse short stacks of ergastoplasmic reticulum, numerous microtubules, cell bodies 60-80% covered by synaptic boutons, and they appeared as multipolar cells of type II. These cells were less strongly retrograde labelled than multipolar type I, and were occasionally glycine positive, presumably inhibitory. This suggests that at least a small caliber collateral axon stemming from these neurons can reach the inferior colliculus. Occasional glycine positive octopus cells not labelled with the tracer were also observed. The contribution of glycinergic axons to the innervation of the inferior colliculus appears therefore to by very limited. Occasional labelled cells were represented by apparently globular bushy neurons, but the weak labelling suggests that the tracer was taken up by collateral axons reaching the inferior colliculus and not by the main axon. Globular bushy cells were consistently negative for both glycine and GABA, and variably positive for glutamate. In the anteroventral cochlear nucleus, labelled multipolar type I and II showed similar immunocytological and ultrastructural characteristics to those in the posteroventral cochlear nucleus but their dimension was smaller. Cells identified as spherical bushy neurons were never retrograde labelled.
BibTeX: @article{Alibardi:1998b, author = {Alibardi, L.}, title = {Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus projecting to the inferior colliculus.}, journal = {Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft}, year = {1998}, volume = {180}, pages = {415-26}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Alibardi, L.	Fine structure, synaptology and immunocytochemistry of large neurons in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus connected to the inferior colliculus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	J Hirnforsch Vol. 39(4), pp. 429-439School: Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica e sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it	article
Abstract: Neurons in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus that project to the inferior colliculus (pyramidal and giant) were retrograde labelled with wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxydase. Both cell types showed a similar ultrastructural feature, particularly the rough endoplasmic reticulum was well developed and sometimes surrounded the nucleus. The synaptological profile was similar in pyramidal and giant cells. Axo-somatic terminals covered 40-70% of the perimeter of pyramidal cells and 35-60% of the perimeter of giant neurons. Giant neurons featured bipolar or multipolar shape and different orientation but they possessed a similar synaptic profile. Most axo-somatic terminals contained flat and pleomorphic synaptic vesicles, some pleomorphic vesicles. Few terminals contained round vesicles. These cells were consistently immuno-negative for both glycine and GABA and variably positive for glutamate. The immunoelectron microcopic study of thin sections showed that glycine immunoreactivity was constantly present in terminals enriched with flat vesicles, which often did not show GABA immunoreactivity. Few anterograde labelled boutons containing flat vesicles were in contact with the proximal dendrites and the cell bodies of pyramidal and giant neurons. The origin of these terminals is discussed. No other cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, in particular cartwheel and tuberculo-ventral neurons, were in contact with labelled boutons. The present results suggest that descending inhibitory collicular projections are essentially directed to the large excitatory neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Alibardi:1999, author = {L. Alibardi}, title = {Fine structure, synaptology and immunocytochemistry of large neurons in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus connected to the inferior colliculus.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, school = {Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica e sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it}, year = {1999}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, pages = {429--439} }
Alibardi, L.	Fine structure, synaptology and immunocytochemistry of large neurons in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus connected to the inferior colliculus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Journal fur Hirnforschung Vol. 39, pp. 429-39	article
Abstract: Neurons in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus that project to the inferior colliculus (pyramidal and giant) were retrograde labelled with wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxydase. Both cell types showed a similar ultrastructural feature, particularly the rough endoplasmic reticulum was well developed and sometimes surrounded the nucleus. The synaptological profile was similar in pyramidal and giant cells. Axo-somatic terminals covered 40-70% of the perimeter of pyramidal cells and 35-60% of the perimeter of giant neurons. Giant neurons featured bipolar or multipolar shape and different orientation but they possessed a similar synaptic profile. Most axo-somatic terminals contained flat and pleomorphic synaptic vesicles, some pleomorphic vesicles. Few terminals contained round vesicles. These cells were consistently immuno-negative for both glycine and GABA and variably positive for glutamate. The immunoelectron microcopic study of thin sections showed that glycine immunoreactivity was constantly present in terminals enriched with flat vesicles, which often did not show GABA immunoreactivity. Few anterograde labelled boutons containing flat vesicles were in contact with the proximal dendrites and the cell bodies of pyramidal and giant neurons. The origin of these terminals is discussed. No other cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, in particular cartwheel and tuberculo-ventral neurons, were in contact with labelled boutons. The present results suggest that descending inhibitory collicular projections are essentially directed to the large excitatory neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Alibardi:1999a, author = {Alibardi, L.}, title = {Fine structure, synaptology and immunocytochemistry of large neurons in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus connected to the inferior colliculus.}, journal = {Journal fur Hirnforschung}, year = {1999}, volume = {39}, pages = {429-39}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Alibardi, L.	Cytology, synaptology and immunocytochemistry of commissural neurons and their putative axonal terminals in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Ann Anat Vol. 182(3), pp. 207-220School: Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy.	article	DOI
Abstract: The first binaural integration within the auditory system responsible for sound localization depends upon commissural neurons that connect the two symmetrical cochlear nuclei. These cells in the deep polymorphic layer of the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus were identified with the electron microscope after injection of the retrograde tracer, Wheat Germ Agglutinin conjugated to Horseradish Peroxydase, into the contralateral cochlear nucleus. Commissural neurons are multipolar or bipolar with an oval to fusiform shape. Few commissural neurons, most inhibitory but also excitatory, connect most of the divisions of the rat cochlear nuclei. The most common type is a glycinergic, sometimes GABAergic, moderately large cell. Its ergastoplasm is organized into peripheral stacks of cisternae, and few axo-somatic synaptic boutons are present. Another type of commissural neuron is a medium-sized, spindle-shaped cell, glycine and GABA-negative, with sparse ergastoplasm and synaptic coverage. A giant, rare type of commissural neuron is glycine-positive and GABA-negative, with short peripheral stacks of ergastoplasmic cisternae. It is covered with synaptic boutons, many of which contain round synaptic vesicles. Another rare type of commissural neuron is a moderately large cell, oval to fusiform in shape, immunonegative for both glycine and GABA, and contacted by many axo-somatic boutons. It contains large dense mitochondria and numerous dense core vesicles of peptidergic type. Some labelled boutons, mostly inhibitory and probably derived from commissural neurons, contact pyramidal, cartwheel, giant and tuberculo-ventral neurons. The prevalent inhibition of electrical activity in a cochlear nucleus observed after stimulation of the contralateral cochlear nucleus may be due to commissural inhibitory terminals which contact excitatory neurons such as pyramidal and giant cells. Other inhibitory commissural terminals which contact inhibitory neurons such as cartwheel and tuberculo-ventral neurons, may explain the stimulation of electrical activity in the DCN after contralateral stimulation.
BibTeX: @article{Alibardi:2000, author = {L. Alibardi}, title = {Cytology, synaptology and immunocytochemistry of commissural neurons and their putative axonal terminals in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Ann Anat}, school = {Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy.}, year = {2000}, volume = {182}, number = {3}, pages = {207--220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0940-9602(00)80023-0} }
Alibardi, L.	Cytology, synaptology and immunocytochemistry of commissural neurons and their putative axonal terminals in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft Vol. 182, pp. 207-20	article
Abstract: The first binaural integration within the auditory system responsible for sound localization depends upon commissural neurons that connect the two symmetrical cochlear nuclei. These cells in the deep polymorphic layer of the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus were identified with the electron microscope after injection of the retrograde tracer, Wheat Germ Agglutinin conjugated to Horseradish Peroxydase, into the contralateral cochlear nucleus. Commissural neurons are multipolar or bipolar with an oval to fusiform shape. Few commissural neurons, most inhibitory but also excitatory, connect most of the divisions of the rat cochlear nuclei. The most common type is a glycinergic, sometimes GABAergic, moderately large cell. Its ergastoplasm is organized into peripheral stacks of cisternae, and few axo-somatic synaptic boutons are present. Another type of commissural neuron is a medium-sized, spindle-shaped cell, glycine and GABA-negative, with sparse ergastoplasm and synaptic coverage. A giant, rare type of commissural neuron is glycine-positive and GABA-negative, with short peripheral stacks of ergastoplasmic cisternae. It is covered with synaptic boutons, many of which contain round synaptic vesicles. Another rare type of commissural neuron is a moderately large cell, oval to fusiform in shape, immunonegative for both glycine and GABA, and contacted by many axo-somatic boutons. It contains large dense mitochondria and numerous dense core vesicles of peptidergic type. Some labelled boutons, mostly inhibitory and probably derived from commissural neurons, contact pyramidal, cartwheel, giant and tuberculo-ventral neurons. The prevalent inhibition of electrical activity in a cochlear nucleus observed after stimulation of the contralateral cochlear nucleus may be due to commissural inhibitory terminals which contact excitatory neurons such as pyramidal and giant cells. Other inhibitory commissural terminals which contact inhibitory neurons such as cartwheel and tuberculo-ventral neurons, may explain the stimulation of electrical activity in the DCN after contralateral stimulation.
BibTeX: @article{Alibardi:2000a, author = {Alibardi, L.}, title = {Cytology, synaptology and immunocytochemistry of commissural neurons and their putative axonal terminals in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft}, year = {2000}, volume = {182}, pages = {207-20}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Alibardi, L.	Fine structure and neurotransmitter cytochemistry of neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus projecting to the ipsilateral dorsal cochlear nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Ann Anat Vol. 183(5), pp. 459-469School: Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica sperimentale, University of Bologna, via Selmi 3, I-40126, Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it	article	DOI
Abstract: The neural tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horse radish peroxidase was injected into the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus and acoustic stria. Some labelled neurons in the ipsilateral ventral cochlear nucleus were found as a result. These neurons were studied at the ultrastructural level, and their axo-somatic synaptic profile and glycine immunoreactivity were determined. Most neurons were glycine negative and classified as type I multipolar neurons. The latter showed a different synaptic profile from that of neurons projecting to the contralateral inferior colliculus or cochlear nucleus. This suggests the presence of differing populations of multipolar cells based on their synaptic profile. Few labelled multipolar neurons of type II were found, which appeared glycine negative and, rarely, glycine positive. The latter show an ultrastructure and axo-somatic profile similar to that of glycinergic commissural neurons in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus. In particular, about one- third of boutons contained round synaptic vesicles, which are believed to contain an excitatory neurotransmitter. The ultrastructural analysis of the synaptic boutons in the cochlear nucleus confirms the presence of numerous cases of colocalization of glycine and GABA where flat and pleomorphic synaptic vesicles are mixed. The present study is in accordance with previous tract-tracing light microscopic studies which have indicated that large glycinergic neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus act as broad-band inhibitory neurons in microcircuits of the dorsal cochlear nucleus and contralateral cochlear nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Alibardi:2001, author = {L. Alibardi}, title = {Fine structure and neurotransmitter cytochemistry of neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus projecting to the ipsilateral dorsal cochlear nucleus.}, journal = {Ann Anat}, school = {Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica sperimentale, University of Bologna, via Selmi 3, I-40126, Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it}, year = {2001}, volume = {183}, number = {5}, pages = {459--469}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0940-9602(01)80204-1} }
Alibardi, L.	Fine structure and neurotransmitter cytochemistry of neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus projecting to the ipsilateral dorsal cochlear nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft Vol. 183, pp. 459-69	article
Abstract: The neural tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horse radish peroxidase was injected into the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus and acoustic stria. Some labelled neurons in the ipsilateral ventral cochlear nucleus were found as a result. These neurons were studied at the ultrastructural level, and their axo-somatic synaptic profile and glycine immunoreactivity were determined. Most neurons were glycine negative and classified as type I multipolar neurons. The latter showed a different synaptic profile from that of neurons projecting to the contralateral inferior colliculus or cochlear nucleus. This suggests the presence of differing populations of multipolar cells based on their synaptic profile. Few labelled multipolar neurons of type II were found, which appeared glycine negative and, rarely, glycine positive. The latter show an ultrastructure and axo-somatic profile similar to that of glycinergic commissural neurons in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus. In particular, about one-third of boutons contained round synaptic vesicles, which are believed to contain an excitatory neurotransmitter. The ultrastructural analysis of the synaptic boutons in the cochlear nucleus confirms the presence of numerous cases of colocalization of glycine and GABA where flat and pleomorphic synaptic vesicles are mixed. The present study is in accordance with previous tract-tracing light microscopic studies which have indicated that large glycinergic neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus act as broad-band inhibitory neurons in microcircuits of the dorsal cochlear nucleus and contralateral cochlear nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Alibardi:2001a, author = {Alibardi, L.}, title = {Fine structure and neurotransmitter cytochemistry of neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus projecting to the ipsilateral dorsal cochlear nucleus.}, journal = {Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft}, year = {2001}, volume = {183}, pages = {459-69}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Alibardi, L.	Putative inhibitory collicular boutons contact large neurons and their dendrites in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol Vol. 34(4), pp. 433-446School: Department of Experimental Evolutionary Biology, University of Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it	article
Abstract: Within the circuits of the acoustic nuclei, the inferior colliculus sends descending (collicular) terminals to control with a feedback mechanism, part of the activity of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). It is not known whether this descending projection is prevalently excitatory or inhibitory. Using the neuronal tracer Wheat Germ Agglutinin conjugated to Horse Radish Peroxidase (WGA-HRP) the connections between the inferior colliculus and the DCN of the rat have been investigated. By far most retrograde labelled large neurons were glycine and GABA negative (pyramidal and giant neurons) and rare medium-size cells were glycine positive. The ultrastructural immunocytochemical analysis for glycine and GABA shows that mainly large, excitatory, neurons innervate the inferior colliculus. Rare medium-size glycine-positive cells with intermediate characteristics between pyramidal and cartwheel cells, seem also to project to the colliculus. Few WGA-HRP labelled boutons contact the large cells or their dendrites, have symmetric pre- and post-synaptic thickenings, contain pleomorphic and/or flat vesicles, and are labelled for GABA or glycine. Since no GABA labelled cells in both the dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus were retrograde labelled from the colliculus, the source of these intrinsic anterograde labelled boutons must be external to the cochlear nucleus. GABA positive neurons are both present in the inferior colliculus (injected with the tracer) and superior olivary complex (not injected with the tracer). This suggests that the double labelled boutons (WGA-HRP and GABA) are inhibitory GABA-ergic collicular terminals contacting the excitatory neurons of the DCN. Other few boutons or mossy fibers containing round vesicles and immunonegative for both glycine and GABA, were also seen contacting the large neurons and their dendrites in the DCN. As the round vesicles boutons may be derived from other retrograde cells of the cochlear nucleus (pyramidal and stellate cells) and those glycine positive from the glycinergic neurons in paraolivary nuclei, it is more likely that only the WGA-HRP and GABA labelled boutons are true collicular terminals.
BibTeX: @article{Alibardi:2002, author = {L. Alibardi}, title = {Putative inhibitory collicular boutons contact large neurons and their dendrites in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol}, school = {Department of Experimental Evolutionary Biology, University of Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it}, year = {2002}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {433--446} }
Alibardi, L.	Putative inhibitory collicular boutons contact large neurons and their dendrites in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Journal of submicroscopic cytology and pathology Vol. 34, pp. 433-46	article
Abstract: Within the circuits of the acoustic nuclei, the inferior colliculus sends descending (collicular) terminals to control with a feedback mechanism, part of the activity of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). It is not known whether this descending projection is prevalently excitatory or inhibitory. Using the neuronal tracer Wheat Germ Agglutinin conjugated to Horse Radish Peroxidase (WGA-HRP) the connections between the inferior colliculus and the DCN of the rat have been investigated. By far most retrograde labelled large neurons were glycine and GABA negative (pyramidal and giant neurons) and rare medium-size cells were glycine positive. The ultrastructural immunocytochemical analysis for glycine and GABA shows that mainly large, excitatory, neurons innervate the inferior colliculus. Rare medium-size glycine-positive cells with intermediate characteristics between pyramidal and cartwheel cells, seem also to project to the colliculus. Few WGA-HRP labelled boutons contact the large cells or their dendrites, have symmetric pre- and post-synaptic thickenings, contain pleomorphic and/or flat vesicles, and are labelled for GABA or glycine. Since no GABA labelled cells in both the dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus were retrograde labelled from the colliculus, the source of these intrinsic anterograde labelled boutons must be external to the cochlear nucleus. GABA positive neurons are both present in the inferior colliculus (injected with the tracer) and superior olivary complex (not injected with the tracer). This suggests that the double labelled boutons (WGA-HRP and GABA) are inhibitory GABA-ergic collicular terminals contacting the excitatory neurons of the DCN. Other few boutons or mossy fibers containing round vesicles and immunonegative for both glycine and GABA, were also seen contacting the large neurons and their dendrites in the DCN. As the round vesicles boutons may be derived from other retrograde cells of the cochlear nucleus (pyramidal and stellate cells) and those glycine positive from the glycinergic neurons in paraolivary nuclei, it is more likely that only the WGA-HRP and GABA labelled boutons are true collicular terminals.
BibTeX: @article{Alibardi:2002a, author = {Alibardi, L.}, title = {Putative inhibitory collicular boutons contact large neurons and their dendrites in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Journal of submicroscopic cytology and pathology}, year = {2002}, volume = {34}, pages = {433-46}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Alibardi, L.	Ultrastructure and immunocytochemical characteristics of cells in the octopus cell area of the rat cochlear nucleus: comparison with multipolar cells. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Ann Anat Vol. 185(1), pp. 21-33School: Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica sperimentale, University of Bologna, via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Cells in the octopus cell area of the rat ventral cochlear nucleus have been connected to the monaural interpretation of spectral patterns of sound such as those derived from speech. This is possible by their fast onset of firing after each octopus cell and its dendrites have been contacted by many auditory fibres carrying different frequencies. The cytological characteristics that make these large cells able to perform such a function have been studied with ultrastructural immunocytochemistry for glycine, GABA and glutamate, and compared to that of other multipolar neurons of other regions of the ventral cochlear nucleus. Cells in the octopus cell area have an ultrastructure similar to large-giant D-multipolar neurons present in other areas of the cochlear nucleus, from which they differ by the presence of a larger excitatory axo-somatic synaptic input and larger mitochondria. Octopus cells are glycine and GABA negative, and glutamate positive with different degree. Large octopus cells receive more axo-somatic boutons than smaller octopus cells. Fusiform octopus cells are found sparsely within the intermediate acoustic striae. These cells are large to giant excitatory neurons (23-35 microm) with 62-85% of their irregular perimeter covered with large axo-somatic synaptic boutons. Most boutons contain round vesicles and are glycine and GABA negative but glutamate positive. The latter excitatory boutons represent about 70% of the input to octopus cells. Glycine positive boutons with flat and pleomorphic vesicles account for 9-10% of the input while GABA-ergic boutons with pleomorphic vesicles represent about 20% of the synaptic input. Other few, multipolar cells within the rat octopus cell area are surrounded by more inhibitory than excitatory terminals which contain flat and pleomorphic vesicles, a feature distinctive from that of true octopus cells. The latter resemble multipolar cells seen outside the octopus cell area that project to the contralateral inferior colliculus and cochlear nucleus. Based on this study, two types of large multipolar cells are present in the octopus cell area: 1) those that receive about 70% of axo-somatic R boutons and stain more intensely for glutamate may correspond to pure onset neurons (Oi); 2) those with less than 33% of R axosomatic boutons, with less immunoreactivity to glutamate and sometimes glycine positive may represent the onset chopper neurons (Oc). In the octopus cell area the first type appears more prevalent. The present study suggests that octopus cells are a special type of excitatory D-multipolar neuron confined to the octopus cell area and mainly innervated by glutamatergic cochlear nerve terminals.
BibTeX: @article{Alibardi:2003, author = {Alibardi, Lorenzo}, title = {Ultrastructure and immunocytochemical characteristics of cells in the octopus cell area of the rat cochlear nucleus: comparison with multipolar cells.}, journal = {Ann Anat}, school = {Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica sperimentale, University of Bologna, via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it}, year = {2003}, volume = {185}, number = {1}, pages = {21--33}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0940-9602(03)80003-1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0940-9602(03)80003-1} }
Alibardi, L.	Ultrastructural distribution of glycinergic and GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus, with emphasis on granule cell areas. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	J Anat Vol. 203(1), pp. 31-56School: Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it	article	DOI
Abstract: A knowledge of neurotransmitters in the neurons of the rat cochlear nuclear complex is of importance in understanding the function of auditory circuits. Using post-embedding ultrastructural immunogold labelling, the distribution of glycinergic and GABAergic neurons and axonal terminals has been studied in the molecular, fusiform and polymorphic layers of the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). This technique is not limited by the penetration of antibodies into the nervous tissue as in pre-embedding methods, and allows a fine neurochemical mapping of the nervous tissue. Numerous glycinergic and GABAergic axon terminals contain pleomorphic and flat synaptic vesicles, and are present in all layers (1, 2, 3) of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. Glycine and GABA-negative large terminals (mossy fibres) are mainly seen in granule cell areas of layer 2 (fusiform layer). Mossy fibres contact the dendrites of GABA- and glycine-negative granule cells and of the few unipolar brush cells (excitatory neurons). The least common cells in the granule cell areas are GABAergic and glycinergic Golgi-stellate neurons. In unipolar brush cells, aggregations of vesicles seem to be the origin of their characteristic ringlet-bodies. Golgi-stellate cells send their inhibitory terminals to the dendrites of granule and unipolar brush cells, occasionally directly to mossy fibres. Small or (less frequently) large GABAergic terminals contact the soma or the main dendrite of unipolar brush cells. The circuit of a hypothetical functional unit of neurons in the DCN is proposed. The inputs from auditory tonotopic or non-auditory non-tonotopic mossy fibres eventually reach pyramidal cells through axons from the granule cells or unipolar brush cells. Pyramidal cells convey an excitatory signal from the DCN to higher mesencephalic nuclei for further elaboration of the acoustic signal.
BibTeX: @article{Alibardi:2003a, author = {Alibardi, Lorenzo}, title = {Ultrastructural distribution of glycinergic and GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus, with emphasis on granule cell areas.}, journal = {J Anat}, school = {Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it}, year = {2003}, volume = {203}, number = {1}, pages = {31--56}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00208.x} }
Alibardi, L.	Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry for glycine in neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol Vol. 35(4), pp. 373-387School: Department of Experimental Evolutionary Biology, University of Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it	article
Abstract: Neurons in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig were classified according to their positivity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine, ultrastructure and projections to the inferior colliculus as indicated by tract-tracing and ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. Only some pyramidal and few giant cells, surrounded by glycinergic boutons containing flat and pleomorphic vesicles, projected to the inferior colliculus as glycine-negative excitatory cells. Smaller neurons in superficial layers of the dorsal cochlear nucleus did not project to the inferior colliculus, and were recognized as glycine-negative granule and unipolar brush cells. Few glycinergic, inhibitory neurons among granule cells were indicated as Golgi-stellate neurons. All small neurons associated to the granule cell areas received few, mainly glycinergic synapses, and their dendrites contacted large boutons (mossy fibers). Other medium-large glycine positive neurons in the superficial (cartwheel) and deep layers ( tuberculo-ventral and large-giant) of the dorsal cochlear nucleus did not project to the inferior colliculus. Giant-large glycinergic neurons surrounded by sparse axo-somatic, mostly glycinergic synapses, probably represent commissural neurons projecting to the contralateral cochlear nucleus. Rare boutons, possibly descending from the inferior colliculus, were seen onto pyramidal cells or their dendrites, and these boutons mainly stored glycine positive pleomorphic vesicles or glycine negative round vesicles. No descending mossy fibers storing round vesicles were labelled from the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. These observations suggest that very few terminals in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig are derived from the inferior colliculus.
BibTeX: @article{Alibardi:2003b, author = {Alibardi, L.}, title = {Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry for glycine in neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig.}, journal = {J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol}, school = {Department of Experimental Evolutionary Biology, University of Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it}, year = {2003}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, pages = {373--387}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Alibardi, L.	Mossy fibers in granule cell areas of the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus from intrinsic and extrinsic origin innervate unipolar brush cell glomeruli. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol Vol. 36(2), pp. 193-210School: Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it	article
Abstract: Non tonotopic transmission between cochlear nuclei and other auditory and non-auditory nuclei in the brain is probably due to large axonal terminals (mossy fibers) innervating granule cell areas of cochlear nuclei. The origin of mossy fibers in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) is multiple, from other auditory or non-auditory nuclei but possibly also from intrinsic neurons. The present ultrastructural immunocytochemical study reports for the first time the presence of anterograde-labeled mossy fibers in the DCN of the rat after injection of the neural tracer WGA-HRP into 3 different nuclei. Labeled mossy fibers were seen in 9.0% of mossy fibers detected after tracer injection into the ipsilateral anteroventral cochlear nucleus, in 7.3% of mossy fibers after contralateral collicular injection, and 13.2% after contralateral cochlear nucleus injection. Most (over 95 mossy fibers contained round vesicles, both large and small, and were likely excitatory terminals, but few showed flat-pleomorphic vesicles that contained the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine. Most of the anterograde-labeled ipsilateral mossy fibers containing small round synaptic vesicles, are probably derived from multipolar neurons within the ipsilateral anteroventral cochlear nucleus. After injections into the contralateral inferior colliculus, it was not possible to distinguish putative descending collicular mossy fibers from intrinsic mossy fibers. The latter would suggest the presence of an amplification pathway within the DCN, from collateral axons of pyramidal or stellate cells of the ipsilateral ventral cochlear nucleus to form glomeruli with granule-unipolar brush cells. After injection into the contralateral cochlear nucleus, it was not possible to distinguish between commissural mossy fibers and those derived from ipsilateral recurrent axon-terminals of commissural neurons within the DCN or the ventral cochlear nucleus. Despite this limitation, the present observations show that extrinsic or intrinsic mossy fibers reach granule cell areas in layers 2 and 3 of the DCN and form glomeruli of large or small dimension (1.5-4 microm) with unipolar brush and granule cells. These mossy fibers probably carry a fast excitatory non-tonotopic input which may influence the electrical response of granule cell areas.
BibTeX: @article{Alibardi:2004, author = {L. Alibardi}, title = {Mossy fibers in granule cell areas of the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus from intrinsic and extrinsic origin innervate unipolar brush cell glomeruli.}, journal = {J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol}, school = {Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it}, year = {2004}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {193--210} }
Alibardi, L.	Review: cytological characteristics of commissural and tuberculo-ventral neurons in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Hear Res Vol. 216-217, pp. 73-80School: Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Via Selmi 3, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy. alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The goal of the present review is to summarize the main ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characteristics for glycine and GABA in commissural (COM) and tuberculo-ventral neurons (TV) of the DCN. These neurons are localized in similar areas of the DCN multipolar but are connected to different targets. About 2/3rd of COM-neurons are large to bipolar neurons, mainly glycinergic, often GABA-ergic, with scarce ergastoplasm and axo-somatic boutons. About 1/3rd of COM-neurons are glycine and GABA-negative, and show little ergastoplasm and synaptic coverage. Occasional giant COM-neurons are glycine-positive and GABA-negative, and are covered with synaptic boutons. Other infrequent large neurons, rich in dense core vesicles, glycine- and GABA-negative, are most covered with boutons. TV-neurons are most glycinergic but 9% are glycine-negative. They have little ergastoplasm and a developed Golgi apparatus. Axo-somatic terminals are scarce and mainly contain flat and pleomorphic vesicles, glycine and sometimes GABA (inhibitory). TV-neurons receive a lower number of boutons than COM, which contain mainly flat-pleomorphic terminals. Putative COM-inhibitory boutons contact excitatory pyramidal and giant neurons (monosynaptic inhibition). Some putative inhibitory COM-terminals contact inhibitory cartwheel and tuberculo-ventral neurons. This indicates direct disinhibition and therefore excitation in the DCN (di-three-synaptic). Putative COM-mossy fibers reach the granule areas of the DCN, including unipolar brush cell dendrites, another possible excitatory commissural pathway.
BibTeX: @article{Alibardi:2006, author = {Alibardi, Lorenzo}, title = {Review: cytological characteristics of commissural and tuberculo-ventral neurons in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus.}, journal = {Hear Res}, school = {Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Via Selmi 3, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy. alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it}, year = {2006}, volume = {216-217}, pages = {73--80}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2006.01.005}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2006.01.005} }
Alimoradian, A., Sajedianfard, J., Baha-Aldini Beigy, F., Panjehshahin, M.R. and Owji, A.A.	Relationship of Dopamine of the Nucleus Accumbens with Intra-infralimbic Apomorphine Microinjection. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Iran J Basic Med Sci Vol. 16(6), pp. 743-750School: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.	article
Abstract: The dopamine level of the nucleus accumbens changes during some stereotyped behaviors. To study dopamine level of the nucleus accumbens in intra infralimbic apomorphine-induced climbing, microdialysis probes were implanted into the nucleus accumbens shell of male Sprague Dawley rats weighting 275-400 g.The rats were divided into two groups (apomorphine and control) of least eleven rats in each group. Apomorphine at dose of 5 ?g/0.5 ?l or its vehicle was microinjected into the infralimbic in apomorphine and control groups respectively. Then, changes in dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens shell were monitored. The concentration of dopamine was measured by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electochemical (HPLC-ECD). Finally, the stereotyped behaviors were recorded.The mean of dopamine levels for all of after microinjection period in control and drug groups were 450% and 150% respectively compared to those of before microinjection period. However, there was no significant difference between groups of apomorphine and control. In addition, the return of dopamine level to the baseline was faster in apomorphine group than the control group.The intra infralimbic apomorphine -induced climbing at dose of 5 ?g/0.5 ?l was not modulated via the increase of dopamine level in the nucleus accumbens area.
BibTeX: @article{Alimoradian:2013, author = {Alimoradian, Abbas and Sajedianfard, Javad and Baha-Aldini Beigy, Faegheh and Panjehshahin, Mohammad Reza and Owji, Ali Akbar}, title = {Relationship of Dopamine of the Nucleus Accumbens with Intra-infralimbic Apomorphine Microinjection.}, journal = {Iran J Basic Med Sci}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.}, year = {2013}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {743--750}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Aline Boer, P. and Gontijo, J.	Nuclear localization of SP, CGRP, and NK1R in a subpopulation of dorsal root ganglia subpopulation cells in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Vol. 26(2), pp. 191-207	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Signals generated by renal pelvic afferent nerves in response to stimulation are transmitted from peripheral processes of dorsal root ganglia neurons to their central terminals in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to cause the release of neuropeptides, including SP and CGRP. All of the cellular activities of SP are considered to be mediated through interaction with NK 1R located on the cell surface. We have investigated the colocalization and subcellular distribution of NK1R, SP, and CGRP in different subpopulations of neurons that innervate renal tissue. Our findings therefore provide the first evidence for the presence of NK1R, SP, and CGRP in the nuclei of DGR neural cells. The physiological significance of this localization remains unknown. One possibility is that pelvic sensory neurons may regulate their responses to different stimuli by modulating the ratio of CGRP and SP release and/or nuclear NK1R expression. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{AlineBoer:2006, author = {Aline Boer, P. and Gontijo, J.A.R.}, title = {Nuclear localization of SP, CGRP, and NK1R in a subpopulation of dorsal root ganglia subpopulation cells in rats}, journal = {Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology}, year = {2006}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {191-207}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33745077417&partnerID=40&md5=7417a85612a11a9db6e883c9bf0c30aa}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-006-9020-5} }
Alioto, O.E., Lindsey, C.J., Koepp, J. and Caous, C.A.	Sensory sciatic nerve afferent inputs to the dorsal lateral medulla in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Auton Neurosci Vol. 140(1-2), pp. 80-87School: Department of Biophysics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Investigations show the paratrigeminal nucleus (Pa5) as an input site for sensory information from the sciatic nerve field. Functional or physical disruption of the Pa5 alters behavioral and somatosensory responses to nociceptive hindpaw stimulation or sciatic nerve electrostimulation (SNS), both contralateral to the affected structure. The nucleus, an input site for cranial and spinal nerves, known for orofacial nociceptive sensory processing, has efferent connections to structures associated with nociception and cardiorespiratory functions. This study aimed at determining the afferent sciatic pathway to dorsal lateral medulla by means of a neuronal tract-tracer (biocytin) injected in the iliac segment of the sciatic nerve. Spinal cord samples revealed bilateral labeling in the gracile and pyramidal or cuneate tracts from survival day 2 (lumbar L1/L2) to day 8 (cervical C2/C3 segments) following biocytin application. From day 10 to day 20 medulla samples showed labeling of the contralateral Pa5 to the injection site. The ipsilateral paratrigeminal nucleus showed labeling on day 10 only. The lateral reticular nucleus (LRt) showed fluorescent labeled terminal fibers on day 12 and 14, after tracer injection to contralateral sciatic nerve. Neurotracer injection into the LRt of sciatic nerve-biocytin-treated rats produced retrograde labeled neurons soma in the Pa5 in the vicinity of biocytin labeled nerve terminals. Therefore, Pa5 may be considered one of the first sites in the brain for sensory/nociceptive inputs from the sciatic nerve. Also, the findings include Pa5 and LRt in the neural pathway of the somatosympathetic pressor response to SNS and nocifensive responses to hindpaw stimulation.
BibTeX: @article{Alioto:2008, author = {Olavo Egídio Alioto and Charles Julian Lindsey and Janice Koepp and Cristofer André Caous}, title = {Sensory sciatic nerve afferent inputs to the dorsal lateral medulla in the rat.}, journal = {Auton Neurosci}, school = {Department of Biophysics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.}, year = {2008}, volume = {140}, number = {1-2}, pages = {80--87}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2008.04.006}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2008.04.006} }
Alioto, O.E., Lindsey, C.J., Koepp, J. and Caous, C.A.	Sensory sciatic nerve afferent inputs to the dorsal lateral medulla in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical Vol. 140, pp. 80-87	article	DOI
Abstract: Investigations show the paratrigeminal nucleus (Pa5) as an input site for sensory information from the sciatic nerve field. Functional or physical disruption of the Pa5 alters behavioral and somatosensory responses to nociceptive hindpaw stimulation or sciatic nerve electrostimulation (SNS), both contralateral to the affected structure. The nucleus, an input site for cranial and spinal nerves, known for orofacial nociceptive sensory processing, has efferent connections to structures associated with nociception and cardiorespiratory functions. This study aimed at determining the afferent sciatic pathway to dorsal lateral medulla by means of a neuronal tract-tracer (biocytin) injected in the iliac segment of the sciatic nerve. Spinal cord samples revealed bilateral labeling in the gracile and pyramidal or cuneate tracts from survival day 2 (lumbar L1/L2) to day 8 (cervical C2/C3 segments) following biocytin application. From day 10 to day 20 medulla samples showed labeling of the contralateral Pa5 to the injection site. The ipsilateral paratrigeminal nucleus showed labeling on day 10 only. The lateral reticular nucleus (LRt) showed fluorescent labeled terminal fibers on day 12 and 14, after tracer injection to contralateral sciatic nerve. Neurotracer injection into the LRt of sciatic nerve-biocytin-treated rats produced retrograde labeled neurons soma in the Pa5 in the vicinity of biocytin labeled nerve terminals. Therefore, Pa5 may be considered one of the first sites in the brain for sensory/nociceptive inputs from the sciatic nerve. Also, the findings include Pa5 and LRt in the neural pathway of the somatosympathetic pressor response to SNS and nocifensive responses to hindpaw stimulation.
BibTeX: @article{Alioto:2008a, author = {Alioto, Olavo Egídio and Lindsey, Charles Julian and Koepp, Janice and Caous, Cristofer André}, title = {Sensory sciatic nerve afferent inputs to the dorsal lateral medulla in the rat.}, journal = {Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical}, year = {2008}, volume = {140}, pages = {80--87}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2008.04.006} }
Alisky, J. and Tolbert, D.	Differential labeling of converging afferent pathways using biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin subunit B [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Journal of Neuroscience Methods Vol. 52(2), pp. 143-148	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We report a new technique for 2-tracer anterograde labeling that permits unequivocal identification of the differentially labeled projections in the same section. One pathway is labeled with biotinylated dextran amine and is visualized as a black to dark gray diaminobenzidine (DAB)-cobalt precipitate by an avidin-biotinylated peroxidase reaction. The other pathway is labeled with cholera toxin subunit B and is visualized as a reddish-brown reaction product using DAB without cobalt as the substrate for peroxidase immunohistochemistry. To maintain serial order, sections can be processed mounted on slides without any loss of sensitivity for either tracer. © 1994.
BibTeX: @article{Alisky:1994a, author = {Alisky, J.M. and Tolbert, D.L.}, title = {Differential labeling of converging afferent pathways using biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin subunit B}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods}, year = {1994}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, pages = {143-148}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028305106&partnerID=40&md5=9ed1b527ff076c8a0cf834bf09812112}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(94)90122-8} }
Alisky, J.M. and Tolbert, D.L.	Differential labeling of converging afferent pathways using biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin subunit B. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	J Neurosci Methods Vol. 52(2), pp. 143-148School: Francis and Doris Murphy Neuroanatomy Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, St. Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104.	article	DOI
Abstract: We report a new technique for 2-tracer anterograde labeling that permits unequivocal identification of the differentially labeled projections in the same section. One pathway is labeled with biotinylated dextran amine and is visualized as a black to dark gray diaminobenzidine (DAB)-cobalt precipitate by an avidin-biotinylated peroxidase reaction. The other pathway is labeled with cholera toxin subunit B and is visualized as a reddish-brown reaction product using DAB without cobalt as the substrate for peroxidase immunohistochemistry. To maintain serial order, sections can be processed mounted on slides without any loss of sensitivity for either tracer.
BibTeX: @article{Alisky:1994, author = {Alisky, J. M. and Tolbert, D. L.}, title = {Differential labeling of converging afferent pathways using biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin subunit B.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, school = {Francis and Doris Murphy Neuroanatomy Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, St. Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104.}, year = {1994}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, pages = {143--148}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(94)90122-8} }
Alisky, J.M. and Tolbert, D.L.	Quantitative analysis of converging spinal and cuneate mossy fibre afferent projections to the rat cerebellar anterior lobe. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Neuroscience Vol. 80(2), pp. 373-388School: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, St Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: The convergence/divergence of mossy fibre afferent projections to the cerebellar anterior lobe from a single lumbar segment, from adjacent or widely separated lower thoracic and lumbar segments, and finally from the lower thoracic-upper lumbar spinal cord and the brainstem cuneate nuclei was quantitatively analysed in adult rats. Spinal and cuneate mossy fibre terminals were differentially labelled with biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin subunit B, immunohistochemically identified in the same histological sections, and their spatial distributions quantitatively plotted in computer reconstructions of the unfolded anterior lobe cortex. Afferent convergence was quantified by calculating the number of biotinylated dextran amine-labelled terminals that radially overlapped with cholera toxin-labelled terminals at points on the unfolded cortical map that represented theoretical Purkinje cells. Spino- and cuneocerebellar mossy fibre terminals are organized in patches that are oriented in parasagittally-oriented stripes or transversely oriented bands. Afferent convergence was greatest following biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin injections in the same or adjacent spinal lumbar segments (60 and 52 respectively). When biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin were injected in a single segment differentially labelled terminals appeared randomly intermingled in common patches. There was a trend for terminals labelled from adjacent lumbar segments to be more segregated in the patches. Segmentally separated biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin spinal cord injections (four lumbar segments) resulted in clearly segregated (80 biotinylated dextran amine from cholera toxin-labelled terminal patches or patches with distinct divergence of the differentially labelled terminals in the patch. Cuneocerebellar terminals labelled with biotinylated dextran amine were located in patches, stripes, and bands spatially segregated from terminal patches, stripes, and bands of cholera toxin- labelled spinal afferents except at their immediate borders where some radial overlap occurred (9-22. These anatomical findings for a fractured somatotopy of spinal and cuneate inputs to the cerebellar anterior lobe complement neurophysiological findings for a very similar pattern of organization of cutaneous inputs to the posterior lobe, and are discussed in light of potential mechanisms for anterior lobe processing of somatosensory information.
BibTeX: @article{Alisky:1997, author = {Alisky, J. M. and Tolbert, D. L.}, title = {Quantitative analysis of converging spinal and cuneate mossy fibre afferent projections to the rat cerebellar anterior lobe.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, St Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104, USA.}, year = {1997}, volume = {80}, number = {2}, pages = {373--388}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00082-1} }
Alkadhi, K. and Altememi, G.	Nitric oxide mediates long-term potentiation in rat superior cervical ganglion [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Brain Research Vol. 753(2), pp. 315-317	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Long-term potentiation (LTP) of the nicotinic pathway of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) is remarkably similar to that of the hippocampus which has been shown to involve nitric oxide (NO). We investigated a similar possible involvement of NO in the LTP of the SCG of the rat. Treatment of ganglia with the NO-synthase inhibitor N(G) nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG, 10 μM) blocked LTP at the maintenance phase.
BibTeX: @article{Alkadhi:1997, author = {Alkadhi, K.A. and Altememi, G.F.}, title = {Nitric oxide mediates long-term potentiation in rat superior cervical ganglion}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1997}, volume = {753}, number = {2}, pages = {315-317}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031564615&partnerID=40&md5=4373d5a69b4b2885ff7b241c8738326c}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00028-0} }
Al-Khater, K.M., Kerr, R. and Todd, A.J.	A quantitative study of spinothalamic neurons in laminae I, III, and IV in lumbar and cervical segments of the rat spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	J Comp Neurol Vol. 511(1), pp. 1-18School: Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom. a.todd@bio.gla.ac.uk	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The major ascending outputs from superficial spinal dorsal horn consist of projection neurons in lamina I, together with neurons in laminae III-IV that express the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r) and have dendrites that enter the superficial laminae. Some neurons in each of these populations belong to the spinothalamic tract, which conveys nociceptive information via the thalamus to cortical areas involved in pain. A projection from the cervical superficial dorsal horn to the posterior triangular nucleus (PoT) has recently been identified. PoT is at the caudal end of the thalamus and was not included in injection sites in many previous retrograde tracing studies. We have injected various tracers (cholera toxin B subunit, Fluoro-Gold, and fluorescent latex microspheres) into the thalamus to estimate the number of spinothalamic neurons in each of these two populations, and to investigate their projection targets. Most lamina I and lamina III/IV NK1r-immunoreactive spinothalamic neurons in cervical and lumbar segments could be labeled from injections centered on PoT. Our results suggest that there are 90 lamina I spinothalamic neurons per side in C7 and 15 in L4 and that some of those in C7 only project to PoT. We found that 85% of the lamina III/IV NK1r-immunoreactive neurons in C6 and 17% of those in L5 belong to the spinothalamic tract, and these apparently project exclusively to the caudal thalamus, including PoT. Because PoT projects to second somatosensory and insular cortices, our results suggest that these are major targets for information conveyed by both these populations of spinothalamic neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Al-Khater:2008, author = {Khulood M Al-Khater and Robert Kerr and Andrew J Todd}, title = {A quantitative study of spinothalamic neurons in laminae I, III, and IV in lumbar and cervical segments of the rat spinal cord.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = { Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom. a.todd@bio.gla.ac.uk}, year = {2008}, volume = {511}, number = {1}, pages = {1--18}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21811}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.21811} }
Al-Khater, K.M., Kerr, R. and Todd, A.J.	A quantitative study of spinothalamic neurons in laminae I, III, and IV in lumbar and cervical segments of the rat spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 511, pp. 1-18	article
Abstract: The major ascending outputs from superficial spinal dorsal horn consist of projection neurons in lamina I, together with neurons in laminae III-IV that express the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r) and have dendrites that enter the superficial laminae. Some neurons in each of these populations belong to the spinothalamic tract, which conveys nociceptive information via the thalamus to cortical areas involved in pain. A projection from the cervical superficial dorsal horn to the posterior triangular nucleus (PoT) has recently been identified. PoT is at the caudal end of the thalamus and was not included in injection sites in many previous retrograde tracing studies. We have injected various tracers (cholera toxin B subunit, Fluoro-Gold, and fluorescent latex microspheres) into the thalamus to estimate the number of spinothalamic neurons in each of these two populations, and to investigate their projection targets. Most lamina I and lamina III/IV NK1r-immunoreactive spinothalamic neurons in cervical and lumbar segments could be labeled from injections centered on PoT. Our results suggest that there are 90 lamina I spinothalamic neurons per side in C7 and 15 in L4 and that some of those in C7 only project to PoT. We found that 85% of the lamina III/IV NK1r-immunoreactive neurons in C6 and 17% of those in L5 belong to the spinothalamic tract, and these apparently project exclusively to the caudal thalamus, including PoT. Because PoT projects to second somatosensory and insular cortices, our results suggest that these are major targets for information conveyed by both these populations of spinothalamic neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Al-Khater:2008a, author = {Al-Khater, Khulood M. and Kerr, Robert and Todd, Andrew J.}, title = {A quantitative study of spinothalamic neurons in laminae I, III, and IV in lumbar and cervical segments of the rat spinal cord.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {2008}, volume = {511}, pages = {1-18}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Al-Khater, K.M. and Todd, A.J.	Collateral projections of neurons in laminae I, III, and IV of rat spinal cord to thalamus, periaqueductal gray matter, and lateral parabrachial area. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	J Comp Neurol Vol. 515(6), pp. 629-646School: Neuroscience and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Projection neurons in lamina I, together with those in laminae III-IV that express the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r), form a major route through which nociceptive information reaches the brain. Axons of these cells innervate various targets, including thalamus, periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), and lateral parabrachial area (LPb), and many cells project to more than one target. The aims of this study were to quantify projections from cervical enlargement to PAG and LPb, to determine the proportion of spinothalamic neurons at lumbar and cervical levels that were labelled from PAG and LPb, and to investigate morphological differences between projection populations. The C7 segment contained fewer lamina I spinoparabrachial cells than L4, but a similar number of spino-PAG cells. Virtually all spinothalamic lamina I neurons at both levels were labelled from LPb and between one-third and one-half from PAG. This suggests that significant numbers project to all three targets. Spinothalamic lamina I neurons differed from those labelled only from LPb in that they were generally larger, were more often multipolar, and (in cervical enlargement) had stronger NK1r immunoreactivity. Most lamina III/IV NK1r cells at both levels projected to LPb, but few were labelled from PAG. The great majority of these cells in C7 and over one-fourth of those in L4 were spinothalamic, and at each level some projected to both thalamus and LPb. These results confirm that neurons in these laminae have extensive collateral projections and suggest that different neuronal subpopulations in lamina I have characteristic patterns of supraspinal projection.
BibTeX: @article{Al-Khater:2009, author = {Al-Khater, Khulood M. and Todd, Andrew J.}, title = {Collateral projections of neurons in laminae I, III, and IV of rat spinal cord to thalamus, periaqueductal gray matter, and lateral parabrachial area.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Neuroscience and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.}, year = {2009}, volume = {515}, number = {6}, pages = {629--646}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22081}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.22081} }
Alkire, M., Gruver, R., Miller, J., McReynolds, J., Hahn, E. and Cahill, L.	Neuroimaging analysis of an anesthetic gas that blocks human emotional memory [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol. 105(5), pp. 1722-1727	article	DOI URL
Abstract: It is hypothesized that emotional arousal modulates long-term memory consolidation through the amygdala. Gaseous anesthetic agents are among the most potent drugs that cause temporary amnesia, yet the effects of inhalational anesthesia on human emotional memory processing remain unknown. To study this, two experiments were performed with the commonly used inhalational anesthetic sevoflurane. In experiment 1, volunteers responded to a series of emotional and neutral slides while under various subanesthetic doses of sevoflurane or placebo (no anesthesia). One week later, a mnemonic boost for emotionally arousing stimuli was evident in the placebo, 0.1%, and 0.2% sevoflurane groups, as measured with a recognition test. However, the mnemonic boost was absent in subjects who received 0.25% sevoflurane. Subsequently, in experiment 2, glucose PET assessed brain-state-related activity of subjects exposed to 0.25% sevoflurane. Structural equation modeling of the PET data revealed that 0. 25% sevoflurane suppressed amygdala to hippocampal effective connectivity. The behavioral results show that 0.25% sevoflurane blocks emotional memory, and connectivity results demonstrate that this dose of sevoflurane suppresses the effective influence of the amygdala. Collectively, the findings support the hypothesis that the amygdala mediates memory modulation by demonstrating that suppressed amygdala effectiveness equates with a loss of emotional memory. © 2008 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.
BibTeX: @article{Alkire:2008, author = {Alkire, M.T. and Gruver, R. and Miller, J. and McReynolds, J.R. and Hahn, E.L. and Cahill, L.}, title = {Neuroimaging analysis of an anesthetic gas that blocks human emotional memory}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, year = {2008}, volume = {105}, number = {5}, pages = {1722-1727}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-40349112876&partnerID=40&md5=c4c87ffe28a18c9c33d35e409ebc5f55}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711651105} }
Alkire, M. and Nathan, S.	Does the amygdala mediate anesthetic-induced amnesia? Basolateral amygdala lesions block sevoflurane-induced amnesia [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Anesthesiology Vol. 102(4), pp. 754-760	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Background: Amnesia for aversive events caused by benzodiazepines or propofol depends on the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Whether the amnesia of volatile anesthesia is also mediated through the BLA is unknown. If so, a general principle of anesthetic-induced amnesia may be emerging. Here, using an inhibitory avoidance paradigm, the authors determine whether BLA lesions prevent sevoflurane-induced amnesia. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into two groups: sham-operated controls (n = 22) and rats given bilateral N-methyl-D-aspartate lesions of the BLA (n = 32). After a 1-week recovery, the rats were randomly assigned to be trained during either air or sevoflurane (0.3% inspired, 0.14 minimum alveolar concentration) exposure. Animals learned to remain in the starting safe compartment of a step-through inhibitory avoidance apparatus for 100 consecutive seconds by administering foot shock (0.3 mA) whenever they entered an adjacent shock compartment. Memory was assessed at 24 h. Longer latencies to enter the shock compartment at 24 h imply better memory. Results: Sham-air (n = 10) animals had a robust memory, with a median retention latency of 507 s (interquartile range, 270-600 s). Sham-sevoflurane (n = 6) animals were amnesic, with a latency of 52 s (27-120 s) (F < 0.01, vs. sham-air). Both the air-exposed (n = 5) and the sevoflurane-exposed (n = 8) animals with BLA lesions showed robust memory, with latencies of 350 s (300-590 s) and 378 s (363-488 s), respectively. The latencies for both did not differ from the performance of the sham-air group and were significantly greater than the latency of the sham-sevoflurane group (both F < 0.01). Conclusions: BLA lesions block sevoflurane-induced amnesia. A role for the BLA in mediating anesthetic-induced amnesia may be a general principle of anesthetic action. © 2005 American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Alkire:2005, author = {Alkire, M.T. and Nathan, S.V.}, title = {Does the amygdala mediate anesthetic-induced amnesia? Basolateral amygdala lesions block sevoflurane-induced amnesia}, journal = {Anesthesiology}, year = {2005}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, pages = {754-760}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-16244411967&partnerID=40&md5=b539d34eac86d15e25a1b86498da7ea5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200504000-00010} }
Al-Kofahi, K.A., Lasek, S., Szarowski, D.H., Pace, C.J., Nagy, G., Turner, J.N. and Roysam, B.	Rapid automated three-dimensional tracing of neurons from confocal image stacks. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	IEEE transactions on information technology in biomedicine : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Vol. 6, pp. 171-187	article	URL
Abstract: Algorithms are presented for fully automatic three-dimensional (3-D) tracing of neurons that are imaged by fluorescence confocal microscopy. Unlike previous voxel-based skeletonization methods, the present approach works by recursively following the neuronal topology, using a set of 4 x N2 directional kernels (e.g., N = 32), guided by a generalized 3-D cylinder model. This method extends our prior work on exploratory tracing of retinal vasculature to 3-D space. Since the centerlines are of primary interest, the 3-D extension can be accomplished by four rather than six sets of kernels. Additional modifications, such as dynamic adaptation of the correlation kernels, and adaptive step size estimation, were introduced for achieving robustness to photon noise, varying contrast, and apparent discontinuity and/or hollowness of structures. The end product is a labeling of all somas present, graph-theoretic representations of all dendritic/axonal structures, and image statistics such as soma volume and centroid, soma interconnectivity, the longest branch, and lengths of all graph branches originating from a soma. This method is able to work directly with unprocessed confocal images, without expensive deconvolution or other preprocessing. It is much faster that skeletonization, typically consuming less than a minute to trace a 70-MB image on a 500-MHz computer. These properties make it attractive for large-scale automated tissue studies that require rapid on-line image analysis, such as high-throughput neurobiology/angiogenesis assays, and initiatives such as the Human Brain Project.
BibTeX: @article{Al-Kofahi:2002, author = {Al-Kofahi, Khalid A and Lasek, Sharie and Szarowski, Donald H and Pace, Christopher J and Nagy, George and Turner, James N and Roysam, Badrinath}, title = {Rapid automated three-dimensional tracing of neurons from confocal image stacks.}, journal = {IEEE transactions on information technology in biomedicine : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society}, year = {2002}, volume = {6}, pages = {171--187}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjNtvXVr9vWAhUHB8AKHdyZC7EQFggyMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.57.9339%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&usg=AOvVaw3ZOZ4mc1r9grvwNd81zkQk} }
Allan, D.W. and Greer, J.J.	Development of phrenic motoneuron morphology in the fetal rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	J Comp Neurol Vol. 382(4), pp. 469-479School: Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. dallan@physio.med.ualberta.ca	article	DOI
Abstract: This study examined the morphological changes that a homogeneous mammalian spinal motoneuron population undergoes during foetal development. Retrograde labelling of the phrenic nerve with the carbocyanine dye, DiI, was used to visualise developmental changes in phrenic motoneuron morphology within the cervical spinal cord of perinatal rats from embryonic day (E) 13.5 to birth (ca. E21). Groups of intimately associated phrenic somata had migrated into the ventromedial region of cervical segments C3-C6 by E14. This migration was followed by their progressive compaction into a tightly aligned column by E18. During this period, close contact was maintained between phrenic somata throughout the motor pool, suggestive of the presence of gap junctions. From E15 to E18, extensive dendritic arborisations fanned out dorsolaterally and ventromedially into the white matter and the floor plate. By E19, however, dendritic fasciculation and retraction and the extension of newly formed rostrocaudally projecting dendrites had resulted in the approximation of the dendritic morphology observed at birth. These data demonstrate that morphological maturation of phrenic motoneurons occurs subsequently to the onset of functional recruitment and the arrival of central processes of dorsal root ganglion neurons within the ventral horn (ca. E17). By birth, a number of immature features remain, including a larger proportion of neurites that project into the white matter and into the floor plate, the presence of growth cones on a number of dendrites, and close contact between populations of contralaterally derived dendrites.
BibTeX: @article{Allan:1997, author = {Allan, D. W. and Greer, J. J.}, title = {Development of phrenic motoneuron morphology in the fetal rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. dallan@physio.med.ualberta.ca}, year = {1997}, volume = {382}, number = {4}, pages = {469--479}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970616)382:4%3C469::aid-cne4%3E3.0.co;2-0} }
Allan, S. and Rothwell, N.	Cortical death caused by striatal administration of AMPA and interleukin-1 is mediated by activation of cortical NMDA receptors [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Vol. 20(10), pp. 1409-1413	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Striatal coadministration of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) with α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (S-AMPA) in rats results in widespread cortical cell death not caused by either treatment alone. This cortical damage was unaffected by cortical infusion of the AMPA-receptor antagonist NBQX. Cortical infusion of an NMDA-receptor antagonist D-AP5 significantly inhibited (57%; P < 0.05) cortical death, but had no effect on the local striatal death. Thus, cortical neuronal death induced by striatal S-AMPA and human recombinant interleukin-1β (hrIL-1β) is mediated by activation of NMDA receptors in the cortex. The authors propose that IL-1β actions on AMPA-receptor mediated cell death may involve the activation of polysynaptic pathways from the striatum to the cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Allan:2000a, author = {Allan, S.M. and Rothwell, N.J.}, title = {Cortical death caused by striatal administration of AMPA and interleukin-1 is mediated by activation of cortical NMDA receptors}, journal = {Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism}, year = {2000}, volume = {20}, number = {10}, pages = {1409-1413}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033778849&partnerID=40&md5=4bef30718c720d1d9b8daeda5465a8e7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200010000-00002} }
Allan, S.M.	The role of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in neurodegeneration. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Ann N Y Acad Sci Vol. 917, pp. 84-93School: School of Biological Sciences, 1.124 Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom. stuart.allan@man.ac.uk	article	DOI
Abstract: Experimental and clinical damage to the brain leads to rapid upregulation of an array of cytokines predominantly by glia. These cytokines may exert neurotoxic or neuroprotective actions. This paper will focus on the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1), which participates in diverse forms of brain damage including ischemia, brain trauma, and excitotoxic injury. Administration of low doses of IL-1 markedly exacerbates these forms of brain damage, whereas blocking IL-1 release or actions reduces neuronal death. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) is also upregulated by brain damage (mainly by neurons) and acts as an endogenous inhibitor of neurodegeneration, presumably by blocking IL-1 actions on its receptor. We have studied the actions of both IL-1 and IL-1ra in experimental models of ischemic and neurotoxic injury in rats, and have found site-specific effects within the striatum. On the basis of this and further work, we propose that IL-1 can exacerbate cell death in these conditions by modifying polysynaptic anterograde pathways leading from the striatum to the cortex. The precise nature of these pathways remains undetermined, as do the underlying mechanisms by which IL-1 can exert its effects, but appear to involve induction of IL-1 in specific brain regions and activation of cortical glutamatergic pathways.
BibTeX: @article{Allan:2000, author = {Allan, S. M.}, title = {The role of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in neurodegeneration.}, journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci}, school = {School of Biological Sciences, 1.124 Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom. stuart.allan@man.ac.uk}, year = {2000}, volume = {917}, pages = {84--93}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05373.x} }
Allegrini, P.R. and Wiessner, C.	Three-dimensional MRI of cerebral projections in rat brain in vivo after intracortical injection of MnCl2. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	NMR Biomed Vol. 16(5), pp. 252-256School: Novartis Pharma AG, Preclinical Research, PO Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. peter.allegrini@pharma.novartis.com	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In this study we investigated the potential of in vivo MRI detection of axonal Mn2+ transport for tracing neuronal projections originating in the sensorimotor cortex in healthy and lesioned rat brains. Special attention was given to the potential of visualizing neuronal sprouting of central nervous system across the midline. After injecting unchelated MnCl2 into the forelimb area of sensorimotor cortex of 18 healthy and 10 lesioned rats corticofugal projections could be traced through the internal capsule to the cerebral peduncle and the pyramidal decussation. Although the neuronal tract was visible as early as 6 h after MnCl2 injection, best contrast was achieved after 24-48 h. Beside the cortico-spinal tract, the cortico-thalamic fibres were also visualized by anterograde Mn2+ transport. Cortico-striatal fibres were partially masked by the very high signal near the MnCl2 injection site but could be discerned as well. Slight, diffuse signal enhancement of cortical tissue contralateral to the MnCl2 injection site in healthy rat brains suggests interhemispheric connections or passive diffusion of Mn2+. However, enhanced fibre tract contrast connecting both hemispheres was visible 16 weeks after onset of focal photothrombotic cortical injury. In conclusion our study has shown that we were able to visualize reproducibly the main descending corticofugal projections and interhemispheric connections by non-invasive MRI after localized injection of MnCl2. The appearance of interhemispheric Mn2+-enhanced fibres after photothrombotic focal injury indicates that the method may bear potential to follow non-invasively gross plastic changes of connectivity in the brain after injury.
BibTeX: @article{Allegrini:2003, author = {Peter R Allegrini and Christoph Wiessner}, title = {Three-dimensional MRI of cerebral projections in rat brain in vivo after intracortical injection of MnCl2.}, journal = {NMR Biomed}, school = {Novartis Pharma AG, Preclinical Research, PO Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. peter.allegrini@pharma.novartis.com}, year = {2003}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {252--256}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nbm.834}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/nbm.834} }
Allegrini, P.R. and Wiessner, C.	Three-dimensional MRI of cerebral projections in rat brain in vivo after intracortical injection of MnCl2. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	NMR in biomedicine Vol. 16, pp. 252-256	article	DOI
Abstract: In this study we investigated the potential of in vivo MRI detection of axonal Mn2+ transport for tracing neuronal projections originating in the sensorimotor cortex in healthy and lesioned rat brains. Special attention was given to the potential of visualizing neuronal sprouting of central nervous system across the midline. After injecting unchelated MnCl2 into the forelimb area of sensorimotor cortex of 18 healthy and 10 lesioned rats corticofugal projections could be traced through the internal capsule to the cerebral peduncle and the pyramidal decussation. Although the neuronal tract was visible as early as 6 h after MnCl2 injection, best contrast was achieved after 24-48 h. Beside the cortico-spinal tract, the cortico-thalamic fibres were also visualized by anterograde Mn2+ transport. Cortico-striatal fibres were partially masked by the very high signal near the MnCl2 injection site but could be discerned as well. Slight, diffuse signal enhancement of cortical tissue contralateral to the MnCl2 injection site in healthy rat brains suggests interhemispheric connections or passive diffusion of Mn2+. However, enhanced fibre tract contrast connecting both hemispheres was visible 16 weeks after onset of focal photothrombotic cortical injury. In conclusion our study has shown that we were able to visualize reproducibly the main descending corticofugal projections and interhemispheric connections by non-invasive MRI after localized injection of MnCl2. The appearance of interhemispheric Mn2+-enhanced fibres after photothrombotic focal injury indicates that the method may bear potential to follow non-invasively gross plastic changes of connectivity in the brain after injury.
BibTeX: @article{Allegrini:2003a, author = {Allegrini, Peter R and Wiessner, Christoph}, title = {Three-dimensional MRI of cerebral projections in rat brain in vivo after intracortical injection of MnCl2.}, journal = {NMR in biomedicine}, year = {2003}, volume = {16}, pages = {252--256}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/nbm.834} }
Allen, D.T. and Kiernan, J.A.	A circulating exogenous protein can enter enteric nervous tissue in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Neuroreport Vol. 1(1), pp. 33-36School: Department of Anatomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.	article	DOI
Abstract: Previous studies of the permeation of circulating protein tracers yielded conflicting results in the enteric nervous system. We show that within 5 min of intravenous injection, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enters all the extracellular spaces of the ganglia and connecting strands of the submucous and myenteric plexuses of the rat's small intestine, including the clefts between neuroglial cells and neurons. The tracer is still there after 10 min, but is nearly all gone 30 min after injection. Enteric neurons, like others with somata in peripheral ganglia, are therefore probably accessible to plasma proteins and to substances with smaller molecules that are protein-bound when circulating in the blood.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:1990b, author = {Allen, D. T. and Kiernan, J. A.}, title = {A circulating exogenous protein can enter enteric nervous tissue in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, school = {Department of Anatomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.}, year = {1990}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {33--36}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199009000-00010} }
Allen, G. and Earnest, D.	Overlap in the distribution of TrkB immunoreactivity and retinohypothalamic tract innervation of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 376(3), pp. 200-204	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may regulate the circadian sensitivity of the clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to light, possibly by modulating retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) input. In the present study, the anatomical distribution of the cognate receptor for BDNF, the TrkB tyrosine kinase, in RHT fibers and the SCN of rats was analyzed using combined immunohistochemical and anterograde tracing methods. Fluorescent immunostaining for the TrkB receptor was evident in fibers and cell bodies throughout the SCN. Dual labeling analysis revealed that there was substantial overlap in the distribution of TrkB immunostaining and cholera toxin subunit B (CTB)-labeling within RHT terminals and fibers projecting from the optic chiasm to the ventrolateral SCN. The present results suggest that RHT fibers may express TrkB receptors and thus provide a paracrine target for BDNF-mediated regulation of photic input to the SCN. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:2005b, author = {Allen, G.C. and Earnest, D.J.}, title = {Overlap in the distribution of TrkB immunoreactivity and retinohypothalamic tract innervation of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {2005}, volume = {376}, number = {3}, pages = {200-204}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-13844253832&partnerID=40&md5=319f070315ea65679a1b50939b62dab8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.076} }
Allen, G.C. and Earnest, D.J.	Overlap in the distribution of TrkB immunoreactivity and retinohypothalamic tract innervation of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Neurosci Lett Vol. 376(3), pp. 200-204School: M University Health Science Center, 238 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may regulate the circadian sensitivity of the clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to light, possibly by modulating retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) input. In the present study, the anatomical distribution of the cognate receptor for BDNF, the TrkB tyrosine kinase, in RHT fibers and the SCN of rats was analyzed using combined immunohistochemical and anterograde tracing methods. Fluorescent immunostaining for the TrkB receptor was evident in fibers and cell bodies throughout the SCN. Dual labeling analysis revealed that there was substantial overlap in the distribution of TrkB immunostaining and cholera toxin subunit B (CTB)-labeling within RHT terminals and fibers projecting from the optic chiasm to the ventrolateral SCN. The present results suggest that RHT fibers may express TrkB receptors and thus provide a paracrine target for BDNF-mediated regulation of photic input to the SCN.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:2005, author = {Gregg C Allen and David J Earnest}, title = {Overlap in the distribution of TrkB immunoreactivity and retinohypothalamic tract innervation of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, school = {M University Health Science Center, 238 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA.}, year = {2005}, volume = {376}, number = {3}, pages = {200--204}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.076}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.076} }
Allen, G.V., Barbrick, B. and Esser, M.J.	Trigeminal-parabrachial connections: possible pathway for nociception-induced cardiovascular reflex responses. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Brain Res Vol. 715(1-2), pp. 125-135School: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. gva@ac.dal.ca	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Noxious stimulation of dental nerves elicits marked changes in cardiovascular function. In order to investigate central pathways mediating reflex changes in cardiovascular activity, immunohistochemical localization of cells expressing the immediate-early gene, c-fos, was used to identify central nervous responding to noxious electrical stimulation of mandibular, incisor tooth dentin or chemical (capsaicin) stimulation of tooth pulp in the anesthetized rat. Injections of Fluoro-Gold were made in the lateral parabrachial region to identify efferent projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Electrical and chemical stimulation produced similar patterns of Fos-positive neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus: subnuclei caudalis, interpolaris and oralis. Fos-positive neurons were most dense in laminae I and II of the dorsomedial subnucleus caudalis with fewer Fos-positive neurons located in the interpolaris and oralis subnuclei. Sham stimulation of tooth dentin and control vehicle injections into the tooth pulp resulted in either a few weakly stained or no Fos-positive neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Cell bodies double labeled with Fluro-Gold following injections into the parabrachial region and Fos-protein subsequent to electrical stimulation of incisor tooth were present in all three subnuclei of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The largest number of Fos-positive neurons with efferent projections to the lateral parabrachial region were located in subnucleus caudalis (32.2 +/- 5.3 S.E.M.) and fewer were located in the interpolaris (0.4 +/- 0.4 S.E.M.) and oralis (19.8 +/- 3.5 S.E.M.) subnuclei. The results demonstrate that nociceptive dental input received by the three subnuclei of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, particularly the subnucleus caudalis, is relayed to the lateral parabrachial nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:1996, author = {Allen, G. V. and Barbrick, B. and Esser, M. J.}, title = {Trigeminal-parabrachial connections: possible pathway for nociception-induced cardiovascular reflex responses.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. gva@ac.dal.ca}, year = {1996}, volume = {715}, number = {1-2}, pages = {125--135}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)01580-9}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)01580-9} }
Allen, G.V. and Cechetto, D.F.	Functional and anatomical organization of cardiovascular pressor and depressor sites in the lateral hypothalamic area: I. Descending projections. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	J Comp Neurol Vol. 315(3), pp. 313-332School: e and Aging, London, Ontario, Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The present study describes the anatomical organization of projections from functionally defined cell groups of the lateral hypothalamic area. Cardiovascular pressor and depressor sites were identified following microinjection (5-50 nl) of 0.01-1.0 M L-glutamate or D,L-homocysteate into the anesthetized rat. Subsequent injections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) or wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were made into pressor or depressor sites and their connections with the brainstem and spinal cord were traced. Decreases in blood pressure (10-45 mmHg) and heart rate (20-70 bpm) were elicited from tuberal (LHAt) and posterior (LHAp) regions of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Depressor neurons in the LHAt have descending projections to the central gray, dorsal and median raphe nuclei, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, pontine reticular formation, medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, laterodorsal tegmental region, and medullary reticular formation including the region of the lateral tegmental field, nucleus ambigous, and rostrocaudal ventral lateral medulla. In contrast, descending projections from depressor neurons in the LHAp have dense terminal fields in the rostral, middle, and commissural portions of the nucleus of the solitary tract and the lateral tegmental field as well as the ventrolateral central gray, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, and medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei. Both the LHAt and LHAp have light projections to the intermediate region of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. Increases in blood pressure (10-40 mmHg) and heart rate (20-70 bpm) were elicited almost exclusively from neurons located medial to the LHAt and LHAp in a region surrounding the fornix, termed the perifornical area (PFA). Pressor cells in the PFA have descending projections to the central gray, dorsal and median raphe nuclei, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and Barrington's nucleus as well as a light projection to the commissural portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract and the intermediate region of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. The retrograde labeling observed in the WGA-HRP studies indicates that cells in most terminal fields have reciprocal projections to the pressor and depressor regions of the LHA. The results demonstrate that groups of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus with specific cardiovascular function have differential projections to the brain stem.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:1992, author = {G. V. Allen and D. F. Cechetto}, title = {Functional and anatomical organization of cardiovascular pressor and depressor sites in the lateral hypothalamic area: I. Descending projections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {e and Aging, London, Ontario, Canada.}, year = {1992}, volume = {315}, number = {3}, pages = {313--332}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903150307}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903150307} }
Allen, G.V. and Cechetto, D.F.	Functional and anatomical organization of cardiovascular pressor and depressor sites in the lateral hypothalamic area. II. Ascending projections. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	J Comp Neurol Vol. 330(3), pp. 421-438School: Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Microinjections of L-glutamate or D,L-homocysteic acid were used to stimulate cell bodies in the region of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) selectively. Subsequent iontophoretic injections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin or pressure injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were made into regions containing identified pressor and depressor sites and their connections with the forebrain and cerebral cortex were traced. The results indicate that decreases in blood pressure (10-45 mm Hg) and heart rate (20-70 bpm) could be elicited from tuberal (LHAt) and posterior (LHAp) sites in the LHA and that these regions have ascending projections to the insular cortex, the ventral forebrain including the septal-diagonal band of Broca complex, the ventral palladium, substantia innominata, amygdala, and the lateral preoptic area. In contrast, increases in blood pressure (10-40 mm Hg) and heart rate (20-70 bpm) were elicited primarily from neurons located adjacent to the fornix in the perifornical area (PFA). Injections of tract tracers into this region produced terminal labeling that differed markedly from the pattern seen following injections of tracer into depressor sites in the LHA. In addition, the pattern of anterograde labeling seen following injections of tracer into the anterior PFA differed from that seen following injections of tracer into the posterior PFA. Injections of tracer into the anterior PFA resulted in dense terminal labeling in the medial preoptic area and the parvicellular paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus whereas injections into the posterior PFA resulted in dense terminal labeling in the lateral septal nucleus, nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, as well as the medial preoptic area and the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The results demonstrate that the posterolateral hypothalamus of the rat contains two regions with specific cardiovascular function and highly organized connections with diencephalic, forebrain, and cortical structures.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:1993, author = {G. V. Allen and D. F. Cechetto}, title = {Functional and anatomical organization of cardiovascular pressor and depressor sites in the lateral hypothalamic area. II. Ascending projections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.}, year = {1993}, volume = {330}, number = {3}, pages = {421--438}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903300310}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903300310} }
Allen, G.V. and Cechetto, D.F.	Functional and anatomical organization of cardiovascular pressor and depressor sites in the lateral hypothalamic area. II. Ascending projections. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 330, pp. 421-438	article	DOI
Abstract: Microinjections of L-glutamate or D,L-homocysteic acid were used to stimulate cell bodies in the region of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) selectively. Subsequent iontophoretic injections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin or pressure injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were made into regions containing identified pressor and depressor sites and their connections with the forebrain and cerebral cortex were traced. The results indicate that decreases in blood pressure (10-45 mm Hg) and heart rate (20-70 bpm) could be elicited from tuberal (LHAt) and posterior (LHAp) sites in the LHA and that these regions have ascending projections to the insular cortex, the ventral forebrain including the septal-diagonal band of Broca complex, the ventral palladium, substantia innominata, amygdala, and the lateral preoptic area. In contrast, increases in blood pressure (10-40 mm Hg) and heart rate (20-70 bpm) were elicited primarily from neurons located adjacent to the fornix in the perifornical area (PFA). Injections of tract tracers into this region produced terminal labeling that differed markedly from the pattern seen following injections of tracer into depressor sites in the LHA. In addition, the pattern of anterograde labeling seen following injections of tracer into the anterior PFA differed from that seen following injections of tracer into the posterior PFA. Injections of tracer into the anterior PFA resulted in dense terminal labeling in the medial preoptic area and the parvicellular paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus whereas injections into the posterior PFA resulted in dense terminal labeling in the lateral septal nucleus, nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, as well as the medial preoptic area and the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The results demonstrate that the posterolateral hypothalamus of the rat contains two regions with specific cardiovascular function and highly organized connections with diencephalic, forebrain, and cortical structures.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:1993a, author = {Allen, G V and Cechetto, D F}, title = {Functional and anatomical organization of cardiovascular pressor and depressor sites in the lateral hypothalamic area. II. Ascending projections.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1993}, volume = {330}, pages = {421--438}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903300310} }
Allen, G.V. and Cechetto, D.F.	Serotoninergic and nonserotoninergic neurons in the medullary raphe system have axon collateral projections to autonomic and somatic cell groups in the medulla and spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	J Comp Neurol Vol. 350(3), pp. 357-366School: Dalhousie University, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Fluorescent double retrograde-tracing studies combined with fluorescent immunostaining for serotonin were carried out to determine the potential patterns of divergence in axonal projections to autonomic and somatic motor sites from medullary raphe and parapyramidal neurons. Injections (20-60 nl) of combinations of fluorescent retrograde tracers (Fast Blue, fluoro-gold, green latex microspheres, Diamidino Yellow) were made into the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the spinal cord and the brainstem lateral tegmental field or ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord of male Wistar rats. The animals were perfused after a 7-10-day survival period, and the brains were removed, sectioned (50 microns), and immunostained for serotonin. Following injections of different retrograde-tracer substances into the IML of the thoracic cord and the ventral horn of the lumbar cord, 36% of the neurons with axon collateral projections to the IML and the lumbar ventral horn were serotoninergic. Following injections of different retrograde-tracer substances into the IML and the lateral tegmental field, 26% of the neurons with axon collateral projections to the IML and the lateral tegmental field were serotoninergic. Many of the medullary neurons with projections to the lateral tegmental field and the lumbar cord were located dorsal and lateral to those neurons with projections to the IML. The results indicate that serotoninergic and nonserotoninergic neurons of the midline raphe system and parapyramidal region have axon collateral branches to the IML and the lateral tegmental field or the IML and the lumbar ventral horn. These projection neurons may form the anatomical substrate for the integration of autonomic and somatic motor activity.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:1994, author = {Allen, G. V. and Cechetto, D. F.}, title = {Serotoninergic and nonserotoninergic neurons in the medullary raphe system have axon collateral projections to autonomic and somatic cell groups in the medulla and spinal cord.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Dalhousie University, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.}, year = {1994}, volume = {350}, number = {3}, pages = {357--366}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903500303}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903500303} }
Allen, G.V. and Cechetto, D.F.	Serotoninergic and nonserotoninergic neurons in the medullary raphe system have axon collateral projections to autonomic and somatic cell groups in the medulla and spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 350, pp. 357-366	article	DOI
Abstract: Fluorescent double retrograde-tracing studies combined with fluorescent immunostaining for serotonin were carried out to determine the potential patterns of divergence in axonal projections to autonomic and somatic motor sites from medullary raphe and parapyramidal neurons. Injections (20-60 nl) of combinations of fluorescent retrograde tracers (Fast Blue, fluoro-gold, green latex microspheres, Diamidino Yellow) were made into the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the spinal cord and the brainstem lateral tegmental field or ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord of male Wistar rats. The animals were perfused after a 7-10-day survival period, and the brains were removed, sectioned (50 microns), and immunostained for serotonin. Following injections of different retrograde-tracer substances into the IML of the thoracic cord and the ventral horn of the lumbar cord, 36% of the neurons with axon collateral projections to the IML and the lumbar ventral horn were serotoninergic. Following injections of different retrograde-tracer substances into the IML and the lateral tegmental field, 26% of the neurons with axon collateral projections to the IML and the lateral tegmental field were serotoninergic. Many of the medullary neurons with projections to the lateral tegmental field and the lumbar cord were located dorsal and lateral to those neurons with projections to the IML. The results indicate that serotoninergic and nonserotoninergic neurons of the midline raphe system and parapyramidal region have axon collateral branches to the IML and the lateral tegmental field or the IML and the lumbar ventral horn. These projection neurons may form the anatomical substrate for the integration of autonomic and somatic motor activity.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:1994a, author = {Allen, G V and Cechetto, D F}, title = {Serotoninergic and nonserotoninergic neurons in the medullary raphe system have axon collateral projections to autonomic and somatic cell groups in the medulla and spinal cord.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1994}, volume = {350}, pages = {357--366}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903500303} }
Allen, G.V. and Cechetto, D.F.	Neurotensin in the lateral hypothalamic area: origin and function. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Neuroscience Vol. 69(2), pp. 533-544School: Neurobiology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.	article	DOI
Abstract: The origin of neurotensin in the lateral hypothalamus was investigated by means of fluorescent retrograde tract tracing and neurotensin-like immunoreactivity. Following fluorescent retrograde tract tracing with FluoroGold combined with neurotensin immunohistochemistry in the rat brain, numerous neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons with projections to the posterior lateral hypothalamic area were identified in the central nucleus of the amygdala, perifornical area and the parabrachial nucleus. Fewer numbers of neurotensin-positive neurons with projections to the lateral hypothalamic area were observed in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral septal nucleus, medial preoptic area, peri- and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, anterior lateral hypothalamic area and dorsal raphe nucleus. In addition, the role of neurotensin in the modulation of autonomic regulatory input from the insula was investigated. The lateral hypothalamic area was surveyed for single units responding to electrical stimulation (500-900 microA, 0.5 Hz) of sites in the insular cortex from which cardiovascular pressor or depressor responses could be elicited. These units were tested for the influence of neurotensin on responses to stimulation of the insular cortex. Of 60 spontaneously firing neurons, 27 units responded to electrical stimulation of cardiovascular sites in the insula. Of the units responding to stimulation of cardiovascular sites in the insula, 14 units showed excitation only, 10 units showed excitation followed by inhibition and three units showed inhibition. Iontophoresis of 0.1-1.0 mM neurotensin (25-100 nA, pH 5.0-6.0) potentiated six of the excitatory responses and showed no effect on the inhibitory responses. In addition, nine neurons showed an increase in spontaneous activity with iontophoresis of neurotensin. Of these neurons, three were excited by insular stimulation and six did not respond. These findings indicate the likely origin of neurotensin in the lateral hypothalamic area and demonstrate that neurotensin has a role in the modulation of some of the cardiovascular regulatory input from the insular cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:1995, author = {G. V. Allen and D. F. Cechetto}, title = {Neurotensin in the lateral hypothalamic area: origin and function.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Neurobiology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.}, year = {1995}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, pages = {533--544}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(95)00261-g} }
Allen, G.V. and Hopkins, D.A.	Mamillary body in the rat: a cytoarchitectonic, Golgi, and ultrastructural study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	J Comp Neurol Vol. 275(1), pp. 39-64School: Department of Anatomy, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The present study provides a comprehensive light and electron microscopic analysis of the anatomical organization of the rat mamillary body. The cytoarchitecture and morphology of mamillary neurons were investigated with the aid of Nissl-stained and Golgi-impregnated sections cut in transverse, horizontal, and sagittal planes. The ultrastructural features of the mamillary nuclei were correlated with observations made on Golgi material. The mamillary body is comprised of a lateral and a medial nucleus, the latter being subdivided into five major subnuclei: pars lateralis, pars basalis, pars medialis, pars medianus, and pars posterior. The perikarya are medium-sized or small with the proportions of each differing among subnuclei. The largest perikarya are found in the lateral mamillary nucleus (cell area 257.0 microns2) and have 2-5 radially oriented aspiny dendrites that are often beaded. Small cells predominate in the pars lateralis (cell area 116.3 microns2) and pars basalis (cell area 118. 3 microns2), whereas the pars medialis (cell area 196.7 microns2), pars medianus (cell area 136.5 microns2), and pars posterior (cell area 154.6 microns2) contain mainly medium-sized cells. The dendrites of most cells in the medial nucleus are radially oriented and exhibit a variety of spines including numerous short stubby spines, spines with thin necks that end in spherical swellings, and long thin spines. Neuronal somata are often closely apposed with no intervening glial processes and contain eccentrically located nuclei with one or more invaginations of the nuclear envelope. Two main classes of axon terminals were identified in the mamillary body. One type contains round vesicles and forms asymmetric synaptic junctions (RA) with dendrites and dendritic spines. RA terminals rarely contact neuronal somata and proximal dendrites in the MB. The second type contains pleomorphic vesicles and forms mainly symmetric synaptic junctions (PS) with neuronal somata as well as dendrites and spinous processes. Dense- cored vesicles were frequently seen in both types of terminals. Both types of terminals often synapse with two adjacent dendrites and are also found near or adjacent to each other on the same dendrite. A quantitative analysis indicated that the numbers of RA terminals in the medial nucleus almost equals the numbers of PS terminals, whereas the lateral mamillary nucleus contains considerably more PS (64 than RA terminals (36.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:1988, author = {Allen, G. V. and Hopkins, D. A.}, title = {Mamillary body in the rat: a cytoarchitectonic, Golgi, and ultrastructural study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada.}, year = {1988}, volume = {275}, number = {1}, pages = {39--64}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902750105}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902750105} }
Allen, G.V. and Hopkins, D.A.	Mamillary body in the rat: topography and synaptology of projections from the subicular complex, prefrontal cortex, and midbrain tegmentum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	J Comp Neurol Vol. 286(3), pp. 311-336School: Department of Anatomy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The retrograde and anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) has been used to trace afferent connections of the rat mamillary body (MB) at the light and electron microscopic levels. Injections of WGA-HRP into different parts of the MB resulted in heavy retrograde labeling in the subicular complex, medial prefrontal cortex, and dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei. Injections of WGA-HRP into each of these brain regions, respectively, resulted in anterograde labeling with specific distributions and characteristic synaptic organizations in the MB. Projections from the rostrodorsal and caudoventral subiculum terminated in a topographically organized laminar fashion in the medial mamillary nucleus bilaterally, whereas afferent projections from the presubiculum and parasubiculum terminated only in the lateral mamillary nucleus. Labeled axon terminals which originated from the subicular complex were characterized by round vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic junctions with small-diameter dendrites and dendritic spines in the medial and lateral mamillary nuclei. Projections from the prefrontal cortex originated mainly in the infralimbic area and to a lesser degree in the prelimbic and anterior cingulate areas. Injections of tracer into these brain regions gave rise to dense labeling of axon terminals in the medial mamillary nucleus, pars medianus, and in the anterior dorsomedial portion of the pars medialis. The labeled terminals were characterized by round vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic junctions with small-diameter dendrites and dendritic spines. Projections from the dorsal tegmental nucleus terminated in the ipsilateral lateral mamillary nucleus, whereas afferent projections from the anterior and posterior subnuclei of the ventral tegmental nucleus terminated topographically in the medial mamillary nucleus. The ventral tegmental nucleus, pars anterior projected to the midline region of the medial nucleus and the dorsolateral and ventromedial subdivisions of the pars posterior projected to medial and lateral parts of the medial nucleus, respectively. In contrast to the synaptic morphology of subicular complex and medial prefrontal cortex axon terminals in the MB, labeled axon terminals in the MB which originated from the midbrain tegmentum were characterized by pleomorphic vesicles and formed symmetric synaptic junctions with neuronal somata and proximal dendrites as well as distal dendrites and dendritic spines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Allen:1989, author = {G. V. Allen and D. A. Hopkins}, title = {Mamillary body in the rat: topography and synaptology of projections from the subicular complex, prefrontal cortex, and midbrain tegmentum.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.}, year = {1989}, volume = {286}, number = {3}, pages = {311--336}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902860303}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902860303} }
Allen, G.V. and Hopkins, D.A.	Mamillary body in the rat: topography and synaptology of projections from the subicular complex, prefrontal cortex, and midbrain tegmentum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 286, pp. 311-336	article	DOI
Abstract: The retrograde and anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) has been used to trace afferent connections of the rat mamillary body (MB) at the light and electron microscopic levels. Injections of WGA-HRP into different parts of the MB resulted in heavy retrograde labeling in the subicular complex, medial prefrontal cortex, and dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei. Injections of WGA-HRP into each of these brain regions, respectively, resulted in anterograde labeling with specific distributions and characteristic synaptic organizations in the MB. Projections from the rostrodorsal and caudoventral subiculum terminated in a topographically organized laminar fashion in the medial mamillary nucleus bilaterally, whereas afferent projections from the presubiculum and parasubiculum terminated only in the lateral mamillary nucleus. Labeled axon terminals which originated from the subicular complex were characterized by round vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic junctions with small-diameter dendrites and dendritic spines in the medial and lateral mamillary nuclei. Projections from the prefrontal cortex originated mainly in the infralimbic area and to a lesser degree in the prelimbic and anterior cingulate areas. Injections of tracer into these brain regions gave rise to dense labeling of axon terminals in the medial mamillary nucleus, pars medianus, and in the anterior dorsomedial portion of the pars medialis. The labeled terminals were characterized by round vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic junctions with small-diameter dendrites and dendritic spines. Projections from the dorsal tegmental nucleus terminated in the ipsilateral lateral mamillary nucleus, whereas afferent projections from the anterior and posterior subnuclei of the ventral tegmental nucleus terminated topographically in the medial mamillary nucleus. The ventral tegmental nucleus, pars anterior projected to the midline region of the medial nucleus and the dorsolateral and ventromedial subdivisions of the pars posterior projected to medial and lateral parts of the medial nucleus, respectively. In contrast to the synaptic morphology of subicular complex and medial prefrontal cortex axon terminals in the MB, labeled axon terminals in the MB which originated from the midbrain tegmentum were characterized by pleomorphic vesicles and formed symmetric synaptic junctions with neuronal somata and proximal dendrites as well as distal dendrites and dendritic spines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Allen:1989a, author = {Allen, G V and Hopkins, D A}, title = {Mamillary body in the rat: topography and synaptology of projections from the subicular complex, prefrontal cortex, and midbrain tegmentum.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1989}, volume = {286}, pages = {311--336}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902860303} }
Allen, G.V. and Hopkins, D.A.	Topography and synaptology of mamillary body projections to the mesencephalon and pons in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	J Comp Neurol Vol. 301(2), pp. 214-231School: Department of Anatomy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) was used to study the anatomical organization of descending projections from the mamillary body (MB) to the mesencephalon and pons at light and electron microscopic levels. Injections of WGA-HRP into the medial mamillary nucleus resulted in dense anterograde and retrograde labeling in the ventral tegmental nucleus, while injections in the lateral mamillary nucleus resulted in dense anterograde labeling in the dorsal tegmental nucleus pars dorsalis and dense anterograde and retrograde labeling in the pars ventralis of the dorsal tegmental nucleus. Anterogradely labeled fibers in the mamillotegmental tract diverged from the principal mamillary tract in an extensive dorsocaudally oriented swath of axons which extended to the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei, and numerous axons turned sharply ventrally and rostrally to terminate topographically in the dorsomedial nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and rostromedial pontine nuclei. The anterograde labeling in these two precerebellar relay nuclei was distributed near the midline such that projections from the lateral mamillary nucleus terminated mainly dorsomedial to the terminal fields of projections from the medial mamillary nucleus. In the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei, labeled axon terminals contained round synaptic vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic junctions primarily with small diameter dendrites and to a lesser extent with neuronal somata. A few labeled terminals contained pleomorphic vesicles and formed symmetric synaptic junctions with dendrites and neuronal somata. Labeled axon terminals were also frequently found in synaptic contact with retrogradely labeled dendrites and neuronal somata in the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei. These findings indicate that neurons in the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei are reciprocally connected with MB projection neurons. In the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and medial pontine nuclei, labeled axon terminals contained round synaptic vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic junctions primarily with small diameter dendrites. The present study demonstrates that projections from the medial and lateral nuclei of the MB are topographically organized in the mesencephalon and pons. The synaptic morphology of mamillotegmental projections suggests that they may have excitatory influences primarily on the distal dendrites of neurons in these brain regions.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:1990, author = {G. V. Allen and D. A. Hopkins}, title = {Topography and synaptology of mamillary body projections to the mesencephalon and pons in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.}, year = {1990}, volume = {301}, number = {2}, pages = {214--231}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903010206}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903010206} }
Allen, G.V. and Hopkins, D.A.	Topography and synaptology of mamillary body projections to the mesencephalon and pons in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 301, pp. 214-231	article	DOI
Abstract: The anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) was used to study the anatomical organization of descending projections from the mamillary body (MB) to the mesencephalon and pons at light and electron microscopic levels. Injections of WGA-HRP into the medial mamillary nucleus resulted in dense anterograde and retrograde labeling in the ventral tegmental nucleus, while injections in the lateral mamillary nucleus resulted in dense anterograde labeling in the dorsal tegmental nucleus pars dorsalis and dense anterograde and retrograde labeling in the pars ventralis of the dorsal tegmental nucleus. Anterogradely labeled fibers in the mamillotegmental tract diverged from the principal mamillary tract in an extensive dorsocaudally oriented swath of axons which extended to the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei, and numerous axons turned sharply ventrally and rostrally to terminate topographically in the dorsomedial nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and rostromedial pontine nuclei. The anterograde labeling in these two precerebellar relay nuclei was distributed near the midline such that projections from the lateral mamillary nucleus terminated mainly dorsomedial to the terminal fields of projections from the medial mamillary nucleus. In the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei, labeled axon terminals contained round synaptic vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic junctions primarily with small diameter dendrites and to a lesser extent with neuronal somata. A few labeled terminals contained pleomorphic vesicles and formed symmetric synaptic junctions with dendrites and neuronal somata. Labeled axon terminals were also frequently found in synaptic contact with retrogradely labeled dendrites and neuronal somata in the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei. These findings indicate that neurons in the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei are reciprocally connected with MB projection neurons. In the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and medial pontine nuclei, labeled axon terminals contained round synaptic vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic junctions primarily with small diameter dendrites. The present study demonstrates that projections from the medial and lateral nuclei of the MB are topographically organized in the mesencephalon and pons. The synaptic morphology of mamillotegmental projections suggests that they may have excitatory influences primarily on the distal dendrites of neurons in these brain regions.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:1990a, author = {Allen, G V and Hopkins, D A}, title = {Topography and synaptology of mamillary body projections to the mesencephalon and pons in the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1990}, volume = {301}, pages = {214--231}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903010206} }
Allen, G.V. and Hopkins, D.A.	Convergent prefrontal cortex and mamillary body projections to the medial pontine nuclei: a light and electron microscopic study in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	J Comp Neurol Vol. 398(3), pp. 347-358School: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. gva@is.dal.ca	article	DOI
Abstract: To study the convergence of medial prefrontal cortex and mamillary body projections to the medial pontine nuclei, light and electron microscopic, neuroanatomical, tract-tracing experiments were performed. Injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP), biotin conjugated to dextran (BD), or rhodamine conjugated to dextran (RD) were made individually or in combinations into the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, or pons. In addition, injections of WGA-HRP into the medial prefrontal cortex and electrolytic lesions of the mamillary body were made to study the synaptology of afferent projections to the pontine nuclei. In the light microscopic studies, injections of WGA-HRP into the rostromedial pontine nuclei produced dense, retrograde labeling both in the dorsal peduncular area of the medial prefrontal cortex and in the medial mamillary nucleus, pars medialis. Injections of the anterograde tracers BD and RD into the medial prefrontal cortex and the medial mamillary nuclei, respectively, resulted in partially overlapping terminal fields in the rostromedial pontine nuclei. In the electron microscopic studies, injections of WGA-HRP into the dorsal peduncular area and electrolytic lesions of the mamillary body produced anterogradely labeled axon terminals and degenerating axon terminals that synapsed on the same dendrites or neuronal somata in the rostromedial pontine nuclei. The results demonstrate that the medial prefrontal cortex and the medial mamillary nuclei have partially overlapping projections to the rostromedial pontine nuclei and implicate precerebellar relay nuclei in the integration of limbic and/or autonomic functions mediated by convergent projections from the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:1998, author = {G. V. Allen and D. A. Hopkins}, title = {Convergent prefrontal cortex and mamillary body projections to the medial pontine nuclei: a light and electron microscopic study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. gva@is.dal.ca}, year = {1998}, volume = {398}, number = {3}, pages = {347--358}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980831)398:3%3C347::aid-cne4%3E3.0.co;2-%23} }
Allen, G.V. and Hopkins, D.A.	Convergent prefrontal cortex and mamillary body projections to the medial pontine nuclei: a light and electron microscopic study in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 398, pp. 347-358	article	DOI
Abstract: To study the convergence of medial prefrontal cortex and mamillary body projections to the medial pontine nuclei, light and electron microscopic, neuroanatomical, tract-tracing experiments were performed. Injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP), biotin conjugated to dextran (BD), or rhodamine conjugated to dextran (RD) were made individually or in combinations into the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, or pons. In addition, injections of WGA-HRP into the medial prefrontal cortex and electrolytic lesions of the mamillary body were made to study the synaptology of afferent projections to the pontine nuclei. In the light microscopic studies, injections of WGA-HRP into the rostromedial pontine nuclei produced dense, retrograde labeling both in the dorsal peduncular area of the medial prefrontal cortex and in the medial mamillary nucleus, pars medialis. Injections of the anterograde tracers BD and RD into the medial prefrontal cortex and the medial mamillary nuclei, respectively, resulted in partially overlapping terminal fields in the rostromedial pontine nuclei. In the electron microscopic studies, injections of WGA-HRP into the dorsal peduncular area and electrolytic lesions of the mamillary body produced anterogradely labeled axon terminals and degenerating axon terminals that synapsed on the same dendrites or neuronal somata in the rostromedial pontine nuclei. The results demonstrate that the medial prefrontal cortex and the medial mamillary nuclei have partially overlapping projections to the rostromedial pontine nuclei and implicate precerebellar relay nuclei in the integration of limbic and/or autonomic functions mediated by convergent projections from the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:1998a, author = {Allen, G V and Hopkins, D A}, title = {Convergent prefrontal cortex and mamillary body projections to the medial pontine nuclei: a light and electron microscopic study in the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1998}, volume = {398}, pages = {347--358}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980831)398:3%3C347::aid-cne4%3E3.0.co;2-%23} }
Allen, G.V., Saper, C.B., Hurley, K.M. and Cechetto, D.F.	Organization of visceral and limbic connections in the insular cortex of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	J Comp Neurol Vol. 311(1), pp. 1-16School: Department of Stroke and Aging, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to study the anatomical organization of visceral and limbic terminal fields in the insular cortex. Following injections into the ventroposterolateral parvicellular (VPLpc) and ventroposteromedial parvicellular (VPMpc) visceral relay nuclei of the thalamus, dense anterograde and retrograde labeling was present in the posterior granular and dysgranular insular cortices, respectively. The parabrachial nucleus had extensive connections with the posterior dysgranular cortex and to a lesser degree with the anterior dysgranular and granular cortices. In contrast, injections into the medial prefrontal cortex and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus resulted in dense anterograde and retrograde labeling primarily in the anterior agranular cortex, whereas injections in the amygdala resulted in axonal labeling in the agranular and dysgranular insular cortices. Injections into the lateral hypothalamic area resulted in dense anterograde and retrograde labeling mainly in the agranular and dysgranular cortices and moderate to light labeling in the granular cortex. Our results indicate that ascending visceral afferents, VPLpc, VPMpc, and parabrachial nuclei, are topographically organized in the granular and dysgranular fields of the insular cortex, whereas the agranular cortex appears to receive highly integrated limbic afferents from the infralimbic cortex and the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. Although these visceral and limbic inputs to the insular cortex are segregated for the most part into different longitudinally oriented strips of cortex, limbic input from the lateral hypothalamic area and the amygdala, which have extensive autonomic as well as limbic connections, are more diffusely distributed over the different regions of the insular cortex. This organization may subserve a role for the insular cortex in integration of autonomic response with ongoing behaviour and emotion.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:1991, author = {G. V. Allen and C. B. Saper and K. M. Hurley and D. F. Cechetto}, title = {Organization of visceral and limbic connections in the insular cortex of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Stroke and Aging, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.}, year = {1991}, volume = {311}, number = {1}, pages = {1--16}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903110102}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903110102} }
Allen, G.V., Saper, C.B., Hurley, K.M. and Cechetto, D.F.	Organization of visceral and limbic connections in the insular cortex of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 311, pp. 1-16	article	DOI
Abstract: The anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to study the anatomical organization of visceral and limbic terminal fields in the insular cortex. Following injections into the ventroposterolateral parvicellular (VPLpc) and ventroposteromedial parvicellular (VPMpc) visceral relay nuclei of the thalamus, dense anterograde and retrograde labeling was present in the posterior granular and dysgranular insular cortices, respectively. The parabrachial nucleus had extensive connections with the posterior dysgranular cortex and to a lesser degree with the anterior dysgranular and granular cortices. In contrast, injections into the medial prefrontal cortex and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus resulted in dense anterograde and retrograde labeling primarily in the anterior agranular cortex, whereas injections in the amygdala resulted in axonal labeling in the agranular and dysgranular insular cortices. Injections into the lateral hypothalamic area resulted in dense anterograde and retrograde labeling mainly in the agranular and dysgranular cortices and moderate to light labeling in the granular cortex. Our results indicate that ascending visceral afferents, VPLpc, VPMpc, and parabrachial nuclei, are topographically organized in the granular and dysgranular fields of the insular cortex, whereas the agranular cortex appears to receive highly integrated limbic afferents from the infralimbic cortex and the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. Although these visceral and limbic inputs to the insular cortex are segregated for the most part into different longitudinally oriented strips of cortex, limbic input from the lateral hypothalamic area and the amygdala, which have extensive autonomic as well as limbic connections, are more diffusely distributed over the different regions of the insular cortex. This organization may subserve a role for the insular cortex in integration of autonomic response with ongoing behaviour and emotion.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:1991a, author = {Allen, G V and Saper, C B and Hurley, K M and Cechetto, D F}, title = {Organization of visceral and limbic connections in the insular cortex of the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1991}, volume = {311}, pages = {1--16}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903110102} }
Allen, L. and Winn, P.	Excitotoxic lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus disinhibit orofacial behaviours stimulated by microinjections of d-amphetamine into rat ventrolateral caudate-putamen [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Experimental Brain Research Vol. 104(2), pp. 262-274	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Data are presented which support the hypothesis that the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus serves as an output station for the striatum and, in particular, has a role in the expression of behaviour stimulated from the ventrolateral caudate-putamen, a rodent homologue of the primate putamen. Rats received either bilateral ibotenate or sham lesions in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and bilateral cannulation of the ventrolateral caudate-putamen. Oral motor activities were observed following microinjection of 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 μg d-amphetamine (and vehicle-only control) into the ventrolateral caudate-putamen. As expected, orofacial behaviours such as biting and licking were observed in sham-lesioned rats following this treatment, but pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus-lesioned rats exhibited an increase in the incidence of these oral motor behaviours at all doses of amphetamine compared with the controls. This increase was the product of changes in the duration and number of times in which they engaged in oral motor behaviours, but not the latency to initiate them. There was no change in the normal oral motor activities associated with grooming. Histological analysis showed that ibotenate lesions destroyed both cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurones in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. These data indicate that loss of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus disinhibits oral motor behaviours stimulated from the ventrolateral caudateputamen by d-amphetamine and are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding the relationships between striatal outflow and structures in the pons. © 1995 Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:1995a, author = {Allen, L.F. and Winn, P.}, title = {Excitotoxic lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus disinhibit orofacial behaviours stimulated by microinjections of d-amphetamine into rat ventrolateral caudate-putamen}, journal = {Experimental Brain Research}, year = {1995}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, pages = {262-274}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028990459&partnerID=40&md5=09e07e4e235d422ed9ab061594187d6f}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00242012} }
Allen, R., Carelli, R., Dykstra, L., Suchey, T. and Everett, C.	Effects of the competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, LY235959 [(-)-6-phosphonomethyl-deca-hydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid], on responding for cocaine under both fixed and progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol. 315(1), pp. 449-457	article	DOI URL
Abstract: It is difficult to determine the precise role of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor system in the reinforcing effects of cocaine since uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists alter cocaine self-administration in different ways, depending on the antagonist examined and the behavior being measured. To increase understanding of the role of the NMDA system in cocaine's reinforcing effects, this study measured the effects of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, LY235959 [(-)-6-phosphonomethyl-deca-hydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid], in rats that self-administered cocaine under both fixed ratio (FR) 1 and progressive ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.33 mg/infusion) under an FR1 schedule of reinforcement. Thereafter, the effects of pretreatment with LY235959, or the uncompetitive antagonists dextromethorphan and dizocilpine, were examined. The number of infusions earned during the first 10 min of responding under the FR1 schedule was analyzed separately. When rats responded for 0.33 mg/infusion cocaine under an FR1 schedule of reinforcement, 3 mg/kg LY235959 decreased cocaine self-administration only during the first 10 min of the responding. This effect was dose and time dependent and blocked by the competitive NMDA receptor agonist, NMDA. LY235959 (3 mg/kg) decreased total responding for cocaine only when the self-administered dose of cocaine was small (0.02-0.04 mg/infusion) or when responding was reinforced under the PR schedule. In contrast, dizocilpine decreased responding under the FR1 schedule but increased responding under the PR schedule. These data suggest that LY235959 decreased the reinforcing effectiveness of cocaine, a finding reported with systemically administered NMDA receptor antagonists other than dizocilpine. Copyright © 2005 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.
BibTeX: @article{Allen:2005a, author = {Allen, R.M. and Carelli, R.M. and Dykstra, L.A. and Suchey, T.L. and Everett, C.V.}, title = {Effects of the competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, LY235959 [(-)-6-phosphonomethyl-deca-hydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid], on responding for cocaine under both fixed and progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement}, journal = {Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics}, year = {2005}, volume = {315}, number = {1}, pages = {449-457}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-25644452783&partnerID=40&md5=c77e0b3c67ed8ca86697e96b93e6a6db}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.105.086355} }
Allieri, F., Spigolon, G., Melcangi, R.C., Collado, P., Guillamón, A., Gotti, S. and Panzica, G.C.	Androgen receptor deficiency alters the arginine-vasopressin sexually dimorphic system in Tfm rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Neuroscience Vol. 253, pp. 67-77School: Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In rodents as well as in many other mammalian and non-mammalian species, the arginine-vasopressin (AVP) system includes a parvocellular sexually dimorphic portion located within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), the medial amygdaloid nucleus (MeA) and the lateral septum. In this system, males have more cells and denser projections than females, neurons show androgen and estrogen receptors, and gonadal hormones are required for the activation. However, the role of these hormones for the differentiation of the system is not clear. Previous studies performed on aromatase knockout mice suggested that estradiol is not necessary for the differentiation of the system, but it is important for its activation in adulthood. To elucidate the role of androgens on differentiation and functioning of AVP parvocellular system, we compared male and female rats with a non-functional mutation of androgen receptor (Tfm, testicular feminization mutation) to their control littermates. Our data show that the lack of a functional androgen receptor significantly decreases the expression of AVP immunoreactivity within the BST and MeA of male Tfm. Thus supporting the hypothesis that androgens, through the action of their receptor, should have a relevant role in the organization and modulation of the AVP parvocellular sexually dimorphic system.
BibTeX: @article{Allieri:2013, author = {Allieri, F. and Spigolon, G. and Melcangi, R. C. and Collado, P. and Guillamón, A. and Gotti, S. and Panzica, G. C.}, title = {Androgen receptor deficiency alters the arginine-vasopressin sexually dimorphic system in Tfm rats.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.}, year = {2013}, volume = {253}, pages = {67--77}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.036}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.036} }
Allin, R., Russell, V., Lamm, M. and Taljaard, J.	Regional distribution of monoamines in the nucleus accumbens of the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Neurochemical Research Vol. 13(10), pp. 937-942	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Monoamine concentrations were low in the rostral area of the nucleus accumbens. Their distributions were not identical. Differences were observed in the medial area. DA concentrations were high in both medial and caudal areas. Noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) concentrations were considerably lower than the dopamine (DA) concentration. The NA concentration was highest in the caudal area of the nucleus accumbens and the (5-HT) concentration was highest in the ventrocaudal area. There was a rostrocaudal decrease in the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)/DA and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA)/5-HT ratios. Uptake of [3H]DA and [14C]choline was lowest in the rostral area. The K+-stimulated release of [14C]acetylcholine (ACh) was also lowest rostrally, but there was no rostrocaudal difference in the K+-stimulated release of [3H]DA. These results provide further evidence of the heterogeneity of the nucleus accumbens. © 1988 Plenum Publishing Corporation.
BibTeX: @article{Allin:1988, author = {Allin, R. and Russell, V.A. and Lamm, M.C.L. and Taljaard, J.J.F.}, title = {Regional distribution of monoamines in the nucleus accumbens of the rat}, journal = {Neurochemical Research}, year = {1988}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {937-942}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024242923&partnerID=40&md5=0bba792e0802658d5f611242d5e10be8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00970765} }
Allison, J. and Wilezynski, W.	Thalamic and midbrain auditory projections to the preoptic area and ventral hypothalamus in the green treefrog (Hyla cinerea) [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Brain, Behavior and Evolution Vol. 38(6), pp. 322-331	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Lontoplioretic injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into cither the preoptic area or ventral hypothalamus of the green treefrog, (Hyla cinerea), demonstrated inputs from thalamic and midbrain auditory nuclei. In a pattern similar to that seen m Rana calesbeiana and Ranapipiens, the central thalamic and secondary isthmal nuclei were found to provide heavy input to the ventral hypothalamus. Additionally, a lighter input from the anterior thalamic nucleus was seen. In contrast, the preoptic area receives a major input from the anterior thalamic and secondary isthmal nuclei, and possibly a sparse input from the central thalamic nucleus. These results suggest that in trccfrogs multimodal and auditory information may reach the preoptic area and ventral hypothalamus, two regions involved in endocrine regulation and the control of reproductive behavior, via largely separate major pathways from the thalamus combined with a common midbrain input. Furthermore, the ventral hypothalamus receives heavy input from the preoptic area, lateral amygdala, suprachias-matic nucleus, anterior cntopcduncular nucleus, and a lighter input from the striatum. Nonauditory affercnts to the preoptic area originate in the medial and lateral septal nuclei, medial pallium, and the dorsal-, lateral-, and ventral hypothalamus. The preoptic area and ventral hypothalamus arc reciprocally connected. © 1991 S. Karger AG, Basel.
BibTeX: @article{Allison:1991, author = {Allison, J.D. and Wilezynski, W.}, title = {Thalamic and midbrain auditory projections to the preoptic area and ventral hypothalamus in the green treefrog (Hyla cinerea)}, journal = {Brain, Behavior and Evolution}, year = {1991}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, pages = {322-331}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026265014&partnerID=40&md5=a67308460830ffcb276934fd30e10222}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1159/000114398} }
Alloway, K. and Smith, J.	Forebrain circuits controlling whisker movements [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Neuromethods Vol. 62, pp. 139-159	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The forebrain circuits involved in coordinating the bilateral movements of the whiskers have been elucidated by a series of neuronal tracing studies aimed at characterizing the interhemispheric connections of the primary motor (MI) cortex. In some experiments, different anterograde tracers were placed in the MI whisker region of each hemisphere. In other experiments, an anterograde tracer injection in one MI whisker region was paired with a retrograde tracer injection in the opposite hemisphere. In the last study, a retrograde tracer was placed in one of the forebrain targets of MI, thereby revealing the bilateral distribution of MI neurons that project to the injected target. The relative strengths of the interhemispheric connections of MI cortex were quantified by a variety of methods. In addition to measuring the density and spatial extent of terminal and somal labeling, we analyzed the amount of tracer overlap produced when different tracers are injected in the MI regions of both hemispheres. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2011a, author = {Alloway, K.D. and Smith, J.B.}, title = {Forebrain circuits controlling whisker movements}, journal = {Neuromethods}, year = {2011}, volume = {62}, pages = {139-159}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80054739228&partnerID=40&md5=d88d9c77c4d7c5c611df6ea69342bd7b}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-301-1_8} }
Alloway, K.D.	Information processing streams in rodent barrel cortex: the differential functions of barrel and septal circuits. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Cereb Cortex Vol. 18(5), pp. 979-989School: Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Rodent somatosensory cortex contains an isomorphic map of the mystacial whiskers in which each whisker is represented by neuronal populations, or barrels, that are separated from each other by intervening septa. Separate afferent pathways convey somatosensory information to the barrels and septa that represent the input stages for 2 partially segregated circuits that extend throughout the other layers of barrel cortex. Whereas the barrel-related circuits process spatiotemporal information generated by whisker contact with external objects, the septa-related circuits encode the frequency and other kinetic features of active whisker movements. The projection patterns from barrel cortex indicate that information processed by the septa-related circuits is used both separately and in combination with information from the barrel-related circuits to mediate specific functions. According to this theory, outputs from the septal processing stream modulate the brain regions that regulate whisking behavior, whereas both processing streams cooperate with each other to identify external stimuli encountered by passive or active whisker movements. This theoretical view prompts several testable hypotheses about the coordination of neuronal activity during whisking behavior. Foremost among these, motor brain regions that control whisker movements are more strongly coordinated with the septa-related circuits than with the barrel-related circuits.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2008a, author = {Alloway, Kevin D.}, title = {Information processing streams in rodent barrel cortex: the differential functions of barrel and septal circuits.}, journal = {Cereb Cortex}, school = {Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu}, year = {2008}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, pages = {979--989}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm138}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm138} }
Alloway, K.D., Crist, J., Mutic, J.J. and Roy, S.A.	Corticostriatal projections from rat barrel cortex have an anisotropic organization that correlates with vibrissal whisking behavior. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	J Neurosci Vol. 19(24), pp. 10908-10922School: Department of Neuroscience, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu	article	URL
Abstract: To elucidate the detailed organization of corticostriatal projections from rodent somatosensory cortex, the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and fluoro-ruby (FR) were injected into separate parts of the whisker "barrel" representation. In one group of rats, the two tracers were injected into different barrel columns residing in the same row; in the other group of rats, the tracers were deposited into barrel columns residing in different rows. Reconstructions of labeled axonal varicosities in the neostriatum and ventrobasal thalamus were analyzed quantitatively to compare the extent of overlapping projections to these subcortical structures. For both groups of animals, corticostriatal projections terminated in densely packed clusters that occupied curved lamellar-shaped regions along the dorsolateral edge of the neostriatum. When the tracers were injected into different whisker barrel rows, the distribution of BDA- and FR-labeled terminals in the neostriatum followed a crude somatotopic organization in which the amount of overlap was approximately the same as in the ventrobasal thalamus. When both tracers were injected into the same whisker barrel row, however, the amount of corticostriatal overlap was significantly higher than the amount of overlap observed in the ventrobasal thalamus. These results indicate that corticostriatal projections from whisker barrel cortex have an anisotropic organization that correlates with the pattern of vibrissal movements during whisking behavior.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:1999, author = {K. D. Alloway and J. Crist and J. J. Mutic and S. A. Roy}, title = {Corticostriatal projections from rat barrel cortex have an anisotropic organization that correlates with vibrissal whisking behavior.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu}, year = {1999}, volume = {19}, number = {24}, pages = {10908--10922}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/24/10908.long} }
Alloway, K.D., Crist, J., Mutic, J.J. and Roy, S.A.	Corticostriatal projections from rat barrel cortex have an anisotropic organization that correlates with vibrissal whisking behavior. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Vol. 19, pp. 10908-22	article
Abstract: To elucidate the detailed organization of corticostriatal projections from rodent somatosensory cortex, the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and fluoro-ruby (FR) were injected into separate parts of the whisker "barrel" representation. In one group of rats, the two tracers were injected into different barrel columns residing in the same row; in the other group of rats, the tracers were deposited into barrel columns residing in different rows. Reconstructions of labeled axonal varicosities in the neostriatum and ventrobasal thalamus were analyzed quantitatively to compare the extent of overlapping projections to these subcortical structures. For both groups of animals, corticostriatal projections terminated in densely packed clusters that occupied curved lamellar-shaped regions along the dorsolateral edge of the neostriatum. When the tracers were injected into different whisker barrel rows, the distribution of BDA- and FR-labeled terminals in the neostriatum followed a crude somatotopic organization in which the amount of overlap was approximately the same as in the ventrobasal thalamus. When both tracers were injected into the same whisker barrel row, however, the amount of corticostriatal overlap was significantly higher than the amount of overlap observed in the ventrobasal thalamus. These results indicate that corticostriatal projections from whisker barrel cortex have an anisotropic organization that correlates with the pattern of vibrissal movements during whisking behavior.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:1999a, author = {Alloway, K. D. and Crist, J. and Mutic, J. J. and Roy, S. A.}, title = {Corticostriatal projections from rat barrel cortex have an anisotropic organization that correlates with vibrissal whisking behavior.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, year = {1999}, volume = {19}, pages = {10908-22}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Alloway, K.D., Hoffer, Z.S. and Hoover, J.E.	Quantitative comparisons of corticothalamic topography within the ventrobasal complex and the posterior nucleus of the rodent thalamus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Brain Res Vol. 968(1), pp. 54-68School: Department of Neuroscience, H109, Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, 17033-2255, Hershey, PA, USA. kda1@psu.edu	article	DOI
Abstract: To compare the topographic precision of corticothalamic projections to the ventrobasal (VB) complex and the medial part of the posterior (POm) complex, different anterograde tracers were placed in neighboring parts of the primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortical areas. The location of labeled corticothalamic terminals and their beaded varicosities were plotted, and the digital reconstructions were analyzed quantitatively to determine the extent of overlapping projections from the cortical injection sites. Among animals that received all tracer injections in SI cortex, tracer overlap in the thalamus varied according to the proximity of the cortical injection sites. Regardless of which combination of somatic representations were injected in SI, within each animal the amount of tracer overlap in POm was similar to that observed in VB, and a matched-sample statistical analysis failed to reveal significant differences in the proportion of the labeled regions that contained overlapping projections from the injected cortical sites. Among those animals in which the tracers were injected into the whisker representations of SI and SII, the amount of tracer overlap in the thalamus was not affected by the proximity of the cortical injection sites. Instead, tracer overlap appeared to be related to the degree of somatotopic correspondence. Furthermore, within each of these animals, the amount of tracer overlap in POm was similar to that found in the VB complex. These results indicate that POm has a well-defined topographic organization that is comparable to the degree of topography observed in the VB complex.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2003, author = {Alloway, Kevin D. and Hoffer, Zachary S. and Hoover, John E.}, title = {Quantitative comparisons of corticothalamic topography within the ventrobasal complex and the posterior nucleus of the rodent thalamus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, H109, Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, 17033-2255, Hershey, PA, USA. kda1@psu.edu}, year = {2003}, volume = {968}, number = {1}, pages = {54--68}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(02)04265-8} }
Alloway, K.D., Hoffer, Z.S. and Hoover, J.E.	Quantitative comparisons of corticothalamic topography within the ventrobasal complex and the posterior nucleus of the rodent thalamus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Brain research Vol. 968, pp. 54-68	article
Abstract: To compare the topographic precision of corticothalamic projections to the ventrobasal (VB) complex and the medial part of the posterior (POm) complex, different anterograde tracers were placed in neighboring parts of the primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortical areas. The location of labeled corticothalamic terminals and their beaded varicosities were plotted, and the digital reconstructions were analyzed quantitatively to determine the extent of overlapping projections from the cortical injection sites. Among animals that received all tracer injections in SI cortex, tracer overlap in the thalamus varied according to the proximity of the cortical injection sites. Regardless of which combination of somatic representations were injected in SI, within each animal the amount of tracer overlap in POm was similar to that observed in VB, and a matched-sample statistical analysis failed to reveal significant differences in the proportion of the labeled regions that contained overlapping projections from the injected cortical sites. Among those animals in which the tracers were injected into the whisker representations of SI and SII, the amount of tracer overlap in the thalamus was not affected by the proximity of the cortical injection sites. Instead, tracer overlap appeared to be related to the degree of somatotopic correspondence. Furthermore, within each of these animals, the amount of tracer overlap in POm was similar to that found in the VB complex. These results indicate that POm has a well-defined topographic organization that is comparable to the degree of topography observed in the VB complex.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2003a, author = {Alloway, Kevin D. and Hoffer, Zachary S. and Hoover, John E.}, title = {Quantitative comparisons of corticothalamic topography within the ventrobasal complex and the posterior nucleus of the rodent thalamus.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {2003}, volume = {968}, pages = {54-68}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Alloway, K.D., Lou, L., Nwabueze-Ogbo, F. and Chakrabarti, S.	Topography of cortical projections to the dorsolateral neostriatum in rats: multiple overlapping sensorimotor pathways. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	J Comp Neurol Vol. 499(1), pp. 33-48School: Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In rodents, the whisker representation in primary somatosensory (SI) cortex projects to the dorsolateral neostriatum, but the location of these projections has never been characterized with respect to layer IV barrels and their intervening septa. To address this issue, we injected a retrograde tracer into the dorsolateral neostriatum and then reconstructed the location of the labeled corticostriatal neurons with respect to the cytochrome oxidase (CO)-labeled barrels in SI. When the tracer was restricted to a small focal site in the neostriatum, the retrogradely labeled neurons formed elongated strips that were parallel to the curvilinear orientation of layer IV barrel rows. After larger tracer injections, labeled neurons were distributed uniformly across layer V and were aligned with both the barrel and septal compartments. Labeled projections from the contralateral SI barrel cortex, however, were much fewer in number and were disproportionately associated with the septal compartments. A comparison of the labeling patterns in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres revealed symmetric, mirror-image distributions that extended across primary motor cortex (MI) and multiple somatosensory cortical regions, including the secondary somatosensory (SII) cortex, the parietal ventral (PV) and parietal rhinal (PR) areas, and the posteromedial (PM) region. Examination of the thalamus revealed labeled neurons in the intralaminar nuclei, in the medial part of the posterior nucleus (POm), and in the ventrobasal complex. These results indicate that the dorsolateral neostriatum integrates sensorimotor information from multiple sensorimotor representations in the thalamus and cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2006, author = {Alloway, Kevin D. and Lou, Li and Nwabueze-Ogbo, Fidel and Chakrabarti, Shubhodeep}, title = {Topography of cortical projections to the dorsolateral neostriatum in rats: multiple overlapping sensorimotor pathways.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu}, year = {2006}, volume = {499}, number = {1}, pages = {33--48}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21039}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.21039} }
Alloway, K.D., Lou, L., Nwabueze-Ogbo, F. and Chakrabarti, S.	Topography of cortical projections to the dorsolateral neostriatum in rats: multiple overlapping sensorimotor pathways. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 499, pp. 33-48	article	DOI
Abstract: In rodents, the whisker representation in primary somatosensory (SI) cortex projects to the dorsolateral neostriatum, but the location of these projections has never been characterized with respect to layer IV barrels and their intervening septa. To address this issue, we injected a retrograde tracer into the dorsolateral neostriatum and then reconstructed the location of the labeled corticostriatal neurons with respect to the cytochrome oxidase (CO)-labeled barrels in SI. When the tracer was restricted to a small focal site in the neostriatum, the retrogradely labeled neurons formed elongated strips that were parallel to the curvilinear orientation of layer IV barrel rows. After larger tracer injections, labeled neurons were distributed uniformly across layer V and were aligned with both the barrel and septal compartments. Labeled projections from the contralateral SI barrel cortex, however, were much fewer in number and were disproportionately associated with the septal compartments. A comparison of the labeling patterns in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres revealed symmetric, mirror-image distributions that extended across primary motor cortex (MI) and multiple somatosensory cortical regions, including the secondary somatosensory (SII) cortex, the parietal ventral (PV) and parietal rhinal (PR) areas, and the posteromedial (PM) region. Examination of the thalamus revealed labeled neurons in the intralaminar nuclei, in the medial part of the posterior nucleus (POm), and in the ventrobasal complex. These results indicate that the dorsolateral neostriatum integrates sensorimotor information from multiple sensorimotor representations in the thalamus and cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2006a, author = {Alloway, Kevin D and Lou, Li and Nwabueze-Ogbo, Fidel and Chakrabarti, Shubhodeep}, title = {Topography of cortical projections to the dorsolateral neostriatum in rats: multiple overlapping sensorimotor pathways.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {2006}, volume = {499}, pages = {33--48}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.21039} }
Alloway, K.D., Mutic, J.J., Hoffer, Z.S. and Hoover, J.E.	Overlapping corticostriatal projections from the rodent vibrissal representations in primary and secondary somatosensory cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	J Comp Neurol Vol. 428(4), pp. 51-67School: Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA. kda1@psu.edu	article	DOI
Abstract: To determine whether the neostriatum receives overlapping projections from two somatosensory cortical areas, the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and fluoro-ruby (FR) were injected into the whisker representations of primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortex. Reconstructions of labeled terminals and their beaded varicosities in the neostriatum and thalamus were analyzed quantitatively to compare the extent of overlapping projections to both subcortical structures. Corticostriatal projections from focal sites in both somatosensory areas exhibited substantial amounts of divergence within the dorsolateral neostriatum. Most of the labeled terminals were concentrated in densely packed arborizations that occupied lamellar-shaped regions along the dorsolateral edge of the neostriatum. Tracer injections in both cortical areas also produced dense anterograde and retrograde labeling in the thalamus, especially in the ventrobasal complex (VB) and in the medial part of the posterior (POm) nucleus. Because these thalamic regions are topographically organized and have reciprocal connections with corresponding representations in both SI and SII, the amount of labeled overlap in the thalamus was used to indicate the degree of somatotopic correspondence at the SI and SII injection sites. We found that the proportion of overlapping projections to the neostriatum was moderately correlated with the amount of overlap observed in the thalamus. This result strongly indicates that specific sites in the dorsolateral neostriatum receive convergent projections from corresponding somatotopic representations in SI and SII, but also suggests that some of the corticostriatal divergence may reflect neostriatal integration of somatosensory information from noncorresponding representations in SI and SII.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2000, author = {Alloway, K. D. and Mutic, J. J. and Hoffer, Z. S. and Hoover, J. E.}, title = {Overlapping corticostriatal projections from the rodent vibrissal representations in primary and secondary somatosensory cortex.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA. kda1@psu.edu}, year = {2000}, volume = {428}, number = {4}, pages = {51--67}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9861(20001009)426:1%3C51::aid-cne4%3E3.0.co;2-n} }
Alloway, K.D., Mutic, J.J., Hoffer, Z.S. and Hoover, J.E.	Overlapping corticostriatal projections from the rodent vibrissal representations in primary and secondary somatosensory cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 428, pp. 51-67	article	DOI
Abstract: To determine whether the neostriatum receives overlapping projections from two somatosensory cortical areas, the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and fluoro-ruby (FR) were injected into the whisker representations of primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortex. Reconstructions of labeled terminals and their beaded varicosities in the neostriatum and thalamus were analyzed quantitatively to compare the extent of overlapping projections to both subcortical structures. Corticostriatal projections from focal sites in both somatosensory areas exhibited substantial amounts of divergence within the dorsolateral neostriatum. Most of the labeled terminals were concentrated in densely packed arborizations that occupied lamellar-shaped regions along the dorsolateral edge of the neostriatum. Tracer injections in both cortical areas also produced dense anterograde and retrograde labeling in the thalamus, especially in the ventrobasal complex (VB) and in the medial part of the posterior (POm) nucleus. Because these thalamic regions are topographically organized and have reciprocal connections with corresponding representations in both SI and SII, the amount of labeled overlap in the thalamus was used to indicate the degree of somatotopic correspondence at the SI and SII injection sites. We found that the proportion of overlapping projections to the neostriatum was moderately correlated with the amount of overlap observed in the thalamus. This result strongly indicates that specific sites in the dorsolateral neostriatum receive convergent projections from corresponding somatotopic representations in SI and SII, but also suggests that some of the corticostriatal divergence may reflect neostriatal integration of somatosensory information from noncorresponding representations in SI and SII.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2000a, author = {Alloway, K D and Mutic, J J and Hoffer, Z S and Hoover, J E}, title = {Overlapping corticostriatal projections from the rodent vibrissal representations in primary and secondary somatosensory cortex.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {2000}, volume = {428}, pages = {51--67}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9861(20001009)426:1%3C51::aid-cne4%3E3.0.co;2-n} }
Alloway, K.D., Mutic, J.J. and Hoover, J.E.	Divergent corticostriatal projections from a single cortical column in the somatosensory cortex of rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Brain Res Vol. 785(2), pp. 341-346School: Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. kalloway@psuhmc.hmc.psu.edu	article	DOI
Abstract: We injected biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into single vibrissal 'barrels' of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex and reconstructed the topography of labelled varicosities in the dorsolateral caudate-putamen. Plots of labelled varicosities revealed densely-packed clusters of corticostriatal arborizations along the dorsolateral edge of the caudate-putamen and sparsely-packed arborizations more medially. The medial and lateral clusters of labelled terminals were separated by regions of unlabelled neuropil and lead us to conclude that a single cortical column sends divergent projections to multiple regions of the caudate-putamen.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:1998, author = {Alloway, K. D. and Mutic, J. J. and Hoover, J. E.}, title = {Divergent corticostriatal projections from a single cortical column in the somatosensory cortex of rats.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. kalloway@psuhmc.hmc.psu.edu}, year = {1998}, volume = {785}, number = {2}, pages = {341--346}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01363-2} }
Alloway, K.D., Olson, M.L. and Smith, J.B.	Contralateral corticothalamic projections from MI whisker cortex: potential route for modulating hemispheric interactions. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	J Comp Neurol Vol. 510(1), pp. 100-116School: Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Rat whisking behavior is characterized by high amounts of bilateral coordination in which whisker movements on both sides of the face are linked. To elucidate the neural substrate that might mediate this bilateral coordination, neuronal tracers were used to characterize the bilateral distribution of corticothalamic projections from primary motor (MI) cortex. Some rats received tracers in the MI whisker region, whereas others received tracers in the MI forepaw region. The MI whisker region projects bilaterally to the anteromedial (AM), ventromedial (VM), and ventrolateral (VL) nuclei, and to parts of the intralaminar nuclei. By contrast, the MI forepaw region sends virtually no projections to the contralateral thalamus. Consistent with these findings, bilateral injections of different tracers into the MI whisker region of each hemisphere produced tracer overlap on both sides of the thalamus. Furthermore, MI whisker projections to the contralateral thalamus terminate in close proximity to the thalamocortical neurons that project to the MI whisker region of that contralateral hemisphere. The terminal endings of the contralateral corticothalamic projections contain small synaptic varicosities and other features that resemble the modulator pathways described for other corticothalamic projection systems. In addition, tracer injections into AM, VM, and VL revealed dense clusters of labeled neurons in layer VI of the medial agranular (Agm) zone, which corresponds to the MI whisker region. These results suggest that projections from the MI whisker region to the contralateral thalamus may modulate the callosal interactions that are presumed to play a role in coordinating bilateral whisking behavior.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2008, author = {Kevin D Alloway and Michelle L Olson and Jared B Smith}, title = {Contralateral corticothalamic projections from MI whisker cortex: potential route for modulating hemispheric interactions.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = { Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu}, year = {2008}, volume = {510}, number = {1}, pages = {100--116}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21782}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.21782} }
Alloway, K.D., Olson, M.L. and Smith, J.B.	Contralateral corticothalamic projections from MI whisker cortex: potential route for modulating hemispheric interactions. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 510, pp. 100-116	article	DOI
Abstract: Rat whisking behavior is characterized by high amounts of bilateral coordination in which whisker movements on both sides of the face are linked. To elucidate the neural substrate that might mediate this bilateral coordination, neuronal tracers were used to characterize the bilateral distribution of corticothalamic projections from primary motor (MI) cortex. Some rats received tracers in the MI whisker region, whereas others received tracers in the MI forepaw region. The MI whisker region projects bilaterally to the anteromedial (AM), ventromedial (VM), and ventrolateral (VL) nuclei, and to parts of the intralaminar nuclei. By contrast, the MI forepaw region sends virtually no projections to the contralateral thalamus. Consistent with these findings, bilateral injections of different tracers into the MI whisker region of each hemisphere produced tracer overlap on both sides of the thalamus. Furthermore, MI whisker projections to the contralateral thalamus terminate in close proximity to the thalamocortical neurons that project to the MI whisker region of that contralateral hemisphere. The terminal endings of the contralateral corticothalamic projections contain small synaptic varicosities and other features that resemble the modulator pathways described for other corticothalamic projection systems. In addition, tracer injections into AM, VM, and VL revealed dense clusters of labeled neurons in layer VI of the medial agranular (Agm) zone, which corresponds to the MI whisker region. These results suggest that projections from the MI whisker region to the contralateral thalamus may modulate the callosal interactions that are presumed to play a role in coordinating bilateral whisking behavior.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2008b, author = {Alloway, Kevin D and Olson, Michelle L and Smith, Jared B}, title = {Contralateral corticothalamic projections from MI whisker cortex: potential route for modulating hemispheric interactions.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {2008}, volume = {510}, pages = {100--116}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.21782} }
Alloway, K.D. and Smith, J.B.	Forebrain circuits controlling whisker movements [BibTeX]	2011	Animal Models of Movement Disorders, pp. 139-159	incollection	DOI
BibTeX: @incollection{Alloway:2011, author = {Alloway, Kevin D and Smith, Jared B}, title = {Forebrain circuits controlling whisker movements}, booktitle = {Animal Models of Movement Disorders}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {2011}, pages = {139--159}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-301-1_8} }
Alloway, K.D., Smith, J.B. and Beauchemin, K.J.	Quantitative analysis of the bilateral brainstem projections from the whisker and forepaw regions in rat primary motor cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	J Comp Neurol Vol. 518(22), pp. 4546-4566School: Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The whisker region in rat primary motor (MI) cortex projects to several brainstem regions, but the relative strength of these projections has not been characterized. We recently quantified the MI projections to bilateral targets in the forebrain (Alloway et al. [2009] J Comp Neurol 515:548-564), and the present study extends those findings by quantifying the MI projections to bilateral targets in the brainstem. We found that both the whisker and forepaw regions in MI project most strongly to the basal pons and superior colliculus. While the MI forepaw region projects mainly to the ipsilateral basilar pons, the MI whisker region has significantly more connections with the contralateral side. This bilateral difference suggests that corticopontine projections from the MI whisker region may have a role in coordinating bilateral whisker movements. Anterograde tracer injections in MI did not reveal any direct projections to the facial nucleus, but retrograde tracer injections in the facial nucleus revealed some labeled neurons in MI cortex. The number of retrogradely labeled neurons in MI, however, was dwarfed by a much larger number of labeled neurons in the superior colliculus and other brainstem regions. Together, our anterograde and retrograde tracing results indicate that the superior colliculus provides the most effective route for transmitting information from MI to the facial nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2010, author = {Kevin D Alloway and Jared B Smith and Kyle J Beauchemin}, title = {Quantitative analysis of the bilateral brainstem projections from the whisker and forepaw regions in rat primary motor cortex.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = { Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu}, year = {2010}, volume = {518}, number = {22}, pages = {4546--4566}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22477}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.22477} }
Alloway, K.D., Smith, J.B. and Beauchemin, K.J.	Quantitative analysis of the bilateral brainstem projections from the whisker and forepaw regions in rat primary motor cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 518, pp. 4546-66	article	DOI
Abstract: The whisker region in rat primary motor (MI) cortex projects to several brainstem regions, but the relative strength of these projections has not been characterized. We recently quantified the MI projections to bilateral targets in the forebrain (Alloway et al. [2009] J Comp Neurol 515:548-564), and the present study extends those findings by quantifying the MI projections to bilateral targets in the brainstem. We found that both the whisker and forepaw regions in MI project most strongly to the basal pons and superior colliculus. While the MI forepaw region projects mainly to the ipsilateral basilar pons, the MI whisker region has significantly more connections with the contralateral side. This bilateral difference suggests that corticopontine projections from the MI whisker region may have a role in coordinating bilateral whisker movements. Anterograde tracer injections in MI did not reveal any direct projections to the facial nucleus, but retrograde tracer injections in the facial nucleus revealed some labeled neurons in MI cortex. The number of retrogradely labeled neurons in MI, however, was dwarfed by a much larger number of labeled neurons in the superior colliculus and other brainstem regions. Together, our anterograde and retrograde tracing results indicate that the superior colliculus provides the most effective route for transmitting information from MI to the facial nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2010a, author = {Alloway, Kevin D. and Smith, Jared B. and Beauchemin, Kyle J.}, title = {Quantitative analysis of the bilateral brainstem projections from the whisker and forepaw regions in rat primary motor cortex.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {2010}, volume = {518}, pages = {4546-66}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.22477} }
Alloway, K.D., Smith, J.B., Beauchemin, K.J. and Olson, M.L.	Bilateral projections from rat MI whisker cortex to the neostriatum, thalamus, and claustrum: forebrain circuits for modulating whisking behavior. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	J Comp Neurol Vol. 515(5), pp. 548-564School: Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In rats, whisking behavior is characterized by high-frequency synchronous movements and other stereotyped patterns of bilateral coordination that are rarely seen in the bilateral movements of the limbs. This suggests that the motor systems controlling whisker and limb movements must have qualitative or quantitative differences in their interhemispheric connections. To test this hypothesis, anterograde tracing methods were used to characterize the bilateral distribution of projections from the whisker and forepaw regions in the primary motor (MI) cortex. Unilateral tracer injections in the MI whisker or forepaw regions revealed robust projections to the corresponding MI cortical area in the contralateral hemisphere. Both MI regions project bilaterally to the neostriatum, but the corticostriatal projections from the whisker region are denser and more evenly distributed across both hemispheres than those from the MI forepaw region. The MI whisker region projects bilaterally to several nuclei in the thalamus, whereas the MI forepaw region projects almost exclusively to the ipsilateral thalamus. The MI whisker region sends dense projections to the contralateral claustrum, but those to the ipsilateral claustrum are less numerous. By contrast, the MI forepaw region sends few projections to the claustrum of either hemisphere. Bilateral deposits of different tracers in MI revealed overlapping projections to the neostriatum, thalamus, and claustrum when the whisker regions were injected, but not when the forepaw regions were injected. These results suggest that the bilateral coordination of the whiskers depends, in part, on MI projections to the contralateral neostriatum, thalamus, and claustrum.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2009, author = {Kevin D Alloway and Jared B Smith and Kyle J Beauchemin and Michelle L Olson}, title = {Bilateral projections from rat MI whisker cortex to the neostriatum, thalamus, and claustrum: forebrain circuits for modulating whisking behavior.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu}, year = {2009}, volume = {515}, number = {5}, pages = {548--564}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.22073} }
Alloway, K.D., Smith, J.B., Beauchemin, K.J. and Olson, M.L.	Bilateral projections from rat MI whisker cortex to the neostriatum, thalamus, and claustrum: forebrain circuits for modulating whisking behavior. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 515, pp. 548-564	article	DOI
Abstract: In rats, whisking behavior is characterized by high-frequency synchronous movements and other stereotyped patterns of bilateral coordination that are rarely seen in the bilateral movements of the limbs. This suggests that the motor systems controlling whisker and limb movements must have qualitative or quantitative differences in their interhemispheric connections. To test this hypothesis, anterograde tracing methods were used to characterize the bilateral distribution of projections from the whisker and forepaw regions in the primary motor (MI) cortex. Unilateral tracer injections in the MI whisker or forepaw regions revealed robust projections to the corresponding MI cortical area in the contralateral hemisphere. Both MI regions project bilaterally to the neostriatum, but the corticostriatal projections from the whisker region are denser and more evenly distributed across both hemispheres than those from the MI forepaw region. The MI whisker region projects bilaterally to several nuclei in the thalamus, whereas the MI forepaw region projects almost exclusively to the ipsilateral thalamus. The MI whisker region sends dense projections to the contralateral claustrum, but those to the ipsilateral claustrum are less numerous. By contrast, the MI forepaw region sends few projections to the claustrum of either hemisphere. Bilateral deposits of different tracers in MI revealed overlapping projections to the neostriatum, thalamus, and claustrum when the whisker regions were injected, but not when the forepaw regions were injected. These results suggest that the bilateral coordination of the whiskers depends, in part, on MI projections to the contralateral neostriatum, thalamus, and claustrum.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2009a, author = {Alloway, Kevin D and Smith, Jared B and Beauchemin, Kyle J and Olson, Michelle L}, title = {Bilateral projections from rat MI whisker cortex to the neostriatum, thalamus, and claustrum: forebrain circuits for modulating whisking behavior.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {2009}, volume = {515}, pages = {548--564}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.22073} }
Alloway, K.D., Smith, J.B., Mowery, T.M. and Watson, G.D.R.	Sensory Processing in the Dorsolateral Striatum: The Contribution of Thalamostriatal Pathways [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2017	Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience Vol. 11, pp. 53	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The dorsal striatum has two functionally-defined subdivisions: a dorsomedial (DMS) region involved in mediating goal-directed behaviors that require conscious effort, and a dorsolateral (DLS) region involved in the execution of habitual behaviors in a familiar sensory context. Consistent with its presumed role in forming stimulus-response (S-R) associations, neurons in DLS receive massive inputs from sensorimotor cortex and are responsive to both active and passive sensory stimulation. While several studies have established that corticostriatal inputs contribute to the stimulus-induced responses observed in the DLS, there is growing awareness that the thalamus has a significant role in conveying sensory-related information to DLS and other parts of the striatum. The thalamostriatal projections to DLS originate mainly from the caudal intralaminar region, which contains the parafascicular (Pf) nucleus, and from higher-order thalamic nuclei such as the medial part of the posterior (POm) nucleus. Based on recent findings, we hypothesize that the thalamostriatal projections from these two regions exert opposing influences on the expression of behavioral habits. This article reviews the subcortical circuits that regulate the transmission of sensory information through these thalamostriatal projection systems, and describes the evidence that indicates these circuits could be manipulated to ameliorate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease and related neurological disorders.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2017, author = {Alloway, Kevin D. and Smith, Jared B. and Mowery, Todd M. and Watson, Glenn D. R.}, title = {Sensory Processing in the Dorsolateral Striatum: The Contribution of Thalamostriatal Pathways}, journal = {Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience}, year = {2017}, volume = {11}, pages = {53}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnsys.2017.00053}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2017.00053} }
Alloway, K.D., Smith, J.B. and Watson, G.D.R.	Thalamostriatal projections from the medial posterior and parafascicular nuclei have distinct topographic and physiologic properties. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	J Neurophysiol Vol. 111(1), pp. 36-50School: Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is critical for executing sensorimotor behaviors that depend on stimulus-response (S-R) associations. In rats, the DLS receives it densest inputs from primary somatosensory (SI) cortex, but it also receives substantial input from the thalamus. Much of rat DLS is devoted to processing whisker-related information, and thalamic projections to these whisker-responsive DLS regions originate from the parafascicular (Pf) and medial posterior (POm) nuclei. To determine which thalamic nucleus is better suited for mediating S-R associations in the DLS, we compared their input-output connections and neuronal responses to repetitive whisker stimulation. Tracing experiments demonstrate that POm projects specifically to the DLS, but the Pf innervates both dorsolateral and dorsomedial parts of the striatum. The Pf nucleus is innervated by whisker-sensitive sites in the superior colliculus, and these sites also send dense projections to the zona incerta, a thalamic region that sends inhibitory projections to the POm. These data suggest that projections from POm to the DLS are suppressed by incertal inputs when the superior colliculus is activated by unexpected sensory stimuli. Simultaneous recordings with two electrodes indicate that POm neurons are more responsive and habituate significantly less than Pf neurons during repetitive whisker stimulation. Response latencies are also shorter in POm than in Pf, which is consistent with the fact that Pf receives its whisker information via synaptic relays in the superior colliculus. These findings indicate that, compared with the Pf nucleus, POm transmits somatosensory information to the DLS with a higher degree of sensory fidelity.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2014, author = {Alloway, Kevin D. and Smith, Jared B. and Watson, Glenn D R.}, title = {Thalamostriatal projections from the medial posterior and parafascicular nuclei have distinct topographic and physiologic properties.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, school = {Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and.}, year = {2014}, volume = {111}, number = {1}, pages = {36--50}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00399.2013}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00399.2013} }
Alloway, K.D., Smith, J.B. and Watson, G.D.R.	Thalamostriatal projections from the medial posterior and parafascicular nuclei have distinct topographic and physiologic properties. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Journal of neurophysiology Vol. 111, pp. 36-50	article	DOI
Abstract: The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is critical for executing sensorimotor behaviors that depend on stimulus-response (S-R) associations. In rats, the DLS receives it densest inputs from primary somatosensory (SI) cortex, but it also receives substantial input from the thalamus. Much of rat DLS is devoted to processing whisker-related information, and thalamic projections to these whisker-responsive DLS regions originate from the parafascicular (Pf) and medial posterior (POm) nuclei. To determine which thalamic nucleus is better suited for mediating S-R associations in the DLS, we compared their input-output connections and neuronal responses to repetitive whisker stimulation. Tracing experiments demonstrate that POm projects specifically to the DLS, but the Pf innervates both dorsolateral and dorsomedial parts of the striatum. The Pf nucleus is innervated by whisker-sensitive sites in the superior colliculus, and these sites also send dense projections to the zona incerta, a thalamic region that sends inhibitory projections to the POm. These data suggest that projections from POm to the DLS are suppressed by incertal inputs when the superior colliculus is activated by unexpected sensory stimuli. Simultaneous recordings with two electrodes indicate that POm neurons are more responsive and habituate significantly less than Pf neurons during repetitive whisker stimulation. Response latencies are also shorter in POm than in Pf, which is consistent with the fact that Pf receives its whisker information via synaptic relays in the superior colliculus. These findings indicate that, compared with the Pf nucleus, POm transmits somatosensory information to the DLS with a higher degree of sensory fidelity.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2014a, author = {Alloway, Kevin D and Smith, Jared B and Watson, Glenn D R}, title = {Thalamostriatal projections from the medial posterior and parafascicular nuclei have distinct topographic and physiologic properties.}, journal = {Journal of neurophysiology}, year = {2014}, volume = {111}, pages = {36--50}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00399.2013} }
Alloway, K.D., Zhang, M. and Chakrabarti, S.	Septal columns in rodent barrel cortex: functional circuits for modulating whisking behavior. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	J Comp Neurol Vol. 480(3), pp. 299-309School: Behavioral Sciences, H109, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In rodents, each mystacial whisker is represented in the granular layer of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex by a compact cluster of cells known as a barrel, and barrels are separated from each other by domains that are called septa. Vertical columns of neurons aligned with each barrel act as a functional assembly to process information from a "principal" whisker, but a functional role has not been identified for vertical columns of neurons that are aligned with the septa. To determine whether these septal columns provide the main source of projections to primary motor (MI) cortex, we placed retrograde tracers in MI cortex and analyzed the location of the retrogradely labeled neurons with respect to the septal and barrel compartments of SI barrel cortex. In cases in which SI barrel cortex was sectioned tangentially, retrogradely labeled neurons in the extragranular layers of SI were plotted and superimposed onto reconstructions of the layer IV barrel field. In each of these cases, most labeled neurons were located above or below the septal regions of layer IV. When SI barrel cortex was sectioned coronally, we observed multiple columns of labeled SI neurons that were vertically aligned with the septal zones of layer IV. These results indicate that columns of neurons that are vertically aligned with the septa, or septal columns, are functionally linked by virtue of their projections to MI cortex. We hypothesize that these septal columns represent an interconnected and functionally distinct circuit that transmits information to MI and other brain regions involved in motor control.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2004, author = {Alloway, Kevin D. and Zhang, Mengliang and Chakrabarti, Shubhodeep}, title = {Septal columns in rodent barrel cortex: functional circuits for modulating whisking behavior.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = { Behavioral Sciences, H109, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu}, year = {2004}, volume = {480}, number = {3}, pages = {299--309}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20339}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.20339} }
Alloway, K.D., Zhang, M. and Chakrabarti, S.	Septal columns in rodent barrel cortex: functional circuits for modulating whisking behavior. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 480, pp. 299-309	article
Abstract: In rodents, each mystacial whisker is represented in the granular layer of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex by a compact cluster of cells known as a barrel, and barrels are separated from each other by domains that are called septa. Vertical columns of neurons aligned with each barrel act as a functional assembly to process information from a "principal" whisker, but a functional role has not been identified for vertical columns of neurons that are aligned with the septa. To determine whether these septal columns provide the main source of projections to primary motor (MI) cortex, we placed retrograde tracers in MI cortex and analyzed the location of the retrogradely labeled neurons with respect to the septal and barrel compartments of SI barrel cortex. In cases in which SI barrel cortex was sectioned tangentially, retrogradely labeled neurons in the extragranular layers of SI were plotted and superimposed onto reconstructions of the layer IV barrel field. In each of these cases, most labeled neurons were located above or below the septal regions of layer IV. When SI barrel cortex was sectioned coronally, we observed multiple columns of labeled SI neurons that were vertically aligned with the septal zones of layer IV. These results indicate that columns of neurons that are vertically aligned with the septa, or septal columns, are functionally linked by virtue of their projections to MI cortex. We hypothesize that these septal columns represent an interconnected and functionally distinct circuit that transmits information to MI and other brain regions involved in motor control.
BibTeX: @article{Alloway:2004a, author = {Alloway, Kevin D. and Zhang, Mengliang and Chakrabarti, Shubhodeep}, title = {Septal columns in rodent barrel cortex: functional circuits for modulating whisking behavior.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {2004}, volume = {480}, pages = {299-309}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Almada, R.C., Coimbra, N.C. and Brandao, M.L.	Medial prefrontal cortex serotonergic and GABAergic mechanisms modulate the expression of contextual fear: intratelencephalic pathways and differential involvement of cortical subregions. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Neuroscience Vol. 284, pp. 988-97	article	DOI
Abstract: Several lines of evidence indicate that the dorsal hippocampus (dH) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regulate contextual fear conditioning. The prelimbic (PrL), infralimbic (IL) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) subregions of the mPFC likely play distinct roles in the expression of fear. Moreover, studies have highlighted the role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)- and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated mechanisms in the modulation of innate fear in the mPFC. The present study characterized dH-mPFC pathways and investigated the role of serotonergic and GABAergic mechanisms of the PrL, IL and ACC-area 1 (Cg1) in the elaboration of contextual fear conditioning using fear-potentiated startle (FPS) and freezing behavior in Rattus norvegicus. The results of neurotracing with microinjections of biotinylated dextran amine into the dH revealed a neural link of the dH with the PrL and ACC. Intra-PrL injections of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) and the GABAA receptor-selective agonist muscimol reduced contextual FPS and freezing responses. Intra-Cg1 injections of muscimol but not 8-OH-DPAT decreased FPS and freezing responses. However, neither intra-IL injections of a 5-HT1A agonist nor of a GABAA agonist affected these defensive responses. Labeled neuronal fibers from the dH reached the superficial layers of the PrL cortex and spread to the inner layers of PrL and Cg1 cortices, supporting the pharmacological findings. The present results confirmed the involvement of PrL and Cg1 in the expression of FPS and freezing responses to aversive conditions. In addition, PrL serotoninergic mechanisms play a key role in contextual fear conditioning. This study suggests that PrL, IL and Cg1 distinctively contribute to the modulation of contextual fear conditioning.
BibTeX: @article{Almada:2015a, author = {Almada, R. C. and Coimbra, N. C. and Brandao, M. L.}, title = {Medial prefrontal cortex serotonergic and GABAergic mechanisms modulate the expression of contextual fear: intratelencephalic pathways and differential involvement of cortical subregions.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2015}, volume = {284}, pages = {988-97}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.001} }
Almada, R.C., Coimbra, N.C. and Brandão, M.L.	Medial prefrontal cortex serotonergic and GABAergic mechanisms modulate the expression of contextual fear: intratelencephalic pathways and differential involvement of cortical subregions. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Neuroscience Vol. 284, pp. 988-997School: Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of the University of São Paulo, Department of Psychology, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neuroscience and Behaviour (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; NAP-USP-Neurobiology of Emotions Research Centre (NuPNE), Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: mbrandao@usp.br.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Several lines of evidence indicate that the dorsal hippocampus (dH) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regulate contextual fear conditioning. The prelimbic (PrL), infralimbic (IL) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) subregions of the mPFC likely play distinct roles in the expression of fear. Moreover, studies have highlighted the role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)- and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated mechanisms in the modulation of innate fear in the mPFC. The present study characterized dH-mPFC pathways and investigated the role of serotonergic and GABAergic mechanisms of the PrL, IL and ACC-area 1 (Cg1) in the elaboration of contextual fear conditioning using fear-potentiated startle (FPS) and freezing behavior in Rattus norvegicus. The results of neurotracing with microinjections of biotinylated dextran amine into the dH revealed a neural link of the dH with the PrL and ACC. Intra-PrL injections of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) and the GABAA receptor-selective agonist muscimol reduced contextual FPS and freezing responses. Intra-Cg1 injections of muscimol but not 8-OH-DPAT decreased FPS and freezing responses. However, neither intra-IL injections of a 5-HT1A agonist nor of a GABAA agonist affected these defensive responses. Labeled neuronal fibers from the dH reached the superficial layers of the PrL cortex and spread to the inner layers of PrL and Cg1 cortices, supporting the pharmacological findings. The present results confirmed the involvement of PrL and Cg1 in the expression of FPS and freezing responses to aversive conditions. In addition, PrL serotoninergic mechanisms play a key role in contextual fear conditioning. This study suggests that PrL, IL and Cg1 distinctively contribute to the modulation of contextual fear conditioning.
BibTeX: @article{Almada:2015, author = {Almada, R. C. and Coimbra, N. C. and Brandão, M. L.}, title = {Medial prefrontal cortex serotonergic and GABAergic mechanisms modulate the expression of contextual fear: intratelencephalic pathways and differential involvement of cortical subregions.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of the University of São Paulo, Department of Psychology, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neuroscience and Behaviour (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; NAP-USP-Neurobiology of Emotions Research Centre (NuPNE), Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: mbrandao@usp.br.}, year = {2015}, volume = {284}, pages = {988--997}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.001}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.001} }
Almado, C.E.L., Leão, R.M. and Machado, B.H.	Intrinsic properties of rostral ventrolateral medulla presympathetic and bulbospinal respiratory neurons of juvenile rats are not affected by chronic intermittent hypoxia [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Experimental physiology	article	DOI
Abstract: The presympathetic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) are considered to be the source of the sympathetic activity, and there is experimental evidence that these cells present intrinsic autodepolarization. There is also evidence that an important respiratory neuronal population located in the RVLM/Bötzinger complex (BötC) corresponds to augmenting expiratory neurons (aug-E), which send projections to the phrenic nucleus in the spinal cord. However, the pacemaker activity of presympathetic neurons and the intrinsic properties of aug-E neurons had not been evaluated in brainstem slices of juvenile rats (postnatal day 35). Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is a sympathetic-mediated hypertension model, which seems to produce an associated increase in the activity of aug-E neurons. In this study, we evaluated the effects of CIH on the intrinsic properties of RVLM/BötC presympathetic and phrenic nucleus-projecting neurons (aug-E) in brainstem slices of juvenile rats (postnatal day 35). We observed that all presympathetic neurons presented spontaneous action potential firing (n = 18), which was not abolished by ionotropic receptor antagonism. In addition, exposure to 10 days of CIH produced no changes in their intrinsic passive properties, firing pattern or excitability. Most aug-E neurons presented spontaneous firing in control conditions (13 of 15 neurons), and this characteristic was preserved after blocking fast synaptic transmission (12 of 15 neurons), clearly demonstrating their intrinsic pacemaker activity. Chronic intermittent hypoxia also produced no changes in intrinsic passive properties, frequency and pattern of discharge or excitability of the aug-E neurons. The present study shows that: (i) it is possible to record the electrophysiological properties of RVLM/BötC presympathetic and aug-E neurons in brainstem slices from juvenile rats; (ii) these neurons present characteristics of intrinsic pacemakers; and (iii) their intrinsic properties were not altered by chronic intermittent hypoxia.
BibTeX: @article{Almado:2014, author = {Almado, Carlos Eduardo L and Leão, Ricardo M and Machado, Benedito H}, title = {Intrinsic properties of rostral ventrolateral medulla presympathetic and bulbospinal respiratory neurons of juvenile rats are not affected by chronic intermittent hypoxia}, journal = {Experimental physiology}, publisher = {Physiological Soc}, year = {2014}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2013.077800} }
Almaguer, W., Estupiñán, B., Uwe Frey, J. and Bergado, J.	Aging impairs amygdala-hippocampus interactions involved in hippocampal LTP [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Neurobiology of Aging Vol. 23(2), pp. 319-324	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Aging impairs amygdala-hippocampus interactions involved in hippocampal LTP. NEUROBIOL. AGING. We have recently shown that the stimulation of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) is able to prolong early-LTP (<4h) into late-LTP (>4h) in the dentate gyrus. To study whether aging affects this interaction, aged (24-27 months) rats were used, classified as cognitively impaired (I), or non-impaired (N) by means of their results in the Morris water maze. Paired pulses (30-90 ms interval) showed no differences among age groups. Among young controls, the early-LTP induced in the dentate gyrus by stimulation of the perforant path (PP) was prolonged in a late-LTP when the BLA was stimulated 15 min later. In aged-impaired rats the stimulation of the PP induced a reduced LTP, decaying to baseline in less than 2 h. BLA stimulation was without effect. Aged non-impaired rats showed an early-LTP identical to that of young animals; however, stimulation of the BLA showed no effect. These results suggest that deficient synaptic plasticity and memory functions in aged animals might be caused, in part by impaired mechanisms of heterosynaptic reinforcement. © 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Almaguer:2002, author = {Almaguer, W. and Estupiñán, B. and Uwe Frey, J. and Bergado, J.A.}, title = {Aging impairs amygdala-hippocampus interactions involved in hippocampal LTP}, journal = {Neurobiology of Aging}, year = {2002}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {319-324}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036166481&partnerID=40&md5=14b8d68d60a8b143f151dce7999461fe}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-4580(01)00278-0} }
Al-Majed, A.A., Neumann, C.M., Brushart, T.M. and Gordon, T.	Brief electrical stimulation promotes the speed and accuracy of motor axonal regeneration. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	J Neurosci Vol. 20(7), pp. 2602-2608School: Department of Pharmacology, Division of Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada.	article	URL
Abstract: Functional recovery is often poor despite the capacity for axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system and advances in microsurgical technique. Regeneration of axons in mixed nerve into inappropriate pathways is a major contributing factor to this failure. In this study, we use the rat femoral nerve model of transection and surgical repair to evaluate (1) the effect of nerve transection on the speed of regeneration and the generation of motor-sensory specificity, (2) the efficacy of electrical stimulation in accelerating axonal regeneration and promoting the reinnervation of appropriate muscle pathways by femoral motor nerves, and (3) the mechanism of action of electrical stimulation. Using the retrograde neurotracers fluorogold and fluororuby to backlabel motoneurons that regenerate axons into muscle and cutaneous pathways, we found the following. (1) There is a very protracted period (10 weeks) of axonal outgrowth that adds substantially to the delay in axonal regeneration ( staggered regeneration). This process of staggered regeneration is associated with preferential motor reinnervation (PMR). (2) One hour to 2 weeks of 20 Hz continuous electrical stimulation of the parent axons proximal to the repair site dramatically reduces this period (to 3 weeks) and accelerates PMR. (3) The positive effect of short-term electrical stimulation is mediated via the cell body, implicating an enhanced growth program. The effectiveness of such a short-period low-frequency electrical stimulation suggests a new therapeutic approach to accelerate nerve regeneration after injury and, in turn, improve functional recovery.
BibTeX: @article{Al-Majed:2000, author = {Al-Majed, A. A. and Neumann, C. M. and Brushart, T. M. and Gordon, T.}, title = {Brief electrical stimulation promotes the speed and accuracy of motor axonal regeneration.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, Division of Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada.}, year = {2000}, volume = {20}, number = {7}, pages = {2602--2608}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/7/2602.long} }
Almarestani, L., Waters, S.M., Krause, J.E., Bennett, G.J. and Ribeiro-da-Silva, A.	Morphological characterization of spinal cord dorsal horn lamina I neurons projecting to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	J Comp Neurol Vol. 504(3), pp. 287-297School: Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Many Rexed's lamina I neurons are nociceptive and project to the brain. Lamina I projection neurons can be classified as multipolar, fusiform, or pyramidal, based on cell body shape and characteristics of their proximal dendrites in the horizontal plane. There is also evidence that both multipolar and fusiform cells are nociceptive and pyramidal neurons nonnociceptive. In this investigation we identified which types of lamina I neurons belong to the spinoparabrachial tract in the rat and characterized them regarding the presence or absence of neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1r) immunoreactivity. For this, cholera toxin subunit B (CTb), conjugated to a fluorescent marker was injected unilaterally into the parabrachial nucleus. Sections were additionally stained for the detection of NK-1r immunoreactivity and were examined using fluorescence and confocal microscopy. Serial confocal optical sections and 3D reconstructions were obtained for a considerable number of neurons per animal. Using immunofluorescence, we assessed the proportion of lamina I neurons belonging to the spinoparabrachial (SPB) tract and/or expressing NK-1r. The relative distribution of neurons belonging to the SPB tract was: 38.7% multipolar, 36.8% fusiform, 22.7% pyramidal, and 1.9% unclassified. Most of the SPB neurons expressing NK-1r were either multipolar or fusiform. Pyramidal SPB neurons were seldom immunoreactive for NK-1r, an observation that provides further support to the concept that most lamina I projection neurons of the pyramidal type are nonnociceptive. In addition, our study provides further evidence that these distinct morphological types of neurons differ in their phenotypic properties, but not in their projection patterns.
BibTeX: @article{Almarestani:2007, author = {Almarestani, L. and Waters, S. M. and Krause, J. E. and Bennett, G. J. and Ribeiro-da-Silva, A.}, title = {Morphological characterization of spinal cord dorsal horn lamina I neurons projecting to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = { Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.}, year = {2007}, volume = {504}, number = {3}, pages = {287--297}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21410}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.21410} }
Almazan, G., Pacheco, P., Vassilieff, V. and Sourkes, T.	Adrenomedullary ornithine decarboxylase activity: Its use in biochemical mapping of the origins of the splanchnic nerve in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Brain Research Vol. 237(2), pp. 397-404	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The activity of ornithine decarboxylase in the adrenal medulla of the rat can be induced transsynaptically by the repeated administration of apomorphine. Unilateral section of one to four ventral spinal cord roots from T4 to T12 partially prevents this effect. Interruption of the intercostal nerves (T7-T13), with preservation of the autonomic innervation of the adrenal medulla, does not produce any alteration in the response of the medullary ODC to APO in the operated side as compared to the intact side. Dorsal root section at T7-T10 leads to a small reduction, while section at T2-T4 has no effect at all. Thus, selective surgical interruption of spinal cord roots indicates that the bulk of splanchnic fibers mediating the transsynaptic induction of adrenomedullary ornithine decarboxylase course in the ventral roots between T7 and T10. Dorsal rhizotomy demonstrates a modulatory role in this induction of afferent information to sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons involved in innervation of the chromaffin cells. © 1982.
BibTeX: @article{Almazan:1982, author = {Almazan, G. and Pacheco, P. and Vassilieff, V.S. and Sourkes, T.L.}, title = {Adrenomedullary ornithine decarboxylase activity: Its use in biochemical mapping of the origins of the splanchnic nerve in the rat}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1982}, volume = {237}, number = {2}, pages = {397-404}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020070584&partnerID=40&md5=847f080f6da01b82aaeee8fa519986c7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(82)90451-6} }
de Almeida Colombari, D., Haibara, A., de Arruda Camargo, L., Saad, W., Renzi, A., Deluca Jr., L. and Menani, J.	Role of the medial septal area on the cardiovascular, fluid and electrolytic responses to angiotensin ii and cholinergic activation into the subfornical organ in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Brain Research Bulletin Vol. 33(3), pp. 249-254	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In the present study we investigated the effect of electrolytic lesion of the medial septal area (MSA) on the pressor and dipsogenic response to cholinergic activation and angiotensin II (ANGII) injection into the subfornical organ (SFO) in rats. In addition the effect of MSA lesion on the natriuresis, kaliuresis and diuresis after cholinergic activation of the SFO was also investigated. Sham- and MSA-lesioned rats with a stainless steel cannula implanted into the SFO was used. The injection of ANGII (12 ng) into the SFO in sham rats produced pressor (24 ± 2 mmHg) and dipsogenic (9.6 ± 1.1 ml/h) responses. MSA lesion, both acute (2-6 days) and chronic (15-19 days), reduced the pressor (14 ± 2 mmHg) and dipsogenic (2.7 ± 1 ml/h) responses to ANGII into SFO. The injection of the cholinergic agonist carbachol (2 nmol) into the SFO in sham rats produced pressor (48 ± 4 mmHg), dipsogenic (10 ± 1.2 ml/h), natriuretic (457 ± 58 μEq/2 h) and kaliuretic (249 ± 16 μEq/2 h) responses. Acute, but not chronic MSA lesion reduced the pressor (27 ± 3 mmHg), natriuretic (198 ± 55 μEq/2 h) and kaliuretic (128 ± 16 μEq/2 h) responses to carbachol into SFO. No change in the dipsogenic response to carbachol into the SFO was observed in MSA-lesioned rats. Antidiuresis after carbachol was observed only in MSA-lesioned rats. The present results show that the MSA plays a role on the pressor, natriuretic and kaliuretic responses to cholinergic activation of the SFO in rats and on the pressor and dipsogenic responses to ANGII into the same area. In addition, they provide circumstancial evidence for separate circuits subserving the dipsogenic response to central cholinergic and angiotensinergic activation. A facilited diuresis after MSA lesion is also suggested. © 1993.
BibTeX: @article{AlmeidaColombari:1994, author = {de Almeida Colombari, D.S. and Haibara, A.S. and de Arruda Camargo, L.A. and Saad, W.A. and Renzi, A. and Deluca Jr., L.A. and Menani, J.}, title = {Role of the medial septal area on the cardiovascular, fluid and electrolytic responses to angiotensin ii and cholinergic activation into the subfornical organ in rats}, journal = {Brain Research Bulletin}, year = {1994}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, pages = {249-254}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028366180&partnerID=40&md5=a4ad70257c9c79aa40339db99fa6e37f}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(94)90191-0} }
Almeida, A., Cobos, A., Tavares, I. and Lima, D.	Brain afferents to the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus: a retrograde and anterograde tracing study in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 16(1), pp. 81-95School: Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal. aalmeida@ecsaude.uminho.pt	article	DOI
Abstract: The medullary dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt) was recently shown to belong to the supraspinal pain control system; neurons within this nucleus give origin to a descending projection that increases spinal nociceptive transmission and facilitates pain perception [Almeida et al. (1999), Eur. J. Neurosci., 11, 110-122]. In the present study, the areas of the brain that may modulate the activity of DRt neurons were investigated by using of tract-tracing techniques. Injection of a retrograde tracer into the DRt resulted in labelling in multiple areas of the brain. In the contralateral orbital, prelimbic, infralimbic, insular, motor and somatosensory cortices labelling was prominent, but a smaller ipsilateral projection from these same areas was also detected. Strong labelling was also noted in the central amygdaloid nucleus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis and substantia innominata. Labelled diencephalic areas were mainly confined to the hypothalamus, namely its lateral and posterior areas as well as the paraventricular nucleus. In the mesencephalon, the periaqueductal grey, red nucleus and deep mesencephalic nucleus were strongly labelled, whereas, in the brainstem, the parabrachial nuclei, rostroventromedial medulla, nucleus tractus solitarius, spinal trigeminal nucleus, and the parvocellular, dorsal, lateral and ventral reticular nuclei were the most densely labelled regions. All deep cerebellar nuclei were labelled bilaterally. These data suggest that the DRt integrates information from the somatosensory, antinociceptive, autonomic, limbic, pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems while triggering its descending facilitating action upon the spinal nociceptive transmission.
BibTeX: @article{Almeida:2002, author = {Armando Almeida and Angeles Cobos and Isaura Tavares and Deolinda Lima}, title = {Brain afferents to the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus: a retrograde and anterograde tracing study in the rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal. aalmeida@ecsaude.uminho.pt}, year = {2002}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {81--95}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02058.x} }
Almeida, A., Cobos, A., Tavares, I. and Lima, D.	Brain afferents to the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus: a retrograde and anterograde tracing study in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	The European journal of neuroscience Vol. 16, pp. 81-95	article	DOI
Abstract: The medullary dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt) was recently shown to belong to the supraspinal pain control system; neurons within this nucleus give origin to a descending projection that increases spinal nociceptive transmission and facilitates pain perception [Almeida et al. (1999), Eur. J. Neurosci., 11, 110-122]. In the present study, the areas of the brain that may modulate the activity of DRt neurons were investigated by using of tract-tracing techniques. Injection of a retrograde tracer into the DRt resulted in labelling in multiple areas of the brain. In the contralateral orbital, prelimbic, infralimbic, insular, motor and somatosensory cortices labelling was prominent, but a smaller ipsilateral projection from these same areas was also detected. Strong labelling was also noted in the central amygdaloid nucleus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis and substantia innominata. Labelled diencephalic areas were mainly confined to the hypothalamus, namely its lateral and posterior areas as well as the paraventricular nucleus. In the mesencephalon, the periaqueductal grey, red nucleus and deep mesencephalic nucleus were strongly labelled, whereas, in the brainstem, the parabrachial nuclei, rostroventromedial medulla, nucleus tractus solitarius, spinal trigeminal nucleus, and the parvocellular, dorsal, lateral and ventral reticular nuclei were the most densely labelled regions. All deep cerebellar nuclei were labelled bilaterally. These data suggest that the DRt integrates information from the somatosensory, antinociceptive, autonomic, limbic, pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems while triggering its descending facilitating action upon the spinal nociceptive transmission.
BibTeX: @article{Almeida:2002a, author = {Almeida, Armando and Cobos, Angeles and Tavares, Isaura and Lima, Deolinda}, title = {Brain afferents to the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus: a retrograde and anterograde tracing study in the rat.}, journal = {The European journal of neuroscience}, year = {2002}, volume = {16}, pages = {81--95}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02058.x} }
Almeida, A. and Lima, D.	Activation by cutaneous or visceral noxious stimulation of spinal neurons projecting to the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus in the rat: a c-fos study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 9(4), pp. 686-695School: Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Porto, Portugal.	article	DOI
Abstract: The involvement of spinal neurons in the transmission of cutaneous and visceral nociceptive input to the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus was studied. Rats were injected with cholera toxin subunit B in the left dorsal reticular nucleus and subjected 4 days later to noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimulation of the proximal internal aspect of the left thigh, or to chemical stimulation of the urinary bladder. Sections of spinal segments T13-L3 were processed immunocytochemically for cholera toxin subunit B and Fos protein. The percentage of double-labelled cells in the population of Fos-positive cells was higher in lamina I (1-4 than in deeper laminae (0-0.7 following all stimuli. The percentage of double-labelled cells in the population of retrogradely labelled cells was 30-53% in lamina I and 0-5% in laminae III-X. Visceral stimulation activated more retrogradely labelled lamina I cells than any kind of cutaneous stimulation. Pyramidal cells were activated in higher numbers than multipolar and flattened cells after thermal cutaneous or visceral stimulation, and in lower numbers than multipolar cells after mechanical stimulation. These results suggest that, in the experimental conditions used, spinal cord cells conveying noxious input to the dorsal reticular nucleus are concentrated in lamina I. They further indicate that the spinal-dorsal reticular nucleus pathway plays a major role in the transmission of nociceptive visceral input, and point to the preferential involvement of pyramidal cells in cutaneous thermal and visceral processing.
BibTeX: @article{Almeida:1997, author = {A. Almeida and D. Lima}, title = {Activation by cutaneous or visceral noxious stimulation of spinal neurons projecting to the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus in the rat: a c-fos study.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Porto, Portugal.}, year = {1997}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {686--695}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01417.x} }
Almeida, A. and Lima, D.	Activation by cutaneous or visceral noxious stimulation of spinal neurons projecting to the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus in the rat: a c-fos study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	The European journal of neuroscience Vol. 9, pp. 686-95	article
Abstract: The involvement of spinal neurons in the transmission of cutaneous and visceral nociceptive input to the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus was studied. Rats were injected with cholera toxin subunit B in the left dorsal reticular nucleus and subjected 4 days later to noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimulation of the proximal internal aspect of the left thigh, or to chemical stimulation of the urinary bladder. Sections of spinal segments T13-L3 were processed immunocytochemically for cholera toxin subunit B and Fos protein. The percentage of double-labelled cells in the population of Fos-positive cells was higher in lamina I (1-4%) than in deeper laminae (0-0.7%) following all stimuli. The percentage of double-labelled cells in the population of retrogradely labelled cells was 30-53% in lamina I and 0-5% in laminae III-X. Visceral stimulation activated more retrogradely labelled lamina I cells than any kind of cutaneous stimulation. Pyramidal cells were activated in higher numbers than multipolar and flattened cells after thermal cutaneous or visceral stimulation, and in lower numbers than multipolar cells after mechanical stimulation. These results suggest that, in the experimental conditions used, spinal cord cells conveying noxious input to the dorsal reticular nucleus are concentrated in lamina I. They further indicate that the spinal-dorsal reticular nucleus pathway plays a major role in the transmission of nociceptive visceral input, and point to the preferential involvement of pyramidal cells in cutaneous thermal and visceral processing.
BibTeX: @article{Almeida:1997a, author = {Almeida, A. and Lima, D.}, title = {Activation by cutaneous or visceral noxious stimulation of spinal neurons projecting to the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus in the rat: a c-fos study.}, journal = {The European journal of neuroscience}, year = {1997}, volume = {9}, pages = {686-95}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Almeida, A., Tavares, I. and Lima, D.	Projection sites of superficial or deep dorsal horn in the dorsal reticular nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Neuroreport Vol. 6(9), pp. 1245-1248School: Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Alameda Hernâni Monteiro, Portugal.	article	DOI
Abstract: The termination sites in the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt) of axons arising from superficial or deep dorsal horn cells were analysed by anterograde tracing with biotinylated dextran (BD). Following BD injections in spinal laminae I-III or in these laminae plus the dorsal funiculus, labelled fibres and boutons were located in the dorsal most ipsilateral portion of the DRt. Injections covering laminae III-V or laminae I-V resulted in bilateral labelling of the ventral DRt and ipsilateral labelling of the dorsal DRt. These findings, together with previous data concerning the origin of DRt projections to the superficial or deep dorsal horn, suggest the occurrence of reciprocal anatomical loops connecting the dorsal or the ventral areas of both regions.
BibTeX: @article{Almeida:1995, author = {Almeida, A. and Tavares, I. and Lima, D.}, title = {Projection sites of superficial or deep dorsal horn in the dorsal reticular nucleus.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, school = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Alameda Hernâni Monteiro, Portugal.}, year = {1995}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, pages = {1245--1248}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199506090-00004} }
Almeida, A., Tavares, I. and Lima, D.	Projection sites of superficial or deep dorsal horn in the dorsal reticular nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	NeuroReport Vol. 6(9), pp. 1245-1248	article	URL
Abstract: The termination sites in the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt) of axons arising from superficial or deep dorsal horn cells were analysed by anterograde tracing with biotinylated dextran (BD). Following BD injections in spinal laminae I-III or in these laminae plus the dorsal funiculus, labelled fibres and boutons were located in the dorsalmost ipsilateral portion of the DRt. Injections covering laminae III-V or laminae I-V resulted in bilateral labelling of the ventral DRt and ipsilateral labelling of the dorsal DRt. These findings, together with previous data concerning the origin of DRt projections to the superficial or deep dorsal horn, suggest the occurrence of reciprocal anatomical loops connecting the dorsal or the ventral areas of both regions. © Rapid Communications of Oxford Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Almeida:1995a, author = {Almeida, A. and Tavares, I. and Lima, D.}, title = {Projection sites of superficial or deep dorsal horn in the dorsal reticular nucleus}, journal = {NeuroReport}, year = {1995}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, pages = {1245-1248}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029009336&partnerID=40&md5=1962c9235d4669a00e28b407c4520ef5} }
Almeida, A., Tavares, I. and Lima, D.	Reciprocal connections between the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus and the spinal dorsal horn in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Eur J Pain Vol. 4(4), pp. 373-387School: versity of Oporto, Porto, 4200, Portugal.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The synaptic architecture of spinal afferents of the dorsal portion (DRtd) of the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt) is studied. After iontophoretic injections of cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) into the superficial (laminae I-II), deep (laminae IV-V) or entire (laminae I-V) dorso-ventral extent of the spinal dorsal horn at the cervico-thoracic or lumbo-sacral levels, axonal boutons of two distinct types were labelled in the DRtd. Type A boutons (82% after cervico-thoracic injections and 92% after lumbo-sacral injections) were roundish, small and presented few mitochondria and small, round synaptic vesicles. Type B boutons (18% after cervico-thoracic injections and 8% after lumbo-sacral injections) were elongated, two to three times larger, and exhibited numerous mitochondria and larger round vesicles. Both types of bouton established asymmetrical synaptic contacts with small dendritic profiles and, less frequently, with dendritic trunks and perikarya. Retrograde labelling occurred in the postsynaptic profile of 15-18% type A boutons labelled from any injection site. Taken together with previous data on DRt-spinal synaptic contacts at the superficial dorsal horn, the present results point to the occurrence of a reciprocal excitatory loop connecting the dorsal DRt and lamina I, which may be at the basis of the DRt-mediated pain-facilitating effects described recently.
BibTeX: @article{Almeida:2000, author = {A. Almeida and I. Tavares and D. Lima}, title = {Reciprocal connections between the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus and the spinal dorsal horn in the rat.}, journal = {Eur J Pain}, school = {versity of Oporto, Porto, 4200, Portugal.}, year = {2000}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {373--387}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/eujp.2000.0193}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1053/eujp.2000.0193} }
Almeida, A., Tavares, I. and Lima, D.	Reciprocal connections between the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus and the spinal dorsal horn in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	European journal of pain (London, England) Vol. 4, pp. 373-87	article
Abstract: The synaptic architecture of spinal afferents of the dorsal portion (DRtd) of the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt) is studied. After iontophoretic injections of cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) into the superficial (laminae I-II), deep (laminae IV-V) or entire (laminae I-V) dorso-ventral extent of the spinal dorsal horn at the cervico-thoracic or lumbo-sacral levels, axonal boutons of two distinct types were labelled in the DRtd. Type A boutons (82% after cervico-thoracic injections and 92% after lumbo-sacral injections) were roundish, small and presented few mitochondria and small, round synaptic vesicles. Type B boutons (18% after cervico-thoracic injections and 8% after lumbo-sacral injections) were elongated, two to three times larger, and exhibited numerous mitochondria and larger round vesicles. Both types of bouton established asymmetrical synaptic contacts with small dendritic profiles and, less frequently, with dendritic trunks and perikarya. Retrograde labelling occurred in the postsynaptic profile of 15-18% type A boutons labelled from any injection site. Taken together with previous data on DRt-spinal synaptic contacts at the superficial dorsal horn, the present results point to the occurrence of a reciprocal excitatory loop connecting the dorsal DRt and lamina I, which may be at the basis of the DRt-mediated pain-facilitating effects described recently.
BibTeX: @article{Almeida:2000a, author = {Almeida, A. and Tavares, I. and Lima, D.}, title = {Reciprocal connections between the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus and the spinal dorsal horn in the rat.}, journal = {European journal of pain (London, England)}, year = {2000}, volume = {4}, pages = {373-87}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Almeida, A., Tavares, I., Lima, D. and Coimbra, A.	Descending projections from the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus make synaptic contacts with spinal cord lamina I cells projecting to that nucleus: an electron microscopic tracer study in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Neuroscience Vol. 55(4), pp. 1093-1106School: Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Porto, Portugal.	article	DOI
Abstract: An ultrastructural study is made of the synaptic contacts occurring between structures labelled anterogradely and retrogradely in the superficial dorsal horn following injections of cholera toxin subunit B or horseradish peroxidase in the dorsal reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata of the rat. Both tracers revealed labelled axonal boutons in lamina I with round synaptic vesicles and a few large granular vesicles making asymmetrical synaptic contacts upon labelled somata and dendrites. After injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in the dorsal reticular nucleus, labelled boutons identical to those revealed by the two other tracers were presynaptic to unlabelled somata and dendrites. In addition, dorsoreticular neurons were labelled retrogradely following injections of cholera toxin subunit B into the superficial dorsal horn of the cervical enlargement. These observations show the occurrence of a reciprocal connection between dorsal reticular and lamina I neurons. Considering the putative excitatory nature of the axodendritic contacts in lamina I, a positive feedback circuit is suggested, whereby the nociceptive signals transmitted to the dorsal medullary reticular formation by marginal neurons are intensified.
BibTeX: @article{Almeida:1993, author = {A. Almeida and I. Tavares and D. Lima and A. Coimbra}, title = {Descending projections from the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus make synaptic contacts with spinal cord lamina I cells projecting to that nucleus: an electron microscopic tracer study in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Porto, Portugal.}, year = {1993}, volume = {55}, number = {4}, pages = {1093--1106}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(93)90323-8} }
Almeida, A., Tjølsen, A., Lima, D., Coimbra, A. and Hole, K.	The medullary dorsal reticular nucleus facilitates acute nociception in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Brain Res Bull Vol. 39(1), pp. 7-15School: Institute of Histology and Embryology, University of Oporto, Portugal.	article	DOI
Abstract: The influence on pain processing caused by destruction or stimulation of the dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt) was studied using the tail-flick and the increasing temperature hot-plate tests. Lesions of the DRt were obtained by injecting quinolinic acid (180 nmol/microliters) unilaterally or bilaterally, and nociceptive responses were evaluated by both tests. Following unilateral lesions, the tail-flick latencies and the hot-plate response temperatures were increased, values differing statistically from controls in the latter test. Bilateral lesions resulted in statistically significant increases of both tail-flick latency and hot-plate response temperature. Stimulation of the DRt was performed by injecting glutamate (100 nmol/microliters) unilaterally, which was followed 1 min later by a significant decrease in the tail-flick latency compared to saline injected controls. These results suggest that the DRt is involved in the facilitation of nociception after acute thermal noxious stimulation. This effect may be mediated through a spino-DRt-spinal loop causing a rebound of excitation in lamina I cells receiving noxious input from their own receptive field.
BibTeX: @article{Almeida:1996, author = {Almeida, A. and Tjølsen, A. and Lima, D. and Coimbra, A. and Hole, K.}, title = {The medullary dorsal reticular nucleus facilitates acute nociception in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, University of Oporto, Portugal.}, year = {1996}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {7--15}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(95)02027-6} }
Almeida, O., Gozdowska, M., Kulczykowska, E. and Oliveira, R.	Brain levels of arginine-vasotocin and isotocin in dominant and subordinate males of a cichlid fish [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Hormones and Behavior Vol. 61(2), pp. 212-217	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The nonapeptides arginine-vasotocin (AVT) and isotocin (IT), which are the teleost homologues of arginine-vasopressin and oxytocin in mammals, have well established peripheral effects on osmoregulation and stress response, and central effects on social behavior. However, all studies that have looked so far into the relationship between these nonapeptides and social behavior have used indirect measures of AVT/IT activity (i.e. immunohistochemistry of AVT/IT immunoreactive neurons, or AVT/IT or their receptors mRNA expression with in situ hybridization or qPCR) and therefore direct measures of peptide levels in relation to social behavior are still lacking. Here we use a recently developed high-performance liquid chromatography analysis with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL) method to quantify the levels of both AVT and IT in macro-dissected brain areas [i.e. olfactory bulbs, telencephalon, diencephalon, optic tectum, cerebellum, and hindbrain (= rhombencephalon minus cerebellum)] and pituitary of dominant and subordinate male cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus). The pituitary shows higher levels of both peptides than any of the brain macroareas, and the olfactory bulbs have the highest AVT among all brain areas. Except for IT in the telencephalon there is a lack of correlations between central levels and pituitary peptide levels, suggesting an independent control of hypophysial and CNS nonapeptide secretion. There were also no correlations between AVT and IT levels either for each brain region or for the pituitary gland, suggesting a decoupled activity of the AVT and IT systems at the CNS level. Subordinate AVT pituitary levels are significantly higher than those of dominants, and dominant hindbrain IT levels are significantly higher than those of subordinates, suggesting a potential involvement of AVT in social stress in subordinate fish and of IT in the regulation of dominant behavior at the level of the hindbrain. Since in this species dominant males use urine to communicate social status and since AVT is known to have an antidiuretic effect, we have also investigated the effect of social status on urine storage. As predicted, dominant males stored significantly more urine than subordinates. Given these results we suggest that AVT/IT play a key role in orchestrating social phenotypes, acting both as central neuromodulators that promote behavioral plasticity and as peripheral hormones that promote integrated physiological changes. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Almeida:2012, author = {Almeida, O. and Gozdowska, M. and Kulczykowska, E. and Oliveira, R.F.}, title = {Brain levels of arginine-vasotocin and isotocin in dominant and subordinate males of a cichlid fish}, journal = {Hormones and Behavior}, year = {2012}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, pages = {212-217}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84856965681&partnerID=40&md5=9a4d911ad6b0ad024c48511522ca1c09}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.12.008} }
Almeida, O., Nikolarakis, K. and Herz, A.	Significance of Testosterone in Regulating Hypothalamic Content and In Vitro Release of β‐Endorphin and Dynorphin [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Journal of Neurochemistry Vol. 49(3), pp. 742-747	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Abstract: The effects of castration and testosterone replacement on hypothalamic pools of β‐endorphin and dynorphin and on the basal and corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF)‐stimulated release of these peptides from hypothalamic slices in vitro were studied. The experiments were done in adult male rats. The hypothalamic content of both peptides increased significantly within 1 week of castration, and levels remained elevated for up to 4 weeks. Testosterone treatment, begun at the time of castration, prevented these increases. In addition, testosterone replacement 6 weeks after castration reversed peptide levels to normal. Basal in vitro release rates of β‐endorphin and dynorphin were significantly lower from hypothalamic slices derived from 1‐week castrated animals than from intact males, and when testosterone was administered in various doses in vivo, basal release rates in vitro increased in a dose‐related manner. Hypothalami from rats that had been castrated for 4 weeks, however, showed basal release rates similar to those in tissues from intact controls, a finding indicating that castration initially alters both opioid peptide synthesis and release; later, release is normalized, whereas synthesis remains elevated. CRF was found to stimulate β‐endorphin and dynorphin release from hypothalami from intact and from 1‐ and 4‐week‐castrated rats, a result indicating that castration does not alter the response of β‐endorphin and dynorphin neurons to this stimulus. Copyright © 1987, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
BibTeX: @article{Almeida:1987, author = {Almeida, O.F.X. and Nikolarakis, K.E. and Herz, A.}, title = {Significance of Testosterone in Regulating Hypothalamic Content and In Vitro Release of β‐Endorphin and Dynorphin}, journal = {Journal of Neurochemistry}, year = {1987}, volume = {49}, number = {3}, pages = {742-747}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023410789&partnerID=40&md5=33dff6d0ffa5889320b90dd0731a9622}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb00956.x} }
Al-Mubarak, A., Simon, J., Coats, C., Okemba, J., Burton, M. and Chowdhury, S.	Glycoprotein E (gE) specified by bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) enables trans-neuronal virus spread and neurovirulence without being a structural component of enveloped virions [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Virology Vol. 365(2), pp. 398-409	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV-5) is a neurovirulent alpha-herpesvirus that causes fatal encephalitis in calves. We previously demonstrated that deletion of a glycine-rich epitope in the gE ectodomain dramatically reduced BHV-5 neurovirulence. To investigate the role of gE cytoplasmic tail sequences in the neuropathogenesis of BHV-5 in rabbits, we constructed a BHV-5gE recombinant virus with a short residual cytoplasmic domain lacking the YXXL motifs and the acidic (BHV-5gEAm480). In vitro, BHV-5gEAm480 produced on the average smaller plaques, compared with wild-type BHV-5, but it produced on the average substantially larger plaques than the gE ORF-deleted BHV-5. The truncated gE was not phosphorylated, and was not endocytosed from the cell surface. Importantly, the truncated gE was not incorporated into enveloped infectious virions, but its glycosylation and interaction with gI were not affected. In a rabbit model of infection, the BHV-5gEAm480 remained highly virulent, while the gE- null virus was avirulent. The gEAm480 mutant virus invaded most of the central nervous system (CNS) structures that are invaded by the wild-type BHV-5. The number of neurons infected by BHV-5gEAm480 was very similar to the number infected by BHV-5 wild-type and gEAm480-rescued viruses. Collectively, the results suggest that gE functions in transsynaptic transmission of BHV-5 and neurovirulence without being a structural component of the virion particle. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Al-Mubarak:2007, author = {Al-Mubarak, A. and Simon, J. and Coats, C. and Okemba, J.D. and Burton, M.D. and Chowdhury, S.I.}, title = {Glycoprotein E (gE) specified by bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) enables trans-neuronal virus spread and neurovirulence without being a structural component of enveloped virions}, journal = {Virology}, year = {2007}, volume = {365}, number = {2}, pages = {398-409}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34547687642&partnerID=40&md5=2bb7f895719818a93776acf5066e2614}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.040} }
Alonso, A.	Intrinsic electroresponsiviness of basal forebrain cholinergic and non cholinergic neurons [BibTeX]	1998	Handbook of behavioural state control Cellular and molecular mechanisms CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York, pp. 297-309	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1998, author = {Alonso, Angel}, title = {Intrinsic electroresponsiviness of basal forebrain cholinergic and non cholinergic neurons}, journal = {Handbook of behavioural state control Cellular and molecular mechanisms CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York}, year = {1998}, pages = {297--309}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1201/9780849331510.ch18} }
Alonso, A. and Klink, R.	Differential electroresponsiveness of stellate and pyramidal-like cells of medial entorhinal cortex layer II. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	J Neurophysiol Vol. 70(1), pp. 128-143School: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.	article
Abstract: 1. The electroresponsive properties of neurons from layer II of the rat medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) were studied by intracellular recording under current clamp in an in vitro brain slice preparation. From a total of 184 cells that fulfilled our criteria for recording stability, two groups of projection neurons were distinguished on the basis of their intrinsic biophysical properties and morphological characteristics (demonstrated by intracellular biocytin injection; n = 34). 2. Stellate cells (SCs) were the most abundant (69. They were highly electroresponsive, and minimal changes (1-3 mV) of membrane potential generated an active response. Subthreshold depolarizing or hyperpolarizing current pulse injection always caused the membrane potential to attain an early peak and then sag to a lower level. Depolarization-induced "sags" were larger and determined early firing in all cells. The voltage-current relationship of SCs was markedly non-linear, demonstrating robust inward rectification in the hyperpolarizing and depolarizing range. 3. SCs generated persistent rhythmic subthreshold voltage oscillations on DC depolarization positive to -60 mV. The mean frequency of the oscillations was 8.6 Hz (theta range) at a membrane potential of approximately -55 mV, at which level occasional single spiking also occurred. At slightly more positive potentials, a striking 1- to 3-Hz repetitive bursting pattern emerged. This consisted of nonadapting trains of spikes ("clusters") interspersed with subthreshold oscillations that had a mean frequency of 21.7 Hz (beta range). 4. Nonstellate cells (39 mostly pyramidal-like) displayed time-dependent inward rectification that was less pronounced than that of SCs, and minimal depolarization-induced sags. On threshold depolarization, firing was always preceded by a slowly rising ramp depolarization and thus occurred with a long delay. Inward rectification in the depolarizing range was very pronounced. However, non-SCs did not generate persistent rhythmic subthreshold oscillatory activity or spike clusters. 5. Of the electrophysiological parameters quantified, spike threshold, spike duration, depolarizing afterpotential amplitude and apparent membrane time constant demonstrated statistically significant differences between SCs and non-SCs. 6. The repetitive hiring properties in response to square current pulses of short duration (< 500 ms) were also different between SCs and non-SCs. First, most SCs displayed a bilinear frequency-current (f-I) relationship for only the first interspike interval, whereas most non-SCs displayed a bilinear relationship for all intervals. Second, SCs had a much steeper primary f-I slope for early intervals than non-SCs. Finally, SCs displayed more pronounced and faster spike frequency adaptation than non-SCs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1993a, author = {Alonso, A and Klink, R}, title = {Differential electroresponsiveness of stellate and pyramidal-like cells of medial entorhinal cortex layer II.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, school = {Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.}, year = {1993}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, pages = {128--143}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Alonso, A. and Kohler, C.	A study of the reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport methods in the rat brain [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Journal of Comparative Neurology Vol. 225(3), pp. 327-343	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area (EA) was studied in the rat brain using antero- and retrograde axonal transport methods. After injections of large volumes (2 x 100 nl) of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated to wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) into the medial septum (MS) and the diagnoal band of Broca (dbB)), anterogradely transport HRP-WGA was found primarily in layers II and IV of the medial and lateral EA. Injections of HRP-WGA (50-100 nl) or fluorescent dyes (50-100 nl) into different parts of the retrohippocampal region resulted in labeling, by retrograde axonal transport, of cells in the MS and dbB, both ipsi- and contralateral to the injected hemisphere. The labeled cells were either small (long axis of soma: 10-15 μm), round, and oval, or medium (15-25 μm) to large (25-35 μm) of fusiform or multipolar shape. By using the method of retrograde fluorescent double labeling, the septal afferents to the EA were found to give off collaterals to other parts of the hippocampal region. A much smaller number of septal cells appeared to send bilateral projections to the EA of both hemispheres. Studies employing retrograde transport of HRP in combination with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry on the same tissue section showed that, while a large number of cells projecting to the EA contain AChE, many projecting cells are devoid of AChE reaction products. These findings suggest that the septo-entorhinal projection consists of a cholinergic as well as a noncholinergic component. The entorhinal efferents to the septum were studied after injections of HRP-WGA into different parts of the retrohippocampal region. Labeled fibers could be traced through the fimbria to their terminal fields in the intermediate parts of the lateral septal nucleus and to the most lateral aspect of the vertical limb of the dbB. The cells giving rise to this projection were situated in layer IV of the medial and layers II through V of the lateral EA. Taken together, the present findings demonstrate a close anatomical relationship between the septum and the entorhinal area, in addition to the better known connections between the septum and the Ammon's horn.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1984b, author = {Alonso, A. and Kohler, C.}, title = {A study of the reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport methods in the rat brain}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, year = {1984}, volume = {225}, number = {3}, pages = {327-343}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021183233&partnerID=40&md5=4feff6ea663724cb73cfe40edcf68c7c}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902250303} }
Alonso, A. and Köhler, C.	Evidence for separate projections of hippocampal pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons to different parts of the septum in the rat brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Neurosci Lett Vol. 31(3), pp. 209-214	article	DOI
Abstract: Large (200 nl) intraseptal injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) resulted in retrograde axonal labeling of both pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons throughout all septo-temporal levels of the hippocampal formation in the rat brain. Small (50 nl) injections of HRP into the medial septum labeled cells of non-pyramidal shape in the stratum oriens and the stratum radiatum of regio inferior, stratum oriens of regio superior and the hilus of the area dentata. Small (50 nl) injections of HRP restricted to the lateral septum resulted in retrograde labeling of pyramidal cells in regio inferior and regio superior without labeling of non-pyramidal cells. These results suggest a new efferent projection system from the hippocampus consisting of non-pyramidal neurons which innervate the medial septum/diagonal band complex in the rat brain.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1982, author = {A. Alonso and C. Köhler}, title = {Evidence for separate projections of hippocampal pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons to different parts of the septum in the rat brain.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1982}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {209--214}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(82)90021-0} }
Alonso, A. and Köhler, C.	Evidence for separate projections of hippocampal pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons to different parts of the septum in the rat brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Neurosci Lett Vol. 31(3), pp. 209-214	article	DOI
Abstract: Large (200 nl) intraseptal injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) resulted in retrograde axonal labeling of both pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons throughout all septo-temporal levels of the hippocampal formation in the rat brain. Small (50 nl) injections of HRP into the medial septum labeled cells of non-pyramidal shape in the stratum oriens and the stratum radiatum of regio inferior, stratum oriens of regio superior and the hilus of the area dentata. Small (50 nl) injections of HRP restricted to the lateral septum resulted in retrograde labeling of pyramidal cells in regio inferior and regio superior without labeling of non-pyramidal cells. These results suggest a new efferent projection system from the hippocampus consisting of non-pyramidal neurons which innervate the medial septum/diagonal band complex in the rat brain.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1982a, author = {Alonso, A. and Köhler, C.}, title = {Evidence for separate projections of hippocampal pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons to different parts of the septum in the rat brain.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1982}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {209--214}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(82)90021-0} }
Alonso, A. and Köhler, C.	Evidence for separate projections of hippocampal pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons to different parts of the septum in the rat brain [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 31(3), pp. 209-214	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Large (200 nl) intraseptal injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) resulted in retrograde axonal labeling of both pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons throughout all septo-temporal levels of the hippocampal formation in the rat brain. Small (50 nl) injections of HRP into the medial septum labeled cells of non-pyramidal shape in the stratum oriens and the stratum radiatum of regio inferior, stratum oriens of regio superior and the hilus of the area dentata. Small (50 nl) injections of HRP restricted to the lateral septum resulted in retrograde labeling of pyramidal cells in regio inferior and regio superior without labeling of non-pyramidal cells. These results suggest a new efferent projections system from the hippocampus consisting of non-pyramidal neurons which innervate the medial septum/diagonal band complex in the rat brain. © 1982.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1982b, author = {Alonso, A. and Köhler, C.}, title = {Evidence for separate projections of hippocampal pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons to different parts of the septum in the rat brain}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1982}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {209-214}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020307674&partnerID=40&md5=6a664213c25d4902c0bf730136bb2f52}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(82)90021-0} }
Alonso, A. and Köhler, C.	A study of the reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport methods in the rat brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	J Comp Neurol Vol. 225(3), pp. 327-343	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area (EA) was studied in the rat brain using antero- and retrograde axonal transport methods. After injections of large volumes (2 X 100 nl) of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated to wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) into the medial septum (MS) and the diagonal band of Broca (dbB), anterogradely transported HRP-WGA was found primarily in layers II and IV of the medial and lateral EA. Injections of HRP-WGA (50-100 nl) or fluorescent dyes (50-100 nl) into different parts of the retrohippocampal region resulted in labeling, by retrograde axonal transport, of cells in the MS and dbB, both ipsi- and contralateral to the injected hemisphere. The labeled cells were either small (long axis of soma: 10-15 micron), round, and oval, or medium (15-25 micron) to large (25-35 micron) of fusiform or multipolar shape. By using the method of retrograde fluorescent double labeling, the septal afferents to the EA were found to give off collaterals to other parts of the hippocampal region. A much smaller number of septal cells appeared to send bilateral projections to the EA of both hemispheres. Studies employing retrograde transport of HRP in combination with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry on the same tissue section showed that, while a large number of cells projecting to the EA contain AChE, many projecting cells are devoid of AChE reaction products. These findings suggest that the septo-entorhinal projection consists of a cholinergic as well as a noncholinergic component. The entorhinal efferents to the septum were studied after injections of HRP-WGA into different parts of the retrohippocampal region. Labeled fibers could be traced through the fimbria to their terminal fields in the intermediate parts of the lateral septal nucleus and to the most lateral aspect of the vertical limb of the dbB. The cells giving rise to this projection were situated in layer IV of the medial and layers II through V of the lateral EA. Taken together, the present findings demonstrate a close anatomical relationship between the septum and the entorhinal area, in addition to the better known connections between the septum and the Ammon's horn.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1984, author = {A. Alonso and C. Köhler}, title = {A study of the reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport methods in the rat brain.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1984}, volume = {225}, number = {3}, pages = {327--343}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902250303}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902250303} }
Alonso, A. and Köhler, C.	A study of the reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport methods in the rat brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	J Comp Neurol Vol. 225(3), pp. 327-343	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area (EA) was studied in the rat brain using antero- and retrograde axonal transport methods. After injections of large volumes (2 X 100 nl) of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated to wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) into the medial septum (MS) and the diagonal band of Broca (dbB), anterogradely transported HRP-WGA was found primarily in layers II and IV of the medial and lateral EA. Injections of HRP-WGA (50-100 nl) or fluorescent dyes (50-100 nl) into different parts of the retrohippocampal region resulted in labeling, by retrograde axonal transport, of cells in the MS and dbB, both ipsi- and contralateral to the injected hemisphere. The labeled cells were either small (long axis of soma: 10-15 micron), round, and oval, or medium (15-25 micron) to large (25-35 micron) of fusiform or multipolar shape. By using the method of retrograde fluorescent double labeling, the septal afferents to the EA were found to give off collaterals to other parts of the hippocampal region. A much smaller number of septal cells appeared to send bilateral projections to the EA of both hemispheres. Studies employing retrograde transport of HRP in combination with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry on the same tissue section showed that, while a large number of cells projecting to the EA contain AChE, many projecting cells are devoid of AChE reaction products. These findings suggest that the septo-entorhinal projection consists of a cholinergic as well as a noncholinergic component. The entorhinal efferents to the septum were studied after injections of HRP-WGA into different parts of the retrohippocampal region. Labeled fibers could be traced through the fimbria to their terminal fields in the intermediate parts of the lateral septal nucleus and to the most lateral aspect of the vertical limb of the dbB. The cells giving rise to this projection were situated in layer IV of the medial and layers II through V of the lateral EA. Taken together, the present findings demonstrate a close anatomical relationship between the septum and the entorhinal area, in addition to the better known connections between the septum and the Ammon's horn.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1984a, author = {Alonso, A. and Köhler, C.}, title = {A study of the reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport methods in the rat brain.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1984}, volume = {225}, number = {3}, pages = {327--343}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902250303}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902250303} }
Alonso, A. and Köhler, C.	A study of the reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport methods in the rat brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 225, pp. 327-343	article	DOI
Abstract: The reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area (EA) was studied in the rat brain using antero- and retrograde axonal transport methods. After injections of large volumes (2 X 100 nl) of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated to wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) into the medial septum (MS) and the diagonal band of Broca (dbB), anterogradely transported HRP-WGA was found primarily in layers II and IV of the medial and lateral EA. Injections of HRP-WGA (50-100 nl) or fluorescent dyes (50-100 nl) into different parts of the retrohippocampal region resulted in labeling, by retrograde axonal transport, of cells in the MS and dbB, both ipsi- and contralateral to the injected hemisphere. The labeled cells were either small (long axis of soma: 10-15 micron), round, and oval, or medium (15-25 micron) to large (25-35 micron) of fusiform or multipolar shape. By using the method of retrograde fluorescent double labeling, the septal afferents to the EA were found to give off collaterals to other parts of the hippocampal region. A much smaller number of septal cells appeared to send bilateral projections to the EA of both hemispheres. Studies employing retrograde transport of HRP in combination with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry on the same tissue section showed that, while a large number of cells projecting to the EA contain AChE, many projecting cells are devoid of AChE reaction products. These findings suggest that the septo-entorhinal projection consists of a cholinergic as well as a noncholinergic component. The entorhinal efferents to the septum were studied after injections of HRP-WGA into different parts of the retrohippocampal region. Labeled fibers could be traced through the fimbria to their terminal fields in the intermediate parts of the lateral septal nucleus and to the most lateral aspect of the vertical limb of the dbB. The cells giving rise to this projection were situated in layer IV of the medial and layers II through V of the lateral EA. Taken together, the present findings demonstrate a close anatomical relationship between the septum and the entorhinal area, in addition to the better known connections between the septum and the Ammon's horn.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1984c, author = {Alonso, A and Köhler, C}, title = {A study of the reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport methods in the rat brain.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1984}, volume = {225}, pages = {327--343}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902250303} }
Alonso, B., Bartolomé-Martín, D., Ferrero, J.J., Ramírez-Franco, J., Torres, M. and Sánchez-Prieto, J.	CB1 receptors down-regulate a cAMP/Epac2/PLC pathway to silence the nerve terminals of cerebellar granule cells. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2017	Journal of neurochemistry Vol. 142, pp. 350-364	article	DOI
Abstract: Cannabinoid receptors mediate short-term retrograde inhibition of neurotransmitter release, as well as long-term depression of synaptic transmission at excitatory synapses. The responses of individual nerve terminals in VGLUT1-pHluorin transfected cerebellar granule cells to cannabinoids have shown that prolonged activation of cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1Rs) silences a subpopulation of previously active synaptic boutons. Adopting a combined pharmacological and genetic approach to study the molecular mechanisms of CB1R-induced silencing, we found that adenylyl cyclase inhibition decreases cAMP levels while it increases the number of silent synaptic boutons and occludes the induction of further silencing by the cannabinoid agonist HU-210. Guanine nucleotide exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (Epac proteins) mediate some of the presynaptic effects of cAMP in the potentiation of synaptic transmission. ESI05, a selective Epac2 inhibitor, and U-73122, the specific inhibitor of phospholipase C (PLC), both augment the number of silent synaptic boutons. Moreover, they abolish the capacity of the Epac activator, 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-2'-O-methyladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate monosodium hydrate, to prevent HU-210-induced silencing consistent with PLC signaling lying downstream of Epac2 proteins. Furthermore, Rab3-interacting molecule (RIM)1α KO cells have many more basally silent synaptic boutons (12.9 ± 3.5%) than wild-type cells (1.1 ± 0.5%). HU-210 induced further silencing in these mutant cells, although 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-2'-O-methyladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate monosodium hydrate only awoke the HU-210-induced silence and not the basally silent synaptic boutons. This behavior can be rescued by expressing RIM1α in RIM1α KO cells, these cells behaving very much like wild-type cells. These findings support the hypothesis that a cAMP/Epac/PLC signaling pathway targeting the release machinery appears to mediate cannabinoid-induced presynaptic silencing.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:2017, author = {Alonso, Beatris and Bartolomé-Martín, David and Ferrero, José Javier and Ramírez-Franco, Jorge and Torres, Magdalena and Sánchez-Prieto, José}, title = {CB1 receptors down-regulate a cAMP/Epac2/PLC pathway to silence the nerve terminals of cerebellar granule cells.}, journal = {Journal of neurochemistry}, year = {2017}, volume = {142}, pages = {350--364}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.14059} }
Alonso, G.	Differential organization of synapses immunoreactive to phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase or neuropeptide Y in the parvicellular compartments of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	J Chem Neuroanat Vol. 6(2), pp. 55-67School: INSERM U 336, Université de Montpellier II, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: The parvicellular compartments of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (pPVN) contains particularly high concentrations of neuropeptide (NPY)-containing fibres of two main cellular origins including (i) neurons of the medulla oblongata, most of which co-store phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the enzyme characterizing adrenergic neurons, and (ii) non-catecholaminergic neurons of the mediobasal hypothalamus. The aim of the present study is to compare the fine organization of the two types of axons terminating in the pPVN. Immunocytochemistry at light and electron microscope levels was used to study both the density and the ultrastructural organization of NPY- and PNMT-immunoreactive fibres in the pPVN of animals bearing surgical lesions disrupting axonal pathways from the hindbrain or from the sublying mediobasal hypothalamus. The brainstem knife-cut induced a strong decrease (65 in the numerical density of PNMT fibres innervating the pPVN, but was without significant effects on the density of NPY fibres. On the other hand, the hypothalamic knife-cut induced an 80% decrease in the density of NPY fibres within the PVN without affecting the number of PNMT fibres. The electron microscope study showed that in the control pPVN contralateral to the lesions, the majority (64 of PNMT synapses were asymmetric axo-dendritic synapses, whereas the majority (67 of NPY synapses form symmetric contacts with both dendrites and perikarya of the hypothalamic nucleus. By contrast, after a hypothalamic knife-cut, the majority (66 of NPY synapses identified in the pPVN exhibited features of asymmetric synapses. These data indicate that the large majority of NPY-immunoreactive fibres detected within the pPVN arise from non-catecholaminergic neurons located in the mediobasal hypothalamus and mainly form symmetric synapses on neurons of the pPVN, whereas only a minority of them arise from hindbrain regions, and like PNMT fibres innervating this nucleus preferentially form asymmetric axo-dendritic synapses.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1993, author = {Alonso, G.}, title = {Differential organization of synapses immunoreactive to phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase or neuropeptide Y in the parvicellular compartments of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, school = {INSERM U 336, Université de Montpellier II, France.}, year = {1993}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {55--67}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-0618(93)90028-3} }
Alonso, G. and Assenmacher, I.	Radioautographic studies on the neurohypophysial projections of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	Cell Tissue Res Vol. 219(3), pp. 525-534	article	DOI
Abstract: The distribution of labelled axonal pathways was studied after unilateral stereotaxic injection of 3H-leucine into either supraoptic (SON) or paraventricular nuclei (PVN). In addition to extrahypothalamic projections of both nuclei, the main efferents appeared to run towards the neurohypophysis, yet with a strikingly different pattern. At the neurohypophysial levels, the SO-neurohypophysial tract crossed the inner layers of the median eminence (ME) before scattering in the neural lobe. The PV-neurohypophysial pathway, by contrast, provided an exclusive innervation to the external layer of the whole neurohypophysial organ, including the median eminence, infundibular stalk and neural lobe. The functional correlates of the clear-cut anatomical distinctness between the two magnocellular neurosecretory systems are discussed.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1981, author = {Alonso, G. and Assenmacher, I.}, title = {Radioautographic studies on the neurohypophysial projections of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the rat.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {1981}, volume = {219}, number = {3}, pages = {525--534}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00209991} }
Alonso, G., Bribes, E. and Chauvet, N.	Survival and regeneration of neurons of the supraoptic nucleus following surgical transection of neurohypophysial axons depend on the existence of collateral projections of these neurons to the dorsolateral hypothalamus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Brain Res Vol. 711(1-2), pp. 34-43School: INSERM U336 Développement, Université Montpellier II, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to compare the postlesional responses of vasopressin-producing (VP) and oxytocin-producing (OT) neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) to transection of neurohypophysial axons. At different times after sectioning the median eminence of adult rats, immunocytochemical staining of both types of neuronal cell bodies and axons indicated that: (1) the number of OT neurons detected within the SON was only slightly decreased as compared with controls (-20, whereas the number of VP neurons was severely decreased (-60; and (2) the large majority of axonal sprouts that regenerated into the external layer of the median eminence were OT neurohypophysial axons. The injection of a retrograde tracer into various areas surrounding the SON further showed that numerous SON neurons could be retrogradely labeled when the injection was centered in the lateral hypothalamus dorsal to the SON. The immunocytochemical identification of these retrogradely labeled neurons demonstrated that most of them were OT neurons. When animals were subjected to median eminence transection and to a unilateral surgical cut placed in the lateral hypothalamus above the SON, the survival of both OT and VP neurons was dramatically reduced in the SON ipsilateral to the hypothalamic lesion, as compared to the contralateral SON. Taken together, these data indicate that OT (and to a lesser extent VP) neurons of the SON display collateral projections towards the lateral hypothalamus that protect them from retrograde degeneration following the lesion of their neurohypophysial projections.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1996, author = {Alonso, G. and Bribes, E. and Chauvet, N.}, title = {Survival and regeneration of neurons of the supraoptic nucleus following surgical transection of neurohypophysial axons depend on the existence of collateral projections of these neurons to the dorsolateral hypothalamus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {INSERM U336 Développement, Université Montpellier II, France.}, year = {1996}, volume = {711}, number = {1-2}, pages = {34--43}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)01350-4} }
Alonso, G., Bribes, E. and Chauvet, N.	Survival and regeneration of neurons of the supraoptic nucleus following surgical transection of neurohypophysial axons depend on the existence of collateral projections of these neurons to the dorsolateral hypothalamus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Brain research Vol. 711, pp. 34-43	article
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to compare the postlesional responses of vasopressin-producing (VP) and oxytocin-producing (OT) neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) to transection of neurohypophysial axons. At different times after sectioning the median eminence of adult rats, immunocytochemical staining of both types of neuronal cell bodies and axons indicated that: (1) the number of OT neurons detected within the SON was only slightly decreased as compared with controls (-20%), whereas the number of VP neurons was severely decreased (-60%); and (2) the large majority of axonal sprouts that regenerated into the external layer of the median eminence were OT neurohypophysial axons. The injection of a retrograde tracer into various areas surrounding the SON further showed that numerous SON neurons could be retrogradely labeled when the injection was centered in the lateral hypothalamus dorsal to the SON. The immunocytochemical identification of these retrogradely labeled neurons demonstrated that most of them were OT neurons. When animals were subjected to median eminence transection and to a unilateral surgical cut placed in the lateral hypothalamus above the SON, the survival of both OT and VP neurons was dramatically reduced in the SON ipsilateral to the hypothalamic lesion, as compared to the contralateral SON. Taken together, these data indicate that OT (and to a lesser extent VP) neurons of the SON display collateral projections towards the lateral hypothalamus that protect them from retrograde degeneration following the lesion of their neurohypophysial projections.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1996a, author = {Alonso, G. and Bribes, E. and Chauvet, N.}, title = {Survival and regeneration of neurons of the supraoptic nucleus following surgical transection of neurohypophysial axons depend on the existence of collateral projections of these neurons to the dorsolateral hypothalamus.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1996}, volume = {711}, pages = {34-43}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Alonso, G. and Privat, A.	Neuropeptide Y‐producing neurons of the arcuate nucleus regenerate axons after surgical deafferentation of the mediobasal hypothalamus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Journal of Neuroscience Research Vol. 34(5), pp. 510-522	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Dorsolateral and ventomedial surgical deafferentation of the hypothalamus were used to study the capacity of different types of neuropeptide Y‐containing axons afferent to the dorsal hypothalamus to regenerate through surgical lesions. The kinetics of the postlesional responses of transected neuropeptide Y‐axons was studied on 30–40 μm thick vibratome sections, either (i) by light or electron microscopy after peroxidase immunostaining for neuropeptide Y or (ii) by confocal microscopy after double fluorescence immunostaining for neuropeptide Y and for glial fibrillary acidic protein. The dorsolateral cut was found to sever 2 main pathways containing neuropeptide Y axons located, respectively, below the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and in the perifornical region. In both regions transected fibers were found to abut onto the surgical lesion, but even 45 days after the lesion, they were very rarely observed to penetrate into the astroglial scar formed along the lesion. The ventromedial cut was found to sever numerous neuropeptide axons that originate in the underlying arcuate nucleus. Seven to 15 days after the lesion neuropeptide Y fibers located below this type of cut presented a dramatic increase in both their numerical density and their immunostaining intensity. With increasing post‐surgery times, an increased number of neuropeptide Y fibers was observed to penetrate and to cross the lesional scar formed by densely packed astrocytic processes. Electron microscope observations further demonstrated that 45 days after the lesion, numerous neuropeptide Y‐immunoreactive axonal profiles were included in the scar matrix, which appeared to be mainly composed of closely interdigitating astrocytic processes containing dense bundles of filaments. These data indicate that, in contrast to other neuropeptide Y neurons innervating the dorsal hypothalamus, neuropeptide Y neurons of the arcuate nucleus regenerate axons through the astroglial scar produced by a surgical lesion placed in the ventromedial hypothalamus. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Copyright © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1993b, author = {Alonso, G. and Privat, A.}, title = {Neuropeptide Y‐producing neurons of the arcuate nucleus regenerate axons after surgical deafferentation of the mediobasal hypothalamus}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Research}, year = {1993}, volume = {34}, number = {5}, pages = {510-522}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027417541&partnerID=40&md5=7c944a4da91d6fc4d76800fb6d004654}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490340504} }
Alonso, G., Szafarczyk, A. and Assenmacher, I.	Radioautographic evidence that axons from the area of supraoptic nuclei in the rat project to extrahypothalamic brain regions. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Neurosci Lett Vol. 66(3), pp. 251-256	article	DOI
Abstract: The axonal efferents of neurons of the supraoptic nucleus area were studied by radioautography in the rat after discrete stereotaxic injections of [3H]leucine into this nucleus. Beside a densely labeled pathway running from the nucleus to the posterior pituitary through the internal median eminence, several of the visualized labeled axonal bundles were found to project into various extrahypothalamic regions, including the olfactory bulb, the cortex, the lateral habenula, the subcommissural organ, the amygdala, the mammillary bodies and the locus coeruleus. These results suggest that part of the vasopressin- or oxytocin-containing perikarya located in the supraoptic nucleus constitute the cells of origin of axons which also contain these peptides and which have already been shown to be present in the above extrahypothalamic areas. This also implies that, like the paraventricular nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus is also involved in central extrahypothalamic regulations.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1986, author = {Alonso, G. and Szafarczyk, A. and Assenmacher, I.}, title = {Radioautographic evidence that axons from the area of supraoptic nuclei in the rat project to extrahypothalamic brain regions.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1986}, volume = {66}, number = {3}, pages = {251--256}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(86)90027-3} }
Alonso, G., Szafarczyk, A. and Assenmacher, I.	Radioautographic evidence that axons from the area of supraoptic nuclei in the rat project to extrahypothalamic brain regions [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 66(3), pp. 251-256	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The axonal efferents of neurons of the supraoptic nucleus area were studied by radioautography in the rat after discrete stereotaxic injections of [3H]leucine into this nucleus. Beside a densely labeled pathway running from the nucleus to the posterior pituitary through the internal median eminence, several of the visualized labeled axonal bundles were found to project into various extrahypothalamic regions, including the olfactory bulb, the cortex, the lateral habenula, the subcommissural organ, the amygdala, the mammillary bodies and the locus coeruleus. These results suggest that part of the vasopressin- or oxytocin-containing perikarya located in the supraoptic nucleus constitute the cells of origin of axons which also contain these peptides and which have already been shown to be present in the above extrahypothalamic areas. This also implies that, like the paraventricular nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus is also involved in central extrahypothalamic regulations. © 1986.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1986a, author = {Alonso, G. and Szafarczyk, A. and Assenmacher, I.}, title = {Radioautographic evidence that axons from the area of supraoptic nuclei in the rat project to extrahypothalamic brain regions}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1986}, volume = {66}, number = {3}, pages = {251-256}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022549640&partnerID=40&md5=4cf64b03f6c7e9eaf9557e2858285f6c}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(86)90027-3} }
Alonso, J., Coveñas, R., Lara, J., de León, M., Arévalo, R. and Aijón, J.	Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the ganglion cells of the tench terminal nerve [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 106(3), pp. 253-257	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The distribution of substance P (SP) in the olfactory bulb of the tench Tinca tinca was studied by using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Many perikarya and processes of the ganglion cells of the nervus terminalis (NT) were strongly labeled. In addition, SP-like immunopositive fibers were observed in the proximity of these neurons and extending along the olfactory nerves and the olfactory tracts. The ganglion cells of the NT were not immunoreactive for methionine- and leucine-enkephalin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin-8, and tyrosine hydroxylase. © 1989.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1989b, author = {Alonso, J.R. and Coveñas, R. and Lara, J. and de León, M. and Arévalo, R. and Aijón, J.}, title = {Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the ganglion cells of the tench terminal nerve}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1989}, volume = {106}, number = {3}, pages = {253-257}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024355568&partnerID=40&md5=25ac4889d2094c6377e2869cced6e077}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(89)90172-9} }
Alonso, J. and Frotscher, M.	Hippocampo-septal fibers terminate on identified spiny neurons in the lateral septum: A combined Golgi/electron-microscopic and degeneration study in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Cell and Tissue Research Vol. 258(2), pp. 243-246	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Hippocampo-septal fibers, labeled by anterograde degeneration following transection of the fimbriafornix, were found to establish asymmetric synaptic contacts on spines of identified (Golgi-impregnated and gold-toned) multipolar neurons in the dorsolateral nucleus of the septal region. Evidence from the literature suggests that these cells project onto medial septal neurons, which in turn project back to the hippocampal formation. The present study thus establishes a missing link in this circuitry, viz., one group of target cells of the hippocampal fibers. © 1989 Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1989a, author = {Alonso, J.R. and Frotscher, M.}, title = {Hippocampo-septal fibers terminate on identified spiny neurons in the lateral septum: A combined Golgi/electron-microscopic and degeneration study in the rat}, journal = {Cell and Tissue Research}, year = {1989}, volume = {258}, number = {2}, pages = {243-246}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024465960&partnerID=40&md5=2fef972ecedc4a6477e275739bb180fc}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00239444} }
Alonso, J., Sánchez, F., Arévalo, R., Carretero, J., Aijón, J. and Vázquez, R.	CaBP D-28k and NADPH-diaphorase coexistence in the magnocellular neurosecretory nuclei [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	NeuroReport Vol. 3(3), pp. 249-252	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Coexistence of the calcium binding protein calbindin D-28k and NADPH-diaphorase activity was studied in the magnocellular secretory nuclei of the rat hypothalamus using both immunocytochemical and histochemical techniques. Coexistence was found in all the nuclei considered (supraoptic, paraventricular, circularis and fornicals nuclei) with the exception of the hypothalamic area situated between the supraoptic and the paraventricular nuclei. Since both stainings are reliable markers, not based upon the physiological characteristics at a given moment, our study provides a further characterization of the neurons in the magnocellular neurosecretory nuclei. © Rapid Communications of Oxford Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1992, author = {Alonso, J.R. and Sánchez, F. and Arévalo, R. and Carretero, J. and Aijón, J. and Vázquez, R.}, title = {CaBP D-28k and NADPH-diaphorase coexistence in the magnocellular neurosecretory nuclei}, journal = {NeuroReport}, year = {1992}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, pages = {249-252}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026521653&partnerID=40&md5=af5ab2fd9143d88a312fae3073f63734}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199203000-00008} }
Alonso, J.R. and Frotscher, M.	Hippocampo-septal fibers terminate on identified spiny neurons in the lateral septum: a combined Golgi/electron-microscopic and degeneration study in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Cell Tissue Res Vol. 258(2), pp. 243-246School: Institute of Anatomy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany.	article	DOI
Abstract: Hippocampo-septal fibers, labeled by anterograde degeneration following transection of the fimbriafornix, were found to establish asymmetric synaptic contacts on spines of identified (Golgi-impregnated and gold-toned) multipolar neurons in the dorsolateral nucleus of the septal region. Evidence from the literature suggests that these cells project onto medial septal neurons, which in turn project back to the hippocampal formation. The present study thus establishes a missing link in this circuitry, viz., one group of target cells of the hippocampal fibers.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:1989, author = {J. R. Alonso and M. Frotscher}, title = {Hippocampo-septal fibers terminate on identified spiny neurons in the lateral septum: a combined Golgi/electron-microscopic and degeneration study in the rat.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, school = {Institute of Anatomy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany.}, year = {1989}, volume = {258}, number = {2}, pages = {243--246}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00239444} }
Alonso, J.-M.	Neural connections and receptive field properties in the primary visual cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Neuroscientist Vol. 8(5), pp. 443-456School: Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA. alonso@uconnvm.uconn.edu	article
Abstract: A cubic millimeter of primary visual cortex contains about 100,000 neurons that are heavily interconnected by intrinsic and extrinsic afferents. The effort of many neuroanatomists over the past has revealed the general outline of these connections; however, their function remains a mystery. Recently, combined physiological and anatomical approaches are beginning to reveal the role of these connections in the generation of cortical receptive fields. A common theme emerges from all these studies: cortical connections are remarkably specific and this specificity is determined in great extent by the type of connection and the neuronal response properties. Feedforward connections follow relatively rigid rules of wiring selectively targeting neurons with receptive fields matched in position and contrast polarity (thalamus --> cortical layer 4) or position and orientation selectivity (layer 4 --> layers 2 + 3). In contrast, horizontal connections follow more flexible rules connecting distant cells that are not retinotopically aligned and neighboring cells with different orientation preferences. These differences in connectivity may give a hint on how visual stimuli are processed in the primary visual cortex. An attractive hypothesis is that local stimuli use the highly selective feedforward inputs to reliably drive cortical neurons while background stimuli modulate their activity through more flexible horizontal (and feedback) connections.
BibTeX: @article{Alonso:2002, author = {Alonso, Jose-Manuel}, title = {Neural connections and receptive field properties in the primary visual cortex.}, journal = {Neuroscientist}, school = {Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA. alonso@uconnvm.uconn.edu}, year = {2002}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {443--456}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Aloyz, R., Fawcett, J., Kaplan, D., Murphy, R. and Miller, F.	Activity-dependent activation of TrkB neurotrophin receptors in the adult CNS [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Learning and Memory Vol. 6(3), pp. 216-231	article	URL
Abstract: In this paper we have investigated the hypothesis that neural activity causes rapid activation of TrkB neurotrophin receptors in the adult mammalian CNS. These studies demonstrate that kainic acid-induced seizures led to a rapid and transient activation of TrkB receptors in the cortex. Subcellular fractionation demonstrated that these activated Trk receptors were preferentially enriched in the synaptosomal membrane fraction that also contained postsynaptic glutamate receptors. The fast activation of synaptic TrkB receptors could be duplicated in isolated cortical synaptosomes with KCl, presumably as a consequence of depolarization-induced BDNF release. Importantly, TrkB activation was also observed following pharmacological activation of brain-stem noradrenergic neurons, which synthesize and anterogradely transport BDNF; treatment with yohimbine led to activation of cortical TrkB receptors within 30 min. Pharmacological blockade of the postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors with prazosin only partially inhibited this effect, suggesting that the TrkB activation was partially due to a direct effect on postsynaptic cortical neurons. Together, these data support the hypothesis that activity causes release of BDNF from presynaptic terminals, resulting in a rapid activation of postsynaptic TrkB receptors. This activity-dependent TrkB activation could play a major role in morphological growth and remodelling in both the developing and mature nervous systems.
BibTeX: @article{Aloyz:1999, author = {Aloyz, R. and Fawcett, J.P. and Kaplan, D.R. and Murphy, R.A. and Miller, F.D.}, title = {Activity-dependent activation of TrkB neurotrophin receptors in the adult CNS}, journal = {Learning and Memory}, year = {1999}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {216-231}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032876611&partnerID=40&md5=8e5213caabfd6eb9adc5d14000f52a1f} }
Alpeeva, E. and Makarenko, I.	Perinatal development of mammillotegmental connections in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Ontogenez Vol. 38(2), pp. 86-93	article	URL
Abstract: Development of direct axonal connections of the hypothalamic mammillary bodies with ventral and dorsal tegmental nuclei of Gudden was studied on fixed rat brains from day 14 of embryonic development until day 10 of postnatal development using the method of diffusion of the lipophilic fluorescent carbocyanine tracer 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate along the neuronal membranes. The tracer was inserted into the mammillary bodies or into the tegmentum and after incubation in a fixative fluorescent nerve cells and nerve fibers were visualized in the brain tissue. The mammillotegmental tract was found to start developing earlier than other conducting systems of the mammillary bodies. On days 14-15 of embryonic development, it was visualized as a bundle of axons running from the mammillary bodies caudally to the midbrain. A group of neurons in the midbrain tegmentum and their axons going to the mammillary bodies via the mammillary peduncle were first visualized on day 19 of embryonic development. The mammillotegmental tract and mammillary peduncle developed progressively from the moment of birth. Ventral and dorsal tegmental nuclei were formed in the midbrain by day 10 of the postnatal development. Thus, the formation of reciprocal connections of the mammillary bodies with midbrain tegmental nuclei was first described during perinatal development in rats.
BibTeX: @article{Alpeeva:2007a, author = {Alpeeva, E.V. and Makarenko, I.G.}, title = {Perinatal development of mammillotegmental connections in rats}, journal = {Ontogenez}, year = {2007}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, pages = {86-93}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34249717314&partnerID=40&md5=98fef009b3336c4ed3f31909af3eb9b5} }
Alpeeva, E.V. and Makarenko, I.G.	[Perinatal development of mammillotegmental connections in rats]. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Ontogenez Vol. 38(2), pp. 86-93	article	DOI
Abstract: Development of direct axonal connections of the hypothalamic mammillary bodies with ventral and dorsal tegmental nuclei of Gudden was studied on fixed rat brains from day 14 of embryonic development until day 10 of postnatal development using the method of diffusion of the lipophilic fluorescent carbocyanine tracer 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate along the neuronal membranes. The tracer was inserted into the mammillary bodies or into the tegmentum and after incubation in a fixative fluorescent nerve cells and nerve fibers were visualized in the brain tissue. The mammillotegmental tract was found to start developing earlier than other conducting systems of the mammillary bodies. On days 14-15 of embryonic development, it was visualized as a bundle of axons running from the mammillary bodies caudally to the midbrain. A group of neurons in the midbrain tegmentum and their axons going to the mammillary bodies via the mammillary peduncle were first visualized on day 19 of embryonic development. The mammillotegmental tract and mammillary peduncle developed progressively from the moment of birth. Ventral and dorsal tegmental nuclei were formed in the midbrain by day 10 of the postnatal development. Thus, the formation of reciprocal connections of the mammillary bodies with midbrain tegmental nuclei was first described during perinatal development in rats.
BibTeX: @article{Alpeeva:2007, author = {E. V. Alpeeva and I. G. Makarenko}, title = {[Perinatal development of mammillotegmental connections in rats].}, journal = {Ontogenez}, year = {2007}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, pages = {86--93}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1134/s1062360407020026} }
Alpeeva, E.V. and Makarenko, I.G.	Perinatal development of the mammillothalamic tract and innervation of the anterior thalamic nuclei. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Brain Res Vol. 1248, pp. 1-13School: Optical Research Group, Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov str., 119334 Moscow, Russian Federation.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Axonal projections originating from the mammillary bodies represent important pathways that are essential for spatial information processing. Mammillothalamic tract is one of the main efferent projection systems of the mammillary body belonging to the limbic "Papez circuit". This study was aimed to describe the schedule of the mammillothalamic tract development in the rat using carbocyanine dye tracing. It was shown for the first time that fibers of the mammillothalamic tract being the collaterals of the mammillotegmental tract axons start bifurcating from the mammillotegmental tract on E17. The axons of the mammillothalamic tract grow simultaneously and reach the ventral region of the anterior thalamus where they form first terminal arborizations on E20-E21. Ipsilateral projections from the medial mammillary nucleus to the anteromedial and anteroventral thalamic nuclei develop from E20 to P6. Bilateral projections from the lateral mammillary nucleus to the anterodorsal thalamic nuclei develop later, on P3-P6, after the formation of the thalamic decussation of the mammillary body axons. Unique spatial and temporal pattern of the perinatal development of ascending mammillary body projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei may reflect the importance of these connections within the limbic circuitry.
BibTeX: @article{Alpeeva:2009, author = {E. V. Alpeeva and I. G. Makarenko}, title = {Perinatal development of the mammillothalamic tract and innervation of the anterior thalamic nuclei.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Optical Research Group, Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov str., 119334 Moscow, Russian Federation.}, year = {2009}, volume = {1248}, pages = {1--13}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.060}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.060} }
Alpeeva, E.V. and Makarenko, I.G.	Perinatal development of the mammillothalamic tract and innervation of the anterior thalamic nuclei. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Brain research Vol. 1248, pp. 1-13	article
Abstract: Axonal projections originating from the mammillary bodies represent important pathways that are essential for spatial information processing. Mammillothalamic tract is one of the main efferent projection systems of the mammillary body belonging to the limbic "Papez circuit". This study was aimed to describe the schedule of the mammillothalamic tract development in the rat using carbocyanine dye tracing. It was shown for the first time that fibers of the mammillothalamic tract being the collaterals of the mammillotegmental tract axons start bifurcating from the mammillotegmental tract on E17. The axons of the mammillothalamic tract grow simultaneously and reach the ventral region of the anterior thalamus where they form first terminal arborizations on E20-E21. Ipsilateral projections from the medial mammillary nucleus to the anteromedial and anteroventral thalamic nuclei develop from E20 to P6. Bilateral projections from the lateral mammillary nucleus to the anterodorsal thalamic nuclei develop later, on P3-P6, after the formation of the thalamic decussation of the mammillary body axons. Unique spatial and temporal pattern of the perinatal development of ascending mammillary body projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei may reflect the importance of these connections within the limbic circuitry.
BibTeX: @article{Alpeeva:2009a, author = {Alpeeva, E. V. and Makarenko, I. G.}, title = {Perinatal development of the mammillothalamic tract and innervation of the anterior thalamic nuclei.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {2009}, volume = {1248}, pages = {1-13}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Alpini, G., Garrick, R.A., Jones, M.J., Nunes, R. and Tavoloni, N.	Water and nonelectrolyte permeability of isolated rat hepatocytes. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Am J Physiol Vol. 251(6 Pt 1), pp. C872-C882	article	URL
Abstract: We have measured the diffusive permeability coefficients of isolated rat hepatocytes to 3H2O, [14C]urea, [14C]erythritol, [14C]mannitol, [3H]sucrose, and [3H]inulin, employing a technique previously developed for erythrocytes (Redwood et al., J. Gen. Physiol 64:706-729, 1974). Diffusion coefficients for the tracer molecules were measured in packed hepatocytes, supernatant fluid, and intracellular medium (lysed hepatocytes) and were calculated assuming one-dimensional semi-infinite diffusion through a homogeneous medium. By applying the series-parallel pathway model, the following permeability coefficients (10(-5) cm/sec) for the hepatocyte plasma membrane were obtained. 3H2O, 98.6 +/- 18.4; [14C]urea, 18.2 +/- 5.3; [14C]erythritol, 4.8 +/- 1.6; [14C]mannitol, 3.1 +/- 1.4; [3H]sucrose, 0; [3H]inulin, 0. These results indicate that isolated rat hepatocytes are highly permeable to water and polar nonelectrolytes, when compared with other transporting epithelia. This relatively high cellular permeability is consistent with a model in which nonelectrolyte permeation is via an aqueous pathway of equivalent pore diameter of 8-12 A. The finding that [14C]erythritol and [14C]mannitol cross the hepatocyte plasma membrane indicates that these molecules enter the bile canaliculus through the transcellular route. Conversely, the failure of [3H]sucrose and [3H]inulin to permeate the hepatocyte in the isolated condition supports the concept that biliary entry of these large carbohydrates, at least that fraction which cannot be accounted for by a vesicular mechanism, must occur via the transjunctional shunt pathway.
BibTeX: @article{Alpini:1986, author = {Alpini, G. and Garrick, R. A. and Jones, M. J. and Nunes, R. and Tavoloni, N.}, title = {Water and nonelectrolyte permeability of isolated rat hepatocytes.}, journal = {Am J Physiol}, year = {1986}, volume = {251}, number = {6 Pt 1}, pages = {C872--C882}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://ajpcell.physiology.org/content/ajpcell/251/6/C872.full.pdf} }
Alquicer, G., Silva-Gómez, A.B., Peralta, F. and Flores, G.	Neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion alters the dopamine content in the limbic regions in postpubertal rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Int J Dev Neurosci Vol. 22(2), pp. 103-111School: Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur 6301, CP 72570 Puebla, Mexico.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The neonatal ventral Hippocampus (nVH) lesion in rats has been used as a model to test the hypothesis that early neurodevelopmental abnormalities lead to behavioral changes putatively linked to schizophrenia. The schizophrenic patients tend to social isolation. In addition, considerable evidence from behavioral and neurochemistry studies strongly implicate the dopamine (DA) system and the medial part of the prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the pathophysiology of the social isolation syndrome. In order to assess effects of the postweaning social isolation (pwSI) on the DA system of the nVH lesions, we investigated the DA content and its metabolite, DOPAC in different limbic subregions in rats postpubertally at postnatal day (P) 78 following nVH lesions at P7 with and without pwSI for 8 weeks. The DA and DOPAC were measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection. The nVH lesion induces increase in the DA content in the hippocampus with no effect in the mPFC, nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen, while the pwSI induces major increase in the DA content in limbic subregions such as the mPFC, nucleus accumbens and hipocampus with opposite effect in the caudate-putamen. These results suggest that while pwSI has an effect in the postpubertal content of DA in both sham and nVH lesions in rats, the nVH-lesioned rats appear to be affected to a greater extent than the sham animals underscoring the influence of pwSI differences in the development of behaviors in the nVH-lesioned animals.
BibTeX: @article{Alquicer:2004, author = {Alquicer, Glenda and Silva-Gómez, Adriana B. and Peralta, Fernando and Flores, Gonzalo}, title = {Neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion alters the dopamine content in the limbic regions in postpubertal rats.}, journal = {Int J Dev Neurosci}, school = {Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur 6301, CP 72570 Puebla, Mexico.}, year = {2004}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {103--111}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2003.12.003}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2003.12.003} }
Alreja, M. and Aghajanian, G.	Activation of locus coeruleus (LC) neurones by cholera toxin: mediation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Neurosci Lett Vol. 134(1), pp. 113-117School: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508.	article	DOI
Abstract: There is evidence that the tonic pacemaker activity of the noradrenergic pacemaker neurones of the locus coeruleus (LC) depends on endogenous cAMP acting via protein kinase A and its phosphorylation pathway. In this study, we tested the effect of cholera toxin, which produces persistent activation of Gs, on LC firing rates. Bath applied cholera toxin (holotoxin) increased LC firing rates after a lag of 50-110 min. Intracellularly applied A-subunit (active-subunit) but not the B-subunit (binding-subunit) of cholera toxin via low resistance patch electrodes mimicked the excitatory actions of bath-applied holotoxin but without its lag period. The effects of both bath-applied and intracellularly applied cholera toxin A-subunit were blocked by intracellular applications of a specific cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor (PKI5-24). We conclude that persistent activation of Gs by cholera toxin (A-subunit) increases LC firing rates via the cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation pathway.
BibTeX: @article{Alreja:1991, author = {Alreja, M and Aghajanian, GK}, title = {Activation of locus coeruleus (LC) neurones by cholera toxin: mediation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, school = {Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508.}, year = {1991}, volume = {134}, number = {1}, pages = {113--117}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(91)90520-4} }
Alreja, M. and Aghajanian, G.	Use of the whole-cell patch-clamp method in studies on the role of cAMP in regulating the spontaneous firing of locus coeruleus neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	J Neurosci Methods Vol. 59(1), pp. 67-75School: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508, USA.	article	URL
Abstract: The whole-cell patch-clamp technique represents a major advance over conventional intracellular recordings in the study of the modulation of ion channels by intracellular messengers. This report illustrates how application of the whole-cell technique to noradrenergic neurons of the rat locus coeruleus in brain slices has led to the finding that cAMP via its phosphorylation pathway modulates tonic pacemaking in these neurons. In the studies to be described, the particular advantage of the whole-cell technique was that it allowed introduction of macromolecules related to the cAMP pathway (e.g., protein kinase inhibitor and protein kinase A) directly into cells. Furthermore, these studies were carried out in situ, in thick brain slices allowing a direct comparison with a large body of existing extracellular and intracellular data obtained under similar conditions.
BibTeX: @article{Alreja:1995, author = {Alreja, M and Aghajanian, GK}, title = {Use of the whole-cell patch-clamp method in studies on the role of cAMP in regulating the spontaneous firing of locus coeruleus neurons.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, school = {Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508, USA.}, year = {1995}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, pages = {67--75}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(94)00195-M} }
Alreja, M., Wu, M., Liu, W., Atkins, J., Leranth, C. and Shanabrough, M.	Muscarinic tone sustains impulse flow in the septohippocampal GABA but not cholinergic pathway: Implications for learning and memory [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 20(21), pp. 8103-8110	article	URL
Abstract: Systemic infusions of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists atropine and scopolamine (atr/scop) produce an amnesic syndrome in humans, subhuman primates, and rodents. In humans, this syndrome may resemble early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Behavioral studies in rats have demonstrated that the medial septum/diagonal band of Broca (MSDB), which sends cholinergic and GABAergic projections to the hippocampus, is a critical locus in mediating the amnesic effects of atr/scop. The amnesic effects of atr/scop in the MSDB have been presumed but not proven to be caused by a decrease in hippocampal acetylcholine (ACh) release after blockade of a muscarinic tone in the MSDB. Using electrophysiological recordings and fluorescent-labeling techniques to identify living septohippocampal neurons in rat brain slices, we now report that, contrary to current belief, a blockade of the muscarinic tone in the MSDB does not decrease impulse flow in the septohippocampal cholinergic pathway; instead, it decreases impulse flow in the septohippocampal GABAergic pathway via M3 muscarinic receptors. We also report that the muscarinic tone in the MSDB is maintained by ACh that is released locally, presumably via axon collaterals of septohippocampal cholinergic neurons. As such, cognitive deficits that occur in various neurodegenerative disorders that are associated with a loss or atrophy of septohippocampal cholinergic neurons cannot be attributed solely to a decrease in hippocampal acetylcholine release. An additional, possibly more important mechanism may be the concomitant decrease in septohippocampal GABA release and a subsequent disruption in disinhibitory mechanisms in the hippocampus. Restoration of impulse flow in the septohippocampal GABA pathway, possibly via M3 receptor agonists, may, therefore, be critical for successful treatment of cognitive deficits associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
BibTeX: @article{Alreja:2000, author = {Alreja, M. and Wu, M. and Liu, W. and Atkins, J.B. and Leranth, C. and Shanabrough, M.}, title = {Muscarinic tone sustains impulse flow in the septohippocampal GABA but not cholinergic pathway: Implications for learning and memory}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2000}, volume = {20}, number = {21}, pages = {8103-8110}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034329324&partnerID=40&md5=4893bf4f27cfba7f009904042375fbee} }
al-Shamma, H.A. and Arnold, A.P.	Importance of target innervation in recovery from axotomy-induced loss of androgen receptor in rat perineal motoneurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	J Neurobiol Vol. 28(3), pp. 341-353School: Department of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1527, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In adult male rats, axotomy of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) motoneurons transiently down-regulates androgen receptor (AR) immunoreactivity. The present study investigates the importance of target reinnervation in the recovery of AR expression in axotomized SNB motoneurons after short (up to 5 days) and long (1 to 6 weeks) periods of recovery. In the long-term recovery experiment, animals were divided into two groups. In one, the two stumps of the cut pudendal nerve, which carries the axons of the SNB motoneurons, were sutured together immediately after axotomy. In the second group, the proximal stump was ligated immediately after axotomy to prevent target reinnervation. Axotomy of the SNB motoneurons caused a significant down-regulation in AR immunoreactivity within 3 days. At 6 weeks, AR immunoreactivity was still depressed in ligated animals but had recovered to control levels in resutured animals. The recovery in the resutured group was coincident with the first signs of reinnervation of the target perineal muscles, although reinnervation seemed to lag behind AR immunoreactivity. SNB soma size was significantly reduced 2 weeks after axotomy and returned to control levels after 6 weeks of recovery only in the resutured animals. These findings suggest that the target perineal muscles play a role in the regulation of AR expression and androgen sensitivity in the SNB motoneurons, perhaps mediated by muscle-derived trophic factors.
BibTeX: @article{Shamma:1995, author = {al-Shamma, H. A. and Arnold, A. P.}, title = {Importance of target innervation in recovery from axotomy-induced loss of androgen receptor in rat perineal motoneurons.}, journal = {J Neurobiol}, school = {Department of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1527, USA.}, year = {1995}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {341--353}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/neu.480280307}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/neu.480280307} }
Al-Shamma, H. and De Vries, G.	Fiber outgrowth from fetal vasopressin neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and medial amygdaloid nucleus transplanted into adult Brattleboro rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Developmental Brain Research Vol. 64(1-2), pp. 200-204	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Outgrowth of fibers from different types of vasopressin (AVP) neurons was compared in the brains of AVP-deficient Brattleboro rats. Fetal grafts of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), and the medial amygdaloid nucleus (MA) were implanted into the lateral ventricle. AVP-immunoreactive fibers from all grafts entered the host tissue in the lateral septum. SCN fibers were confined to the lateral margin of the septum. In contrast, MA and BST fibers formed equally dense networks spanning the width of the lateral septum. The data suggest that these transplanted neurons show specific outgrowth, and that the phylogenetically related BST and MA neurons follow similar cues to reach their targets. © 1991.
BibTeX: @article{Al-Shamma:1991a, author = {Al-Shamma, H.A. and De Vries, G.J.}, title = {Fiber outgrowth from fetal vasopressin neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and medial amygdaloid nucleus transplanted into adult Brattleboro rats}, journal = {Developmental Brain Research}, year = {1991}, volume = {64}, number = {1-2}, pages = {200-204}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025840153&partnerID=40&md5=cee0ff92c1a6d873cbff5c422e3038ce}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(91)90226-9} }
Al-Shamma, H., Numan, S., Bullock, N. and Vries, G.D.	A comparison of the efferents of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdaloid nucleus [BibTeX]	1991	Vol. 17Society For Neuroscience Abstracts, pp. 472	inproceedings
BibTeX: @inproceedings{Al-Shamma:1991, author = {H.A. Al-Shamma and S. Numan and N.A. Bullock and G.J. De Vries}, title = {A comparison of the efferents of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdaloid nucleus}, booktitle = {Society For Neuroscience Abstracts}, year = {1991}, volume = {17}, pages = {472} }
Alsmadi, N., Patil, L., Hor, E., Lofti, P., Razal, J., Chuong, C.-J., Wallace, G. and Romero-Ortega, M.	Coiled polymeric growth factor gradients for multi-luminal neural chemotaxis [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Brain Research Vol. 1619, pp. 72-83	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In the injured adult nervous system, re-establishment of growth-promoting molecular gradients is known to entice and guide nerve repair. However, incorporation of three-dimensional chemotactic gradients in nerve repair scaffolds, particularly in those with multi-luminal architectures, remains extremely challenging. We developed a method that establishes highly tunable three-dimensional molecular gradients in multi-luminal nerve guides by anchoring growth-factor releasing coiled polymeric fibers onto the walls of collagen-filled hydrogel microchannels. Differential pitch in the coiling of neurotrophin-eluting fibers generated sustained chemotactic gradients that appropriately induced the differentiation of Pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells into neural-like cells along an increasing concentration of nerve growth factor (NGF). Computer modeling estimated the stability of the molecular gradient within the luminal collagen, which we confirmed by observing the significant effects of neurotrophin gradients on axonal growth from dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Neurons growing in microchannels exposed to a NGF gradient showed a 60% increase in axonal length compared to those treated with a linear growth factor concentration. In addition, a two-fold increment in the linearity of axonal growth within the microchannels was observed and confirmed by a significant reduction in the turning angle ratios of individual axons. These data demonstrate the ability of growth factor-loaded polymeric coiled fibers to establish three-dimensional chemotactic gradients to promote and direct nerve regeneration in the nervous system and provides a unique platform for molecularly guided tissue repair.
BibTeX: @article{Alsmadi:2015, author = {Alsmadi, N.Z. and Patil, L.S. and Hor, E.M. and Lofti, P. and Razal, J.M. and Chuong, C.-J. and Wallace, G.G. and Romero-Ortega, M.I.}, title = {Coiled polymeric growth factor gradients for multi-luminal neural chemotaxis}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2015}, volume = {1619}, pages = {72-83}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84928183039&partnerID=40&md5=d2bcb9d8fa2faad9d2f7bfdadb9878f2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.01.055} }
Altan, M.F.	Effects of Nigella sativa and human parathyroid hormone on bone mass and strength in diabetic rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Biol Trace Elem Res Vol. 116(3), pp. 321-328School: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Zonguldak, Turkey.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Osteoporosis is a major complication in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), particularly in those with insulin dependency. Recently, many therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa L. (NS) extracts have been exhibited such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antidiabetic with clinical and experimental studies. Mechanical strength in the femur and vertebrae increases with human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) treatment. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that combined treatment with NS and hPTH is more effective than treatment with NS or hPTH alone in improving bone mass, connectivity, and biomechanical behavior using the finite element method (FEM) in insulin-dependent diabetic rats. In the mechanical analysis, five rat bones (control, diabetic diabetic NS treated, diabetic hPTH treated, and diabetic NS + hPTH treated) have been studied for bending analysis using the finite element analysis program ANSYS. Combined treatment of NS and hPTH was more effective on bone histomorphometry and mechanical strength than treatment with NS or hPTH alone for streptozotocin-induced diabetic osteopenia, which notably decreased bone volume.
BibTeX: @article{Altan:2007, author = {Altan, Mehmet Fatih}, title = {Effects of Nigella sativa and human parathyroid hormone on bone mass and strength in diabetic rats.}, journal = {Biol Trace Elem Res}, school = {Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Zonguldak, Turkey.}, year = {2007}, volume = {116}, number = {3}, pages = {321--328}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02698016}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02698016} }
Altar, A., Neve, K.A., Loughlin, S.E., Marshall, J.F. and Fallon, J.H.	The crossed mesostriatal projection: neurochemistry and developmental response to lesion. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Brain Res Vol. 279(1-2), pp. 1-8	article	DOI
Abstract: The projections of substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (SN-VTA) neurons to either the ipsilateral or contralateral caudate-putamen (CP) were studied in intact and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats, using both retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes and measurements of dopamine concentration. After unilateral CP injections of nuclear yellow or granular blue in intact 6- or 30-day-old rats, approximately 1% of the retrogradely labeled cells were located in the contralateral SN-VTA. In 6- or 30-day-old rats which had been injected with 6-hydroxydopamine in the left lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) at 1 day of age, the extent of cell labeling of both the uncrossed projection in the right hemisphere and the crossed projection originating in the left SN-VTA was normal. However, the number of labeled cells of the uncrossed pathway of the left side and the crossed pathway originating in the right SN-VTA were markedly decreased by the lesion, indicating that the crossed nigrostriatal cells decussate before they reach the LHA. The 6-hydroxydopamine-induced decreases in SN-VTA labeling of both the crossed and uncrossed pathway closely matched the degree of dopamine depletion in the lesioned CP at 6 days of age and at 30 days of age. A partial recovery of both measures occurred between days 6 and 30. Thus, retrograde labeling of SN-VTA cells and at 30 days of age. A partial recovery of both measures occurred between days 6 and 30. Thus, retrograde labeling of SN-VTA cells with fluorescent dyes provided a quantitative measure of the dopaminergic innervation of the neostriatum in both the uncrossed and crossed pathways.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Altar:1983, author = {Altar, A. and Neve, K. A. and Loughlin, S. E. and Marshall, J. F. and Fallon, J. H.}, title = {The crossed mesostriatal projection: neurochemistry and developmental response to lesion.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {279}, number = {1-2}, pages = {1--8}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(83)90157-9} }
Altar, A., Neve, K.A., Loughlin, S.E., Marshall, J.F. and Fallon, J.H.	The crossed mesostriatal projection: neurochemistry and developmental response to lesion. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Brain research Vol. 279, pp. 1-8	article
Abstract: The projections of substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (SN-VTA) neurons to either the ipsilateral or contralateral caudate-putamen (CP) were studied in intact and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats, using both retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes and measurements of dopamine concentration. After unilateral CP injections of nuclear yellow or granular blue in intact 6- or 30-day-old rats, approximately 1% of the retrogradely labeled cells were located in the contralateral SN-VTA. In 6- or 30-day-old rats which had been injected with 6-hydroxydopamine in the left lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) at 1 day of age, the extent of cell labeling of both the uncrossed projection in the right hemisphere and the crossed projection originating in the left SN-VTA was normal. However, the number of labeled cells of the uncrossed pathway of the left side and the crossed pathway originating in the right SN-VTA were markedly decreased by the lesion, indicating that the crossed nigrostriatal cells decussate before they reach the LHA. The 6-hydroxydopamine-induced decreases in SN-VTA labeling of both the crossed and uncrossed pathway closely matched the degree of dopamine depletion in the lesioned CP at 6 days of age and at 30 days of age. A partial recovery of both measures occurred between days 6 and 30. Thus, retrograde labeling of SN-VTA cells and at 30 days of age. A partial recovery of both measures occurred between days 6 and 30. Thus, retrograde labeling of SN-VTA cells with fluorescent dyes provided a quantitative measure of the dopaminergic innervation of the neostriatum in both the uncrossed and crossed pathways.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Altar:1983a, author = {Altar, A. and Neve, K. A. and Loughlin, S. E. and Marshall, J. F. and Fallon, J. H.}, title = {The crossed mesostriatal projection: neurochemistry and developmental response to lesion.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1983}, volume = {279}, pages = {1-8}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Altar, C.A. and Bakhit, C.	Receptor-mediated transport of human recombinant nerve growth factor from olfactory bulb to forebrain cholinergic nuclei. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Brain Res Vol. 541(1), pp. 82-88School: Developmental Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080.	article	DOI
Abstract: Receptors for nerve growth factor are present in the olfactory bulb and in cholinergic nuclei that send projections to the olfactory bulb. The retrograde transport of 125I-labeled recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF) was demonstrated in the rat 18 h following an injection of [125I]rhNGF into the left olfactory bulb. In each of six animals, [125I]rhNGF label was observed in the ipsilateral horizontal limb of the diagonal band and, in four of the 6 animals, in the vertical limb of the diagonal band. Label was not observed in any other brain region except within the injected olfactory bulb. The transport of label to the diagonal band was blocked by the injection of 170-fold greater concentration of unlabeled rhNGF. Emulsion autoradiography of hematoxylin/eosin counterstained sections revealed silver grains clustered over numerous cell profiles that resembled neurons. In contrast, cerebellar injections of [125I]rhNGF, with or without unlabeled rhNGF, did not label diagonal band neurons, nor the lateral vestibular or red nuclei, from which originate the primary cholinergic afferents to cerebellum. The receptor-dependent transport of NGF from olfactory bulb to forebrain cholinergic nuclei suggests that this projection, unlike pontomesencephalic cholinergic pathways, may be responsive to endogenous NGF or exogenously administered rhNGF.
BibTeX: @article{Altar:1991, author = {C. A. Altar and C. Bakhit}, title = {Receptor-mediated transport of human recombinant nerve growth factor from olfactory bulb to forebrain cholinergic nuclei.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Developmental Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080.}, year = {1991}, volume = {541}, number = {1}, pages = {82-88}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(91)91077-e} }
Altar, C.A., Cai, N., Bliven, T., Juhasz, M., Conner, J.M., Acheson, A.L., Lindsay, R.M. and Wiegand, S.J.	Anterograde transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its role in the brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Nature Vol. 389(6653), pp. 856-860School: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The role of neurotrophins as target-derived proteins that promote neuron survival following their retrograde transport from the terminals to the cell bodies of neurons has been firmly established in the developing peripheral nervous system. However, neurotrophins appear to have more diverse functions, particularly in the adult central nervous system. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), for example, produces a variety of neuromodulatory effects in the brain that are more consistent with local actions than with long-distance retrograde signalling. Here we show that BDNF is widely distributed in nerve terminals, even in brain areas such as the striatum that lack BDNF messenger RNA, and that inhibition of axonal transport or deafferentation depletes BDNF. The number of striatal neurons that contain the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin was decreased in BDNF+/- and BDNF-/- mice in direct proportion to the loss of BDNF protein, which is consistent with anterogradely supplied BDNF having a functional role in development or maintenance. Thus the anterograde transport of BDNF from neuron cell bodies to their terminals may be important for the trafficking of BDNF in the brain.
BibTeX: @article{Altar:1997, author = {Altar, C. A. and Cai, N. and Bliven, T. and Juhasz, M. and Conner, J. M. and Acheson, A. L. and Lindsay, R. M. and Wiegand, S. J.}, title = {Anterograde transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its role in the brain.}, journal = {Nature}, school = {Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA.}, year = {1997}, volume = {389}, number = {6653}, pages = {856--860}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/39885}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/39885} }
Altman, J. and Bayer, S.	Prolonged sojourn of developing pyramidal cells in the intermediate zone of the hippocampus and their settling in the stratum pyramidale [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Journal of Comparative Neurology Vol. 301(3), pp. 343-364	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In radiograms of rat embryos that received a single dose of [3H] thymidine between days E16 and E20 and were killed 24 hours after the injection, the heavily labeled cells (those that ceased to multiply soon after the injection) form a horizontal layer in the intermediate zone of the hippocampus, called the inferior band. The fate of these heavily labeled cells was traced in radiograms of the dorsal hippocampus in embryos that received [3H] thymidine on day E18 and were killed at different intervals thereafter. Two hours after injection the labeled proliferative cells are located in the Ammonic neuroepithelium. The heavily labeled cells that leave the neuroepithelium and aggregate in the inferior band 1 day after the injection become progressively displaced toward the stratum pyramidale 2–3 days later, and penetrate the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 region on the 4th day. In the stratum pyramidale of the CA3 region, farther removed from the Ammonic neuroepithelium, the heavily labeled cells are still sojourning in the intermediate zone 4 days after labeling. Observations in methacrylate sections suggest that two morphogenetic features of the developing hippocampus may contribute to the long sojourn of young pyramidal cells in the intermediate zone: the way in which the stratum pyramidale forms and the way in which the alveolar channels develop. The stratum pyramidale of the CA1 region forms before that of the CA3 region, which is the reverse of the neurogenetic gradient in the production of pyramidal cells. We hypothesize that this is so because the pyramidal cells destined to settle in the CA3 region, which will be contacted by granule cells axons (the mossy fibers), have to await the formation of the granular layer on days E21–E22. Concordant with this is the observation that the hippocampal intermediate zone, which contains the sojourning young pyramidal cells, greatly enlarges between days E16 and E20, then suddenly diminishes and disappears by day E22. The other factor that may contribute to the prolonged sojourn of pyramidal cells, specifically those destined to settle in the CA1 region, is the pattern of alveolar channel development. This transient extracellular matrix begins to form several days after the onset of pyramidal cell neurogenesis, grows in a direction opposite to the settling of pyramidal cells in the stratum pyramidale, and does not reach the subicular end of Ammon's horn until day E21. We postulate that the CA1 pyramidal cells may have to wait in the intermediate zone for the formation of the alveolar channels, which are gradually filled with axons (as yet of unknown origin), before they can settle in the stratum pyramidale. Copyright © 1990 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Altman:1990, author = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S.A.}, title = {Prolonged sojourn of developing pyramidal cells in the intermediate zone of the hippocampus and their settling in the stratum pyramidale}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, year = {1990}, volume = {301}, number = {3}, pages = {343-364}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025088799&partnerID=40&md5=6340b2f6c8189f1852ebc7a70015c4c0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903010303} }
Altman, J. and Bayer, S.A.	Prenatal development of the cerebellar system in the rat. II. Cytogenesis and histogenesis of the inferior olive, pontine gray, and the precerebellar reticular nuclei. [BibTeX]	1978	J Comp Neurol Vol. 179(1), pp. 49-75	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{Altman:1978, author = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Prenatal development of the cerebellar system in the rat. II. Cytogenesis and histogenesis of the inferior olive, pontine gray, and the precerebellar reticular nuclei.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1978}, volume = {179}, number = {1}, pages = {49--75}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901790105}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901790105} }
Altman, J. and Bayer, S.A.	Development of the brain stem in the rat. III. Thymidine-radiographic study of the time of origin of neurons of the vestibular and auditory nuclei of the upper medulla. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1980	J Comp Neurol Vol. 194(4), pp. 877-904	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational days 12 and 13 (E12 + 13) until the day before parturition (E21 + 22). In adult progeny of the injected rats the proportion of neurons generated on specific embryonic days was determined quantitatively in the vestibular and auditory nuclei of the upper medulla. In the vestibular nuclei, neurons are generated between days E11 and E15 in an overlapping sequential order, yielding a lateral-to-medial and a rostral-to-caudal internuclear gradient. In the lateral vestibular nucleus peak production time is day E12; in the superior nucleus, E13; in the inferior nucleus, E13 and E14; and in the medial nucleus, E14. The early generation of neurons of the lateral vestibular nucleus may reflect the early differentiation of the circuit from the gravity receptors (utricle) to neurons of the spinal cord controlling postural balance. The later production of neurons of the superior vestibular nucleus may reflect the subsequent differentiation of the circuit from the rotational receptors (semicircular canals) to the neurons of the brain stem controlling eye movements. The generation time of neurons of the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi overlaps with that of the medial vestibular nucleus. The neurons of the anteroventral and posteroventral cochlear nuclei are produced from days E13 to E17, with no temporal differences between the two nuclei. The neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus are generated over a very long time span, beginning on day E12 and extending into the postnatal period. There is a sequence in the production of neurons forming the different layers of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in the following order: pyramidal cells, cells of the inner layer, cells of the outer layer and, finally, cells of the granular layer. There is also a sequential production of neurons in four nuclei of the superior olivary complex. In the lateral trapezoid nucleus peak production time is day E12; in the medial superior olivary nucleus, day E13; in the medial trapezoid nucleus, day E15; and in the lateral superior olivary nucleus, day E16. This order yields a medial-to-lateral gradient in the dorsal aspect of the superior olivary complex, and a lateral-to-medial gradient ventrally. These mirror-image gradients were also seen intranuclearly in the lateral superior olivary nucleus and the medial trapezoid nucleus. The cytogenetic gradients could not be related to tonotopic representation; however, they could be related to the lateral location of ipsilateral cochlear nucleus input to the lateral superior olivary nucleus and the medial location of the contralateral cochlear nucleus input to the medial trapezoid nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Altman:1980, author = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Development of the brain stem in the rat. III. Thymidine-radiographic study of the time of origin of neurons of the vestibular and auditory nuclei of the upper medulla.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1980}, volume = {194}, number = {4}, pages = {877--904}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901940410}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901940410} }
Altman, J. and Bayer, S.A.	Development of the brain stem in the rat. II. Thymidine-radiographic study of the time of origin of neurons of the upper medulla, excluding the vestibular and auditory nuclei. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1980	J Comp Neurol Vol. 194(1), pp. 37-56	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational days 12 and 13 (E12 + 13) until the day before birth (E21 + 22). In radiographs from adult progeny of these rats the proportion of neurons generated on specific days was determined in the major nuclei of the upper medulla, with the exception of the vestibular and auditory nuclei. The neurons of the motor nuclei are generated over a brief period. Neurons of the retrofacial nucleus are produced first, with more than 60% of the cells arising on day E11 or earlier. Peak generation time of abducens neurons is day E12 and of the neurons of the facial nucleus is day E13. In contrast, the neurons of the superior salivatory nucleus are produced late, predominantly on day E15 and some on day E16. The generation of the (sensory relay) neurons of the nucleus oralis of the trigeminal complex takes place over an extended period between days E12 and E15; the last generated cells include the largest neurons of this nucleus. Neurons of the raphe magnus are produced between days E11 and E14, the neurons of the rostral medullary reticular formation between days E12 and E15. The latest generated neurons of the upper medulla (excluding the cochlear nuclei) belong to a structure identified as the granular layer of the raphe. Combining these results with those of the preceding paper (Altman and Bayer, '80a) and with additional data, it is postulated that the laterally and ventrally situated motor nucleus of the trigeminal, the facial nucleus, and the nucleus ambiguous form a single longitudinal zone of branchial motor neurons with a rostral-to-caudal cytogenetic gradient. In contrast, the medially and dorsally situated (juxtaventricular) hypoglossal nucleus and abducens nucleus (together with the other nuclei of the ocular muscles) form a longitudinal somatic motor zone with a caudal-to-rostral gradient. The dorsal nucleus of the vagus and the superior salivatory nucleus may constitute a preganglionic motor zone, also with a caudal-to-rostral cytogenetic gradient.
BibTeX: @article{Altman:1980a, author = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Development of the brain stem in the rat. II. Thymidine-radiographic study of the time of origin of neurons of the upper medulla, excluding the vestibular and auditory nuclei.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1980}, volume = {194}, number = {1}, pages = {37--56}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901940103}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901940103} }
Altman, J. and Bayer, S.A.	Time of origin of neurons of the rat superior colliculus in relation to other components of the visual and visuomotor pathways. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	Exp Brain Res Vol. 42(3-4), pp. 424-434	article	DOI
Abstract: Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational day 12 and 13 (E12 + E13) until the day before parturition (E21 + 22) in order to label all the multiplying precursors of neurons. At 60 days of age the proportion of neurons generated (or no longer labelled) on specific days was determined in the separate layers of the superiorr colliculus. Neurogenesis begins with layers V and IV on day E12; the bulk (87 of these cells are generated on day E13. This early-produced band of large neurons, the intermediate magnocellular zone, divides the superior colliculus into two cytogenetically distinct regions. In both the deep and the superficial superior colliculus neuron production is relatively protracted. In the deep superior colliculus neuron production peaks on day E15 in lay VII, on day E15 and E16 in lay VI, and on day E16 (the large neurons excluded) in layer V, indicating an inside-out sequence. In the superficial superio coliculus peak production time of both layer I and II is on day E16 but in the latter region neuron production is more prolonged and ends on day E18. One interpretation of these results is that the two pairs of superficial layers are produced in an outside-in sequence. These three cytogenetic subdivisions of the superior colliculus may be correlated with its structural-functional parcellation into an efferent spinotectal, a deep somatomotor and a superficial visual component. A comparison of neurogenesis in different components of the visuomotor and visual pathways of the rat indicates that the motor neurons of the extraocular muscles, the abducens, trochlear and oculomotor nuclei, and neurons of the nucleus of Darkschewitsch are produced first. Next in line are source neurons of efferents to the bulb and the spinal cord: those of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and the intermediate magnocellular zone of the superior colliculus. These are followed by the relay neurons of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body. The neurons of the superficial superior colliculus and of the visual cortex implicated in visual sensori-motor integrations are produced last.
BibTeX: @article{Altman:1981, author = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Time of origin of neurons of the rat superior colliculus in relation to other components of the visual and visuomotor pathways.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1981}, volume = {42}, number = {3-4}, pages = {424--434}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00237507} }
Altman, J. and Bayer, S.A.	Time of origin of neurons of the rat inferior colliculus and the relations between cytogenesis and tonotopic order in the auditory pathway. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	Exp Brain Res Vol. 42(3-4), pp. 411-423	article	DOI
Abstract: Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational day 12 and 13 (E12+13) until the day before parturition (E21+22) in order to label in their embryos the proliferating precursors of neurons. At 60 days of age the proportion of neurons generated (or no longer labelled) on specific embryonic days was determined quantitatively in six vertical strips of the inferior colliculus. It was established that the neurons of the inferior colliculus are produced between days E14 and the perinatal period in an orderly sequence: the earliest generated cells are situated rostrally, laterally and ventrally in the principal nucleus, the latest generated cells are situated caudally, medially and dorsally in the pericentral nucleus. This cytogenetic gradient suggested that the cells are produced dorsally in the caudal recess of the embryonic aqueduct and are deployed in an "outside-in" pattern. This study has brought to a conclusion our datings of neuron production in the central auditory pathway of the rat. The results revealed that in those structures in which a cytogenetic gradient could be recognized, the orientation of this gradient and the regional tonotopic order (demonstrated mostly in species other than the rat) tended to be aligned. Moreover, with the exception of the medial trapezoid nucleus and the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (which receive contralateral input from the cochlear nuclei), sites with early-produced neurons correlated with units responding preferentially to high frequency tones and vice versa. This suggested that the orderly production of neurons within different components of the auditory system is a factor in their subsequent topographic organization. A comparison of the temporal order of neuron production in different components of the auditory pathway suggested that the establishment of orderly topographic relations between some of the structures (e.g., the medial geniculate body and the primary auditory cortex) takes place before this spatial relationship could be specified as a cochleotopic order.
BibTeX: @article{Altman:1981a, author = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Time of origin of neurons of the rat inferior colliculus and the relations between cytogenesis and tonotopic order in the auditory pathway.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1981}, volume = {42}, number = {3-4}, pages = {411--423}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00237506} }
Altman, J. and Bayer, S.A.	Embryonic development of the rat cerebellum. II. Translocation and regional distribution of the deep neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	J Comp Neurol Vol. 231(1), pp. 27-41	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In thymidine radiograms and plastic-embedded sections, the migration of cerebellar deep neurons was traced from their germinal source to their final settling sites. The route proved to be roundabout and three developmental events could be distinguished during the process. First, between days E14 and E16, transversely oriented cells of the nuclear transitory zone move in an arc from the ventrolateral neuroepithelium of the lateral cerebellar primordium in a medial direction. Second, between days E16 and E18, the cells of the rostral component of the nuclear transitory zone assume a longitudinal orientation. We postulated that this is the period of axonogenesis, the longitudinally oriented cells issuing efferents that join the superior cerebellar peduncle ipsilaterally and the transversely oriented cells (representing the neurons of the caudal fastigial nucleus) sending decussating fibers to the uncinate fasciculus (the hook bundle of Russell). Third, between days E18 and E21, the earlier-produced superficial cells of the nuclear transitory zone and the later-produced deep cells of the cortical transitory zone (the young Purkinje cells) exchange positions. The descent of the deep neurons is in the direction of the fibers of the inferior cerebellar peduncle, which becomes distributed throughout the cerebellum on day E17. The ascent of the Purkinje cells is in the direction of the external germinal layer, which begins to spread from caudal to rostral on day E17. The three deep nuclei, the lateral (dentate), interpositus, and medial (fastigial), can be distinguished before their descent into the depth of the cerebellum, and by day E22 a small-celled and a large-celled subdivision is identifiable in each nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Altman:1985, author = {J. Altman and S. A. Bayer}, title = {Embryonic development of the rat cerebellum. II. Translocation and regional distribution of the deep neurons.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1985}, volume = {231}, number = {1}, pages = {27-41}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902310104}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902310104} }
Altman, J. and Bayer, S.A.	Embryonic development of the rat cerebellum. II. Translocation and regional distribution of the deep neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 231, pp. 27-41	article
Abstract: In thymidine radiograms and plastic-embedded sections, the migration of cerebellar deep neurons was traced from their germinal source to their final settling sites. The route proved to be roundabout and three developmental events could be distinguished during the process. First, between days E14 and E16, transversely oriented cells of the nuclear transitory zone move in an arc from the ventrolateral neuroepithelium of the lateral cerebellar primordium in a medial direction. Second, between days E16 and E18, the cells of the rostral component of the nuclear transitory zone assume a longitudinal orientation. We postulated that this is the period of axonogenesis, the longitudinally oriented cells issuing efferents that join the superior cerebellar peduncle ipsilaterally and the transversely oriented cells (representing the neurons of the caudal fastigial nucleus) sending decussating fibers to the uncinate fasciculus (the hook bundle of Russell). Third, between days E18 and E21, the earlier- produced superficial cells of the nuclear transitory zone and the later-produced deep cells of the cortical transitory zone (the young Purkinje cells) exchange positions. The descent of the deep neurons is in the direction of the fibers of the inferior cerebellar peduncle, which becomes distributed throughout the cerebellum on day E17. The ascent of the Purkinje cells is in the direction of the external germinal layer, which begins to spread from caudal to rostral on day E17. The three deep nuclei, the lateral (dentate), interpositus, and medial (fastigial), can be distinguished before their descent into the depth of the cerebellum, and by day E22 a small-celled and a large-celled subdivision is identifiable in each nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Altman:1985a, author = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Embryonic development of the rat cerebellum. II. Translocation and regional distribution of the deep neurons.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1985}, volume = {231}, pages = {27-41}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Altman, J. and Bayer, S.A.	Development of the precerebellar nuclei in the rat: III. The posterior precerebellar extramural migratory stream and the lateral reticular and external cuneate nuclei. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	J Comp Neurol Vol. 257(4), pp. 513-528School: Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Sequential thymidine radiograms from rats injected on day E15 and killed thereafter at daily intervals up to day E22 were analyzed to trace the migratory routes and settling patterns of neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus and the external cuneate nucleus. The neurons of the lateral reticular and external cuneate nuclei originate in the primary precerebellar neuroepithelium at the same site as the inferior olivary neurons but follow a different migratory route. The labeled young neurons that are produced on day E15 (the last one-third of the total) join the posterior precerebellar extramural migratory stream. The cells move circumferentially over the wall of the medulla in a ventral direction and by day E17 reach the midline and cross it beneath the inferior olive. The crossing cells apparently continue to migrate circumferentially on the opposite side. One complement of these cells begins to form a ventrolateral extramural condensation on day E19. By day E20 some cells begin to penetrate the parenchyma and settle as neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus. The settling of the lateral reticular neurons continues on the following day, and by day E22 all the cells destined for the lateral reticular nucleus have penetrated the parenchyma. A dorsomedial-to-ventrolateral neurogenetic gradient is indicated for the settling lateral reticular neurons. Another complement of migrating cells continues dorsally and forms a condensation on day E19 that we interpret as the external cuneate component of the crossed stream. These cells begin to penetrate the parenchyma on day E20, and by days E21 and E22 two components of the external cuneate nucleus are identifiable-the dorsal and ventral external cuneate nuclei. The neurons of the lateral reticular and external cuneate nuclei differ from neurons of all the other precerebellar nuclei in that their cerebellar projection is predominantly ipsilateral. We speculate that the axons of all precerebellar neurons are genetically specified to cross the midline ventrally to provide a contralateral efferent projection, but this is modified in the case of the ipsilaterally projecting lateral reticular and external cuneate neurons by the cell bodies following their neurites to the opposite side.
BibTeX: @article{Altman:1987, author = {J. Altman and S. A. Bayer}, title = {Development of the precerebellar nuclei in the rat: III. The posterior precerebellar extramural migratory stream and the lateral reticular and external cuneate nuclei.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.}, year = {1987}, volume = {257}, number = {4}, pages = {513-528}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902570404}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902570404} }
Altman, J. and Bayer, S.A.	Development of the precerebellar nuclei in the rat: IV. The anterior precerebellar extramural migratory stream and the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and the basal pontine gray. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	J Comp Neurol Vol. 257(4), pp. 529-552School: Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Sequential thymidine radiograms from rats injected on days E16, E17, E18, and E19 and killed 2 hours after injection and at daily intervals up to day E22 were used to establish the site of origin, migratory route, and settling patterns of neurons of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and basal pontine gray. The nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis neurons, which are produced predominantly on days E15 and E16, derive from the primary precerebellar neuroepithelium. These cells, unlike those of the lateral reticular and external cuneate nuclei, take an anteroventral subpial route, forming the anterior precerebellar extramural migratory stream. This migratory stream reaches the anterior pole of the pons by day E18. In rats injected on day E16 and killed on day E18 some of the cells that reach the pons are unlabeled, indicating that they represent the early component of neurons generated on day E15. The cells labeled on day E16 begin to settle in the pons on day E19, 3 days after their production. These cells, migrating in an orderly temporal sequence, form a posterodorsal-to-anteroventral gradient in the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. Unlike the neurons of all the other precerebellar nuclei, the basal pontine gray neurons derive from the secondary precerebellar neuroepithelium. The secondary precerebellar neuroepithelium forms on day E16 as an outgrowth of the primary precerebellar neuroepithelium, and it remains mitotically active through day E19, spanning the entire period of basal pontine gray neurogenesis. The secondary precerebellar neuroepithelium is surrounded by a horizontal layer of postmitotic cells, representing the head-waters of the anterior precerebellar extramural migratory stream. In rats injected on day E18 and killed on day E19 the cells are labeled in the proximal half of the stream around the medulla but those closer to the pons are unlabeled, indicating an orderly sequence of migration. In rats injected on day E18 and killed on day E20 the labeled cells reach the pole of the pons. In the basal pontine gray the sequentially generated neurons settle in a precise order. The neurons generated on day E16 form a small core posteriorly and the neurons generated on days E17, E18, and E19 form regular concentric rings around the core in an inside-out sequence.
BibTeX: @article{Altman:1987a, author = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Development of the precerebellar nuclei in the rat: IV. The anterior precerebellar extramural migratory stream and the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and the basal pontine gray.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.}, year = {1987}, volume = {257}, number = {4}, pages = {529--552}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902570405}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902570405} }
Altman, J. and Bayer, S.A.	Development of the precerebellar nuclei in the rat: II. The intramural olivary migratory stream and the neurogenetic organization of the inferior olive. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	J Comp Neurol Vol. 257(4), pp. 490-512School: Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Sequential thymidine radiograms from rats labeled on days E13 and E14, and killed at daily intervals thereafter, were analyzed to trace the migratory route and settling pattern of neurons of the inferior olive. Long-survival thymidine radiograms from perinatal rats injected on day E14 were used to subdivide the inferior olivary complex on the basis of neurogentic criteria. The inferior olivary neurons originate on days E13 and E14 in the primary precerebellar neuroepithelium. The olivary neurons labeled on day E14 (the late generated components) translocate into the inferior olivary premigratory zone on day E15. On day E16 these cells join the olivary migratory stream, which follows an intramural circumferential path between the gray and white matters of the medulla. By day E17 the olivary migratory stream is reduced to a small band near the corpus of the inferior olive, which has been settled by this time by neurons generated on day E13. As a result, the unlabeled cells are situated on day E17 dorsomedially and the labeled cells ventrolaterally. The regional segregation of neurons forming subdivisions of the inferior olive begins on day E18, and by day E19 the major subdivisions are all recognizable. In thymidine radiograms from perinatal rats injected on day E14, four neurogenetic components can be distinguished in the inferior olive, those composed: (1) of unlabeled cells (generated on day E13), (2) of predominantly unlabeled cells, (3) of predominantly labeled cells (generated on day E14), and (4) of labeled cells. By combining these neurogenetic differences with the morphological features of the inferior olivary complex, we propose a modification of the currently accepted classification. The four major divisions of the inferior olive are the successively produced posterodorsal olive, anterolateral (principal) olive, posteroventral olive, and anteroventral olive. The location and configuration of these divisions are illustrated in relation to the traditional classification both in the coronal and the sagittal plane.
BibTeX: @article{Altman:1987b, author = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Development of the precerebellar nuclei in the rat: II. The intramural olivary migratory stream and the neurogenetic organization of the inferior olive.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.}, year = {1987}, volume = {257}, number = {4}, pages = {490--512}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902570403}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902570403} }
Altman, J. and Bayer, S.A.	Development of the precerebellar nuclei in the rat: III. The posterior precerebellar extramural migratory stream and the lateral reticular and external cuneate nuclei. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 257, pp. 513-28	article
Abstract: Sequential thymidine radiograms from rats injected on day E15 and killed thereafter at daily intervals up to day E22 were analyzed to trace the migratory routes and settling patterns of neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus and the external cuneate nucleus. The neurons of the lateral reticular and external cuneate nuclei originate in the primary precerebellar neuroepithelium at the same site as the inferior olivary neurons but follow a different migratory route. The labeled young neurons that are produced on day E15 (the last one-third of the total) join the posterior precerebellar extramural migratory stream. The cells move circumferentially over the wall of the medulla in a ventral direction and by day E17 reach the midline and cross it beneath the inferior olive. The crossing cells apparently continue to migrate circumferentially on the opposite side. One complement of these cells begins to form a ventrolateral extramural condensation on day E19. By day E20 some cells begin to penetrate the parenchyma and settle as neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus. The settling of the lateral reticular neurons continues on the following day, and by day E22 all the cells destined for the lateral reticular nucleus have penetrated the parenchyma. A dorsomedial-to-ventrolateral neurogenetic gradient is indicated for the settling lateral reticular neurons. Another complement of migrating cells continues dorsally and forms a condensation on day E19 that we interpret as the external cuneate component of the crossed stream. These cells begin to penetrate the parenchyma on day E20, and by days E21 and E22 two components of the external cuneate nucleus are identifiable-the dorsal and ventral external cuneate nuclei. The neurons of the lateral reticular and external cuneate nuclei differ from neurons of all the other precerebellar nuclei in that their cerebellar projection is predominantly ipsilateral. We speculate that the axons of all precerebellar neurons are genetically specified to cross the midline ventrally to provide a contralateral efferent projection, but this is modified in the case of the ipsilaterally projecting lateral reticular and external cuneate neurons by the cell bodies following their neurites to the opposite side.
BibTeX: @article{Altman:1987c, author = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Development of the precerebellar nuclei in the rat: III. The posterior precerebellar extramural migratory stream and the lateral reticular and external cuneate nuclei.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1987}, volume = {257}, pages = {513-28}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Altman, J. and Bayer, S.A.	Development of the precerebellar nuclei in the rat: II. The intramural olivary migratory stream and the neurogenetic organization of the inferior olive. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 257, pp. 490-512	article
Abstract: Sequential thymidine radiograms from rats labeled on days E13 and E14, and killed at daily intervals thereafter, were analyzed to trace the migratory route and settling pattern of neurons of the inferior olive. Long-survival thymidine radiograms from perinatal rats injected on day E14 were used to subdivide the inferior olivary complex on the basis of neurogentic criteria. The inferior olivary neurons originate on days E13 and E14 in the primary precerebellar neuroepithelium. The olivary neurons labeled on day E14 (the late generated components) translocate into the inferior olivary premigratory zone on day E15. On day E16 these cells join the olivary migratory stream, which follows an intramural circumferential path between the gray and white matters of the medulla. By day E17 the olivary migratory stream is reduced to a small band near the corpus of the inferior olive, which has been settled by this time by neurons generated on day E13. As a result, the unlabeled cells are situated on day E17 dorsomedially and the labeled cells ventrolaterally. The regional segregation of neurons forming subdivisions of the inferior olive begins on day E18, and by day E19 the major subdivisions are all recognizable. In thymidine radiograms from perinatal rats injected on day E14, four neurogenetic components can be distinguished in the inferior olive, those composed: (1) of unlabeled cells (generated on day E13), (2) of predominantly unlabeled cells, (3) of predominantly labeled cells (generated on day E14), and (4) of labeled cells. By combining these neurogenetic differences with the morphological features of the inferior olivary complex, we propose a modification of the currently accepted classification. The four major divisions of the inferior olive are the successively produced posterodorsal olive, anterolateral (principal) olive, posteroventral olive, and anteroventral olive. The location and configuration of these divisions are illustrated in relation to the traditional classification both in the coronal and the sagittal plane.
BibTeX: @article{Altman:1987d, author = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Development of the precerebellar nuclei in the rat: II. The intramural olivary migratory stream and the neurogenetic organization of the inferior olive.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1987}, volume = {257}, pages = {490-512}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Altman, J. and Bayer, S.A.	Development of the rat thalamus: III. Time and site of origin and settling pattern of neurons of the reticular nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	J Comp Neurol Vol. 275(3), pp. 406-428School: Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Short-survival, sequential, and long-survival thymidine radiograms of rat embryos, fetuses, and young pups were analyzed in order to examine the time of origin, settling pattern, migratory route, and site of origin of neurons of the reticular nuclear complex of the thalamus. On the basis of its chrono-architectonics, the reticular nucleus was divided into a central, medial, and lateral subnucleus. The central subnucleus is the earliest produced component of the entire thalamus with over 50% of its neurons being generated on day E13 and another 40% on day E14. Peak production of neurons of the lateral and medial subnuclei is on day E14. There is a lateral (earlier) to medial (later) neurogenetic gradient between these two components of the reticular complex: only about 12% of the lateral subnucleus neurons, but close to 30% of the medial subnucleus neurons, are generated on day E15. Because the lateral and medial subnuclei display the typical outside-in gradient found in the thalamus, they are considered to constitute a single cytogenetic sector; the early generated central subnucleus, which violates this order, is considered to constitute a separate cytogenetic sector. Observations are presented that neurons of the central reticular subnucleus originate in a unique neuroepithelial region, the reticular protuberance. The migration of heavily labeled cells was traced from this region in rats labeled with 3H-thymidine on day E13 and killed on the subsequent days. The neurons of the lateral and medial reticular subnuclei originate in the reticular lobule of the thalamic neuroepithelium. The migration of heavily labeled, spindle-shaped cells was traced from this region in rats labeled with 3H-thymidine on days E14 and E15 and killed at daily intervals thereafter. The neurogenetic gradient of the reticular thalamic complex seen in postnatal rats is established before birth.
BibTeX: @article{Altman:1988, author = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Development of the rat thalamus: III. Time and site of origin and settling pattern of neurons of the reticular nucleus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.}, year = {1988}, volume = {275}, number = {3}, pages = {406--428}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902750306}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902750306} }
Altman, J. and Bayer, S.A.	Development of the rat thalamus: VI. The posterior lobule of the thalamic neuroepithelium and the time and site of origin and settling pattern of neurons of the lateral geniculate and lateral posterior nuclei. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	J Comp Neurol Vol. 284(4), pp. 581-601School: Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Short-survival, sequential, and long-survival thymidine radiograms of rat embryos, fetuses, and young pups were analyzed in order to determine the time of origin, site of origin, migratory route, and settling pattern of neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate (LGD), ventral lateral geniculate (LGV), and lateral posterior (LP) nuclei of the thalamus. Quantitative examination of long-survival radiograms established that the neurons of the LGD are produced on days E14 and E15. Within the LGD there is an external-to-internal neurogenetic gradient; the majority (77 of neurons of the external half are generated on day E14, while in the internal half the majority (64 of neurons originate on day E15. The late-generated LGD neurons are located in the termination field of the uncrossed fibers of the optic tract. Examination of short-survival radiograms indicated that the neurons of the LGD originate in a discrete neuroepithelial eversion situated ventral to the pineal rudiment and dorsal to the putative neuroepithelium of the ventral nuclear complex. In sequential radiograms from rats injected with 3H-thymidine on day E15 and killed on days E16 and E17, the migration of young LGD neurons was followed in a posterolateral direction to the formative lateral geniculate body. By day E17, the day when the optic tract fibers begin to disperse over the lateral surface of the posterior diencephalon, the distribution of early and late-generated neurons of the LGD resembles that seen in young pups. As a whole, the neurons of the LGV are produced earlier than the neurons of the LGD. The bulk of LGV neurons are generated on days E14 and E15 in a caudal-to-rostral intranuclear neurogenetic gradient. Caudal LGV neurons are generated mainly on day E14 (82, while a substantial proportion of rostral neurons (32 are generated on day E15. Examination of short-survival and sequential radiograms suggest that the LGV neurons originate in an inverted sublobule situated beneath the putative neuroepithelium of the LGD. At anterior levels the putative inverted sublobule of the LGV merges imperceptibly with the neuroepithelium that produces the neurons of the lateral habenular nucleus. Like the neurons of the LGD and LGV, so also those of the LP are generated on days E14 and E15, but the neurogenetic gradients are different. There is a lateral-to-medial gradient within the LP as a whole. Peak production of neurons is on day E14 laterally (58 and on day E15 medially (59.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Altman:1989, author = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Development of the rat thalamus: VI. The posterior lobule of the thalamic neuroepithelium and the time and site of origin and settling pattern of neurons of the lateral geniculate and lateral posterior nuclei.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907.}, year = {1989}, volume = {284}, number = {4}, pages = {581--601}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902840407}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902840407} }
Altman, J. and Bayer, S.A.	Development of the rat thalamus: V. The posterior lobule of the thalamic neuroepithelium and the time and site of origin and settling pattern of neurons of the medial geniculate body. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	J Comp Neurol Vol. 284(4), pp. 567-580School: Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Long-survival, sequential, and short-survival thymidine radiograms of rat embryos, fetuses, and young pups were analyzed in order to examine the time of origin, site of origin, migratory route, and settling pattern of neurons of the medial geniculate body (MG). Quantitative evaluation of long-survival radiograms established that the bulk of MG neurons are generated between embryonic (E) days E13 and E15, with a pronounced peak on day E14. There is an overall lateral-to-medial and caudal-to-rostral chronological gradient in MG neurogenesis. On the basis of significant regional differences in the birth dates of neurons, the MG was divided into several chronoarchitectonic areas. The earliest-generated neurons (with close to 20% of the cells produced on day E13 and a negligible proportion on day E15) form the dorsal and ventral clusters far laterally. Next in sequential order are the neurons of the lateral shell, intermediate shell, and medial shell of the MG. The medial shell with it latest- generated neurons (with over 30% produced rostrally on day E15) corresponds to the medial (magnocellular) subnucleus of the MG. There were no neurogenetic differences between the traditional dorsal and ventral divisions of the MG. Examination of sequential radiograms in rats labeled with 3H-thymidine on day E14 or E15 and killed on successive days brought supportive evidence for our earlier identification, in short-survival radiograms, of a posteroventral thalamic neuroepithelial evagination as the putative source, or committed cell line, of MG neurons. Wave fronts of apparently migrating unlabeled and labeled cells could be traced from this sublobule in a posterolateral direction to the future site of the MG.
BibTeX: @article{Altman:1989a, author = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Development of the rat thalamus: V. The posterior lobule of the thalamic neuroepithelium and the time and site of origin and settling pattern of neurons of the medial geniculate body.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907.}, year = {1989}, volume = {284}, number = {4}, pages = {567--580}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902840406}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902840406} }
Altman, P.A., Sievers, R. and Lee, R.	Exploring heart lymphatics in local drug delivery. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Lymphat Res Biol Vol. 1(1), pp. 47-53; discussion 54School: BioCardia, Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. paltman@biocardia.com	article	DOI
Abstract: Local intramyocardial delivery (IMD) is under active clinical investigation for cell therapies to treat congestive heart failure, and gene therapies to induce revascularization of ischemic myocardium in coronary artery disease. Locally delivered agents can migrate away from the site of delivery through pathways that include lymphatics. Postdelivery redistribution can be observed using fluorescent tracers of different physical geometries. This approach provides a means to characterize these pathways and to delineate their importance in local cardiovascular drug delivery.The left ventricular wall of rats (N = 83) received injections of fluorescent microspheres with mean diameters ranging from 20 nm to 15,000 nm. Fluorescent microscopy was used to observe and image the patterns of migration from the epicardial surface. The animals were sacrificed after delivery. The microspheres with diameters smaller than 200 nm were widely distributed within the lymphatic network on the epicardial surface of the rat heart and through the ventricular wall at the injection site. Cardiac lymph nodes were identified with 20 nm and 100 nm deliveries, but could not be identified in any deliveries 200 nm or larger. The 15000 nm microspheres did not migrate.Tortuous lymphatic pathways are apparent in the images of fluorescent sphere migration from the intramyocardial site of delivery. These images suggest a lymphatic role in the formation of native collaterals that may implicate potential advantages to IMD in therapeutic angiogenesis. Distribution postdelivery also suggests that IMD may provide a means to administer hydrophilic agents to the periadventitial zone of the arterial wall to limit restenosis. The lack of redistribution of the 15,000 nm microspheres supports the potential for cell therapies to remain localized over an extended time frame.
BibTeX: @article{Altman:2003, author = {Altman, Peter A. and Sievers, Richard and Lee, Randall}, title = {Exploring heart lymphatics in local drug delivery.}, journal = {Lymphat Res Biol}, school = {BioCardia, Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. paltman@biocardia.com}, year = {2003}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {47--53; discussion 54}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1089/15396850360495691} }
Altschuler, S.M., Bao, X. and Miselis, R.R.	Dendritic architecture of hypoglossal motoneurons projecting to extrinsic tongue musculature in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	J Comp Neurol Vol. 342(4), pp. 538-550School: Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The tracer, cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase, was used to determine the dendritic architecture and organization of hypoglossal motoneurons in the rat. In 22 animals, the tracer was injected unilaterally into either the geniohyoid, genioglossus, hyoglossus, or styloglossus muscle. Within the hypoglossal nucleus, motoneurons innervating the extrinsic tongue muscles were functionally organized. Geniohyoid and genioglossus motoneurons were located within the ventrolateral and ventromedial subnuclei, respectively, while hyoglossus and styloglossus motoneurons were located within the dorsal subnucleus. Motoneurons located in all subnuclear divisions were found to have extensive dendrites that extended laterally into the adjacent reticular formation and medially to the ependyma. Less extensive extranuclear dendritic projections were found in the dorsal vagal complex and median raphe. Prominent rostrocaudal and mediolateral dendritic bundling was evident within the ventral subnuclei and dorsal subnucleus, respectively. Dendritic projections were also found extending inter- and intrasubnuclearly with a distinct pattern for each muscle. These data suggest that the varied and extensive dendritic arborizations of hypoglossal motoneurons provide the potential for a wide range of afferent contacts for, and interactions among, motoneurons that could contribute to the modulation of their activity. Specifically, the prominent dendritic bundling may provide an anatomic substrate whereby motoneurons innervating a specific muscle receive and integrate similar afferent input and are thus modulated as a functional unit. In contrast, the extensive intermingling of both inter- and intrasubnuclear dendrites within the hypoglossal nucleus may provide a mechanism for the coordination of different muscles, acting synergistically or antagonistically to produce a tongue movement.
BibTeX: @article{Altschuler:1994, author = {Altschuler, S. M. and Bao, X. and Miselis, R. R.}, title = {Dendritic architecture of hypoglossal motoneurons projecting to extrinsic tongue musculature in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.}, year = {1994}, volume = {342}, number = {4}, pages = {538--550}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903420404}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903420404} }
Altschuler, S.M., Bao, X.M., Bieger, D., Hopkins, D.A. and Miselis, R.R.	Viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the rat: sensory ganglia and nuclei of the solitary and spinal trigeminal tracts. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	J Comp Neurol Vol. 283(2), pp. 248-268School: Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The aim of this study was to map the viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the sensory ganglia of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves and in the subnuclei of the solitary and spinal trigeminal tracts. Therefore, in 172 rats 0.5-65 microliters of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), wheat germ agglutinin-HRP, or cholera toxin-HRP were injected into the trunks and major branches of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves as well as into the musculature and mucosa of different levels of the upper alimentary and respiratory tracts. The results demonstrate that the sensory ganglia of the IXth and Xth nerves form a fused ganglionic mass with continuous bridges of cells connecting the proximal and distal portions of the ganglionic complex. Ganglionic perikarya were labeled in crude, overlapping topographical patterns after injections of tracers into nerves and different parts of the upper alimentary tract. After injections into the soft palate, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach, anterograde labeling was differentially distributed in distinct subnuclei in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS). Palatal and pharyngeal injections resulted primarily in labeling of the interstitial and intermediate subnuclei of the NTS and in the paratrigeminal islands (PTI) and spinal trigeminal complex. Esophageal and stomach wall injections resulted in labeling primarily of the subnucleus centralis and subnucleus gelatinosus, respectively. The distribution of upper alimentary tract vagal-glossopharyngeal afferents in the medulla oblongata has two primary groups of components, i.e., a viscerotopic distribution in the NTS involved in ingestive and respiratory reflexes and a distribution coextensive with fluoride-resistant acid-phosphatase-positive regions of the PTI and spinal trigeminal nucleus presumably involved in visceral reflexes mediated by nociceptive or chemosensitive C fibers.
BibTeX: @article{Altschuler:1989, author = {S. M. Altschuler and X. M. Bao and D. Bieger and D. A. Hopkins and R. R. Miselis}, title = {Viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the rat: sensory ganglia and nuclei of the solitary and spinal trigeminal tracts.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.}, year = {1989}, volume = {283}, number = {2}, pages = {248--268}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902830207}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902830207} }
Altschuler, S.M., Bao, X.M., Bieger, D., Hopkins, D.A. and Miselis, R.R.	Viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the rat: sensory ganglia and nuclei of the solitary and spinal trigeminal tracts. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 283, pp. 248-68	article
Abstract: The aim of this study was to map the viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the sensory ganglia of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves and in the subnuclei of the solitary and spinal trigeminal tracts. Therefore, in 172 rats 0.5-65 microliters of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), wheat germ agglutinin-HRP, or cholera toxin-HRP were injected into the trunks and major branches of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves as well as into the musculature and mucosa of different levels of the upper alimentary and respiratory tracts. The results demonstrate that the sensory ganglia of the IXth and Xth nerves form a fused ganglionic mass with continuous bridges of cells connecting the proximal and distal portions of the ganglionic complex. Ganglionic perikarya were labeled in crude, overlapping topographical patterns after injections of tracers into nerves and different parts of the upper alimentary tract. After injections into the soft palate, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach, anterograde labeling was differentially distributed in distinct subnuclei in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS). Palatal and pharyngeal injections resulted primarily in labeling of the interstitial and intermediate subnuclei of the NTS and in the paratrigeminal islands (PTI) and spinal trigeminal complex. Esophageal and stomach wall injections resulted in labeling primarily of the subnucleus centralis and subnucleus gelatinosus, respectively. The distribution of upper alimentary tract vagal-glossopharyngeal afferents in the medulla oblongata has two primary groups of components, i.e., a viscerotopic distribution in the NTS involved in ingestive and respiratory reflexes and a distribution coextensive with fluoride-resistant acid-phosphatase-positive regions of the PTI and spinal trigeminal nucleus presumably involved in visceral reflexes mediated by nociceptive or chemosensitive C fibers.
BibTeX: @article{Altschuler:1989a, author = {Altschuler, S. M. and Bao, X. M. and Bieger, D. and Hopkins, D. A. and Miselis, R. R.}, title = {Viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the rat: sensory ganglia and nuclei of the solitary and spinal trigeminal tracts.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1989}, volume = {283}, pages = {248-68}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Altschuler, S.M., Bao, X.M. and Miselis, R.R.	Dendritic architecture of nucleus ambiguus motoneurons projecting to the upper alimentary tract in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	J Comp Neurol Vol. 309(3), pp. 402-414School: Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The motor innervation for palatal, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and esophageal muscles originates within the nucleus ambiguus. Although the viscerotopic organization of the upper alimentary tract in the nucleus ambiguus has been extensively studied, little information concerning the dendritic arborization of nucleus ambiguus motoneurons is available. The neural tracer cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase, which is particularly effective at revealing dendrites of retrogradely labeled neurons, was used to determine the dendritic architecture and organization of nucleus ambiguus motoneurons. In 72 rats, cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase in volumes of 1.0-18 microliters was directly applied under pressure to the musculature of various sites along the upper alimentary tract. Motoneurons innervating the soft palate, pharynx, cricothyroid muscle, and cervical esophagus were all found to have extensive dendrites that extended into the adjacent reticular formation with a distinct pattern for each muscle group. In contrast, the dendrites of motoneurons innervating the thoracic and subdiaphragmatic esophagus were confined to the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus. Dendritic bundling within the confines of the nucleus ambiguus was prominent following injection of tracer into the soft palate, pharynx, and esophagus. The bundles were primarily oriented in a rostrocaudal direction. These data suggest that the extensive extranuclear dendritic arborization of motoneurons innervating the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and cervical esophagus provide a wide ranging target for multiple central afferents that may be involved in the differential control of muscles that participate in multiple complex motor functions. The lack of extensive extranuclear dendrites of motoneurons innervating the distal esophagus suggest that they receive focused central afferents. The prominent bundling of dendrites within the nucleus ambiguus may provide for synchronization of motoneurons innervating a specific muscle and perhaps for synchronization of motoneurons innervating different muscles acting in sequence.
BibTeX: @article{Altschuler:1991a, author = {Altschuler, S. M. and Bao, X. M. and Miselis, R. R.}, title = {Dendritic architecture of nucleus ambiguus motoneurons projecting to the upper alimentary tract in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.}, year = {1991}, volume = {309}, number = {3}, pages = {402--414}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903090309}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903090309} }
Altschuler, S.M., Escardo, J., Lynn, R.B. and Miselis, R.R.	The central organization of the vagus nerve innervating the colon of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Gastroenterology Vol. 104(2), pp. 502-509School: Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.	article
Abstract: The extent to which the vagus nerve innervates the colon remains controversial.In 29 rats the tracer cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase was injected into the cecum, the ascending, transverse, or descending colon or the rectum. For comparison, control injections were made into the stomach.For all areas of colon except the rectum, brainstem motoneuronal labeling was limited to the lateral third of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve bilaterally. In contrast, gastric injections resulted in motoneuronal labeling limited to the medial portions of the nucleus. The number of labeled motoneurons was greatest following injection of the cecum, and it significantly decreased for the more distal areas of the colon. Colonic motoneuron dendrites projected into the nucleus of the solitary tract and within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Sensory afferent terminal labeling was limited to the commissural and medial subnuclei of the nucleus of the solitary tract. For the rectum, sensory and motor labeling was limited to the spinal cord.The distribution of labeling within the vagal complex indicates that all regions of the colon, except the rectum, are innervated by the celiac and accessory celiac branches of the vagus nerve.
BibTeX: @article{Altschuler:1993, author = {S. M. Altschuler and J. Escardo and R. B. Lynn and R. R. Miselis}, title = {The central organization of the vagus nerve innervating the colon of the rat.}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, school = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.}, year = {1993}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, pages = {502--509} }
Altschuler, S.M., Ferenci, D.A., Lynn, R.B. and Miselis, R.R.	Representation of the cecum in the lateral dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and commissural subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii in rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	J Comp Neurol Vol. 304(2), pp. 261-274School: Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Motor fibers of the accessory celiac and celiac vagal branches are derived from the lateral columns of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. These branches also contain sensory fibers that terminate within the nucleus of the tractus solitarii. This study traces the innervation of the intestines by using the tracer cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase. In 53 rats, the tracer was injected into either the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, terminal ileum, cecum, or ascending colon. With all cecal injections, prominent retrograde labeling of cell bodies occurred bilaterally in the lateral columns of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve above, at, and below the level of the area postrema. Dendrites of laterally positioned neurons projected medially and rostrocaudally within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and dorsomedially into both the medial subnucleus and parts of the commissural subnucleus of the nucleus of the tractus solitarii. Sensory terminal labeling occurred in the dorsolateral commissural subnucleus at the level of the rostral area postrema and the medial commissural subnucleus caudal to the area postrema. Additionally, there was sensory terminal labeling within a small confined area of the dorsomedial zone of the nucleus of the tractus solitarii immediately adjacent to the fourth ventricle at a level just anterior to the area postrema. Stomach injections labeled motoneurons of the medial column of the entire rostrocaudal extent of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and a sensory terminal field primarily in the subnucleus gelatinosus, with less intense labeling extending caudally into the medial and ventral commissural subnuclei. Dendrites of gastric motoneurons project rostrocaudally and mediolaterally within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and dorsolaterally within the nucleus of the tractus solitarii. They are most pronounced at the level of the rostral area postrema where many dendrites course dorsolaterally terminating primarily within the subnucleus gelatinosus. Injections of the duodenum labeled a small number of the cells within the medial aspects of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Jejunal, ileal, and ascending colon injections labeled cells sparsely within the lateral aspects of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve bilaterally. No afferent terminal labeling was evident after injection of these areas of the bowel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Altschuler:1991, author = {S. M. Altschuler and D. A. Ferenci and R. B. Lynn and R. R. Miselis}, title = {Representation of the cecum in the lateral dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and commissural subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii in rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.}, year = {1991}, volume = {304}, number = {2}, pages = {261--274}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903040209}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903040209} }
Altschuler, S.M., Ferenci, D.A., Lynn, R.B. and Miselis, R.R.	Representation of the cecum in the lateral dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and commissural subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii in rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 304, pp. 261-74	article
Abstract: Motor fibers of the accessory celiac and celiac vagal branches are derived from the lateral columns of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. These branches also contain sensory fibers that terminate within the nucleus of the tractus solitarii. This study traces the innervation of the intestines by using the tracer cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase. In 53 rats, the tracer was injected into either the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, terminal ileum, cecum, or ascending colon. With all cecal injections, prominent retrograde labeling of cell bodies occurred bilaterally in the lateral columns of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve above, at, and below the level of the area postrema. Dendrites of laterally positioned neurons projected medially and rostrocaudally within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and dorsomedially into both the medial subnucleus and parts of the commissural subnucleus of the nucleus of the tractus solitarii. Sensory terminal labeling occurred in the dorsolateral commissural subnucleus at the level of the rostral area postrema and the medial commissural subnucleus caudal to the area postrema. Additionally, there was sensory terminal labeling within a small confined area of the dorsomedial zone of the nucleus of the tractus solitarii immediately adjacent to the fourth ventricle at a level just anterior to the area postrema. Stomach injections labeled motoneurons of the medial column of the entire rostrocaudal extent of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and a sensory terminal field primarily in the subnucleus gelatinosus, with less intense labeling extending caudally into the medial and ventral commissural subnuclei. Dendrites of gastric motoneurons project rostrocaudally and mediolaterally within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and dorsolaterally within the nucleus of the tractus solitarii. They are most pronounced at the level of the rostral area postrema where many dendrites course dorsolaterally terminating primarily within the subnucleus gelatinosus. Injections of the duodenum labeled a small number of the cells within the medial aspects of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Jejunal, ileal, and ascending colon injections labeled cells sparsely within the lateral aspects of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve bilaterally. No afferent terminal labeling was evident after injection of these areas of the bowel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Altschuler:1991b, author = {Altschuler, S. M. and Ferenci, D. A. and Lynn, R. B. and Miselis, R. R.}, title = {Representation of the cecum in the lateral dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and commissural subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii in rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1991}, volume = {304}, pages = {261-74}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Altstein, M., Whitnall, M., House, S., Key, S. and Gainer, H.	An immunochemical analysis of oxytocin and vasopressin prohormone processing in vivo [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Peptides Vol. 9(1), pp. 87-105	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Antisera against partially processed, unamidated forms of AVP and OT were raised and characterized by radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry. These antibodies, and antibodies that recognize fully processed, amidated forms of AVP and OT, were used together with various fractionation methods to study the content of prohormones, partially processed and fully processed forms of AVP and OT in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of adult and fetal (E21) rats. The levels of cleaved AVP and OT in the fetus were lower than those of the adult (1 to 3 orders of magnitude for brain and pituitary, respectively), and the detection of cleaved OT in brain and pituitary was delayed compared to that of AVP. Pro-AVP cleavage efficiency in the adult and the fetus was high (99 and 95% cleavage, respectively) resulting in formation of fully processed amidated forms of AVP, with no detectable partially processed peptides. Pro-OT processing in the adult was very similar (over 99% cleavage) resulting in formation of fully processed amidated OT. However, Pro-OT processing efficiency in the fetus was very low and incomplete, resulting in 40% unprocessed precursor and the accumulation of C-terminally extended unamidated intermediate forms (OT-Gly, OT-Gly-Lys, and OT-Gly-Lys-Arg). © 1988.
BibTeX: @article{Altstein:1988, author = {Altstein, M. and Whitnall, M.H. and House, S. and Key, S. and Gainer, H.}, title = {An immunochemical analysis of oxytocin and vasopressin prohormone processing in vivo}, journal = {Peptides}, year = {1988}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {87-105}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023866592&partnerID=40&md5=60a23332728d3f1584afb98b56a6c4c8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-9781(88)90014-9} }
Altun, M., Bergman, E. and Ulfhake, B.	Retrograde labeling of primary sensory neurons with fluorescent latex microspheres: a useful tool for long term tagging of neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	J Neurosci Methods Vol. 108(1), pp. 19-24School: Experimental Neurogerontology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobelsv 12 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.	article	DOI
Abstract: In this study we have used fluorescent microspheres to retrogradely label primary sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Following injection into peripheral nerves, the animals were allowed to survive up to 480 days. Simple profile count indicates that there is a substantial retention of the labeling still after at least 480 days, i.e. about two-thirds of a rat's life span. Moreover, the appearance of the labeling remains quite distinct. Using established markers for axon damage of DRG neurons, we could detect a slight and transient effect of the peripheral nerve injection on the gene expression pattern. It is concluded that fluorescent microspheres represents an attractive means of tagging neurons in experiments covering long time periods.
BibTeX: @article{Altun:2001, author = {Altun, M. and Bergman, E. and Ulfhake, B.}, title = {Retrograde labeling of primary sensory neurons with fluorescent latex microspheres: a useful tool for long term tagging of neurons.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, school = {Experimental Neurogerontology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobelsv 12 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.}, year = {2001}, volume = {108}, number = {1}, pages = {19--24}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0270(01)00367-3} }
Altun, M., Bergman, E. and Ulfhake, B.	Retrograde labeling of primary sensory neurons with fluorescent latex microspheres: a useful tool for long term tagging of neurons [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Journal of Neuroscience Methods Vol. 108(1), pp. 19-24	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In this study we have used fluorescent microspheres to retrogradely label primary sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Following injection into peripheral nerves, the animals were allowed to survive up to 480 days. Simple profile count indicates that there is a substantial retention of the labeling still after at least 480 days, i.e. about two-thirds of a rat's life span. Moreover, the appearance of the labeling remains quite distinct. Using established markers for axon damage of DRG neurons, we could detect a slight and transient effect of the peripheral nerve injection on the gene expression pattern. It is concluded that fluorescent microspheres represents an attractive means of tagging neurons in experiments covering long time periods. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Altun:2001a, author = {Altun, M. and Bergman, E. and Ulfhake, B.}, title = {Retrograde labeling of primary sensory neurons with fluorescent latex microspheres: a useful tool for long term tagging of neurons}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods}, year = {2001}, volume = {108}, number = {1}, pages = {19-24}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035878617&partnerID=40&md5=a364c5480aadd857577b4f670860400a}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0270(01)00367-3} }
Alturfan, A.A., Zengin, E., Dariyerli, N., Alturfan, E.E., Gumustas, M.K., Aytac, E., Aslan, M., Balkis, N., Aksu, A., Yigit, G., Uslu, E. and Kokoglu, E.	Investigation of zinc and copper levels in methimazole-induced hypothyroidism: relation with the oxidant-antioxidant status. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Folia Biol (Praha) Vol. 53(5), pp. 183-188School: Vocational School Health Services, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey. ataalturfan@gmail.com	article
Abstract: Thyroid hormones are associated with the oxidative and antioxidative status of the organism. Depression of metabolism by hypothyroidism has been reported to decrease oxidant production and thus protect tissues against oxidant damage. The purpose of the present study was to investigate Zn and Cu levels in MMI-induced hypothyroidism and to show whether there is a connection between these trace elements and the oxidant-antioxidant status in experimental hypothyroidism. 3-Nitrotyrosine was measured as a marker of nitro-oxidative stress. In order to examine the antioxidant status of MMI-induced hypothyroidism in rats, GSH and SOD levels were determined as well. Significantly decreased 3-nitrotyrosine, Cu and Zn levels were observed in our experimental model when compared with the controls. On the other hand, GSH and SOD levels remained constant. It may be suggested that Cu and Zn serve as antioxidant molecules and exert their effects in an indirect manner to reduce oxidative stress in experimental hypothyroidism.
BibTeX: @article{Alturfan:2007, author = {Alturfan, A. A. and Zengin, E. and Dariyerli, N. and Alturfan, E. E. and Gumustas, M. K. and Aytac, E. and Aslan, M. and Balkis, N. and Aksu, A. and Yigit, G. and Uslu, E. and Kokoglu, E.}, title = {Investigation of zinc and copper levels in methimazole-induced hypothyroidism: relation with the oxidant-antioxidant status.}, journal = {Folia Biol (Praha)}, school = {Vocational School Health Services, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey. ataalturfan@gmail.com}, year = {2007}, volume = {53}, number = {5}, pages = {183--188}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Alvarado-Mallart, R. and Sotelo, C.	Differentiation of cerebellar anlage heterotopically transplanted to adult rat brain: A light and electron microscopic study [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Journal of Comparative Neurology Vol. 212(3), pp. 247-267	article	URL
Abstract: Pieces of cerebellar primordia from (days 14 or 15 of gestation) E14 or E15 rat embryos were dissected out and transplanted into a cavity of the occipital cortex and underlying hippocampus, over the superior colliculus of 2-month-old rats. The host animals were allowed to survive for 2 to 3 months. The cytoarchitectonic and the synaptic organizations were analyzed in 16 of such transplants. Only 4 of the implants established connections with the host brain through several thin peduncles composed of myelinated fibers. The remaining 12 implants survived in an extraparenchymal situation. Independently of its partial linking to the host brain, the graft grew and developed a cerebellar structure composed of nuclear and cortical regions. The latter exhibited normal lamination and foliation, and contained the five categories of neurons which characterize normal cerebellar cortex. Electron microscopic examination disclosed that the synaptic connections normally present in the cerebellar cortex were also formed in the implants with the exception of climbing fibers, which were absent. The cerebellar interneurons kept their normal topographic distribution and gave origin to numerous synapses which maintained their own specificity. Some mossy fibers were present in the granule cell layer at the center of typical glomeruli. However, abnormal synaptic arrangements were also observed within the neuropil of this granule cell layer. They consisted of pseudoglomerular formations composed of clusters of tightly packed small axon terminals covered by granule cell dendrites. The origin of these boutons was not established. Since they did not correspond to the classes of presynaptic elements normally synapsing on these dendrites, they constitute a new example of cerebellar heterologous synapses. Their presence could be related to changes in the cellular environment due to the rarity of mossy afferents. HRP tracing experiments, carried out in extraparenchymal transplants, have allowed us to determine that the corticonucleocortical loop of normal cerebellum is also developed in the implants. Nuclear neurons are at the origin of the mossy fibers involved in glomerular formations, whereas Purkinje cells project to the nuclear region. The establishment of these reciprocal connections could determine the functional stabilization of both kinds of cerebellar neurons and thus the long survival of extraparenchymal grafts. These results allow the conclusion that the presence of extracerebellar afferents is not necessary for the organotypic and synaptotypic differentiation of cerebellar anlage.
BibTeX: @article{Alvarado-Mallart:1982a, author = {Alvarado-Mallart, R.M. and Sotelo, C.}, title = {Differentiation of cerebellar anlage heterotopically transplanted to adult rat brain: A light and electron microscopic study}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, year = {1982}, volume = {212}, number = {3}, pages = {247-267}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020403488&partnerID=40&md5=f7051ab5e12a24c5117dfc8a9d0a22e8} }
Alvarado-Mallart, R.M. and Sotelo, C.	Differentiation of cerebellar anlage heterotopically transplanted to adult rat brain: a light and electron microscopic study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	J Comp Neurol Vol. 212(3), pp. 247-267	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Pieces of cerebellar primordia from (days 14 or 15 of gestation) E14 or E15 rat embryos were dissected out and transplanted into a cavity of the occipital cortex and underlying hippocampus, over the superior colliculus of 2-month-old rats. The host animals were allowed to survive for 2 to 3 months. The cytoarchitectonic and the synaptic organizations were analyzed in 16 of such transplants. Only 4 of the implants established connections with the host brain through several thin peduncles composed of myelinated fibers. The remaining 12 implants survived in an extraparenchymal situation. Independently of its partial linking to the host brain, the graft grew and developed a cerebellar structure composed of nuclear and cortical regions. The latter exhibited normal lamination and foliation, and contained the five categories of neurons which characterize normal cerebellar cortex. Electron microscopic examination disclosed that the synaptic connections normally present in the cerebellar cortex were also formed in the implants with the exception of climbing fibers, which were absent. The cerebellar interneurons kept their normal topographic distribution and gave origin to numerous synapses which maintained their own specificity. Some mossy fibers were present in the granule cell layer at the center of typical glomeruli. However, abnormal synaptic arrangements were also observed within the neuropil of this granule cell layer. They consisted of pseudoglomerular formations composed of clusters of tightly packed small axon terminals covered by granule cell dendrites. The origin of these boutons was not established. Since they did not correspond to the classes of presynaptic elements normally synapsing on these dendrites, they constitute a new example of cerebellar heterologous synapses. Their presence could be related to changes in the cellular environment due to the rarity of mossy afferents. HRP tracing experiments, carried out in extraparenchymal transplants, have allowed us to determine that the corticonucleocortical loop of normal cerebellum is also developed in the implants. Nuclear neurons are at the origin of the mossy fibers involved in glomerular formations, whereas Purkinje cells project to the nuclear region. The establishment of these reciprocal connections could determine the functional stabilization of both kinds of cerebellar neurons and thus the long survival of extraparenchymal grafts. These results allow the conclusion that the presence of extracerebellar afferents is not necessary for the organotypic and synaptotypic differentiation of cerebellar anlage.
BibTeX: @article{Alvarado-Mallart:1982, author = {R. M. Alvarado-Mallart and C. Sotelo}, title = {Differentiation of cerebellar anlage heterotopically transplanted to adult rat brain: a light and electron microscopic study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1982}, volume = {212}, number = {3}, pages = {247-267}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902120304}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902120304} }
Alvarado-Mallart, R.M. and Sotelo, C.	Differentiation of cerebellar anlage heterotopically transplanted to adult rat brain: a light and electron microscopic study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 212, pp. 247-67	article
Abstract: Pieces of cerebellar primordia from (days 14 or 15 of gestation) E14 or E15 rat embryos were dissected out and transplanted into a cavity of the occipital cortex and underlying hippocampus, over the superior colliculus of 2-month-old rats. The host animals were allowed to survive for 2 to 3 months. The cytoarchitectonic and the synaptic organizations were analyzed in 16 of such transplants. Only 4 of the implants established connections with the host brain through several thin peduncles composed of myelinated fibers. The remaining 12 implants survived in an extraparenchymal situation. Independently of its partial linking to the host brain, the graft grew and developed a cerebellar structure composed of nuclear and cortical regions. The latter exhibited normal lamination and foliation, and contained the five categories of neurons which characterize normal cerebellar cortex. Electron microscopic examination disclosed that the synaptic connections normally present in the cerebellar cortex were also formed in the implants with the exception of climbing fibers, which were absent. The cerebellar interneurons kept their normal topographic distribution and gave origin to numerous synapses which maintained their own specificity. Some mossy fibers were present in the granule cell layer at the center of typical glomeruli. However, abnormal synaptic arrangements were also observed within the neuropil of this granule cell layer. They consisted of pseudoglomerular formations composed of clusters of tightly packed small axon terminals covered by granule cell dendrites. The origin of these boutons was not established. Since they did not correspond to the classes of presynaptic elements normally synapsing on these dendrites, they constitute a new example of cerebellar heterologous synapses. Their presence could be related to changes in the cellular environment due to the rarity of mossy afferents. HRP tracing experiments, carried out in extraparenchymal transplants, have allowed us to determine that the corticonucleocortical loop of normal cerebellum is also developed in the implants. Nuclear neurons are at the origin of the mossy fibers involved in glomerular formations, whereas Purkinje cells project to the nuclear region. The establishment of these reciprocal connections could determine the functional stabilization of both kinds of cerebellar neurons and thus the long survival of extraparenchymal grafts. These results allow the conclusion that the presence of extracerebellar afferents is not necessary for the organotypic and synaptotypic differentiation of cerebellar anlage.
BibTeX: @article{Alvarado-Mallart:1982b, author = {Alvarado-Mallart, R. M. and Sotelo, C.}, title = {Differentiation of cerebellar anlage heterotopically transplanted to adult rat brain: a light and electron microscopic study.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1982}, volume = {212}, pages = {247-67}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Alvarado-Mallart, R.-M., Martinez, S. and Lance-Jones, C.	Pluripotentiality of the 2-day-old avian germinative neuroepithelium [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Developmental Biology Vol. 139(1), pp. 75-88	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In a previous study using chick/quail chimeric embryos with homotopic transplants (Martinez & Alvarado-Mallart, 1989b), we have delimited in the 2-day-old avian embryo the areas of the neural tube giving rise to optic tectum and mesencephalic grissea as well as to isthmic grissea and cerebellum: respectively, "mesencephalic" and "metencephalic" alar plates. To investigate the determination or the competence of these areas, portions of these germinative neuroepithelia from a quail embryo were transplanted in substitution for other areas of the chick neural tube. The analysis of the chimeric brains was done by comparing alternating transverse sections stained for cytoarchitecture and with two different techniques to recognize transplanted versus host cells: either the Feulgen and Rossenbeck DNA histochemical reaction and/or immunohistochemical methods with a monoclonal antibody recognizing quail but not chick cells. The eventual visual innervation of the quail graft was analyzed in many cases by injecting anterograde axonal tracers in the eye contralateral to the graft. The results are as follows: (1) caudal metencephalon transferred to mesencephalon maintained in all cases its presumptive cerebellar phenotype, whereas (2) rostral metencephalon transferred to mesencephalon changed its fate to a tectal phenotype but maintained its cerebellar fate when transferred to diencephalon; (3) caudal mesencephalon maintained its tectal fate in 65% of the cases when transferred to diencephalon, whereas (4) rostral mesencephalon transferred to a cerebellar domain changed its fate and became influenced by the surrounding structures in all cases, but only in 85% of the cases when it was transplanted to diencephalon; (5) the in situ host diencephalon, isolated from its normal environment by a mesencephalic graft, is competent to change its fate and express a mesencephalic phenotype. These results demonstrate that at least some regions of the germinative neuroepithelium from either metencephalon, mesencephalon, and diencephalon are still pluripotent in the 2-day-old avian embryo and that their fate seems to be under the influence of the surrounding structures. Rostral mesencephalon and rostral metencephalon have been more easily influenced by environmental factors than their caudal counterparts, suggesting that regions providing instructive positional factors exist within the 2-day-old germinative neuroepithelium. These regions might play an important role in the determination of the various segments of the neural tube. © 1990.
BibTeX: @article{Alvarado-Mallart:1990, author = {Alvarado-Mallart, R.-M. and Martinez, S. and Lance-Jones, C.C.}, title = {Pluripotentiality of the 2-day-old avian germinative neuroepithelium}, journal = {Developmental Biology}, year = {1990}, volume = {139}, number = {1}, pages = {75-88}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025252981&partnerID=40&md5=785152f71ba9a329b39ab6b2e2b2fca3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(90)90280-V} }
Alvarado-Mallart, R.-M. and Sotelo, C.	Homotopic and heterotopic transplantations of quail tectal primordia in chick embryos: Organization of the retinotectal projections in the chimeric embryos [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Developmental Biology Vol. 103(2), pp. 378-398	article	DOI URL
Abstract: To study the adaptative capabilities of the retinotectal system in birds, the primordium of one optic tectum from 12-somite embryos of Japanese quail was transplanted either homotopically, to replace the ablated same primordium, or heterotopically, to replace the ablated dorsal diencephalon in White Leghorn chick embryos of the same stage. The quail nucleolar marker was used to recognize the transplants. The cytoarchitecture of the tecta and the retinal projections from the eye contralateral to the graft were studied on the 17th or 18th day of incubation in the chimeric embryos by autoradiographic or horseradish peroxidase tracing methods. Morphometric analysis was applied to evaluate the percentage of the tectal surface receiving optic projections. It was observed that: (i) quail mesencephalic alar plate can develop a fully laminated optic tectum even when transplanted heterotopically; (ii) retinal ganglion cells from the chick not only recognize the tectal neurons of the quail as their specific targets in homotopic grafts, but the optic fibers deviate to innervate the heterotopically grafted tectum; (iii) in the presence of a graft, the chick retina is unable to innervate a tectal surface of similar or larger size than that of the control tectum; (iv) tectal regions devoid of optic projections, whether formed by donor or by host cells, always present an atrophic lamination; (v) the diencephalic supernumerary optic tectum competes with and prevails over the host tectum as a target for optic fiber terminals. © 1984.
BibTeX: @article{Alvarado-Mallart:1984, author = {Alvarado-Mallart, R.-M. and Sotelo, C.}, title = {Homotopic and heterotopic transplantations of quail tectal primordia in chick embryos: Organization of the retinotectal projections in the chimeric embryos}, journal = {Developmental Biology}, year = {1984}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, pages = {378-398}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021271708&partnerID=40&md5=b028be3eb7d6a928932fa28a769776e1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(84)90326-9} }
Alvarenga, R.M., Pires, J.G.P. and Futuro Neto, H.A.	Functional mapping of the cardiorespiratory effects of dorsal and median raphe nuclei in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Braz J Med Biol Res Vol. 38(11), pp. 1719-1727School: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The dorsal (DRN) and median (MRN) raphe nuclei are important sources of serotonergic innervation to the forebrain, projecting to sites involved in cardiovascular regulation. These nuclei have been mapped using electrical stimulation, which has the limitation of stimulating fibers of passage. The present study maps these areas with chemical stimulation, investigating their influence on cardiorespiratory parameters. Urethane-anesthetized (1.2 g/kg, iv) male Wistar rats (280-300 g) were instrumented for pulsatile and mean blood pressure (MBP), heart rate, renal nerve activity, and respiratory frequency recordings. Microinjections of L-glutamate (0.18 M, 50-100 nl with 1% Pontamine Sky Blue) were performed within the DRN or the MRN with glass micropipettes. At the end of the experiments the sites of microinjection were identified. The majority of sites within the MRN (86.1 and DRN (85.4 evoked pressor responses when stimulated (DRN: DeltaMBP = +14.7 +/- 1.2; MRN: DeltaMBP = +13.6 +/- 1.3 mmHg). The changes in renal nerve activity and respiratory rate caused by L-glutamate were +45 +/- 11 and +42 +/- 9% (DRN; P < 0.05, +40 +/- 10 and +29 +/- 7% (MRN, P < 0.05), respectively. No significant changes were observed in saline-microinjected animals. This study shows that: a) the blood pressure increases previously observed by electrical stimulation within the raphe are due to activation of local neurons, b) this pressor effect is due to sympathoexcitation because the stimulation increased renal sympathetic activity but did not produce tachycardia, and c) the stimulation of cell bodies in these nuclei also increases the respiratory rate.
BibTeX: @article{Alvarenga:2005, author = {Alvarenga, R. M. and Pires, J G P. and Futuro Neto, H. A.}, title = {Functional mapping of the cardiorespiratory effects of dorsal and median raphe nuclei in the rat.}, journal = {Braz J Med Biol Res}, school = {Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.}, year = {2005}, volume = {38}, number = {11}, pages = {1719--1727}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org//S0100-879X2005001100022}, doi = {S0100-879X2005001100022} }
Alvarez, E. and Banzan, A.	The role of histamine in the anterior hypothalamus and its functional interaction with the hippocampus on exploratory behavior in adult male rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Behavioural Brain Research Vol. 48(2), pp. 127-133	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The possible effects of histamine (HA) locally applied into the preoptic area (POA) on hippocampus-mediated behaviors were studied in adult male rats. Animals were double-implanted unilaterally with microinjection cannulae into POA and hippocampus (HPC). In experiment 1, HA was injected into POA and pyrilamine (H1-HA antagonist) or ranitidine (H2-HA antagonist) were microinjected into the ipsilateral HPC in two different doses. In Experiment 2, HA was injected into POA and the histamine antagonists were microinjected into the contralateral HPC. Ten min later the animals were tested in an automatic monitor activity. Horizontal, ambulatory and vertical movements were measured as general motor exploratory behaviors. Contact time (in seconds) to a circular metal rack positioned in the center of the animal activity monitor was also recorded as goal-directed exploratory activity. Results of Experiment 1 showed that HA in POA exerted an inhibitory influence on general motor behaviors and also on goal- directed activity. Ipsilateral administration of HA-antagonists into HPC blocked the HA effect on behavior. Results of Experiment 2 showed that the administration of the HA-antagonists in any of the two doses used were not able to block the depressive actions on behavior caused by HA into POA. In conclusion, data suggest that POA is linked to the ipsilateral HPC through histaminergic influence to control behavioral patterns induced by novelty. © 1992 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Alvarez:1992, author = {Alvarez, E.O. and Banzan, A.M.}, title = {The role of histamine in the anterior hypothalamus and its functional interaction with the hippocampus on exploratory behavior in adult male rats}, journal = {Behavioural Brain Research}, year = {1992}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {127-133}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026633570&partnerID=40&md5=c0ee1192688045bbb528c550077c83a0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(05)80148-2} }
Alvarez, E. and Banzan, A.	Functional regional distribution of histamine receptors in the rat hippocampus: Modulation of learning of an active avoidance response [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Journal of Neural Transmission Vol. 108(11), pp. 1249-1261	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The possible functional regional distribution of the histamine sensitive sites controlling the behavioral performance of learning of an active avoidance response in the hippocampal structure was studied. Adult male rats were stereotaxically implanted with microinjection cannula into three different regions of the hippocampus: the ventral, the dorsal posterior and the dorsal anterior hippocampus. Different groups of rats were microinjected into these subregions with either saline, 9, 45 or 90 nmol of histamine. Five min later all groups were subjected to learning of a conditioned response to an ultrasonic tone warning an electric shock to the feet of the animals. Three sessions of 8 trials were necessary in order to control animals learn the task. Results show that histamine microinjections into the ventral hippocampus were able to significantly inhibit the natural decrease of the latency to escape during trials, impairing the efficiency of learning. Histamine administration into the dorsal posterior hippocampus was slightly effective in prolonging latency and impairing learning, while injections into the dorsal anterior region of the hippocampus had no effect. Results give a further support to the idea that histamine sensitive neurons in the ventral hippocampus are modulating the memory and learning mechanisms in the rat. In addition, evidence has been found suggesting a regional distribution of histamine sensitive neurons controlling learning of avoidance responses along the septo-temporal axis of the rat hippocampus.
BibTeX: @article{Alvarez:2001a, author = {Alvarez, E.O. and Banzan, A.M.}, title = {Functional regional distribution of histamine receptors in the rat hippocampus: Modulation of learning of an active avoidance response}, journal = {Journal of Neural Transmission}, year = {2001}, volume = {108}, number = {11}, pages = {1249-1261}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035214734&partnerID=40&md5=29c15a8bf9f1331bdeb156f46c272d71}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020100003} }
Álvarez, E., Prieto, C., Martínez-Lobo, F. and Castro, J.	Biological characterization of a recombinant pseudorabies virus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 6(4), pp. 521-530	article	URL
Abstract: In a previous study we obtained and characterized in vitro a novel pseudorabies virus (PRV) variant named gIp2 with a TK, gI/gE, 11k and 28k negative phenotype and a duplication of PK gene. The main objective of the present study was to determine the safety and efficacy, as a vaccine candidate, of this recombinant PRV. For this purpose, we used 24 PRV seronegative three weeks old piglets that were divided into five groups of treatment. Piglets of groups A and B were immunized twice with 106.5 and 105.5 TCID50 of gIp2, respectively; pigs of group C were vaccinated twice with MLV vaccine Auskipra GN® and pigs of groups D and E were not immunized and served as infected and uninfected controls, respectively. Four weeks after the second immunization pigs of groups A, B, C and D were challenged by intranasal inoculation of 106 TCID50 of the wildtype NIA-3 strain of PRV. No adverse reactions or clinical signs were observed in any group after immunization, indicating that the application of up to 10 times the conventional dose included in a commercial vaccine (i.e. 105.5 TCID50) of gIp2 was safe in piglets. Additionally, the inoculation of gIp2 induced an immune response able to provide clinical and virological protection against pseudorabies virus after challenge. In conclusion, the use of gIp2 in piglets as a vaccine virus is safe and induces an immunity comparable to that exerted by commercially available vaccines.
BibTeX: @article{Alvarez:2008, author = {Álvarez, E. and Prieto, C. and Martínez-Lobo, F.J. and Castro, J.M.}, title = {Biological characterization of a recombinant pseudorabies virus}, journal = {Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research}, year = {2008}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {521-530}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-57649244092&partnerID=40&md5=8b9143170525f470841927bfd05c1608} }
Alvarez, E.O. and Banzan, A.M.	Functional regional distribution of histamine receptors in the rat hippocampus: modulation of learning of an active avoidance response. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	J Neural Transm Vol. 108(11), pp. 1249-1261School: Instituto de Neurociencias y Humanidades Médicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. ealvarez@fmed2.uncu.edu.ar	article	DOI
Abstract: The possible functional regional distribution of the histamine sensitive sites controlling the behavioral performance of learning of an active avoidance response in the hippocampal structure was studied. Adult male rats were stereotaxically implanted with microinjection cannula into three different regions of the hippocampus: the ventral, the dorsal posterior and the dorsal anterior hippocampus. Different groups of rats were microinjected into these subregions with either saline, 9, 45 or 90 nmol of histamine. Five min later all groups were subjected to learning of a conditioned response to an ultrasonic tone warning an electric shock to the feet of the animals. Three sessions of 8 trials were necessary in order to control animals learn the task. Results show that histamine microinjections into the ventral hippocampus were able to significantly inhibit the natural decrease of the latency to escape during trials, impairing the efficiency of learning. Histamine administration into the dorsal posterior hippocampus was slightly effective in prolonging latency and impairing learning, while injections into the dorsal anterior region of the hippocampus had no effect. Results give a further support to the idea that histamine sensitive neurons in the ventral hippocampus are modulating the memory and learning mechanisms in the rat. In addition, evidence has been found suggesting a regional distribution of histamine sensitive neurons controlling learning of avoidance responses along the septo-temporal axis of the rat hippocampus.
BibTeX: @article{Alvarez:2001, author = {Alvarez, E. O. and Banzan, A. M.}, title = {Functional regional distribution of histamine receptors in the rat hippocampus: modulation of learning of an active avoidance response.}, journal = {J Neural Transm}, school = {Instituto de Neurociencias y Humanidades Médicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. ealvarez@fmed2.uncu.edu.ar}, year = {2001}, volume = {108}, number = {11}, pages = {1249--1261}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020100003} }
Alvarez, F.J., Dewey, D.E., McMillin, P. and Fyffe, R.E.	Distribution of cholinergic contacts on Renshaw cells in the rat spinal cord: a light microscopic study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	J Physiol Vol. 515 ( Pt 3), pp. 787-797School: Department of Anatomy, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: 1. Cholinergic terminals in the rat spinal cord were revealed by immunohistochemical detection of the vesicular acetycholine transporter (VAChT). In order to determine the relationships of these terminals to Renshaw cells, we used dual immunolabelling with antibodies against gephyrin or calbindin D28k to provide immunohistochemical identification of Renshaw cells in lamina VII of the ventral horn. 2. A total of 50 Renshaw cells were analysed quantitatively using a computer-aided reconstruction system to provide accurate localization of contact sites and determination of somatic and dendritic surface area. Dendrites could be traced for up to 413 microm from the soma in calbindin D28k-identified Renshaw cells and up to 184 microm in gephyrin-identified cells. 3. A total of 3330 cholinergic terminals were observed on 50 Renshaw cells, with a range of 21-138 terminal appositions per cell (mean 66.6 +/- 25.56 contacts per cell). The vast majority (83.5 of the terminals were apposed to dendrites rather than the soma. The overall density of cholinergic contacts increased from a little above 1 per 100 microm2 on the soma and initial 25 microm of proximal dendrites to 4-5 per 100 microm2 on the surface of dendritic segments located 50-250 microm from the soma. Single presynaptic fibres frequently formed multiple contacts with the soma and/or dendrites of individual Renshaw cells. 4. VAChT-immunoreactive terminals apposed to Renshaw cells varied in size from 0.6 to 6.9 microm in diameter (mean 2.26 +/- 0.94; n = 986) and were on average smaller than the cholinergic C-terminals apposed to motoneurones, but larger than VAChT-immunoreactive terminals contacting other ventral horn interneurones. 5. The high density and relatively large size of many cholinergic terminals on Renshaw cells presumably correlates with the strong synaptic connection between motoneurones and Renshaw cells. The fact that the majority of contacts are distributed over the dendrites makes the motoneurone axon collateral input susceptible to inhibition by the prominent glycinergic inhibitory synapses located on the soma and proximal dendrites. The relative positions and structural features of the excitatory cholinergic and inhibitory glycinergic synapses may explain why Renshaw cells, although capable of firing at very high frequency following motor axon stimulation, appear to fire at relatively low rates during locomotor activity.
BibTeX: @article{Alvarez:1999, author = {Alvarez, F. J. and Dewey, D. E. and McMillin, P. and Fyffe, R. E.}, title = {Distribution of cholinergic contacts on Renshaw cells in the rat spinal cord: a light microscopic study.}, journal = {J Physiol}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.}, year = {1999}, volume = {515 ( Pt 3)}, pages = {787--797}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.787ab.x} }
Alvarez, F.J., Rodrigo, J., Jessell, T.M., Dodd, J. and Priestley, J.V.	Ultrastructure of primary afferent fibres and terminals expressing alpha-galactose extended oligosaccharides in the spinal cord and brainstem of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	J Neurocytol Vol. 18(5), pp. 631-645School: Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, UMDS St Thomas's Campus, London, UK.	article
Abstract: The ultrastructural characteristics of primary afferent fibres, which express alpha-galactose extended oligosaccharides recognized by LD2 and LA4 monoclonal antibodies, and the subcellular localization of these oligosaccharides were studied. LD2 and LA4 antibodies both label intensely the plasma membrane of primary afferent fibres, and with LD2 antibody all immunoreactive profiles also possessed strong intracellular staining. In contrast, intracellular staining with LA4 antibody was observed in only a subpopulation of stained profiles. LD2-immunoreactive fibres were detected in trigeminal and Lissauer tracts and in lamina I (LI) and lamina II (LII), and appeared as a mixture of unmyelinated and myelinated fibres. The highest density of LD2-immunoreactive synaptic boutons was found in lamina II outer (LIIo). Many of the terminals were simple dome-shaped terminals, making single asymmetric synapses over small and medium-sized dendritic shafts and dendritic spines. All LA4-immunoreactive fibres were unmyelinated. In addition, some small scalloped central-glomerular terminals contacting two or three dendrites were found. LA4-immunoreactive fibres were found more frequently than terminals and appeared most heavily immunostained in trigeminal and Lissauer tracts. In the neuropil of LI and LII, LA4 profiles were generally very weakly immunostained, although a small sample of immunostained synaptic boutons was detected. All LA4-immunoreactive terminals were found in lamina II inner (LIIi) and made simple asymmetric axodendritic synapses. In addition to axons and terminals, some dendrites exhibited LD2 immunoreactivity and this was most intense in the region of synaptic vesicles. In addition to neurons, some endothelial cells were immunostained with LD2 antibody and astrocytes were immunostained with LA4 antibody.
BibTeX: @article{Alvarez:1989, author = {Alvarez, F. J. and Rodrigo, J. and Jessell, T. M. and Dodd, J. and Priestley, J. V.}, title = {Ultrastructure of primary afferent fibres and terminals expressing alpha-galactose extended oligosaccharides in the spinal cord and brainstem of the rat.}, journal = {J Neurocytol}, school = {Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, UMDS St Thomas's Campus, London, UK.}, year = {1989}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, pages = {631--645}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Alvarez-Buylla, A., Ling, C.-Y. and Kirn, J.	Cresyl violet: A red fluorescent Nissl stain [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Journal of Neuroscience Methods Vol. 33(2-3), pp. 129-133	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Cresyl violet is widely used by neurobiologists to visualize Nissl substance in bright-field microscopy. Here we describe a method for using this dye as a red fluorescent Nissl stain. Unlike the bright-field staining technique, fluorescent cresyl is compatible with other fluorescent dyes and tracers, such as fluorescein, Fluoro-Gold and Fast Blue. The procedure requires only minor modifications of routine bright-field cresyl staining, the most significant being dilution of the stain. Thus, fluorescent red cresyl violet is simple to implement and may be of general use in fluorescence microscopy. © 1990.
BibTeX: @article{Alvarez-Buylla:1990, author = {Alvarez-Buylla, A. and Ling, C.-Y. and Kirn, J.R.}, title = {Cresyl violet: A red fluorescent Nissl stain}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods}, year = {1990}, volume = {33}, number = {2-3}, pages = {129-133}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025143937&partnerID=40&md5=dcd5a553d0de58f50f48539c367bbf22}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(90)90016-9} }
Alvarez-Dolado, M., Figueroa, A., Kozlov, S., Sonderegger, P., Furley, A.J. and Muñoz, A.	Thyroid hormone regulates TAG-1 expression in the developing rat brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 14(8), pp. 1209-1218School: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.	article	DOI
Abstract: TAG-1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules thought to play important roles in neuronal differentiation and the establishment of connectivity during brain development. Because these are processes also affected by hypothyroidism, we studied the effects of thyroid hormone deprivation and administration on TAG-1 expression in the developing rat brain. By in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting we found that TAG-1 RNA and protein levels are upregulated in the hypothyroid brain. From embryonic day 20 to postnatal day (P) 15, elevated TAG-1 RNA was found in several areas including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and olfactory bulb. In agreement with this, TAG-1 protein was overexpressed in the major fibre tracts arising from these structures, including the corpus callosum, anterior and hippocampal commissures and lateral olfactory tract. A similar overexpression of TAG-1 by hypothyroidism was detected in the cerebellum, but starting only at P15. In all cases, elevation of TAG-1 RNA and protein expression could be reversed by thyroid hormone treatment. These results show that the deregulation of TAG-1 might contribute to the alterations caused by the lack of thyroid hormone during brain development.
BibTeX: @article{Alvarez-Dolado:2001, author = {Alvarez-Dolado, M. and Figueroa, A. and Kozlov, S. and Sonderegger, P. and Furley, A. J. and Muñoz, A.}, title = {Thyroid hormone regulates TAG-1 expression in the developing rat brain.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.}, year = {2001}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {1209--1218}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01745.x} }
Alvaro Alonso, I., Prieto, J. and Arilla, E.	Effect of acute and chronic diisopropylfluorophosphate and atropine administration on somatostatin binding in the rat frontoparietal cortex and hippocampus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Psychopharmacology Vol. 110(1-2), pp. 103-109	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The acute and chronic administration of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and of atropine, a blocker of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, did not affect somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) content in the frontoparietal cortex and hippocampus of rats. Acute and chronic DFP administration increased the number of specific125I-Tyr11-somatostatin (125I-Tyr11-SS) receptors in synaptosomes from the frontoparietal cortex but not in those from the hippocampus and did not change the affinity constant. This increase in125I-Tyr11-SS binding was not due to a direct effect of DFP on somatostatin (SS) receptors since no rise of binding was produced by high concentrations of DFP (10-5 M) when added in vitro. The increase could be blocked by pretreatment with atropine. The acute administration of atropine alone had no observable effect on the number of SS receptors. However, repeated atropine administration produced a significant decrease in the125I-Tyr11-SS binding in synaptosomes from the frontoparietal cortex but not in those from the hippocampus although the affinity constant was unchanged. The results suggest that interactions between somatostatinergic and cholinergic receptors may be important in the rat frontoparietal cortex. © 1993 Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX: @article{AlvaroAlonso:1993, author = {Alvaro Alonso, I. and Prieto, J.C. and Arilla, E.}, title = {Effect of acute and chronic diisopropylfluorophosphate and atropine administration on somatostatin binding in the rat frontoparietal cortex and hippocampus}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = {1993}, volume = {110}, number = {1-2}, pages = {103-109}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027392667&partnerID=40&md5=6e9a042aef513e3f37960d2c033e0e80}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02246957} }
Alves, F., Gomes, F., Reis, D., Crestani, C., Corrêa, F., Guimarães, F. and Resstel, L.	Involvement of the insular cortex in the consolidation and expression of contextual fear conditioning [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	European Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 38(2), pp. 2300-2307	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The insular cortex (IC) has been reported to be involved in the modulation of memory and autonomic and defensive responses. However, there is conflicting evidence about the role of the IC in fear conditioning. To explore the IC involvement in both behavioral and autonomic responses induced by contextual fear conditioning, we evaluated the effects of the reversible inhibition of the IC neurotransmission through bilateral microinjections of the non-selective synapse blocker CoCl2 (1 mm) 10 min before or immediately after the conditioning session or 10 min before re-exposure to the aversive context. In the conditioning session, rats were exposed to a footshock chamber (context) and footshocks were used as the unconditioned stimulus. Forty-eight hours later, the animals were re-exposed to the aversive context for 10 min, but no shock was given. Behavioral (freezing) as well as cardiovascular (arterial pressure and heart rate increases) responses induced by re-exposure to the aversive context were analysed. It was observed that the local IC neurotransmission inhibition attenuated freezing and the mean arterial pressure and heart rate increase of the groups that received the CoCl2 either immediately after conditioning or 10 min before re-exposure to the aversive context, but not when the CoCl2 was injected before the conditioning session. These findings suggest the involvement of the IC in the consolidation and expression of contextual aversive memory. However, the IC does not seem to be essential for the acquisition of memory associated with aversive context. © 2013 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Alves:2013, author = {Alves, F.H.F. and Gomes, F.V. and Reis, D.G. and Crestani, C.C. and Corrêa, F.M.A. and Guimarães, F.S. and Resstel, L.B.M.}, title = {Involvement of the insular cortex in the consolidation and expression of contextual fear conditioning}, journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2013}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, pages = {2300-2307}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880326143&partnerID=40&md5=92088327e01947a98d23eb1b8c95d42a}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12210} }
Alves, J.N., Muir, E.M., Andrews, M.R., Ward, A., Michelmore, N., Dasgupta, D., Verhaagen, J., Moloney, E.B., Keynes, R.J., Fawcett, J.W. and Rogers, J.H.	AAV vector-mediated secretion of chondroitinase provides a sensitive tracer for axonal arborisations. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	J Neurosci Methods Vol. 227, pp. 107-120School: Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK. Electronic address: jhr11@cam.ac.uk.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: As part of a project to express chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) in neurons of the central nervous system, we have inserted a modified ChABC gene into an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector and injected it into the vibrissal motor cortex in adult rats to determine the extent and distribution of expression of the enzyme. A similar vector for expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) was injected into the same location. For each vector, two versions with minor differences were used, giving similar results. After 4 weeks, the brains were stained to show GFP and products of chondroitinase digestion. Chondroitinase was widely expressed, and the AAV-ChABC and AAV-GFP vectors gave similar expression patterns in many respects, consistent with the known projections from the directly transduced neurons in vibrissal motor cortex and adjacent cingulate cortex. In addition, diffusion of vector to deeper neuronal populations led to labelling of remote projection fields which was much more extensive with AAV-ChABC than with AAV-GFP. The most notable of these populations are inferred to be neurons of cortical layer 6, projecting widely in the thalamus, and neurons of the anterior pole of the hippocampus, projecting through most of the hippocampus. We conclude that, whereas GFP does not label the thinnest axonal branches of some neuronal types, chondroitinase is efficiently secreted from these arborisations and enables their extent to be sensitively visualised. After 12 weeks, chondroitinase expression was undiminished.
BibTeX: @article{Alves:2014, author = {Alves, João Nuno and Muir, Elizabeth M. and Andrews, Melissa R. and Ward, Anneliese and Michelmore, Nicholas and Dasgupta, Debayan and Verhaagen, Joost and Moloney, Elizabeth B. and Keynes, Roger J. and Fawcett, James W. and Rogers, John H.}, title = {AAV vector-mediated secretion of chondroitinase provides a sensitive tracer for axonal arborisations.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, school = {Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK. Electronic address: jhr11@cam.ac.uk.}, year = {2014}, volume = {227}, pages = {107--120}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.02.010}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.02.010} }
Alves, J.N., Muir, E.M., Andrews, M.R., Ward, A., Michelmore, N., Dasgupta, D., Verhaagen, J., Moloney, E.B., Keynes, R.J., Fawcett, J.W. and Rogers, J.H.	AAV vector-mediated secretion of chondroitinase provides a sensitive tracer for axonal arborisations. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Journal of neuroscience methods Vol. 227, pp. 107-20	article	DOI
Abstract: As part of a project to express chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) in neurons of the central nervous system, we have inserted a modified ChABC gene into an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector and injected it into the vibrissal motor cortex in adult rats to determine the extent and distribution of expression of the enzyme. A similar vector for expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) was injected into the same location. For each vector, two versions with minor differences were used, giving similar results. After 4 weeks, the brains were stained to show GFP and products of chondroitinase digestion. Chondroitinase was widely expressed, and the AAV-ChABC and AAV-GFP vectors gave similar expression patterns in many respects, consistent with the known projections from the directly transduced neurons in vibrissal motor cortex and adjacent cingulate cortex. In addition, diffusion of vector to deeper neuronal populations led to labelling of remote projection fields which was much more extensive with AAV-ChABC than with AAV-GFP. The most notable of these populations are inferred to be neurons of cortical layer 6, projecting widely in the thalamus, and neurons of the anterior pole of the hippocampus, projecting through most of the hippocampus. We conclude that, whereas GFP does not label the thinnest axonal branches of some neuronal types, chondroitinase is efficiently secreted from these arborisations and enables their extent to be sensitively visualised. After 12 weeks, chondroitinase expression was undiminished.
BibTeX: @article{Alves:2014a, author = {Alves, Joao Nuno and Muir, Elizabeth M. and Andrews, Melissa R. and Ward, Anneliese and Michelmore, Nicholas and Dasgupta, Debayan and Verhaagen, Joost and Moloney, Elizabeth B. and Keynes, Roger J. and Fawcett, James W. and Rogers, John H.}, title = {AAV vector-mediated secretion of chondroitinase provides a sensitive tracer for axonal arborisations.}, journal = {Journal of neuroscience methods}, year = {2014}, volume = {227}, pages = {107-20}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.02.010} }
Alves, S., Lopez, V., Mcewen, B. and Weiland, N.	Differential colocalization of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) with oxytocin and vasopressin in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the female rat brain: An immunocytochemical study [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol. 95(6), pp. 3281-3286	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Evidence exists for the localization of the newly identified estrogen receptor β (ERβ) within the rat paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON), regions which lack ERα. Presently, we investigate whether ERβ-like-immunoreactivity (-ir) is found within cells of several major neuropeptide systems of these regions. Young adult Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized (OVX), and 1 week later half of the animals received estradiol-17β (E). Dual-label immnnocytochemistry was performed on adjacent sections by using an ERβ antibody, followed by an antibody to either oxytocin (OT), arginine-vasopressin (AVP), or corticotropin releasing hormone. Nuclear ERβ-ir was identified within SON and retrochiasmatic SON, and in specific PVN subnuclei: medial parvicellular part, ventral and dorsal zones, dorsal and lateral parvicellular parts, and in the posterior magnocellular part, medial and lateral zones. However, the ERβ-ir within magnocellular areas was noticeably less intense. OT- /ERβ-ir colocalization was confirmed in neurons of the parvicellular subnuclei, in both OVX and OVX+E brains (≃50% of OT and 25% of ERβ-labeled cells between bregma - 1.78 and -2.00), in contrast, few PVN parvicellular neurons contained both AVP- and ERβ-ir. As well, very little overlap was observed in the distributing of cells containing corticotropin releasing hormone- or ERβ-ir. In the SON, most nuclear ERβ-ir colocalized with AVP-ir, whereas few OT-/ERβ-ir dual- labeled cells were observed. These findings suggest that estrogen can directly modulate specific OT and AVP systems through an ERβ-mediated mechanism, in a tissue-specific manner.
BibTeX: @article{Alves:1998, author = {Alves, S.E. and Lopez, V. and Mcewen, B.S. and Weiland, N.G.}, title = {Differential colocalization of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) with oxytocin and vasopressin in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the female rat brain: An immunocytochemical study}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, year = {1998}, volume = {95}, number = {6}, pages = {3281-3286}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032539948&partnerID=40&md5=6ce745b4853729bdd42f43ee0c3e39ef}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.6.3281} }
Alward, B., Balthazart, J. and Ball, G.	Differential effects of global versus local testosterone on singing behavior and its underlying neural substrate [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol. 110(48), pp. 19573-19578	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Steroid hormones regulate multiple but distinct aspects of social behaviors. Testosterone (T) has multiple effects on learned courtship song in that it regulates both the motivation to sing in a particular social context as well as the quality of song produced. The neural substrate(s) where T acts to regulate the motivation to sing as opposed to other aspects of song has not been definitively characterized. We show here that T implants in the medial preoptic nucleus (POM) of castrated male canaries (Serinus canaria) increase song rate but do not enhance acoustic features such as song stereotypy compared with birds receiving peripheral T that can act globally throughout the brain. Strikingly, T action in the POM increased song control nuclei volume, consistent with the hypothesis that singing activity induces neuroplasticity in the song control system independent of T acting in these nuclei. When presented with a female canary, POM-T birds copulated at a rate comparable to birds receiving systemic T but produced fewer calls and songs in her presence. Thus, POM is a key site where T acts to activate copulation and increase song rate, an appetitive sexual behavior in songbirds, but T action in other areas of the brain or periphery (e.g., HVC, dopaminergic cell groups, or the syrinx) is required to enhance the quality of song (i.e., stereotypy) as well as regulate context-specific vocalizations. These results have broad implications for research concerning how steroids act at multiple brain loci to regulate distinct sociosexual behaviors and the associated neuroplasticity.
BibTeX: @article{Alward:2013, author = {Alward, B.A. and Balthazart, J. and Ball, G.F.}, title = {Differential effects of global versus local testosterone on singing behavior and its underlying neural substrate}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, year = {2013}, volume = {110}, number = {48}, pages = {19573-19578}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84888365821&partnerID=40&md5=c7e1a2a340d4a740144df9e2db553a4f}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1311371110} }
Amadeo, A., Ortino, B. and Frassoni, C.	Parvalbumin and GABA in the developing somatosensory thalamus of the rat: an immunocytochemical ultrastructural correlation. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Anat Embryol (Berl) Vol. 203(2), pp. 109-119School: Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica Generali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy. Alida.Amadeo@unimi.it	article	DOI
Abstract: The calcium binding protein parvalbumin (PV) is widely distributed in the mammalian nervous system and its relationship with GABAergic neurons differs within thalamic nuclei and animal species. In the rat somatosensory thalamus PV immunoreactive (ir) neurons were found only in the GABAergic reticular thalamic nucleus (RT), while a dense PVir neuropil is present in the ventrobasal complex (VB). In this study the distribution and relationship of PV and GABA were investigated in RT and VB during postnatal development at electron microscopic level. The pre-embedding immunoperoxidase detection of PV was combined with the post-embedding immunogold localization of GABA. In RT, at all developmental ages, neuronal cell bodies, dendrites and rare axonal terminals were both PVir and GABAir. In VB during the first postnatal week several small vesicle-containing profiles were double-labelled and some of them were identifiable as synaptic terminals. From postnatal day 7 (P7) to P9 the medial part of VB was more intensely PVir than the lateral one and some differences in the sequence of maturation of PVir terminals were noted between these two VB subdivisions. Single-labelled PVir profiles were first observed at P8, whereas single-labelled PVir terminals appeared at P12 and at P15 they became more frequent and larger, showing the typical morphology of ascending afferents described in adult VB. These results demonstrate the late expression of PV and acquisition of adult morphology in ascending terminals of rat VB during postnatal development in comparison with the innervation arising from the GABAergic RT.
BibTeX: @article{Amadeo:2001, author = {Amadeo, A. and Ortino, B. and Frassoni, C.}, title = {Parvalbumin and GABA in the developing somatosensory thalamus of the rat: an immunocytochemical ultrastructural correlation.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, school = {Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica Generali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy. Alida.Amadeo@unimi.it}, year = {2001}, volume = {203}, number = {2}, pages = {109--119}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s004290000143} }
Amador, N., Rotella, F., Bernal, S., Malkusz, D., Cruz, J., Badalia, A., Duenas, S., Hossain, M., Gerges, M., Kandov, S., Touzani, K., Sclafani, A. and Bodnar, R.	Effect of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonism in the lateral hypothalamus on the expression and acquisition of fructose-conditioned flavor preference in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Brain Research Vol. 1542, pp. 70-78	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The attraction to sugar-rich foods is influenced by conditioned flavor preferences (CFP) produced by the sweet taste of sugar (flavor-flavor learning) and the sugar's post-oral actions (flavor-nutrient) learning. Brain dopamine (DA) circuits are involved in both types of flavor learning, but to different degrees. This study investigated the role of DA receptors in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) on the flavor-flavor learning produced the sweet taste of fructose. In an acquisition study, food-restricted rats received bilateral LH injections of a DA D1 receptor antagonist (SCH23390), a D2 antagonist (RAC, raclopride) or vehicle prior to 1-bottle training sessions with a flavored 8% fructose+0.2% saccharin solution (CS+/F) and a less-preferred flavored 0.2% saccharin solution (CS-). Drug-free 2-bottle tests were then conducted with the CS+ and CS- flavors presented in saccharin. The fructose-CFP did not differ among groups given vehicle (76%), 12 nmol SCH (78%), 24 nmol (82%) or 24 nmol RAC (90%) during training. In an expression study with rats trained drug-free, LH injections of 12 or 24 nmol SCH or 12-48 nmol RAC prior to 2-bottle tests did not alter CS+ preferences (77-90%) relative to vehicle injection (86%). Only a 48 nmol SCH dose suppressed the CS+ preference (61%). The minimal effect of LH DA receptor antagonism upon fructose flavor-flavor conditioning differs with the ability of LH SCH injections to block the acquisition of glucose flavor-nutrient learning. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Amador:2014, author = {Amador, N.J. and Rotella, F.M. and Bernal, S.Y. and Malkusz, D. and Cruz, J.A.D. and Badalia, A. and Duenas, S.M. and Hossain, M. and Gerges, M. and Kandov, S. and Touzani, K. and Sclafani, A. and Bodnar, R.J.}, title = {Effect of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonism in the lateral hypothalamus on the expression and acquisition of fructose-conditioned flavor preference in rats}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2014}, volume = {1542}, pages = {70-78}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84890796886&partnerID=40&md5=0616d46b77d1baa12dfb6eac762c28be}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2013.10.030} }
Amalric, M. and Koob, G.F.	Functionally selective neurochemical afferents and efferents of the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine system. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Prog Brain Res Vol. 99, pp. 209-226School: Department of Neuropharmacology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.	article
Abstract: In summary, evidence is presented that the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine systems form functionally selective afferents to different parts of the basal ganglia and these inputs are paralleled by functionally selective outputs. The ventral striatal region of the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle has a dopamine input that is critical for locomotor activation produced by psychomotor stimulant drugs and some non-drug states. These regions also appear critical for the reinforcing actions of psychomotor stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamine, and these regions may also be involved in the activation associated with non-drug rewards. Both psychomotor stimulant-induced locomotor activation and reinforcement may selectively involve dopamine D1 receptors. The functional efferents of this system appear to involve the region of the ventral pallidum and more specifically GABAergic mechanisms of the posterior medial (sublenticular) ventral pallidum. The relationship of this circuitry with the revised concept of the "extended amygdala" is an area of current work. The nigrostriatal dopamine system forms a functionally selective afferent system to the dorsal striatum and appears to be critical for the focused stereotyped behavior associated with high doses of psychomotor stimulants. This dopamine input also appears to be involved in non-drug-induced conditioned reaction time performance and may selectively involve dopamine D2 receptors. The functional efferents of this system appear to involve both direct and indirect GABAergic connections to the substantia nigra reticulata and dorsal pallidum, respectively. Activation of the GABAergic connection to the dorsal pallidum (indirect connection) appears to mimic the action of dopamine in the dorsal striatum, whereas activation of the GABAergic connection to the substantia nigra reticulata (direct connection) appears to modulate striatal dopamine function. These results show an important functional role for the globus pallidus in the output of the dorsal striatum and emphasize the parallel functional processing of both dorsal and ventral striatum.
BibTeX: @article{Amalric:1993, author = {Amalric, M. and Koob, G. F.}, title = {Functionally selective neurochemical afferents and efferents of the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine system.}, journal = {Prog Brain Res}, school = {Department of Neuropharmacology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.}, year = {1993}, volume = {99}, pages = {209--226}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Amalric, M., Moukhles, H., Nieoullon, A. and Daszuta, A.	Complex deficits on reaction time performance following bilateral intrastriatal 6-OHDA infusion in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 7(5), pp. 972-980School: Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Fonctionnelle (Laboratoire associé à l'Université Aix-Marseille II), CNRS, Marseille, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: The present study examined the ability of rats subjected to bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the terminal area of the nigrostriatal dopamine system to perform a prelearned reaction time task. This lesion model, the induction of a partial dopamine denervation of the striatum (74% depletion of dopamine striatal tissue content) with a retrograde degeneration of dopamine cell bodies in the substantia nigra, sparing the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, closely approximates the neuronal degeneration observed in human idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Rats were trained previously to release a lever, within a reaction time limit, after the presentation of a visual cue through reinforcement with food pellets. The onset of the light stimulus varied randomly after an unpredictable delay period of 0.25-1.0 s. Rats with dopaminergic lesions showed moderate to extensive performance deficits which were not compensated for the five postoperative weeks. More than half of the lesioned animals (64 showed severe deficits, characterized by a concomitant increase in the number of anticipated (premature release of the lever before the visual cue) and delayed responses (lever release after the reaction time limit) with shortened reaction times in some cases. A smaller proportion (36 of lesioned animals exhibited mild impairment of performance with a large increase in delayed responses and lengthening of reaction times but with no change in the number of anticipated responses. Asymmetric lesions had no effect on the reaction time performance. Examination of tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining revealed that in the most impaired animals dopamine depletion was extensive in the medial striatum, whereas it was restricted to the dorsolateral striatum in the least impaired animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Amalric:1995, author = {M. Amalric and H. Moukhles and A. Nieoullon and A. Daszuta}, title = {Complex deficits on reaction time performance following bilateral intrastriatal 6-OHDA infusion in the rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Fonctionnelle (Laboratoire associé à l'Université Aix-Marseille II), CNRS, Marseille, France.}, year = {1995}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, pages = {972--980}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01085.x} }
Amalric, M., Moukhles, H., Nieoullon, A. and Daszuta, A.	Complex Deficits on Reaction Time Performance following Bilateral Intrastriatal 6‐OHDA Infusion in the Rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	European Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 7(5), pp. 972-980	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The present study examined the ability of rats subjected to bilateral 6‐hydroxydopamine lesions of the terminal area of the nigrostriatal dopamine system to perform a prelearned reaction time task. This lesion model, the induction of a partial dopamine denervation of the striatum (74% depletion of dopamine striatal tissue content) with a retrograde degeneration of dopamine cell bodies in the substantia nigra, sparing the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, closely approximates the neuronal degeneration observed in human idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Rats were trained previously to release a lever, within a reaction time limit, after the presentation of a visual cue through reinforcement with food pellets. The onset of the light stimulus varied randomly after an unpredictable delay period of 0.25–1.0 s. Rats with dopaminergic lesions showed moderate to extensive performance deficits which were not compensated for the five postoperative weeks. More than half of the lesioned animals ( 64%) showed severe deficits, characterized by a concomitant increase in the number of anticipated (premature release of the lever before the visual cue) and delayed responses (lever release after the reaction time limit) with shortened reaction times in some cases. A smaller proportion (36%) of lesioned animals exhibited mild impairment of performance with a large increase in delayed responses and lengthening of reaction times but with no change in the number of anticipated responses. Asymmetric lesions had no effect on the reaction time performance. Examination of tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining revealed that in the most impaired animals dopamine depletion was extensive in the medial striatum, whereas it was restricted to the dorsolateral striatum in the least impaired animals. Results suggest that a decrease in dopamine function at striatal level severely disrupts performance of a conditioned reaction time task. A partial dopamine depletion in the dorsolateral striatum induces motor initiation deficits (i.e. increases delayed response only). Larger striatal dopamine depletion may produce both motor and cognitive deficits (decrease in attentional control over response output and/or disruption of stimulus‐response associations) that could be related to similar events in Parkinson's disease. Copyright © 1995, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
BibTeX: @article{Amalric:1995a, author = {Amalric, M. and Moukhles, H. and Nieoullon, A. and Daszuta, A.}, title = {Complex Deficits on Reaction Time Performance following Bilateral Intrastriatal 6‐OHDA Infusion in the Rat}, journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {1995}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, pages = {972-980}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029047274&partnerID=40&md5=6812e62e6fcdcaf712ad580a2735fcb3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01085.x} }
Amalric, M., Moukhles, H., Nieoullon, A. and Daszuta, A.	Complex deficits on reaction time performance following bilateral intrastriatal 6-OHDA infusion in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	The European journal of neuroscience Vol. 7, pp. 972-80	article
Abstract: The present study examined the ability of rats subjected to bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the terminal area of the nigrostriatal dopamine system to perform a prelearned reaction time task. This lesion model, the induction of a partial dopamine denervation of the striatum (74% depletion of dopamine striatal tissue content) with a retrograde degeneration of dopamine cell bodies in the substantia nigra, sparing the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, closely approximates the neuronal degeneration observed in human idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Rats were trained previously to release a lever, within a reaction time limit, after the presentation of a visual cue through reinforcement with food pellets. The onset of the light stimulus varied randomly after an unpredictable delay period of 0.25-1.0 s. Rats with dopaminergic lesions showed moderate to extensive performance deficits which were not compensated for the five postoperative weeks. More than half of the lesioned animals (64%) showed severe deficits, characterized by a concomitant increase in the number of anticipated (premature release of the lever before the visual cue) and delayed responses (lever release after the reaction time limit) with shortened reaction times in some cases. A smaller proportion (36%) of lesioned animals exhibited mild impairment of performance with a large increase in delayed responses and lengthening of reaction times but with no change in the number of anticipated responses. Asymmetric lesions had no effect on the reaction time performance. Examination of tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining revealed that in the most impaired animals dopamine depletion was extensive in the medial striatum, whereas it was restricted to the dorsolateral striatum in the least impaired animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Amalric:1995b, author = {Amalric, M. and Moukhles, H. and Nieoullon, A. and Daszuta, A.}, title = {Complex deficits on reaction time performance following bilateral intrastriatal 6-OHDA infusion in the rat.}, journal = {The European journal of neuroscience}, year = {1995}, volume = {7}, pages = {972-80}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Amann, R., Hankins, M. and Dray, A.	Actions of neuropeptide K and calcitonin gene-related peptide on inferior mesenteric ganglion cells - Tachykinin interactions with non-cholinergic potentials evoked by ureteric nerve stimulation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 85(1), pp. 125-130	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Neuropeptide K (NPK) induced a slow depolarization in principal ganglion cells of the guinea pig inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) in vitro. This effect was due to a postsynaptic action and prevented by pre-exposure of the IMG to neurokinin A (NKA) or substance P (SP). The non-cholinergic slow postsynaptic excitatory potential (s-EPSP) evoked by ureteric nerve stimulation was depressed during NPK, SP or NKA application. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) applied in concentrations up to 10 μM had no effect on the membrane potential in 90% of IMG cells nor did it influence the s-EPSP. We suggest that NPK may depolarize IMG neurones via similar mechanisms/in a similar fashion, to other tachykinins and that the s-EPSP, induced by stimulation of the afferent ureteric nerve fibres, is mediated by a tachykinin whereas there is little indication/evidence for an involvement of CGRP. © 1988.
BibTeX: @article{Amann:1988, author = {Amann, R. and Hankins, M.W. and Dray, A.}, title = {Actions of neuropeptide K and calcitonin gene-related peptide on inferior mesenteric ganglion cells - Tachykinin interactions with non-cholinergic potentials evoked by ureteric nerve stimulation}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1988}, volume = {85}, number = {1}, pages = {125-130}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023871501&partnerID=40&md5=55c26bbd24ff96dd09517536c374f1c5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(88)90441-7} }
Amann, R., Skofitsch, G. and Lembeck, F.	Species-related differences in the capsaicin-sensitive innervation of the rat and guinea-pig ureter [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology Vol. 338(4), pp. 407-410	article	DOI URL
Abstract: 1. Comparison of the tissue content of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactivity (IR) and tachykinin (TK)-IR in the rat and guinea-pig ureter showed that in the rat tissue levels of CGRP-IR were 33-fold higher than those of TK-IR. In the guinea-pig ureter, both peptides were present in nearly the same concentration. 2. The in-vitro release of neuropeptides from guinea-pig and rat ureters was investigated using capsaicin as a stimulus for afferent neurons. Capsaicin induced the simultaneous release of CGRP-1R and TK-IR from the guinea-pig ureter while in the rat only the release of CGRP-IR was detectable. 3. It is known that TK potently stimulate and CGRP inhibits ureteric smooth muscle contractions. When the effect of capsaicin on ureteric motility was investigated in guinea-pig and rat, only in the guinea-pig ureter a stimulatory action ascribable to capsaicin-induced TK release was observed thus supplementing the results obtained by radioimmunoassay. 4. The results show that considerable species differences exist concerning the ratio of CGRP and TK which is stored and released from ureteric afferent nerve terminals. As a consequence, different functional responses are obtained in both species upon stimulation of these neurons by capsaicin. In the rat ureter, the capsaicin-sensitive innervation seems to be only inhibitory while in the guinea-pig stimulatory and inhibitory transmitters are released. The physiological significance of the simultaneous release of transmitters with opposing effects needs further investigation. © 1988, Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Amann:1988a, author = {Amann, R. and Skofitsch, G. and Lembeck, F.}, title = {Species-related differences in the capsaicin-sensitive innervation of the rat and guinea-pig ureter}, journal = {Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology}, year = {1988}, volume = {338}, number = {4}, pages = {407-410}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024242782&partnerID=40&md5=12ccc8285699619034576bee2f1872d6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00172118} }
Amano, M., Tsumura, Y., Taki, K., Harada, H., Mori, K., Nishioka, T., Kato, K., Suzuki, T., Nishioka, Y., Iwamatsu, A. and Kaibuchi, K.	A proteomic approach for comprehensively screening substrates of protein kinases such as rho-kinase [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	PLoS ONE Vol. 5(1)	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Background: Protein kinases are major components of signal transduction pathways in multiple cellular processes. Kinases directly interact with and phosphorylate downstream substrates, thus modulating their functions. Despite the importance of identifying substrates in order to more fully understand the signaling network of respective kinases, efficient methods to search for substrates remain poorly explored. Methodology/Principal Findings: We combined mass spectrometry and affinity column chromatography of the catalytic domain of protein kinases to screen potential substrates. Using the active catalytic fragment of Rho-kinase/ROCK/ROK as the model bait, we obtained about 300 interacting proteins from the rat brain cytosol fraction, which included the proteins previously reported as Rho-kinase substrates. Several novel interacting proteins, including doublecortin, were phosphorylated by Rho-kinase both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions/Significance: This method would enable identification of novel specific substrates for kinases such as Rho-kinase with high sensitivity. © 2010 Amano et al.
BibTeX: @article{Amano:2010, author = {Amano, M. and Tsumura, Y. and Taki, K. and Harada, H. and Mori, K. and Nishioka, T. and Kato, K. and Suzuki, T. and Nishioka, Y. and Iwamatsu, A. and Kaibuchi, K.}, title = {A proteomic approach for comprehensively screening substrates of protein kinases such as rho-kinase}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, year = {2010}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77952515521&partnerID=40&md5=0059373582320b1f961d0ac147d85193}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008704} }
Amano, T., Amir, A., Goswami, S. and Paré, D.	Morphology, PKC delta expression, and synaptic responsiveness of different types of rat central lateral amygdala neurons [BibTeX]	2012	J Neurophysiol Vol. 108(12), pp. 3196-3205	article	URL
BibTeX: @article{Amano:2012, author = {Amano, Taiju and Amir, Alon and Goswami, Sonal and Paré, Denis}, title = {Morphology, PKC delta expression, and synaptic responsiveness of different types of rat central lateral amygdala neurons}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, publisher = {Am Physiological Soc}, year = {2012}, volume = {108}, number = {12}, pages = {3196--3205}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://jn.physiology.org/content/108/12/3196.full-text.pdf+html} }
Amaral, D., Dolorfo, C. and Alvarez‐Royo, P.	Organization of CA1 projections to the subiculum: A PHA‐L analysis in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Hippocampus Vol. 1(4), pp. 415-435	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The organization of CA1 projections to the rat subiculum was investigated with the anterograde tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L). Discrete iontophoretic injections of PHA‐L were placed into various transverse positions of the CA1 field at different septotemporal levels of the hippocampus. The distribution of CA1 projections was observed in dissected and extended hippocampal preparations. CA1 cells located proximally in the field, i.e., close to the CA2 field, gave rise to projections that terminated in the distal third of the subiculum, i.e., close to the presubiculum. CA1 cells located distally in the field, i.e., close to the subiculum, gave rise to projections that terminated proximally in the subiculum, i.e., just across the CA1/subiculum border. CA1 cells in the middle of the field projected to a midtransverse portion of the subiculum. The same general pattern of projections was observed at all septotemporal levels of the hippocampus. Varicose fibers from the CA1 neurons terminated among the basal dendrites of the subicular pyramidal cells, within the pyramidal cell layer, and in the deep portion of the molecular layer. In addition to the CA1 to subiculum projections, the discrete PHA‐L injections provided the opportunity of examining the extent of local and associational connections within CA1. In general, associational connections in CA1 are far less extensive than in CA3. CA1 is not entirely without local connections, however. CA1 cells located close to the subicular border, for example, originated axons that first innervated the proximal subiculum and then reentered the CA1 field at the interface between stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum‐moleculare. In most of the experimental cases, there were collaterals located in stratum oriens of CA1 that branched from the fibers directed toward the subiculum. Thus, the basal dendrites of CA1 cells may receive associational inputs. The organization of the CA1 projections to the subiculum is discussed in relation to the organization of CA3 projections to CA1 and the differential output of transverse regions of the subiculum. The possibility is raised that information may be “channeled” through the hippocampal formation via the transverse organization of these connections and ultimately distributed to different recipients of hippocampal efferent projections. Copyright © 1991 Churchill Livingstone Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Amaral:1991a, author = {Amaral, D.G. and Dolorfo, C. and Alvarez‐Royo, P.}, title = {Organization of CA1 projections to the subiculum: A PHA‐L analysis in the rat}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {1991}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {415-435}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026230984&partnerID=40&md5=b25fbfdb95d05a7c17630746f6ec04f5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450010410} }
Amaral, D. and Kurz, J.	An analysis of the origins of the cholinergic and noncholinergic septal projections to the hippocampal formation of the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Journal of Comparative Neurology Vol. 240(1), pp. 37-59	article	DOI URL
Abstract: These experiments were directed at determining the proportion and distribution of cholinergic septal cells which project to the rat hippocampal formation. Injections of WGA‐HRP were placed into different regions of the hippocampal formation and sections through the septal complex were processed for the simultaneous demonstration of the retrogradely transported marker and for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity. Preliminary analysis of adjacent normal series prepared either for the demonstration of ChAT or stained by the Nissl method demonstrated several distinct cell groups in the classically defined medial septal nucleus and vertical limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band. The groups of cells ranged from almost entirely ChAT‐positive to entirely noncholinergic. On the basis of shape and size of the constituent cells, the ChAT‐positive cells of the septal complex were divided into dorsal, intermediate, and ventral subdivisions. The proportion of retrogradely labeled cells that were also ChAT positive ranged from 22.8% to 77.4% in different experiments. When only the hippocampus and dentate gyrus are considered, this variation can largely be accounted for by the topographic organization of the septohippocampal projection. The medial, noncholinergic half of the medial septal nucleus projects primarily to the rostral or septal portions of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus, whereas the lateral half, in which the dorsal ChAT group is located, projects heavily to more temporal levels. Rostral portions of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus receive most of their cholinergic input from the ventral ChAT cell group which forms a major component of the vertical limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band. While some ChAT‐positive cells in the intermediate group project to the hippocampal formation, they are generally less numerous than those from the dorsal and ventral groups. However, in a control experiment in which the WGA‐HRP injection was placed into the cingulate cortex overlying the rostral hippocampal formation, the intermediate ChAT group accounted for 71.2% of the double‐labeled cells. Copyright © 1985 Alan R. Liss, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Amaral:1985a, author = {Amaral, D.G. and Kurz, J.}, title = {An analysis of the origins of the cholinergic and noncholinergic septal projections to the hippocampal formation of the rat}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, year = {1985}, volume = {240}, number = {1}, pages = {37-59}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022006848&partnerID=40&md5=26c936bd7e3853ca0708cd40eb52c1fd}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902400104} }
Amaral, D. and Lavenex, P.	The hippocampus book [BibTeX]	2006	, pp. 37-114	inbook
BibTeX: @inbook{Amaral:2006, author = {Amaral, D and Lavenex, P}, title = {The hippocampus book}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {2006}, pages = {37-114}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Amaral, D.G., Dolorfo, C. and Alvarez-Royo, P.	Organization of CA1 projections to the subiculum: a PHA-L analysis in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Hippocampus Vol. 1(4), pp. 415-435School: Salk Institute for Biological Studies, U.C.S.D., La Jolla.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The organization of CA1 projections to the rat subiculum was investigated with the anterograde tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Discrete iontophoretic injections of PHA-L were placed into various transverse positions of the CA1 field at different septotemporal levels of the hippocampus. The distribution of CA1 projections was observed in dissected and extended hippocampal preparations. CA1 cells located proximally in the field, i.e., close to the CA2 field, gave rise to projections that terminated in the distal third of the subiculum, i.e., close to the presubiculum. CA1 cells located distally in the field, i.e., close to the subiculum, gave rise to projections that terminated proximally in the subiculum, i.e., just across the CA1/subiculum border. CA1 cells in the middle of the field projected to a midtransverse portion of the subiculum. The same general pattern of projections was observed at all septotemporal levels of the hippocampus. Varicose fibers from the CA1 neurons terminated among the basal dendrites of the subicular pyramidal cells, within the pyramidal cell layer, and in the deep portion of the molecular layer. In addition to the CA1 to subiculum projections, the discrete PHA-L injections provided the opportunity of examining the extent of local and associational connections within CA1. In general, associational connections in CA1 are far less extensive than in CA3. CA1 is not entirely without local connections, however. CA1 cells located close to the subicular border, for example, originated axons that first innervated the proximal subiculum and then reentered the CA1 field at the interface between stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare. In most of the experimental cases, there were collaterals located in stratum oriens of CA1 that branched from the fibers directed toward the subiculum. Thus, the basal dendrites of CA1 cells may receive associational inputs. The organization of the CA1 projections to the subiculum is discussed in relation to the organization of CA3 projections to CA1 and the differential output of transverse regions of the subiculum. The possibility is raised that information may be "channeled" through the hippocampal formation via the transverse organization of these connections and ultimately distributed to different recipients of hippocampal efferent projections.
BibTeX: @article{Amaral:1991, author = {D. G. Amaral and C. Dolorfo and P. Alvarez-Royo}, title = {Organization of CA1 projections to the subiculum: a PHA-L analysis in the rat.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, school = {Salk Institute for Biological Studies, U.C.S.D., La Jolla.}, year = {1991}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {415--435}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450010410}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450010410} }
Amaral, D.G. and Kurz, J.	An analysis of the origins of the cholinergic and noncholinergic septal projections to the hippocampal formation of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	J Comp Neurol Vol. 240(1), pp. 37-59	article	DOI URL
Abstract: These experiments were directed at determining the proportion and distribution of cholinergic septal cells which project to the rat hippocampal formation. Injections of WGA-HRP were placed into different regions of the hippocampal formation and sections through the septal complex were processed for the simultaneous demonstration of the retrogradely transported marker and for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity. Preliminary analysis of adjacent normal series prepared either for the demonstration of ChAT or stained by the Nissl method demonstrated several distinct cell groups in the classically defined medial septal nucleus and vertical limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band. The groups of cells ranged from almost entirely ChAT-positive to entirely noncholinergic. On the basis of shape and size of the constituent cells, the ChAT-positive cells of the septal complex were divided into dorsal, intermediate, and ventral subdivisions. The proportion of retrogradely labeled cells that were also ChAT positive ranged from 22.8% to 77.4% in different experiments. When only the hippocampus and dentate gyrus are considered, this variation can largely be accounted for by the topographic organization of the septohippocampal projection. The medial, noncholinergic half of the medial septal nucleus projects primarily to the rostral or septal portions of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus, whereas the lateral half, in which the dorsal ChAT group is located, projects heavily to more temporal levels. Rostral portions of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus receive most of their cholinergic input from the ventral ChAT cell group which forms a major component of the vertical limb of the nucleus of the diagnoal band. While some ChAT-positive cells in the intermediate group project to the hippocampal formation, they are generally less numerous than those from the dorsal and ventral groups. However, in a control experiment in which the WGA-HRP injection was placed into the cingulate cortex overlying the rostral hippocampal formation, the intermediate ChAT group accounted for 71.2% of the double-labeled cells.
BibTeX: @article{Amaral:1985, author = {D. G. Amaral and J. Kurz}, title = {An analysis of the origins of the cholinergic and noncholinergic septal projections to the hippocampal formation of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1985}, volume = {240}, number = {1}, pages = {37--59}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902400104}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902400104} }
Amaral, D.G. and Kurz, J.	An analysis of the origins of the cholinergic and noncholinergic septal projections to the hippocampal formation of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 240, pp. 37-59	article
Abstract: These experiments were directed at determining the proportion and distribution of cholinergic septal cells which project to the rat hippocampal formation. Injections of WGA-HRP were placed into different regions of the hippocampal formation and sections through the septal complex were processed for the simultaneous demonstration of the retrogradely transported marker and for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity. Preliminary analysis of adjacent normal series prepared either for the demonstration of ChAT or stained by the Nissl method demonstrated several distinct cell groups in the classically defined medial septal nucleus and vertical limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band. The groups of cells ranged from almost entirely ChAT-positive to entirely noncholinergic. On the basis of shape and size of the constituent cells, the ChAT-positive cells of the septal complex were divided into dorsal, intermediate, and ventral subdivisions. The proportion of retrogradely labeled cells that were also ChAT positive ranged from 22.8% to 77.4% in different experiments. When only the hippocampus and dentate gyrus are considered, this variation can largely be accounted for by the topographic organization of the septohippocampal projection. The medial, noncholinergic half of the medial septal nucleus projects primarily to the rostral or septal portions of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus, whereas the lateral half, in which the dorsal ChAT group is located, projects heavily to more temporal levels. Rostral portions of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus receive most of their cholinergic input from the ventral ChAT cell group which forms a major component of the vertical limb of the nucleus of the diagnoal band. While some ChAT-positive cells in the intermediate group project to the hippocampal formation, they are generally less numerous than those from the dorsal and ventral groups. However, in a control experiment in which the WGA-HRP injection was placed into the cingulate cortex overlying the rostral hippocampal formation, the intermediate ChAT group accounted for 71.2% of the double-labeled cells.
BibTeX: @article{Amaral:1985b, author = {Amaral, D. G. and Kurz, J.}, title = {An analysis of the origins of the cholinergic and noncholinergic septal projections to the hippocampal formation of the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1985}, volume = {240}, pages = {37-59}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Amaral, D.G. and Price, J.L.	An air pressure system for the injection of tracer substances into the brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	J Neurosci Methods Vol. 9(1), pp. 35-43	article	DOI
Abstract: A system for injecting traces and other substances into the brain through glass micropipettes using mechanically or electromechanically regulated air pressure as the driving force is described. The system has a number of advantages over currently used devices including: accurate ejection of a wide range of volumes (2 nl to several microliters); the capability to inject all currently utilized tracers; and, the direct visualization of the volume of solution injected. This system has proven reliable for a number of tract tracing experiments ranging from the injection of tracers into deep structures of the monkey brain to injecting small quantities of tracers into the brains of fetal rats.
BibTeX: @article{Amaral:1983, author = {Amaral, D. G. and Price, J. L.}, title = {An air pressure system for the injection of tracer substances into the brain.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {1983}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {35--43}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(83)90107-3} }
Amaral, D.G. and Price, J.L.	An air pressure system for the injection of tracer substances into the brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Journal of neuroscience methods Vol. 9, pp. 35-43	article	DOI
Abstract: A system for injecting traces and other substances into the brain through glass micropipettes using mechanically or electromechanically regulated air pressure as the driving force is described. The system has a number of advantages over currently used devices including: accurate ejection of a wide range of volumes (2 nl to several microliters); the capability to inject all currently utilized tracers; and, the direct visualization of the volume of solution injected. This system has proven reliable for a number of tract tracing experiments ranging from the injection of tracers into deep structures of the monkey brain to injecting small quantities of tracers into the brains of fetal rats.
BibTeX: @article{Amaral:1983a, author = {Amaral, D G and Price, J L}, title = {An air pressure system for the injection of tracer substances into the brain.}, journal = {Journal of neuroscience methods}, year = {1983}, volume = {9}, pages = {35--43}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(83)90107-3} }
Amaral, D.G. and Witter, M.P.	The three-dimensional organization of the hippocampal formation: a review of anatomical data. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Neuroscience Vol. 31(3), pp. 571-591School: Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA 92138.	article	DOI
Abstract: In the early 1970s, Andersen and colleagues proposed that the principal excitatory pathways of the hippocampal formation were organized in a lamellar fashion. This proposition, based heavily on the physiological studies of the proponents, indicated that "a point source of entorhinal activity projects its impulses through the four membered pathway (of the hippocampal formation) along a slice or lamella, of hippocampal tissue oriented normally to the alvear surface" [Anderson P., Bliss V.P. and Skrede K. K. (1971) Expl Brain Res. 13, 222-238] and perpendicular to the long axis of the hippocampus. Andersen et al. further suggested that, "By means of this lamellar organization, small strips of the hippocampal cortex may operate as independent functional units, although excitatory and inhibitory transverse connections may modify the behavior of neighboring lamellae." The "lamellar hypothesis" of hippocampal anatomical organization has had tremendous influence on the conceptualization of hippocampal information processing and was largely responsible for prompting the establishment of the in vitro hippocampal slice technology. While the "lamellar hypothesis" was consistent with the known neuroanatomy, subsequent neuroanatomical investigations, using a variety of modern tracing techniques, have invariably demonstrated that all of the major hippocampal projections, except for those arising from the granule cells of the dentate gyrus, are much more divergent than would be consistent with a strict interpretation of the lamellar hypothesis. This has become particularly clear in ongoing studies of the intrinsic hippocampal projections using the recently introduced anterograde tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. Citing the conclusions from several papers dealing with the anatomical organization of the hippocampal formation and using examples from recent Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin mapping studies, the following are demonstrated. (1) That the major hippocampal projections are as extensive and highly organized in the long or septotemporal axis of the hippocampus as in the transverse axis. (2) That at least some of the hippocampal projections, such as the associational projections arising from the dentate gyrus, appear to be specifically organized to integrate distant levels of the hippocampal formation. (3) That the physiological data of Anderson et al. can be re-interpreted in the light of these new anatomical data to show how the stimulation and recording protocols used at the time would, in fact, generate the appearance of a lamellar organization. It is concluded that it is heuristically most reasonable to consider the hippocampal formation as a three-dimensional cortical region with important information processing taking place in both the transverse and long axes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Amaral:1989, author = {Amaral, D. G. and Witter, M. P.}, title = {The three-dimensional organization of the hippocampal formation: a review of anatomical data.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA 92138.}, year = {1989}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {571--591}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(89)90424-7} }
Amat, J., Baratta, M., Paul, E., Bland, S., Watkins, L. and Maier, S.	Medial prefrontal cortex determines how stressor controllability affects behavior and dorsal raphe nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Nature Neuroscience Vol. 8(3), pp. 365-371	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The degree of behavioral control that an organism has over a stressor is a potent modulator of the stressor's impact; uncontrollable stressors produce numerous outcomes that do not occur if the stressor is controllable. Research on controllability has focused on brainstem nuclei such as the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Here we find that the infralimbic and prelimbic regions of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFCv) in rats detect whether a stressor is under the organism's control. When a stressor is controllable, stress-induced activation of the DRN is inhibited by the mPFCv, and the behavioral sequelae of uncontrollable stress are blocked. This suggests a new function for the mPFCv and implies that the presence of control inhibits stress-induced neural activity in brainstem nuclei, in contrast to the prevalent view that such activity is induced by a lack of control.
BibTeX: @article{Amat:2005, author = {Amat, J. and Baratta, M.V. and Paul, E. and Bland, S.T. and Watkins, L.R. and Maier, S.F.}, title = {Medial prefrontal cortex determines how stressor controllability affects behavior and dorsal raphe nucleus}, journal = {Nature Neuroscience}, year = {2005}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {365-371}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-14544297378&partnerID=40&md5=d5b1c7d8ba9c63a7ee0d0946f7f75427}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1399} }
Amat, J., Paul, E., Watkins, L. and Maier, S.	Activation of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex during an uncontrollable stressor reproduces both the immediate and long-term protective effects of behavioral control [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Neuroscience Vol. 154(4), pp. 1178-1186	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The degree of behavioral control that an organism has over a stressor determines the behavioral and neurochemical sequelae of the stressor, with the presence of control preventing the typical outcomes that occur when the stressor is uncontrollable (e.g. failure to learn, exaggerated fear, dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) 5-HT activation). Furthermore, an experience with a controllable stressor blocks the consequences of later uncontrollable stressors ("immunization"). These effects of control have been argued to be mediated by control-induced activation of ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFCv) output to the DRN. The experiments that have led to this interpretation have all involved the inactivation of the mPFCv with muscimol, showing that inactivation during the stressor eliminates the stressor-resistance produced by control, with the controllable stressor now acting as if it were uncontrollable. The present experiments in rats employed the opposite strategy, activating the mPFCv during the stressor. mPFCv microinjection of picrotoxin during the stressor eliminated the DRN 5-HT activation that normally occurs during the uncontrollable stressor, as well as the escape learning deficit and exaggerated fear that normally follows uncontrollable stress. Furthermore, mPFCv activation during an initial exposure to an uncontrollable stressor led the uncontrollable stressor to produce behavioral and neurochemical immunization when the subjects were later exposed to an uncontrollable stressor. That is, the conjoint activation of the mPFCv and exposure to an uncontrollable stressor led the uncontrollable stressor to act as if it were controllable. These results provide strong support for the argument that behavioral control produced stress-resistance by activating the mPFCv. © 2008 IBRO.
BibTeX: @article{Amat:2008, author = {Amat, J. and Paul, E. and Watkins, L.R. and Maier, S.F.}, title = {Activation of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex during an uncontrollable stressor reproduces both the immediate and long-term protective effects of behavioral control}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2008}, volume = {154}, number = {4}, pages = {1178-1186}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-45849111431&partnerID=40&md5=e8209725cdac4064ea867176b4231087}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.005} }
Amat, J., Paul, E., Zarza, C., Watkins, L. and Maier, S.	Previous experience with behavioral control over stress blocks the behavioral and dorsal raphe nucleus activating effects of later uncontrollable stress: Role of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 26(51), pp. 13264-13272	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Previous experience with stressors over which the subject has behavioral control blocks the typical behavioral consequences of subsequent exposure to stressors over which the organism has no behavioral control. The present experiments explored the involvement of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFCv) in mediating this "immunizing" or resilience producing effect of an initial experience with control. Behavioral immunization was blocked by inactivation of the mPFCv with muscimol at the time of the initial experience with control, as well as at the time of the later exposure to uncontrollable stress. Inhibition of protein synthesis within the mPFCv by anisomycin also blocked immunization when administered at the time of the initial controllable stress but had no effect when administered at the time of the later uncontrollable stress. Additional experiments found that the initial experience with control blocks the intense activation of serotonergic cells in the dorsal raphe nucleus that would normally be produced by uncontrollable stress, providing a mechanism for behavioral immunization. Furthermore, mPFCv activity during the initial controllable stressor was required for this effect to occur. These results suggest that the mPFCv is needed both to process information about the controllability of stressors and to utilize such information to regulate responses to subsequent stressors. Moreover, the mPFCv may be a site of storage or plasticity concerning controllability information. These results are consistent with recent research in other domains that explore the functions of the mPFCv. Copyright © 2006 Society for Neuroscience.
BibTeX: @article{Amat:2006, author = {Amat, J. and Paul, E. and Zarza, C. and Watkins, L.R. and Maier, S.F.}, title = {Previous experience with behavioral control over stress blocks the behavioral and dorsal raphe nucleus activating effects of later uncontrollable stress: Role of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {26}, number = {51}, pages = {13264-13272}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33845798380&partnerID=40&md5=25f1e7b85a4bfd52e828cb552e4df6da}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3630-06.2006} }
Amat, J., Sparks, P., Matus-Amat, P., Griggs, J., Watkins, L. and Maier, S.	The role of the habenular complex in the elevation of dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin and the changes in the behavioral responses produced by uncontrollable stress [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Brain Research Vol. 917(1), pp. 118-126	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Previous research indicates that the serotonergic neurons of the caudal dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) are activated to a greater degree by inescapable shock (IS) as compared to escapable shock (ES), causing a greater release of serotonin (5-HT) in the DRN and in target regions. This differential activation is necessary for the behavioral changes that occur after exposure to IS, but not to ES (i.e. learned helplessness/behavioral depression). Although the critical role of the DRN in learned helplessness is clear, the neural inputs to the caudal DRN which result in this selective activation are unknown. One structure that may be involved in the activation of the DRN and the induction of learned helplessness/behavioral depression is the habenular complex. In experiment 1, habenula lesions eliminated the differential rise in DRN extracellular 5-HT levels in response to IS and ES exposure by severely attenuating the rise in 5-HT for both groups. In experiment 2, sham operated and habenula lesioned rats were exposed to either ES, IS or no stress (home cage control; HCC). Twenty-four hours later, sham rats previously exposed to IS exhibited longer escape latencies as compared to both ES and HCC rats (i.e. learned helplessness). The habenular lesion eliminated the differences in escape latency between groups, thus eliminating the induction of learned helplessness/behavioral depression. These results suggest that the habenula is necessary for the differential activation of the DRN and the escape deficits produced by IS. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Amat:2001, author = {Amat, J. and Sparks, P.D. and Matus-Amat, P. and Griggs, J. and Watkins, L.R. and Maier, S.F.}, title = {The role of the habenular complex in the elevation of dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin and the changes in the behavioral responses produced by uncontrollable stress}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2001}, volume = {917}, number = {1}, pages = {118-126}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035955499&partnerID=40&md5=450c7c9dfbf8dad42c24917fb8e45d37}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02934-1} }
Amaya, K., Monroe, E., Sweedler, J. and Clayton, D.	Lipid imaging in the zebra finch brain with secondary ion mass spectrometry [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	International Journal of Mass Spectrometry Vol. 260(2-3), pp. 121-127	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Lipids have diverse functions in the nervous system, but the study of their anatomical distributions in the intact brain is rather difficult using conventional methodologies. Here we demonstrate the application of high resolution time-of-flight (ToF) secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to image various lipid components and cholesterol across an entire brain section prepared from an adult zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), with a spatial resolution of 2.3 μm, resulting in the formation of 11.5 megapixel chemical images. The zebra finch is a songbird in which specific neural and developmental functions have been ascribed to discrete "song control nuclei" of the forebrain. We have observed a relative increase of palmitic acid C16:0 and oleic acid C18:1 in song control nuclei versus the surrounding tissue, while phosphate (PO3-), representative of phospholipids, was lower in these regions. Cholesterol was present at a high level only in the white matter of the optic tectum. More diffuse distributions were observed for stearic, arachidonic, linolenic, and palmitoleic acids. The presented results illustrate that SIMS imaging is a useful approach for assessing changes in lipid content during song circuit development and song learning. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Amaya:2007, author = {Amaya, K.R. and Monroe, E.B. and Sweedler, J.V. and Clayton, D.F.}, title = {Lipid imaging in the zebra finch brain with secondary ion mass spectrometry}, journal = {International Journal of Mass Spectrometry}, year = {2007}, volume = {260}, number = {2-3}, pages = {121-127}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33845903384&partnerID=40&md5=366a531fc4cfeeefae92105b26ab3112}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2006.09.032} }
Ambalavanar, R., Moritani, M., Haines, A., Hilton, T. and Dessem, D.	Chemical phenotypes of muscle and cutaneous afferent neurons in the rat trigeminal ganglion. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	J Comp Neurol Vol. 460(2), pp. 167-179School: Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. ramba001@umaryland.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Retrograde labeling was combined with cytochemistry to investigate phenotypic differences in primary afferent neurons relaying sensory information from deep and superficial craniofacial tissues. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM) immunoreactivity and isolectin IB4, and cholera toxin B (ChTB) binding were examined for trigeminal masticatory muscle and cutaneous afferent neurons. Somata labeled from muscle were larger than cutaneous afferent neurons. Muscle afferent neurons exhibited positive staining as follows: 22% CGRP, 5% SP, 0% SOM; 18% ChTB, 5% IB4. The somata of CGRP- and SP-positive muscle afferent neurons were smaller than that of the overall muscle afferent population. Size differences were not detected between IB4- or ChTB-binding muscle afferent neurons and the total muscle afferent population. The following distribution was found for cutaneous afferent neurons: 26% CGRP, 7% SP, 1% SOM, 26% ChTB, 44% IB4. Cutaneous afferent neurons positive for SP were smaller, while ChTB-binding cutaneous afferents were larger than the overall cutaneous afferent population. No size differences were found between cutaneous CGRP-, SOM-, or IB4-positive neurons and the total cutaneous afferent population. Target-specific differences exist for SOM and IB4. The percentage of cutaneous afferent neurons positive for SOM and IB4 exceeds that for SOM- or IB4-positive muscle afferents. The number of retrogradely labeled neurons never differed between sexes. The percentage of retrogradely labeled muscle afferent neurons that were CGRP-positive was greater in males than females. These data indicate the presence of phenotypic, target, and sex differences in trigeminal ganglion primary afferent neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Ambalavanar:2003, author = {Ambalavanar, Ranjinidevi and Moritani, Masayuki and Haines, Ashley and Hilton, Tia and Dessem, Dean}, title = {Chemical phenotypes of muscle and cutaneous afferent neurons in the rat trigeminal ganglion.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. ramba001@umaryland.edu}, year = {2003}, volume = {460}, number = {2}, pages = {167--179}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10655}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.10655} }
Ambalavanar, R. and Morris, R.	Fluoro-Gold injected either subcutaneously or intravascularly results in extensive retrograde labelling of CNS neurones having axons terminating outside the blood-brain barrier. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Brain research Vol. 505, pp. 171-175	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Subcutaneous or intravascular injections of the dye Fluoro-Gold resulted in widespread labelling of neurones with a distribution and appearance consistent with their being motoneurones, preganglionic autonomic neurones and hypothalamic neurones projecting to the pituitary. Peripheral nerve ligation prevented labelling of neurones whose axons travelled in that peripheral nerve. These observations suggest that Fluoro-Gold diffuses extensively in the body tissues but does not cross the blood-brain barrier and that it is taken up by peripheral terminals and transported retrogradely by motoneurones.
BibTeX: @article{Ambalavanar:1989, author = {Ambalavanar, R and Morris, R}, title = {Fluoro-Gold injected either subcutaneously or intravascularly results in extensive retrograde labelling of CNS neurones having axons terminating outside the blood-brain barrier.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1989}, volume = {505}, pages = {171--175}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899389901339?via%3Dihub#}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(89)90133-9} }
Ambalavanar, R., Yallampalli, C., Yallampalli, U. and Dessem, D.	Injection of adjuvant but not acidic saline into craniofacial muscle evokes nociceptive behaviors and neuropeptide expression. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Neuroscience Vol. 149(3), pp. 650-659School: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, 650 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. rambalavanar@umaryland.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Craniofacial muscle pain including muscular temporomandibular disorders accounts for a substantial portion of all pain perceived in the head and neck region. In spite of its high clinical prevalence, the mechanisms of chronic craniofacial muscle pain are not well understood. Injection of acidic saline into rodent hindlimb muscles produces pathologies which resemble muscular pathologies in chronic pain patients. Here we investigated whether analogous transformations occur following repeated injections of acidic saline into the rat masseter muscle. Injection of acidic saline (pH 4) into the masseter muscle transiently lowered i.m. pH to levels comparable to those reported for rodent hindlimb muscles. Nevertheless, repeated unilateral or bilateral injections of acidic saline (pH 4) into the masseter muscle failed to alter nociceptive behavioral responses as occurs in the hindlimb. Changing the pH of injected saline to pH 3.0 or 5.0 also did not evoke nocifensive behavior. Acid sensing ion channel 3 receptors, which are implicated in transformations following acidification of hindlimb muscles, were found on trigeminal ganglion muscle afferent neurons via combined neuronal tracing and immunocytochemistry. In contrast to the acidic saline, injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the masseter muscle induced mechanical allodynia for 3 weeks, thermal hyperalgesia for 1 week and an increase in the number of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive muscle afferent neurons in the trigeminal ganglion. Although pH may alter CGRP release in primary afferent neurons, the number of CGRP-muscle afferent neurons did not change following i.m. injection of acidic saline. Further, there was no change in ganglionic iCGRP levels at 1, 4 or 12 days after i.m. injection of acidic saline. While these findings extend our earlier reports that CFA-induced muscle inflammation results in behavioral and neuropeptide changes they further suggest that i.m. acidification in craniofacial muscle evokes different responses than in hindlimb muscle and imply that disparate proton sensing mechanisms underlie these discrepancies.
BibTeX: @article{Ambalavanar:2007, author = {Ambalavanar, R. and Yallampalli, C. and Yallampalli, U. and Dessem, D.}, title = {Injection of adjuvant but not acidic saline into craniofacial muscle evokes nociceptive behaviors and neuropeptide expression.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, 650 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. rambalavanar@umaryland.edu}, year = {2007}, volume = {149}, number = {3}, pages = {650--659}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.058}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.058} }
Ambiel, C. and Alves-Do-Prado, W.	Neuromuscular facilitation and blockade induced by L-arginine and nitric oxide in the rat isolated diaphragm [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	General Pharmacology Vol. 28(5), pp. 789-794	article	DOI URL
Abstract: 1. L-Arginine (4.7-9.5 mM) induced an increase in the amplitude of muscular contraction (AMC) evoked by nerve stimulation of rat diaphragm preparations, but produced a reduction of the AMC evoked by direct stimulation of muscles previously treated with d-tubocurarine. The facilitatory dose of L-arginine was ineffective in changing the twitch tension evoked by retrograde injection of acetylcholine. 2. N(ω)-nitro-L- arginine (18 mM) antagonized the increase in AMC induced by L-arginine in preparations indirectly stimulated, and a similar effect was obtained against the depression induced by L-arginine in directly stimulated muscle preparations. D-Arginine (4.5-9.5 mM) was ineffective in changing the AMC evoked by direct or indirect stimulation of the diaphragm. 3. NO (8.6 mM) induced an increase of the AMC evoked by indirect stimulation of the muscle and was ineffective in changing the twitch tension evoked by retrograde injection of acetylcholine. NO (8.6 mM) produced an increase followed by a reduction of the AMC evoked by direct stimulation of muscles, but the muscular facilitatory effect induced by NO was smaller than the neuromuscular facilitatory effect. 4. These results indicate that NO increases the AMC when it interacts at the presynaptic level and decreases the AMC when it interacts at the postsynaptic level.
BibTeX: @article{Ambiel:1997, author = {Ambiel, C.R. and Alves-Do-Prado, W.}, title = {Neuromuscular facilitation and blockade induced by L-arginine and nitric oxide in the rat isolated diaphragm}, journal = {General Pharmacology}, year = {1997}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {789-794}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030977634&partnerID=40&md5=5d21c35a8a33bcd0dbe326a10ed216a4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-3623(96)00237-6} }
Ambrogi Lorenzini, C., Baldi, E., Bucherelli, C., Sacchetti, B. and Tassoni, G.	Role of ventral hippocampus in acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of rat's passive avoidance response memory trace [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Brain Research Vol. 768(1-2), pp. 242-248	article	DOI URL
Abstract: By means of local administration of tetrodotoxin (TTX) a fully reversible functional inactivation of rat's ventral hippocampus (VH) was obtained in order to characterize the role of this structure in the memorization of a conditioned passive avoidance response (PAR). In Experiment 1, on permanently cannulated animals, TTX (10 ng in 1.0 μl saline) or saline (1.0 μl) was injected uni- or bilaterally in the VH, respectively, 1 h before PAR acquisition, immediately after PAR acquisition, and 1 h before PAR retrieval, always performed 48 h after the acquisition trial. It was shown that both pre-acquisition and pre-retrieval VH uni- or bilateral blockades were followed by significant PAR retention impairment, while in post- acquisition only the bilateral blockade determined PAR retention impairment. In Experiment 2, on three different groups of rats, TTX (10 ng in 1 μl saline) was bilaterally administered, under general ketamine anesthesia (100 mg/kg b.w.), into the VH at different post-acquisition delays (0.25, 1.5, 6 h). Retrieval testing, 48 h after treatment, showed that post-acquisition bilateral VH blockade caused PAR impairment only when performed 0.25 h after acquisition. The results clearly indicate a role of VH during acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of PAR engram. The experimental evidence is discussed in comparison to previous results concerning TTX dorsal hippocampus blockade effects on rat's PAR and in relation to hippocampal connectivity with the medial septal area and the amygdala.
BibTeX: @article{AmbrogiLorenzini:1997a, author = {Ambrogi Lorenzini, C.G. and Baldi, E. and Bucherelli, C. and Sacchetti, B. and Tassoni, G.}, title = {Role of ventral hippocampus in acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of rat's passive avoidance response memory trace}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1997}, volume = {768}, number = {1-2}, pages = {242-248}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0342813074&partnerID=40&md5=daeb2d8db3842a5745cc9a93af1a95ad}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00651-3} }
Ambrogi Lorenzini, C., Baldi, E., Bucherelli, C. and Tassoni, G.	Post-training nucleus basalis magnocellularis functional tetrodotoxin blockade effects on passive avoidance consolidation in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Behav Brain Res Vol. 61(2), pp. 191-196	article	DOI
Abstract: The tetrodotoxin (TTX) functional ablation technique was employed in order to evaluate the temporal coordinates of the rat's nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) involvement in memory trace processing. Under ketamine general anesthesia, TTX (10 ng in 1 microliter saline) was stereotaxically administered to rats, either in one or both NBMs. TTX was injected to different groups of rats, respectively 15 min, 6, 24, 48, 96 h after passive avoidance acquisition testing. The rats underwent retrieval testing 48 h later, i.e. after full recovery from TTX effects. Results show that: (1) monolateral TTX blockade significantly impairs PAR conditioned responding if induced up to 6 h but not 24 h after acquisition testing; (2) bilateral TTX blockade dramatically impairs passive avoidance responding up to a 48-h delay but not 96 h after acquisition testing. The results indicate a very profound involvement of NBM in passive avoidance response consolidation. The experimental evidence is discussed together with previous functional ablation findings concerning amygdala, parabrachial nuclei and neocortex.
BibTeX: @article{AmbrogiLorenzini:1994, author = {Ambrogi Lorenzini, C. and Baldi, E. and Bucherelli, C. and Tassoni, G.}, title = {Post-training nucleus basalis magnocellularis functional tetrodotoxin blockade effects on passive avoidance consolidation in the rat.}, journal = {Behav Brain Res}, year = {1994}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, pages = {191--196}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(94)90159-7} }
Ambrogi Lorenzini, C., Baldi, E., Bucherelli, C. and Tassoni, G.	Post-training nucleus basalis magnocellularis functional tetrodotoxin blockade effects on passive avoidance consolidation in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Behavioural brain research Vol. 61, pp. 191-6	article
Abstract: The tetrodotoxin (TTX) functional ablation technique was employed in order to evaluate the temporal coordinates of the rat's nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) involvement in memory trace processing. Under ketamine general anesthesia, TTX (10 ng in 1 microliter saline) was stereotaxically administered to rats, either in one or both NBMs. TTX was injected to different groups of rats, respectively 15 min, 6, 24, 48, 96 h after passive avoidance acquisition testing. The rats underwent retrieval testing 48 h later, i.e. after full recovery from TTX effects. Results show that: (1) monolateral TTX blockade significantly impairs PAR conditioned responding if induced up to 6 h but not 24 h after acquisition testing; (2) bilateral TTX blockade dramatically impairs passive avoidance responding up to a 48-h delay but not 96 h after acquisition testing. The results indicate a very profound involvement of NBM in passive avoidance response consolidation. The experimental evidence is discussed together with previous functional ablation findings concerning amygdala, parabrachial nuclei and neocortex.
BibTeX: @article{AmbrogiLorenzini:1994a, author = {Ambrogi Lorenzini, C. and Baldi, E. and Bucherelli, C. and Tassoni, G.}, title = {Post-training nucleus basalis magnocellularis functional tetrodotoxin blockade effects on passive avoidance consolidation in the rat.}, journal = {Behavioural brain research}, year = {1994}, volume = {61}, pages = {191-6}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Ambrogi Lorenzini, C.G., Baldi, E., Bucherelli, C., Sacchetti, B. and Tassoni, G.	Role of ventral hippocampus in acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of rat's passive avoidance response memory trace. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Brain Res Vol. 768(1-2), pp. 242-248School: Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiologiche, Florence, Italy.	article	DOI
Abstract: By means of local administration of tetrodotoxin (TTX) a fully reversible functional inactivation of rat's ventral hippocampus (VH) was obtained in order to characterize the role of this structure in the memorization of a conditioned passive avoidance response (PAR). In Experiment 1, on permanently cannulated animals, TTX (10 ng in 1.0 microl saline) or saline (1.0 microl) was injected uni- or bilaterally in the VH, respectively, 1 h before PAR acquisition, immediately after PAR acquisition, and 1 h before PAR retrieval, always performed 48 h after the acquisition trial. It was shown that both pre-acquisition and pre-retrieval VH uni- or bilateral blockades were followed by significant PAR retention impairment, while in post-acquisition only the bilateral blockade determined PAR retention impairment. In Experiment 2, on three different groups of rats, TTX (10 ng in 1 microl saline) was bilaterally administered, under general ketamine anesthesia (100 mg/kg b.w.), into the VH at different post- acquisition delays (0.25, 1.5, 6 h). Retrieval testing, 48 h after treatment, showed that post-acquisition bilateral VH blockade caused PAR impairment only when performed 0.25 h after acquisition. The results clearly indicate a role of VH during acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of PAR engram. The experimental evidence is discussed in comparison to previous results concerning TTX dorsal hippocampus blockade effects on rat's PAR and in relation to hippocampal connectivity with the medial septal area and the amygdala.
BibTeX: @article{AmbrogiLorenzini:1997, author = {Ambrogi Lorenzini, C. G. and Baldi, E. and Bucherelli, C. and Sacchetti, B. and Tassoni, G.}, title = {Role of ventral hippocampus in acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of rat's passive avoidance response memory trace.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiologiche, Florence, Italy.}, year = {1997}, volume = {768}, number = {1-2}, pages = {242--248}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00651-3} }
Ambrogini, P., Lattanzi, D., Ciuffoli, S., Agostini, D., Bertini, L., Stocchi, V., Santi, S. and Cuppini, R.	Morpho-functional characterization of neuronal cells at different stages of maturation in granule cell layer of adult rat dentate gyrus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Brain Res Vol. 1017(1-2), pp. 21-31School: Istituto di Scienze Fisiologiche, Università degli Studi di Urbino, Carlo Bo, Crocicchia, I-61029 Urbino, Italy. p.ambrogini@uniurb.it	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Neurogenesis occurs throughout adult life in dentate gyrus of mammal hippocampus. Therefore, neurons at different stages of electrophysiological and morphological maturation and showing various, if any, synaptic inputs co-exist in the adult granule cell layer, as occurs during dentate gyrus development. The knowledge of functional properties of new neurons throughout their maturation can contribute to understanding their role in the hippocampal function. In this study electrophysiological and morphological features of granule layer cells, characterized as immature or mature neurons, without and with synaptic input, were comparatively described in adult rats. The patch-clamp technique was used to perform electrophysiological recordings, the occurrence of synaptic input evoked by medial perforant pathway stimulation was investigated and synaptic input was characterized. Cells were then identified and morphologically described via detection of biocytin injected through the patch pipette. The neuronal phenotype of recorded cells was assessed by immunohistochemistry and single-cell RT-PCR. Cells with very low capacitance, high input resistance, depolarized resting membrane potential and without synaptic activity were found exclusively at the border of the GCL facing hilus; this type of cell expressed the class III beta-tubulin neuronal marker (mRNA and protein) and did not express a glial marker. Immature neuronal cells with progressively increasing capacitance, decreasing input resistance and resting membrane potential getting more hyperpolarized showed only depolarizing GABAergic synaptic input at first and then also glutamatergic synaptic input. Finally, cells showing electrophysiological, synaptic, and morphological features of mature granule, expressing the mature neuron marker NeuN, were identified.
BibTeX: @article{Ambrogini:2004, author = {Ambrogini, Patrizia and Lattanzi, Davide and Ciuffoli, Stefano and Agostini, Deborah and Bertini, Luana and Stocchi, Vilberto and Santi, Spartaco and Cuppini, Riccardo}, title = {Morpho-functional characterization of neuronal cells at different stages of maturation in granule cell layer of adult rat dentate gyrus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Istituto di Scienze Fisiologiche, Università degli Studi di Urbino, Carlo Bo, Crocicchia, I-61029 Urbino, Italy. p.ambrogini@uniurb.it}, year = {2004}, volume = {1017}, number = {1-2}, pages = {21--31}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.05.039}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.05.039} }
Amenta, F., Cavallotti, C., de Michele, M., Ricci, A. and Vega, J.	Changes of dopamine-sensitive cyclic AMP-generating system in the rat hippocampus as a function of age [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Vol. 10(3), pp. 279-285	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The dopamine (DA) D1 and D2 receptors coupled to the 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-generating system were studied in membrane particles of the dorsal hippocampus in 3 (considered to be young), 12 (considered to be adult) and 24 (considered to be old) month male Sprague-Dawley rats. Activation of D1 receptors with DA, apomorphine or SKF 82526 enhanced accumulation of cAMP in the hippocampus of rats of the three age groups examined. This stimulatory effect was significantly reduced in adult rats. No further changes were noticeable in old animals. D2 receptors negatively coupled to cAMP generation were demonstrated by incubating hippocampus membrane particles with SCH 23390 plus DA or with D2 receptor agonists quinpirole or bromocriptine. The D2 inhibitory effect on cAMP generation was unchanged in the three age groups. No difference was detectable between young, adult and old rats in the activation of cAMP production by forskolin. © 1990.
BibTeX: @article{Amenta:1990, author = {Amenta, F. and Cavallotti, C. and de Michele, M. and Ricci, A. and Vega, JosA.}, title = {Changes of dopamine-sensitive cyclic AMP-generating system in the rat hippocampus as a function of age}, journal = {Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics}, year = {1990}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {279-285}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025348789&partnerID=40&md5=47d08be38d461b910c4bfdd95cc60e97}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4943(90)90029-6} }
Ames, B.N.	The metabolic tune-up: metabolic harmony and disease prevention. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	J Nutr Vol. 133(5 Suppl 1), pp. 1544S-1548SSchool: University of California, Berkeley and Children's Hospital, Oakland, CA 94609, USA. bames@chori.org	article	URL
Abstract: An optimum intake of micronutrients and metabolites, which varies with age and genetic constitution, would tune up metabolism and give a marked increase in health, particularly for the poor and elderly, at little cost. 1) DNA damage. Inadequate intake of folic acid causes millions of uracils to be incorporated into the DNA of each cell with associated chromosome breaks, essentially producing a radiation mimic. Deficiencies of the metabolically connected vitamins B-6 and B-12, which are also widespread, also cause uracil incorporation and chromosome breaks. Inadequate iron intake (2 billion women in the world; 25% of U.S. menstruating women) causes oxidants to leak from mitochondria and damages mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA. Inadequate zinc intake (approximately 10% in the U.S.) causes oxidation and DNA damage in human cells. 2) The K(m) concept. Approximately 50 different human genetic diseases that are due to a poorer binding affinity (K(m)) of the mutant enzyme for its coenzyme can be remedied by feeding high-dose B vitamins, which raise levels of the corresponding coenzyme. Many polymorphisms also result in a lowered affinity of enzyme for coenzyme. 3) Mitochondrial oxidative decay with age. This decay, which is a major contributor to aging, can be ameliorated by feeding old rats the normal mitochondrial metabolites acetyl carnitine and lipoic acid at high levels. They restore the K(m) for acetyl carnitine transferase and the velocity of the reaction as well as mitochondrial function; reduce levels of oxidants, neuron RNA oxidation and mutagenic aldehydes; and increase old-rat ambulatory activity and cognition.
BibTeX: @article{Ames:2003, author = {Ames, Bruce N.}, title = {The metabolic tune-up: metabolic harmony and disease prevention.}, journal = {J Nutr}, school = {University of California, Berkeley and Children's Hospital, Oakland, CA 94609, USA. bames@chori.org}, year = {2003}, volume = {133}, number = {5 Suppl 1}, pages = {1544S--1548S}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://jn.nutrition.org/content/133/5/1544S.long} }
Amico, J., Janosky, J., Challinor, S. and Cameron, J.	Effect of naloxone administration upon the diurnal concentrations of oxytocin in the cerebrospinal fluid of rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Hormone Research in Paediatrics Vol. 38(3-4), pp. 171-176	article	DOI URL
Abstract: A diurnal pattern in oxytocin concentrations is present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) removed from the spinal subarachnoid space of monkeys, with elevated levels occurring in the early light hours. In order to investigate the possible role of endogenous opioid peptides in the generation of this oxytocin rhythm, we administered naloxone (0.4 mg/kg/h × 48 h) to rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys and examined the effects on the diurnal pattern of oxytocin in CSF collected from the lumbar subarachnoid spinal space. Monkeys maintained on jacket/tether/swivel systems and in a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle (lights on 07.00-19.00 h) were implanted with temporary spinal subarachnoid catheters. CSF was continuously collected from the lumbar subarachnoid space and assayed for oxytocin. Oxytocin concentrations in CSF showed a diurnal variation with peak and nadir concentrations during light and dark hours, respectively. The lumbar CSF concentrations of oxytocin were not significantly different during naloxone vs. saline infusion. Plasma oxytocin concentrations, measured in the same animals, displayed no diurnal variation and were not significantly different during naloxone vs. saline infusion. We conclude that naloxone administration for 48 h does not perturb the diurnal variation in oxytocin concentrations in the CSF of monkeys. Mu opioid receptors are unlikely to be involved in modulating the diurnal rhythm of oxytocin in the CSF of monkeys. © 1992 S. Karger AG, Basel.
BibTeX: @article{Amico:1992, author = {Amico, J.A. and Janosky, J.E. and Challinor, S.M. and Cameron, J.L.}, title = {Effect of naloxone administration upon the diurnal concentrations of oxytocin in the cerebrospinal fluid of rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys}, journal = {Hormone Research in Paediatrics}, year = {1992}, volume = {38}, number = {3-4}, pages = {171-176}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026968729&partnerID=40&md5=b8fe14e0470527118cc65e378fe2e69b}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1159/000182535} }
Amin, E., Wright, N., Poirier, G.L., Thomas, K.L., Erichsen, J.T. and Aggleton, J.P.	Selective lamina dysregulation in granular retrosplenial cortex (area 29) after anterior thalamic lesions: an in situ hybridization and trans-neuronal tracing study in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Neuroscience Vol. 169(3), pp. 1255-1267School: School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales CF10 3AT, UK.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: There is growing evidence that lesions of the anterior thalamic nuclei cause long-lasting intrinsic changes to retrosplenial cortex, with the potential to alter its functional properties. The present study had two goals. The first was to identify the pattern of changes in eight markers, as measured by in-situ hydridisation, in the granular retrosplenial cortex (area Rgb) following anterior thalamic lesions. The second was to use retrograde trans-neuronal tracing methods to identify the potential repercussions of intrinsic changes within granular retrosplenial cortex. In Experiment 1, adult rats received unilateral lesions of the anterior thalamic nuclei and were perfused 4 weeks later. Of the eight markers, four (c-fos, zif268, 5ht2rc, kcnab2) showed a very similar pattern of change, with decreased levels in superficial retrosplenial cortex (lamina II) in the ipsilateral hemisphere but little or no change in deeper layers (lamina V). A fifth marker (cox6b) showed a shift in activity levels in the opposite direction to the previous four markers. Three other markers (cox6a1, CD74, ncs-1) did not appear to change activity levels after surgery. The predominant pattern of change, a decrease in superficial cortical activity, points to potential alterations in plasticity and metabolism. In Experiment 2, wheat germ agglutin (WGA) was injected into the anterior thalamic nuclei in rats given different survival times, sometimes in combination with the retrograde, fluorescent tracer, Fast Blue. Dense aggregations of retrogradely labeled cells were always found in lamina VI of granular retrosplenial cortex, but additional labeled cells in lamina II were only found: (1) in WGA cases, that is never after Fast Blue injections, and (2) after longer WGA survival times (3 days). These layer II Rgb cells are likely to have been trans-neuronally labeled, revealing a pathway from lamina II of Rgb to those deeper retrosplenial cells that project directly to the anterior thalamic nuclei.
BibTeX: @article{Amin:2010, author = {Amin, E. and Wright, N. and Poirier, G. L. and Thomas, K. L. and Erichsen, J. T. and Aggleton, J. P.}, title = {Selective lamina dysregulation in granular retrosplenial cortex (area 29) after anterior thalamic lesions: an in situ hybridization and trans-neuronal tracing study in rats.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales CF10 3AT, UK.}, year = {2010}, volume = {169}, number = {3}, pages = {1255--1267}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.055}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.055} }
Amin, F.U., Shah, S.A. and Kim, M.O.	Glycine inhibits ethanol-induced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptotic neurodegeneration in postnatal rat brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2016	Neurochem Int Vol. 96, pp. 1-12School: Division of Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences (RINS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: mokim@gnu.ac.kr.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Here we investigated for the first time the inhibitory potential of Glycine (Gly) against ethanol-induced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptotic neurodegeneration in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and in the developing rat brain. The Gly co-treatment significantly increased the cell viability, inhibited the expression of phospho-Nuclear Factor kappa B (p-NF-kB) and caspase-3 and reduced the oxidative stress in ethanol-treated SH-SY5Y cells in a PI3K-dependent manner. Seven days old male rat pups were injected with ethanol (5 g/kg subcutaneously, prepared in a 20% saline solution) and Gly (1 g/kg). Gly co-treatment stimulated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway to limit the ethanol induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the developing rat brain. It lowered the ethanol-elevated levels of phospho-c Jun N terminal kinase (p-JNK) and its various downstream apoptotic markers, including Bax, cytochrome C, caspase-3 and PARP-1. Additionally, the Gly treatment upregulated antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins and prevented ethanol-induced neurodegeneration as assessed by Fluoro-Jade-B (FJB) and Nissl staining. Furthermore, the Gly administration caused significant reduction in the ethanol-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory markers such as p-NF-kB, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and reversed the ethanol-induced synaptic protein markers expression. The results suggest that acute Gly treatment reduces ethanol-induced oxidative stress and neuronal cell loss in SH-SY5Y cells and in the developing rat brain. Therefore, Gly may be considered as potential treatment in ethanol-intoxicated newborns and infants.
BibTeX: @article{Amin:2016, author = {Amin, Faiz Ul and Shah, Shahid Ali and Kim, Myeong Ok}, title = {Glycine inhibits ethanol-induced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptotic neurodegeneration in postnatal rat brain.}, journal = {Neurochem Int}, school = {Division of Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences (RINS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: mokim@gnu.ac.kr.}, year = {2016}, volume = {96}, pages = {1--12}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2016.04.001}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2016.04.001} }
Amir, R. and Devor, M.	Ongoing activity in neuroma afferents bearing retrograde sprouts. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Brain Res Vol. 630(1-2), pp. 283-288School: Department of Cell and Animal Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.	article	DOI
Abstract: Electrophysiological recordings were made from axons teased from the sciatic nerve 17-34 mm (mean 26.8 mm) central to a chronic nerve-end neuroma in adult rats. 23 fibers (2% of those sampled) appeared to have had a sprout(s) that grew in the retrograde (central) direction for at least this distance. Nine of the 23 (39 carried spontaneous ongoing discharge. The parent fiber was myelinated (an A-fiber) in most instances, but unmyelinated (a C-fiber) in some. Thus, following nerve injury, a subset of afferent axons undergo retrograde sprouting, and many of them fire spontaneously. These contribute, along with the afferents whose trapped ends terminate at the injury site, to the ectopic afferent barrage generated in neuromas.
BibTeX: @article{Amir:1993, author = {Amir, R. and Devor, M.}, title = {Ongoing activity in neuroma afferents bearing retrograde sprouts.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Cell and Animal Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.}, year = {1993}, volume = {630}, number = {1-2}, pages = {283--288}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(93)90667-c} }
Amir, R. and Devor, M.	Ongoing activity in neuroma afferents bearing retrograde sprouts. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Brain research Vol. 630, pp. 283-8	article
Abstract: Electrophysiological recordings were made from axons teased from the sciatic nerve 17-34 mm (mean 26.8 mm) central to a chronic nerve-end neuroma in adult rats. 23 fibers (2% of those sampled) appeared to have had a sprout(s) that grew in the retrograde (central) direction for at least this distance. Nine of the 23 (39%) carried spontaneous ongoing discharge. The parent fiber was myelinated (an A-fiber) in most instances, but unmyelinated (a C-fiber) in some. Thus, following nerve injury, a subset of afferent axons undergo retrograde sprouting, and many of them fire spontaneously. These contribute, along with the afferents whose trapped ends terminate at the injury site, to the ectopic afferent barrage generated in neuromas.
BibTeX: @article{Amir:1993a, author = {Amir, R. and Devor, M.}, title = {Ongoing activity in neuroma afferents bearing retrograde sprouts.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1993}, volume = {630}, pages = {283-8}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Amir, S., Cain, S., Sullivan, J., Robinson, B. and Stewart, J.	In rats, odor-induced Fos in the olfactory pathways depends on the phase of the circadian clock [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 272(3), pp. 175-178	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We used immunostaining for Fos to study the effect of circadian clock phase on odor-induced neuronal activation in the olfactory system in rats. Brief presentation of cedar odor to rats housed in constant darkness stimulated Fos expression in the main olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, and several other odor-responsive structures, both in the subjective day and subjective night phases of the cycle. Fos expression in response to odor, but not basal expression, was greatly enhanced in the subjective night in all structures examined. These findings are consistent with the idea that odor-induced neuronal activation in the olfactory pathways is modulated by the phase of the circadian clock. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Amir:1999, author = {Amir, S. and Cain, S. and Sullivan, J. and Robinson, B. and Stewart, J.}, title = {In rats, odor-induced Fos in the olfactory pathways depends on the phase of the circadian clock}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1999}, volume = {272}, number = {3}, pages = {175-178}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032855226&partnerID=40&md5=b320a97e7137c6631c4b978f9f4f5f8a}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00609-6} }
Ammann, B., Gottschall, J. and Zenker, W.	Afferent projections from the rat longus capitis muscle studied by transganglionic transport of HRP. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Anat Embryol (Berl) Vol. 166(2), pp. 275-289	article	DOI
Abstract: Using the method of transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) according to Mesulam (1978), the course and central terminations of the afferents from the longus capitis muscle were studied in the rat. Application of HRP to the cut muscle nerves was followed by heavy labeling of a considerable number of cell bodies of different sizes in the spinal ganglia C2 and C3. The labeled central processes follow two distinct main routes: one to the external cuneate nucleus, which is known to project ipsilaterally to the cerebellum, the other to the central cervical nucleus (CCN) of the spinal cord. The latter nucleus contains dense arborizations and terminals of muscle afferents in close relationship to medium sized cells which project contralaterally to the cerebellum. This could be shown in double labeling experiments with HRP as a tracer for primary afferents and Nuclear yellow for the cerebellar pathway. The labeled area of CCN extends from the fourth cervical segment up to the medulla oblongata where it lies laterally adjacent to the hypoglossal nucleus, though clearly separated from the latter. In the cervical part of CCN, dendrites of neck muscle motoneurons arborize within the area of afferent terminals. Besides the external cuneate and the central cervical nuclei, afferent projections were seen in lamina X, partly in close contact with the central canal, and in more lateral areas of lamina VII. In contrast to results from studies on other neck muscles, no reaction product was observed in dorsal horn laminae I-VI.
BibTeX: @article{Ammann:1983, author = {B. Ammann and J. Gottschall and W. Zenker}, title = {Afferent projections from the rat longus capitis muscle studied by transganglionic transport of HRP.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1983}, volume = {166}, number = {2}, pages = {275-289}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00305088} }
Ammann, B., Gottschall, J. and Zenker, W.	Afferent projections from the rat longus capitis muscle studied by transganglionic transport of HRP. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Anatomy and embryology Vol. 166, pp. 275-289	article	DOI
Abstract: Using the method of transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) according to Mesulam (1978), the course and central terminations of the afferents from the longus capitis muscle were studied in the rat. Application of HRP to the cut muscle nerves was followed by heavy labeling of a considerable number of cell bodies of different sizes in the spinal ganglia C2 and C3. The labeled central processes follow two distinct main routes: one to the external cuneate nucleus, which is known to project ipsilaterally to the cerebellum, the other to the central cervical nucleus (CCN) of the spinal cord. The latter nucleus contains dense arborizations and terminals of muscle afferents in close relationship to medium sized cells which project contralaterally to the cerebellum. This could be shown in double labeling experiments with HRP as a tracer for primary afferents and Nuclear yellow for the cerebellar pathway. The labeled area of CCN extends from the fourth cervical segment up to the medulla oblongata where it lies laterally adjacent to the hypoglossal nucleus, though clearly separated from the latter. In the cervical part of CCN, dendrites of neck muscle motoneurons arborize within the area of afferent terminals. Besides the external cuneate and the central cervical nuclei, afferent projections were seen in lamina X, partly in close contact with the central canal, and in more lateral areas of lamina VII. In contrast to results from studies on other neck muscles, no reaction product was observed in dorsal horn laminae I-VI.
BibTeX: @article{Ammann:1983a, author = {Ammann, B and Gottschall, J and Zenker, W}, title = {Afferent projections from the rat longus capitis muscle studied by transganglionic transport of HRP.}, journal = {Anatomy and embryology}, year = {1983}, volume = {166}, pages = {275--289}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00305088} }
Ammori, J.B., Zhang, W.-Z., Li, J.-Y., Chai, B.-X. and Mulholland, M.W.	Effects of ghrelin on neuronal survival in cells derived from dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Surgery Vol. 144(2), pp. 159-167School: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0346, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The effects of intestinal inflammation on the central neurons projecting to the enteric nervous system are unknown. The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus signals to the gastrointestinal system. Ghrelin is elevated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and has been implicated as an inflammatory mediator. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of gastrointestinal inflammation on the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in rats, as well as the effects of proinflammatory cytokines and ghrelin on neurons from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in vitro.DiI was injected into the stomach wall of rats to retrogradely label neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Intestinal inflammation was induced with indomethacin injection. Serial serum ghrelin measurements were performed. Tissue was examined under fluorescent microscopy. In vitro studies using primary culture of neurons from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus were performed. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for cytokine transcripts and immunohistochemistry for cytokine receptors were performed. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.A significant decrease of DiI labeling was demonstrated in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus of animals injected with indomethacin. Serum levels of ghrelin were significantly elevated 2 days after induction of inflammation. In vitro, apoptosis and cell proliferation were measured after 24-hour exposure to experimental conditions. Ghrelin alone had no effect on apoptosis. Exposure to interleukin (IL)-1 beta or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha increased apoptosis. The addition of ghrelin to cytokine resulted in significant decreases in apoptosis compared to cytokine alone. Ghrelin significantly increased neuronal proliferation. Exposure to IL-1 beta, IL-6, or TNF-alpha significantly decreased proliferation. The addition of ghrelin to TNF-alpha or IL-6 significantly increased cellular proliferation compared to cytokine alone.Neurons from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus that project to the stomach are reduced in number after induction of colitis in rats. In vitro, proinflammatory cytokines increase apoptosis and decrease cell proliferation of neurons from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. These effects are attenuated by ghrelin.
BibTeX: @article{Ammori:2008, author = {Ammori, John B. and Zhang, Wei-Zhen and Li, Ji-Yao and Chai, Biao-Xin and Mulholland, Michael W.}, title = {Effects of ghrelin on neuronal survival in cells derived from dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus.}, journal = {Surgery}, school = {Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0346, USA.}, year = {2008}, volume = {144}, number = {2}, pages = {159--167}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2008.03.008}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2008.03.008} }
Ammori, J.B., Zhang, W.-Z., Li, J.-Y., Chai, B.-X. and Mulholland, M.W.	Effect of intestinal inflammation on neuronal survival and function in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Surgery Vol. 144(2), pp. 149-158School: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0346, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The effects of intestinal inflammation on the central nervous system are unknown. The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNV) integrates peripheral and central signals and sends efferent signals to the gastrointestinal system. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of intestinal inflammation on the DMNV in an animal model and in vitro.Carbocyanine dye (DiI) was injected into the stomach wall of rats to label retrogradely the neurons of the DMNV. Colitis was induced with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Tissue was examined under fluorescent microscopy. In vitro studies were performed using primary culture of DMNV neurons. Cell proliferation was measured by BrdU incorporation. Apoptosis was measured by an enzyme sandwich-linked immunosorbent assay. Single-cell cytoplasmic calcium transients were determined using the fluorescence dye fura-2-AM. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of glutamate receptor was performed.Animals treated with TNBS ate less and lost weight compared with controls. Microscopic analysis demonstrated a 77% decrease in DiI labeling in the DMNV of TNBS animals compared with controls. Cell proliferation in DMNV neurons after 24-hour exposure to the cytokines interleukin- (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, or tumor necrosis factor- (TNF)-alpha was significantly decreased. Similarly, apoptosis of DMNV neurons after 24 hours of incubation with IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha was significantly increased, but no changes resulted with IL-6. Exposure to each cytokine resulted in decreased glutamate-induced intracellular calcium transients. Transcription of glutamate receptor was decreased after 24-hour exposure to TNF-alpha.DMNV neurons projecting to the stomach are reduced in number after induction of colitis in rats. In vitro, proinflammatory cytokines diminish DMNV cellular proliferation, increase apoptosis, and alter calcium responses to glutamate. These results indicate that intestinal inflammation affects adversely neuronal survival and function in the DMNV.
BibTeX: @article{Ammori:2008a, author = {Ammori, John B. and Zhang, Wei-Zhen and Li, Ji-Yao and Chai, Biao-Xin and Mulholland, Michael W.}, title = {Effect of intestinal inflammation on neuronal survival and function in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus.}, journal = {Surgery}, school = {Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0346, USA.}, year = {2008}, volume = {144}, number = {2}, pages = {149--158}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2008.03.042}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2008.03.042} }
Amo, R., Aizawa, H., Takahoko, M., Kobayashi, M., Takahashi, R., Aoki, T. and Okamoto, H.	Identification of the zebrafish ventral habenula as a homolog of the mammalian lateral habenula. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	J Neurosci Vol. 30(4), pp. 1566-1574School: Laboratory for Developmental Gene Regulation, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The mammalian habenula consists of the medial and lateral habenulae. Recent behavioral and electrophysiological studies suggested that the lateral habenula plays a pivotal role in controlling motor and cognitive behaviors by influencing the activity of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons. Despite the functional significance, manipulating neural activity in this pathway remains difficult because of the absence of a genetically accessible animal model such as zebrafish. To address the level of lateral habenula conservation in zebrafish, we applied the tract-tracing technique to GFP (green fluorescent protein)-expressing transgenic zebrafish to identify habenular neurons that project to the raphe nuclei, a major target of the mammalian lateral habenula. Axonal tracing in live and fixed fish showed projection of zebrafish ventral habenula axons to the ventral part of the median raphe, but not to the interpeduncular nucleus where the dorsal habenula projected. The ventral habenula expressed protocadherin 10a, a specific marker of the rat lateral habenula, whereas the dorsal habenula showed no such expression. Gene expression analyses revealed that the ventromedially positioned ventral habenula in the adult originated from the region of primordium lateral to the dorsal habenula during development. This suggested that zebrafish habenulae emerge during development with mediolateral orientation similar to that of the mammalian medial and lateral habenulae. These findings indicated that the lateral habenular pathways are evolutionarily conserved pathways and might control adaptive behaviors in vertebrates through the regulation of monoaminergic activities.
BibTeX: @article{Amo:2010, author = {Ryunosuke Amo and Hidenori Aizawa and Mikako Takahoko and Megumi Kobayashi and Rieko Takahashi and Tazu Aoki and Hitoshi Okamoto}, title = {Identification of the zebrafish ventral habenula as a homolog of the mammalian lateral habenula.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Laboratory for Developmental Gene Regulation, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.}, year = {2010}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {1566--1574}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3690-09.2010}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3690-09.2010} }
Amorim, E., Peras, V., de Andrade, O. and Martins-Pinge, M.	Functional evidence of paraventricular nucleus involvement in cardiovascular and autonomic modulation in response to acute microgravity (head-down tilt) in unanesthetized rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Journal of Neuroscience Research Vol. 93(8), pp. 1305-1312	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Exposure to microgravity induces autonomic and vestibular disorders such as alterations in cardiovascular function. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) is known to be an important center for integrating autonomic and cardiovascular responses as blood volume reflexes. The acute effects promoted by microgravity and PVN involvement in cardiovascular and autonomic parameters have not yet been evaluated. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized to facilitate cannulae implantation in the PVN. After 3 days of surgical recovery, femoral artery and vein catheters were implanted for direct recording of blood pressure and heart rate (HR) in conscious animals to evaluate cardiovascular and autonomic changes in an acute protocol of head-down tilt (HDT) in nonanesthetized rats. During HDT, there was an increase in mean arterial pressure (11±1 mmHg, P<0.05) and a decrease in HR (-28±5 bpm, P<0.05). Spectral analysis of systolic arterial pressure showed an increase in the low- frequency (LF) component. In addition, HDT induced a reduction in the LF component and an increase in the high-frequency (HF) component of the pulse interval (PI). PVN inhibition with muscimol reversed bradycardia and blocked the reduction of the LF and HF increases in PI during HDT. These results suggest that the PVN participates in the cardiovascular compensation during HDT, especially modulating cardiac responses. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Amorim:2015, author = {Amorim, E.D.T. and Peras, V.R. and de Andrade, O. and Martins-Pinge, M.C.}, title = {Functional evidence of paraventricular nucleus involvement in cardiovascular and autonomic modulation in response to acute microgravity (head-down tilt) in unanesthetized rats}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Research}, year = {2015}, volume = {93}, number = {8}, pages = {1305-1312}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84931353958&partnerID=40&md5=f0028ed35037a27732040e3894696166}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.23586} }
Amourette, C., Lamproglou, I., Barbier, L., Fauquette, W., Zoppe, A., Viret, R. and Diserbo, M.	Gulf War illness: Effects of repeated stress and pyridostigmine treatment on blood-brain barrier permeability and cholinesterase activity in rat brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Behav Brain Res Vol. 203(2), pp. 207-214School: Département de Radiobiologie et Radiopathologie, Centre de Recherches Emile Pardé 24, Avenue des maquis du Grésivaudan, BP87 - 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France. camourette@crssa.net	article	DOI URL
Abstract: After the first Persian Gulf War, many soldiers have complained of a variety of symptoms designated as "Gulf War Illness". Among several factors, implication of pyridostigmine (PB) in late cognitive dysfunction is highly likely. As a hypothesis to explain these behavioural disorders is a potentiation of the operational stress effects by pyridostigmine. We have previously described that repeated stress combined to pyridostigmine treatment induces learning dysfunction linked to genomic cerebral modifications [Barbier L, Diserbo M, Lamproglou I, Amourette C, Peinnequin A, Fauquette W. Repeated stress in combination with pyridostigmine: part II-changes in selected cerebral genes expression. Behav Brain Res 2009;197:292-300; Lamproglou I, Barbier L, Diserbo M, Fauvelle F, Fauquette W, Amourette C. Repeated stress in combination with pyridostigmine: part I-long-term behavioural consequences. Behav Brain Res 2009;197:301-10]. In the present study, using the same experimental model, we attempted to determine if such modifications are linked to a central passage of pyridostigmine under stress. Indeed it is known that exposure to stress can disrupt blood-brain barrier (BBB) and thereby increase the neurotoxicity induced by chemicals in many cerebral areas. Adult rats were subjected to repeated stress based on a modification of the pole climbing avoidance technique and treated daily by PB (1.5mg/kg/day, oral in water), for two 5-day periods separated by 2-day rest. Just after the last stress session, (3)H-pyridostigmine was administered as a tracer to evaluate BBB breakdown. In brain micro-punches and brain coronal cryosections, we failed to detect any radioactivity in animals chronically stressed and treated by pyridostigmine. Accordingly, no change of ChE activity was noted in any brain area studied. It thus appears that, in our experimental model, pyridostigmine induces effects on central nervous system, but these effects do not seem to be mediated by a central passage of pyridostigmine linked to a BBB opening under stress. These results suggest that pyridostigmine may have central effects, under stress, via indirect mechanisms emerging from a peripheral pathway.
BibTeX: @article{Amourette:2009, author = {Christine Amourette and Ioannis Lamproglou and Laure Barbier and William Fauquette and Amélie Zoppe and Roselyne Viret and Michel Diserbo}, title = {Gulf War illness: Effects of repeated stress and pyridostigmine treatment on blood-brain barrier permeability and cholinesterase activity in rat brain.}, journal = {Behav Brain Res}, school = {Département de Radiobiologie et Radiopathologie, Centre de Recherches Emile Pardé 24, Avenue des maquis du Grésivaudan, BP87 - 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France. camourette@crssa.net}, year = {2009}, volume = {203}, number = {2}, pages = {207--214}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2009.05.002}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2009.05.002} }
Amourette, C., Lamproglou, I., Barbier, L., Fauquette, W., Zoppe, A., Viret, R. and Diserbo, M.	Gulf War illness: Effects of repeated stress and pyridostigmine treatment on blood-brain barrier permeability and cholinesterase activity in rat brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Behavioural brain research Vol. 203, pp. 207-14	article
Abstract: After the first Persian Gulf War, many soldiers have complained of a variety of symptoms designated as "Gulf War Illness". Among several factors, implication of pyridostigmine (PB) in late cognitive dysfunction is highly likely. As a hypothesis to explain these behavioural disorders is a potentiation of the operational stress effects by pyridostigmine. We have previously described that repeated stress combined to pyridostigmine treatment induces learning dysfunction linked to genomic cerebral modifications [Barbier L, Diserbo M, Lamproglou I, Amourette C, Peinnequin A, Fauquette W. Repeated stress in combination with pyridostigmine: part II-changes in selected cerebral genes expression. Behav Brain Res 2009;197:292-300; Lamproglou I, Barbier L, Diserbo M, Fauvelle F, Fauquette W, Amourette C. Repeated stress in combination with pyridostigmine: part I-long-term behavioural consequences. Behav Brain Res 2009;197:301-10]. In the present study, using the same experimental model, we attempted to determine if such modifications are linked to a central passage of pyridostigmine under stress. Indeed it is known that exposure to stress can disrupt blood-brain barrier (BBB) and thereby increase the neurotoxicity induced by chemicals in many cerebral areas. Adult rats were subjected to repeated stress based on a modification of the pole climbing avoidance technique and treated daily by PB (1.5mg/kg/day, oral in water), for two 5-day periods separated by 2-day rest. Just after the last stress session, (3)H-pyridostigmine was administered as a tracer to evaluate BBB breakdown. In brain micro-punches and brain coronal cryosections, we failed to detect any radioactivity in animals chronically stressed and treated by pyridostigmine. Accordingly, no change of ChE activity was noted in any brain area studied. It thus appears that, in our experimental model, pyridostigmine induces effects on central nervous system, but these effects do not seem to be mediated by a central passage of pyridostigmine linked to a BBB opening under stress. These results suggest that pyridostigmine may have central effects, under stress, via indirect mechanisms emerging from a peripheral pathway.
BibTeX: @article{Amourette:2009a, author = {Amourette, Christine and Lamproglou, Ioannis and Barbier, Laure and Fauquette, William and Zoppe, Amelie and Viret, Roselyne and Diserbo, Michel}, title = {Gulf War illness: Effects of repeated stress and pyridostigmine treatment on blood-brain barrier permeability and cholinesterase activity in rat brain.}, journal = {Behavioural brain research}, year = {2009}, volume = {203}, pages = {207-14}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Ampe, B., Massie, A., D'Haens, J., Ebinger, G., Michotte, Y. and Sarre, S.	NMDA-mediated release of glutamate and GABA in the subthalamic nucleus is mediated by dopamine: An in vivo microdialysis study in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Journal of Neurochemistry Vol. 103(3), pp. 1063-1074	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The present study investigated the effects of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid·H2O (NMDA) on the dopamine, glutamate and GABA release in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) by using in vivo microdialysis in rats. NMDA (100 μmol/L) perfused through the microdialysis probe evoked an increase in extracellular dopamine in the STN of the intact rat of about 170%. This coincided with significant increases in both extracellular glutamate (350%) and GABA (250%). The effect of NMDA perfusion on neurotransmitter release at the level of the STN was completely abolished by co-perfusion of the selective NMDA-receptor antagonist MK-801 (10 μmol/L), whereas subthalamic perfusion of MK-801 alone had no effect on extracellular neurotransmitter concentrations. Furthermore, NMDA induced increases in glutamate were abolished by both SCH23390 (8 μmol/L), a selective D1 antagonist, and remoxipride (4 μmol/L), a selective D2 antagonist. The NMDA induced increase in GABA was abolished by remoxipride but not by SCH23390. Perfusion of the STN with SCH23390 or remoxipride alone had no effect on extracellular neurotransmitter concentrations. The observed effects in intact animals depend on the nigral dopaminergic innervation, as dopamine denervation, by means of 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning of the substantia nigra, clearly abolished the effects of NMDA on neurotransmitter release at the level of the STN. Our work points to a complex interaction between dopamine, glutamate and GABA with a crucial role for dopamine at the level of the STN. © 2007 The Authors.
BibTeX: @article{Ampe:2007, author = {Ampe, B. and Massie, A. and D'Haens, J. and Ebinger, G. and Michotte, Y. and Sarre, S.}, title = {NMDA-mediated release of glutamate and GABA in the subthalamic nucleus is mediated by dopamine: An in vivo microdialysis study in rats}, journal = {Journal of Neurochemistry}, year = {2007}, volume = {103}, number = {3}, pages = {1063-1074}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-35248861574&partnerID=40&md5=9f6452205b956077a4dc09c491475cf8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04847.x} }
Amri, M., Car, A. and Roman, C.	Axonal branching of medullary swallowing neurons projecting on the trigeminal and hypoglossal motor nuclei: demonstration by electrophysiological and fluorescent double labeling techniques. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Exp Brain Res Vol. 81(2), pp. 384-390School: Département de Physiologie et Neurophysiologie, URA-CNRS 205, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Saint-Jérôme, Marseille, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: The projections of ventral medullary reticular neurons on both trigeminal (Vth) and hypoglossal (XIIth) motor nucleus were studied in sheep anesthetized with halothane. In a first series of experiments, extracellular microelectrodes were used to record the activity of medullary swallowing interneurons (SINs) located in the ventral region (around the nucleus ambiguus) of the swallowing center. Antidromic activation after electrical stimulation of the Vth and XIIth nuclei was tested in 83 SINs. For 38 SINs a clear antidromic activation was observed and for 8 of them the response was triggered by stimulation of either nucleus. As confirmed by the reciprocal collision test, these 8 SINs had branched axons sending information to both nuclei tested. Average latencies for antidromic activation of branched SINs after stimulation of the XIIth and the Vth motor nucleus were 2.2 +/- 0.6 ms and 2.7 +/- 0.8 ms respectively. The axonal conduction velocity of these neurons was 4.4 +/- 1.3 m/s for the collateral to the Vth motor nucleus and 2.7 +/- 0.7 m/s for axons projecting to the XIith motor nucleus. In a second series of experiments the double retrograde labeling technique was used to confirm the existence of neurons with branched axons in the medullary regions corresponding to the swallowing center. Small and well localized injections of Fast Blue (FB) and Diamidino Yellow (DY) fluorescent tracers were made in the Vth and in the XIIth motor nucleus respectively. A relatively large number of double-labeled cells was found in the ventral region of swallowing center (reticular formation around the nucleus ambiguus, 2-4 mm in front of obex).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Amri:1990, author = {Amri, M. and Car, A. and Roman, C.}, title = {Axonal branching of medullary swallowing neurons projecting on the trigeminal and hypoglossal motor nuclei: demonstration by electrophysiological and fluorescent double labeling techniques.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, school = {Département de Physiologie et Neurophysiologie, URA-CNRS 205, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Saint-Jérôme, Marseille, France.}, year = {1990}, volume = {81}, number = {2}, pages = {384--390}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00228130} }
Amthauer, R., Tobar, L., Molina, H., Concha, M. and Villanueva, J.	Horseradish peroxidase binding to intestinal brush-border membranes of Cyprinus carpio. Identification of a putative receptor [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Vol. 80(2), pp. 274-284	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Morphologic studies have shown that the classic endocytosis tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is actively internalized by vesicular transport in the carp intestine, suggesting the existence of specific binding sites in the apical membrane of enterocytes. The aim of the present study was to develop an in vitro binding assay using isolated carp intestinal brush-border membranes (BBM) to demonstrate and characterize these specific HRP binding sites. The results obtained show that HRP binding to BBM exhibits a saturable mode and high affinity (Kd = 22 nM). In addition, HRP binding sites are highly enriched in BBM compared to basolateral membranes. On the other hand, HRP interaction with these sites is apparently of an ionic character because binding increased concomitantly with decreasing NaCl concentrations in the assay, reaching a maximum in the absence of NaCl. Other proteins that are also internalized in carp intestine did not significantly inhibit HRP binding to BBM. A lectin- type of interaction was discarded because neither manan nor ovoalbumin inhibited HRP binding. Proteinase K treatment of BBM reduced HRP binding by 70%, suggesting a proteic nature for this binding site. Finally, ligand blotting assays showed that HRP binds specifically to a 15.3-kDa protein. Taken together, these results are consistent with the existence of a functional receptor for HRP in carp intestinal mucosa that could mediate its internalization. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Amthauer:2000, author = {Amthauer, R. and Tobar, L. and Molina, H. and Concha, M. and Villanueva, J.}, title = {Horseradish peroxidase binding to intestinal brush-border membranes of Cyprinus carpio. Identification of a putative receptor}, journal = {Journal of Cellular Biochemistry}, year = {2000}, volume = {80}, number = {2}, pages = {274-284}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034536932&partnerID=40&md5=701fc7bedfdc2d7a4df5ea8e188ef35c}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4644(20010201)80:2%3C274::AID-JCB170%3E3.0.CO;2-A} }
Amtorp, O.	Estimation of capillary permeability of inulin, sucrose and mannitol in rat brain cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1980	Acta Physiol Scand Vol. 110(4), pp. 337-342	article	DOI
Abstract: The present study analyzed the brain uptake of the differently sized hydrophilic molecules 14C-inulin, 14C-sucrose and 14C-mannitol. constant tracer concentrations were maintained in blood plasma after renal ligation. Accumulation of the indicators was measured in brain cortex during the approach to steady-state. At the conclusion of infusion periods of 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 min, samples of cerebral cortex were analyzed for radioactivity. Fractions attributable to blood in the tissue were subtracted and time-dependent apparent distribution volumes of the indicators in the tissue were estimated. The brain level did not rise to more than 1--2% of that in the plasma for inulin and sucrose and to 6--7% for mannitol. The explanation for this could be a combination of restricted penetration from blood into brain and a sink effect of cerebrospinal fluid (csf). to determine the removal of the indicators into csf, ventriculo-cisternal perfusion was performed during the period of tracer uptake in the the tissue; the rate of passage of the indicators into perfusion fluid was found to be negligible in comparison to the rates of uptake in the tissue. As diffusion in the extracellular space could limit uptake rates from blood to brain, estimates of diffusion limited half-times were also made. Calculations showed that the major hindrance to indicator uptake in the tissue is located in the wall of the brain capillaries; thus the uptake data permit calculation of brain capillary permeability. The half-times for the distribution of the indicators in their equilibrated tissue distribution spaces were used to estimate brain capillary permeability. By comparison with the aqueous diffusion coefficients of the indicators it is concluded that the substances in the molecular weight range of 182 to 5 500 daltons are subjected to restricted diffusion during the passage of the blood-brain barrier and that in addition non-discriminative transendothelial pathways are available.
BibTeX: @article{Amtorp:1980, author = {O. Amtorp}, title = {Estimation of capillary permeability of inulin, sucrose and mannitol in rat brain cortex.}, journal = {Acta Physiol Scand}, year = {1980}, volume = {110}, number = {4}, pages = {337--342}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1980.tb06678.x} }
Amtorp, O.	Estimation of capillary permeability of inulin, sucrose and mannitol in rat brain cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1980	Acta physiologica Scandinavica Vol. 110, pp. 337-342	article	DOI
Abstract: The present study analyzed the brain uptake of the differently sized hydrophilic molecules 14C-inulin, 14C-sucrose and 14C-mannitol. constant tracer concentrations were maintained in blood plasma after renal ligation. Accumulation of the indicators was measured in brain cortex during the approach to steady-state. At the conclusion of infusion periods of 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 min, samples of cerebral cortex were analyzed for radioactivity. Fractions attributable to blood in the tissue were subtracted and time-dependent apparent distribution volumes of the indicators in the tissue were estimated. The brain level did not rise to more than 1--2% of that in the plasma for inulin and sucrose and to 6--7% for mannitol. The explanation for this could be a combination of restricted penetration from blood into brain and a sink effect of cerebrospinal fluid (csf). to determine the removal of the indicators into csf, ventriculo-cisternal perfusion was performed during the period of tracer uptake in the the tissue; the rate of passage of the indicators into perfusion fluid was found to be negligible in comparison to the rates of uptake in the tissue. As diffusion in the extracellular space could limit uptake rates from blood to brain, estimates of diffusion limited half-times were also made. Calculations showed that the major hindrance to indicator uptake in the tissue is located in the wall of the brain capillaries; thus the uptake data permit calculation of brain capillary permeability. The half-times for the distribution of the indicators in their equilibrated tissue distribution spaces were used to estimate brain capillary permeability. By comparison with the aqueous diffusion coefficients of the indicators it is concluded that the substances in the molecular weight range of 182 to 5 500 daltons are subjected to restricted diffusion during the passage of the blood-brain barrier and that in addition non-discriminative transendothelial pathways are available.
BibTeX: @article{Amtorp:1980a, author = {Amtorp, O}, title = {Estimation of capillary permeability of inulin, sucrose and mannitol in rat brain cortex.}, journal = {Acta physiologica Scandinavica}, year = {1980}, volume = {110}, pages = {337--342}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1980.tb06678.x} }
An, Y., Inoue, T., Kitaichi, Y., Izumi, T., Nakagawa, S., Song, N., Chen, C., Li, X., Koyama, T. and Kusumi, I.	Anxiolytic-like effect of mirtazapine mediates its effect in the median raphe nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	European Journal of Pharmacology Vol. 720(1-3), pp. 192-197	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Mirtazapine, a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA), blocks the α2-adrenergic autoreceptors and heteroreceptors, which are responsible for controlling noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release. Though preclinical and clinical studies have shown that mirtazapine exerts an anxiolytic action, its precise brain target sites remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the brain area(s) in which mirtazapine exerts its anxiolytic-like effects on the expression of contextual conditioned freezing in rats. Mirtazapine (3 μg/site) was directly injected into three brain structures, the median raphe nucleus (MRN), hippocampus and amygdala. Freezing behavior tests were carried out 10 min after injections. Our results showed that the intra-MRN injection of mirtazapine reduced freezing significantly, whereas injections into the hippocampus or the amygdala did not. In addition, the intra-MRN injection of mirtazapine did not affect locomotor activity. These results suggest that the anxiolytic-like effect of mirtazapine might be mediated by its action on the MRN. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{An:2013, author = {An, Y. and Inoue, T. and Kitaichi, Y. and Izumi, T. and Nakagawa, S. and Song, N. and Chen, C. and Li, X. and Koyama, T. and Kusumi, I.}, title = {Anxiolytic-like effect of mirtazapine mediates its effect in the median raphe nucleus}, journal = {European Journal of Pharmacology}, year = {2013}, volume = {720}, number = {1-3}, pages = {192-197}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84890115451&partnerID=40&md5=b34d45121129a4baf800de6fbebe7d53}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.078} }
Anagnostaras, S., Gale, G. and Fanselow, M.	The hippocampus and Pavlovian fear conditioning: Reply to Bast et al [BibTeX]	2002	Hippocampus Vol. 12(4), pp. 561-565	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{Anagnostaras:2002, author = {Anagnostaras, S.G. and Gale, G.D. and Fanselow, M.S.}, title = {The hippocampus and Pavlovian fear conditioning: Reply to Bast et al}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {2002}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {561-565}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035994855&partnerID=40&md5=063f74aaca68f4b13d8caa709f0cacaa}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.10071} }
Anastasia, A., de Erausquin, G.A., Wojnacki, J. and Mascó, D.H.	Protection of dopaminergic neurons by electroconvulsive shock in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	J Neurochem Vol. 103(4), pp. 1542-1552School: Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular. F.C.E.F.y N. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) improves motor function in Parkinson's disease. In rats, ECS stimulates the expression of various factors some of which have been proposed to exert neuroprotective actions. We have investigated the effects of ECS on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-injected rats. Three weeks after a unilateral administration of 6-OHDA, 85-95% nigral dopaminergic neurons are lost. Chronic ECS prevented this cell loss, protect the nigrostriatal pathway (assessed by FloroGold retrograde labeling) and reduce motor impairment in 6-OHDA-treated animals. Injection of 6-OHDA caused loss of expression of glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the substantia nigra. Chronic ECS completely prevented this loss of GDNF expression in 6-OHDA-treated animals. We also found that protected dopaminergic neurons co-express GDNF receptor proteins. These results strongly suggest that endogenous changes in GDNF expression may participate in the neuroprotective mechanism of ECS against 6-OHDA induced toxicity.
BibTeX: @article{Anastasia:2007, author = {Anastasia, Agustín and de Erausquin, Gabriel A. and Wojnacki, José and Mascó, Daniel H.}, title = {Protection of dopaminergic neurons by electroconvulsive shock in an animal model of Parkinson's disease.}, journal = {J Neurochem}, school = {Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular. F.C.E.F.y N. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.}, year = {2007}, volume = {103}, number = {4}, pages = {1542--1552}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04856.x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04856.x} }
Anastasia, A., Torre, L., de Erausquin, G.A. and Masco, D.H.	Enriched environment protects the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and induces astroglial reaction in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Journal of neurochemistry Vol. 109, pp. 755-65	article
Abstract: Enriched environment (EE) is neuroprotective in several animal models of neurodegeneration. It stimulates the expression of trophic factors and modifies the astrocyte cell population which has been said to exert neuroprotective effects. We have investigated the effects of EE on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neuronal death after unilateral administration to the medial forebrain bundle, which reaches 85-95% of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra after 3 weeks. Continuous exposure to EE 3 weeks before and after 6-OHDA injection prevents neuronal death (assessed by tyrosine hydroxylase staining), protects the nigrostriatal pathway (assessed by Fluorogold retrograde labeling) and reduces motor impairment. Four days after 6-OHDA injection, EE was associated with a marked increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein staining and prevented neuronal death (assessed by Fluoro Jade-B) but not partial loss of tyrosine hydroxylase staining in the anterior substantia nigra. These results robustly demonstrate that EE preserves the entire nigrostriatal system against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity, and suggests that an early post-lesion astrocytic reaction may participate in the neuroprotective mechanism.
BibTeX: @article{Anastasia:2009b, author = {Anastasia, Agustin and Torre, Luciana and de Erausquin, Gabriel A. and Masco, Daniel H.}, title = {Enriched environment protects the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and induces astroglial reaction in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease.}, journal = {Journal of neurochemistry}, year = {2009}, volume = {109}, pages = {755-65}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Anastasía, A., Torre, L., de Erausquin, G.A. and Mascó, D.H.	Enriched environment protects the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and induces astroglial reaction in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	J Neurochem Vol. 109(3), pp. 755-765School: Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Enriched environment (EE) is neuroprotective in several animal models of neurodegeneration. It stimulates the expression of trophic factors and modifies the astrocyte cell population which has been said to exert neuroprotective effects. We have investigated the effects of EE on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neuronal death after unilateral administration to the medial forebrain bundle, which reaches 85-95% of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra after 3 weeks. Continuous exposure to EE 3 weeks before and after 6-OHDA injection prevents neuronal death (assessed by tyrosine hydroxylase staining), protects the nigrostriatal pathway (assessed by Fluorogold retrograde labeling) and reduces motor impairment. Four days after 6-OHDA injection, EE was associated with a marked increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein staining and prevented neuronal death (assessed by Fluoro Jade-B) but not partial loss of tyrosine hydroxylase staining in the anterior substantia nigra. These results robustly demonstrate that EE preserves the entire nigrostriatal system against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity, and suggests that an early post-lesion astrocytic reaction may participate in the neuroprotective mechanism.
BibTeX: @article{Anastasia:2009, author = {Agustín Anastasía and Luciana Torre and Gabriel A de Erausquin and Daniel H Mascó}, title = {Enriched environment protects the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and induces astroglial reaction in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease.}, journal = {J Neurochem}, school = {Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.}, year = {2009}, volume = {109}, number = {3}, pages = {755--765}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06001.x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06001.x} }
Anastasía, A., Torre, L., de Erausquin, G.A. and Mascó, D.H.	Enriched environment protects the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and induces astroglial reaction in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	J Neurochem Vol. 109(3), pp. 755-765School: Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Enriched environment (EE) is neuroprotective in several animal models of neurodegeneration. It stimulates the expression of trophic factors and modifies the astrocyte cell population which has been said to exert neuroprotective effects. We have investigated the effects of EE on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neuronal death after unilateral administration to the medial forebrain bundle, which reaches 85-95% of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra after 3 weeks. Continuous exposure to EE 3 weeks before and after 6-OHDA injection prevents neuronal death (assessed by tyrosine hydroxylase staining), protects the nigrostriatal pathway (assessed by Fluorogold retrograde labeling) and reduces motor impairment. Four days after 6-OHDA injection, EE was associated with a marked increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein staining and prevented neuronal death (assessed by Fluoro Jade-B) but not partial loss of tyrosine hydroxylase staining in the anterior substantia nigra. These results robustly demonstrate that EE preserves the entire nigrostriatal system against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity, and suggests that an early post-lesion astrocytic reaction may participate in the neuroprotective mechanism.
BibTeX: @article{Anastasia:2009a, author = {Anastasía, Agustín and Torre, Luciana and de Erausquin, Gabriel A. and Mascó, Daniel H.}, title = {Enriched environment protects the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and induces astroglial reaction in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease.}, journal = {J Neurochem}, school = {Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.}, year = {2009}, volume = {109}, number = {3}, pages = {755--765}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06001.x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06001.x} }
Anaya-Martinez, V., Martinez-Marcos, A., Martinez-Fong, D., Aceves, J. and Erlij, D.	Substantia nigra compacta neurons that innervate the reticular thalamic nucleus in the rat also project to striatum or globus pallidus: implications for abnormal motor behavior. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Neuroscience Vol. 143(2), pp. 477-486School: Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Cinvestav, Apartado postal 14-740, México D.F., 07000 Mexico.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The projections of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) to the reticular thalamic nucleus (RTn) were assessed by measuring dopamine content and counting tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH (+)) cells in rats with unilateral lesions induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), and by using a fluorescent tract-tracing technique in rats without lesions. Injection of 6-OHDA in the RTn reduced dopamine content and the number of TH (+) cells in the SNc by about 50%. Branching of SNc was suggested by the finding that 6-OHDA deposited in the RTn significantly reduced dopamine in the striatum and globus pallidus. Moreover, injections of 6-OHDA into either the striatum or the globus pallidus significantly reduced dopamine content in the RTn. Fluorescent tracers injected into the RTn labeled TH (+) cells in the SNc. A high proportion of these TH (+) cells was double labeled when tracers were also injected into either the globus pallidus or striatum. Other experiments showed that systemic injection of apomorphine or methamphetamine induced turning behavior in rats with local deposits of 6-OHDA in either the RTn or the studied basal ganglia nuclei. The extensive dopaminergic branching suggests that the abnormal motor behavior of rats with 6-OHDA deposits in the RTn may be caused by dopaminergic denervation of more than one structure. The fact that lesion of a single dopaminergic neuron can reduce dopamine transmission in more than one structure is probably important in generating the manifestations of Parkinson's disease.
BibTeX: @article{Anaya-Martinez:2006, author = {V. Anaya-Martinez and A. Martinez-Marcos and D. Martinez-Fong and J. Aceves and D. Erlij}, title = {Substantia nigra compacta neurons that innervate the reticular thalamic nucleus in the rat also project to striatum or globus pallidus: implications for abnormal motor behavior.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Cinvestav, Apartado postal 14-740, México D.F., 07000 Mexico.}, year = {2006}, volume = {143}, number = {2}, pages = {477--486}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.033}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.033} }
Ancher, J.F., Donath, A., Malnoë, A., Morizur, J.P. and Strolin Benedetti, M.	Urinary metabolites of oxapadol (MD720111), a new non-narcotic analgesic agent, in the rat, dog and man. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	Xenobiotica Vol. 11(8), pp. 519-530	article	DOI
Abstract: 1. A number of metabolites of oxapadol were isolated from urine of rat, dog and man after administration of a single dose of 14C-labelled compound. They were identified by direct inlet mass spectrometry and chromatographic comparison with reference compounds. 2. Oxapadol was extensively metabolized and the unchanged drug was undetectable in rat or human urine; only traces were found in dog urine. Nine metabolites were identified in rat and dog urine, and six in man. 3. The routes of biotransformation were: (a) aromatic hydroxylation, mainly in the benzimidazole ring, (b) scission of the heterocyclic ring following two different pathways, and (c) a combination of the two. Regioselectivity was observed for aromatic hydroxylation, as only three of the four possible monohydroxy oxazepinobenzimidazoles could be detected.
BibTeX: @article{Ancher:1981, author = {Ancher, J. F. and Donath, A. and Malnoë, A. and Morizur, J. P. and Strolin Benedetti, M.}, title = {Urinary metabolites of oxapadol (MD720111), a new non-narcotic analgesic agent, in the rat, dog and man.}, journal = {Xenobiotica}, year = {1981}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {519--530}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3109/00498258109045863} }
de Anchieta C Horta-Júnior, J., López, D.E., Alvarez-Morujo, A.J. and Bittencourt, J.C.	Direct and indirect connections between cochlear root neurons and facial motor neurons: pathways underlying the acoustic pinna reflex in the albino rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	J Comp Neurol Vol. 507(5), pp. 1763-1779School: Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-000, Brazil.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Cochlear root neurons (CRNs) are involved in the acoustic startle reflex, which is widely used in behavioral models of sensorimotor integration. A short-latency component of this reflex, the auricular reflex, promotes pinna movements in response to unexpected loud sounds. However, the pathway involved in the auricular component of the startle reflex is not well understood. We hypothesized that the auricular reflex is mediated by direct and indirect inputs from CRNs to the motoneurons responsible for pinna movement, which are located in the medial subnucleus of the facial motor nucleus (Mot7). To assess whether there is a direct connection between CRNs and auricular motoneurons in the rat, two neuronal tracers were used in conjunction: biotinylated dextran amine, which was injected into the cochlear nerve root, and Fluoro-Gold, which was injected into the levator auris longus muscle. Under light microscopy, close appositions were observed between axon terminals of CRNs and auricular motoneurons. The presence of direct synaptic contact was confirmed at the ultrastructural level. To confirm the indirect connection, biotinylated dextran amine was injected into the auditory-responsive portion of the caudal pontine reticular nucleus, which receives direct input from CRNs. The results confirm that the caudal pontine reticular nucleus also targets the Mot7 and that its terminals are concentrated in the medial subnucleus. Therefore, it is likely that CRNs innervate auricular motoneurons both directly and indirectly, suggesting that these connections participate in the rapid auricular reflex that accompanies the acoustic startle reflex.
BibTeX: @article{AnchietaCHorta-Junior:2008, author = {José de Anchieta C Horta-Júnior and Dolores E López and Antonio Jesús Alvarez-Morujo and Jackson C Bittencourt}, title = {Direct and indirect connections between cochlear root neurons and facial motor neurons: pathways underlying the acoustic pinna reflex in the albino rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-000, Brazil.}, year = {2008}, volume = {507}, number = {5}, pages = {1763--1779}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21625}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.21625} }
Anders, J.J. and Johnson, J.A.	Transection of the rat olfactory nerve increases glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity from the olfactory bulb to the piriform cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Glia Vol. 3(1), pp. 17-25School: Department of Anatomy, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity in response to retrograde changes of motoneurons after axotomy has been the subject of a number of reports. In contrast, this study examined the astrocytic GFAP immunoreactivity in response to axotomy in a sensory system, the adult rat olfactory system. The purpose of this study was to determine, by immunolabeling GFAP, the extent and transience of astrocytic reactivity in the olfactory system. Unilateral transection of the olfactory nerve fascicles was performed intracranially at the level of the cribriform plate. Rats were allowed to survive from 24 hours to 1 month after axotomy. GFAP immunolabeling was examined throughout the rat olfactory system using the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method. After axotomy, a transient increase occurred in the astrocytic GFAP immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral olfactory system. The greatest enhancement of GFAP immunoreactivity in the olfactory system occurred at 48 hours post-axotomy. Increased GFAP immunoreactivity occurred not only along the axons and synaptic endings of the injured primary olfactory neurons, but also along the dendrites, cell bodies, axons, and synaptic endings of the secondary sensory neurons. The increased GFAP immunoreactivity was specifically associated with the anatomical distribution pathways of the primary and secondary olfactory neurons. Increased GFAP immunoreactivity was not altered until 14 days post-axotomy. At 1 month post-axotomy, GFAP immunoreactivity returned to control levels. The time course and transience of increased GFAP immunoreactivity closely correlates with the time course of rat primary olfactory neuronal degeneration and regeneration after axotomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Anders:1990, author = {J. J. Anders and J. A. Johnson}, title = {Transection of the rat olfactory nerve increases glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity from the olfactory bulb to the piriform cortex.}, journal = {Glia}, school = {Department of Anatomy, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799.}, year = {1990}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {17--25}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/glia.440030104}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.440030104} }
Andersen, M. and Tufik, S.	Sleep patterns over 21-day period in rats with chronic constriction of sciatic nerve [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Brain Research Vol. 984(1-2), pp. 84-92	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The main purpose of the present study was to examine sleep patterns over 21-day periods of rats in a peripheral neuropathy model induced by sciatic nerve constriction. Evaluation of the recordings showed that chronic constrictive injury (CCI) induced sleep alterations such as reduced sleep efficiency and increased number of arousals, especially during the light period. Among these alterations, sleep patterns were most affected between day 2 and day 10. The rats took longer to get to sleep from day 2 to 7 days after the CCI in the light period. Additionally, latency to the first paradoxical sleep episode was reduced in the second to fourth day after CCI in both light and dark period recordings. In conclusion, sciatic nerve constriction induced poor sleep quality with disrupted sleep in rats, particularly during the first week of that condition. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Andersen:2003, author = {Andersen, M.L. and Tufik, S.}, title = {Sleep patterns over 21-day period in rats with chronic constriction of sciatic nerve}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2003}, volume = {984}, number = {1-2}, pages = {84-92}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0042657829&partnerID=40&md5=618856be958bd67717b2ac05d9a19ccc}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(03)03095-6} }
Andersen, P., Bland, B.H. and Dudar, J.D.	Organization of the hippocampal output. [BibTeX]	1973	Exp Brain Res Vol. 17(2), pp. 152-168	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Andersen:1973, author = {Andersen, P. and Bland, B. H. and Dudar, J. D.}, title = {Organization of the hippocampal output.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1973}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, pages = {152--168}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00235025} }
Andersen, P., Bliss, T.V., Lomo, T., Olsen, L.I. and Skrede, K.K.	Lamellar organization of hippocampal excitatory pathways. [BibTeX]	1969	Acta Physiol Scand Vol. 76(1), pp. 4A-5A	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Andersen:1969, author = {Andersen, P. and Bliss, T. V. and Lomo, T. and Olsen, L. I. and Skrede, K. K.}, title = {Lamellar organization of hippocampal excitatory pathways.}, journal = {Acta Physiol Scand}, year = {1969}, volume = {76}, number = {1}, pages = {4A--5A}, note = {Not a tract tracing study by anterograde or retrograde transport in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00234087} }
Andersen, P., Webber, C., Whittemore, S. and Schreyer, D.	Divergent regulation of GAP-43 expression and CNS neurite outgrowth by cyclic AMP. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	J Neurosci Res Vol. 61(6), pp. 626-635School: Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan School of Medicine, Saskatoon, Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Robust process outgrowth and high expression of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 seem to be intrinsic features of neurons, but both are down-regulated after axonal contact of target cells. We report that chronic exposure of the serotonergic CNS cell line RN46A to cyclic AMP analogs, forskolin, or cholera toxin represses GAP-43 expression in a dose dependent manner. Thus, cAMP could mediate a GAP-43 repressive signal that is initiated extracellularly. Activation of the cyclic AMP pathway by these same reagents, however, enhances the rate that RN46A cells extend neurites. This stimulation of neurite growth can occur during inhibition of new transcription, and in the absence of high levels of GAP-43. These findings demonstrate that a GAP-43-repressing intracellular signaling pathway exists, that repression of GAP-43 expression by cAMP is not directly coupled to inhibition of neurite growth, and that acceleration of growth cone advancement by cAMP is not dependent on the presence of GAP-43.
BibTeX: @article{Andersen:2000a, author = {Andersen, PL and Webber, CA and Whittemore, SR and Schreyer, DJ}, title = {Divergent regulation of GAP-43 expression and CNS neurite outgrowth by cyclic AMP.}, journal = {J Neurosci Res}, school = {Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan School of Medicine, Saskatoon, Canada.}, year = {2000}, volume = {61}, number = {6}, pages = {626--635}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/3.0.CO;2-J}, doi = {3.0.CO;2-J} }
Andersen, P.L., Webber, C.A., Kimura, K.A. and Schreyer, D.J.	Cyclic AMP prevents an increase in GAP-43 but promotes neurite growth in cultured adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Exp Neurol Vol. 166(1), pp. 153-165School: Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: High expression of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 in neurons is correlated with developmental and regenerative axon growth. It has been postulated that during development and after injury, GAP-43 expression is elevated due to the unavailability of a target-derived repressive signal, but that GAP-43 expression then declines upon target contact. Here we examine the cyclic AMP second messenger signaling pathway to determine if it might mediate retrograde transmission of a signal which represses GAP-43 expression and inhibits growth. Cultures of adult rat dorsal root ganglia were chronically exposed to membrane-permeable analogs of cyclic AMP and activators of adenyl cyclase. These treatments caused GAP-43 protein levels to decrease in a dose-dependent manner, although neuronal survival was not affected. GAP-43 mRNA was also decreases by cyclic AMP. GAP-43 protein levels were not repressed by neurotrophins, cytokines, or other agents. Surprisingly, cyclic AMP caused an increase in the rate of neurite outgrowth, even though the neurons were partially depleted of GAP-43. Growth stimulation was quickly inducible and reversible, could occur in the presence of transcription inhibitors, and did not entail alterations in branching pattern. These findings suggest that axon growth involving high levels of GAP-43 is distinct from the growth stimulation which is rapidly induced by cyclic AMP.
BibTeX: @article{Andersen:2000, author = {Andersen, P. L. and Webber, C. A. and Kimura, K. A. and Schreyer, D. J.}, title = {Cyclic AMP prevents an increase in GAP-43 but promotes neurite growth in cultured adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, school = {Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.}, year = {2000}, volume = {166}, number = {1}, pages = {153--165}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.2000.7485}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/exnr.2000.7485} }
Anderson, A., Wais, P. and Gabrieli, J.	Emotion enhances remembrance of neutral events past [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol. 103(5), pp. 1599-1604	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Emotional events are bestowed with special prominence in memory. This may reflect greater attention oriented to these events during encoding, and/or enhancement of memory consolidation after emotional events have passed. Here we show invoked emotional arousal results in a retrograde enhancement of long-term memory, determining what will later be remembered or forgotten. Subjects saw pictures of neutral faces and houses followed by emotionally arousing scenes at varying intervals. Self-reported emotional arousal responses predicted a retrograde enhancement of memory for preceding neutral events in a 1-week delayed recognition memory test. At longer picture-scene intervals, no enhancement was found, implicating a critical window in which emotional arousal must occur for retrograde memory enhancement. Postencoding manipulation of emotional arousal specifically enhanced conscious recollection rather than familiarity-based discrimination. An additional study revealed no retrograde enhancement for pictures preceding highly memorable, but nonarousing, distinctive scenes. These findings indicate an important role for emotional arousal in the postencoding enhancement of episodic memory consolidation. © 2006 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:2006a, author = {Anderson, A.K. and Wais, P.E. and Gabrieli, J.D.E.}, title = {Emotion enhances remembrance of neutral events past}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, year = {2006}, volume = {103}, number = {5}, pages = {1599-1604}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-31944442036&partnerID=40&md5=b12e636091c062f5e2ba4f504df07ecf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506308103} }
Anderson, B., Relucio, K., Haglund, K., Logan, C., Knowlton, B., Thompson, J., Steinmetz, J., Thompson, R. and Greenough, W.	Effects of paired and unpaired eye-blink conditioning on Purkinje cell morphology [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Learning and Memory Vol. 6(2), pp. 128-137	article	URL
Abstract: This experiment addressed (1) the importance of conjunctive stimulus presentation for morphological plasticity of cerebellar Purkinje cells and inhibitory interneurons and (2) whether plasticity is restricted to the spiny branches of Purkinje cells, which receive parallel fiber input. These issues were investigated in naive rabbits and in rabbits that received paired or unpaired presentations of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US). To direct CS input to the cerebellar cortex, pontine stimulation served as the CS. Air puffs to the cornea served as the US. Paired condition rabbits received pontine stimulation for 350 msec paired with a coterminating 100-msec air puff. Unpaired condition rabbits received the same stimuli in a pseudorandom order at 1- to 32-sec intervals. Rabbits were trained for a mean of 12 days. Naive rabbits received no treatment. In Golgi-stained Purkinje neurons in lobule HVI, total dendritic length, main branch length, total spiny branch length, and number of spiny branch arbors were all greater in the naive group than in the paired and unpaired groups, which did not differ. No differences were found between the hemispheres ipsilateral and contralateral to the trained eye. The dendritic length and number of branches for inhibitory interneurons did not differ across groups. The Purkinje cell morphological changes detected with these methods do not appear to be uniquely related to the conjunctive activation of the CS and US in the paired condition.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:1999, author = {Anderson, B.J. and Relucio, K. and Haglund, K. and Logan, C. and Knowlton, B. and Thompson, J. and Steinmetz, J.E. and Thompson, R.F. and Greenough, W.T.}, title = {Effects of paired and unpaired eye-blink conditioning on Purkinje cell morphology}, journal = {Learning and Memory}, year = {1999}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {128-137}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032890847&partnerID=40&md5=cd5b8ec699f2310c1ff0ac630ab28a16} }
Anderson, B.J. and Steinmetz, J.E.	Cerebellar and brainstem circuits involved in classical eyeblink conditioning. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Rev Neurosci Vol. 5(3), pp. 251-273School: Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405.	article	DOI
Abstract: Model systems are one useful strategy for the investigation of the mechanisms of learning. Whereas mammalian model systems generally do not offer the ease of identifying circuitry and exploring cellular mechanisms of learning that is realized with invertebrate preparations /37,97/, research involving the rabbit classical eyeblink conditioning paradigm has now reached the state at which much of the basic conditioning neural circuit appears to have been identified /9,65,66,85,89,91/. Despite a dispute as to precisely where in the circuitry convergence of the associated stimuli may occur, there is substantial evidence identifying the stimulus input pathways and motor output pathway. The present summary of this research details these paths. In addition, the proposed sites of convergence of the conditioning stimuli are discussed. Finally, a hypothesized neural circuit responsible for classical eyeblink conditioning is presented along with some suggestions for future research directions.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:1994, author = {Anderson, B. J. and Steinmetz, J. E.}, title = {Cerebellar and brainstem circuits involved in classical eyeblink conditioning.}, journal = {Rev Neurosci}, school = {Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405.}, year = {1994}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {251--273}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro.1994.5.3.251} }
Anderson, C. and Keifer, J.	Evidence for a photosensitive region in the caudal mesencephalon of the turtle brain [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Experimental Brain Research Vol. 119(4), pp. 453-459	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Using an in vitro brainstem-cerebellum preparation from the turtle Chrysemys picta, burst discharge was recorded from the abducens nerve when light was directed on the brainstem. This burst discharge likely represents a neural correlate of the eye-blink reflex. Increasing the intensity of the light stimulus reduced the response latency from a duration of many seconds to approximately 1-2 s. No response was recorded when the light source was covered. The response was present when infrared light was blocked, and it could only be produced when the light spectra contained wavelengths below approximately 550 nm. Lesion experiments reveal that the photosensitive area is located caudal to the trochlear nerve and rostral to the trigeminal nerve. Single-unit microelectrode recordings demonstrate that this region is tonically active in the dark and that activity is suppressed by light. Pharmacological results show that the light response is blocked by application of compounds that act as serotonergic antagonists, and that antagonists of noradrenergic receptors (α or β) either have no effect or their actions are variable. Taken together, these data suggest that an isthmo-optic-like area in the turtle brain is photosensitive to direct light and activates neural circuits that control eye movements.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:1998, author = {Anderson, C.W. and Keifer, J.}, title = {Evidence for a photosensitive region in the caudal mesencephalon of the turtle brain}, journal = {Experimental Brain Research}, year = {1998}, volume = {119}, number = {4}, pages = {453-459}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031947273&partnerID=40&md5=3285ebb7f8250faf695479b85453fd64}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s002210050360} }
Anderson, C.D., Pasquier, D.A., Forbes, W.B. and Morgane, P.J.	Locus coeruleus-to-dorsal raphe input examined by electrophysiological and morphological methods. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1977	Brain Res Bull Vol. 2(3), pp. 209-221	article	DOI
Abstract: In order to examine the hypothesis that the locus coeruleus (LC) projects directly to the nucleus raphe dorsalis (DR), electrical stimulation was applied to the LC of rats while recording from single neurons in the region of the DR. Slow firing units of the DR were not influenced by the stimulation, although faster firing units in the nearby substantia grisea centralis (SGC) were. These latter cells become oscillatory in their firing rates during LC stimulation. In parallel studies a retrograde transport technique was imployed to obtain morphological evidence regarding projections to DR. Placements of horseradish peroxidase precisely in the DR resulted in very sparse labeling in the LC, although positive transport occurred to other areas. The results indicate that the LC does not project directly to slow firing DR neurons, but does influence faster firing celles in the region of the SGC, probably by complex routes. Suggestions are made for the integration of these findings with earlier fluorescence studies.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:1977, author = {Anderson, C. D. and Pasquier, D. A. and Forbes, W. B. and Morgane, P. J.}, title = {Locus coeruleus-to-dorsal raphe input examined by electrophysiological and morphological methods.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1977}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, pages = {209--221}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(77)90040-5} }
Anderson, C.D., Pasquier, D.A., Forbes, W.B. and Morgane, P.J.	Locus coeruleus-to-dorsal raphe input examined by electrophysiological and morphological methods. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1977	Brain research bulletin Vol. 2, pp. 209-221	article	DOI
Abstract: In order to examine the hypothesis that the locus coeruleus (LC) projects directly to the nucleus raphe dorsalis (DR), electrical stimulation was applied to the LC of rats while recording from single neurons in the region of the DR. Slow firing units of the DR were not influenced by the stimulation, although faster firing units in the nearby substantia grisea centralis (SGC) were. These latter cells become oscillatory in their firing rates during LC stimulation. In parallel studies a retrograde transport technique was imployed to obtain morphological evidence regarding projections to DR. Placements of horseradish peroxidase precisely in the DR resulted in very sparse labeling in the LC, although positive transport occurred to other areas. The results indicate that the LC does not project directly to slow firing DR neurons, but does influence faster firing celles in the region of the SGC, probably by complex routes. Suggestions are made for the integration of these findings with earlier fluorescence studies.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:1977a, author = {Anderson, C D and Pasquier, D A and Forbes, W B and Morgane, P J}, title = {Locus coeruleus-to-dorsal raphe input examined by electrophysiological and morphological methods.}, journal = {Brain research bulletin}, year = {1977}, volume = {2}, pages = {209--221}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(77)90040-5} }
Anderson, C.R. and Edwards, S.L.	Intraperitoneal injections of Fluorogold reliably labels all sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	J Neurosci Methods Vol. 53(2), pp. 137-141School: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.	article	DOI
Abstract: The ability of intraperitoneal injections of a retrograde neuronal tracer, Fluorogold, to label the entire population of sympathetic preganglionic neurones was tested with a double-labelling strategy. Animals were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with Fluorogold, while Fast Blue or subunit B of cholera toxin were injected into a peripheral autonomic ganglion or into the adrenal gland. Sympathetic preganglionic neurones were then examined for retrogradely transported tracers. In all cases, preganglionic neurones labelled with Fast Blue or cholera toxin also contained Fluorogold, indicating that i.p. injections of Fluorogold do reliably label the entire population of sympathetic preganglionic neurones.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:1994a, author = {Anderson, C. R. and Edwards, S. L.}, title = {Intraperitoneal injections of Fluorogold reliably labels all sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.}, year = {1994}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, pages = {137--141}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(94)90170-8} }
Anderson, C.R., Furness, J.B., Woodman, H.L., Edwards, S.L., Crack, P.J. and Smith, A.I.	Characterisation of neurons with nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity that project to prevertebral ganglia. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	J Auton Nerv Syst Vol. 52(2-3), pp. 107-116School: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.	article	DOI
Abstract: Retrograde dye tracing was combined with immunohistochemistry to determine the distributions of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactive nerve cells that project to prevertebral ganglia from the gastrointestinal tract and spinal cord of the guinea pig. An antiserum was raised against the neuronal form of NOS by selecting an amino-acid sequence specific to this form as immunogen. The antiserum recognised a single band at 150 kDa on Western blots of rat brain extract. Enteric nerve cells that were labelled by Fast Blue injected into the coeliac ganglion were not NOS immunoreactive in the small intestine, whereas 40-70% were reactive in the large intestine. Retrograde dye injected into the inferior mesenteric ganglion labels cells in the colon and rectum; 60-70% were immunoreactive for NOS. The NOS-immunoreactive nerve fibres arising in the intestine appear to end selectively around somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve cells in the coeliac and inferior mesenteric ganglia. Preganglionic nerve cell bodies in the intermediolateral column and dorsal commissural nucleus from T12 to L2 were labelled from the inferior mesenteric ganglion. Nearly 70% of neurons at each level were NOS immunoreactive. Thus, two sources of NOS terminals in prevertebral ganglia have been identified, intestinofugal neurons of the large, but not the small intestine, and sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:1995b, author = {Anderson, C. R. and Furness, J. B. and Woodman, H. L. and Edwards, S. L. and Crack, P. J. and Smith, A. I.}, title = {Characterisation of neurons with nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity that project to prevertebral ganglia.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.}, year = {1995}, volume = {52}, number = {2-3}, pages = {107--116}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1838(94)00150-i} }
Anderson, E. and Albertini, D.F.	Gap junctions between the oocyte and companion follicle cells in the mammalian ovary. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1976	J Cell Biol Vol. 71(2), pp. 680-686	article	DOI
Abstract: Tracer and freeze-fracture electron microscopy of the ovaries of neonatal rat and adult mouse, rat, rabbit, and primate have revealed the presence of gap junctions between follicle cells and oocytes. The junctional connections are found at the ends of follicle cell projections which traverse the zona pellucida and terminate upon microvilli and evenly contoured nonmicrovillar regions of the oolemma. Gap junctions are often seen associated with a macula adherens type of junction. The gap junctions occasionally consist of minute ovoid plaques, but nore frequently appear as rectilinear single- or multiple-row aggregates of particles on the P-face or pits on the E-face. The functional significance of follicle cell-oocyte gap junctions is discussed with respect to the regulation of meiosis and luteinization.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:1976, author = {Anderson, E. and Albertini, D. F.}, title = {Gap junctions between the oocyte and companion follicle cells in the mammalian ovary.}, journal = {J Cell Biol}, year = {1976}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, pages = {680--686}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.71.2.680} }
Anderson, J., Smith, P. and Ferguson, A.	Subfornical organ neurons projecting to paraventricular nucleus: Whole-cell properties [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Brain Research Vol. 921(1-2), pp. 78-85	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The subfornical organ (SFO) has been repeatedly identified as a CNS site that plays a critical role in sensing multiple physiological variables of the 'milieu interieur' and, through efferent projections to other CNS sites, initiating physiological responses to change. Many recent in vitro patch-clamp studies have examined the cellular mechanisms underlying the sensory abilities of these specialized CNS neurons. The primary limitation of these studies, however, has been the inability to identify homogeneous groups of SFO neurons for such investigation. We report here the development of techniques to permit patch clamp recording from dissociated SFO neurons identified according to their in vivo projection site. SFO neurons were labeled by injection of fluorescently labeled, retrogradely transported microspheres into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) 3 days prior to cell dissociation. Patch-clamp recordings from these SFO-PVN neurons revealed both sodium currents, potassium currents, action potentials, input resistance and membrane potential which were all similar to SFO cells prepared from animals with no prior tracer injection. Labeled SFO→PVN cells were also found to be osmosensitive and responsive to angiotensin II, suggesting specific functional roles for this anatomically defined group of SFO neurons. Intriguingly, our post hoc analysis also demonstrated that all labeled neurons demonstrated a unique electrophysiological profile dominated by a large transient potassium conductance such that the transient/sustained potassium current ratio, or degree of inactivation was, on average, greater than 4.0. Utilization of these tracing techniques to permit the in vitro recording from cells with known in vivo connections will permit study of intrinsic mechanisms that underlie physiological responses of anatomically defined populations of neurons. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:2001b, author = {Anderson, J.W. and Smith, P.M. and Ferguson, A.V.}, title = {Subfornical organ neurons projecting to paraventricular nucleus: Whole-cell properties}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2001}, volume = {921}, number = {1-2}, pages = {78-85}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035824278&partnerID=40&md5=98c72827133f00d2eb27e30f3149516c}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(01)03093-1} }
Anderson, J., Washburn, D. and Ferguson, A.	Intrinsic osmosensitivity of subfornical organ neurons [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Neuroscience Vol. 100(3), pp. 539-547	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The constancy of plasma osmolality demands that salt and water concentration within the extracellular fluid be constantly monitored and regulated within a few percentage points. The circumventricular organs in general, and the subfornical organ in particular, have long been proposed to be the site of the osmosensitivity. Isolated subfornical organ neurons of male rats were studied using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique and both action potential frequency and whole cell currents were measured as bath osmolality was changed, from 240 to 330mOsm, by altering the amount of mannitol and maintaining the concentrations of electrolytes constant. Out of 64 cells, 66% responded to changes in bath osmolality in a predictable manner, exhibiting a hyperpolarization and decrease in spike frequency in hypo-osmotic solutions and a depolarization and increase in action potential frequency during hyperosmotic exposure. Cells (34%) defined as non-responders exhibited no significant modulation during identical changes in extracellular osmolality. The responses to changing extracellular osmolality were dose dependent; the activity of subfornical organ neurons was significantly modulated by changes in extracellular osmolality of less than 10mOsm. By regression analysis, this osmosensitivity was approximately 0.1Hz/mOsm change throughout a ±10mOsm range and was maintained throughout the range of osmolalities studied (270-330mOsm). The mechanism underlying this osmosensitivity remains unclear, although the non-selective cation conductance and the volume-activated chloride conductance do not seem to be involved.This intrinsic osmosensitivity of subfornical organ within the normal physiological range supports the view that this circumventricular structure plays a role in normal osmoregulation. Copyright (C) 2000 IBRO.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:2000, author = {Anderson, J.W. and Washburn, D.L.S. and Ferguson, A.V.}, title = {Intrinsic osmosensitivity of subfornical organ neurons}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2000}, volume = {100}, number = {3}, pages = {539-547}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034721506&partnerID=40&md5=b6581ca8ec6190f8819cce4a47a88a00}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00313-4} }
Anderson, J.W., Smith, P.M. and Ferguson, A.V.	Subfornical organ neurons projecting to paraventricular nucleus: whole-cell properties. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Brain Res Vol. 921(1-2), pp. 78-85School: Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6.	article	DOI
Abstract: The subfornical organ (SFO) has been repeatedly identified as a CNS site that plays a critical role in sensing multiple physiological variables of the "milieu interieur" and, through efferent projections to other CNS sites, initiating physiological responses to change. Many recent in vitro patch-clamp studies have examined the cellular mechanisms underlying the sensory abilities of these specialized CNS neurons. The primary limitation of these studies, however, has been the inability to identify homogeneous groups of SFO neurons for such investigation. We report here the development of techniques to permit patch clamp recording from dissociated SFO neurons identified according to their in vivo projection site. SFO neurons were labeled by injection of fluorescently labeled, retrogradely transported microspheres into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) 3 days prior to cell dissociation. Patch-clamp recordings from these SFO-PVN neurons revealed both sodium currents, potassium currents, action potentials, input resistance and membrane potential which were all similar to SFO cells prepared from animals with no prior tracer injection. Labeled SFO-->PVN cells were also found to be osmosensitive and responsive to angiotensin II, suggesting specific functional roles for this anatomically defined group of SFO neurons. Intriguingly, our post hoc analysis also demonstrated that all labeled neurons demonstrated a unique electrophysiological profile dominated by a large transient potassium conductance such that the transient/sustained potassium current ratio, or degree of inactivation was, on average, greater than 4.0. Utilization of these tracing techniques to permit the in vitro recording from cells with known in vivo connections will permit study of intrinsic mechanisms that underlie physiological responses of anatomically defined populations of neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:2001, author = {Anderson, J. W. and Smith, P. M. and Ferguson, A. V.}, title = {Subfornical organ neurons projecting to paraventricular nucleus: whole-cell properties.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6.}, year = {2001}, volume = {921}, number = {1-2}, pages = {78--85}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03093-1} }
Anderson, K., Sharp, K. and Steward, O.	Bilateral cervical contusion spinal cord injury in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Experimental Neurology Vol. 220(1), pp. 9-22	article	DOI URL
Abstract: There is increasing motivation to develop clinically relevant experimental models for cervical SCI in rodents and techniques to assess deficits in forelimb function. Here we describe a bilateral cervical contusion model in rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats received mild or moderate cervical contusion injuries (using the Infinite Horizons device) at C5, C6, or C7/8. Forelimb motor function was assessed using a grip strength meter (GSM); sensory function was assessed by the von Frey hair test; the integrity of the corticospinal tract (CST) was assessed by biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) tract tracing. Mild contusions caused primarily dorsal column (DC) and gray matter (GM) damage while moderate contusions produced additional damage to lateral and ventral tissue. Forelimb and hindlimb function was severely impaired immediately post-injury, but all rats regained the ability to use their hindlimbs for locomotion. Gripping ability was abolished immediately after injury but recovered partially, depending upon the spinal level and severity of the injury. Rats exhibited a loss of sensation in both fore- and hindlimbs that partially recovered, and did not exhibit allodynia. Tract tracing revealed that the main contingent of CST axons in the DC was completely interrupted in all but one animal whereas the dorsolateral CST (dlCST) was partially spared, and dlCST axons gave rise to axons that arborized in the GM caudal to the injury. Our data demonstrate that rats can survive significant bilateral cervical contusion injuries at or below C5 and that forepaw gripping function recovers after mild injuries even when the main component of CST axons in the dorsal column is completely interrupted. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:2009b, author = {Anderson, K.D. and Sharp, K.G. and Steward, O.}, title = {Bilateral cervical contusion spinal cord injury in rats}, journal = {Experimental Neurology}, year = {2009}, volume = {220}, number = {1}, pages = {9-22}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70349740885&partnerID=40&md5=b5e8f63d44b7226bf65d43a0d2c16702}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.06.012} }
Anderson, K.D., Alderson, R.F., Altar, C.A., DiStefano, P.S., Corcoran, T.L., Lindsay, R.M. and Wiegand, S.J.	Differential distribution of exogenous BDNF, NGF, and NT-3 in the brain corresponds to the relative abundance and distribution of high-affinity and low-affinity neurotrophin receptors. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	J Comp Neurol Vol. 357(2), pp. 296-317School: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: To evaluate effective means for delivering exogenous neurotrophins to neuron populations in the brain, we compared the distribution and transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) following intracerebral delivery. Rats received an injection of radioiodinated or unlabeled neurotrophin into the lateral ventricle and were killed humanely after 1.5-24 hours. Other rats received continuous infusion of unlabeled neurotrophin into the lateral ventricle, the striatum, or the hippocampus for 3-14 days. The neurotrophins were detected by autoradiography or immunohistochemistry. There were striking differences between BDNF, NGF, and NT-3 in their penetration through brain tissue. These differences occurred regardless of the site or method of delivery, but were most pronounced following a bolus intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection. After ICV injection, NGF was widely distributed in tissues around the ventricles and at the surface of the brain, whereas the penetration of BDNF into brain tissue was distinctly less than that of NGF, and the penetration of NT-3 was intermediate. An ICV injection of NGF produced prominent but transient labeling of cells that contain the low-affinity NGF receptor, whereas an injection of BDNF prominently labeled the ventricular ependyma. During ICV infusion (12 micrograms/day), the distribution of BDNF was no greater than that observed after a 12-micrograms bolus injection. A sixfold increase in the amount of BDNF infused (72 micrograms/day) produced a more widespread distribution in the brain and doubled the depth of penetration into periventricular tissues near the cannula. Corresponding to their differences in penetration, NGF was retrogradely transported by basal forebrain cholinergic neurons after ICV or intrastriatal delivery, whereas NT-3 was transported by a few basal forebrain neurons after ICV delivery, and BDNF was rarely detected in neurons after ICV delivery. Delivery of BDNF directly to the striatum or the hippocampus labeled numerous neurons in nuclei afferent to these structures. In situ hybridization studies confirmed that the high-affinity BDNF receptor (TrkB) was much more widely expressed in neurons than was the high-affinity NGF receptor (TrkA). Moreover, mRNA for truncated forms of TrkB was expressed at high levels in the ependyma, the choroid epithelium, and the gray matter. It is likely that binding of BDNF to TrkB, which appears to be more abundant and ubiquitous than TrkA, restricts the diffusion of BDNF relative to that of NGF.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:1995, author = {Anderson, K. D. and Alderson, R. F. and Altar, C. A. and DiStefano, P. S. and Corcoran, T. L. and Lindsay, R. M. and Wiegand, S. J.}, title = {Differential distribution of exogenous BDNF, NGF, and NT-3 in the brain corresponds to the relative abundance and distribution of high-affinity and low-affinity neurotrophin receptors.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA.}, year = {1995}, volume = {357}, number = {2}, pages = {296--317}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903570209}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903570209} }
Anderson, K.D., Alderson, R.F., Altar, C.A., DiStefano, P.S., Corcoran, T.L., Lindsay, R.M. and Wiegand, S.J.	Differential distribution of exogenous BDNF, NGF, and NT-3 in the brain corresponds to the relative abundance and distribution of high-affinity and low-affinity neurotrophin receptors. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 357, pp. 296-317	article
Abstract: To evaluate effective means for delivering exogenous neurotrophins to neuron populations in the brain, we compared the distribution and transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) following intracerebral delivery. Rats received an injection of radioiodinated or unlabeled neurotrophin into the lateral ventricle and were killed humanely after 1.5-24 hours. Other rats received continuous infusion of unlabeled neurotrophin into the lateral ventricle, the striatum, or the hippocampus for 3-14 days. The neurotrophins were detected by autoradiography or immunohistochemistry. There were striking differences between BDNF, NGF, and NT-3 in their penetration through brain tissue. These differences occurred regardless of the site or method of delivery, but were most pronounced following a bolus intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection. After ICV injection, NGF was widely distributed in tissues around the ventricles and at the surface of the brain, whereas the penetration of BDNF into brain tissue was distinctly less than that of NGF, and the penetration of NT-3 was intermediate. An ICV injection of NGF produced prominent but transient labeling of cells that contain the low-affinity NGF receptor, whereas an injection of BDNF prominently labeled the ventricular ependyma. During ICV infusion (12 micrograms/day), the distribution of BDNF was no greater than that observed after a 12-micrograms bolus injection. A sixfold increase in the amount of BDNF infused (72 micrograms/day) produced a more widespread distribution in the brain and doubled the depth of penetration into periventricular tissues near the cannula. Corresponding to their differences in penetration, NGF was retrogradely transported by basal forebrain cholinergic neurons after ICV or intrastriatal delivery, whereas NT-3 was transported by a few basal forebrain neurons after ICV delivery, and BDNF was rarely detected in neurons after ICV delivery. Delivery of BDNF directly to the striatum or the hippocampus labeled numerous neurons in nuclei afferent to these structures. In situ hybridization studies confirmed that the high-affinity BDNF receptor (TrkB) was much more widely expressed in neurons than was the high-affinity NGF receptor (TrkA). Moreover, mRNA for truncated forms of TrkB was expressed at high levels in the ependyma, the choroid epithelium, and the gray matter. It is likely that binding of BDNF to TrkB, which appears to be more abundant and ubiquitous than TrkA, restricts the diffusion of BDNF relative to that of NGF.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:1995c, author = {Anderson, K. D. and Alderson, R. F. and Altar, C. A. and DiStefano, P. S. and Corcoran, T. L. and Lindsay, R. M. and Wiegand, S. J.}, title = {Differential distribution of exogenous BDNF, NGF, and NT-3 in the brain corresponds to the relative abundance and distribution of high-affinity and low-affinity neurotrophin receptors.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1995}, volume = {357}, pages = {296-317}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Anderson, K.D., Karle, E.J. and Reiner, A.	A pre-embedding triple-label electron microscopic immunohistochemical method as applied to the study of multiple inputs to defined tegmental neurons. [BibTeX]	1994	Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry Vol. 42(1), pp. 49-56	article	URL
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:1994b, author = {Anderson, Keith D and Karle, Ellen J and Reiner, Anton}, title = {A pre-embedding triple-label electron microscopic immunohistochemical method as applied to the study of multiple inputs to defined tegmental neurons.}, journal = {Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry}, publisher = {SAGE Publications}, year = {1994}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {49--56}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://jhc.sagepub.com/content/42/1/49.long} }
Anderson, K.D. and Reiner, A.	Extensive co-occurrence of substance P and dynorphin in striatal projection neurons: an evolutionarily conserved feature of basal ganglia organization. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	J Comp Neurol Vol. 295(3), pp. 339-369School: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis 38163.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: A number of different neuroactive substances have been found in striatal projection neurons and in fibers and terminals in their target areas, including substance P (SP), enkephalin (ENK), and dynorphin (DYN). In a preliminary report on birds and reptiles, we have suggested that SP and DYN are to a large extent found in the same striatal projection neurons and that ENK is found in a separate population of striatal projection neurons. In the present study, we have examined this issue in more detail in pigeons and turtles. Further, we have also explored this issue in rats to determine whether this is a phylogenetically conserved feature of basal ganglia organization. Simultaneous immunofluorescence double-labeling procedures were employed to explore the colocalization of SP and DYN, SP and ENK, and ENK and DYN in striatal neurons and in striatal, nigral, and pallidal fibers in pigeons, turtles, and rats. To guard against possible cross-reactivity of DYN and ENK antisera with each others' antigens, separate double-label studies were carried out with several different antisera that were specific for DYN peptides (e.g., dynorphin A 1-17, dynorphin B, leumorphin) or ENK peptides (leucine-enkephalin, metenkephalin-arg6-gly7-leu8, methionine-enkephalin-arg6-phe7). The results showed that SP and DYN co-occur extensively in specific populations of striatal projection neurons, whereas ENK typically is present in different populations of striatal projection neurons. In pigeons, 95-99% of all striatal neurons containing DYN were found to contain SP and vice versa. In contrast, only 1-3% of the SP+ striatal neurons and no DYN neurons contained ENK. Similarly, in turtles, greater than 75% of the SP+ neurons were DYN+ and vice versa, whereas ENK was observed in fewer than 5% of the SP+ neurons and 2% of the DYN+ neurons. Finally, in rats, more than 70% of the SP+ neurons contained DYN and vice versa, but ENK was found in only 5% of the SP+ neurons and in none of the DYN+ perikarya. Fiber double- labeling in the striatum and its target areas (the pallidum and substantia nigra) was also consonant with these observations in pigeons, turtles, and rats. These results, in conjunction with studies in cats by M.-J. Besson, A.M. Graybiel, and B. Quinn (1986; Soc Neurosci. Abs. 12:876) strongly indicate that the co-occurrence of SP and DYN in large numbers of striatonigral and striatopallidal projection neurons in a phylogenetically widespread, and therefore evolutionarily conserved, feature of basal ganglia organization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:1990a, author = {Anderson, K. D. and Reiner, A.}, title = {Extensive co-occurrence of substance P and dynorphin in striatal projection neurons: an evolutionarily conserved feature of basal ganglia organization.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis 38163.}, year = {1990}, volume = {295}, number = {3}, pages = {339--369}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902950302}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902950302} }
Anderson, K.D. and Reiner, A.	Immunohistochemical localization of DARPP-32 in striatal projection neurons and striatal interneurons: implications for the localization of D1-like dopamine receptors on different types of striatal neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Brain Res Vol. 568(1-2), pp. 235-243School: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163.	article	DOI
Abstract: Immunohistochemical double-label techniques were used to study the localization of DARPP-32, a phosphoprotein that is enriched in neurons possessing members of the D1 subfamily of dopamine receptors, in several different types of striatal neurons in the rat basal ganglia. The vast majority (94.1 of striatonigral projection neurons (the vast majority of which contain substance P), identified by retrograde labeling with fluorogold, were observed to contain DARPP-32. Similarly, the vast majority of striatopallidal projection neurons (87.7, identified by immunofluorescence labeling for enkephalin (ENK), were found to label for DARPP-32. In contrast, cholinergic and neuropeptide Y-containing striatal interneurons were never observed to contain DARPP-32. These results suggest that essentially all major types of striatal medium spiny projection neurons may possess members of the D1 subfamily of dopamine receptors, but that striatal local circuit neurons do not possess members of the D1 subfamily of receptors.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:1991, author = {K. D. Anderson and A. Reiner}, title = {Immunohistochemical localization of DARPP-32 in striatal projection neurons and striatal interneurons: implications for the localization of D1-like dopamine receptors on different types of striatal neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163.}, year = {1991}, volume = {568}, number = {1-2}, pages = {235--243}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(91)91403-n} }
Anderson, K.D. and Reiner, A.	Immunohistochemical localization of DARPP-32 in striatal projection neurons and striatal interneurons: implications for the localization of D1-like dopamine receptors on different types of striatal neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Brain research Vol. 568, pp. 235-43	article
Abstract: Immunohistochemical double-label techniques were used to study the localization of DARPP-32, a phosphoprotein that is enriched in neurons possessing members of the D1 subfamily of dopamine receptors, in several different types of striatal neurons in the rat basal ganglia. The vast majority (94.1%) of striatonigral projection neurons (the vast majority of which contain substance P), identified by retrograde labeling with fluorogold, were observed to contain DARPP-32. Similarly, the vast majority of striatopallidal projection neurons (87.7%), identified by immunofluorescence labeling for enkephalin (ENK), were found to label for DARPP-32. In contrast, cholinergic and neuropeptide Y-containing striatal interneurons were never observed to contain DARPP-32. These results suggest that essentially all major types of striatal medium spiny projection neurons may possess members of the D1 subfamily of dopamine receptors, but that striatal local circuit neurons do not possess members of the D1 subfamily of receptors.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:1991a, author = {Anderson, K. D. and Reiner, A.}, title = {Immunohistochemical localization of DARPP-32 in striatal projection neurons and striatal interneurons: implications for the localization of D1-like dopamine receptors on different types of striatal neurons.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1991}, volume = {568}, pages = {235-43}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Anderson, K.D., Sharp, K.G. and Steward, O.	Bilateral cervical contusion spinal cord injury in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Exp Neurol Vol. 220(1), pp. 9-22School: Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California, Irvine College of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-1385, USA. kanderso@uci.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: There is increasing motivation to develop clinically relevant experimental models for cervical SCI in rodents and techniques to assess deficits in forelimb function. Here we describe a bilateral cervical contusion model in rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats received mild or moderate cervical contusion injuries (using the Infinite Horizons device) at C5, C6, or C7/8. Forelimb motor function was assessed using a grip strength meter (GSM); sensory function was assessed by the von Frey hair test; the integrity of the corticospinal tract (CST) was assessed by biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) tract tracing. Mild contusions caused primarily dorsal column (DC) and gray matter (GM) damage while moderate contusions produced additional damage to lateral and ventral tissue. Forelimb and hindlimb function was severely impaired immediately post-injury, but all rats regained the ability to use their hindlimbs for locomotion. Gripping ability was abolished immediately after injury but recovered partially, depending upon the spinal level and severity of the injury. Rats exhibited a loss of sensation in both fore- and hindlimbs that partially recovered, and did not exhibit allodynia. Tract tracing revealed that the main contingent of CST axons in the DC was completely interrupted in all but one animal whereas the dorsolateral CST (dlCST) was partially spared, and dlCST axons gave rise to axons that arborized in the GM caudal to the injury. Our data demonstrate that rats can survive significant bilateral cervical contusion injuries at or below C5 and that forepaw gripping function recovers after mild injuries even when the main component of CST axons in the dorsal column is completely interrupted.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:2009a, author = {Anderson, Kim D. and Sharp, Kelli G. and Steward, Oswald}, title = {Bilateral cervical contusion spinal cord injury in rats.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, school = {Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California, Irvine College of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-1385, USA. kanderso@uci.edu}, year = {2009}, volume = {220}, number = {1}, pages = {9--22}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.06.012}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.06.012} }
Anderson, L.A., Izquierdo, M.A., Antunes, F.M. and Malmierca, M.S.	A monosynaptic pathway from dorsal cochlear nucleus to auditory cortex in rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Neuroreport Vol. 20(5), pp. 462-466School: Auditory Neurophysiology Unit, Institute for Neuroscience of 'Castilla y León', University of Salamanca, Spain.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Of the three major subdivisions of the auditory thalamus, the medial subdivision is the only one that receives a direct projection from the dorsal cochlear nucleus. Those cells in the medial auditory thalamus that receive the projection from the dorsal cochlear nucleus continue to the auditory cortex. A combination of anterograde and retrograde anatomical tracer injections made in the dorsal cochlear nucleus and the auditory cortex respectively, revealed terminal boutons which were directly apposed onto the dendrites and cell bodies of neurons in the medial auditory thalamus. The presence of a monosynaptic pathway, which transfers information from the first relay in the auditory system to the last, suggests that this pathway may rapidly convey very basic information to the auditory cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:2009, author = {Lucy A Anderson and Marco A Izquierdo and Flora M Antunes and Manuel S Malmierca}, title = {A monosynaptic pathway from dorsal cochlear nucleus to auditory cortex in rat.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, school = {Auditory Neurophysiology Unit, Institute for Neuroscience of 'Castilla y León', University of Salamanca, Spain.}, year = {2009}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {462--466}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e328326f5ab}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e328326f5ab} }
Anderson, L.A., Malmierca, M.S., Wallace, M.N. and Palmer, A.R.	Evidence for a direct, short latency projection from the dorsal cochlear nucleus to the auditory thalamus in the guinea pig. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 24(2), pp. 491-498School: MRC Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. lucy.anderson@ucl.ac.uk	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The auditory thalamus (medial geniculate body, MGB) receives its main ascending input from the inferior colliculus (IC), which was considered to be an obligatory relay for all auditory inputs to the MGB. However, recent anatomical evidence in the rat [ (Malmierca et al. 2002) J. Neurosci., 22, 10891-10897] has confirmed the presence of a direct pathway from the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) to the medial MGB, bypassing the IC, as previously suggested in the chimpanzee [ (Strominger et al. 1977) J. Comp. Neurol., 172, 349-366]. We show that this direct pathway is also present in the guinea pig and apparently results in short latency responses in the thalamus. Injection of anterograde tracer into the DCN of five adult guinea pigs revealed terminal boutons and axonal swellings distributed throughout the medial MGB, but absent from all other MGB subdivisions. Electrophysiological recordings made from 39 adult guinea pigs (24 male & 15 female) showed neurons in the medial MGB responded with significantly shorter latencies to acoustic clicks (7.8 ms) than those from the ventral (11.0 ms), dorsal (14.4 ms), or shell (16.5 ms) MGB, consistent with the direct pathway from the DCN. The function of the direct pathway is not known but may be related to the fast responses and the role of the medial MGB in integrating combined somatosensory and auditory inputs. Short latency responses may be important in priming the auditory cortex to prepare it for rapid analysis and in recruiting the amygdala for rapid emotional responses such as fear.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:2006, author = {L. A. Anderson and M. S. Malmierca and M. N. Wallace and A. R. Palmer}, title = {Evidence for a direct, short latency projection from the dorsal cochlear nucleus to the auditory thalamus in the guinea pig.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {MRC Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. lucy.anderson@ucl.ac.uk}, year = {2006}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {491--498}, note = {Not a rat tract-tracing study.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04930.x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04930.x} }
Anderson, L.A., Malmierca, M.S., Wallace, M.N. and Palmer, A.R.	Evidence for a direct, short latency projection from the dorsal cochlear nucleus to the auditory thalamus in the guinea pig. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	The European journal of neuroscience Vol. 24, pp. 491-498	article	DOI
Abstract: The auditory thalamus (medial geniculate body, MGB) receives its main ascending input from the inferior colliculus (IC), which was considered to be an obligatory relay for all auditory inputs to the MGB. However, recent anatomical evidence in the rat [ (Malmierca et al. 2002) J. Neurosci., 22, 10891-10897] has confirmed the presence of a direct pathway from the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) to the medial MGB, bypassing the IC, as previously suggested in the chimpanzee [ (Strominger et al. 1977) J. Comp. Neurol., 172, 349-366]. We show that this direct pathway is also present in the guinea pig and apparently results in short latency responses in the thalamus. Injection of anterograde tracer into the DCN of five adult guinea pigs revealed terminal boutons and axonal swellings distributed throughout the medial MGB, but absent from all other MGB subdivisions. Electrophysiological recordings made from 39 adult guinea pigs (24 male & 15 female) showed neurons in the medial MGB responded with significantly shorter latencies to acoustic clicks (7.8 ms) than those from the ventral (11.0 ms), dorsal (14.4 ms), or shell (16.5 ms) MGB, consistent with the direct pathway from the DCN. The function of the direct pathway is not known but may be related to the fast responses and the role of the medial MGB in integrating combined somatosensory and auditory inputs. Short latency responses may be important in priming the auditory cortex to prepare it for rapid analysis and in recruiting the amygdala for rapid emotional responses such as fear.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:2006b, author = {Anderson, L A and Malmierca, M S and Wallace, M N and Palmer, A R}, title = {Evidence for a direct, short latency projection from the dorsal cochlear nucleus to the auditory thalamus in the guinea pig.}, journal = {The European journal of neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {24}, pages = {491--498}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04930.x} }
Anderson, M. and Jeffery, K.	Heterogeneous modulation of place cell firing by changes in context [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 23(26), pp. 8827-8835	article	URL
Abstract: Hippocampal place cells show spatially localized activity that can be modulated by both geometric information (e.g., the distances and directions of features in the environment) and nongeometric information (e.g., colors, odors, and possibly behaviors). Nongeometric information may allow the discrimination of different spatial contexts. Understanding how nongeometric (or contextual) information affects hippocampal activity is important in light of proposals that the hippocampus may play a role in constructing a representation of spatial context. We investigated the contextual modulation of place cell activity by recording hippocampal place cells while rats foraged in compound contexts comprising black or white color paired with lemon or vanilla odor. Some cells responded to the color or odor changes alone, but most responded to varying combinations of both. Thus, we demonstrate, for the first time, that there is a heterogeneous input by contextual inputs into the hippocampus. We propose a model of contextual remapping of place cells in which the geometric inputs are selectively activated by subsets of contextual stimuli. Because it appears that different place cells are affected by different subsets of contextual stimuli, the representation of the entire context would require activity at the population level, supporting a role for the hippocampus in constructing a representation of spatial context.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:2003, author = {Anderson, M.I. and Jeffery, K.J.}, title = {Heterogeneous modulation of place cell firing by changes in context}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2003}, volume = {23}, number = {26}, pages = {8827-8835}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0141641088&partnerID=40&md5=b09dd999ed9fac5910e99e45426e51f6} }
Anderson, M. and O'Mara, S.	Responses of dorsal subicular neurons of rats during object exploration in an extended environment [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Experimental Brain Research Vol. 159(4), pp. 519-529	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The subiculum receives a direct projection from the perirhinal cortex, a cortical area whose neurons are responsive to the novelty or familiarity of objects encountered in the environment. We made recordings of subicular neuronal activity while male adult Wistar rats conducted object exploration tasks, which have been previously shown to cause changes in the exploratory behaviour of rats and which are dependent upon the integrity of structures within the hippocampal formation. In the current study, the exploratory behaviour of the rats was also modified in a manner consistent with them perceiving the novelty and familiarity of the objects used as part of the apparatus. Subicular cell firing, however, appeared to correlate best not with object novelty or familiarity, but with the concurrent location and speed of the rats within the task environment. These findings are discussed in light of previously reported 'object-responsive' subicular firing correlates. © Springer-Verlag 2004.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:2004, author = {Anderson, M.I. and O'Mara, S.M.}, title = {Responses of dorsal subicular neurons of rats during object exploration in an extended environment}, journal = {Experimental Brain Research}, year = {2004}, volume = {159}, number = {4}, pages = {519-529}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-11244250918&partnerID=40&md5=d339e0f9f0f96a26a433d37c1a07bbc0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-004-1977-z} }
Anderson, M.E., Buford, J.A. and Inase, M.	Pallidal Output Circuits in the Thalamus [BibTeX]	1995	Functions of the Cortico-Basal Ganglia Loop, pp. 136-151	incollection	DOI
BibTeX: @incollection{Anderson:1995a, author = {Anderson, Marjorie E and Buford, John A and Inase, Masahiko}, title = {Pallidal Output Circuits in the Thalamus}, booktitle = {Functions of the Cortico-Basal Ganglia Loop}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {1995}, pages = {136--151}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68547-0_9} }
Anderson, S., Sawangjaroen, K. and Curlewis, J.	Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide acts within the medial basal hypothalamus to inhibit prolactin and luteinizing hormone secretion [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Endocrinology Vol. 137(8), pp. 3424-3429	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In this study, we investigated the hypothalamic regulatory role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the control of LH and PRL secretion. Ovariectomized ewes were surgically prepared with bilateral guide tubes directed at the preoptic area (POA) or medial basal hypothalamus (MBH). After recovery from surgery, PACAP38 (0.1 nmol in 2.5 μl over 1 h) or vehicle was bilaterally infused into each site in separate trials. Infusion of PACAP38 into the POA had no effect on either LH or PRL secretion. However, infusion of the peptide into the MBH suppressed PRL secretion during the 3-h postinfusion period; the responding animals (n = 9) had injectors located in the arcuate nucleus. In the three nonresponding animals, both injectors were outside the arcuate nucleus. Mean LH concentration, LH pulse frequency, and pulse amplitude were also significantly suppressed, with LH pulsatility declining in seven of eight animals during infusion of the peptide in the MBH. These results suggest that PACAP acts in the arcuate nucleus region of the MBH, and not the rostral POA, to inhibit both LH and PRL secretion.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:1996, author = {Anderson, S.T. and Sawangjaroen, K. and Curlewis, J.D.}, title = {Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide acts within the medial basal hypothalamus to inhibit prolactin and luteinizing hormone secretion}, journal = {Endocrinology}, year = {1996}, volume = {137}, number = {8}, pages = {3424-3429}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029904185&partnerID=40&md5=d68f42c7d0431487022896c1311f1a45}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1210/en.137.8.3424} }
Anderson, S., Walsh, J., Tillet, Y., Clarke, I. and Curlewis, J.	Dopaminergic input to the ventromedial hypothalamus facilitates the oestrogen-induced luteinizing hormone surge in ewes [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Neuroendocrinology Vol. 73(2), pp. 91-101	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In this study we examined the release of dopamine and noradrenaline in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) of ovariectomized ewes during the oestrogen-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) surge by measuring their respective metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) using microdialysis. Further we investigated whether inhibition of catecholamine synthesis in the VMH by bilateral reverse dialysis of α-methyl-p-tyrosine (α-MPT) would block the oestrogen-induced LH and/or prolactin surges. Oestradiol treatment (50 μg oestradiol benzoate) of ovariectomized ewes resulted in a biphasic LH response, significantly (p < 0.05) decreasing LH concentrations from 2.5 to 10.5 h after injection, followed by an LH surge beginning at 16 h. Prolactin concentrations were also significantly (p < 0.05) increased in oestradiol-treated ewes from 13 h. VMH DOPAC concentrations in oil-vehicle-treated animals were at the level of detection (0.02 ng/ml) in most samples over the 24- hour sampling period. In oestradiol-treated ewes, VMH DOPAC levels were initially low before and up to 8 h after oestradiol injection but then increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 10-12 h and remained elevated up to 20 h after injection. In contrast, oestradiol injection had no effect on MHPG concentrations in the VMH. Bilateral reverse microdialysis of α-MPT into the VMH significantly (p < 0.05) delayed the time from oestradiol injection to the onset of the LH surge, the time to peak LH concentration and attenuated the LH surge compared with reverse dialysis of Ringer solution alone. In contrast, α-MPT treatment had no effect upon the oestradiol-induced increase in prolactin concentrations. This study provides evidence that the VMH is an important hypothalamic site in the neuro-endocrine control of the LH surge in ewes. The results suggest that dopaminergic neurons with terminals in the VMH are part of a neuronal pathway mediating the positive feedback effects of oestradiol on gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion and the LH surge. Copyright © 2001 S. Karger AG, Basel.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:2001a, author = {Anderson, S.T. and Walsh, J.P. and Tillet, Y. and Clarke, I.J. and Curlewis, J.D.}, title = {Dopaminergic input to the ventromedial hypothalamus facilitates the oestrogen-induced luteinizing hormone surge in ewes}, journal = {Neuroendocrinology}, year = {2001}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {91-101}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035107092&partnerID=40&md5=ccff23243d66d6f24d50b6c908c37c8d}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1159/000054625} }
Anderson, W.A., Bruni, J.E. and Kaufmann, A.	Afferent connections of the rat's supraoptic nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Brain Res Bull Vol. 24(2), pp. 191-200School: Department of Anatomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.	article	DOI
Abstract: Neurons projecting to the supraoptic nucleus (SON) have been identified following stereotaxic injections of either horseradish peroxidase or fast blue into the SON region of adult rats. The subfornical organ, median preoptic nucleus, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and medial septal nucleus were the source of the largest numbers of supraoptic-projecting neurons. Several smaller projections also originate from the ipsilateral locus coeruleus, preoptic area, lateral parolfactorial area, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, lateral parabrachial nucleus and ventrolateral medulla. Several other areas appeared to project only to the region immediately dorsal to the SON: lateral septal nucleus, diagonal band of Broca, ventral tegmental nucleus, and the supramamillary nucleus. These areas may influence SON neurosecretory function by way of interneurons found immediately dorsal to SON. Additional areas were identified with retrograde fluorescent label only, and these projected to the area immediately dorsal to SON and/or to SON itself.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:1990, author = {Anderson, W. A. and Bruni, J. E. and Kaufmann, A.}, title = {Afferent connections of the rat's supraoptic nucleus.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Department of Anatomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.}, year = {1990}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {191--200}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(90)90205-e} }
Anderson, W.A., Bruni, J.E. and Kaufmann, A.	Afferent connections of the rat's supraoptic nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Brain research bulletin Vol. 24, pp. 191-200	article
Abstract: Neurons projecting to the supraoptic nucleus (SON) have been identified following stereotaxic injections of either horseradish peroxidase or fast blue into the SON region of adult rats. The subfornical organ, median preoptic nucleus, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and medial septal nucleus were the source of the largest numbers of supraoptic-projecting neurons. Several smaller projections also originate from the ipsilateral locus coeruleus, preoptic area, lateral parolfactorial area, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, lateral parabrachial nucleus and ventrolateral medulla. Several other areas appeared to project only to the region immediately dorsal to the SON: lateral septal nucleus, diagonal band of Broca, ventral tegmental nucleus, and the supramamillary nucleus. These areas may influence SON neurosecretory function by way of interneurons found immediately dorsal to SON. Additional areas were identified with retrograde fluorescent label only, and these projected to the area immediately dorsal to SON and/or to SON itself.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:1990b, author = {Anderson, W. A. and Bruni, J. E. and Kaufmann, A.}, title = {Afferent connections of the rat's supraoptic nucleus.}, journal = {Brain research bulletin}, year = {1990}, volume = {24}, pages = {191-200}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Anderson, W.J., Stromberg, M.W. and Hinsman, E.J.	Morphological characteristics of dendrite bundles in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1976	Brain research Vol. 110, pp. 215-227	article	DOI
Abstract: The finding of motoneuron dendrites organized into small compact bundles in cats, monkeys and pigs suggested that a study of this phenomenon in rats should be undertaken. An analysis was performed with electron microscopy, light microscopy and Golgi methods. An extensive dendrite bundle organization was found in the sixth lumbar segment of the spinal cord. Two discrete bundles were localized bilaterally: a lateral bundle in the ventrolateral gray substance, and a medial bundle in the ventral funiculus. The lateral bundle was found to consist of longitudinally oriented dendrites, neurocytons, glial cells and capillaries. As many as 1678 closely packed dendrites were observed in the lateral bundle. The medial bundle contained dendrites directed across the midline and also longitudinally oriented dendrites. Neurocytons in the medial dendrite bundle were found singly or in clusters, and many radiating bundles of dendrites were observed projecting toward the lateral bundle. Golgi analysis confirmed that neurons in the lateral bundle had most of their dendrites oriented longitudinally. It was possible to trace several dendrites into the lateral bundle from dorsally and medially lying neurons. Electron microscopy substantiated the fact that the bundles were composed of dendrites. It also revealed numerous dendrodendritic and dendrosomatic contacts which were desmosomal in type as well as an abundance of small unidentified processes. Various functions which have been attributed to the dendrite bundles are discussed.
BibTeX: @article{Anderson:1976a, author = {Anderson, W J and Stromberg, M W and Hinsman, E J}, title = {Morphological characteristics of dendrite bundles in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1976}, volume = {110}, pages = {215--227}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(76)90398-x} }
Andersson, K., Eneroth, P. and Roos, P.	Effects of TRH and a rat TSH preparation on discrete hypothalamic and forebrain catecholamine nerve terminal networks in the hypophysectomized male rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	European Journal of Pharmacology Vol. 111(3), pp. 295-307	article	DOI URL
Abstract: A rat pituitary TSH preparation in doses of 10 and 100 μg/kg produced rapid and marked increases in dopamine (DA) levels and α-methyltyrosine-induced decline consistent with increased DA synthesis and release in the medial and lateral palisade zones (MPZ, LPZ) of the median eminence, and reduced noradrenaline (NA) turnover in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PA) of the hypophysectomized male rat. The TSH serum levels measured in these rats 2 h after the injection were within the physiological range after the injection of 10 μg/kg. TRH given intravenously in a dose of 100 μg/kg produced rapid and marked increases of DA release in the MPZ and LPZ of the median eminence and reduction of NA turnover in the PA of the hypophysectomized male rat. The TRH injection did not alter the serum levels of prolactin, TSH, T3 and T4. The results indicate that TRH-TSH-DA interactions take place in the local circuits in the median eminence thus supporting the view that a short and an ultrashort feedback action of rTSH and TRH respectively may exist in the median eminence. The rapid action of the rat TSH preparation as well as of TRH further supports this concept. The rat TSH preparation and TRH produced marked reductions in NA turnover in the PA. These results support the possibility that rat TSH and TRH may, via on action on the hypothalamus, influence the facilitatory noradrenergic mechanism operating at the soma-dendritic level of the TRH immunoreactive neurons projecting to the median eminence. Thus, the existence of a neuronal feedback loop from the medio-basal hypothalamus into the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus is postulated. © 1985.
BibTeX: @article{Andersson:1985, author = {Andersson, K. and Eneroth, P. and Roos, P.}, title = {Effects of TRH and a rat TSH preparation on discrete hypothalamic and forebrain catecholamine nerve terminal networks in the hypophysectomized male rat}, journal = {European Journal of Pharmacology}, year = {1985}, volume = {111}, number = {3}, pages = {295-307}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021850072&partnerID=40&md5=03b5c753c17b0cc509020eed8512aae2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(85)90636-3} }
Andjelic, S., Gallopin, T., Cauli, B., Hill, E.L., Roux, L., Badr, S., Hu, E., Tamás, G. and Lambolez, B.	Glutamatergic nonpyramidal neurons from neocortical layer VI and their comparison with pyramidal and spiny stellate neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	J Neurophysiol Vol. 101(2), pp. 641-654School: NPA CNRS UMR 710, UPMC, 9 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The deeper part of neocortical layer VI is dominated by nonpyramidal neurons, which lack a prominent vertically ascending dendrite and predominantly establish corticocortical connections. These neurons were studied in rat neocortical slices using patch-clamp, single-cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and biocytin labeling. The majority of these neurons expressed the vesicular glutamate transporter but not glutamic acid decarboxylase, suggesting that a high proportion of layer VI nonpyramidal neurons are glutamatergic. Indeed, they exhibited numerous dendritic spines and established asymmetrical synapses. Our sample of glutamatergic nonpyramidal neurons displayed a wide variety of somatodendritic morphologies and a subset of these cells expressed the Nurr1 mRNA, a marker for ipsilateral, but not commissural corticocortical projection neurons in layer VI. Comparison with spiny stellate and pyramidal neurons from other layers showed that glutamatergic neurons consistently exhibited a low occurrence of GABAergic interneuron markers and regular spiking firing patterns. Analysis of electrophysiological diversity using unsupervised clustering disclosed three groups of cells. Layer V pyramidal neurons were segregated into a first group, whereas a second group consisted of a subpopulation of layer VI neurons exhibiting tonic firing. A third heterogeneous cluster comprised spiny stellate, layer II/III pyramidal, and layer VI neurons exhibiting adaptive firing. The segregation of layer VI neurons in two different clusters did not correlate either with their somatodendritic morphologies or with Nurr1 expression. Our results suggest that electrophysiological similarities between neocortical glutamatergic neurons extend beyond layer positioning, somatodendritic morphology, and projection specificity.
BibTeX: @article{Andjelic:2009, author = {Andjelic, Sofija and Gallopin, Thierry and Cauli, Bruno and Hill, Elisa L and Roux, Lisa and Badr, Sammy and Hu, Emilie and Tamás, Gábor and Lambolez, Bertrand}, title = {Glutamatergic nonpyramidal neurons from neocortical layer VI and their comparison with pyramidal and spiny stellate neurons.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, school = {NPA CNRS UMR 710, UPMC, 9 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.}, year = {2009}, volume = {101}, number = {2}, pages = {641--654}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91094.2008}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.91094.2008} }
Ando, M., Kunii, S., Tatematsu, T. and Nagata, Y.	Rapid and transient alterations in transglutaminase activity in rat superior cervical ganglia following denervation or axotomy. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Neurosci Res Vol. 17(1), pp. 47-52School: Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.	article	DOI
Abstract: The activity of transglutaminase (TG), a Ca(2+)-dependent enzyme contributing to cross-linkage formation of intracellular polypeptide chains decreased rapidly to ca. 25% of control level in superior cervical ganglia (SCG) within 0.5 h following denervation. The reduced level was maintained for at least 24 h. By contrast, following axotomy, ganglionic TG activity increased by ca. 50% within 1 h, maintained the increase to 4 h, and returned to control level by 24 h. When SCG were transferred to aerobic in vitro incubation conditions 3 h following denervation, the addition of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, trifluoperazine (TFP, 10 micrograms/ml), to the medium partially reversed the denervation-induced reduction in ganglionic TG activity. Addition of a PKC activator, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA, 1 microM), had no effect on the TG activity. These findings suggest that the pathway resulting in the rapid, denervation-induced inhibition of TG activity may involve the transsynaptic activation of PKC. When SCG were placed in vitro 3 h following axotomy, addition of nerve growth factor (NGF, 0.25 micrograms/ml) to the medium reversed approximately one-half of the axotomy-induced increase in TG activity. Thus, following axotomy, the reduction in delivery to the SCG of NGF, which can be transported retrogradely within the axon and is indispensable for morphological and functional survival of sympathetic neurons, may trigger the transient, axotomy-induced TG activation in the SCG.
BibTeX: @article{Ando:1993, author = {Ando, M. and Kunii, S. and Tatematsu, T. and Nagata, Y.}, title = {Rapid and transient alterations in transglutaminase activity in rat superior cervical ganglia following denervation or axotomy.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, school = {Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.}, year = {1993}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {47--52}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-0102(93)90028-o} }
Andrade, C., Andrade-Franzé, G., De Luca, L., Johnson, A. and Menani, J.	Changes in taste reactivity to intra-oral hypertonic NaCl after lateral parabrachial injections of an α 2-adrenergic receptor agonist [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Physiology and Behavior Vol. 104(5), pp. 702-708	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Bilateral injections of moxonidine, an α 2-adrenoceptor and imidazoline receptor agonist, into the lateral parabrachial nuclei (LPBN) enhance sodium appetite induced by extracellular dehydration. In the present study, we examined whether LPBN moxonidine treatments change taste reactivity to hypertonic NaCl solution administered into the mouth by intra-oral (IO) cannula. Male Holtzman rats prepared with IO and bilateral LPBN cannulas received subcutaneous injections of furosemide (FURO; 10mg/kg) and captopril (CAP; 5mg/kg) to induce hypovolemia with mild hypotension and an accompanying salt appetite and thirst before testing the taste reactivity to oral infusions of 0.3M NaCl (1.0ml/min). In the first experiment 45min after subcutaneous injections of FURO+CAP or vehicle, moxonidine was bilaterally injected into the LPBN, and then 15min later both bodily and oral-facial ingestive and rejection responses to 0.3M NaCl delivered through the IO cannula were assessed. Both LPBN vehicle and moxonidine treated rats showed increased ingestive and decreased rejection responses to the IO hypertonic solution. The IO 0.3M NaCl infusion-evoked ingestive and rejection taste related behaviors were comparable in the LPBN vehicle- vs. the LPBN moxonidine-injected groups. In a second experiment, rats received the same FURO+CAP treatments and LPBN injections. However, beginning 15min after the LPBN injections, they were given access to water and 0.3M NaCl and were allowed to consume the fluids for most of the next 60min with the free access intake being interrupted only for a few minutes at 15, 30 and 60min after the fluids became available. During each of these three brief periods, a taste reactivity test was conducted. On the three taste reactivity tests rats that received LPBN vehicle injections showed progressive declines in ingestive responses and gradual increases in rejection responses. However, in contrast to the LPBN vehicle treated rats, animals receiving bilateral injections of LPBN moxonidine maintained a high number of ingestive responses and a low number of rejection responses throughout the test period even in spite of evidencing substantial water and 0.3M NaCl consumption during the periods of free access. The results suggest that after α 2-adrenoceptor agonist delivery to the LPBN the acceptance of 0.3M NaCl is sustained and the negative attributes of the solution are minimized. The maintained positive rewarding qualities of 0.3M NaCl are likely to account for why LPBN moxonidine treated rats show such a remarkable salt appetite when assayed by the volume of hypertonic 0.3M NaCl consumed. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Andrade:2011, author = {Andrade, C.A.F. and Andrade-Franzé, G.M.F. and De Luca, L.A. and Johnson, A.K. and Menani, J.V.}, title = {Changes in taste reactivity to intra-oral hypertonic NaCl after lateral parabrachial injections of an α 2-adrenergic receptor agonist}, journal = {Physiology and Behavior}, year = {2011}, volume = {104}, number = {5}, pages = {702-708}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80051629217&partnerID=40&md5=43ea78bda0b902a3fae7dd443bca708f}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.07.020} }
Andrade, C., Barbosa, S., De Luca Jr., L. and Menani, J.	Activation of α 2-adrenergic receptors into the lateral parabrachial nucleus enhances NaCl intake in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Neuroscience Vol. 129(1), pp. 25-34	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Water and NaCl intake is strongly inhibited by the activation of α 2-adrenergic receptors with clonidine or moxonidine (α 2-adrenergic/imidazoline agonists) injected peripherally or into the forebrain and by serotonin and cholecystokinin in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN). Considering that α 2-adrenergic receptors exist in the LPBN and the similar origin of serotonergic and adrenergic afferent pathways to the LPBN, in this study we investigated the effects of bilateral injections of moxonidine alone or combined with RX 821002 (α 2-adrenergic antagonist) into the LPBN on 1.8% NaCl and water intake induced by the treatment with s.c. furosemide (10 mg/kg)+captopril (5 mg/kg). Additionally, we investigated if moxonidine into the LPBN would modify furosemide+captopril-induced c-fos expression in the forebrain. Male Holtzman rats with cannulas implanted bilaterally in the LPBN were used. Contrary to forebrain injections, bilateral LPBN injections of moxonidine (0.1, 0.5 and 1 nmol/0.2 μl) strongly increased furosemide+captopril-induced 1.8% NaCl intake (16.6±2.7, 44.5±3.2 and 44.5±4.3 ml/2 h, respectively, vs. vehicle: 6.9±1.5 ml/2 h). Only the high dose of moxonidine increased water intake (23.3±3.8 ml/2 h, vs. vehicle: 12.1±2.6 ml/2 h). Prior injections of RX 821002 (10 and 20 nmol/0.2 μl) abolished the effect of moxonidine (0.5 nmol) on 1.8% NaCl intake. Moxonidine into the LPBN did not modify furosemide+captopril-induced c-fos expression in forebrain areas related to the control of fluid-electrolyte balance. The results show that the activation of LPBN α 2-adrenergic receptors enhances furosemide+captopril-induced 1.8% NaCl and water intake. This enhancement was not related to prior alteration in the activity of forebrain areas as suggested by c-fos expression. Previous and present results indicate opposite roles for α 2-adrenergic receptors in the control of sodium and water intake according to their distribution in the rat brain. © 2004 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Andrade:2004, author = {Andrade, C.A.F. and Barbosa, S.P. and De Luca Jr., L.A. and Menani, J.V.}, title = {Activation of α 2-adrenergic receptors into the lateral parabrachial nucleus enhances NaCl intake in rats}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2004}, volume = {129}, number = {1}, pages = {25-34}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-5444247408&partnerID=40&md5=e2ce96d17c75a6ad534778603c2ba67e}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.07.042} }
Andrade, C., De Luca Jr., L., Colombari, D. and Menani, J.	Alpha2-adrenergic activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus induces NaCl intake under conditions of systemic hyperosmolarity [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Neuroscience Vol. 142(1), pp. 21-28	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The inhibition of sodium intake by increased plasma osmolarity may depend on inhibitory mechanisms present in the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Activation of α2-adrenergic receptors in the lateral parabrachial nucleus is suggested to deactivate inhibitory mechanisms present in this area increasing fluid depletion-induced 0.3 M NaCl intake. Considering the possibility that lateral parabrachial nucleus inhibitory mechanisms are activated and restrain sodium intake in animals with increased plasma osmolarity, in the present study we investigated the effects on water and 0.3 M NaCl intake produced by the activation of α2-adrenergic receptors in the lateral parabrachial nucleus in rats with increased plasma osmolarity. Male Holtzman rats with stainless steel cannulas implanted bilaterally into the lateral parabrachial nucleus were used. One hour after intragastric 2 M NaCl load (2 ml), bilateral injections of moxonidine (α2-adrenergic/imidazoline receptor agonist, 0.5 nmol/0.2 μl, n=10) into the lateral parabrachial nucleus induced a strong ingestion of 0.3 M NaCl intake (19.1±5.5 ml/2 h vs. vehicle: 1.8±0.6 ml/2 h), without changing water intake (15.8±3.0 ml/2 h vs. vehicle: 9.3±2.0 ml/2 h). However, moxonidine into the lateral parabrachial nucleus in satiated rats not treated with 2 M NaCl produced no change on 0.3 M NaCl intake. The pre-treatment with RX 821002 (α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, 20 nmol/0.2 μl) into the lateral parabrachial nucleus almost abolished the effects of moxonidine on 0.3 M NaCl intake (4.7±3.4 ml/2 h). The present results suggest that α2-adrenergic receptor activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus blocks inhibitory mechanisms, thereby allowing ingestion of hypertonic NaCl under conditions of extracellular hyperosmolarity. We suggest that during cell dehydration, circuits subserving sodium appetite are activated, but at the same time strongly inhibited through the lateral parabrachial nucleus. © 2006 IBRO.
BibTeX: @article{Andrade:2006, author = {Andrade, C.A.F. and De Luca Jr., L.A. and Colombari, D.S.A. and Menani, J.V.}, title = {Alpha2-adrenergic activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus induces NaCl intake under conditions of systemic hyperosmolarity}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {142}, number = {1}, pages = {21-28}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33748467084&partnerID=40&md5=10dfc18b959f625791c7f0b36b795884}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.04.015} }
Andrade, C., De Luca Jr., L., Colombari, D. and Menani, J.	Enhancement of meal-associated hypertonic NaCl intake by moxonidine into the lateral parabrachial nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Behavioural Brain Research Vol. 183(2), pp. 156-160	article	DOI URL
Abstract: α2-Adrenoceptor activation with moxonidine (α2-adrenergic/imidazoline receptor agonist) into the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) enhances angiotensin II/hypovolaemia-induced sodium intake and drives cell dehydrated rats to ingest hypertonic sodium solution besides water. Angiotensin II and osmotic signals are suggested to stimulate meal-induced water intake. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the effects of bilateral injections of moxonidine into the LPBN on food deprivation-induced food intake and on meal-associated water and 0.3 M NaCl intake. Male Holtzman rats with cannulas implanted bilaterally into the LPBN were submitted to 14 or 24 h of food deprivation with water and 0.3 M NaCl available (n = 6-14). Bilateral injections of moxonidine (0.5 nmol/0.2 μl) into the LPBN increased meal-associated 0.3 M NaCl intake (11.4 ± 3.0 ml/120 min versus vehicle: 2.2 ± 0.9 ml/120 min), without changing food intake (11.1 ± 1.2 g/120 min versus vehicle: 11.2 ± 0.9 g/120 min) or water intake ( 10.2 ± 1.5 ml/120 min versus vehicle: 10.4 ± 1.2 ml/120 min) by 24 h food deprived rats. When no food was available during the test, moxonidine (0.5 nmol) into the LPBN of 24 h food-deprived rats produced no change in 0.3 M NaCl intake (1.0 ± 0.6 ml/120 min versus vehicle: 1.8 ± 1.1 ml/120 min), nor in water intake (0.2 ± 0.1 ml/120 min versus vehicle: 0.6 ± 0.3 ml/120 min). The results suggest that signals generated during a meal, like dehydration, for example, not hunger, induce hypertonic NaCl intake when moxonidine is acting in the LPBN. Thus, activation of LPBN inhibitory mechanisms seems necessary to restrain sodium intake during a meal. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Andrade:2007, author = {Andrade, C.A.F. and De Luca Jr., L.A. and Colombari, D.S.A. and Menani, J.V.}, title = {Enhancement of meal-associated hypertonic NaCl intake by moxonidine into the lateral parabrachial nucleus}, journal = {Behavioural Brain Research}, year = {2007}, volume = {183}, number = {2}, pages = {156-160}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34548310425&partnerID=40&md5=cf5a0ade6fa9b3672c8d3f45b14bf92a}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2007.06.003} }
Andrade, C., De Oliveira, L., Andrade-Franzé, G., De Luca L.A., J., Colombari, D. and Menani, J.	Gabaergic and opioid receptors mediate the facilitation of NaCl intake induced by α2-adrenergic activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Behavioural Brain Research Vol. 278, pp. 535-541	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Alpha2-adrenergic, gabaergic or opioidergic activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) increases sodium intake. In the present study, we investigated the effects of single or combined blockade of opioidergic and gabaergic receptors in the LPBN on the increase of 0.3M NaCl intake induced by α2-adrenoceptor activation in the LPBN. Male Holtzman rats (n=5-9/group) with cannulas implanted bilaterally in the LPBN were treated with the diuretic furosemide (10mg/kgbwt.) combined with low dose of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (5mg/kgbwt.) subcutaneously. Bilateral injections of moxonidine (alpha2-adrenergic/imidazoline receptor agonist, 0.5nmol) into the LPBN increased furosemide+captopril-induced 0.3M NaCl intake (25.8±1.4, vs. vehicle: 3.8±1.1ml/60min). The opioidergic receptor antagonist naloxone (100nmol) or the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (5nmol) injected into the LPBN partially reduced the increase of 0.3M NaCl intake produced by LPBN moxonidine (11.8±4.0 and 22.8±4.5, respectively, vs. vehicle+moxonidine: 31.6±4.0ml/60min, respectively). Similar to the treatment with each antagonist alone, the combined injections of naloxone (100nmol) and bicuculline (5nmol) into the LPBN also partially reduced moxonidine effects on 0.3M NaCl intake (15.5±6.5ml/60min). The GABAB receptor antagonist saclofen (5nmol) injected into the LPBN did not change the effects of moxonidine on 0.3M NaCl intake (24.3±7.8ml/120min). These results suggest that the increase of 0.3M NaCl intake by α2-adrenergic receptor activation in the LPBN is partially dependent on GABAA and opioid receptor activation in this area. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Andrade:2015, author = {Andrade, C.A.F. and De Oliveira, L.B. and Andrade-Franzé, G.M.F. and De Luca, L.A., Jr. and Colombari, D.S.A. and Menani, J.V.}, title = {Gabaergic and opioid receptors mediate the facilitation of NaCl intake induced by α2-adrenergic activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus}, journal = {Behavioural Brain Research}, year = {2015}, volume = {278}, pages = {535-541}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84911383786&partnerID=40&md5=ee1911e5c9ed971c922e85630ed90818}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.007} }
Andrade, C., Margatho, L., Andrade-Franzé, G., De Luca, L., Antunes-Rodrigues, J. and Menani, J.	Moxonidine into the lateral parabrachial nucleus reduces renal and hormonal responses to cell dehydration [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Neuroscience Vol. 208, pp. 69-78	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The deactivation of the inhibitory mechanisms with injections of moxonidine (α 2-adrenoceptor/imidazoline receptor agonist) into the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) increases hypertonic NaCl intake by intra- or extracellular dehydrated rats. In the present study, we investigated the changes in the urinary sodium and volume, sodium balance, and plasma vasopressin and oxytocin in rats treated with intragastric (i.g.) 2 M NaCl load (2 ml/rat) combined with injections of moxonidine into the LPBN. Male Holtzman rats (n=5-12/group) with stainless steel cannulas implanted bilaterally into LPBN were used. Bilateral injections of moxonidine (0.5 nmol/0.2 μl) into the LPBN decreased i.g. 2 M NaCl-induced diuresis (4.6±0.7 vs. vehicle: 7.4±0.6 ml/120 min) and natriuresis (1.65±0.29 vs. vehicle: 2.53±0.17 mEq/120 min), whereas the previous injection of the α 2-adrenoceptor antagonist RX 821002 (10 nmol/0.2 μl) into the LPBN abolished the effects of moxonidine. Moxonidine injected into the LPBN reduced i.g. 2 M NaCl-induced increase in plasma oxytocin and vasopressin (14.6±2.8 and 2.2±0.3 vs. vehicle: 25.7±7 and 4.3±0.7 pg/ml, respectively). Moxonidine injected into the LPBN combined with i.g. 2 M NaCl also increased 0.3 M NaCl intake (7.5±1.7 vs. vehicle: 0.5±0.2 mEq/2 h) and produced positive sodium balance (2.3±1.4 vs. vehicle: -1.2±0.4 mEq/2 h) in rats that had access to water and NaCl. The present results show that LPBN α 2-adrenoceptor activation reduces renal and hormonal responses to intracellular dehydration and increases sodium and water intake, which facilitates sodium retention and body fluid volume expansion. © 2012 IBRO.
BibTeX: @article{Andrade:2012, author = {Andrade, C.A.F. and Margatho, L.O. and Andrade-Franzé, G.M.F. and De Luca, L.A. and Antunes-Rodrigues, J. and Menani, J.V.}, title = {Moxonidine into the lateral parabrachial nucleus reduces renal and hormonal responses to cell dehydration}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2012}, volume = {208}, pages = {69-78}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84858617929&partnerID=40&md5=454567a40f328d72bd4464bf95704a25}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.02.013} }
Andrade, C., Singh, N.M., Thyagarajan, S., Nagaraja, N., Rao, N.S.K. and Chandra, J.S.	Possible glutamatergic and lipid signalling mechanisms in ECT-induced retrograde amnesia: experimental evidence for involvement of COX-2, and review of literature. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	J Psychiatr Res Vol. 42(10), pp. 837-850School: Department of Psychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India. andradec@gmail.com	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We sought to explore nonselective vs. selective COX mechanisms in ECS-induced retrograde amnesia using indomethacin and celecoxib as in vivo probes. Adult Wistar rats (n=72) which showed adequate learning on a passive avoidance task received 5 once-daily 30 mC true or sham ECS. During the learning and ECS periods, indomethacin (4 mg/kg/day), celecoxib (15 mg/kg/day), or vehicle were orally administered. One day after the fifth ECS, recall of pre-ECS learning was tested. There were no baseline or pre-ECS differences in learning between groups. ECS seizure duration did not differ across groups. ECS-treated rats showed impaired recall in the vehicle but not indomethacin and celecoxib groups. Celecoxib but not indomethacin significantly protected against ECS-induced retrograde amnesia. We interpret these results as follows: ECS may impair cognition by pathologically upregulating glutmatergic signalling, thereby causing cation and water influx, oxidative stress, and saturation of hippocampal LTP. These may result from glutamatergic disinhibition through COX-2-mediated removal of endogenous cannabinoids, and by ECS-activated, NMDA-mediated upregulation of platelet activating factor and COX-2 signalling pathways. Thus, indomethacin and celecoxib, by inhibiting COX-2, may protect against ECS-induced amnesia. Furthermore, COX-2 mediated increase in hippocampal kynurenic acid may impair glutamate-dependent learning and memory processes at ionotropic glutamatergic receptor sites; the inhibition of kynurenic acid synthesis by celecoxib and its induction by indomethacin may explain the greater benefits with celecoxib. These findings suggest new avenues for the study of the neurobiology of ECT-induced amnesia and the attenuation thereof.
BibTeX: @article{Andrade:2008, author = {Chittaranjan Andrade and Nagendra M Singh and S. Thyagarajan and Nandakumar Nagaraja and N. Sanjay Kumar Rao and J. Suresh Chandra}, title = {Possible glutamatergic and lipid signalling mechanisms in ECT-induced retrograde amnesia: experimental evidence for involvement of COX-2, and review of literature.}, journal = {J Psychiatr Res}, school = {Department of Psychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India. andradec@gmail.com}, year = {2008}, volume = {42}, number = {10}, pages = {837--850}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.08.009}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.08.009} }
Andrade, C., Singh, N.M., Thyagarajan, S., Nagaraja, N., Sanjay Kumar Rao, N. and Suresh Chandra, J.	Possible glutamatergic and lipid signalling mechanisms in ECT-induced retrograde amnesia: experimental evidence for involvement of COX-2, and review of literature. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	J Psychiatr Res Vol. 42(10), pp. 837-850School: Department of Psychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India. andradec@gmail.com	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We sought to explore nonselective vs. selective COX mechanisms in ECS-induced retrograde amnesia using indomethacin and celecoxib as in vivo probes. Adult Wistar rats (n=72) which showed adequate learning on a passive avoidance task received 5 once-daily 30 mC true or sham ECS. During the learning and ECS periods, indomethacin (4 mg/kg/day), celecoxib (15 mg/kg/day), or vehicle were orally administered. One day after the fifth ECS, recall of pre-ECS learning was tested. There were no baseline or pre-ECS differences in learning between groups. ECS seizure duration did not differ across groups. ECS-treated rats showed impaired recall in the vehicle but not indomethacin and celecoxib groups. Celecoxib but not indomethacin significantly protected against ECS-induced retrograde amnesia. We interpret these results as follows: ECS may impair cognition by pathologically upregulating glutmatergic signalling, thereby causing cation and water influx, oxidative stress, and saturation of hippocampal LTP. These may result from glutamatergic disinhibition through COX-2-mediated removal of endogenous cannabinoids, and by ECS-activated, NMDA-mediated upregulation of platelet activating factor and COX-2 signalling pathways. Thus, indomethacin and celecoxib, by inhibiting COX-2, may protect against ECS-induced amnesia. Furthermore, COX-2 mediated increase in hippocampal kynurenic acid may impair glutamate-dependent learning and memory processes at ionotropic glutamatergic receptor sites; the inhibition of kynurenic acid synthesis by celecoxib and its induction by indomethacin may explain the greater benefits with celecoxib. These findings suggest new avenues for the study of the neurobiology of ECT-induced amnesia and the attenuation thereof.
BibTeX: @article{Andrade:2008a, author = {Andrade, Chittaranjan and Singh, Nagendra M. and Thyagarajan, S. and Nagaraja, Nandakumar and Sanjay Kumar Rao, N. and Suresh Chandra, J.}, title = {Possible glutamatergic and lipid signalling mechanisms in ECT-induced retrograde amnesia: experimental evidence for involvement of COX-2, and review of literature.}, journal = {J Psychiatr Res}, school = {Department of Psychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India. andradec@gmail.com}, year = {2008}, volume = {42}, number = {10}, pages = {837--850}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.08.009}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.08.009} }
Andrade, C., Singh, N.M., Thyagarajan, S., Nagaraja, N., Sanjay Kumar Rao, N. and Suresh Chandra, J.	Possible glutamatergic and lipid signalling mechanisms in ECT-induced retrograde amnesia: experimental evidence for involvement of COX-2, and review of literature. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Journal of psychiatric research Vol. 42, pp. 837-50	article
Abstract: We sought to explore nonselective vs. selective COX mechanisms in ECS-induced retrograde amnesia using indomethacin and celecoxib as in vivo probes. Adult Wistar rats (n=72) which showed adequate learning on a passive avoidance task received 5 once-daily 30 mC true or sham ECS. During the learning and ECS periods, indomethacin (4 mg/kg/day), celecoxib (15 mg/kg/day), or vehicle were orally administered. One day after the fifth ECS, recall of pre-ECS learning was tested. There were no baseline or pre-ECS differences in learning between groups. ECS seizure duration did not differ across groups. ECS-treated rats showed impaired recall in the vehicle but not indomethacin and celecoxib groups. Celecoxib but not indomethacin significantly protected against ECS-induced retrograde amnesia. We interpret these results as follows: ECS may impair cognition by pathologically upregulating glutmatergic signalling, thereby causing cation and water influx, oxidative stress, and saturation of hippocampal LTP. These may result from glutamatergic disinhibition through COX-2-mediated removal of endogenous cannabinoids, and by ECS-activated, NMDA-mediated upregulation of platelet activating factor and COX-2 signalling pathways. Thus, indomethacin and celecoxib, by inhibiting COX-2, may protect against ECS-induced amnesia. Furthermore, COX-2 mediated increase in hippocampal kynurenic acid may impair glutamate-dependent learning and memory processes at ionotropic glutamatergic receptor sites; the inhibition of kynurenic acid synthesis by celecoxib and its induction by indomethacin may explain the greater benefits with celecoxib. These findings suggest new avenues for the study of the neurobiology of ECT-induced amnesia and the attenuation thereof.
BibTeX: @article{Andrade:2008b, author = {Andrade, Chittaranjan and Singh, Nagendra M. and Thyagarajan, S. and Nagaraja, Nandakumar and Sanjay Kumar Rao, N. and Suresh Chandra, J.}, title = {Possible glutamatergic and lipid signalling mechanisms in ECT-induced retrograde amnesia: experimental evidence for involvement of COX-2, and review of literature.}, journal = {Journal of psychiatric research}, year = {2008}, volume = {42}, pages = {837-50}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Andrade, J., Madeira, M. and Paula-Barbosa, M.	Differential vulnerability of the subiculum and entorhinal cortex of the adult rat to prolonged protein deprivation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Hippocampus Vol. 8(1), pp. 33-47	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Protein deprivation experienced in adult life leads to deficits in the number of hippocampal granule and CA3-CA1 pyramidal cells and to changes in the dendritic domain of granule cells and CA3 pyramids. To obtain a more complete insight into the effects of malnutrition on the limbic system of the adult rat we have analyzed the subiculum and the entorhinal cortex (neuronal layers II, III, and V-VI) in groups of 8-month-old rats fed with a low-protein diet (8% casein) since the age of 2 months and in age-matched control rats. Stereological methods were employed to estimate the total number of neurons in the subiculum and layers II, III, and V-VI of the entorhinal cortex and the volume of the respective cell layers. Moreover, to evaluate whether protein deprivation affects the dendritic domains of the neurons from these regions we have analyzed, in Golgi-impregnated material, the dendritic trees of the pyramidal cells of the subiculum and of the stellate neurons of the entorhinal cortex layer II applying quantitative and metric methods. The volume of the subiculum and the total number of its neurons were reduced in malnourished animals. In these animals we also found marked regressive changes in the apical and basal dendritic trees of the pyramidal subicular neurons. However, the spine density was increased in malnourished rats. No differences in the volume of the neuronal layers of the entorhinal cortex or in the total number of their neurons were found between protein-deprived and control rats, and no alterations were depicted in the dendritic trees of the stellate neurons of layer II. We can thus conclude that the effects of long-term protein deprivation are region specific and that the resulting structural alterations are confined to the three-layered components of the hippocampal region.
BibTeX: @article{Andrade:1998, author = {Andrade, J.P. and Madeira, M.D. and Paula-Barbosa, M.M.}, title = {Differential vulnerability of the subiculum and entorhinal cortex of the adult rat to prolonged protein deprivation}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {1998}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {33-47}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031910333&partnerID=40&md5=969ef19c814ce0c9cea96d09c5603da5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1998)8:1%3C33::AID-HIPO4%3E3.0.CO;2-8} }
Andrade, R. and Aghajanian, G.	Single cell activity in the noradrenergic A-5 region: Responses to drugs and peripheral manipulations of blood pressure [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Brain Research Vol. 242(1), pp. 125-135	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Single unit recordings were obtained from the region of the A-5 noradrenergic cell group in the ventrolateral tegmentum at the level of the exiting VIIth nerve. In this region a distinct cell population was identified which exhibited moderate spontaneous rates of activity, a regular firing pattern, wide action potentials, and a characteristic response to sensory stimulation consisting of a brief excitation followed by a more prolonged period of inhibition. Simultaneous visualization of recording sites and catecholamine cells by fluorescence histochemistry indicated a close association between the location of the recorded units and the A-5 noradrenergic cell group. Antidromic responses could be elicited by stimulation of the spinal cord and forebrain indicating that A-5 cells project both anteriorly and posteriorly. The spontaneous activity of A-5 cells was invariably suppressed by low doses of clonidine and l-amphetamine, while adjacent cells showed varying responses to these agents. The effects of clonidine and l-amphetamine could be reversed by low doses of the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, piperoxane. When applied by microiontophoresis, clonidine and norepinephrine were effective in inhibiting A-5 neurons. The rank order of inhibitory potencies for agonists applied microiontophoretically to A-5 neurons was characteristic of an α2-receptor (i.e. clonidine > norepinephrine > phenylephrine). Thus, the physiological and pharmacological properties of the A-5 neurons closely matched those previously reported for noradrenergic neurons elsewhere. Sixty percent of A-5 neurons responded to peripherally induced changes in blood pressure with reciprocal changes in spontaneous firing rate. Increases in blood pressure led to decreases in spontaneous activity while decreases in pressure led to the opposite response. These observations are consistent with the proposed vasomotor role for the A-5 noradrenergic cell group. © 1982.
BibTeX: @article{Andrade:1982, author = {Andrade, R. and Aghajanian, G.K.}, title = {Single cell activity in the noradrenergic A-5 region: Responses to drugs and peripheral manipulations of blood pressure}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1982}, volume = {242}, number = {1}, pages = {125-135}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0019995084&partnerID=40&md5=9a6aef1ea956a648ba0d9ac4d4e0cb70}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(82)90502-9} }
Andrade, R. and Aghajanian, G.	Intrinsic regulation of locus coeruleus neurons: electrophysiological evidence indicating a predominant role for autoinhibition [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Brain Research Vol. 310(2), pp. 401-406	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Locus coeruleus neurons were antidromically activated and the resulting post-stimulation inhibition was compared to the interspike interval and examined for its dependency on antidromic invasion and stimulus intensity. The post-stimulation inhibition seen in these cells following antidromic activation approximated the interspike interval, was critically dependent on the antidromic invasion of the cell inder study and was only weakly dependent on stimulus intensity. These results suggest that the post-stimulation inhibition following antidromic activation in the locus coeruleus is mediated principally by autoinhibition and not by hypothesized local inhibitory interactions between locus coeruleus neurons. © 1984.
BibTeX: @article{Andrade:1984, author = {Andrade, R. and Aghajanian, G.K.}, title = {Intrinsic regulation of locus coeruleus neurons: electrophysiological evidence indicating a predominant role for autoinhibition}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1984}, volume = {310}, number = {2}, pages = {401-406}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021224105&partnerID=40&md5=2eff3dcd3c3092058e275f45e3dfae7d}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(84)90170-7} }
Andrade-Franzé, G., Andrade, C., De Luca Jr., L., De Paula, P., Colombari, D. and Menani, J.	Lesions in the central amygdala impair sodium intake induced by the blockade of the lateral parabrachial nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Brain Research Vol. 1332, pp. 57-64	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The blockade of the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) with the GABAergic receptor agonist muscimol induces strong hypertonic NaCl intake in satiated and normovolemic rats, whereas lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) reduce sodium intake induced by different protocols. In the present study we investigated the effects of bilateral lesions of the CeA on water and 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by GABAergic receptor activation with bilateral injections of muscimol into the LPBN in satiated rats. Male Holtzman rats (n = 6-10) with bilateral sham or electrolytic lesions (2 mA; 10 s) of the CeA and stainless steel cannulas implanted bilaterally in the LPBN were used. Bilateral injections of muscimol (0.5 nmol/0.2 μl) into the LPBN in satiated sham-lesioned rats induced 0.3 M NaCl intake (16.1 ± 5.4 ml/4 h, vs. saline: 1.3 ± 0.5 ml/4 h) and water intake (8.1 ± 3.5 ml/4 h, vs. saline: 1.6 ± 0.5 ml/4 h). Bilateral lesions of the CeA (3 days) abolished 0.3 M NaCl intake (0.1 ± 0.1 ml/4 h) and water intake (0.1 ± 0.1 ml/4 h) induced by bilateral injections of muscimol into the LPBN in satiated rats. The present results show that water and 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by the blockade of LPBN neurons with muscimol depends on the integrity of the CeA, suggesting that facilitatory mechanisms present in the CeA are essential for water and hypertonic NaCl intake that arises after the blockade of the inhibitory mechanisms of the LPBN with muscimol. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Andrade-Franze:2010, author = {Andrade-Franzé, G.M.F. and Andrade, C.A.F. and De Luca Jr., L.A. and De Paula, P.M. and Colombari, D.S.A. and Menani, J.V.}, title = {Lesions in the central amygdala impair sodium intake induced by the blockade of the lateral parabrachial nucleus}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2010}, volume = {1332}, pages = {57-64}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77951628212&partnerID=40&md5=4f8a5d06934b78517ada9a4a9bc13db4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.055} }
Andrade-Franzé, G., Andrade, C., De Luca Jr., L., De Paula, P. and Menani, J.	Lateral parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala in the control of sodium intake [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Neuroscience Vol. 165(3), pp. 633-641	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) are important areas for the control of sodium appetite. In the present study we investigated the effects of bilateral lesions of the CeA on the facilitation of water and 0.3 M NaCl intake produced by the blockade of serotonergic mechanisms or activation of α2-adrenoceptors with bilateral injections of methysergide or moxonidine, respectively, into the LPBN. Male Holtzman rats (n=5-8) with bilateral sham or electrolytic lesions of the CeA (2 mA; 10 s) and stainless steel cannulas implanted bilaterally in the LPBN were used. In sham rats treated with the diuretic furosemide (10 mg/kg b.w.) combined with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (5 mg/kg b.w) subcutaneously, bilateral injections of moxonidine (0.5 nmol) or methysergide (4 μg) into the LPBN increased 0.3 M NaCl intake (29.8±5.1 and 19.5±3.7 ml/2 h, respectively, versus vehicle: 8.3±1.4 ml/2 h) and water intake (17.9±3.7 and 23.3±2.8 ml/2 h, respectively, versus vehicle: 11.5±1.6 ml/2 h). Lesions of the CeA (5-18 days) abolished the increase in 0.3 M NaCl and water intake produced by bilateral injections of moxonidine (10.3±2.8 and 6.8±2.3 ml/2 h, respectively) and reduced the increase produced by methysergide (13.6±2.5 and 14.5±3.2 ml/2 h, respectively) into the LPBN. The present results show that the increase in water and 0.3 M NaCl intake produced by serotonergic blockade and α2-adrenergic activation in the LPBN depends on the integrity of the CeA, suggesting that facilitatory mechanisms present in the CeA are essential for the increase of water and hypertonic NaCl intake produced by the blockade of the inhibitory mechanisms of the LPBN. © 2010 IBRO.
BibTeX: @article{Andrade-Franze:2010a, author = {Andrade-Franzé, G.M.F. and Andrade, C.A.F. and De Luca Jr., L.A. and De Paula, P.M. and Menani, J.V.}, title = {Lateral parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala in the control of sodium intake}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2010}, volume = {165}, number = {3}, pages = {633-641}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-72749119778&partnerID=40&md5=109c65105f2ccee8c0493bdb39ce2f59}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.011} }
Andrade-Franzé, G., Andrade, C., Gasparini, S., De Luca L.A., J., De Paula, P., Colombari, D., Colombari, E. and Menani, J.	Importance of the central nucleus of the amygdala on sodium intake caused by deactivation of lateral parabrachial nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Brain Research Vol. 1625, pp. 238-245	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) are important central areas for the control of sodium appetite. In the present study, we investigated the importance of the facilitatory mechanisms of the CeA on NaCl and water intake produced by the deactivation of LPBN inhibitory mechanisms. Male Holtzman rats (n=7-14) with stainless steel cannulas implanted bilaterally in the CeA and LPBN were used. Bilateral injections of moxonidine (α2-adrenoceptor/imidazoline agonist, 0.5 nmol/0.2 μl) into the LPBN increased furosemide+captopril-induced 0.3 M NaCl (29.7±7.2, vs. vehicle: 4.4±1.6 ml/2 h) and water intake (26.4±6.7, vs. vehicle: 8.2±1.6 ml/2 h). The GABAA agonist muscimol (0.25 nmol/0.2 μl) injected bilaterally into the CeA abolished the effects of moxonidine into the LPBN on 0.3 M NaCl (2.8±1.6 ml/2 h) and water intake (3.3±2.3 ml/2 h). Euhydrated rats treated with muscimol (0.5 nmol/0.2 μl) into the LPBN also ingested 0.3 M NaCl (19.1±6.4 ml/4 h) and water ( 8.8±3.2 ml/4 h). Muscimol (0.5 nmol/0.2 μl) into the CeA also abolished 0.3 M NaCl (0.1±0.04 ml/4 h) and water intake (0.1±0.02 ml/4 h) in euhydrated treated with muscimol into the LPBN. The present results show that neuronal deactivation of the CeA abolishes NaCl intake produced by the blockade of LPBN inhibitory mechanisms, suggesting an interaction between facilitatory mechanisms of the CeA and inhibitory mechanisms of the LPBN in the control of NaCl intake. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Andrade-Franze:2015, author = {Andrade-Franzé, G.M.F. and Andrade, C.A.F. and Gasparini, S. and De Luca, L.A., Jr. and De Paula, P.M. and Colombari, D.S.A. and Colombari, E. and Menani, J.V.}, title = {Importance of the central nucleus of the amygdala on sodium intake caused by deactivation of lateral parabrachial nucleus}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2015}, volume = {1625}, pages = {238-245}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84948417608&partnerID=40&md5=24756380a3a329de71507706de6ba3eb}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.044} }
Andreasen, M. and Lambert, J.	The excitability of CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites is modulated by a local Ca2+-dependent K+-conductance [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Brain Research Vol. 698(1-2), pp. 193-203	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Intracellular recordings were made from distal apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurones in the rat hippocampal slice preparation. Injection of a threshold current evoked two predominant firing patterns: fast spiking and compound spiking. Suprathreshold current injection evoked high frequency dendritic spiking followed by a pronounced slow afterhyperpolarization (sAHP(dend)) lasting for several hundred milliseconds, during which spiking was inhibited for a variable period. In fast spiking dendrites, the size of the sAHP(dend) depended on the number and frequency of preceding spikes, whereas, in compound spiking dendrites, it was more closely related to the size and duration of preceding Ca2+-spikes. During the peak of the sAHP(dend), the membrane conductance was increased by 56%. The sAHP(dend) was blocked by perfusion with Co2+ and by intradendritic injection of ethyleneglycol-bis-(β-aminoethyl ether)- N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA; 0.01 or 0.2 M), indicating that the activation of the sAHP( dend) depends on a rise in intradendritic Ca2+. The sAHP(dend) was also blocked by low concentrations (0.5-1 μM) of carbachol. The data presented here therefore, provide strong evidence that the sAHP(dend) is due to the activation of a local Ca2+-dependent K+-conductance. Possible implications of a dendritic Ca[su2+]-dependent K+-conductance for the integration of synaptic potentials are discussed. © 1995 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Andreasen:1995, author = {Andreasen, M. and Lambert, J.D.C.}, title = {The excitability of CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites is modulated by a local Ca2+-dependent K+-conductance}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1995}, volume = {698}, number = {1-2}, pages = {193-203}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028864240&partnerID=40&md5=95edadcdc47e915f45ab931e40af836a}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)00910-I} }
Andresen, M.C. and Peters, J.H.	Comparison of baroreceptive to other afferent synaptic transmission to the medial solitary tract nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol Vol. 295(5), pp. H2032-H2042School: Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA. andresen.ohsu@gmail.com	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Cranial nerve visceral afferents enter the brain stem to synapse on neurons within the solitary tract nucleus (NTS). The broad heterogeneity of both visceral afferents and NTS neurons makes understanding afferent synaptic transmission particularly challenging. To study a specific subgroup of second-order neurons in medial NTS, we anterogradely labeled arterial baroreceptor afferents of the aortic depressor nerve (ADN) with lipophilic fluorescent tracer (i.e., ADN+) and measured synaptic responses to solitary tract (ST) activation recorded from dye-identified neurons in medial NTS in horizontal brain stem slices. Every ADN+ NTS neuron received constant-latency ST-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) (jitter < 192 micros, SD of latency). Stimulus-recruitment profiles showed single thresholds and no suprathreshold recruitment, findings consistent with EPSCs arising from a single, branched afferent axon. Frequency-dependent depression of ADN+ EPSCs averaged approximately 70% for five shocks at 50 Hz, but single-shock failure rates did not exceed 4%. Whether adjacent ADN- or those from unlabeled animals, other second-order NTS neurons (jitters < 200 micros) had ST transmission properties indistinguishable from ADN+. Capsaicin (CAP; 100 nM) blocked ST transmission in some neurons. CAP-sensitive ST-EPSCs were smaller and failed over five times more frequently than CAP-resistant responses, whether ADN+ or from unlabeled animals. Variance-mean analysis of ST-EPSCs suggested uniformly high probabilities for quantal glutamate release across second-order neurons. While amplitude differences may reflect different numbers of contacts, higher frequency-dependent failure rates in CAP-sensitive ST-EPSCs may arise from subtype-specific differences in afferent axon properties. Thus afferent transmission within medial NTS differed by axon class (e.g., CAP sensitive) but was indistinguishable by source of axon (e.g., baroreceptor vs. nonbaroreceptor).
BibTeX: @article{Andresen:2008, author = {Andresen, Michael C. and Peters, James H.}, title = {Comparison of baroreceptive to other afferent synaptic transmission to the medial solitary tract nucleus.}, journal = {Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol}, school = {Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA. andresen.ohsu@gmail.com}, year = {2008}, volume = {295}, number = {5}, pages = {H2032--H2042}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00568.2008}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00568.2008} }
Andresen, M.C. and Peters, J.H.	Comparison of baroreceptive to other afferent synaptic transmission to the medial solitary tract nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Vol. 295, pp. H2032-H2042	article	DOI
Abstract: Cranial nerve visceral afferents enter the brain stem to synapse on neurons within the solitary tract nucleus (NTS). The broad heterogeneity of both visceral afferents and NTS neurons makes understanding afferent synaptic transmission particularly challenging. To study a specific subgroup of second-order neurons in medial NTS, we anterogradely labeled arterial baroreceptor afferents of the aortic depressor nerve (ADN) with lipophilic fluorescent tracer (i.e., ADN+) and measured synaptic responses to solitary tract (ST) activation recorded from dye-identified neurons in medial NTS in horizontal brain stem slices. Every ADN+ NTS neuron received constant-latency ST-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) (jitter < 192 micros, SD of latency). Stimulus-recruitment profiles showed single thresholds and no suprathreshold recruitment, findings consistent with EPSCs arising from a single, branched afferent axon. Frequency-dependent depression of ADN+ EPSCs averaged approximately 70% for five shocks at 50 Hz, but single-shock failure rates did not exceed 4%. Whether adjacent ADN- or those from unlabeled animals, other second-order NTS neurons (jitters < 200 micros) had ST transmission properties indistinguishable from ADN+. Capsaicin (CAP; 100 nM) blocked ST transmission in some neurons. CAP-sensitive ST-EPSCs were smaller and failed over five times more frequently than CAP-resistant responses, whether ADN+ or from unlabeled animals. Variance-mean analysis of ST-EPSCs suggested uniformly high probabilities for quantal glutamate release across second-order neurons. While amplitude differences may reflect different numbers of contacts, higher frequency-dependent failure rates in CAP-sensitive ST-EPSCs may arise from subtype-specific differences in afferent axon properties. Thus afferent transmission within medial NTS differed by axon class (e.g., CAP sensitive) but was indistinguishable by source of axon (e.g., baroreceptor vs. nonbaroreceptor).
BibTeX: @article{Andresen:2008a, author = {Andresen, Michael C and Peters, James H}, title = {Comparison of baroreceptive to other afferent synaptic transmission to the medial solitary tract nucleus.}, journal = {American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology}, year = {2008}, volume = {295}, pages = {H2032--H2042}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00568.2008} }
Andrews, B.T., Levy, M., McIntosh, T.K. and Pitts, L.H.	An epidural intracranial pressure monitor for experimental use in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Neurol Res Vol. 10(2), pp. 123-126School: Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143.	article	DOI
Abstract: We described the construction and use of a simple and reliable catheter system that can be used to monitor intracranial pressure (ICP) from the epidural space in rats in an experimental setting. The catheter system is easily fabricated in the laboratory from readily available materials. The monitor is fitted flush with the inner table through a burr hole in the temporal squama. A side port is used to fill the system with saline and to irrigate the system should be catheter become obstructed. The distal end of the catheter is fitted to a pressure transducer that is connected to a graphic display and recording system. This system was used to record ICP in 30 anaesthetized adult rats. Seven were subjected to baseline ICP recording only and 23 were subjected to baseline recordings followed by epidural balloon compression of the contralateral hemisphere. Baseline ICP varied between 0 and 8 mmHg and respiratory variation could be detected on the tracings for 24 rats (75. ICP responded directly and sensitively to epidural balloon inflation in all 23 rats tested. In 5 rats that died during balloon inflation, the decrease in ICP after death followed closely the loss of arterial blood pressure. There was a close correlation of numerical values obtained in two rats in which ICP was recorded simultaneously from the epidural catheter and from a catheter in the subarachnoid space at the cisterna magna. In one rat in which ICP increased to more than 70 mmHg, the epidural catheter continued to record ICP accurately while the cisternal catheter became obstructed with herniated brain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Andrews:1988, author = {Andrews, B. T. and Levy, M. and McIntosh, T. K. and Pitts, L. H.}, title = {An epidural intracranial pressure monitor for experimental use in the rat.}, journal = {Neurol Res}, school = {Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143.}, year = {1988}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {123--126}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.1988.11739828} }
Andrews, G. and Lavin, A.	Methylphenidate increases cortical excitability via activation of alpha-2 noradrenergic receptors [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Neuropsychopharmacology Vol. 31(3), pp. 594-601	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Although methylphenidate (MPH), a catecholaminergic reuptake blocker, is prescribed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, there is a dearth of information regarding the cellular basis of its actions. To address this issue, we used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to investigate the roles of various catecholamine receptors in MPH-induced changes in cortical neuron excitability. We bath-applied dopamine or noradrenaline receptor antagonists in combination with MPH to pyramidal cells located in deep layers of the infralimbic and prelimbic prefrontal cortices. Application of MPH (10 μM) by itself increased cortical cell excitability in slices obtained from juvenile rats. This MPH-mediated increase in excitability was lost when catecholamines were depleted with reserpine prior to recording, demonstrating the requirement for a presynaptic monoamine component. Antagonist studies further revealed that stimulation of alpha-2 noradrenergic receptors mediates the MPH-induced increase in intrinsic excitability. Dopamine D1 receptors played no observable role in the actions of MPH. We therefore propose that MPH is acting to increase catecholaminergic tone in the PFC, and thereby increases cortical excitability by mediating the disinhibition of pyramidal cells through mechanisms that may include activation of alpha-2 adrenoreceptors located in interneurons. © 2006 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Andrews:2006, author = {Andrews, G.D. and Lavin, A.}, title = {Methylphenidate increases cortical excitability via activation of alpha-2 noradrenergic receptors}, journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology}, year = {2006}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {594-601}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33244493058&partnerID=40&md5=79d15505e12d3c1cb4d95ba61f7dbeaa}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300818} }
Andrews, K. and Fitzgerald, M.	Flexion reflex responses in biceps femoris and tibialis anterior in human neonates [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Early Human Development Vol. 57(2), pp. 105-110	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Flexion reflex responses to innocuous stimulation were examined in 11 human neonates. Reflexes were seen in tibialis anterior at a shorter latency and were larger than in biceps femoris. This may be associated with the positive 'Babinski' sign and, therefore, may reflect immaturity in spinal processing in neonates. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Andrews:2000, author = {Andrews, K. and Fitzgerald, M.}, title = {Flexion reflex responses in biceps femoris and tibialis anterior in human neonates}, journal = {Early Human Development}, year = {2000}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, pages = {105-110}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033956488&partnerID=40&md5=9036a33bcf0bb3b055dd0c1ed203abb7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3782(99)00059-6} }
Andrews, M.R. and Stelzner, D.J.	Modification of the regenerative response of dorsal column axons by olfactory ensheathing cells or peripheral axotomy in adult rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Exp Neurol Vol. 190(2), pp. 311-327School: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The regeneration of sciatic-dorsal column (DC) axons following DC crush injury and treatment with olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and/or sciatic axotomy ("conditioning lesion") was evaluated. Sciatic-DC axons were examined with a transganglionic tracer, cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, and evaluated at chronic time points, 2-26 weeks post-lesion. With DC injury alone (n = 7), sciatic-DC axons were localized to the caudal border of the lesion terminating in reactive end bulbs with no indication of growth into the lesion. In contrast, treatment with either a heterogeneous population of OECs (equal numbers of p75- and fibronectin-positive OECs) (n = 9) or an enriched population of OECs (75% p75-positive OECs) (n = 6) injected either directly into the lesion or 1-mm rostral and caudal to the injury, stimulated DC axon growth into the lesion. A similar regenerative response was observed with a conditioning lesion either concurrent to (n = 4) or 1 week before (n = 4) the DC injury. In either of the latter two paradigms, some DC axons grew across the injury, but no axons grew into the rostral intact spinal cord. Upon combining OEC treatment with the conditioning lesion (n = 21), the result was additive, increasing DC axon growth beyond the rostral border of the lesion in best cases. Additional factors that may limit DC regeneration were tested including formation of the glial scar (immunoreactivity to glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocytes and to chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans), which remained similar between treated and untreated groups.
BibTeX: @article{Andrews:2004, author = {Andrews, Melissa R. and Stelzner, Dennis J.}, title = {Modification of the regenerative response of dorsal column axons by olfactory ensheathing cells or peripheral axotomy in adult rat.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, school = {Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.}, year = {2004}, volume = {190}, number = {2}, pages = {311--327}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.08.011}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.08.011} }
Andrews, T.J., Thrasivoulou, C., Nesbit, W. and Cowen, T.	Target-specific differences in the dendritic morphology and neuropeptide content of neurons in the rat SCG during development and aging. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	J Comp Neurol Vol. 368(1), pp. 33-44School: Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Our purpose in this work was to investigate the role of target tissues in the regulation of dendritic morphology from sympathetic neurons during development and aging. Neurons were retrogradely labeled from three targets, the iris, the submandibular gland (SMG), and the middle cerebral artery (MCA). They were then fixed and intracellularly injected to demonstrate their dendritic arborizations. Dendritic geometry varied quantitatively in sympathetic neurons innervating different target tissues at all stages of development. Neurons innervating the iris had the largest cell bodies and most extensive dendritic arborizations, whereas the vasomotor neurons were the smallest. The number of primary dendrites, however, did not vary significantly between the different neuronal populations. The growth of dendritic arborizations during postnatal development and their atrophy in old age were not concordant in the different neuron populations we studied. Neurons innervating the MCA and the iris ceased dendritic growth early in postnatal development, whereas the dendritic complexity of neurons supplying the SMG increased well into adulthood. By contrast, dendritic atrophy was seen in aged MCA- and SMG-projecting neurons but not in those innervating the iris, suggesting, with other evidence, correlated and distinct patterns of growth and atrophy in axons and dendrites of mature sympathetic neurons projecting to different targets. Swollen dendrites and protuberances on cell soma were a prominent feature of aged neurons. In addition to the target-specific variation in neuronal morphology, we observed diversity in neurotransmitter phenotype. For example, neuropeptide Y was expressed in iridial but not SMG-projecting neurons. These results show a range of age- and target-specific differences in the dendritic morphology and neuropeptide content of sympathetic neurons that may be a result of differing trophic interactions with their target tissues.
BibTeX: @article{Andrews:1996, author = {Andrews, T. J. and Thrasivoulou, C. and Nesbit, W. and Cowen, T.}, title = {Target-specific differences in the dendritic morphology and neuropeptide content of neurons in the rat SCG during development and aging.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.}, year = {1996}, volume = {368}, number = {1}, pages = {33--44}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-L}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-L} }
Andrezik, J.A., Chan-Palay, V. and Palay, S.L.	The nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis in the rat. Demonstration of afferents by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	Anat Embryol (Berl) Vol. 161(4), pp. 373-390	article	DOI
Abstract: Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were placed in the middle or caudal portion of the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (PGCL) and 24 h later the entire spinal cord and brain were processed and examined for labeled neurons. Spinal afferents arise from all levels of the cord. Rexed's lamination scheme was adapted to the spinal cord of the rat and labelled neurons were localized to laminae IV, V, VII, VIII and X mainly on the side contralateral to the injection. At cervical levels, labeled neurons were consistently found bilaterally. The medial reticular nuclei of the medulla and pons contained HRP-labelled perikarya, which were concentrated most heavily in the nuclei reticularis medullae oblongatae ventralis, gigantocellularis, and pontis caudalis predominantly ipsilateral to the injection. The medial vestibular nucleus was consistently labeled. HRP-labeled perikarya were found bilaterally within the commissural portion and in the medial part of the nucleus of the solitary tract on the side of the injection. The rostral portion of the PGCL receives afferents from some secondary auditory nuclei: the ipsilateral inferior colliculus and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus bilaterally. Thus, the rostral PGCL may be involved in auditory feedback loops. The caudal raphe nuclei are a major source of afferents to the caudal PGCL. The lateral hypothalamic area, paraventricular nucleus, and zona incerta also contain labeled neurons when injections are centered in the caudal portion of the nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Andrezik:1981, author = {J. A. Andrezik and V. Chan-Palay and S. L. Palay}, title = {The nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis in the rat. Demonstration of afferents by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, year = {1981}, volume = {161}, number = {4}, pages = {373--390}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00316049} }
Andrezik, J.A., Chan-Palay, V. and Palay, S.L.	The nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis in the rat. Demonstration of afferents by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	Anatomy and embryology Vol. 161, pp. 373-390	article	DOI
Abstract: Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were placed in the middle or caudal portion of the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (PGCL) and 24 h later the entire spinal cord and brain were processed and examined for labeled neurons. Spinal afferents arise from all levels of the cord. Rexed's lamination scheme was adapted to the spinal cord of the rat and labelled neurons were localized to laminae IV, V, VII, VIII and X mainly on the side contralateral to the injection. At cervical levels, labeled neurons were consistently found bilaterally. The medial reticular nuclei of the medulla and pons contained HRP-labelled perikarya, which were concentrated most heavily in the nuclei reticularis medullae oblongatae ventralis, gigantocellularis, and pontis caudalis predominantly ipsilateral to the injection. The medial vestibular nucleus was consistently labeled. HRP-labeled perikarya were found bilaterally within the commissural portion and in the medial part of the nucleus of the solitary tract on the side of the injection. The rostral portion of the PGCL receives afferents from some secondary auditory nuclei: the ipsilateral inferior colliculus and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus bilaterally. Thus, the rostral PGCL may be involved in auditory feedback loops. The caudal raphe nuclei are a major source of afferents to the caudal PGCL. The lateral hypothalamic area, paraventricular nucleus, and zona incerta also contain labeled neurons when injections are centered in the caudal portion of the nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Andrezik:1981a, author = {Andrezik, J A and Chan-Palay, V and Palay, S L}, title = {The nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis in the rat. Demonstration of afferents by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Anatomy and embryology}, year = {1981}, volume = {161}, pages = {373--390}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00316049} }
Andrzejewski, M., Spencer, R. and Kelley, A.	Dissociating ventral and dorsal subicular dopamine D 1 receptor involvement in instrumental learning, spontaneous motor behavior, and motivation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Behavioral Neuroscience Vol. 120(3), pp. 542-553	article	DOI URL
Abstract: A series of experiments investigating the role of dopamine D 1 receptors in the ventral subiculum (vSUB) and dorsal subiculum (dSUB), 2 subregions of the hippocampal formation, found that D 1 receptor antagonism (3.0 nmol/0.5 μl SCH-23390 bilaterally) in the vSUB impaired instrumental learning and performance, reduced break point in progressive ratio (PR) tests, and produced an intrasession decline in responding during test sessions, but had no effect on spontaneous motor or food-directed behavior. In contrast, D 1 receptor blockade in the dSUB had no effect on instrumental learning, performance, PR break point, or food-directed behavior, but reduced spontaneous motor behavior. These results suggest a dissociation between the vSUB and dSUB with respect to the role of dopamine in various aspects of motivated and motor behavior. Further, D 1 activation in the vSUB may be a critical component of motivational arousal associated with learned contextual cues. Copyright 2006 by the American Psychological Association.
BibTeX: @article{Andrzejewski:2006, author = {Andrzejewski, M.E. and Spencer, R.C. and Kelley, A.E.}, title = {Dissociating ventral and dorsal subicular dopamine D 1 receptor involvement in instrumental learning, spontaneous motor behavior, and motivation}, journal = {Behavioral Neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {120}, number = {3}, pages = {542-553}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33745888126&partnerID=40&md5=d5619542c4a0097c4002dd008d2cfbcd}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.120.3.542} }
Angaut, P., Alvarado-Mallart, R. and Sotelo, C.	Compensatory climbing fiber innervation after unilateral pedunculotomy in the newborn rat: Origin and topographic organization [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Journal of Comparative Neurology Vol. 236(2), pp. 161-178	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In neonatal rats the unilateral transection of the cerebellar peduncles causes a fast and complete degeneration of the contralateral inferior olive. Axons from the remaining olive recross the cerebellar midline and partially innervate the deprived hemicortex. Analysis of the topographic organization of this compensatory projection studied with the axonal tracing method provided the following results: Retrograde tracing experiments revealed that the bulk of compensatory afferents originates from neurons in the ipsilateral medial accessory olive, especially from its medial region, whereas afferents from the pricipal olive and the dorsal accessory olive contribute to a much lesser degree. In case of incomplete neonatal pedunculotomy, neurons with a similar location in the ipsilateral intact olive still contribute to the innervation of the partially deprived hemicortex, along with the atrophic contralateral olive. Moreover, these experiments revealed important information about the organization of the compensation. Although its specificity was not totally maintained, the mediolateral distribution of sprouted afferents in the cerebellum matched the caudorostral disposition of parent neurons in the olive, as in the case in normal olivocerebellar projection. Anterograde studies showed that compensatory fibers recrossing the cerebellar midline spread throughout the whole extent of the deprived cortex and terminate solely in the molecular layer as typical climbing fibers. The latter were not homogeneously distributed, their density being markedly reduced according to a mediolateral gradient. Compensatory projection followed a sagittal striped pattern, as does the normal climbing fiber projection. Moreover, if the cortex is divided broadly into vermal, intermediate, and hemispheral regions, an apparent reciprocity seems to exist concerning the relative involvement of the various cortical subdivision in both hemicerebella. Our present results indicate that the immature olivocerebellar system is capable of anatomical plasticity, although to a limited extent. More important, they suggest that a certain degree of specificity is maintained during the process of sprouting, resulting in a topographical arrangement of the transcommissural climbing fiber projection. This indicates, in turn, that cues which guide the growth of olivocerebellar fibers during normal development could also direct the compensatory innervation.
BibTeX: @article{Angaut:1985b, author = {Angaut, P. and Alvarado-Mallart, R.M. and Sotelo, C.}, title = {Compensatory climbing fiber innervation after unilateral pedunculotomy in the newborn rat: Origin and topographic organization}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, year = {1985}, volume = {236}, number = {2}, pages = {161-178}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021826740&partnerID=40&md5=4bd81f1b41a46a1693f534fbeaafbb0b}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902360203} }
Angaut, P., Alvarado-Mallart, R.M. and Sotelo, C.	Compensatory climbing fiber innervation after unilateral pedunculotomy in the newborn rat: origin and topographic organization. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	J Comp Neurol Vol. 236(2), pp. 161-178	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In neonatal rats the unilateral transection of the cerebellar peduncles causes a fast and complete degeneration of the contralateral inferior olive. Axons from the remaining olive recross the cerebellar midline and partially innervate the deprived hemicortex. Analysis of the topographic organization of this compensatory projection studied with the axonal tracing method provided the following results: Retrograde tracing experiments revealed that the bulk of compensatory afferents originates from neurons in the ipsilateral medial accessory olive, especially from its medial region, whereas afferents from the principal olive and the dorsal accessory olive contribute to a much lesser degree. In case of incomplete neonatal pedunculotomy, neurons with a similar location in the ipsilateral intact olive still contribute to the innervation of the partially deprived hemicortex, along with the atrophic contralateral olive. Moreover, these experiments revealed important information about the organization of the compensation. Although its specificity was not totally maintained, the mediolateral distribution of sprouted afferents in the cerebellum matched the caudorostral disposition of parent neurons in the olive, as in the case in normal olivocerebellar projection. Anterograde studies showed that compensatory fibers recrossing the cerebellar midline spread throughout the whole extent of the deprived cortex and terminate solely in the molecular layer as typical climbing fibers. The latter were not homogeneously distributed, their density being markedly reduced according to a mediolateral gradient. Compensatory projection followed a sagittal striped pattern, as does the normal climbing fiber projection. Moreover, if the cortex is divided broadly into vermal, intermediate, and hemispheral regions, an apparent reciprocity seems to exist concerning the relative involvement of the various cortical subdivision in both hemicerebella. Our present results indicate that the immature olivocerebellar system is capable of anatomical plasticity, although to a limited extent. More important, they suggest that a certain degree of specificity is maintained during the process of sprouting, resulting in a topographical arrangement of the transcommissural climbing fiber projection. This indicates, in turn, that cues which guide the growth of olivocerebellar fibers during normal development could also direct the compensatory innervation.
BibTeX: @article{Angaut:1985a, author = {P. Angaut and R. M. Alvarado-Mallart and C. Sotelo}, title = {Compensatory climbing fiber innervation after unilateral pedunculotomy in the newborn rat: origin and topographic organization.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1985}, volume = {236}, number = {2}, pages = {161-178}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902360203}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902360203} }
Angaut, P., Alvarado-Mallart, R.M. and Sotelo, C.	Compensatory climbing fiber innervation after unilateral pedunculotomy in the newborn rat: origin and topographic organization. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 236, pp. 161-78	article
Abstract: In neonatal rats the unilateral transection of the cerebellar peduncles causes a fast and complete degeneration of the contralateral inferior olive. Axons from the remaining olive recross the cerebellar midline and partially innervate the deprived hemicortex. Analysis of the topographic organization of this compensatory projection studied with the axonal tracing method provided the following results: Retrograde tracing experiments revealed that the bulk of compensatory afferents originates from neurons in the ipsilateral medial accessory olive, especially from its medial region, whereas afferents from the principal olive and the dorsal accessory olive contribute to a much lesser degree. In case of incomplete neonatal pedunculotomy, neurons with a similar location in the ipsilateral intact olive still contribute to the innervation of the partially deprived hemicortex, along with the atrophic contralateral olive. Moreover, these experiments revealed important information about the organization of the compensation. Although its specificity was not totally maintained, the mediolateral distribution of sprouted afferents in the cerebellum matched the caudorostral disposition of parent neurons in the olive, as in the case in normal olivocerebellar projection. Anterograde studies showed that compensatory fibers recrossing the cerebellar midline spread throughout the whole extent of the deprived cortex and terminate solely in the molecular layer as typical climbing fibers. The latter were not homogeneously distributed, their density being markedly reduced according to a mediolateral gradient. Compensatory projection followed a sagittal striped pattern, as does the normal climbing fiber projection. Moreover, if the cortex is divided broadly into vermal, intermediate, and hemispheral regions, an apparent reciprocity seems to exist concerning the relative involvement of the various cortical subdivision in both hemicerebella. Our present results indicate that the immature olivocerebellar system is capable of anatomical plasticity, although to a limited extent. More important, they suggest that a certain degree of specificity is maintained during the process of sprouting, resulting in a topographical arrangement of the transcommissural climbing fiber projection. This indicates, in turn, that cues which guide the growth of olivocerebellar fibers during normal development could also direct the compensatory innervation.
BibTeX: @article{Angaut:1985c, author = {Angaut, P. and Alvarado-Mallart, R. M. and Sotelo, C.}, title = {Compensatory climbing fiber innervation after unilateral pedunculotomy in the newborn rat: origin and topographic organization.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1985}, volume = {236}, pages = {161-78}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Angaut, P., Batini, C., Billard, J.M. and Daniel, H.	The cerebellorubral projection in the rat: retrograde anatomical study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Neurosci Lett Vol. 68(1), pp. 63-68	article	DOI
Abstract: The cerebellorubral projections have been studied in the rat using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin conjugate. The lateral cerebellar nucleus projects to the parvocellular red nucleus (RN), the anterior (NIA) and posterior (NIP) interposed nuclei project to the magnocellular RN. Whereas the projections from the NIP are limited to the medial aspect of the RN, those from the NIA extend throughout the magnocellular RN. NIA-RN projections are topographically arranged: the medial NIA projects ventrally, the lateral NIA projects dorsally. Functionally, this differential distribution seems to fit the hindlimb-forelimb areas of origin of the rubrospinal tract.
BibTeX: @article{Angaut:1986, author = {P. Angaut and C. Batini and J. M. Billard and H. Daniel}, title = {The cerebellorubral projection in the rat: retrograde anatomical study.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1986}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, pages = {63-68}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(86)90230-2} }
Angaut, P., Batini, C., Billard, J.M. and Daniel, H.	The cerebellorubral projection in the rat: retrograde anatomical study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Neuroscience letters Vol. 68, pp. 63-68	article	DOI
Abstract: The cerebellorubral projections have been studied in the rat using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin conjugate. The lateral cerebellar nucleus projects to the parvocellular red nucleus (RN), the anterior (NIA) and posterior (NIP) interposed nuclei project to the magnocellular RN. Whereas the projections from the NIP are limited to the medial aspect of the RN, those from the NIA extend throughout the magnocellular RN. NIA-RN projections are topographically arranged: the medial NIA projects ventrally, the lateral NIA projects dorsally. Functionally, this differential distribution seems to fit the hindlimb-forelimb areas of origin of the rubrospinal tract.
BibTeX: @article{Angaut:1986a, author = {Angaut, P and Batini, C and Billard, J M and Daniel, H}, title = {The cerebellorubral projection in the rat: retrograde anatomical study.}, journal = {Neuroscience letters}, year = {1986}, volume = {68}, pages = {63--68}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(86)90230-2} }
Angaut, P. and Cicirata, F.	[Anatomo-functional organization of the neocerebellar control pathways on the cerebral motor cortex]. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Rev Neurol (Paris) Vol. 150(1), pp. 39-45School: INSERM-U106, Paris, France.	article
Abstract: In a first phase of this study, the topographic arrangement of the dentato-thalamocortical projections was analyzed anatomically in albinos rats, by using anterograde and retrograde tracing methods. By applying intracortical microstimuli through the cerebral motor cortex prior to each microinjection of the tracer, the motor function of each injected cortical site was defined. As a consequence of the precise topographic arrangement of the dentato-thalamocortical pathways, we infer a somatotopic motor organization within the three cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the cerebellar nucleus lateralis (NL), which corresponds to the dentate nucleus of the primate cerebellum: the hindlimb would be poorly represented, rostrally, whereas the head and forelimb would be more widely represented, within the central and caudal parts of the NL. In the second phase, the motor responses to direct microstimulations through the NL were mapped. The results confirmed the anatomofunctional arrangement deduced from the observations made in the first part of the study. The principles of the functional organization of the NL were also defined: i) the synergistic character of the movements induced by dentate stimulation is reflected by the activation of agonist as well as antagonist muscles that combine to move a particular segment of the body; ii) some body segments (e.g. those of the hindlimb) are represented within only one subdivision of the NL (single representation); others, such as the axio-proximal segments of the body, can be activated in a similar way from sites located in two or three subdivisions (multiple representation); finally, distal segments (digits or vibrissae) are multiply represented but activated in different ways by their various representation sites (specific representation): they can be moved independently from the parvocellular subdivision and only synchronously from their other representation site. The parvocellular subdivision of the rat NL is proposed as an equivalent to the "neodentatum" of the primate cerebellum.
BibTeX: @article{Angaut:1994, author = {P. Angaut and F. Cicirata}, title = {[Anatomo-functional organization of the neocerebellar control pathways on the cerebral motor cortex].}, journal = {Rev Neurol (Paris)}, school = {INSERM-U106, Paris, France.}, year = {1994}, volume = {150}, number = {1}, pages = {39--45}, note = {Article in french. Tract tracing results are described in french. No specific tract tracing results in the english abstract.} }
Angaut, P. and Cicirata, F.	Anatomo-functional organization of the neocerebellar control pathways to the cerebral motor cortex [ORGANISATION ANATOMO-FONCTIONNELLE DE LA VOIE D'INFLUENCE DU NEOCERVELET SUR LE CORTEX CEREBRAL MOTEUR] [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Revue Neurologique Vol. 150(1), pp. 39-45	article	URL
Abstract: In a first phase of this study, the topographic arrangement of the denato-thalamocortical projections was analyzed anatomically in albino rats, by using anterograde and retrograde tracing methods. By applying intracortical microstimuli through the cerebral motor cortex prior to each microinjection of the tracer, the motor function of each injected cortical site was defined. As a consequence of the precise topographic arrangement of the dentato-thalamocortical pathways, we infer a somatotopic motor organization within the three cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the cerebellar nucleus lateralis (NL), which corresponds to the dentate nucleus of the primate cerebellum: the hindlimb would be poorly represented, rostrally, whereas the head and forelimb would be more widely represented, within the central and caudal parts of the NL. In the second phase, the motor responses to direct microstimulations through the NL were mapped. The results confirmed the anatomofunctional arrangement deduced from the observations made in the first part of the study. The principles of the functional organization of the NL were also defined: i) the synergistic character of the movements induced by dentate stimulation is reflected by the activation of agonist as well as antagonist muscles that combine to move a particular segment of the body; ii) some body segments (e.g. those of the hindlimb) are represented within only one subdivision of the NL (single representation); others, such as the axio-proximal segments of the body, can be activated in a similar way from sites located in two or three subdivisions (multiple representation); finally, distal segments (digits or vibrissae) are multiply represented but activated in different ways by their various representation sites (specific representation): they can be moved independently from the parvocellular subdivision and only synchronously from their other representation site. The parvocellular subdivision of the rat NL is proposed as an equivalent to the 'neodentatum' of the primate cerebellum.
BibTeX: @article{Angaut:1994a, author = {Angaut, P. and Cicirata, F.}, title = {Anatomo-functional organization of the neocerebellar control pathways to the cerebral motor cortex [ORGANISATION ANATOMO-FONCTIONNELLE DE LA VOIE D'INFLUENCE DU NEOCERVELET SUR LE CORTEX CEREBRAL MOTEUR]}, journal = {Revue Neurologique}, year = {1994}, volume = {150}, number = {1}, pages = {39-45}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028295471&partnerID=40&md5=b7f3384f7ccede1c2c48d1f3e6e59dab} }
Angaut, P., Cicirata, F. and Serapide, F.	Topographic organization of the cerebellothalamic projections in the rat. An autoradiographic study [BibTeX]	1985	Neuroscience Vol. 15, pp. 389-401	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Angaut:1985, author = {Angaut, P and Cicirata, F and Serapide, F}, title = {Topographic organization of the cerebellothalamic projections in the rat. An autoradiographic study}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1985}, volume = {15}, pages = {389-401}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(85)90221-0} }
Angaut, P., Cicirata, F. and Serapide, M.F.	The dentatorubral projection. An autoradiographic study in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Brain, behavior and evolution Vol. 30, pp. 272-81	article
Abstract: Although the dentatorubral projection is known to end specifically in the parvocellular part of the red nucleus, its topographical arrangement has never been elucidated. We therefore selectively injected the lateral cerebellar nucleus (homologous to the dentate nucleus of primates) of adult Wistar rats with tritiated leucine or proline in order to trace the dentatorubral boundaries. In all cases, the projection was found to extend rostrocaudally throughout the parvocellular red nucleus; dorsoventrally as well as mediolaterally, the fibers were distributed according to the location of the injection within the lateral cerebellar nucleus. Hence, caudal regions of the lateral nucleus send fibers dorsally at the rubral level, rostral regions project ventrally. This dorsoventral arrangement matches the segregation of the parvocellular red nucleus into a dorsal 'forelimb' region and a ventral 'hindlimb' region corresponding to its spinal efferents. In addition, only the ventral part of the lateral cerebellar nucleus, particularly the parvocellular region (subnucleus lateralis parvocellularis), projects to the lateral aspect of the parvocellular red nucleus. These results suggest a common pattern of organization of the dentatorubral and the dentatothalamic projections.
BibTeX: @article{Angaut:1987a, author = {Angaut, P. and Cicirata, F. and Serapide, M. F.}, title = {The dentatorubral projection. An autoradiographic study in rats.}, journal = {Brain, behavior and evolution}, year = {1987}, volume = {30}, pages = {272-81}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Angaut, P., Cicirata, F. and Serapide, M.F.	The dentatorubral projection. An autoradiographic study in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Brain Behav Evol Vol. 30(5-6), pp. 272-281School: Histologie Normale et Pathologique du Système Nerveux, INSERM U 106, Paris, France.	article	URL
Abstract: Although the dentatorubral projection is known to end specifically in the parvocellular part of the red nucleus, its topographical arrangement has never been elucidated. We therefore selectively injected the lateral cerebellar nucleus (homologous to the dentate nucleus of primates) of adult Wistar rats with tritiated leucine or proline in order to trace the dentatorubral boundaries. In all cases, the projection was found to extend rostrocaudally throughout the parvocellular red nucleus; dorsoventrally as well as mediolaterally, the fibers were distributed according to the location of the injection within the lateral cerebellar nucleus. Hence, caudal regions of the lateral nucleus send fibers dorsally at the rubral level, rostral regions project ventrally. This dorsoventral arrangement matches the segregation of the parvocellular red nucleus into a dorsal 'forelimb' region and a ventral 'hindlimb' region corresponding to its spinal efferents. In addition, only the ventral part of the lateral cerebellar nucleus, particularly the parvocellular region (subnucleus lateralis parvocellularis), projects to the lateral aspect of the parvocellular red nucleus. These results suggest a common pattern of organization of the dentatorubral and the dentatothalamic projections.
BibTeX: @article{Angaut:1988, author = {Angaut, P. and Cicirata, F. and Serapide, M. F.}, title = {The dentatorubral projection. An autoradiographic study in rats.}, journal = {Brain Behav Evol}, school = {Histologie Normale et Pathologique du Système Nerveux, INSERM U 106, Paris, France.}, year = {1988}, volume = {30}, number = {5-6}, pages = {272--281}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0166432888900794} }
Angaut, P., Compoint, C., Buisseret-Delmas, C. and Batini, C.	Synaptic connections of Purkinje cell axons with nucleocortical neurones in the cerebellar medial nucleus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Neurosci Res Vol. 26(4), pp. 345-348School: INSERM U-106, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: The cerebellar nucleocortical neurones may be part of a cortico-nucleocortical loop. It has not yet been demonstrated, however, whether they are directly afferented by Purkinje cell axons. This question has been addressed by using electron microscopic methods. WGA-HRP injections into the cerebellar vermis anterogradely labelled Purkinje cell terminals and retrogradely labelled nucleocortical neurones of the nucleus medialis. Postembedding GABA immunolabelling was used to double-labelled PC terminals and identified the GABA-immunoreactive nuclear neurones. Of the identified nucleocortical neurones, the majority were immunonegative, but a few were GABA-immunoreactive. Both types were in synaptic contact with identified Purkinje cell terminals.
BibTeX: @article{Angaut:1996, author = {P. Angaut and C. Compoint and C. Buisseret-Delmas and C. Batini}, title = {Synaptic connections of Purkinje cell axons with nucleocortical neurones in the cerebellar medial nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, school = {INSERM U-106, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.}, year = {1996}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {345-348}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0102(96)01116-9} }
Angaut, P., Compoint, C., Buisseret-Delmas, C. and Batini, C.	Synaptic connections of Purkinje cell axons with nucleocortical neurones in the cerebellar medial nucleus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Neuroscience research Vol. 26, pp. 345-8	article
Abstract: The cerebellar nucleocortical neurones may be part of a cortico-nucleocortical loop. It has not yet been demonstrated, however, whether they are directly afferented by Purkinje cell axons. This question has been addressed by using electron microscopic methods. WGA-HRP injections into the cerebellar vermis anterogradely labelled Purkinje cell terminals and retrogradely labelled nucleocortical neurones of the nucleus medialis. Postembedding GABA immunolabelling was used to double-labelled PC terminals and identified the GABA-immunoreactive nuclear neurones. Of the identified nucleocortical neurones, the majority were immunonegative, but a few were GABA-immunoreactive. Both types were in synaptic contact with identified Purkinje cell terminals.
BibTeX: @article{Angaut:1996a, author = {Angaut, P. and Compoint, C. and Buisseret-Delmas, C. and Batini, C.}, title = {Synaptic connections of Purkinje cell axons with nucleocortical neurones in the cerebellar medial nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience research}, year = {1996}, volume = {26}, pages = {345-8}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Angaut, P. and Sotelo, C.	The dentato-olivary projection in the rat as a presumptive GABAergic link in the olivo-cerebello-olivary loop. An ultrastructural study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Neurosci Lett Vol. 83(3), pp. 227-231School: Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie, INSERM U-106, Hôpital de la Salpêtriére, Paris, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: It is here shown that autoradiographically labelled axon terminals of the dentato-olivary projection form a heterogeneous population. However, a majority of them constitute an even class of synapses, characterized by their small axonal size, their content in pleimorphic vesicles, and the establishment of symmetric synapses on small dendrites, about 5% of which are linked through a gap junction. The same material, used for immunocytochemistry of GABA with the postembedding technique, discloses that a majority of boutons with cytological features similar to the dentato-olivary terminals are GABA-immunoreactive, especially those synapsing on dendrites linked by gap junctions. The cerebello-olivary projection, despite its heterogeneity, thus appears as part of the GABAergic system which governs the synaptic modulation of the electrotonic coupling between olivary neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Angaut:1987, author = {Angaut, P. and Sotelo, C.}, title = {The dentato-olivary projection in the rat as a presumptive GABAergic link in the olivo-cerebello-olivary loop. An ultrastructural study.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, school = {Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie, INSERM U-106, Hôpital de la Salpêtriére, Paris, France.}, year = {1987}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, pages = {227--231}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(87)90090-5} }
Angaut, P. and Sotelo, C.	Synaptology of the cerebello-olivary pathway. Double labelling with anterograde axonal tracing and GABA immunocytochemistry in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Brain Res Vol. 479(2), pp. 361-365School: Histologie Normale et Pathologique du Système Nerveux, INSERM U-106, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: The dentato-olivary projection has been ultrastructurally studied in rats that received a wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injection in the nucleus lateralis. Ultrathin sections containing the inferior olive have been double-labelled with the GABA-immunogold method. About 97% of the WGA-HRP labelled axon terminals are GABA-immunopositive. Most of them belong to a single type consisting of small boutons establishing symmetrical synapses on dendrites. Nevertheless, there is some morphological and neurochemical diversity among the labelled terminals, and particularly, a small contingent are GABA-immunonegative. Of the GABAergic dentato-olivary boutons, 4% occupy a privileged position, with synaptic contacts straddling two dendritic profiles linked by gap junctions. The strategic location of these inhibitory dentato-olivary synapses suggests that they can modulate the electrotonic coupling rate between sets of inferior olivary neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Angaut:1989, author = {P. Angaut and C. Sotelo}, title = {Synaptology of the cerebello-olivary pathway. Double labelling with anterograde axonal tracing and GABA immunocytochemistry in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Histologie Normale et Pathologique du Système Nerveux, INSERM U-106, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.}, year = {1989}, volume = {479}, number = {2}, pages = {361-365}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(89)91641-7} }
Angaut, P. and Sotelo, C.	Synaptology of the cerebello-olivary pathway. Double labelling with anterograde axonal tracing and GABA immunocytochemistry in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Brain research Vol. 479, pp. 361-365	article	DOI
Abstract: The dentato-olivary projection has been ultrastructurally studied in rats that received a wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injection in the nucleus lateralis. Ultrathin sections containing the inferior olive have been double-labelled with the GABA-immunogold method. About 97% of the WGA-HRP labelled axon terminals are GABA-immunopositive. Most of them belong to a single type consisting of small boutons establishing symmetrical synapses on dendrites. Nevertheless, there is some morphological and neurochemical diversity among the labelled terminals, and particularly, a small contingent are GABA-immunonegative. Of the GABAergic dentato-olivary boutons, 4% occupy a privileged position, with synaptic contacts straddling two dendritic profiles linked by gap junctions. The strategic location of these inhibitory dentato-olivary synapses suggests that they can modulate the electrotonic coupling rate between sets of inferior olivary neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Angaut:1989a, author = {Angaut, P and Sotelo, C}, title = {Synaptology of the cerebello-olivary pathway. Double labelling with anterograde axonal tracing and GABA immunocytochemistry in the rat.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1989}, volume = {479}, pages = {361--365}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(89)91641-7} }
Angaut Puat, P. and Cicirata, F.	Cerebello-olivary projections in the rat. An autoradiographic study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Brain Behav Evol Vol. 21(1), pp. 24-33	article	URL
Abstract: Projections of deep cerebellar nuclei onto the inferior olive have been studied using autoradiographic methods in adult Wistar rats: the distribution of the labelling consequent to injections of tritiated amino acids, limited to one of the cerebellar nuclei, was mapped in the inferior olive. Each of the four cerebellar deep nuclei project to a specific region of the contralateral inferior olive. Only caudal parts of the medial cerebellar nucleus send fibres to the olive, where they reach the caudal half of the medial accessory olive. Anterior and posterior interposed nuclei project to the dorsal accessory and the rostral half to the medial accessory olives, respectively. The lateral, or dentate nucleus projects to the principal olive. This projection discloses a clear-cut topological arrangement. Besides, a few dentato-olivary fibres recross the midline in the interolivary region and end in areas of the ipsilateral principal olive symmetric to the contralateral projection. These results are discussed with special consideration to comparative anatomy.
BibTeX: @article{Angaut:1982, author = {Angaut, Puat, P. and Cicirata, F.}, title = {Cerebello-olivary projections in the rat. An autoradiographic study.}, journal = {Brain Behav Evol}, year = {1982}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {24--33}, url = {http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/121612} }
Angeles-Duran, S., Ramos-Languren, L.E. and Escobar, M.L.	PKMzeta inhibition prevents the metaplastic change induced by conditioned taste aversion on insular cortex long-term potentiation in vivo. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Reviews in the neurosciences Vol. 23, pp. 473-80	article	DOI
Abstract: The activity history of a given neuron or pathway has been suggested to influence its future responses to synaptic inputs. In particular, training in several learning tasks produces a metaplastic change, that is, a change in the ability to induce subsequent synaptic plasticity. Experimental evidence shows that the maintenance of long term memory and long-term potentiation (LTP) requires the persistent action of the atypical protein kinase Cisoform, protein kinase M zeta (PKM zeta ). Recent work has demonstrated that the inactivation of PKM zeta in the insular cortex (IC) abolishes conditioned taste aversion (CTA) long term memory. Our previous studies in the IC have demonstrated that the induction of LTP in the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (Bla)-IC projection previous to CTA training enhances the retention of this task. Moreover, recently, we have observed that CTA training blocks the subsequent induction of LTP in the Bla-IC projection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the participation of PKM zetaon the CTA-dependent modification of the ability to induce subsequent LTP in the Bla-IC projection in vivo . Thus, we have delivered high-frequency stimulation in the Bla-IC projection in order to induce in vivo IC-LTP in the rats that underwent or did not have an impairment of CTA retention due to the intracortical administration of the selective PKM zeta pseudosubstrate inhibitory peptide, ZIP. Our results show that the microinfusion of ZIP into the IC of the behaving rats impairs long-term memory of CTA and prevents its effects on IC-LTP. These results indicate that PKM zeta is a key component of the cellular mechanisms necessary for the persistence of lasting memory traces as well as for those underlying metaplastic changes in neocortex, contributing to the persistence of aversive memories.
BibTeX: @article{Angeles-Duran:2012b, author = {Angeles-Duran, Sandybel and Ramos-Languren, Laura E. and Escobar, Martha L.}, title = {PKMzeta inhibition prevents the metaplastic change induced by conditioned taste aversion on insular cortex long-term potentiation in vivo.}, journal = {Reviews in the neurosciences}, year = {2012}, volume = {23}, pages = {473-80}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2012-0048} }
Ángeles-Durán, S., Ramos-Languren, L.E. and Escobar, M.L.	PKMζ inhibition prevents the metaplastic change induced by conditioned taste aversion on insular cortex long-term potentiation in vivo. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Rev Neurosci Vol. 23(5-6), pp. 473-480School: Division de Investigacion y Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional Autonomade Mexico, Mexico.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The activity history of a given neuron or pathway has been suggested to influence its future responses to synaptic inputs. In particular, training in several learning tasks produces a metaplastic change, that is, a change in the ability to induce subsequent synaptic plasticity. Experimental evidence shows that the maintenance of long term memory and long-term potentiation (LTP) requires the persistent action of the atypical protein kinase Cisoform, protein kinase M ζ (PKM ζ ). Recent work has demonstrated that the inactivation of PKM ζ in the insular cortex (IC) abolishes conditioned taste aversion (CTA) long term memory. Our previous studies in the IC have demonstrated that the induction of LTP in the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (Bla)-IC projection previous to CTA training enhances the retention of this task. Moreover, recently, we have observed that CTA training blocks the subsequent induction of LTP in the Bla-IC projection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the participation of PKM ζon the CTA-dependent modification of the ability to induce subsequent LTP in the Bla-IC projection in vivo . Thus, we have delivered high-frequency stimulation in the Bla-IC projection in order to induce in vivo IC-LTP in the rats that underwent or did not have an impairment of CTA retention due to the intracortical administration of the selective PKM ζ pseudosubstrate inhibitory peptide, ZIP. Our results show that the microinfusion of ZIP into the IC of the behaving rats impairs long-term memory of CTA and prevents its effects on IC-LTP. These results indicate that PKM ζ is a key component of the cellular mechanisms necessary for the persistence of lasting memory traces as well as for those underlying metaplastic changes in neocortex, contributing to the persistence of aversive memories.
BibTeX: @article{Angeles-Duran:2012, author = {Ángeles-Durán, Sandybel and Ramos-Languren, Laura E. and Escobar, Martha L.}, title = {PKMζ inhibition prevents the metaplastic change induced by conditioned taste aversion on insular cortex long-term potentiation in vivo.}, journal = {Rev Neurosci}, school = {Division de Investigacion y Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional Autonomade Mexico, Mexico.}, year = {2012}, volume = {23}, number = {5-6}, pages = {473--480}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2012-0048}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2012-0048} }
Ángeles-Durán, S., Ramos-Languren, L.E. and Escobar, M.L.	PKMζ inhibition prevents the metaplastic change induced by conditioned taste aversion on insular cortex long-term potentiation in vivo. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Rev Neurosci Vol. 23(5-6), pp. 473-480School: Division de Investigacion y Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional Autonomade Mexico, Mexico.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The activity history of a given neuron or pathway has been suggested to influence its future responses to synaptic inputs. In particular, training in several learning tasks produces a metaplastic change, that is, a change in the ability to induce subsequent synaptic plasticity. Experimental evidence shows that the maintenance of long term memory and long-term potentiation (LTP) requires the persistent action of the atypical protein kinase Cisoform, protein kinase M ζ (PKM ζ ). Recent work has demonstrated that the inactivation of PKM ζ in the insular cortex (IC) abolishes conditioned taste aversion (CTA) long term memory. Our previous studies in the IC have demonstrated that the induction of LTP in the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (Bla)-IC projection previous to CTA training enhances the retention of this task. Moreover, recently, we have observed that CTA training blocks the subsequent induction of LTP in the Bla-IC projection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the participation of PKM ζon the CTA-dependent modification of the ability to induce subsequent LTP in the Bla-IC projection in vivo . Thus, we have delivered high-frequency stimulation in the Bla-IC projection in order to induce in vivo IC-LTP in the rats that underwent or did not have an impairment of CTA retention due to the intracortical administration of the selective PKM ζ pseudosubstrate inhibitory peptide, ZIP. Our results show that the microinfusion of ZIP into the IC of the behaving rats impairs long-term memory of CTA and prevents its effects on IC-LTP. These results indicate that PKM ζ is a key component of the cellular mechanisms necessary for the persistence of lasting memory traces as well as for those underlying metaplastic changes in neocortex, contributing to the persistence of aversive memories.
BibTeX: @article{Angeles-Duran:2012a, author = {Ángeles-Durán, Sandybel and Ramos-Languren, Laura E. and Escobar, Martha L.}, title = {PKMζ inhibition prevents the metaplastic change induced by conditioned taste aversion on insular cortex long-term potentiation in vivo.}, journal = {Rev Neurosci}, school = {Division de Investigacion y Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional Autonomade Mexico, Mexico.}, year = {2012}, volume = {23}, number = {5-6}, pages = {473--480}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2012-0048}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2012-0048} }
Angeloni, N., Bond, C.W., Harrington, D., Stupp, S. and Podlasek, C.A.	Sonic hedgehog is neuroprotective in the cavernous nerve with crush injury. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	J Sex Med Vol. 10(5), pp. 1240-1250School: Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The cavernous nerve (CN) is commonly injured during prostatectomy, resulting in erectile dysfunction (ED). Although peripheral nerves have a limited ability to regenerate, a return of function typically does not occur due to irreversible down stream morphological changes in the penis that result from CN injury. We have shown in previous studies that sonic hedgehog (SHH) is critical for CN regeneration and improves erectile function after crush injury.Examine a new direction, to determine if SHH is neuroprotective to the pelvic ganglia (PG)/CN after crush injury. A secondary focus is to examine if SHH signaling decreases with age in the PG/CN.Sprague-Dawley rats underwent bilateral CN crush and SHH and glial fibrillary acidic protein were quantified by western analysis of the PG/CN (N = 6 rats at each time point) at 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 days, and the apoptotic index was measured in the penis. SHH was quantified by western in the PG/CN with blockade of anterograde transport (N = 4 rats) in comparison to mouse IgG (N = 4 rats). If SHH is neuroprotective was examined at 4 (N = 14 rats) and 7 days (N = 16 rats) of treatment after CN crush. SHH protein was quantified in aging (P200-300, N = 5 rats) PG/CN in comparison to normal adult (P115-120, N = 3 rats) PG/CN. Main Outcome Measures. SHH pathway was examined in PG via immunohistochemistry, in situ, western, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL).SHH is neuroprotective in the PG/CN with injury. SHH localization in the PG/CN suggests SHH interaction in neuronal/glial signaling. SHH protein is significantly decreased in the PG/CN after crush injury and in the aged PG/CN. Signals from the PG are required to maintain SHH in the CN.There is a window of opportunity immediately after nerve insult in which manipulation of SHH signaling in the nerve microenvironment can affect long-term regeneration outcome.
BibTeX: @article{Angeloni:2013, author = {Angeloni, Nicholas and Bond, Christopher W. and Harrington, Daniel and Stupp, Samuel and Podlasek, Carol A.}, title = {Sonic hedgehog is neuroprotective in the cavernous nerve with crush injury.}, journal = {J Sex Med}, school = {Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.}, year = {2013}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {1240--1250}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02930.x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02930.x} }
Angelov, D.	Contralateral trigeminal nerve lesion reduces polyneuronal muscle innervation after facial nerve repair in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	European Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 11(4), pp. 1369-1378	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Functional recovery after facial nerve surgery is poor. Axotomized motoneurons (hyperexcitable upon intracellular current injections, but unable to discharge upon afferent stimulation) outgrow supernumerary branches which are misrouted towards improper muscles. We hypothesized that alterations in the trigeminal input to axotomized electrophysiologically silent facial motoneurons might improve specificity of reinnervation. To test this we compared, in the rat, behavioural, electrophysiological, and morphological parameters after transection and suture of the buccal facial nerve (buccal-buccal anastomosis, BBA) with those after BBA plus excision of the ipsi- or contralateral infraorbital nerve (ION). After BBA, the mystacial vibrissae dropped and remained motionless until 18-21 days post operation (days PO). After BBA plus ipsilateral ION excision, there was no recovery of vibrissae whisking at all. Following BBA plus contralateral ION excision, full restoration of whisking occurred at 7-10 days PO. Electromyography of whiskerpad muscles showed normal waveform and amplitude was also most rapidly restored after BBA plus contralateral ION excision. Neuron counts after retrograde tracing showed that the intact buccal nerve contained axons of the superior (91%) and inferior (9%) buccolabial nerves. After BBA, the superior nerve comprised 56%, the inferior 21%, and 23% of the motoneurons projected within both nerves. After BBA plus ipsilateral ION excision, misdirection worsened and values changed to 48, 39 and 13%, respectively. After BBA plus contralateral ION excision, portions improved to 69, 23 and 8%. We conclude that, by reducing the redundant axon branching, lesion of contralateral ION provides the best conditions for recovery of vibrissae rhythmical whisking after reconstructive surgery on the facial nerve.
BibTeX: @article{Angelov:1999a, author = {Angelov, D.N.}, title = {Contralateral trigeminal nerve lesion reduces polyneuronal muscle innervation after facial nerve repair in rats}, journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {1999}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {1369-1378}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032996663&partnerID=40&md5=e32794c3702621fff8da27e8971a1f11}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00545.x} }
Angelov, D.N., Krebs, C., Walther, M., Martinez-Portillo, F.J., Gunkel, A., Lay, C.H., Streppel, M., Guntinas-Lichius, O., Stennert, E. and Neiss, W.F.	Altered expression of immune-related antigens by neuronophages does not improve neuronal survival after severe lesion of the facial nerve in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Glia Vol. 24(2), pp. 155-171School: Institut I für Anatomie, Universität zu Köln, Germany. angelov.anatomie@uni-koeln.de	article	DOI
Abstract: Injection of Fluoro-Gold (FG) into the whiskerpad muscles of rats yields a permanent retrograde labeling of motoneurons in the facial nucleus. Following subsequent resection of 10 mm of the facial nerve, one-third of the facial motoneurons die and the microglia phagocytize the dead FG-labeled neurons, take up FG, and get labeled in vivo. The resulting identification of all FG-labeled cells allows long-term comparative investigations on the behavior of neuronophages. In this study, we used two groups of rats to test whether the quantified expression of five immune-related antigens by neuronophages was related to quantified decline in neuron number (counts after immunostaining for neuron-specific enolase) 3 to 224 days after resection of the facial nerve. Rats of the first group received standard food and those of the second group, pellets containing 1,000 ppm of the calcium channel blocker nimodipine. Image analysis of the number of FG-containing cells and the number and projection area of immunopositive neuronophages in serial sections for each antigen showed that nimodipine significantly attenuated the immunostaining for CR3, MHC class I, and class II antigens (monoclonal antibodies [MAbs] OX-42, OX-18, and OX-6); enhanced the expression of monocyte-macrophage-specific antigen (MAb ED1); and did not change the expression of rat macrophage differentiation antigen (MAb ED2). The altered expressions, however, had no effect on the loss of motoneurons in the lesioned facial nucleus. We conclude that the degree of expression of immune-related antigens by neuronophages has no influence on the delayed neuronal cell death induced by permanent target deprivation.
BibTeX: @article{Angelov:1998, author = {Angelov, D. N. and Krebs, C. and Walther, M. and Martinez-Portillo, F. J. and Gunkel, A. and Lay, C. H. and Streppel, M. and Guntinas-Lichius, O. and Stennert, E. and Neiss, W. F.}, title = {Altered expression of immune-related antigens by neuronophages does not improve neuronal survival after severe lesion of the facial nerve in rats.}, journal = {Glia}, school = {Institut I für Anatomie, Universität zu Köln, Germany. angelov.anatomie@uni-koeln.de}, year = {1998}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {155--171}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199810)24:2%3C155::aid-glia1%3E3.3.co;2-i} }
Angelov, D.N., Neiss, W.F., Gunkel, A., Streppel, M., Guntinas-Lichius, O. and Stennert, E.	Nimodipine-accelerated hypoglossal sprouting prevents the postoperative hyperinnervation of target muscles after hypo glossal-facial anastomosis in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Restor Neurol Neurosci Vol. 11(1), pp. 109-121School: Institut I für Anatomie der Universität zu Köln, Joseph-Slelzmann-Slraße 9, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Hypoglossal-facial anastomosis (HFA), used for the treatment of facial palsy, was performed in adult Wistar rats. For 7-224 days post operation (DPO), half of the animals were kept on standard laboratory food and half received food pellets containing 1000 ppm of the Ca2+ channel blocker nimodipine. The postoperative neurotization of facial muscles in these two groups was traced by comparing numbers of all retrogradely labeled neurons after injection of HRP into the whiskerpad muscles. In unoperated animals, injection of HRP labeled 1254 ± 54 neurons. Immediately after HFA, this number dropped to zero. The treatment with nimodipine yielded two beneficial effects. (1) In the early phase of regeneration (until 28 DPO), it accelerated the sprouting of hypoglossal axons into the facial periphery; (2) In the final phase, it suppressed the axonal sprouting from both, hypoglossal and facial stumps. In this way nimodipine fully prevented the postoperative hyperinnervation, i.e. the projection of more hypoglossal plus facial motoneurons to the whiskerpad muscles than under normal conditions.
BibTeX: @article{Angelov:1997, author = {Angelov, D. N. and Neiss, W. F. and Gunkel, A. and Streppel, M. and Guntinas-Lichius, O. and Stennert, E.}, title = {Nimodipine-accelerated hypoglossal sprouting prevents the postoperative hyperinnervation of target muscles after hypo glossal-facial anastomosis in the rat.}, journal = {Restor Neurol Neurosci}, school = {Institut I für Anatomie der Universität zu Köln, Joseph-Slelzmann-Slraße 9, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.}, year = {1997}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {109--121}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/RNN-1997-111212}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-1997-111212} }
Angelov, D.N., Neiss, W.F., Streppel, M., Andermahr, J., Mader, K. and Stennert, E.	Nimodipine accelerates axonal sprouting after surgical repair of rat facial nerve. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	J Neurosci Vol. 16(3), pp. 1041-1048School: Institut I für Anatomie, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, Germany.	article	URL
Abstract: Facial-facial anastomosis (FFA), i.e., suture of transected facial nerve, was performed in adult Wistar rats. For 10-112 d post-operation (DPO), half of the animals received standard food (placebo) and half received food pellets containing 1000 ppm nimodipine, a Ca2+ channel blocker. The time course of mimetic reinnervation between these two groups was compared by counting all retrogradely labeled motoneurons after injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the whiskerpad. In unoperated animals, injection of HRP labeled 1280 +/- 113 motoneurons. After FFA, this number dropped to zero, and the first HRP-labeled facial motoneurons reappeared in both placebo- and nimodipine-treated animals at 14 DPO. The treatment with nimodipine yielded two beneficial effects. (1) It accelerated axonal sprouting until 28 DPO. Whereas the number of HRP-labeled cells in the placebo group was 171 +/- 9 (mean +/- SD) at 16 DPO, 372 +/- 43 at 21 DPO, and 636 +/- 187 at 28 DPO, the number of sprouted motoneurons in nimodipine-treated rats was twice as high: 386 +/- 34 at 16 DPO, 620 +/- 28 at 21 DPO, and 756 +/- 257 at 28 DPO. (2) Nimodipine reduced the polyneuronal innervation of the target muscles. Whereas the number of HRP-labeled cells in the placebo group increased to 1430 +/- 36 at 56 DPO and 1600 +/- 31 at 112 DPO, the number of labeled motoneurons in nimodipine-treated rats remained almost within the normal range: 1315 +/- 31 at 56 DPO and 1354 +/- 33 at 112 DPO.
BibTeX: @article{Angelov:1996, author = {Angelov, D. N. and Neiss, W. F. and Streppel, M. and Andermahr, J. and Mader, K. and Stennert, E.}, title = {Nimodipine accelerates axonal sprouting after surgical repair of rat facial nerve.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Institut I für Anatomie, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, Germany.}, year = {1996}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {1041--1048}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/16/3/1041.long} }
Angelov, D.N., Neiss, W.F., Streppel, M., Walther, M., Guntinas-Lichius, O. and Stennert, E.	ED2-positive perivascular cells act as neuronophages during delayed neuronal loss in the facial nucleus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Glia Vol. 16, pp. 129-39	article
Abstract: Injection of Fluoro-Gold (FG) into the whisker pad of rats yields a stable retrograde labeling of facial motoneurons. After removal of 10 mm from the facial nerve the microglia phagocytose the FG-prelabeled dead neurons and assume the label. A subsequent brightfield immunostaining of the sections with HRP-DAB as end-product fully quenches the fluorescence of FG from all specifically stained structures (immunoquenching). Combining FG-labeling of neuronophages with immunoquenching, we recently described a population of enigmatic fluorescent cells, found in immediate vicinity to the motoneurons after the general neuronofugal migration of microglia. As the fluorescence of these cells was not quenched after a triple immunostaining with anti neuron-specific enolase, anti-GFAP, and OX-42 (quenching all fluorescence from neurons and glia), they seemed to represent a new, immunologically not identified neuronophage. Now we have further characterized this cell type. Following triple immunostaining, we tested a broad panel of mabs (OX-33, OX-19, OX-18, OX-6, R73, ED1, and ED2) to stain, quench fluorescence, and thus immunotype the unknown phagocytes. Only the mab ED2, the classical marker for perivascular cells, specifically stained the small round neuronophages. This surprising migration of perivascular cells toward decaying neurons was additionally tested and confirmed by intracerebroventricular application of FG prior to resection of the facial nerve Providing evidence for neuronophagia by ED2-positive cells, our results strongly support the hypothesis that the latter are the APC (antigen presenting cells) of the CNS.
BibTeX: @article{Angelov:1996a, author = {Angelov, D. N. and Neiss, W. F. and Streppel, M. and Walther, M. and Guntinas-Lichius, O. and Stennert, E.}, title = {ED2-positive perivascular cells act as neuronophages during delayed neuronal loss in the facial nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Glia}, year = {1996}, volume = {16}, pages = {129-39}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Angelov, D.N., Skouras, E., Guntinas-Lichius, O., Streppel, M., Popratiloff, A., Walther, M., Klein, J., Stennert, E. and Neiss, W.F.	Contralateral trigeminal nerve lesion reduces polyneuronal muscle innervation after facial nerve repair in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 11(4), pp. 1369-1378School: Institut I für Anatomie, Nasen-und Ohrenheilkunde, Universität zu Köln, Germany. angelov.anatomie@uni-koeln.de	article	DOI
Abstract: Functional recovery after facial nerve surgery is poor. Axotomized motoneurons (hyperexcitable upon intracellular current injections, but unable to discharge upon afferent stimulation) outgrow supernumerary branches which are misrouted towards improper muscles. We hypothesized that alterations in the trigeminal input to axotomized electrophysiologically silent facial motoneurons might improve specificity of reinnervation. To test this we compared, in the rat, behavioural, electrophysiological, and morphological parameters after transection and suture of the buccal facial nerve (buccal-buccal anastomosis, BBA) with those after BBA plus excision of the ipsi- or contralateral infraorbital nerve (ION). After BBA, the mystacial vibrissae dropped and remained motionless until 18-21 days post operation (days PO). After BBA plus ipsilateral ION excision, there was no recovery of vibrissae whisking at all. Following BBA plus contralateral ION excision, full restoration of whisking occurred at 7-10 days PO. Electromyography of whiskerpad muscles showed normal waveform and amplitude was also most rapidly restored after BBA plus contralateral ION excision. Neuron counts after retrograde tracing showed that the intact buccal nerve contained axons of the superior (91 and inferior (9 buccolabial nerves. After BBA, the superior nerve comprised 56 the inferior 21 and 23% of the motoneurons projected within both nerves. After BBA plus ipsilateral ION excision, misdirection worsened and values changed to 48, 39 and 13 respectively. After BBA plus contralateral ION excision, portions improved to 69, 23 and 8%. We conclude that, by reducing the redundant axon branching, lesion of contralateral ION provides the best conditions for recovery of vibrissae rhythmical whisking after reconstructive surgery on the facial nerve.
BibTeX: @article{Angelov:1999, author = {Angelov, D. N. and Skouras, E. and Guntinas-Lichius, O. and Streppel, M. and Popratiloff, A. and Walther, M. and Klein, J. and Stennert, E. and Neiss, W. F.}, title = {Contralateral trigeminal nerve lesion reduces polyneuronal muscle innervation after facial nerve repair in rats.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Institut I für Anatomie, Nasen-und Ohrenheilkunde, Universität zu Köln, Germany. angelov.anatomie@uni-koeln.de}, year = {1999}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {1369--1378}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00545.x} }
Anglister, L., Cherniak, M. and Lev-Tov, A.	Ascending pathways that mediate cholinergic modulation of lumbar motor activity. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2017	Journal of neurochemistry Vol. 142 Suppl 2, pp. 82-89	article	DOI
Abstract: Deciphering neuronal pathways that reactivate spinal central pattern generators (CPGs) and modulate the activity of spinal motoneurons in mammals in the absence of supraspinal control is important for understanding of neural control of movement and for developing novel therapeutic approaches to improve the mobility of spinal cord injury patients. Previously, we showed that the sacral and lumbar cholinergic system could potently modulate the locomotor CPGs in newborn rodents. Here, we review these and our more recent studies of sacral relay neurons with lumbar projections to the locomotor CPGs and to lumbar motoneurons and demonstrate that sacral and lumbar cholinergic components have the capacity to control the frequency of the locomotor CPGs and at the same time the motor output of the activated lumbar motoneurons during motor behavior. A model describing the suggested ascending sacro-lumbar connectivity involved in modulation of the locomotor rhythm by sacral cholinergic components is proposed and discussed. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
BibTeX: @article{Anglister:2017, author = {Anglister, Lili and Cherniak, Meir and Lev-Tov, Aharon}, title = {Ascending pathways that mediate cholinergic modulation of lumbar motor activity.}, journal = {Journal of neurochemistry}, year = {2017}, volume = {142 Suppl 2}, pages = {82--89}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.14065} }
Anguelova, E., Boularand, S., Nowicki, J.-P., Benavides, J. and Smirnova, T.	Up-regulation of genes involved in cellular stress and apoptosis in a rat model of hippocampal degeneration [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Journal of Neuroscience Research Vol. 59(2), pp. 209-217	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Changes in gene expression within the hippocampus induced by denervation after electrolytic fimbria-fornix lesion in rat were compared to morphological and biochemical alterations. Fimbria-fornix lesion results in degeneration of hippocampal cholinergic terminals as evidenced by a sustained (2 days to 1 month) decrease in cholineacetyltransferase (CHAT) activity (50%). These changes were accompanied by a decrease in growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43) immunoreactivity in all hippocampal layers 4 days after lesion followed by a subsequent increase and return to normal levels by 20 days postinjury. This increase in GAP-43 expression in the hippocampus between 7 to 20 days after lesion may reflect heterotypic sprouting. TUNEL- positive cells were revealed by in situ assay within the hippocampus at 10 days, but not at 3 days, after lesion. Two subtracted cDNA libraries from the dorsal hippocampus of control and injured rats (at 3 and 10 days postlesion) were constructed in order to search for new genes potentially implicated in degeneration/regeneration phenomena. We analysed 1,536 clones from each library by differential screening and found a total of 46 up-regulated genes. Among the 15 known genes, 6 coded for proteins involved in signal transduction pathways. The upregulation of growth arrest DNA damage induced gene (GADD153), brain-specific RING finger protein, JNK interacting protein (JIP-1), protein kinase A (PKA), and Na+K+ ATPase was studied by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two of these genes, GADD153 and JIP-1, have been previously shown to participate in cell modifications induced by stress and apoptosis.
BibTeX: @article{Anguelova:2000, author = {Anguelova, E. and Boularand, S. and Nowicki, J.-P. and Benavides, J. and Smirnova, T.}, title = {Up-regulation of genes involved in cellular stress and apoptosis in a rat model of hippocampal degeneration}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Research}, year = {2000}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, pages = {209-217}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034651018&partnerID=40&md5=8822ace3c740f0c63d58cad84ffd5bd4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(20000115)59:2%3C209::AID-JNR7%3E3.0.CO;2-I} }
Anguelova, E. and Smirnova, T.	Differential expression of small heat shock protein 27 in the rat hippocampus and septum after fimbria-fornix lesion [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 280(2), pp. 99-102	article	DOI URL
Abstract: mRNA, Western analysis and immunohistochemistry were used to study the expression of the small heat shock protein (HSP) 27 in the rat septum and hippocampus following fimbria-fornix lesions, a model of neurodegeneration and regeneration. (HSP) 27 mRNA level was increased 2.5-fold in the medial septum 3 days after lesion and this increase persisted for 10 days. In the hippocampus, after an initial 15-fold increase at 3 days post-injury, HSP27 mRNA returned to basal levels 10 days after the lesion. Three and 10 days after lesion, HSP27 protein levels were increased in the septum (4.5 and 5- fold, respectively) and hippocampus (65 and 10-fold, respectively). The morphology of the HSP27 positive cells was indistinguishable from that of GFAP-immunoreactive cells. In addition, in the septum of injured rats, occasional neurons were heavily labelled with anti-HSP27 antibodies. Thus, up-regulation of HSP27, particularly in glial cells, may be a component of glial input in the processes on degeneration/ regeneration which occur in this model. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Anguelova:2000a, author = {Anguelova, E. and Smirnova, T.}, title = {Differential expression of small heat shock protein 27 in the rat hippocampus and septum after fimbria-fornix lesion}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {2000}, volume = {280}, number = {2}, pages = {99-102}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033952498&partnerID=40&md5=effbab16c50a12bc81742b6d175910bf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(00)00762-X} }
Angulo, J., Ledoux, M. and McEwen, B.	Genomic Effects of Cold and Isolation Stress on Magnocellular Vasopressin mRNA‐Containing Cells in the Hypothalamus of the Rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Journal of Neurochemistry Vol. 56(6), pp. 2033-2038	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Abstract: We assessed the effects of cold and isolation stress on arginine vasopressin (AVP) mRNA in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei of the hypothalamus. Vasopressin mRNA levels were determined by in situ hybridization histochemistry at the cellular level. In posterior magnocellular neurons of the PVN isolation stress for 7 or 14 days increased vasopressin mRNA levels 28 and 29%, respectively, compared to group‐housed controls. No significant alterations in vasopressin gene expression were observed in the SON after 7 or 14 days of isolation stress. Scattered magnocellular AVP mRNA‐expressing cells of the medial parvocellular PVN showed increases of 19 and 34% after 7 and 14 days of isolation, respectively. We also studied the effect of cold or combined cold and isolation stress on vasopressin gene expression in the PVN and SON. Cold stress for 3 h daily for 4 consecutive days increased AVP mRNA levels in the posterior magnocellular PVN by 15%. Cold‐isolated animals showed an increase of 21%. No significant effect on AVP mRNA levels in the SON was observed. In contrast to the posterior magnocellular PVN, cold or cold‐isolation stress increased AVP mRNA in magnocellular neurons of the medial parvocellular region of the PVN by 25 and 43%, respectively, relative to control rats. These results suggest that psychological and metabolic stress may be added to the list of stressors that activate the hypothalamo–neurohypophysial system. Copyright © 1991, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
BibTeX: @article{Angulo:1991, author = {Angulo, J.A. and Ledoux, M. and McEwen, B.S.}, title = {Genomic Effects of Cold and Isolation Stress on Magnocellular Vasopressin mRNA‐Containing Cells in the Hypothalamus of the Rat}, journal = {Journal of Neurochemistry}, year = {1991}, volume = {56}, number = {6}, pages = {2033-2038}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025988418&partnerID=40&md5=feac6fccdf250e09cf9ac9c793be784c}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03463.x} }
Angulo, M.C., Staiger, J.F., Rossier, J. and Audinat, E.	Distinct local circuits between neocortical pyramidal cells and fast-spiking interneurons in young adult rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	J Neurophysiol Vol. 89(2), pp. 943-953School: Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7637, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la ville de Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Connections between layer V pyramidal cells and GABAergic fast-spiking interneurons (pyramidal-FS) were studied by paired recordings combined with morphological analyses in acute neocortical slices from 28- to 52-day-old rats. Pairs of spikes elicited in pyramidal cells at a stimulation rate of 0.2 Hz induced unitary excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in FS interneurons that displayed facilitation (48, depression (38.5, or neither depression nor facilitation (13.5. Analyses of the EPSC amplitude distributions indicate that depressing connections always showed multiple functional release sites. On the contrary, facilitating connections consisted either of one or several release sites. At a holding potential of -72 mV, the quantal size (q) and the release probability (p) of facilitating connections with a single release site were -21.9 +/- 7.5 pA and 0.49 +/- 0.19 (SD), respectively. The mean q and the estimated number of release sites (n) at connections showing multiple sites were obtained by decreasing the release probability and did not differ between depressing and facilitating synapses (depressing connections: q = -15.3 +/- 2.5 pA, n = 5.1 +/- 3, facilitating connections: q = -23.9 +/- 9.8 pA, n = 7.8 +/- 5.4). However, the quantal content at facilitating synapses with multiple sites (1.9 +/- 1.5) was significantly different from that at depressing connections (4.1 +/- 3.9). Finally, quantitative morphological analyses revealed that most of the pyramidal cells displaying facilitation can be differentiated from those displaying depression by a more densely branched apical dendritic tree. Therefore two types of morphologically distinct pyramidal cells form excitatory connections with FS interneurons that differ in their short-term plasticity characteristics. Facilitating and depressing connections may provide a differential control of the temporal information processing of FS cells and thus finely regulate the inhibitory effect of these interneurons in neocortical networks of young adult rats.
BibTeX: @article{Angulo:2003, author = {Angulo, María Cecilia and Staiger, Jochen F. and Rossier, Jean and Audinat, Etienne}, title = {Distinct local circuits between neocortical pyramidal cells and fast-spiking interneurons in young adult rats.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, school = {Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7637, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la ville de Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.}, year = {2003}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {943--953}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00750.2002}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00750.2002} }
Anis, Y., Nürnberg, B., Visochek, L., Reiss, N., Naor, Z. and Cohen-Armon, M.	Activation of G(o)-proteins by membrane depolarization traced by in situ photoaffinity labeling of Gα(o)-proteins with [α32P]GTP-azidoanilide [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Journal of Biological Chemistry Vol. 274(11), pp. 7431-7440	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Evidence for depolarization-induced activation of G-proteins in membranes of rat brain synaptoneurosomes has been previously reported (Cohen- Armon, M., and Sokolovsky, M. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 2595-2605; Cohen- Armon, M., and Sokolovsky, M. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 9824-9838). In the present work we identify the activated G-proteins as G(o)-proteins by tracing their depolarization-induced in situ photoaffinity labeling with [α32P]GTP-azidoanilide (GTPAA). Labeled GTPAA was introduced into transiently permeabilized rat brainstem synaptoneurosomes. The resealed synaptoneurosomes, while being UV-irradiated, were depolarized. Relative to synaptoneurosomes at resting potential, the covalent binding of [α32P]GTPAA to Gα(o1)]- and Gα(o3)-proteins, but not to Gα(o2)- isoforms, was enhanced by 5- to 7-fold in depolarized synaptoneurosomes, thereby implying an accelerated exchange of GDP for [α32P]GTPAA. Their depolarization-induced photoaffinity labeling was independent of stimulation of G(o)- protein-coupled receptors and could be reversed by membrane repolarization, thus excluding induction by transmitters release. It was, however, dependent on depolarization-induced activation of the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC), regardless of Na+ current. The α subunit of VGSC was cross-linked and co-immunoprecipitated with Gα(o)-proteins in depolarized brain-stem and cortical synaptoneurosomes. VGSC α subunit most efficiently cross-linked with guanosine 5'-O-2-thiodiphosphate-bound rather than to guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate)-bound Gα(o)-proteins in isolated synaptoneurosomal membranes. These findings support a possible involvement of VGSC in depolarization-induced activation of G(o)-proteins.
BibTeX: @article{Anis:1999, author = {Anis, Y. and Nürnberg, B. and Visochek, L. and Reiss, N. and Naor, Z. and Cohen-Armon, M.}, title = {Activation of G(o)-proteins by membrane depolarization traced by in situ photoaffinity labeling of Gα(o)-proteins with [α32P]GTP-azidoanilide}, journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry}, year = {1999}, volume = {274}, number = {11}, pages = {7431-7440}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033548276&partnerID=40&md5=2de3131a32e9ac00456f96f7e1c5cd8c}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.11.7431} }
Ankaoua, D. and Malach, R.	Evidence for plasticity of intrinsic horizontal connections in area 17 of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Isr J Med Sci Vol. 29(9), pp. 555-569School: Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.	article
Abstract: The potential for peripheral modification of intrinsic horizontal connections was studied in the primary visual cortex (area 17) of adult, hooded rats that underwent monocular enucleation (ME) or binocular enucleation (BE) at the day of birth. The intrinsic connections were labelled by localized tracer injections at various sites in area 17. The pattern of interhemispheric callosal connections was revealed in the same animals by extensive injections of a distinguishable tracer in the contralateral hemisphere. The results show marked and consistent changes in area 17 intrinsic connections as a result of the neonatal enucleations. Specifically, in contrast to normally reared rats in which intrinsic connections are short ranged and are organized fairly uniformly around the injection site, in ME cases intrinsic connections extend over half the width of area 17, usually targeting a second field within area 17. In BE cases, the injection sites result in the appearance of elongated tongues and patches of label that protrude in different directions from the injection site. The observed modifications of intrinsic connections are clearly related to the abnormalities induced by enucleations in the pattern of callosal connections, such that intrinsic connections tend to form either between callosally connected sites or between a-callosal sites but avoid intermixing the two. The results reveal a high level of plasticity in the developing intrinsic connections. A Hebbian rule of connectivity is proposed as the underlying process guiding the formation of horizontal intrinsic connections in area 17.
BibTeX: @article{Ankaoua:1993, author = {D. Ankaoua and R. Malach}, title = {Evidence for plasticity of intrinsic horizontal connections in area 17 of the rat.}, journal = {Isr J Med Sci}, school = {Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.}, year = {1993}, volume = {29}, number = {9}, pages = {555--569} }
Ankaoua, D. and Malach, R.	Evidence for plasticity of intrinsic horizontal connections in area 17 of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Israel journal of medical sciences Vol. 29, pp. 555-69	article
Abstract: The potential for peripheral modification of intrinsic horizontal connections was studied in the primary visual cortex (area 17) of adult, hooded rats that underwent monocular enucleation (ME) or binocular enucleation (BE) at the day of birth. The intrinsic connections were labelled by localized tracer injections at various sites in area 17. The pattern of interhemispheric callosal connections was revealed in the same animals by extensive injections of a distinguishable tracer in the contralateral hemisphere. The results show marked and consistent changes in area 17 intrinsic connections as a result of the neonatal enucleations. Specifically, in contrast to normally reared rats in which intrinsic connections are short ranged and are organized fairly uniformly around the injection site, in ME cases intrinsic connections extend over half the width of area 17, usually targeting a second field within area 17. In BE cases, the injection sites result in the appearance of elongated tongues and patches of label that protrude in different directions from the injection site. The observed modifications of intrinsic connections are clearly related to the abnormalities induced by enucleations in the pattern of callosal connections, such that intrinsic connections tend to form either between callosally connected sites or between a-callosal sites but avoid intermixing the two. The results reveal a high level of plasticity in the developing intrinsic connections. A Hebbian rule of connectivity is proposed as the underlying process guiding the formation of horizontal intrinsic connections in area 17.
BibTeX: @article{Ankaoua:1993a, author = {Ankaoua, D. and Malach, R.}, title = {Evidence for plasticity of intrinsic horizontal connections in area 17 of the rat.}, journal = {Israel journal of medical sciences}, year = {1993}, volume = {29}, pages = {555-69}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Anken, R. and Rahmann, H.	Influence of long-term hyper-gravity on the reactivity of succinic acid dehydrogenase and nadph-diaphorase in the central nervous system of fish: A histochemical study [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Advances in Space Research Vol. 22(2), pp. 281-285	article	URL
Abstract: In the course of a densitometric evaluation, the histochemically demonstrated reactivity of succinic acid dehydrogenase (SDH) and of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPHD) was determined in different brain nuclei of two teleost fish (cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus, swordtail fish Xiphophorus helleri), which had been kept under 3g hyper-gravity for 8 days. SDH was chosen since it is a rate limiting enzyme of the Krebs cycle and therefore it is regarded as a marker for metabolic and neuronal activity. NADPHD reactivity reflects the activity of nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous intercellular messenger that has been suggested to play a major role in several different in vivo models of neuronal plasticity including learning. Within particular vestibulum-connected brain centers, significant effects of hyper-gravity were obtained, e.g., in the magnocellular nucleus, a primary vestibular relay ganglion of the brain stem octavolateralis area, in the superior rectus subdivision of the oculomotoric nucleus and within cerebellar eurydendroid cells, which in teleosts possibly resemble the deep cerebellar nucleus of higher vertebrates. Non-vestibulum related nuclei did not respond to hyper-gravity in a significant way. The effect of hyper-gravity found was much less distinct in adult animals as compared to the circumstances seen in larval fish (Anken et al., Adv. Space Res. 17, 1996), possibly due to a development correlated loss of neuronal plasticity. © 1998 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Anken:1998, author = {Anken, R.H. and Rahmann, H.}, title = {Influence of long-term hyper-gravity on the reactivity of succinic acid dehydrogenase and nadph-diaphorase in the central nervous system of fish: A histochemical study}, journal = {Advances in Space Research}, year = {1998}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {281-285}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032235642&partnerID=40&md5=38245993af7c808f16f33a8d9709a911} }
Anlauf, E. and Derouiche, A.	A practical calibration procedure for fluorescence colocalization at the single organelle level. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	J Microsc Vol. 233(2), pp. 225-233School: Institute of Anatomy, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We have determined practical requirements for antigen colocalization on subcellular structures. The calibration standards used were 175-nm fluorescent microspheres and microtubules (approximately 255 nm) in cultured astrocytes. The colocalization problem became apparent with detection of anti-alpha-tubulin labelling in three colour channels, when images were not identical. Complete superimposition could only be achieved by shifting the single colour image stacks relative to one another in three dimension, and images in the xy plane. The errors could be traced in chromatic aberration (100 nm each between blue and green, and green and red), and to a lateral pixel shift (approximately 150 nm). For such colocalization, it was essential to apply image projection on the camera chip at high magnification (200 x), focus steps (100 nm) smaller than required by the Nyquist criterion and very narrow band filter sets, in addition to high-aperture achromat lenses. Several steps in the deconvolution settings and in 3D reconstruction had to be standardized. As a result, the 175-nm microspheres, which displayed roughly symmetric diffraction patterns above and below the object plane, were reconstructed as spherical objects. Several neighbouring microtubules could be resolved with a limit < 200 nm. Also, three-colour colocalization on a single tubule was validated. Applying this setup, it was possible to colocalize several antigens in astrocytes, at the level of organelles, presumptive exocytosis vesicles. We colocalized glutamate and 14-3-3 protein as well as synaptophysin and 14-3-3 protein, which may be involved in early steps of exocytosis. The practical parameters validate colocalization on subcellular structures at a resolution limit below conventional light microscopy.
BibTeX: @article{Anlauf:2009, author = {Anlauf, E. and Derouiche, A.}, title = {A practical calibration procedure for fluorescence colocalization at the single organelle level.}, journal = {J Microsc}, school = {Institute of Anatomy, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany.}, year = {2009}, volume = {233}, number = {2}, pages = {225--233}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03112.x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03112.x} }
Annaert, W., Liona, I., Backer, A., Jacob, W. and De Potter, W.	Catecholamines Are Present in a Synaptic‐Like Microvesicle‐Enriched Fraction from Bovine Adrenal Medulla [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Journal of Neurochemistry Vol. 60(5), pp. 1746-1754	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Abstract: “Synaptic‐like microvesicles” are present in all neuroendocrine cells and cell lines. Despite their resemblance to small synaptic vesicles of the CNS. a thorough biochemical characterization is lacking. Moreover, the subcellular distribution of synaptophysin, the most abundant integral membrane protein of small synaptic vesicles, in adrenal medulla is still controversial. Using gradient centrifugation. we were able to compare the distribution of several markers for small synaptic vesicles and chromaffin granules. Synaptophysin was found at a high density (1.16 g/ml), purifying away from dopamine β‐hydroxylase and cytochrome b561. Both noradrenaline and adrenaline showed a parallel distribution with synaptophysin, suggesting their presence in synaptic‐like microvesicles. Experiments in the presence of tetrabenazine did not influence the catecholamine content. Additionally, tetrabenazine binding showed a consistent shoulder in the region of synaptophysin. [3H]‐ Noradrenaline uptake was blocked by tetrabenazine, but not by desipramine. Also chromogranin A parallels the distribution of synaptophysin: however, a localization in the Golgi cannot be ruled out. Synaptophysin was shown to undergo very fast phosphorylation, together with another triplet protein of ∼ 18 kDa. In contrast, the latter showed a rather bimodal distribution coinciding with synaptophysin and dopamine β‐hydroxylase. Immunoelectron microscopy of synaptic‐like microvesicle fractions showed an intense labeling for synaptophysin on 60‐90‐nm organelles. Whereas abundant gold labeling for cytochrome b561 was found over the entire surface of chromaffin granules, synaptophysin labeling was encountered mostly on vesicles adsorbed to granules. We conclude that catecholamines might be stored in synaptic‐like microvesicles of the chromaffin cell. Copyright © 1993, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
BibTeX: @article{Annaert:1993, author = {Annaert, W.G. and Liona, I. and Backer, A.C. and Jacob, W.A. and De Potter, W.P.}, title = {Catecholamines Are Present in a Synaptic‐Like Microvesicle‐Enriched Fraction from Bovine Adrenal Medulla}, journal = {Journal of Neurochemistry}, year = {1993}, volume = {60}, number = {5}, pages = {1746-1754}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027322820&partnerID=40&md5=15fefcd60d3633ccf8582f269c813a9d}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb13399.x} }
Annaert, W.G., Becker, B., Kistner, U., Reth, M. and Jahn, R.	Export of cellubrevin from the endoplasmic reticulum is controlled by BAP31. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	J Cell Biol Vol. 139(6), pp. 1397-1410School: Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: Cellubrevin is a ubiquitously expressed membrane protein that is localized to endosomes throughout the endocytotic pathway and functions in constitutive exocytosis. We report that cellubrevin binds with high specificity to BAP31, a representative of a highly conserved family of integral membrane proteins that has recently been discovered to be binding proteins of membrane immunoglobulins. The interaction between BAP31 and cellubrevin is sensitive to high ionic strength and appears to require the transmembrane regions of both proteins. No other proteins of liver membrane extracts copurified with BAP31 on immobilized recombinant cellubrevin, demonstrating that the interaction is specific. Synaptobrevin I bound to BAP31 with comparable affinity, whereas only weak binding was detectable with synaptobrevin II. Furthermore, a fraction of BAP31 and cellubrevin was complexed when each of them was quantitatively immunoprecipitated from detergent extracts of fibroblasts (BHK 21 cells). During purification of clathrin-coated vesicles or early endosomes, BAP31 did not cofractionate with cellubrevin. Rather, the protein was enriched in ER-containing fractions. When BHK cells were analyzed by immunocytochemistry, BAP31 did not overlap with cellubrevin, but rather colocalized with resident proteins of the ER. In addition, immunoreactive vesicles were clustered in a paranuclear region close to the microtubule organizing center, but different from the Golgi apparatus. When microtubules were depolymerized with nocodazole, this accumulation disappeared and BAP31 was confined to the ER. Truncation of the cytoplasmic tail of BAP31 prevented export of cellubrevin, but not of the transferrin receptor from the ER. We conclude that BAP31 represents a novel class of sorting proteins that controls anterograde transport of certain membrane proteins from the ER to the Golgi complex.
BibTeX: @article{Annaert:1997, author = {Annaert, W. G. and Becker, B. and Kistner, U. and Reth, M. and Jahn, R.}, title = {Export of cellubrevin from the endoplasmic reticulum is controlled by BAP31.}, journal = {J Cell Biol}, school = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.}, year = {1997}, volume = {139}, number = {6}, pages = {1397--1410}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.139.6.1397} }
Annett, L., McGregor, A. and Robbins, T.	The effects of ibotenic acid lesions of the nucleus accumbens on spatial learning and extinction in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Behavioural Brain Research Vol. 31(3), pp. 231-242	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Rats with ibotenic acid lesions of the nucleus accumbens (N. Acc) were studied in two spatial learning paradigms: a T-maze and a Morris water maze. Learning of a spatial discrimination task and its reversal in the T-maze were disrupted by the N.Acc lesions. As both original and reversal learning were impaired, there was no evidence of a specific lesion effect on reversal learning. The lesioned rats did not perseverate excessively in their choice of the previously reinforced arm. There was evidence of behavioural infexibility during extinction when the lesioned rats failed to slow the pace at which they ran the maze in the absence of reward. Spontaneous alternation was not significantly affected by the lesion. Acquisition of the second spatial task, locating the hidden platform in the Morris water maze, was also impaired. The lesioned rats did eventually learn the task and successfully reached the platform with similar latencies and heading errors to controls. Thus, the N.Acc lesions impaired but did not abolish spatial learning in the T-maze and the water maze. The deficits observed in this study may reflect a role for the N.Acc in the reorganisation of behaviour in response to external change. © 1989.
BibTeX: @article{Annett:1989, author = {Annett, L.E. and McGregor, A. and Robbins, T.W.}, title = {The effects of ibotenic acid lesions of the nucleus accumbens on spatial learning and extinction in the rat}, journal = {Behavioural Brain Research}, year = {1989}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {231-242}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024533189&partnerID=40&md5=136e55d98060d8549f6c9e0db79ec2a6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(89)90005-3} }
Anschel, S., Alexander, M. and Perachio, A.A.	Multiple connections of medial hypothalamic neurons in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Exp Brain Res Vol. 46(3), pp. 383-392	article	DOI
Abstract: The responses of 700 single neurons in the hypothalamus to electrical stimulation of the preoptic area, limbic structures, and midbrain were studied to determine the location of neurons with multiple inputs and to identify by antidromic activation the projection areas of those neurons. Converging excitatory inputs, observed in 134 responsive hypothalamic neurons, were principally derived from the preoptic, limbic, and midbrain areas. Inputs from separate nuclei of the amygdala were noted in the response of individual hypothalamic neurons. Two classes of short latency transsynaptic responses to amygdala stimulation were defined, indicating either separate pathways from the amygdala to the medial hypothalamus or two types of fibers conducting at different velocities. Stimulation of single or multiple sites in the preoptic and limbic areas, as well as in the arcuate nucleus and medial forebrain bundle produced inhibition of hypothalamic neuronal activity. Most antidromically identified medial hypothalamic neurons projected to the preoptic area, median eminence (tuberoinfundibular neurons), or midbrain. Evidence is presented for collateral projections of tuberoinfundibular neurons to the preoptic area and reticular formation. Medial hypothalamic neurons received inputs from the preoptic area, lateral septal nucleus, amygdala, ventral hippocampus (subiculum), and fornix. These findings illustrate a pattern of reciprocal connections between the medial hypothalamus and limbic and midbrain structures. It was concluded that the hypothalamus contains a type of neuron that is equipped to perform complex integrations and to coordinate directly the behavior of neurons in a diversity of anatomical regions.
BibTeX: @article{Anschel:1982, author = {Anschel, S. and Alexander, M. and Perachio, A. A.}, title = {Multiple connections of medial hypothalamic neurons in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1982}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {383--392}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00238633} }
Ansell, G.B. and Spanner, S.	Studies on the origin of choline in the brain of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1971	Biochem J Vol. 122(5), pp. 741-750	article	DOI
Abstract: 1. Labelled precursors of choline, namely ethanolamine, dimethylaminoethanol and methionine and also labelled choline itself were injected intraperitoneally into the adult female rat and the incorporation into lipids and water-soluble fractions was traced in liver, blood and brain. 2. No significant free choline was detected and no labelling of the phosphorylcholine of blood. There was, however, considerable labelling of the phosphorylcholine of brain and liver. 3. After intracerebral injection, [1,2-(14)C]dimethylaminoethanol was rapidly phosphorylated and converted into phosphatidyldimethylaminoethanol, presumably by the cytidine pathway. 4. In view of the pattern of labelling and the amount of phosphatidylcholine in the tissues examined, it seems highly likely that choline is transported to the brain by the blood in a lipid-bound form.
BibTeX: @article{Ansell:1971, author = {G. B. Ansell and S. Spanner}, title = {Studies on the origin of choline in the brain of the rat.}, journal = {Biochem J}, year = {1971}, volume = {122}, number = {5}, pages = {741--750}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1042/bj1220741} }
Ansell, G.B. and Spanner, S.	Studies on the origin of choline in the brain of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1971	The Biochemical journal Vol. 122, pp. 741-50	article
Abstract: 1. Labelled precursors of choline, namely ethanolamine, dimethylaminoethanol and methionine and also labelled choline itself were injected intraperitoneally into the adult female rat and the incorporation into lipids and water-soluble fractions was traced in liver, blood and brain. 2. No significant free choline was detected and no labelling of the phosphorylcholine of blood. There was, however, considerable labelling of the phosphorylcholine of brain and liver. 3. After intracerebral injection, [1,2-(14)C]dimethylaminoethanol was rapidly phosphorylated and converted into phosphatidyldimethylaminoethanol, presumably by the cytidine pathway. 4. In view of the pattern of labelling and the amount of phosphatidylcholine in the tissues examined, it seems highly likely that choline is transported to the brain by the blood in a lipid-bound form.
BibTeX: @article{Ansell:1971a, author = {Ansell, G. B. and Spanner, S.}, title = {Studies on the origin of choline in the brain of the rat.}, journal = {The Biochemical journal}, year = {1971}, volume = {122}, pages = {741-50}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Anselmi, L., Toti, L., Bove, C., Hampton, J. and Travagli, R.A.	A Nigro-Vagal Pathway Controls Gastric Motility and is Affected in a Rat Model of Parkinsonism [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2017	Gastroenterology, pp. -	article	DOI URL
Abstract: AbstractBackground & Aims In most patients with Parkinson’s disease, gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunctions, such as gastroparesis and constipation, are prodromal to the cardinal motor symptoms of the disease. Sporadic Parkinson’s disease has been proposed to develop following ingestion of neurotoxicants that affect the brain–gut axis via the vagus nerve, and then travel to higher centers compromising the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and, later, the cerebral cortex. We aimed to identify the pathway that connects the brainstem vagal nuclei and the SNpc, and to determine whether this pathway is compromised in a rat model of Parkinsonism. Methods To study this neural pathway in rats, we placed tracers in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) or SNpc; brainstem and midbrain were examined for tracer distribution and neuronal neurochemical phenotype. Rats were given injections of paraquat once weekly for 3 weeks to induce features of Parkinsonism, or vehicle (control). Gastric tone and motility were recorded following NMDA\ microinjection in the SNpc\ and/or optogenetic stimulation of nigro-vagal terminals in the DVC. Results Stimulation of the SNpc\ increased gastric tone and motility via activation of dopamine 1 receptors in the DVC. In the paraquat-induced model of Parkinsonism, this nigro-vagal pathway was compromised during the early stages of motor deficit development. Conclusions We identified and characterized a nigro-vagal monosynaptic pathway in rats that controls gastric tone and motility. This pathway might be involved in the prodromal gastric dysmotility observed in patients with early-stage Parkinson’s disease.
BibTeX: @article{Anselmi:2017, author = {Laura Anselmi and Luca Toti and Cecilia Bove and Jessica Hampton and R. Alberto Travagli}, title = {A Nigro-Vagal Pathway Controls Gastric Motility and is Affected in a Rat Model of Parkinsonism}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, year = {2017}, pages = {-}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016508517361383}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.069} }
Anseloni, V., Weng, H.-R., Terayama, R., Letizia, D., Davis, B., Ren, K., Dubner, R. and Ennis, M.	Age-dependency of analgesia elicited by intraoral sucrose in acute and persistent pain models [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Pain Vol. 97(1-2), pp. 93-103	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Treatment of pain in newborns is associated with problematic drug side effects. Previous studies demonstrate that an intraoral infusion of sucrose and other sweet components of mother's milk are effective in alleviating pain in infant rats and humans. These findings are of considerable significance, as sweet tastants are used in pain and stress management in a number of clinical procedures performed in human infants. The ability of sweet stimuli to induce analgesia is absent in adult rats, suggesting that this is a developmentally transient phenomenon. However, the age range over which intraoral sucrose is capable of producing analgesia is not known. We investigated the effects of intraoral sucrose (7.5%) on nocifensive withdrawal responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli in naive and inflamed rats at postnatal days (P) P0-21. In some rats, Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was injected in a fore- or hindpaw to produce inflammation. In non-inflamed animals, for noxious thermal stimuli, sucrose- induced analgesia emerged at P3, peaked at P7-10, then progressively declined and was absent at P17. For mechanical forepaw stimuli, sucrose-induced analgesia emerged, and was maximal at ∼P10, then declined and was absent at P17. By contrast, maximal sucrose-induced analgesia for mechanical hindpaw stimuli was delayed (P13) compared to that for the forepaw, although it was also absent at P17. In inflamed animals, sucrose reduced hyperesthesia and hyperalgesia assessed with mechanical stimuli. Sucrose-induced analgesia in inflamed animals was initially present at P3 for the forepaw and P13 for the hindpaw, and was absent by P17 for both limbs. Intraoral sucrose produced significantly greater effects on responses in fore- and hindpaws in inflamed rats than in naive rats indicating that it reduces hyperalgesia and allodynia beyond its effects on responses in naive animals. These findings support the hypothesis that sucrose has a selective influence on analgesic mechanisms and that an enhanced sucrose effect takes place in hyperalgesic, inflamed animals as compared to naive animals. Taken together, these results indicate that intraoral sucrose alleviates transient pain in response to thermal and mechanical stimuli, and also effectively reduces inflammatory hyperalgesia and allodynia. Sucrose-induced analgesia is age-dependent and limited to the pre-weaning period in rats. The age-dependency of sucrose-induced analgesia and its differential maturation for the fore- and hindpaw may be due to developmental changes in endogenous analgesic mechanisms and developmental modulation of the interaction between gustatory and pain modulatory pathways. © 2002 International Association for the study of Pain. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Anseloni:2002, author = {Anseloni, V.C.Z and Weng, H.-R. and Terayama, R. and Letizia, D. and Davis, B.J. and Ren, K. and Dubner, R. and Ennis, M.}, title = {Age-dependency of analgesia elicited by intraoral sucrose in acute and persistent pain models}, journal = {Pain}, year = {2002}, volume = {97}, number = {1-2}, pages = {93-103}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036275936&partnerID=40&md5=52e386b381ba72ccbae771c5805a2b96}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00010-6} }
Anson, R.M., Cutler, R., Joseph, J.A., Yamagami, K. and Roth, G.S.	The effects of aging on muscarinic receptor/G-protein coupling in the rat hippocampus and striatum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Brain Res Vol. 598(1-2), pp. 302-306School: Molecular Physiology and Genetics Section, Gerontology Research Center/NIA, Baltimore, MD 21224.	article	DOI
Abstract: In the striatum and hippocampus, there is a loss of sensitivity to muscarinic agonists with age which has been traced to events early in the signal transduction pathway. Our laboratory has therefore focussed on investigations at this level. The current experiments investigate the effects of age on G-protein/receptor interactions by using competitive binding assays to measure the ability of GppNHp to decrease the proportion of receptors bound to G-proteins in the absence and the presence of added Mg2+. L-[3H]Quinuclidinyl benzilate was used as a nonselective ligand and [3H]pirenzepine as an M1 selective ligand. We find that: (1) muscarinic receptors and G-proteins in the striatum appear to become loosely coupled with age, with no change in Mg2+ sensitivity. (2) M1-receptor/G-protein complexes in the hippocampus display increased sensitivity to the presence of Mg2+ with age, with those from old but not young tissue requiring added Mg2+ in order to uncouple. This effect, however, may not be M1 specific.
BibTeX: @article{Anson:1992, author = {R. M. Anson and R. Cutler and J. A. Joseph and K. Yamagami and G. S. Roth}, title = {The effects of aging on muscarinic receptor/G-protein coupling in the rat hippocampus and striatum.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Molecular Physiology and Genetics Section, Gerontology Research Center/NIA, Baltimore, MD 21224.}, year = {1992}, volume = {598}, number = {1-2}, pages = {302--306}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)90197-h} }
Anson, R.M., Cutler, R., Joseph, J.A., Yamagami, K. and Roth, G.S.	The effects of aging on muscarinic receptor/G-protein coupling in the rat hippocampus and striatum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Brain research Vol. 598, pp. 302-6	article
Abstract: In the striatum and hippocampus, there is a loss of sensitivity to muscarinic agonists with age which has been traced to events early in the signal transduction pathway. Our laboratory has therefore focussed on investigations at this level. The current experiments investigate the effects of age on G-protein/receptor interactions by using competitive binding assays to measure the ability of GppNHp to decrease the proportion of receptors bound to G-proteins in the absence and the presence of added Mg2+. L-[3H]Quinuclidinyl benzilate was used as a nonselective ligand and [3H]pirenzepine as an M1 selective ligand. We find that: (1) muscarinic receptors and G-proteins in the striatum appear to become loosely coupled with age, with no change in Mg2+ sensitivity. (2) M1-receptor/G-protein complexes in the hippocampus display increased sensitivity to the presence of Mg2+ with age, with those from old but not young tissue requiring added Mg2+ in order to uncouple. This effect, however, may not be M1 specific.
BibTeX: @article{Anson:1992a, author = {Anson, R. M. and Cutler, R. and Joseph, J. A. and Yamagami, K. and Roth, G. S.}, title = {The effects of aging on muscarinic receptor/G-protein coupling in the rat hippocampus and striatum.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1992}, volume = {598}, pages = {302-6}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Antal, M.	Termination areas of corticobulbar and corticospinal fibres in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	J Hirnforsch Vol. 25(6), pp. 647-659	article
Abstract: Solution of the cobaltic lysine complex compound injected into the bulbar pyramid was taken up by pyramidal tract (PT) fibres and intraaxonally transported as far rostral as the internal capsule, and as far caudal as segment C4 of the spinal cord. With sulfide-precipitation of the cobalt and silver-intensification of the CoS, terminal branches of corticobulbar and corticospinal fibres could be shown in the following structures: In the pons the medial, ventral and the medial part of the lateral pontine nuclei are supplied with collaterals of PT fibres. The medial pontine nucleus receives contralateral PT fibres as well. The nucleus raphe magnus receives PT fibre collaterals from both sides. In the reticular formation contralateral fibres terminate in n. reticularis pontis caudalis, n. gigantocellularis, n. paramedianus, n. reticularis ventralis and dorsalis. Ipsilateral fibers terminate in the n. gigantocellularis and n. reticularis ventralis. The inferior olive receives both ipsilateral and contralateral PT fibres. All parts of the central gray substance are supplied by ipsi-and contralateral fibres which emerge from the PT at the level of the pyramidal decussation. The caudal nucleus of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminus receives a strong bundle of crossing PT fibres which terminate in the subnucleus magnocellularis. The dorsal column nuclei are virtually outlined by the numerous terminals of PT fibres. An oval area at ventrolateral aspect of the cuneate nucleus is innervated by PT fibres. The neurones of this area send their axons to the dorsal white column. In the spinal cord PT fibre terminals delineate four areas of termination. The first is the internal basilar nucleus which is the most richly supplied. The second lies lateral and ventral to this nucleus including segments of laminae V, VI, and VII. The third area extends into the ventral horn including a small zone of the ventral part of lamina VII. Thin PT fibre collaterals may establish here direct contacts with motoneurone dendrites. The fourth area includes laminae III and IV and receives individual terminal formations of thicker PT fibres. Findings which corroborate and which extend previous results are discussed. A few notes are made on the functional significance of some of these fibre connections.
BibTeX: @article{Antal:1984, author = {Antal, M.}, title = {Termination areas of corticobulbar and corticospinal fibres in the rat.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, year = {1984}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {647--659} }
Antal, M., Eyre, M., Finklea, B. and Nusser, Z.	External tufted cells in the main olfactory bulb form two distinct subpopulations. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 24(4), pp. 1124-1136School: Laboratory of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony Street 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The glomeruli of the main olfactory bulb are the first processing station of the olfactory pathway, where complex interactions occur between sensory axons, mitral cells and a variety of juxtaglomerular neurons, including external tufted cells (ETCs). Despite a number of studies characterizing ETCs, little is known about how their morphological and functional properties correspond to each other. Here we determined the active and passive electrical properties of ETCs using in vitro whole-cell recordings, and correlated them with their dendritic arborization patterns. Principal component followed by cluster analysis revealed two distinct subpopulations of ETCs based on their electrophysiological properties. Eight out of 12 measured physiological parameters exhibited significant difference between the two subpopulations, including the membrane time constant, amplitude of spike afterhyperpolarization, variance in the interspike interval distribution and subthreshold resonance. Cluster analysis of the morphological properties of the cells also revealed two subpopulations, the most prominent dissimilarity between the groups being the presence or absence of secondary, basal dendrites. Finally, clustering the cells taking all measured properties into account also indicated the presence of two subpopulations that mapped in an almost perfect one-to-one fashion to both the physiologically and the morphologically derived groups. Our results demonstrate that a number of functional and structural properties of ETCs are highly predictive of one another. However, cells within each subpopulation exhibit pronounced variability, suggesting a large degree of specialization evolved to fulfil specific functional requirements in olfactory information processing.
BibTeX: @article{Antal:2006, author = {Antal, Miklós and Eyre, Mark and Finklea, Bryson and Nusser, Zoltan}, title = {External tufted cells in the main olfactory bulb form two distinct subpopulations.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Laboratory of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony Street 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.}, year = {2006}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {1124--1136}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04988.x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04988.x} }
Antal, M., Freund, T.F., Somogyi, P. and McIlhinney, R.A.	Simultaneous anterograde labelling of two afferent pathways to the same target area with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin conjugated to biotin or dinitrophenol. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	J Chem Neuroanat Vol. 3(1), pp. 1-9School: MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford, UK.	article
Abstract: Anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and PHA-L conjugated to either biotin or 2,4-dinitrophenol were used to simultaneously label two populations of axons converging onto the same target area. Using the rat hippocampus as a test system, the septohippocampal and contralateral hilar afferents were labelled with the tracers. Double immunohistochemical procedures and either nickel-enhanced 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction (blue-black colour) or DAB alone (brown colour) were used to produce contrasting colours for the different tracers in the same section. Both the biotinylated PHA-L and PHA-L conjugated with dinitrophenol were used successfully as anterogradely transported axonal tracers. They produced extensive axonal labelling in the hippocampal formation. Excellent double labelling could be produced with the simultaneous application of PHA-L and biotinylated PHA-L. Biotinylated PHA-L was visualized by a sequence of avidin-biotinylated peroxidase complex (ABC), biotinylated goat antiavidin and ABC again using nickel-enhanced DAB as chromogen yielding a blue-black reaction endproduct. PHA-L alone was detected by the unlabelled antibody enzyme (PAP) method using goat antibodies to PHA-L, and DAB as chromogen for the peroxidase reaction, resulting in brown axons. The combination of biotinylated PHA-L and DNP-conjugated PHA-L gave similar results, although the sensitivity of detection by the latter procedure was inferior to that obtained with the other tracers. These protocols permitted visualization of axons of different origin, together with their terminals, either in a blue-black or brown colour, and also allowed the demonstration of overlapping inputs in strata radiatum and lacunosum moleculare of the hippocampus and stratum moleculare and hilus of the dentate gyrus.
BibTeX: @article{Antal:1990, author = {M. Antal and T. F. Freund and P. Somogyi and R. A. McIlhinney}, title = {Simultaneous anterograde labelling of two afferent pathways to the same target area with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin conjugated to biotin or dinitrophenol.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, school = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford, UK.}, year = {1990}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {1--9} }
Antal, M., Freund, T.F., Somogyi, P. and McIlhinney, R.A.	Simultaneous anterograde labelling of two afferent pathways to the same target area with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin conjugated to biotin or dinitrophenol. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Journal of chemical neuroanatomy Vol. 3, pp. 1-9	article	URL
Abstract: Anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and PHA-L conjugated to either biotin or 2,4-dinitrophenol were used to simultaneously label two populations of axons converging onto the same target area. Using the rat hippocampus as a test system, the septohippocampal and contralateral hilar afferents were labelled with the tracers. Double immunohistochemical procedures and either nickel-enhanced 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction (blue-black colour) or DAB alone (brown colour) were used to produce contrasting colours for the different tracers in the same section. Both the biotinylated PHA-L and PHA-L conjugated with dinitrophenol were used successfully as anterogradely transported axonal tracers. They produced extensive axonal labelling in the hippocampal formation. Excellent double labelling could be produced with the simultaneous application of PHA-L and biotinylated PHA-L. Biotinylated PHA-L was visualized by a sequence of avidin-biotinylated peroxidase complex (ABC), biotinylated goat antiavidin and ABC again using nickel-enhanced DAB as chromogen yielding a blue-black reaction endproduct. PHA-L alone was detected by the unlabelled antibody enzyme (PAP) method using goat antibodies to PHA-L, and DAB as chromogen for the peroxidase reaction, resulting in brown axons. The combination of biotinylated PHA-L and DNP-conjugated PHA-L gave similar results, although the sensitivity of detection by the latter procedure was inferior to that obtained with the other tracers. These protocols permitted visualization of axons of different origin, together with their terminals, either in a blue-black or brown colour, and also allowed the demonstration of overlapping inputs in strata radiatum and lacunosum moleculare of the hippocampus and stratum moleculare and hilus of the dentate gyrus.
BibTeX: @article{Antal:1990a, author = {Antal, M and Freund, T F and Somogyi, P and McIlhinney, R A}, title = {Simultaneous anterograde labelling of two afferent pathways to the same target area with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin conjugated to biotin or dinitrophenol.}, journal = {Journal of chemical neuroanatomy}, year = {1990}, volume = {3}, pages = {1--9}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/08910618?sdc=1} }
Antal, M., Petkó, M., Polgár, E., Heizmann, C.W. and Storm-Mathisen, J.	Direct evidence of an extensive GABAergic innervation of the spinal dorsal horn by fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial medulla. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Neuroscience Vol. 73(2), pp. 509-518School: Department of Anatomy, University Medical School, Debrecen, Hungary.	article	DOI
Abstract: A long line of studies emphasizes the contribution of serotonergic fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial medulla in the control of spinal nociceptive information processing. A growing body of evidence, however, suggests that the relative contribution of serotonin to the mediation of spinal neuronal activity from the rostral ventromedial medulla may require re-evaluation. It has recently been substantiated that, in addition to the serotonergic fibres, the spinal dorsal horn receives an abundant non-serotonergic projection from the rostral ventromedial medulla. Furthermore, stimulation in the rostral ventromedial medulla could result in a powerful inhibition of nociceptive spinothalamic tract cells without any detectable serotonin release in the dorsal horn. After labelling raphe-spinal axons and axon terminals in the rat by iontophoretic injections of the anterograde axonal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the central region of the rostral ventromedial medulla (nucleus raphe magnus) and revealing GABA and glycine immunoreactivities of the labelled raphe-spinal terminals and their postsynaptic targets by postembedding immunocytochemical methods, here we demonstrate an extensive GABAergic projection from the rostral ventromedial medulla to the spinal dorsal horn. We show that the majority of the labelled raphe-spinal terminals in laminae I-IIo and IV-V contain GABA and some of the GABA-immunoreactive terminals are also immunoreactive for glycine. We also disclose that GABA-immunoreactive raphe-spinal terminals establish synaptic contacts primarily with GABA- and glycine-negative, presumably excitatory, spinal neurons, including Calbindin-D28k- as well as parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells in both laminae I-IIo and IV-V. The results suggest that volleys in fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial medulla may evoke GABA release from raphe-spinal terminals, and the released GABA, in some cases probably acting together with glycine, might play a crucial, as yet mostly unidentified, role in the inhibition of nociceptive information processing in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
BibTeX: @article{Antal:1996, author = {M. Antal and M. Petkó and E. Polgár and C. W. Heizmann and J. Storm-Mathisen}, title = {Direct evidence of an extensive GABAergic innervation of the spinal dorsal horn by fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial medulla.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Anatomy, University Medical School, Debrecen, Hungary.}, year = {1996}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {509--518}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(96)00063-2} }
Antal, M., Petkó, M., Polgár, E., Heizmann, C.W. and Storm-Mathisen, J.	Direct evidence of an extensive GABAergic innervation of the spinal dorsal horn by fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial medulla. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Neuroscience Vol. 73(2), pp. 509-518School: Department of Anatomy, University Medical School, Debrecen, Hungary.	article	DOI
Abstract: A long line of studies emphasizes the contribution of serotonergic fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial medulla in the control of spinal nociceptive information processing. A growing body of evidence, however, suggests that the relative contribution of serotonin to the mediation of spinal neuronal activity from the rostral ventromedial medulla may require re-evaluation. It has recently been substantiated that, in addition to the serotonergic fibres, the spinal dorsal horn receives an abundant non-serotonergic projection from the rostral ventromedial medulla. Furthermore, stimulation in the rostral ventromedial medulla could result in a powerful inhibition of nociceptive spinothalamic tract cells without any detectable serotonin release in the dorsal horn. After labelling raphe-spinal axons and axon terminals in the rat by iontophoretic injections of the anterograde axonal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the central region of the rostral ventromedial medulla (nucleus raphe magnus) and revealing GABA and glycine immunoreactivities of the labelled raphe-spinal terminals and their postsynaptic targets by postembedding immunocytochemical methods, here we demonstrate an extensive GABAergic projection from the rostral ventromedial medulla to the spinal dorsal horn. We show that the majority of the labelled raphe-spinal terminals in laminae I-IIo and IV-V contain GABA and some of the GABA-immunoreactive terminals are also immunoreactive for glycine. We also disclose that GABA-immunoreactive raphe-spinal terminals establish synaptic contacts primarily with GABA- and glycine-negative, presumably excitatory, spinal neurons, including Calbindin-D28k- as well as parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells in both laminae I-IIo and IV-V. The results suggest that volleys in fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial medulla may evoke GABA release from raphe-spinal terminals, and the released GABA, in some cases probably acting together with glycine, might play a crucial, as yet mostly unidentified, role in the inhibition of nociceptive information processing in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
BibTeX: @article{Antal:1996a, author = {Antal, M. and Petkó, M. and Polgár, E. and Heizmann, C. W. and Storm-Mathisen, J.}, title = {Direct evidence of an extensive GABAergic innervation of the spinal dorsal horn by fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial medulla.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Anatomy, University Medical School, Debrecen, Hungary.}, year = {1996}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {509--518}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(96)00063-2} }
Antal, M., Sholomenko, G.N., Moschovakis, A.K., Storm-Mathisen, J., Heizmann, C.W. and Hunziker, W.	The termination pattern and postsynaptic targets of rubrospinal fibers in the rat spinal cord: a light and electron microscopic study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	J Comp Neurol Vol. 325(1), pp. 22-37School: Laboratory of Neural Control, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The spinal course, termination pattern, and postsynaptic targets of the rubrospinal tract, which is known to contribute to the initiation and execution of movements, were studied in the rat at the light and electron microscopic levels by using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) in combination with calbindin-D28k (CaBP), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glycine immunocytochemistry. After injections of PHA-L unilaterally into the red nucleus, labelled fibers and terminals were detected at cervical, thoracic, and lumbar segments of the spinal cord. Most of the descending fibers were located in the dorsolateral funiculus contralateral to the injection site, but axons descending ipsilaterally were also revealed. Rubrospinal axon terminals were predominantly found in laminae V-VI and in the dorsal part of lamina VII at all levels and on both sides of the spinal cord, but stained collaterals were also seen in the ventrolateral aspect of Clark's column and in the ventral regions of lamina VII on both sides. The proportion of axonal varicosities revealed on the ipsilateral side varied at different segments and represented 10-28% of the total number of labelled boutons. Most of the labelled boutons were engaged in synaptic contacts with dendrites. Of the 137 rubrospinal boutons investigated, only 2 were found to establish axosomatic synaptic junctions in the lumbar spinal cord contralateral to the PHA-L injection. With the postembedding immunogold method, 80.8% of dendrites establishing synaptic contacts with rubrospinal terminals did not show immunoreactivity for either GABA or glycine, whereas 19.2% of them were immunoreactive for both amino acids. Rubrospinal axons made multiple contacts with CaBP-immunoreactive neurons in laminae V-VI. Synaptic contacts between rubrospinal terminals and CaBP-immunoreactive dendrites were identified at the electron microscopic level, and all CaBP-containing postsynaptic dendrites investigated were negative for both GABA and glycine. The results suggest that rubrospinal terminals establish synaptic contacts with both excitatory and inhibitory interneurons in the rat spinal cord, and a population of excitatory interneurons receiving monosynaptic rubrospinal input is located in laminae V-VI.
BibTeX: @article{Antal:1992, author = {Antal, M. and Sholomenko, G. N. and Moschovakis, A. K. and Storm-Mathisen, J. and Heizmann, C. W. and Hunziker, W.}, title = {The termination pattern and postsynaptic targets of rubrospinal fibers in the rat spinal cord: a light and electron microscopic study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Laboratory of Neural Control, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.}, year = {1992}, volume = {325}, number = {1}, pages = {22--37}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903250103}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903250103} }
Antal, Z.	The lateralmost aspect of the superficial dorsal horn and the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN) of the lumbar spinal cord of the rat: anatomical description of neurons and electrophysiological study of their propriospinal connections [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	School: UNIVERSITY OF DEBRECEN, DOCTORAL SCHOOL OF NEUROSCIENCES	phdthesis	URL
Abstract: Our findings indicate that the widespread axonal arbor of lamina I LCNs and frequent collaterals in the dorsolateral white matter designate these neurons, besides some lamina I PNs, as candidates for establishing short- and long-range, intrasegmental and intersegmental propriospinal connections. We have demonstrated the existence of these theoretical propriospinal connections, from lamina I PNs and LCNs onto other lamina I and LSN neurons, which are not frequent but some are extremely potent. The latter may be important in sustained nociceptive signaling during pathological conditions. We revealed unique axon trajectories of putative projection or propriospinal neurons in the lateral aspect of the dorsal horn and in the LSN that suggests a development different from the regular lamina I projection cells. While LSN is not present in all species the novel axon trajectories revealed in our study may help to identify cell groups with analogous function and developmental origin in other species. Our findings emphasize the importance of understanding the connectivity matrix of the superficial dorsal horn in order to decipher spinal sensory information processing.
BibTeX: @phdthesis{Antal:2015a, author = {Antal, Zsofia}, title = {The lateralmost aspect of the superficial dorsal horn and the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN) of the lumbar spinal cord of the rat: anatomical description of neurons and electrophysiological study of their propriospinal connections}, school = {UNIVERSITY OF DEBRECEN, DOCTORAL SCHOOL OF NEUROSCIENCES}, year = {2015}, url = {https://dea.lib.unideb.hu/dea/handle/2437/212788} }
Antal, Z., Luz, L.L., Safronov, B.V., Antal, M. and Szücs, P.	Neurons in the lateral part of the lumbar spinal cord show distinct novel axon trajectories and are excited by short propriospinal ascending inputs. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Brain Struct FunctSchool: Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Univerity of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The role of spinal dorsal horn propriospinal connections in nociceptive processing is not yet established. Recently described, rostrocaudally oriented axon collaterals of lamina I projection and local-circuit neurons (PNs and LCNs) running in the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) may serve as the anatomical substrate for intersegmental processing. Putative targets of these axons include lateral dendrites of superficial dorsal horn neurons, including PNs, and also neurons in the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN) that are thought to be important integrator units receiving, among others, visceral sensory information. Here we used an intact spinal cord preparation to study intersegmental connections within the lateral part of the superficial dorsal horn. We detected brief monosynaptic and prolonged polysynaptic excitation of lamina I and LSN neurons when stimulating individual dorsal horn neurons located caudally, even in neighboring spinal cord segments. These connections, however, were infrequent. We also revealed that some projection neurons outside the dorsal grey matter and in the LSN have distinct, previously undescribed course of their projection axon. Our findings indicate that axon collaterals of lamina I PNs and LCNs in the DLF rarely form functional connections with other lamina I and LSN neurons and that the majority of their targets are on other elements of the dorsal horn. The unique axon trajectories of neurons in the dorsolateral aspect of the spinal cord, including the LSN do not fit our present understanding of midline axon guidance and suggest that their function and development differ from the neurons inside lamina I. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the connectivity matrix of the superficial dorsal horn in order to decipher spinal sensory information processing.
BibTeX: @article{Antal:2015, author = {Antal, Zs and Luz, L. L. and Safronov, B. V. and Antal, M. and Szücs, Peter}, title = {Neurons in the lateral part of the lumbar spinal cord show distinct novel axon trajectories and are excited by short propriospinal ascending inputs.}, journal = {Brain Struct Funct}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Univerity of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.}, year = {2015}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-015-1046-3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-015-1046-3} }
Antala, B., Patel, M., Bhuva, S., Gupta, S., Rabadiya, S. and Lahkar, M.	Protective effect of methanolic extract of Garcinia indica fruits in 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Indian Journal of Pharmacology Vol. 44(6), pp. 683-687	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Context: Several studies have reported that antioxidants play an important role in Parkinson's disease (PD). Garcinia indica extract is a natural antioxidant, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of methanolic extract of Garcinia indica (GIM) against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) neurotoxicity for striatal dopaminergic neurons in the rat. Materials and Methods: Thirty adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups namely control, 6-OHDA model, and GIM (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight suspended in one ml of 0.1% carboxymethyl cellulose). The treatment was started three days before surgery and continued for next 14 days. The surgery was done on third day in all groups for administration of 6-OHDA into the right striatum and right substantia nigra, whereas control group injected with 6-OHDA vehicle. Various behavior and biochemical tests (Apomorphine-induced rotational behavior, Stepping test, Initiation time, Postural balance test, and Disengage time) were used to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of GIM. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's test was used to compare inter-group differences. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: GIM had significant (P<0.05, P<0.01) preventive effect in biochemical tests, i.e., dopamine and its metabolites measurement and in various behavior tests, i.e., apomorphine-induced rotational behavior, stepping test, initiation time, postural balance test, and disengage time as compared to 6-OHDA-treated rats. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that GIM acted as an effective neuroprotective agent for striatal dopaminergic neurons in 6-OHDA lesioned rat model of PD.
BibTeX: @article{Antala:2012, author = {Antala, B.V. and Patel, M.S. and Bhuva, S.V. and Gupta, S. and Rabadiya, S. and Lahkar, M.}, title = {Protective effect of methanolic extract of Garcinia indica fruits in 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease}, journal = {Indian Journal of Pharmacology}, year = {2012}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, pages = {683-687}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84870045565&partnerID=40&md5=e004c50dd27d6dfc58290e4aabfc7f19}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.103242} }
Antinone, S.E., Zaichick, S.V. and Smith, G.A.	Resolving the assembly state of herpes simplex virus during axon transport by live-cell imaging. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	J Virol Vol. 84(24), pp. 13019-13030School: Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Neurotropic herpesviruses depend on long-distance axon transport for the initial establishment of latency in peripheral ganglia (retrograde transport) and for viral spread in axons to exposed body surfaces following reactivation (anterograde transport). Images of neurons infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), acquired using electron microscopy, have led to a debate regarding why different types of viral structures are seen in axons and which of these particles are relevant to the axon transport process. In this study, we applied time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to image HSV-1 virion components actively translocating to distal axons in primary neurons and neuronal cell lines. Key to these findings, only a small fraction of viral particles were engaged in anterograde transport during the egress phase of infection at any given time. By selective analysis of the composition of the subpopulation of actively transporting capsids, a link between transport of fully assembled HSV-1 virions and the neuronal secretory pathway was identified. Last, we have evaluated the seemingly opposing findings made in previous studies of HSV-1 axon transport in fixed cells and demonstrate a limitation to assessing the composition of individual HSV-1 particles using antibody detection methods.
BibTeX: @article{Antinone:2010, author = {Antinone, Sarah E. and Zaichick, Sofia V. and Smith, Gregory A.}, title = {Resolving the assembly state of herpes simplex virus during axon transport by live-cell imaging.}, journal = {J Virol}, school = {Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.}, year = {2010}, volume = {84}, number = {24}, pages = {13019--13030}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01296-10}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01296-10} }
Antognini, J.F. and Carstens, E.	Anesthetic Effects on the Reticular Formation, Brainstem and Central Nervous System Arousal [BibTeX]	2003	Neural Mechanisms of Anesthesia, pp. 169-182	incollection	DOI
BibTeX: @incollection{Antognini:2003, author = {Antognini, Joseph F and Carstens, Earl}, title = {Anesthetic Effects on the Reticular Formation, Brainstem and Central Nervous System Arousal}, booktitle = {Neural Mechanisms of Anesthesia}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {2003}, pages = {169--182}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-322-4:169} }
Anton, F. and Peppel, P.	Central projections of trigeminal primary afferents innervating the nasal mucosa: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Neuroscience Vol. 41(2-3), pp. 617-628School: Institut für Physiologie und Biokybernetik, Erlangen, F.R.G.	article	DOI
Abstract: The respiratory region of the nasal mucosa is innervated by the ethmoidal nerve. Chemical nociceptive stimulation of this area leads to upper airway reflexes that prevent access of noxious substances to the respiratory tract and the lungs. In the present study we examined the localization of the cell bodies of the respective primary afferent fibres within the trigeminal ganglion, as well as their central projections. In 25 rats a horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin gel was applied to the right nasal cavity. The animals were killed after 48-72 h. For visualization of the tracer the tissue was processed according to the tetramethylbenzidine method. In the trigeminal ganglion almost all labelled cell bodies were localized in a medial band immediately caudal to the entrance of the ophthalmomaxillary branch. Transganglionic projections to the trigeminal brainstem nuclear complex were only localized in the superficial laminae of the subnucleus caudalis and in the subnucleus interpolaris, areas known to be involved in processing of nociceptive information. An additional labelled terminal field was observed in the interstitial subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarius, which is involved in respiratory control. These results are in favour of the hypothesis that the ethmoidal nerve in rat constitutes the afferent limb of protective upper airway reflexes since it transmits mainly nociceptive information.
BibTeX: @article{Anton:1991, author = {F. Anton and P. Peppel}, title = {Central projections of trigeminal primary afferents innervating the nasal mucosa: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Institut für Physiologie und Biokybernetik, Erlangen, F.R.G.}, year = {1991}, volume = {41}, number = {2-3}, pages = {617--628}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(91)90354-q} }
Antonetty, C.M. and Webster, K.E.	The organisation of the spinotectal projection. An experimental study in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1975	J Comp Neurol Vol. 163(4), pp. 449-465	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The spinal grey projects upon the contralateral superior colliculus via two overlapping pathways in the lateral funiculus. One, more ventrally placed, is the classical spinotectal tract, which crosses immediately in the spinal cord and remains crossed. The other, lying more dorsally, ascends homolaterally but is subject to delayed crossing in the brainstem (especially the intertectal) commissures to reach the contralateral colliculus. Both sets of fibers end only in the caudal half of the colliculus, predominantly in the stratum album intermedium. The projections from individual cord segments distribute in an ordered fashion as a series of transverse, overlapping bands, the cervical cord projecting most rostrally, the sacro-coccygeal most caudally. Additional fibers, which distribute with less marked topography, end in the lateral extreme of the stratum griseum profundum and stratum album profundum.
BibTeX: @article{Antonetty:1975, author = {C. M. Antonetty and K. E. Webster}, title = {The organisation of the spinotectal projection. An experimental study in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1975}, volume = {163}, number = {4}, pages = {449--465}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat. A lesion study.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901630405}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901630405} }
Antoni, F., Palkovits, M., Makara, G., Linton, E., Lowry, P. and Kiss, J.	Immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone in the hypothalamoinfundibular tract [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Neuroendocrinology Vol. 36(6), pp. 415-423	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRF)-like immunoreactivity has been examined in the rat hypothalamus by light microscopy. Immunoreactivity was found in nerve fibers of the median eminence, mainly in the external zone around the portal vessels. In rats pretreated with colchicine or with hypothalamic knife cuts, small to moderate sized cells with two (bipolar) or rarely more (multipolar) dendrites, showing CRF-like immunoreactivity were present in the antierior and medial parvocellular subdivisions of the paraventricular nucleus. Scattered CRF-like immunopositive cells were found in the periventricular and medial preoptic nuclei. CRF-like immunoreactivity was clearly enhanced in the median eminence and paraventricular nucleus 8-10 days after bilateral adrenalectomy. A variety of hypothalamic transections had to be performed to determine reliably the topography of CRF-like nerve fibers projecting to the stalk-median eminence. Axons left the paraventricular nucleus in a lateral direction, turned ventrally in the lateral hypothalamus then medially as they approached the base of the hypothalamus above and behind the optic chiasm (lateral retrochiasmatic area). Fibers reached the median eminence by traveling caudally and medially from the rostral half of the lateral retrochiasmatic area. Scattered fibers were present in the retroinfundibular (posterior) portion of the median eminence. No immunoreactive fibers remained in the stalk-median eminence I or 4 weeks after transection of that loop-like pathway of CRF-containing fibers in the lateral retrochiasmaticarea. © 1983 S. Karger AG, Basel.
BibTeX: @article{Antoni:1983, author = {Antoni, F.A. and Palkovits, M. and Makara, G.B. and Linton, E.A. and Lowry, P.J. and Kiss, J.Z.}, title = {Immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone in the hypothalamoinfundibular tract}, journal = {Neuroendocrinology}, year = {1983}, volume = {36}, number = {6}, pages = {415-423}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020625975&partnerID=40&md5=934d2247afe6deccdffe5ee016529e25}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1159/000123492} }
Antonin, W., Holroyd, C., Tikkanen, R., Honing, S. and Jahn, R.	The R-SNARE endobrevin/VAMP-8 mediates homotypic fusion of early endosomes and late endosomes [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Molecular Biology of the Cell Vol. 11(10), pp. 3289-3298	article	URL
Abstract: Endobrevin/VAMP-8 is an R-SNARE localized to endosomes, but it is unknown in which intracellular fusion step it operates. Using subcellular fractionation and quantitative immunogold electron microscopy, we found that endobrevin/VAMP-8 is present on all membranes known to communicate with early endosomes, including the plasma membrane, clathrin-coated pits, late endosomes, and membranes of the trans-Golgi network. Affinity-purified antibodies that block the ability of endobrevin/VAMP-8 to form SNARE core complexes potently inhibit homotypic fusion of both early and late endosomes in vitro. Fab fragments were as active as intact immunoglobulin Gs. Recombinant endobrevin/VAMP-8 inhibited both fusion reactions with similar potency. We conclude that endobrevin/VAMP-8 operates as an R-SNARE in the homotypic fusion of early and late endosomes.
BibTeX: @article{Antonin:2000, author = {Antonin, W. and Holroyd, C. and Tikkanen, R. and Honing, S. and Jahn, R.}, title = {The R-SNARE endobrevin/VAMP-8 mediates homotypic fusion of early endosomes and late endosomes}, journal = {Molecular Biology of the Cell}, year = {2000}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {3289-3298}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033787382&partnerID=40&md5=dc73de122600f06c765844bb0c0b46a9} }
Antonino-Green, D.M., Cheng, J. and Magnuson, D.S.K.	Neurons labeled from locomotor-related ventrolateral funiculus stimulus sites in the neonatal rat spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	J Comp Neurol Vol. 442(3), pp. 226-238School: Department of Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: Spinal cord/brainstem preparations from 5- to 8-day-old rats, maintained in vitro, were used to determine the cells of origin and regions of termination of fibers in the superficial ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) at a site from which rhythmic locomotor-like activity can be induced. Rhythmic locomotor-like activity was recorded from lumbar ventral roots after short trains of stimuli (50 Hz for 0.5-2 seconds) delivered to the VLF. Field potential mapping revealed that single VLF stimuli elicited responses in the ipsilateral ventrolateral medulla. Tract-tracing experiments by using biocytin, pressure-injected into the VLF, showed that only a small number of brainstem neurons were labeled and these were scattered bilaterally in the ventrolateral and lateral medulla. Dense concentrations of nerve terminals were found in the lateral reticular nucleus ipsilateral to the stimulation site. Labeled spinal cord neurons included a primary population of large cells distributed bilaterally in lamina VII from T13 to L4, with peak numbers in L2 ipsilaterally and in L3 contralaterally. Intracellular recordings revealed that some L2 and L3 neurons with rhythmic responses to VLF stimulation could be activated antidromically from the VLF, with latencies of less than 1.0 msec. These observations led us to speculate that the superficial VLF carries a locomotor-related tract originating bilaterally in lumbar lamina VII and terminating in the ipsilateral medulla, including the lateral reticular nucleus. This pathway may be part of the spinoreticular or spinoreticulotectal pathway that has been described in many species, the function of which has only loosely been ascribed.
BibTeX: @article{Antonino-Green:2002, author = {Deborah M Antonino-Green and Jianguo Cheng and David S K Magnuson}, title = {Neurons labeled from locomotor-related ventrolateral funiculus stimulus sites in the neonatal rat spinal cord.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.}, year = {2002}, volume = {442}, number = {3}, pages = {226--238}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.10081} }
Antonino-Green, D.M., Cheng, J. and Magnuson, D.S.K.	Neurons labeled from locomotor-related ventrolateral funiculus stimulus sites in the neonatal rat spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 442, pp. 226-38	article
Abstract: Spinal cord/brainstem preparations from 5- to 8-day-old rats, maintained in vitro, were used to determine the cells of origin and regions of termination of fibers in the superficial ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) at a site from which rhythmic locomotor-like activity can be induced. Rhythmic locomotor-like activity was recorded from lumbar ventral roots after short trains of stimuli (50 Hz for 0.5-2 seconds) delivered to the VLF. Field potential mapping revealed that single VLF stimuli elicited responses in the ipsilateral ventrolateral medulla. Tract-tracing experiments by using biocytin, pressure-injected into the VLF, showed that only a small number of brainstem neurons were labeled and these were scattered bilaterally in the ventrolateral and lateral medulla. Dense concentrations of nerve terminals were found in the lateral reticular nucleus ipsilateral to the stimulation site. Labeled spinal cord neurons included a primary population of large cells distributed bilaterally in lamina VII from T13 to L4, with peak numbers in L2 ipsilaterally and in L3 contralaterally. Intracellular recordings revealed that some L2 and L3 neurons with rhythmic responses to VLF stimulation could be activated antidromically from the VLF, with latencies of less than 1.0 msec. These observations led us to speculate that the superficial VLF carries a locomotor-related tract originating bilaterally in lumbar lamina VII and terminating in the ipsilateral medulla, including the lateral reticular nucleus. This pathway may be part of the spinoreticular or spinoreticulotectal pathway that has been described in many species, the function of which has only loosely been ascribed.
BibTeX: @article{Antonino-Green:2002a, author = {Antonino-Green, Deborah M. and Cheng, Jianguo and Magnuson, David S. K.}, title = {Neurons labeled from locomotor-related ventrolateral funiculus stimulus sites in the neonatal rat spinal cord.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {2002}, volume = {442}, pages = {226-38}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Anton-Sanchez, L., Bielza, C., Larrañaga, P. and DeFelipe, J.	Wiring Economy of Pyramidal Cells in the Juvenile Rat Somatosensory Cortex [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2016	PLOS ONE Vol. 11(11), pp. 1-10	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Ever since Cajal hypothesized that the structure of neurons is designed in such a way as to save space, time and matter, numerous researchers have analyzed wiring properties at different scales of brain organization. Here we test the hypothesis that individual pyramidal cells, the most abundant type of neuron in the cerebral cortex, optimize brain connectivity in terms of wiring length. In this study, we analyze the neuronal wiring of complete basal arborizations of pyramidal neurons in layer II, III, IV, Va, Vb and VI of the hindlimb somatosensory cortical region of postnatal day 14 rats. For each cell, we search for the optimal basal arborization and compare its length with the length of the real dendritic structure. Here the optimal arborization is defined as the arborization that has the shortest total wiring length provided that all neuron bifurcations are respected and the extent of the dendritic arborizations remain unchanged. We use graph theory and evolutionary computation techniques to search for the minimal wiring arborizations. Despite morphological differences between pyramidal neurons located in different cortical layers, we found that the neuronal wiring is near-optimal in all cases (the biggest difference between the shortest synthetic wiring found for a dendritic arborization and the length of its real wiring was less than 5%). We found, however, that the real neuronal wiring was significantly closer to the best solution found in layers II, III and IV. Our studies show that the wiring economy of cortical neurons is related not to the type of neurons or their morphological complexities but to general wiring economy principles.
BibTeX: @article{Anton-Sanchez-2016, author = {Anton-Sanchez, Laura AND Bielza, Concha AND Larrañaga, Pedro AND DeFelipe, Javier}, title = {Wiring Economy of Pyramidal Cells in the Juvenile Rat Somatosensory Cortex}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, year = {2016}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {1-10}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0165915}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165915} }
Antonsen, B. and Edwards, D.	Differential dye coupling reveals lateral giant escape circuit in crayfish [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Journal of Comparative Neurology Vol. 466(1), pp. 1-13	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The lateral giant (LG) escape circuit of crayfish mediates a coordinated escape triggered by strong attack to the abdomen. The LG circuit is one of the best understood of small systems, but models of the circuit have mostly been limited to simple ball-and-stick representations, which ignore anatomical details of contacts between circuit elements. Many of the these contacts are electrical; here we use differential dye coupling, a technique which could help reveal connection patterns in many neural circuits, to reveal in detail the circuit within the terminal abdominal ganglion. Sensory input from the tailfan forms a somatotopic map on the projecting LG dendrites, which together with interafferent coupling mediates a lateral excitatory network that selectively amplifies strong, phasic, converging input to LG. Mechanosensory interneurons contact LG at sites distinct from the primary afferents and so maximize their summated effect on LG. Motor neurons and premotor interneurons are excited near the initial segments of the LGs and innervate muscles for generating uropod flaring and telson flexion. Previous research has shown that spatial patterns of input are important for signal integration in LG; this map of electrical contact points will help us to understand synaptic processing in this system. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Antonsen:2003, author = {Antonsen, B.L. and Edwards, D.H.}, title = {Differential dye coupling reveals lateral giant escape circuit in crayfish}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, year = {2003}, volume = {466}, number = {1}, pages = {1-13}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0141481909&partnerID=40&md5=a1aa322d251a028ffc7a71675bfaf13b}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.10802} }
Antonsen, B. and Edwards, D.	Mechanisms of serotonergic facilitation of a command neuron [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 98(6), pp. 3494-3504	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The lateral giant (LG) command neuron of crayfish responds to an attack directed at the abdomen by triggering a single highly stereotyped escape tail flip. Experimentally applied serotonin (5-hydroxytrptamine, 5-HT) can increase or decrease LG's excitability, depending on the concentration, rate, and duration of 5-HT application. Here we describe three physiological mechanisms that mediate serotonergic facilitation of LG. Two processes strengthen electrical coupling between the primary mechanosensory afferent neurons and LG: first, an early increase in the conductance of electrical synapses between primary afferent neurons and LG dendrites and second, an early increase in the membrane resistance of LG dendrites. The increased coupling facilitates LG's synaptic response and it promotes recruitment of weakly excited afferent neurons to contribute to the response. Third, a delayed increase in the membrane resistance of proximal regions of LG increases the cell's input resistance near the initial segment. Together these mechanisms contribute to serotonergic facilitation of LG's response. Copyright © 2007 The American Physiological Society.
BibTeX: @article{Antonsen:2007, author = {Antonsen, B.L. and Edwards, D.H.}, title = {Mechanisms of serotonergic facilitation of a command neuron}, journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology}, year = {2007}, volume = {98}, number = {6}, pages = {3494-3504}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-37549068563&partnerID=40&md5=c09f897ddbf24624276ac7296d7774cf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00331.2007} }
Antonsen, B., Herberholz, J. and Edwards, D.	The retrograde spread of synaptic potentials and recruitment of presynaptic inputs [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 25(12), pp. 3086-3094	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Lateral excitation is a mechanism for amplifying coordinated input to postsynaptic neurons that has been described recently in several species. Here, we describe how a postsynaptic neuron, the lateral giant (LG) escape command neuron, enhances lateral excitation among its presynaptic mechanosensory afferents in the crayfish tailfan. A lateral excitatory network exists among electrically coupled tailfan primary afferents, mediated through central electrical synapses. EPSPs elicited in LG dendrites as a result of mechanosensory stimulation spread antidromically back through electrical junctions to unstimulated afferents, summate with EPSPs elicited through direct afferent-to-afferent connections, and contribute to recruitment of these afferents. Antidromic potentials are larger if the afferent is closer to the initial input on LG dendrites, which could create a spatial filtering mechanism within the network. This pathway also broadens the temporal window over which lateral excitation can occur, because of the delay required for EPSPs to spread through the large LG dendrites. The delay allows subthreshold inputs to the LG to have a priming effect on the lateral excitatory network and lowers the threshold of the network in response to a second, short-latency stimulus. Retrograde communication within neuronal pathways has been described in a number of vertebrate and invertebrate species. A mechanism of antidromic passage of depolarizing current from a neuron to its presynaptic afferents, similar to that described here in an invertebrate, is also present in a vertebrate (fish). This raises the possibility that short-term retrograde modulation of presynaptic elements through electrical junctions may be common. Copyright © 2005 Society for Neuroscience.
BibTeX: @article{Antonsen:2005, author = {Antonsen, B.L. and Herberholz, J. and Edwards, D.H.}, title = {The retrograde spread of synaptic potentials and recruitment of presynaptic inputs}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2005}, volume = {25}, number = {12}, pages = {3086-3094}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-16244404235&partnerID=40&md5=8e7a3b650721186918f68fce03b2c208}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4433-04.2005} }
Antonucci, F., Rossi, C., Gianfranceschi, L., Rossetto, O. and Caleo, M.	Long-distance retrograde effects of botulinum neurotoxin A. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	J Neurosci Vol. 28(14), pp. 3689-3696School: Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 56100 Pisa, Italy.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Botulinum neurotoxins (designated BoNT/A-BoNT/G) are bacterial enzymes that block neurotransmitter release by cleaving essential components of the vesicle fusion machinery. BoNT/A, which cleaves SNAP-25 (synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa), is extensively exploited in clinical medicine to treat neuromuscular pathologies, facial wrinkles, and various types of pain. It is widely assumed that BoNT/A remains at the synaptic terminal and its effects are confined to the injection site. Here we demonstrate that catalytically active BoNT/A is retrogradely transported by central neurons and motoneurons and is then transcytosed to afferent synapses, in which it cleaves SNAP-25. SNAP-25 cleavage by BoNT/A was observed in the contralateral hemisphere after unilateral BoNT/A delivery to the hippocampus. Appearance of cleaved SNAP-25 resulted in blockade of hippocampal activity in the untreated hemisphere. Injections of BoNT/A into the optic tectum led to the appearance of BoNT/A-truncated SNAP-25 in synaptic terminals within the retina. Cleaved SNAP-25 also appeared in the facial nucleus after injection of the toxin into rat whisker muscles. Experiments excluded passive spread of the toxin and demonstrated axonal migration and neuronal transcytosis of BoNT/A. These findings reveal a novel pathway of BoNT/A trafficking in neurons and have important implications for the clinical uses of this neurotoxin.
BibTeX: @article{Antonucci:2008, author = {Flavia Antonucci and Chiara Rossi and Laura Gianfranceschi and Ornella Rossetto and Matteo Caleo}, title = {Long-distance retrograde effects of botulinum neurotoxin A.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 56100 Pisa, Italy.}, year = {2008}, volume = {28}, number = {14}, pages = {3689--3696}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0375-08.2008}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0375-08.2008} }
Antri, M., Barthe, J.-Y., Mouffle, C. and Orsal, D.	Long-lasting recovery of locomotor function in chronic spinal rat following chronic combined pharmacological stimulation of serotonergic receptors with 8-OHDPAT and quipazine. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Neurosci Lett Vol. 384(1-2), pp. 162-167School: Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires (NSI), Institut de Biologie Intégrative (IFR 83), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7101, 7 quai Saint Bernard, Boite 002, F-75252 Paris, France.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In chronic spinal rats, long-term stimulation of 5-HT receptors with quipazine or 8-OHDPAT by means of daily injection, promotes robust locomotor recovery. The question of a possible potentiation between treatments when applied together was addressed. Daily injections of both 8-OHDPAT and quipazine, were performed for a month in spinal animals. Animals were placed on a treadmill and the bipedal hindlimb locomotion was tested. Motor performances (behavioural test) and locomotor parameters (EMG and kinematic) were analysed weekly during the treatment. Furthermore, the locomotor performances were evaluated during two supplemental months following the end of the treatment. Our results suggest that association of both agonists induced long-lasting positive effects on locomotor function. Motor performances were significantly better after combined injection of both drugs than when the agonists were used separately. But, the most significant and new result is that the locomotor scores did not decrease during the weeks that followed the end of the treatment. These results suggests a long-lasting and 5-HT-dependent reorganisation of spinal networks.
BibTeX: @article{Antri:2005, author = {Antri, M. and Barthe, J-Y. and Mouffle, C. and Orsal, D.}, title = {Long-lasting recovery of locomotor function in chronic spinal rat following chronic combined pharmacological stimulation of serotonergic receptors with 8-OHDPAT and quipazine.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, school = {Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires (NSI), Institut de Biologie Intégrative (IFR 83), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7101, 7 quai Saint Bernard, Boite 002, F-75252 Paris, France.}, year = {2005}, volume = {384}, number = {1-2}, pages = {162--167}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.04.062}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.04.062} }
Antri, M., Orsal, D. and Barthe, J.-Y.	Locomotor recovery in the chronic spinal rat: effects of long-term treatment with a 5-HT2 agonist. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 16(3), pp. 467-476School: Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires (NSI), Institut de Biologie Intégrative (IFR 83), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, (CNRS UMR 7101), 7 quai Saint Bernard Boite 002, F-75252 Paris, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: A complete transection of the spinal cord at a low thoracic level induces a paraplegic syndrome that is accompanied by a loss of spinal cord serotonin content. Former experimental data suggest that the central pattern generator for locomotion, located in the lumbar segments of the spinal cord, might be able to generate rhythmic motor outputs (similar to automatic walking under certain circumstances) involving exteroceptive stimulations and activation of serotonergic receptors. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a chronic treatment using a serotonergic agonist, delivered continuously to the sublesionned spinal cord, and its effect on motor function recovery. The data obtained from behavioural, kinematic and electromyographic measurements suggest that the chronic stimulation of 5-HT2 type receptors allows motor function recovery. Behavioural measurements show a clear improvement in motor performances when compared to spinal animals (confirmed by kinematic observations): alternating steps and foot placement is recovered in these animals. However, electromyographic data demonstrate that the pattern of activation of the muscles is only restored partially.
BibTeX: @article{Antri:2002, author = {Antri, M. and Orsal, D. and Barthe, J-Y.}, title = {Locomotor recovery in the chronic spinal rat: effects of long-term treatment with a 5-HT2 agonist.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires (NSI), Institut de Biologie Intégrative (IFR 83), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, (CNRS UMR 7101), 7 quai Saint Bernard Boite 002, F-75252 Paris, France.}, year = {2002}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {467--476}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02088.x} }
Antunes, I.F., Haisma, H.J., Elsinga, P.H., van Waarde, A., Willemsen, A.T.M., Dierckx, R.A. and de Vries, E.F.J.	In vivo evaluation of 1-O-(4-(2-fluoroethyl-carbamoyloxymethyl)-2-nitrophenyl)-O-β-D-glucopyronuronate: a positron emission tomographic tracer for imaging β-glucuronidase activity in a tumor/inflammation rodent model. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Mol Imaging Vol. 11(1), pp. 77-87, E1School: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.	article
Abstract: β-Glucuronidase (β-GUS) plays an important role in inflammation and degenerative processes. The enzyme has also been investigated as a target in prodrug therapy for cancer. To investigate the role of β-GUS in pathologies and to optimize β-GUS-based prodrug therapies, we recently developed a positron emission tomographic (PET) tracer, 1-O-(4-(2-fluoroethyl-carbamoyloxymethyl)-2-nitrophenyl)-O-β-D-glucopyronuronate ([18F]FEAnGA), which proved to be selectively cleaved by β-GUS. Here we present the in vivo evaluation of [18F]FEAnGA for imaging of β-GUS in a tumor/inflammation model. Ex vivo biodistribution of [18F]FEAnGA was conducted in healthy rats. PET imaging and pharmacokinetic modeling were performed in Wistar rats bearing C6 tumors of different sizes and sterile inflammation. The biodistribution studies of [18F]FEAnGA indicated low uptake in major organs and rapid excretion through the renal pathway. MicroPET studies revealed three times higher uptake in the viable part of larger C6 gliomas than in smaller C6 gliomas. Uptake in inflamed muscle was significantly higher than in control muscle. The distribution volume of [18F]FEAnGA in the viable part of the tumor correlated well with the cleavage of the tracer to [18F]fluoroethylamine and the spacer 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzyl alcohol. [18F]FEAnGA is a PET tracer able to detect increased activity of β-GUS in large solid tumors and in inflamed tissues.
BibTeX: @article{Antunes:2012, author = {Antunes, Inês F. and Haisma, Hidde J. and Elsinga, Philip H. and van Waarde, Aren and Willemsen, Antoon T M. and Dierckx, Rudi A. and de Vries, Erik F J.}, title = {In vivo evaluation of 1-O-(4-(2-fluoroethyl-carbamoyloxymethyl)-2-nitrophenyl)-O-β-D-glucopyronuronate: a positron emission tomographic tracer for imaging β-glucuronidase activity in a tumor/inflammation rodent model.}, journal = {Mol Imaging}, school = {Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.}, year = {2012}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {77--87, E1}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Anwar, M.A., Ford, W.R., Herbert, A.A. and Broadley, K.J.	Signal transduction and modulating pathways in tryptamine-evoked vasopressor responses of the rat isolated perfused mesenteric bed. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Vascul Pharmacol Vol. 58(1-2), pp. 140-149School: Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Tryptamine is an endogenous and dietary indoleamine-based trace amine implicated in cardiovascular pathologies, including hypertension, migraine and myocardial infarction. This study aimed at identifying the signalling pathways for the vasoconstrictor response to tryptamine in rat isolated perfused mesenteric arterial beds and co-released vasodilator modulators of tryptamine-mediated vasoconstriction. Tryptamine caused concentration-dependent vasoconstriction of the mesenteric bed, measured as increases in perfusion pressure. These were inhibited by the 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist, ritanserin, indicating mediation via 5-HT(2A) receptors. The response was inhibited by the phospholipase C (PLC) and phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)) inhibitors, U-73122 and PACOCF(3), suggesting involvement of phospholipase pathways. Activation of these pathways by tryptamine releases cyclooxygenase (COX) products since indomethacin (non-selective inhibitor of COX-1/2) and nimesulide (selective COX-2 inhibitor) reduced the vasoconstriction. The most likely COX vasoconstrictor product was prostaglandin PGE(2) since the responses to tryptamine were reduced by AH-6809, a non-selective EP(1) receptor antagonist. Involvement of the Rho-kinase pathway in the tryptamine-evoked vasoconstriction was also indicated by its reduction by the Rho-kinase inhibitors, Y-27,632 and fasudil. The tryptamine vasoconstriction is modulated by the co-released endothelial vasodilator, nitric oxide. Thus, circulating tryptamine can regulate mesenteric blood flow through a cascade of signalling pathways secondary to stimulation of 5-HT(2A) receptors.
BibTeX: @article{Anwar:2013, author = {Anwar, M Akhtar and Ford, William R. and Herbert, Amy A. and Broadley, Kenneth J.}, title = {Signal transduction and modulating pathways in tryptamine-evoked vasopressor responses of the rat isolated perfused mesenteric bed.}, journal = {Vascul Pharmacol}, school = {Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK.}, year = {2013}, volume = {58}, number = {1-2}, pages = {140--149}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2012.10.007}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2012.10.007} }
Aoki, A., Metz, J. and Forssmann, W.G.	Studies on the ultrastructure and permeability of the hemotrichorial placenta. II. Fetal capillaries and tracer administration into the fetal blood circulation. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1978	Cell Tissue Res Vol. 192(3), pp. 409-422	article	DOI
Abstract: The distribution of horseradish peroxidase and lanthanum chloride within the full term chorioallantoic placenta of the rat was examined after administration of these tracers into the umbilical artery. Both tracers rapidly traverse the capillary endothelium. Transendothelial channels, fenestrations and micropinocytotic vesicles provide the main pathways. Intercellular clefts which are either patent or interrupted by leaky intercellular junctions, also contribute to a rapid passage of low and high molecular weight substances. Deep channel-like invaginations, effecting an increase of the exchange area of layer III, are freely accessible to the tracers from the interspace between the capillary endothelium and trophoblastic layer III. The invaginations, however, are not in continuity with the interspace between layers II and III, verifying the syncytial character of layer III. Neither an uptake of the tracers nor a passage across layer III is observed. The main permeability barrier to feto- maternal transfer within the chorioallantoic placenta is localized in the syncytiotrophoblastic layer III. This layer controls the passage of low molecular weight substances and restricts the penetration of high molecular weight substances.
BibTeX: @article{Aoki:1978, author = {Aoki, A. and Metz, J. and Forssmann, W. G.}, title = {Studies on the ultrastructure and permeability of the hemotrichorial placenta. II. Fetal capillaries and tracer administration into the fetal blood circulation.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {1978}, volume = {192}, number = {3}, pages = {409--422}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00212322} }
Aoki, C. and Pickel, V.M.	Neuropeptide Y in cortex and striatum. Ultrastructural distribution and coexistence with classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Ann N Y Acad Sci Vol. 611, pp. 186-205School: Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021.	article	DOI
Abstract: NPY-neurons in the striatum and cortex have many morphological and chemical features in common. They are intrinsic, medium sized, aspiny and exhibit ultrastructural characteristics typical of neurons undergoing active synthesis and release of peptides. Most of the NPY-neurons in the two regions coexist with somatostatin, exhibit high levels of NADPH-diaphorase and are resistant to degeneration associated with Huntington's disease. Ultrastructural analysis suggests that the ensheathment by glia and sparsity of asymmetric (putatively excitatory) inputs may render NPY neurons resistant to excitotoxicity. Although NPY-neurons receive few inputs, they make numerous contacts with dendrites within a small region of the neuropil. Among their targets are GABAergic neurons. These NPY-receptive GABA neurons differ from other GABAergic neurons in the vicinity in that they receive few other inputs along their somata and proximal dendrites. This suggests that NPY may exert more influence on a specific class of GABAergic neurons. Many more of the NPY-terminals are found at sites that would be strategic for the simultaneous modulation of the release of transmitters and postsynaptic responses. The differences among NPY-neurons in the striatum versus cerebral cortex are mainly chemical. Most notably, the NPY-neurons are GABAergic in the cortex and not GABAergic in the striatum. In addition, some of the NPY-axons in the ventral portions of striatum and cerebral cortex may be catecholaminergic, and thus originate in brainstem areas recognized to contain NPY and epinephrine or norepinephrine. NPY- and catecholaminergic fibers converge onto same dendrites. Thus, the two transmitters may interact through intercellular biochemical pathways postsynaptically. Finally, the sites where the two fibers directly contact each other may be where NPY stimulates the turnover of dopamine.
BibTeX: @article{Aoki:1990, author = {Aoki, C. and Pickel, V. M.}, title = {Neuropeptide Y in cortex and striatum. Ultrastructural distribution and coexistence with classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides.}, journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci}, school = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021.}, year = {1990}, volume = {611}, pages = {186--205}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb48931.x} }
Aoki, E., Semba, R., Kato, K. and Kashiwamata, S.	Purification of specific antibody against aspartate and immunocytochemical localization of aspartergic neurons in the rat brain [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Neuroscience Vol. 21(3), pp. 755-765	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The distribution of l-aspartate known as a putative excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system was investigated immunocytochemically in the rat brain. Anti-aspartate antiserum was raised in rabbits using l-aspartate covalently conjugated to rabbit serum albumin with glutaraldehyde as the immunogen and was found to be cross-reactive with an l-glutamate conjugate. Monospecific anti-l-aspartate antibody was successfully purified using affinity gels coupled with several amino acids including l-aspartate and l-glutamate and with the l-glutamate conjugate. Putative aspartergic neurons were generally immunoreactive to the purified antibody, but epithelia of the choroid plexus were also stained. These results show that the antibody is a useful tool for the immunocytochemical demonstration of possible aspartergic neurons in the central nervous system, although the immunochemical expression of l-aspartate not used as a neurotransmitter must be taken into consideration. © 1987.
BibTeX: @article{Aoki:1987, author = {Aoki, E. and Semba, R. and Kato, K. and Kashiwamata, S.}, title = {Purification of specific antibody against aspartate and immunocytochemical localization of aspartergic neurons in the rat brain}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1987}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {755-765}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023274386&partnerID=40&md5=68244b767aacd5124d98bb75409e4d2f}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(87)90035-2} }
Aoki, K. and Francis, J.	Updates on the antinociceptive mechanism hypothesis of botulinum toxin A [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Parkinsonism and Related Disorders Vol. 17(SUPPL. 1), pp. S28-S33	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Botulinum toxin A has been traditionally viewed as a motor nerve specific treatment. However, clinical uses for botulinum toxin A have continued to expand, with increased use in conditions implicating sensory pain nerve dysfunction. Chronic pain is associated with excess pain fiber activity. When the site of this excess activity resides in the peripheral portion of the pain pathway, a condition of peripheral sensitization can establish. During this state, excess pain signaling reaches the central nervous system, which can then lead to a condition of central sensitization, manifesting as the symptoms associated with chronic pain (i.e. burning, electric pain, lowered pain threshold to normal stimuli, etc). Experimentally, botulinum toxin type A has been shown to reduce neuropeptides and neurotransmitter release from treated cells or nerve endings and to attenuate nociception in both neuropathic and non-neuropathic pain models. This review summarizes the literature to update the hypothesis for the mechanism by which botulinum toxin type A can modulate chronic pain. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Aoki:2011, author = {Aoki, K.R. and Francis, J.}, title = {Updates on the antinociceptive mechanism hypothesis of botulinum toxin A}, journal = {Parkinsonism and Related Disorders}, year = {2011}, volume = {17}, number = {SUPPL. 1}, pages = {S28-S33}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80054102660&partnerID=40&md5=6797dfb74a82463d61a64fdb12297ed1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.06.013} }
Aoki, S., Liu, A., Zucca, A., Zucca, S. and Wickens, J.	Role of striatal cholinergic interneurons in set-shifting in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 35(25), pp. 9424-9431	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The ability to change strategies in different contexts is a form of behavioral flexibility that is crucial for adaptive behavior. The striatum has been shown to contribute to certain forms of behavioral flexibility such as reversal learning. Here we report on the contribution of striatal cholinergic interneurons—a key element in the striatal neuronal circuit—to strategy set-shifting in which an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another is required.Wemade lesions of rat cholinergic interneurons in dorsomedial or ventral striatum using a specific immunotoxin and investigated the effects on set-shifting paradigms and on reversal learning. In shifting to a set that required attention to a previously irrelevant cue, lesions of dorsomedial striatum significantly increased the number of perseverative errors. In this condition, the number of never-reinforced errors was significantly decreased in both types of lesions.Whenshifting to a set that required attention to a novel cue, rats with ventral striatum lesions made more perseverative errors. Neither lesion impaired learning of the initial response strategy nor a subsequent switch to a new strategy when response choice was indicated by a previously relevant cue. Reversal learning was not affected. These results suggest that in set-shifting the striatal cholinergic interneurons play a fundamental role, which is dissociable between dorsomedial and ventral striatum depending on behavioral context. We propose a common mechanism in which cholinergic interneurons inhibit neurons representing the old strategy and enhance plasticity underlying exploration of a new rule. © 2015 the authors.
BibTeX: @article{Aoki:2015, author = {Aoki, S. and Liu, A.W. and Zucca, A. and Zucca, S. and Wickens, J.R.}, title = {Role of striatal cholinergic interneurons in set-shifting in the rat}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2015}, volume = {35}, number = {25}, pages = {9424-9431}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84933564742&partnerID=40&md5=726714ba56304ff6e655a2a2a9513c7c}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0490-15.2015} }
Aoki, T., Matsunaga, T., Misaki, K., Watanabe, Y. and Terashima, T.	Abnormal distributions of callosal commissural and corticothalamic neurons in the cerebral neocortex of Shaking Rat Kawasaki. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Neuroscience Vol. 114(2), pp. 427-438School: Division of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.	article	DOI
Abstract: Shaking Rat Kawasaki (SRK) is an autosomal recessive mutant rat recognized by unstable gait and tremor and by early death around the time of weaning. We previously reported that corticospinal tract neurons are malpositioned in the motor cortex of the SRK rat [Ikeda and Terashima (1997) J. Comp. Neurol. 383, 370-380]. In the present study, we examined the distribution pattern of callosal commissural (CC) and corticothalamic (CT) neurons of SRK and normal rats with the injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the contralateral hemisphere or wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated HRP into the ventral lateral thalamic nucleus. The intracortical distribution pattern of retrogradely labeled CC and CT neurons in the motor cortex of SRK rat was abnormal: CC neurons were more deeply situated and CT neurons were more superficially situated in the SRK cortex than the corresponding components in the normal cortex. Most of labeled CC and CT neurons had abnormal dendritic configurations. Statistical analysis revealed that the difference of the mean intracortical position of CC and CT neurons of the SRK was significantly different from the normal counterparts (Student's t-test, P<0.01). Taken together with previous findings, our data demonstrate that the abnormal cytoarchitecture of SRK cortex resembles the reeler cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Aoki:2002, author = {T. Aoki and T. Matsunaga and K. Misaki and Y. Watanabe and T. Terashima}, title = {Abnormal distributions of callosal commissural and corticothalamic neurons in the cerebral neocortex of Shaking Rat Kawasaki.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Division of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.}, year = {2002}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, pages = {427--438}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00303-2} }
Aoki, Y., Ohtori, S., Takahashi, K., Ino, H., Douya, H., Ozawa, T., Saito, T. and Moriya, H.	Expression and co-expression of VR1, CGRP, and IB4-binding glycoprotein in dorsal root ganglion neurons in rats: differences between the disc afferents and the cutaneous afferents. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Spine (Phila Pa 1976) Vol. 30(13), pp. 1496-1500School: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. yasuaoki@h6.dion.ne.jp	article	DOI
Abstract: The expression of vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and isolectin B4 (IB4)-binding glycoprotein in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating the lumbar disc and the plantar skin was investigated.To characterize the DRG neurons innervating lumbar discs and those innervating cutaneous tissue in rats.Small nociceptive DRG neurons are divided into nerve growth factor (NGF) sensitive and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-sensitive neurons. CGRP and IB4-binding glycoprotein are recognized as specific markers for NGF and GDNF-sensitive neurons, respectively. VR1 is localized in small DRG neurons.Using histochemical staining and retrograde tracing methods, the expression of VR1, CGRP, and IB4-binding glycoprotein in DRG neurons innervating the L5-L6 disc and the plantar skin was examined in rats.DRG neurons innervating the disc showed positive staining as: 23.4% VR1, 54.4% CGRP, and 1.0% IB4-binding glycoprotein. The following distribution was found for DRG neurons innervating the skin: 35.1% VR1, 41.1% CGRP, and 19.5% IB4-binding glycoprotein. Percentages of neurons positive for VR1 and IB4-binding glycoprotein were significantly lower in DRG neurons innervating the disc than in DRG neurons innervating the skin (P < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed in the percentage of neurons positive for CGRP.VR1 is less abundant in lumbar disc than in cutaneous tissue. Our data suggest that nociceptive information from the disc is transmitted mostly by NGF-sensitive neurons, while that from the cutaneous tissue is transmitted by both NGF-sensitive and GDNF-sensitive neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Aoki:2005, author = {Aoki, Yasuchika and Ohtori, Seiji and Takahashi, Kazuhisa and Ino, Hidetoshi and Douya, Hideo and Ozawa, Tomoyuki and Saito, Tomoko and Moriya, Hideshige}, title = {Expression and co-expression of VR1, CGRP, and IB4-binding glycoprotein in dorsal root ganglion neurons in rats: differences between the disc afferents and the cutaneous afferents.}, journal = {Spine (Phila Pa 1976)}, school = {Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. yasuaoki@h6.dion.ne.jp}, year = {2005}, volume = {30}, number = {13}, pages = {1496--1500}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000167532.96540.31} }
Aoki, Y., Ohtori, S., Takahashi, K., Ino, H., Ozawa, T., Douya, H., Chiba, T. and Moriya, H.	P2X3-immunoreactive primary sensory neurons innervating lumbar intervertebral disc in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Brain Res Vol. 989(2), pp. 214-220School: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. yasuaoki@h6.dion.ne.jp	article	DOI
Abstract: The P2X(3) receptor is normally localized in a sub-population of small-diameter dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, and is thought to be related to pain perception. The aim of this study in rats was to examine P2X(3)-immunoreactivity in DRG neurons innervating the lumbar disc and in DRG neurons innervating cutaneous tissues. Fluoro-Gold was applied to the L5-L6 disc, the plantar skin of the hind paw (L4-L5 dermatomes), and the back skin (L1-L2 dermatomes). It has been reported that the L5-L6 disc is innervated by T13-L5 DRG neurons. We performed immunostaining using antibodies against the P2X(3) receptor of T13-L5 DRGs to examine the L5-L6 disc, L4 and L5 DRGs to examine plantar skin and L1 and L2 DRGs to examine back skin. The P2X(3)-immunoreactivity was detected in 22.0 and 22.8% of neurons, labeled by Fluoro-Gold applied to plantar and back skin, respectively. However, P2X(3)-immunoreactivity was detected in only 4.0% of the neurons projecting to the L5-L6 disc. The proportion of P2X(3)- immunoreactive neurons was significantly larger in the DRG neurons innervating the plantar or the back skin, than in the DRG neurons innervating the lumbar disc. These results suggest that the P2X(3) receptors are abundant in DRG neurons innervating cutaneous tissues, but not in neurons innervating the lumbar disc. It is likely therefore that the P2X(3) receptor is less related to the mechanism of discogenic pain, than to cutaneous tissue pain.
BibTeX: @article{Aoki:2003, author = {Aoki, Yasuchika and Ohtori, Seiji and Takahashi, Kazuhisa and Ino, Hidetoshi and Ozawa, Tomoyuki and Douya, Hideo and Chiba, Tanemichi and Moriya, Hideshige}, title = {P2X3-immunoreactive primary sensory neurons innervating lumbar intervertebral disc in rats.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. yasuaoki@h6.dion.ne.jp}, year = {2003}, volume = {989}, number = {2}, pages = {214--220}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in normal adult rats.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03365-1} }
Aoki, Y., Ohtori, S., Takahashi, K., Ino, H., Takahashi, Y., Chiba, T. and Moriya, H.	Innervation of the lumbar intervertebral disc by nerve growth factor-dependent neurons related to inflammatory pain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Spine (Phila Pa 1976) Vol. 29(10), pp. 1077-1081School: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. yasuaoki@h6.dion.ne.jp	article	DOI
Abstract: We used anatomic tracers and immunoreactivity in rats to define dorsal root ganglion neuron populations innervating the lumbar discs in physiologic and inflammatory states.To investigate the percentages of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (CGRP-ir) and isolectin B4 (IB4)-binding neurons innervating lumbar discs.Small neurons are classified into two types. One contains CGRP and expresses the nerve growth factor receptor. The other binds IB4 and expresses the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor.A neurotracer, Fluoro-Gold, was applied to the L5-L6 disc in rats. Five days later, 50-microL saline (control group: n = 8) or Complete Freund's adjuvant (inflammatory group: n = 8) was applied to the disc. Seven days after the second operation, T13-L5 dorsal root ganglions were processed for double staining of CGRP and IB4.Of the Fluoro-Gold-labeled neurons, 50.1 +/- 4.6% (mean +/- SEM) were positive for CGRP and 0.7 +/- 0.6% positive for IB4 in the control group, while 65.6 +/- 4.7% were positive for CGRP and 1.0 +/- 1.0% positive for IB4 in the inflammatory group. The percentage of CGRP-ir neurons was significantly higher than that of IB4-binding neurons in both groups (P < 0.001, each). The percentage of CGRP-ir neurons in the inflammatory group was significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.05).We found that most small neurons innervating the disc were CGRP-ir. Furthermore, disc inflammation caused an increase in CGRP-ir neurons but not IB4-binding neurons, suggesting that CGRP-ir, nerve growth factor-dependent neurons are more responsible for discogenic pain.
BibTeX: @article{Aoki:2004, author = {Aoki, Yasuchika and Ohtori, Seiji and Takahashi, Kazuhisa and Ino, Hidetoshi and Takahashi, Yuzuru and Chiba, Tanemichi and Moriya, Hideshige}, title = {Innervation of the lumbar intervertebral disc by nerve growth factor-dependent neurons related to inflammatory pain.}, journal = {Spine (Phila Pa 1976)}, school = {Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. yasuaoki@h6.dion.ne.jp}, year = {2004}, volume = {29}, number = {10}, pages = {1077--1081}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200405150-00005} }
Aoki, Y., Takahashi, Y., Ohtori, S., Moriya, H. and Takahashi, K.	Distribution and immunocytochemical characterization of dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating the lumbar intervertebral disc in rats: a review. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Life Sci Vol. 74(21), pp. 2627-2642School: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. yasuaoki@h6.dion.ne.jp	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Previously, it was believed that the lumbar intervertebral disc was innervated segmentally by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons via the sinuvertebral nerves. Recently, it was demonstrated using retrograde tracing methods that the lower disc (L5-L6) is innervated predominantly by upper (L1 and L2) DRG neurons via the sympathetic trunks. Furthermore, we investigated the expression of various pain-related molecules such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), isolectin B4 (IB4), P2X(3) receptor and vanniloid receptor 1 (VR1) in DRG neurons innervating the disc using a combination of immunostaining with the retrograde tracing method. This review outlines the distribution and immunocytochemical characterization of DRG neurons innervating the disc. Small nociceptive DRG neurons are classified into nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent neurons and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-dependent neurons and they can be distinguished by their reactivity for CGRP and IB4, respectively. We found that about half of the neurons innervating the disc were CGRP-immunoreactive (-ir), whilst, only 0.6% of the DRG neurons were IB4-positive, thereby indicating that NGF-dependent neurons are the main subpopulation which transmits and modulates nociceptive information from the disc. In addition, we also demonstrated P2X(3)- and VR1-immunoreactivity in DRG neurons innervating the disc and noted that they were mainly localized in NGF-dependent neurons. It is well known that NGF has sensitizing effects on DRG neurons, with a recent study demonstratng the presence of NGF in the painful intervertebral disc. Therefore, it is suggested that NGF is involved in the generation of discogenic low back pain.
BibTeX: @article{Aoki:2004b, author = {Aoki, Yasuchika and Takahashi, Yuzuru and Ohtori, Seiji and Moriya, Hideshige and Takahashi, Kazuhisa}, title = {Distribution and immunocytochemical characterization of dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating the lumbar intervertebral disc in rats: a review.}, journal = {Life Sci}, school = {Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. yasuaoki@h6.dion.ne.jp}, year = {2004}, volume = {74}, number = {21}, pages = {2627--2642}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.01.008}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.01.008} }
Aoki, Y., Takahashi, Y., Takahashi, K., Chiba, T., Kurokawa, M., Ozawa, T. and Moriya, H.	Sensory innervation of the lateral portion of the lumbar intervertebral disc in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Spine J Vol. 4(3), pp. 275-280School: .jp	article	DOI URL
Abstract: An annular tear extending to the outer one-third of the annulus is thought to be one of the causes of low back pain. However, some patients have bilateral low back symptoms, even if the annular tear is localized in the lateral disc. Because nociceptive information from the lateral disc is transmitted by the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating the lateral disc, we investigated the distribution of the DRG neurons innervating the lateral portion of the disc.To clarify the distribution and pathway of the DRG neurons innervating the lateral portion of the L5-L6 disc in rats.Using the retrograde tracing method, we studied the innervation pattern of the lateral portion of the L5-L6 intervertebral disc in rats.The retrograde transport of Fluoro-Gold (F-G; Fluorochrome, Denver, CO) was used in 22 rats. Subjects included a nontreated group (n=16) and a sympathectomized group (n=6). Seven days after the application of F-G crystals to the left lateral portion of the L5-L6 disc, bilateral T12-L6 DRGs were observed by fluorescent microscopy.In the nontreated group, of all the F-G-labeled neurons, 93.1% were present in the left DRGs and 6.9% were in the right DRGs. The number of labeled neurons was largest in the left L2 DRGs. In the sympathectomized group, the numbers of labeled neurons in the T13, L1 and L2 DRGs were significantly lower than the numbers in the nontreated group.Results of this study indicate that DRG neurons innervating the lateral portion of the disc are distributed mainly in the ipsilateral side but also in the contralateral side. The DRG neurons in T13, L1 and L2 innervate the lateral portion of the L5-L6 disc through the paravertebral sympathetic trunks.
BibTeX: @article{Aoki:2004a, author = {Aoki, Yasuchika and Takahashi, Yuzuru and Takahashi, Kazuhisa and Chiba, Tanemichi and Kurokawa, Masahiro and Ozawa, Tomoyuki and Moriya, Hideshige}, title = {Sensory innervation of the lateral portion of the lumbar intervertebral disc in rats.}, journal = {Spine J}, school = {.jp}, year = {2004}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {275--280}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2003.10.005}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2003.10.005} }
Aono, Y., Saigusa, T., Taguchi, H., Uchida, T., Takada, K., Koshikawa, N. and Cools, A.	Synergistic, but not separate, stimulation of accumbal β1- and β2-adrenoceptors alters the accumbal dopamine efflux in freely moving rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	European Journal of Pharmacology Vol. 715(1-3), pp. 363-369	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The effects of intra-accumbal infusion of selective agonists for the β-adrenoceptor subtypes on the noradrenaline and dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats were investigated, using in vivo microdialysis. Neither β1-(dobutamine: 0.06 and 0.12 pmol) nor β2-adrenoceptor agonist (salbutamol: 0.36 and 3.6 pmol) altered the basal noradrenaline and dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens. Co-administration of 0.06 pmol of dobutamine with salbutamol (3.6 pmol) did not affect the noradrenaline levels, but it increased the dopamine efflux to approximately 120%. Co-administration of 0.12 pmol of dobutamine with salbutamol (0.36 or 3.6 pmol) also increased DA efflux to approximately 120% without affecting noradrenaline levels. The non-selective β-adrenoceptor antagonist l-propranolol (1200 pmol) that did not alter the basal noradrenaline and dopamine levels, suppressed the dopamine efflux, induced by co-administration of dobutamine (0.12 pmol) and salbutamol (3.6 pmol). The doses mentioned are the total amount of drug over the 60-min infusion period. The present results support our previously reported conclusion that stimulation of accumbal β-adrenoceptors which are suggested to be postsynaptically located on accumbal dopaminergic terminals, can enhance the dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens. The present study also provides in vivo neurochemical evidence that concomitant, but not separate, activation of accumbal β1- and β2-adrenoceptors synergistically increases the accumbal dopamine efflux. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Aono:2013, author = {Aono, Y. and Saigusa, T. and Taguchi, H. and Uchida, T. and Takada, K. and Koshikawa, N. and Cools, A.R.}, title = {Synergistic, but not separate, stimulation of accumbal β1- and β2-adrenoceptors alters the accumbal dopamine efflux in freely moving rats}, journal = {European Journal of Pharmacology}, year = {2013}, volume = {715}, number = {1-3}, pages = {363-369}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84885475493&partnerID=40&md5=c47479c863892c253287212beec05115}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.035} }
Aono, Y., Saigusa, T., Watanabe, S., Iwakami, T., Mizoguchi, N., Ikeda, H., Ishige, K., Tomiyama, K., Oi, Y., Ueda, K., Rausch, W.-D., Waddington, J., Ito, Y., Koshikawa, N. and Cools, A.	Role of alpha adrenoceptors in the nucleus accumbens in the control of accumbal noradrenaline efflux: A microdialysis study with freely moving rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Journal of Neural Transmission Vol. 114(9), pp. 1135-1142	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Microdialysis technique was used to study the effects of the locally applied alpha adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine and antagonist phentolamine on the basal noradrenaline efflux as well as on the noradrenaline uptake inhibitor desipramine-elicited noradrenaline efflux in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of freely moving rats. Tetrodotoxin reduced basal noradrenaline efflux by 72%, whereas desipramine increased it by 204%. Phenylephrine reduced the basal noradrenaline efflux by 32% and phentolamine blocked this effect. Phentolamine elevated the basal noradrenaline efflux by 150% and phenylephrine counteracted this effect. The desipramine-elicited noradrenaline efflux was not affected by phenylephrine, but enhanced by phentolamine. Desipramine counteracted the effects of phenylephrine and potentiated those of phentolamine. These results indicate that the accumbal noradrenaline efflux is under inhibitory control of alpha adrenoceptors that are suggested to be presynaptically located on adrenergic nerve terminals in the NAc. Furthermore, this study suggests that the conformational state of alpha adrenoceptors varies across the available amount of noradrenaline. The clinical impact of these data is discussed. © 2007 Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX: @article{Aono:2007, author = {Aono, Y. and Saigusa, T. and Watanabe, S. and Iwakami, T. and Mizoguchi, N. and Ikeda, H. and Ishige, K. and Tomiyama, K. and Oi, Y. and Ueda, K. and Rausch, W.-D. and Waddington, J.L. and Ito, Y. and Koshikawa, N. and Cools, A.R.}, title = {Role of alpha adrenoceptors in the nucleus accumbens in the control of accumbal noradrenaline efflux: A microdialysis study with freely moving rats}, journal = {Journal of Neural Transmission}, year = {2007}, volume = {114}, number = {9}, pages = {1135-1142}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34548148409&partnerID=40&md5=e0464eede20f61fcd46e8ddd73c741a4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-007-0745-1} }
Aotani, H., Ono, K., Uematsu, J. and Shimada, M.	[Developmental plasticity of corticospinal projections in the spinal cord gray matter of normal and hemicortectomized rat]. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	No To Shinkei Vol. 50(4), pp. 339-345School: Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ohtsu, Japan.	article
Abstract: In the previous study we demonstrated in rats that aberrant ipsilateral CST fibers were increased when the cerebral cortex was surgically ablated unilaterally during the neonatal period. Origin of these aberrant fibers was confirmed to involve collateral axons, ramified from their parent axons. In this study, possible plastic change and the critical period for the outgrowth of CST fibers into the spinal cord gray matter in the rat after unilateral (right side) cortical damage at different ages measured in days were examined using anterograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP was injected into the left sensorimotor cortex in both normal and experimental rats. In the normal control rats, the outgrowth of HRP positive axons into the spinal gray matter was first noticed at 7 day of age in the vicinity of the right dorsal funiculus, and then reached maximal density and extension at 10 and 14 days of age, respectively. From 21 days onwards, the density and extension of HRP positive axons in the gray matter decreased rapidly except in the medial part close to the dorsal funiculus. In rats whose right cerebral cortex were damaged at day 1 of age, the pattern of the outgrowth of HRP positive axons into the right gray matter was much the same as that in age-matched controls. However, significantly different from the control, many HRP positive axons were noted even in the contralateral gray matter. HRP-positive axons in the contralateral left gray matter were also abundant in the rats who sustained cortical damage at 7 and 14 days, but were decreased considerably when the cerebral cortex was damaged at 28 days of age. When damage occurred at 56 days of age, HRP-positive axons did not increase in the left gray matter, indicating that the critical period of axonal plasticity after localized damage was before 4 weeks of age in rats.
BibTeX: @article{Aotani:1998, author = {H. Aotani and K. Ono and J. Uematsu and M. Shimada}, title = {[Developmental plasticity of corticospinal projections in the spinal cord gray matter of normal and hemicortectomized rat].}, journal = {No To Shinkei}, school = {Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ohtsu, Japan.}, year = {1998}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, pages = {339--345}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Aoyama, N., Tokumo, H., Ohya, T., Chandler, K. and Holzbach, R.T.	A novel transcellular transport pathway for non-bile salt cholephilic organic anions. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Am J Physiol Vol. 261(2 Pt 1), pp. G305-G311School: Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195-5218.	article	URL
Abstract: Non-bile salt cholephilic organic anions comprise a single class of nonhomologous ligands having a range of hydrophobicity. Hydrophobicity enhances the hepatic extraction of cholephiles as well as their partitioning into secreted biliary lipid particles. When hydrophobicity is correlated with patterns of biliary excretion for studying transcellular transport, however, the more hydrophobic probes are unsuitable. Specifically, with the isolated perfused rat liver technique, the excretory times for sulfobromophthalein and rose bengal were significantly longer compared with that for the much more hydrophilic analogue phenol red (PR), which showed only a single, nearly symmetrical excretory peak at 10 min. Colchicine affected the apparently well-defined PR pathway only at a saturation dose (10,000 times the tracer dose). In contrast, the effect of a different perturbant, monensin, was striking at a tracer dose of PR, but was less evident at a saturation dose. The combined administration of colchicine and monensin had no additive inhibitory effect on PR excretion at tracer doses. At a saturation dose of PR, where monensin is less inhibiting, however, a significant additive inhibitory effect was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Aoyama:1991, author = {Aoyama, N. and Tokumo, H. and Ohya, T. and Chandler, K. and Holzbach, R. T.}, title = {A novel transcellular transport pathway for non-bile salt cholephilic organic anions.}, journal = {Am J Physiol}, school = {Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195-5218.}, year = {1991}, volume = {261}, number = {2 Pt 1}, pages = {G305--G311}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://ajpgi.physiology.org/content/ajpgi/261/2/G305.full.pdf} }
Aparicio, M.-A. and Saldana, E.	The dorsal tectal longitudinal column (TLCd): a second longitudinal column in the paramedian region of the midbrain tectum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Brain structure & function Vol. 219, pp. 607-30	article	DOI
Abstract: The tectal longitudinal column (TLC) is a longitudinally oriented, long and narrow nucleus that spans the paramedian region of the midbrain tectum of a large variety of mammals (Saldana et al. in J Neurosci 27:13108-13116, 2007). Recent analysis of the organization of this region revealed another novel nucleus located immediately dorsal, and parallel, to the TLC. Because the name "tectal longitudinal column" also seems appropriate for this novel nucleus, we suggest the TLC described in 2007 be renamed the "ventral tectal longitudinal column (TLCv)", and the newly discovered nucleus termed the "dorsal tectal longitudinal column (TLCd)". This work represents the first characterization of the rat TLCd. A constellation of anatomical techniques was used to demonstrate that the TLCd differs from its surrounding structures (TLCv and superior colliculus) cytoarchitecturally, myeloarchitecturally, neurochemically and hodologically. The distinct expression of vesicular amino acid transporters suggests that TLCd neurons are GABAergic. The TLCd receives major projections from various areas of the cerebral cortex (secondary visual mediomedial area, and granular and dysgranular retrosplenial cortices) and from the medial pretectal nucleus. It densely innervates the ipsilateral lateral posterior and laterodorsal nuclei of the thalamus. Thus, the TLCd is connected with vision-related neural centers. The TLCd may be unique as it constitutes the only known nucleus made of GABAergic neurons dedicated to providing massive inhibition to higher order thalamic nuclei of a specific sensory modality.
BibTeX: @article{Aparicio:2014a, author = {Aparicio, M.-Auxiliadora and Saldana, Enrique}, title = {The dorsal tectal longitudinal column (TLCd): a second longitudinal column in the paramedian region of the midbrain tectum.}, journal = {Brain structure & function}, year = {2014}, volume = {219}, pages = {607-30}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-013-0522-x} }
Aparicio, M.-A. and Saldaña, E.	The dorsal tectal longitudinal column (TLCd): a second longitudinal column in the paramedian region of the midbrain tectum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Brain Struct Funct Vol. 219(2), pp. 607-630School: Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Medical School, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The tectal longitudinal column (TLC) is a longitudinally oriented, long and narrow nucleus that spans the paramedian region of the midbrain tectum of a large variety of mammals (Saldaña et al. in J Neurosci 27:13108-13116, 2007). Recent analysis of the organization of this region revealed another novel nucleus located immediately dorsal, and parallel, to the TLC. Because the name "tectal longitudinal column" also seems appropriate for this novel nucleus, we suggest the TLC described in 2007 be renamed the "ventral tectal longitudinal column (TLCv)", and the newly discovered nucleus termed the "dorsal tectal longitudinal column (TLCd)". This work represents the first characterization of the rat TLCd. A constellation of anatomical techniques was used to demonstrate that the TLCd differs from its surrounding structures (TLCv and superior colliculus) cytoarchitecturally, myeloarchitecturally, neurochemically and hodologically. The distinct expression of vesicular amino acid transporters suggests that TLCd neurons are GABAergic. The TLCd receives major projections from various areas of the cerebral cortex (secondary visual mediomedial area, and granular and dysgranular retrosplenial cortices) and from the medial pretectal nucleus. It densely innervates the ipsilateral lateral posterior and laterodorsal nuclei of the thalamus. Thus, the TLCd is connected with vision-related neural centers. The TLCd may be unique as it constitutes the only known nucleus made of GABAergic neurons dedicated to providing massive inhibition to higher order thalamic nuclei of a specific sensory modality.
BibTeX: @article{Aparicio:2014, author = {Aparicio, M-Auxiliadora and Saldaña, Enrique}, title = {The dorsal tectal longitudinal column (TLCd): a second longitudinal column in the paramedian region of the midbrain tectum.}, journal = {Brain Struct Funct}, school = {Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Medical School, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.}, year = {2014}, volume = {219}, number = {2}, pages = {607--630}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-013-0522-x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-013-0522-x} }
Aparicio, M.-A., Viñuela, A. and Saldaña, E.	Projections from the inferior colliculus to the tectal longitudinal column in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Neuroscience Vol. 166(2), pp. 653-664School: Laboratory for the Neurobiology of Hearing, Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, 37007-Salamanca, Spain.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We have used the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) to study with albino rats the projections from the inferior colliculus (IC) to the tectal longitudinal column (TLC), a newly discovered nucleus that spans the midbrain tectum longitudinally, on each side of the midbrain, immediately above the periaqueductal gray matter. We studied the projections of the medial IC, which includes the classical central nucleus (CNIC) and the dorsal cortex (DCIC), and those of the lateral IC, equivalent to the classical external cortex (ECIC). Following unilateral injections of PHA-L into the medial IC, numerous terminal fibers are labeled bilaterally in the TLC. The ipsilateral projection is denser and targets the entire nucleus, whereas the contralateral projection targets significantly only the caudal half or two-thirds of the TLC. Fibers from the medial IC reach the TLC by two routes: as collaterals of axons that travel in the commissure of the IC and as collaterals of thick ipsilateral colliculogeniculate axons; the latter travel through the deep superior colliculus on their way to the TLC. Within the TLC, individual IC fibers tend to run longitudinally. The injection of PHA-L into the lateral IC indicates that this subdivision sends a weak, bilateral projection to the TLC whose trajectory, morphology and distribution are similar to those of the projection from the medial IC. These results demonstrate that all subdivisions of the IC send projections to the TLC, suggesting that the IC may be one of the main sources of auditory input to this tectal nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Aparicio:2010, author = {M-A. Aparicio and A. Viñuela and E. Saldaña}, title = {Projections from the inferior colliculus to the tectal longitudinal column in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Laboratory for the Neurobiology of Hearing, Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, 37007-Salamanca, Spain.}, year = {2010}, volume = {166}, number = {2}, pages = {653--664}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.074}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.074} }
Aparicio, M.-A., Viñuela, A. and Saldaña, E.	Projections from the inferior colliculus to the tectal longitudinal column in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Neuroscience Vol. 166(2), pp. 653-664School: Laboratory for the Neurobiology of Hearing, Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, 37007-Salamanca, Spain.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We have used the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) to study with albino rats the projections from the inferior colliculus (IC) to the tectal longitudinal column (TLC), a newly discovered nucleus that spans the midbrain tectum longitudinally, on each side of the midbrain, immediately above the periaqueductal gray matter. We studied the projections of the medial IC, which includes the classical central nucleus (CNIC) and the dorsal cortex (DCIC), and those of the lateral IC, equivalent to the classical external cortex (ECIC). Following unilateral injections of PHA-L into the medial IC, numerous terminal fibers are labeled bilaterally in the TLC. The ipsilateral projection is denser and targets the entire nucleus, whereas the contralateral projection targets significantly only the caudal half or two-thirds of the TLC. Fibers from the medial IC reach the TLC by two routes: as collaterals of axons that travel in the commissure of the IC and as collaterals of thick ipsilateral colliculogeniculate axons; the latter travel through the deep superior colliculus on their way to the TLC. Within the TLC, individual IC fibers tend to run longitudinally. The injection of PHA-L into the lateral IC indicates that this subdivision sends a weak, bilateral projection to the TLC whose trajectory, morphology and distribution are similar to those of the projection from the medial IC. These results demonstrate that all subdivisions of the IC send projections to the TLC, suggesting that the IC may be one of the main sources of auditory input to this tectal nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Aparicio:2010a, author = {Aparicio, M-A. and Viñuela, A. and Saldaña, E.}, title = {Projections from the inferior colliculus to the tectal longitudinal column in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Laboratory for the Neurobiology of Hearing, Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, 37007-Salamanca, Spain.}, year = {2010}, volume = {166}, number = {2}, pages = {653--664}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.074}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.074} }
Apergis-Schoute, J., Pinto, A. and Paré, D.	Muscarinic control of long-range GABAergic inhibition within the rhinal cortices. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	J Neurosci Vol. 27(15), pp. 4061-4071School: Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The perirhinal cortex plays a critical role in memory formation, in part because it forms reciprocal connections with the neocortex and entorhinal cortex and is thus in a position to integrate and transfer higher-order information to and from the hippocampus. However, for reasons that remain unclear, perirhinal transfer of neocortical inputs to the entorhinal cortex occurs with a low probability. Using patch recordings in vitro and tract-tracing combined with GAD-67 immunohistochemistry, we show that the perirhinal cortex contains GABAergic neurons with long-range projections to superficial entorhinal cells. This finding challenges the traditional model of cortical inhibition in which all trans-areal inhibition is thought to be disynaptic because the axons of GABAergic interneurons are assumed to be confined within the area in which their somata are located. Moreover, consistent with recent studies indicating that the formation of perirhinal-dependent memories requires activation of muscarinic receptors, long-range IPSPs were presynaptically inhibited by M2 receptor activation. Overall, these results suggest that long-range feedforward inhibition regulates perirhinal transfer of neocortical inputs to the entorhinal cortex, but that cholinergic inputs can presynaptically adjust the impact of this control mechanism as a function of environmental contingencies.
BibTeX: @article{Apergis-Schoute:2007, author = {Apergis-Schoute, John and Pinto, Aline and Paré, Denis}, title = {Muscarinic control of long-range GABAergic inhibition within the rhinal cortices.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.}, year = {2007}, volume = {27}, number = {15}, pages = {4061--4071}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0068-07.2007}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0068-07.2007} }
Apkarian, A.V. and Hodge, C.J.	A dorsolateral spinothalamic tract in macaque monkey. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Pain Vol. 37(3), pp. 323-333School: Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Health Science Center, Syracuse 13210.	article	DOI
Abstract: Prior work has indicated the existence of a major spinal cord pathway made up of lamina I cell axons ascending in the dorsolateral funiculus in both rat and cat. In cat, a portion of this lamina I dorsolateral funiculus pathway terminates in the thalamus. The purpose of this report is to demonstrate that a similar dorsolateral spinothalamic tract exists in macaque monkey. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, injected into the somatosensory thalamus of monkeys, was used to identify the cells of origin of the spinothalamic tract in the cervical and lumbar enlargements. In order to determine the funicular courses of the axons contributing to the spinothalamic pathway, thalamic injections of horseradish peroxidase were combined with ipsilateral ventral or dorsolateral thoracic spinal cord lesions. The results indicate that in macaque monkey many lamina I cell axons ascend to the thalamus in the dorsolateral funiculus, contralateral to their parent cells. Some lamina I cell axons as well as the majority of axons of spinothalamic cells located in deeper laminae ascend in the contralateral ventral quadrant to terminate in the thalamus. The existence in macaque of a dorsolateral spinothalamic pathway comprised of lamina I cell axons strongly implies the presence of a similar pathway in humans and has important implications regarding the mechanisms underlying both clinical and experimental nociception.
BibTeX: @article{Apkarian:1989, author = {Apkarian, A. V. and Hodge, C. J.}, title = {A dorsolateral spinothalamic tract in macaque monkey.}, journal = {Pain}, school = {Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Health Science Center, Syracuse 13210.}, year = {1989}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {323--333}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(89)90198-x} }
Apkarian, A.V., Hodge Jr, C., Stevens, R.T. and Franck, J.I.	Lumbar dorsal root potentials elicited by stimulation of nucleus locus coeruleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Exp Neurol Vol. 85(1), pp. 202-208	article	DOI
Abstract: Lumbar dorsal root potentials (DRP) were elicited by nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) stimulation in the cat. Inhibition, by LC stimulation, of dorsal horn cells responding to noxious inputs corresponded in time with the DRPs evoked by LC stimulation. Comparing cutaneous stimulation-evoked DRPs with LC stimulation-evoked DRPs and their respective effects on dorsal horn single-unit activity suggested a shared segmental underlying mechanism and the possible involvement of the coeruleospinal system with that of a diffuse noxious inhibitory suprasegmental loop.
BibTeX: @article{Apkarian:1984, author = {Apkarian, A. V. and Hodge, Jr, CJ and Stevens, R. T. and Franck, J. I.}, title = {Lumbar dorsal root potentials elicited by stimulation of nucleus locus coeruleus.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, year = {1984}, volume = {85}, number = {1}, pages = {202--208}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(84)90173-0} }
Appel, N.M. and Elde, R.P.	The intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic spinal cord is comprised of target-specific subnuclei: evidence from retrograde transport studies and immunohistochemistry. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	J Neurosci Vol. 8(5), pp. 1767-1775School: Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.	article	URL
Abstract: In this study we examined the hypothesis that the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the thoracic spinal cord, the nucleus from which preganglionic sympathetic neurons originate, provides an anatomical substrate through which selective regulation of sympathetic nervous system targets is accomplished. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons of rats were retrogradely labeled by the simultaneous exposure of the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) and the adrenal medulla to Fluoro-Gold and True blue, contrasting fluorescent dyes. Retrograde labeling from these sites revealed 2 populations of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in IML whose distribution overlapped between segments T1 and T4. In regions where these 2 groups of retrogradely labeled neurons overlapped, sympathoadrenal preganglionic (SAP) neurons occupied the most lateral aspect of the nucleus. It was also determined whether individual retrogradely labeled neurons within these two groups sent axon collaterals to both the CST and adrenal medulla. Diamidino yellow, a fluorescent retrograde tracer dye that labels only nuclei, was substituted for Fluoro-Gold and used in combination with True blue to simultaneously label preganglionic sympathetic neurons projecting to either the CST or adrenal medulla. No double-labeled cell bodies were observed in spinal cords of rats treated in this manner. Thus it appeared that the efferent projections of these 2 cell populations in IML were target-specific. Immunohistochemical analysis of the relationship between nerve fibers in the IML and preganglionic sympathetic neurons was also undertaken in an attempt to classify further these 2 populations of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Equal proportions of identified CST and SAP neurons appeared to be apposed by varicosities immunoreactive for either somatostatin or serotonin. On the other hand, when the comparison was based on whether oxytocin-immunoreactive varicosities appeared to appose these 2 populations of retrogradely labeled sympathetic neurons, a highly significant difference was revealed. That is, oxytocin-immunoreactive fibers and terminals appeared to avoid SAP neurons. Thus these data support the hypothesis that an anatomical substrate exists in spinal cord IML whereby selective regulation of sympathetic nervous system targets may be mediated. Moreover, the lack of oxytocin-immunoreactive varicosities apposing SAP neurons in IML suggests that if the paraventricular nucleus innervates SAP neurons in IML, it does so via a population of neurons that do not use oxytocin as a neurotransmitter.
BibTeX: @article{Appel:1988, author = {Appel, N. M. and Elde, R. P.}, title = {The intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic spinal cord is comprised of target-specific subnuclei: evidence from retrograde transport studies and immunohistochemistry.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.}, year = {1988}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {1767--1775}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/8/5/1767.long} }
Appel, N.M., Wessendorf, M.W. and Elde, R.P.	Coexistence of serotonin- and substance P-like immunoreactivity in nerve fibers apposing identified sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons in rat intermediolateral cell column. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Neurosci Lett Vol. 65(3), pp. 241-246	article	DOI
Abstract: In this study we examined the possibility that serotonin (5-HT) and substance P (SP) coexist in fibers and terminals afferent to sympathoadrenal preganglionic (SAP) neurons in the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the spinal cord. SAP neurons in the IML were identified by retrograde labeling with either Fast Blue or True Blue injected into the adrenal medulla of rats. A simultaneous immunofluorescent double labeling technique was used to identify both 5-HT- and SP-like immunoreactivity in single tissue sections. Labeled SAP neurons were observed which were apposed by fibers immunoreactive for either neurotransmitter, as well as SAP neurons apposed by neither 5-HT- nor SP-like immunoreactive structures. In addition, 5-HT- and SP-like immunoreactivity were observed in separate fibers apposing the same labeled neuron and coexisting in fibers and terminal appearing in apposition to labeled SAP neurons. These data suggest a complex interaction by these neurotransmitters in regulating sympathetic outflow and may provide a model for interpreting conflicting observations concerning the effects of local 5-HT administration on sympathetic nerve activity.
BibTeX: @article{Appel:1986, author = {Appel, N. M. and Wessendorf, M. W. and Elde, R. P.}, title = {Coexistence of serotonin- and substance P-like immunoreactivity in nerve fibers apposing identified sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons in rat intermediolateral cell column.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1986}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, pages = {241--246}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(86)90268-5} }
Appeltants, D., Ball, G. and Balthazart, J.	Song activation by testosterone is associated with an increased catecholaminergic innervation of the song control system in female canaries [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Neuroscience Vol. 121(3), pp. 801-814	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In canaries, singing and a large number of morphological features of the neural system that mediates the learning, perception and production of song exhibit marked sex differences. Although these differences have been mainly attributed to sex-specific patterns of the action of testosterone and its metabolites, the mechanisms by which sex steroids regulate brain and behavior are far from being completely understood. Given that the density of immunoreactive catecholaminergic fibers that innervate telencephalic song nuclei in canaries is higher in males, which sing, than in females, which usually do not sing, we hypothesized that some of the effects induced by testosterone on song behavior are mediated through the action of the steroid on the catecholaminergic neurons which innervate the song control nuclei. Therefore, we investigated in female canaries the effects of a treatment with exogenous testosterone on song production, on the volume of song control nuclei, and on the catecholaminergic innervation of these nuclei as assessed by immunocytochemical visualization of tyrosine hydroxylase. Testosterone induced male-like singing in all females and increased by about 80% the volume of two telencephalic song control nuclei, the high vocal center (HVC) and the nucleus robustus archistriatalis (RA). Testosterone also significantly increased the fractional area covered by tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive structures (fibers and varicosities) in most telencephalic song control nuclei (HVC, the lateral and medial parts of the magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum, the nucleus interfacialis, and to a lesser extent RA). By contrast, testosterone did not affect the catecholaminergic innervation of the telencephalic areas adjacent to HVC and RA. Together these data demonstrate that, in parallel to its effects on song behavior and on the morphology of the song control system, testosterone also regulates the catecholaminergic innervation of most telencephalic song control nuclei in canaries. The endocrine regulation of singing may thus involve the neuromodulatory action of specialized dopaminergic and/or noradrenergic projections onto several key parts of the song control system. © 2003 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Appeltants:2003, author = {Appeltants, D. and Ball, G.F. and Balthazart, J.}, title = {Song activation by testosterone is associated with an increased catecholaminergic innervation of the song control system in female canaries}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2003}, volume = {121}, number = {3}, pages = {801-814}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1342282577&partnerID=40&md5=1ef5638bf4aabaecb735485645717e1e}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00496-2} }
Appeltants, D., Del Negro, C. and Balthazart, J.	Noradrenergic control of auditory information processing in female canaries [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Behavioural Brain Research Vol. 133(2), pp. 221-235	article	DOI URL
Abstract: An ethological procedure, based on the study of the sexual responsiveness of female canaries (Serinus canaria) to song playbacks was used to investigate the function of central noradrenergic inputs in the processing of auditory information. The effects of a noradrenergic denervation on sexual responses was analyzed in females exposed to playbacks of biological relevant auditory stimuli, i.e. sexually stimulating songs, presented alone or masked by auditory distractors. A decrease in behavioral responsiveness was observed as a function of the amount of masking distractors indicating that female canaries have the perceptual ability to discriminate and selectively attend to biologically relevant songs. After the systemic administration of DSP-4, a specific noradrenergic neurotoxin, females exhibited an overall decrease in sexual responsiveness to songs masked or not by distractors. No effect of DSP-4 were detected on the motor activity nor on reproductive behaviors. These results indicate that central noradrenergic inputs modulate the sexual behavior of female canaries by affecting the auditory processing of relevant information contained in sexually stimulating songs. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Appeltants:2002, author = {Appeltants, D. and Del Negro, C. and Balthazart, J.}, title = {Noradrenergic control of auditory information processing in female canaries}, journal = {Behavioural Brain Research}, year = {2002}, volume = {133}, number = {2}, pages = {221-235}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037130353&partnerID=40&md5=18c791493a2fca49fdab1dbe175a36e7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00005-0} }
Appeltants, D., Gentner, T., Hulse, S., Balthazart, J. and Ball, G.	The effect of auditory distractors on song discrimination in male canaries (Serinus canaria) [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Behavioural Processes Vol. 69(3), pp. 331-341	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Male songbirds such as canaries produce complex learned vocalizations that are used in the context of mate attraction and territory defense. Successful mate attraction or territorial defense requires that a bird be able to recognize individuals based on their vocal performance and identify these songs in a noisy background. In order to learn more about how birds are able to solve this problem, we investigated, with a two-alternative choice procedure, the ability of adult male canaries to discriminate between conspecific song segments from two different birds and to maintain this discrimination when conspecific songs are superimposed with a variety of distractors. The results indicate that male canaries have the ability to discriminate, with a high level of accuracy song segments produced by two different conspecific birds. Song discrimination was partially maintained when the stimuli were masked by auditory distractors, but the accuracy of the discrimination progressively declined as a function of the number of masking distractors. The type of distractor used in the experiments (other conspecific songs or different types of artificial white noise) did not markedly affect the rate of deterioration of the song discrimination. These data indicate that adult male canaries have the perceptual abilities to discriminate and selectively attend to one ongoing sound that occurs simultaneously with one or more other sounds. The administration of a noradrenergic neurotoxin did not impair markedly the discrimination learning abilities although the number of subjects tested was too small to allow any firm conclusion. In these conditions, however, the noradrenergic lesion significantly increased the number failures to respond in the discrimination learning task suggesting a role, in canaries, of the noradrenergic system in some attentional processes underlying song learning and processing. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Appeltants:2005, author = {Appeltants, D. and Gentner, T.Q. and Hulse, S.H. and Balthazart, J. and Ball, G.F.}, title = {The effect of auditory distractors on song discrimination in male canaries (Serinus canaria)}, journal = {Behavioural Processes}, year = {2005}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, pages = {331-341}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-19344371669&partnerID=40&md5=e869380013908efa5ebd69aa62159ef6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2005.01.010} }
Appenteng, K., Conyers, L. and Moore, J.A.	The monosynaptic excitatory connections of single trigeminal interneurones to the V motor nucleus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	J Physiol Vol. 417, pp. 91-104School: Department of Physiology, University of Leeds.	article	DOI
Abstract: 1. We have used the extracellular spike-triggered averaging method to identify a population of trigeminal interneurones that make monosynaptic connections within the V motor nucleus. The experiments were performed on rats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone (60 mg/kg I.V.; supplementary doses given as necessary to maintain a deep level of anaesthesia). 2. A tungsten microelectrode (tip exposure of some 200 microns) was inserted into the masseter motoneurone pool to allow recording of extracellular activity. A glass electrode filled with DL-homocysteic acid was used to make simultaneous extracellular recordings of the firing of single neurones in the region immediately caudal to the motor nucleus. 3. Fifty-eight out of 166 interneurones tested gave unitary extracellular fields in the motor nucleus. The responses consisted of a terminal spike (presynaptic spike) followed by a negative field of duration approximately 3 ms and amplitude 0.4-10.8 microV. The mean latency between the positive peak of the terminal spike and the onset of the field (synaptic delay) was 0.43 ms (S.D. = 0.10 ms), and the mean latency from the onset of the interneurone spike to the positive peak of the presynaptic spike was 0.35 ms (S.D. = 0.22 ms). Thus the interneurones project directly to the motor nucleus where they then make monosynaptic connections. 4. The negative extracellular fields were taken to reflect an excitatory synaptic input onto neurones within the motor nucleus. The fields were of maximum amplitude at the point of maximum masseter motoneurone antidromic field, suggesting that the connection may be onto elevator motoneurones. 5. The location of the interneurone appeared to the main factor governing the likelihood of obtaining a field. Interneurones located more than 400 microns from the caudal border of the motor nucleus rarely produced fields whereas most of those located within this distance gave fields. This pattern of distribution is strikingly similar to that of trigeminal interneurones labelled by the transneuronal transport of wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase after an intramuscular injection of the tracer into the masseter muscle. We suggest that this provides electrophysiological support for the suggestion that the tracer does indeed label interneurones by means of retrograde transsynaptic transport.
BibTeX: @article{Appenteng:1989, author = {K. Appenteng and L. Conyers and J. A. Moore}, title = {The monosynaptic excitatory connections of single trigeminal interneurones to the V motor nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {J Physiol}, school = {Department of Physiology, University of Leeds.}, year = {1989}, volume = {417}, pages = {91--104}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017792} }
Appenteng, K., Conyers, L. and Moore, J.A.	The monosynaptic excitatory connections of single trigeminal interneurones to the V motor nucleus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	The Journal of physiology Vol. 417, pp. 91-104	article
Abstract: 1. We have used the extracellular spike-triggered averaging method to identify a population of trigeminal interneurones that make monosynaptic connections within the V motor nucleus. The experiments were performed on rats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone (60 mg/kg I.V.; supplementary doses given as necessary to maintain a deep level of anaesthesia). 2. A tungsten microelectrode (tip exposure of some 200 microns) was inserted into the masseter motoneurone pool to allow recording of extracellular activity. A glass electrode filled with DL-homocysteic acid was used to make simultaneous extracellular recordings of the firing of single neurones in the region immediately caudal to the motor nucleus. 3. Fifty-eight out of 166 interneurones tested gave unitary extracellular fields in the motor nucleus. The responses consisted of a terminal spike (presynaptic spike) followed by a negative field of duration approximately 3 ms and amplitude 0.4-10.8 microV. The mean latency between the positive peak of the terminal spike and the onset of the field (synaptic delay) was 0.43 ms (S.D. = 0.10 ms), and the mean latency from the onset of the interneurone spike to the positive peak of the presynaptic spike was 0.35 ms (S.D. = 0.22 ms). Thus the interneurones project directly to the motor nucleus where they then make monosynaptic connections. 4. The negative extracellular fields were taken to reflect an excitatory synaptic input onto neurones within the motor nucleus. The fields were of maximum amplitude at the point of maximum masseter motoneurone antidromic field, suggesting that the connection may be onto elevator motoneurones. 5. The location of the interneurone appeared to the main factor governing the likelihood of obtaining a field. Interneurones located more than 400 microns from the caudal border of the motor nucleus rarely produced fields whereas most of those located within this distance gave fields. This pattern of distribution is strikingly similar to that of trigeminal interneurones labelled by the transneuronal transport of wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase after an intramuscular injection of the tracer into the masseter muscle. We suggest that this provides electrophysiological support for the suggestion that the tracer does indeed label interneurones by means of retrograde transsynaptic transport.
BibTeX: @article{Appenteng:1989a, author = {Appenteng, K. and Conyers, L. and Moore, J. A.}, title = {The monosynaptic excitatory connections of single trigeminal interneurones to the V motor nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of physiology}, year = {1989}, volume = {417}, pages = {91-104}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Appenteng, K., Donga, R. and Williams, R.G.	Morphological and electrophysiological determination of the projections of jaw-elevator muscle spindle afferents in rats [BibTeX]	1985	J. Physiol. (Lond.) Vol. 369, pp. 93-113	article
BibTeX: @article{Appenteng:1985, author = {Appenteng, K. and Donga, R. and Williams, R. G.}, title = {Morphological and electrophysiological determination of the projections of jaw-elevator muscle spindle afferents in rats}, journal = {J. Physiol. (Lond.)}, year = {1985}, volume = {369}, pages = {93--113} }
Appenteng, K. and Girdlestone, D.	Transneuronal transport of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase into trigeminal interneurones of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	J Comp Neurol Vol. 258(3), pp. 387-396	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Intramuscular injections of either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were made into the masseter muscle of rats. Both tracers labeled primary sensory neurones in the V mesencephalic nucleus, motoneurones in the V motor nucleus, and some motoneurones in the facial motor nucleus. WGA-HRP labeled additional neurones in the V main sensory nucleus and the rostral pole of the V nucleus oralis. These were classed as interneurones because they lay in areas outside those known to contain either first-order afferent or motoneurone somata. We argue that these were labeled by retrograde transport of tracer because they lay close to the V motor nucleus, and from some of them processes could be followed into the region of the V motor nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Appenteng:1987, author = {K. Appenteng and D. Girdlestone}, title = {Transneuronal transport of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase into trigeminal interneurones of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {258}, number = {3}, pages = {387--396}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902580307}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902580307} }
Appenteng, K. and Girdlestone, D.	Transneuronal transport of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase into trigeminal interneurones of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 258, pp. 387-96	article
Abstract: Intramuscular injections of either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were made into the masseter muscle of rats. Both tracers labeled primary sensory neurones in the V mesencephalic nucleus, motoneurones in the V motor nucleus, and some motoneurones in the facial motor nucleus. WGA-HRP labeled additional neurones in the V main sensory nucleus and the rostral pole of the V nucleus oralis. These were classed as interneurones because they lay in areas outside those known to contain either first-order afferent or motoneurone somata. We argue that these were labeled by retrograde transport of tracer because they lay close to the V motor nucleus, and from some of them processes could be followed into the region of the V motor nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Appenteng:1987a, author = {Appenteng, K. and Girdlestone, D.}, title = {Transneuronal transport of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase into trigeminal interneurones of the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1987}, volume = {258}, pages = {387-96}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Applebaum, A.E., Vance, W.H. and Coggeshall, R.E.	Segmental localization of sensory cells that innervate the bladder. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1980	J Comp Neurol Vol. 192(2), pp. 203-209	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The present study labels the neuronal cell bodies that give rise to afferent fibers that innervate the bladder of cat and rat. The method used was the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from its injection site in the bladder to cells in various dorsal root ganglia. In the rat, the labelled cells are located in the L1-L2 and L6-S1 dorsal root ganglia. In the cat, the labelled cells are located in the L2-L5 and S1-S4 dorsal root ganglia. This confirms older clinical findings, and for the first time directly demonstrates the afferent cell bodies for the bladder. The bladder afferents are small ganglion cells in both rat and cat, and because there is a correlation between the size of axon and the cell body from which it originates, we conclude that the great majority of bladder afferents are small myelinated or unmyelinated axons. In addition, by restricting the HRP to one side of the bladder, we are able to show that some afferent cell bodies send their distal processes across the midline. These results will be useful in considerations of the neural control of bladder function.
BibTeX: @article{Applebaum:1980, author = {Applebaum, A. E. and Vance, W. H. and Coggeshall, R. E.}, title = {Segmental localization of sensory cells that innervate the bladder.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1980}, volume = {192}, number = {2}, pages = {203--209}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901920202}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901920202} }
Apps, R.	Columnar organisation of the inferior olive projection to the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	J Comp Neurol Vol. 302(2), pp. 236-254School: Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The organisation of the olivocerebellar projection to lobules VI, VIII, and IX of the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum was investigated in detail by using the retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase. Small, well-defined rostro-caudally orientated columns of olive cells were found to project to different parasagittal areas in the posterior lobe. A column of olive cells about 2,000 microns in rostro-caudal length in subnucleus "c" and nucleus beta of the caudal medial accessory olive (MAO) provides climbing fibre input to the most medial part of lobules VI and IX, but this projection is displaced laterally in lobule VIII by a projection from a column of cells about 600 microns in rostro-caudal length in lateral caudal MAO (subnucleus "a"). It is possible that each of these columns of olivary neurones may be further subdivided in the rostro-caudal axis so that different sections project to different medio-lateral parts of the cortex. A fine-grain ' sublobular' localisation may also exist: the projection to midline lobule VIc arises at caudal levels of the olive from a band of cells in the transition region between subnucleus "c" and nucleus beta, whilst by comparison the projection from caudal levels of the olive to lobules VIa and VIb arises from cells located more ventrally in nucleus beta. Evidence is also presented to confirm that the posterior lobe vermis in the rat extends further laterally than in other mammals and that part of it receives a projection from a column of olive cells, 1,000 microns in rostro-caudal length, in a newly defined region of caudal MAO, termed subnucleus "b1."
BibTeX: @article{Apps:1990, author = {R. Apps}, title = {Columnar organisation of the inferior olive projection to the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.}, year = {1990}, volume = {302}, number = {2}, pages = {236-254}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020205}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020205} }
Apps, R.	Columnar organisation of the inferior olive projection to the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 302, pp. 236-54	article
Abstract: The organisation of the olivocerebellar projection to lobules VI, VIII, and IX of the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum was investigated in detail by using the retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase. Small, well-defined rostro-caudally orientated columns of olive cells were found to project to different parasagittal areas in the posterior lobe. A column of olive cells about 2,000 microns in rostro-caudal length in subnucleus "c" and nucleus beta of the caudal medial accessory olive (MAO) provides climbing fibre input to the most medial part of lobules VI and IX, but this projection is displaced laterally in lobule VIII by a projection from a column of cells about 600 microns in rostro-caudal length in lateral caudal MAO (subnucleus "a"). It is possible that each of these columns of olivary neurones may be further subdivided in the rostro-caudal axis so that different sections project to different medio-lateral parts of the cortex. A fine-grain 'sublobular' localisation may also exist: the projection to midline lobule VIc arises at caudal levels of the olive from a band of cells in the transition region between subnucleus "c" and nucleus beta, whilst by comparison the projection from caudal levels of the olive to lobules VIa and VIb arises from cells located more ventrally in nucleus beta. Evidence is also presented to confirm that the posterior lobe vermis in the rat extends further laterally than in other mammals and that part of it receives a projection from a column of olive cells, 1,000 microns in rostro-caudal length, in a newly defined region of caudal MAO, termed subnucleus "b1."
BibTeX: @article{Apps:1990a, author = {Apps, R.}, title = {Columnar organisation of the inferior olive projection to the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1990}, volume = {302}, pages = {236-54}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Apps, R. and Hawkes, R.	Cerebellar cortical organization: a one-map hypothesis [BibTeX]	2009	Nat Rev Neurosci Vol. 10, pp. 670-681	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Apps:2009, author = {Apps, R and Hawkes, R}, title = {Cerebellar cortical organization: a one-map hypothesis}, journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci}, year = {2009}, volume = {10}, pages = {670-681}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2698} }
Apps, R. and Ruigrok, T.J.H.	A fluorescence-based double retrograde tracer strategy for charting central neuronal connections. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Nat Protoc Vol. 2(8), pp. 1862-1868School: Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. r.apps@bristol.ac.uk	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Microspheres (beads) tagged with different fluorescent markers can be used for double retrograde axonal tracing of CNS connections. They have several advantages over other double tracer techniques, including ease-of-use, high transport efficiency, distinctive cell labeling and the ability to produce well-defined injection sites. In this protocol we describe the basic procedure for their use, some common problems and how these can be overcome. The protocol, including animal surgery, preparation and delivery of tracer can be completed in approximately 0.5 d. Subsequent histological processing (excluding survival time) can be completed in 0.5-1 d.
BibTeX: @article{Apps:2007, author = {Apps, Richard and Ruigrok, Tom J H.}, title = {A fluorescence-based double retrograde tracer strategy for charting central neuronal connections.}, journal = {Nat Protoc}, school = {Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. r.apps@bristol.ac.uk}, year = {2007}, volume = {2}, number = {8}, pages = {1862--1868}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.263}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.263} }
Aqing, C. and Changgeng, Z.	Distribution and releasing pathways of vasopressin in hypothalamus and the influence of dehydration on vasopressin immunoreactivity of the median eminence in the rat [BibTeX]	1989	Chin J Neuroanat Vol. 1, pp. 021	article
BibTeX: @article{Aqing:1989, author = {Aqing, Chen and Changgeng, Zhu}, title = {Distribution and releasing pathways of vasopressin in hypothalamus and the influence of dehydration on vasopressin immunoreactivity of the median eminence in the rat}, journal = {Chin J Neuroanat}, year = {1989}, volume = {1}, pages = {021} }
Aquino, D.A., Bisby, M.A. and Ledeen, R.W.	Bidirectional transport of gangliosides, glycoproteins and neutral glycosphingolipids in the sensory neurons of rat sciatic nerve. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Neuroscience Vol. 20(3), pp. 1023-1029	article	DOI
Abstract: Bidirectional axonal transport of glycoconjugates was studied in the sensory axons of rat sciatic nerve following injection of radiolabelled precursors into L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia. After varying time intervals, gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids were isolated from anterograde and retrograde accumulation segments and radioactivity determined. Radiolabelled glycoproteins were measured in delipidated residues. These glycoconjugates were shown to undergo both anterograde and retrograde transport, accumulation occurring in roughly parallel manner for the three classes. The velocity of anterograde transport was collectively estimated at approximately 360 mm/day. Neutral glycosphingolipids, previously unknown to be axonally transported, were present in sensory axons and transported in roughly equivalent amounts as gangliosides--as judged by levels of transported radioactivity. TLC-radioautography revealed a number of molecular species in the general region of tetra- and larger glycosylceramides. Fractionation of gangliosides according to sialic acid content demonstrated the presence of mono-, di- and polysialo species at the anterograde site.
BibTeX: @article{Aquino:1987, author = {Aquino, D. A. and Bisby, M. A. and Ledeen, R. W.}, title = {Bidirectional transport of gangliosides, glycoproteins and neutral glycosphingolipids in the sensory neurons of rat sciatic nerve.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1987}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {1023--1029}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(87)90260-0} }
Aquino, D., Bisby, M. and Ledeen, R.	Bidirectional transport of gangliosides, glycoproteins and neutral glycosphingolipids in the sensory neurons of rat sciatic nerve [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Neuroscience Vol. 20(3), pp. 1023-1029	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Bidirectional axonal transport of glycoconjugates was studied in the sensory axons of rat sciatic nerve following injection of radiolabelled precursors into L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia. After varying time intervals, gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids were isolated from anterograde and retrograde accumulation segments and radioactivity determined. Radiolabelled glycoproteins were measured in delipidated residues. These glycoconjugates were shown to undergo both anterograde and retrograde transport, accumulation occurring in roughly parallel manner for the three classes. The velocity of anterograde transport was collectively estimated at approximately 360 mm/day. Neutral glycosphingolipids, previously unknown to be axonally trasported, were present in sensory axons and transported in roughly equivalent amounts as gangliosides-as judged by levels of transported radioactivity. TLC-radioautography revealed a number of molecular species in the general region of tetra- and larger glycosylceramides. Fractionation of gangliosides according to sialic acid content demonstrated the presence of mono-, di- and polysialo species at the anterograde site. © 1987.
BibTeX: @article{Aquino:1987a, author = {Aquino, D.A. and Bisby, M.A. and Ledeen, R.W.}, title = {Bidirectional transport of gangliosides, glycoproteins and neutral glycosphingolipids in the sensory neurons of rat sciatic nerve}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1987}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {1023-1029}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023239239&partnerID=40&md5=92f4a541b22070feaf3804191be5a46c}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(87)90260-0} }
Arabadzisz, D. and Freund, T.F.	Changes in excitatory and inhibitory circuits of the rat hippocampus 12-14 months after complete forebrain ischemia. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Neuroscience Vol. 92(1), pp. 27-45School: Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.	article	DOI
Abstract: Changes in interneuron distribution and excitatory connectivity have been investigated in animals which had survived 12-14 months after complete forebrain ischemia, induced by four-vessel occlusion. Anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin revealed massive Schaffer collateral input even to those regions of the CA1 subfield where hardly any surviving pyramidal cells were found. Boutons of these Schaffer collaterals formed conventional synaptic contacts on dendritic spines and shafts, many of which likely belong to interneurons. Mossy fibres survived the ischemic challenge, however, large mossy terminals showed altered morphology, namely, the number of filopodiae on these terminals decreased significantly. The entorhinal input to the hippocampus did not show any morphological alterations. The distribution of interneurons was investigated by neurochemical markers known to label functionally distinct GABAergic cell populations. In the hilus, spiny interneurons showed a profound decrease in number. This phenomenon was not as obvious in CA3, but the spiny metabotropic glutamate receptor 1alpha-positive non-pyramidal cells, some of which contain calretinin or substance P receptor, disappeared from stratum lucidum of this area. In the CA1 region, somatostatin immunoreactivity disappeared from stratum oriens/lacunosum-moleculare-associated cells, while in metabotropic glutamate receptor 1alpha-stained sections these cells seemed unaffected in number. Other interneurons did not show an obvious decrease in number. In stratum radiatum of the CA1 subfield, some interneuron types had altered morphology: the substance P receptor-positive dendrites lost their characteristic radial orientation, and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1alpha-expressing cells became extremely spiny. The loss of inhibitory interneurons at the first two stages of the trisynaptic loop coupled with a well-preserved excitatory connectivity among the subfields suggests that hyperexcitability in the surviving dentate gyrus and CA3 may persist even a year after the ischemic impact. The dorsal CA1 region is lost; nevertheless hyperactivity, if it occurs, may have a route to leave the hippocampus via the longitudinally extensive axon collaterals of CA3 pyramidal cells, which may activate the subiculum and entorhinal cortex with a relay in the surviving ventral hippocampal CA1 region.
BibTeX: @article{Arabadzisz:1999, author = {D. Arabadzisz and T. F. Freund}, title = {Changes in excitatory and inhibitory circuits of the rat hippocampus 12-14 months after complete forebrain ischemia.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.}, year = {1999}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, pages = {27--45}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00736-2} }
Arai, A., Larson, J. and Lynch, G.	Anoxia reveals a vulnerable period in the development of long-term potentiation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Brain Research Vol. 511(2), pp. 353-357	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Transient anoxia occurring 1-2 min after high-frequency stimulation selectively prevented the stable expression of long-term potentiation (LTP). Anoxia occurring after this brief vulnerable period did not reverse LTP. Experiments on the duration of anoxia necessary to block LTP expression indicated that simply reducing synaptic transmission was insufficient but that membrane depolarization was not required. The effects of anoxia on LTP were blocked by antagonists of A1 adenosine receptors.It is concluded that LTP develops in about one minute and that the chemistries operating in this period are easily disrupted by an event triggered by adenosine receptors. © 1990.
BibTeX: @article{Arai:1990a, author = {Arai, A. and Larson, J. and Lynch, G.}, title = {Anoxia reveals a vulnerable period in the development of long-term potentiation}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1990}, volume = {511}, number = {2}, pages = {353-357}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025325883&partnerID=40&md5=bafa510c1b2a06d2486334b84fa71001}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(90)90184-D} }
Arai, R., Jacobowitz, D. and Deura, S.	Immunohistochemical localization of calretinin-, calbindin-D28k- and parvalbumin-containing cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Brain Research Vol. 618(2), pp. 323-327	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The localization of three calcium-binding proteins, calretinin, calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin, in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat was immunohistochemically examined on adjacent sections and their distribution patterns were compared. Overlap between the distribution of calretinin-immunoreactive cells and that of calbindin-D28k-immunostained cells was flound in the rostrodorsal part of the supraoptic nucleus, and the caudoventral part of this nucleus contained predominantly calbindin-D28k-stained cells. Cells of the medial and lateral magnocellular subdivisions of the paraventricular nucleus were almost devoid of the calcium-binding proteins examined. No parvalbumin-immunostained cells were oberved in either nucleus. This study provides a further characterization of cell bodies in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. © 1993.
BibTeX: @article{Arai:1993, author = {Arai, R. and Jacobowitz, D.M. and Deura, S.}, title = {Immunohistochemical localization of calretinin-, calbindin-D28k- and parvalbumin-containing cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1993}, volume = {618}, number = {2}, pages = {323-327}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027260626&partnerID=40&md5=68b66f54e3ca966c4399bdfdca735e20}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(93)91284-Y} }
Arai, R., Kojima, Y., Geffard, M., Kitahama, K. and Maeda, T.	Combined use of silver staining of the retrograde tracer WGAapoHRP-Au and pre-embedding immunocytochemistry for electron microscopy: Demonstration of dopaminergic terminals in synaptic contact with striatal neurons projecting to the substantia nigra in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry Vol. 40(6), pp. 889-892	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We investigated the applicability of the pre-embedding immunoperoxidase technique to WGAapoHRP-Au retrograde tracing. After injection of the tracer into the substantia nigra of rat, the brain was fixed and cryostat sections were immunostained for dopamine. The sections were osmicated and silver- stained to amplify the colloidal gold particles. Products of both the immunoperoxidase staining and the silver staining could be detected and distinguished by electron microscopy at low magnification. The ultrastructure was so well preserved that synaptic characteristics could be investigated. Dopaminergic terminals were demonstrated to synapse with striatal neurons projecting to the substantia nigra.
BibTeX: @article{Arai:1992, author = {Arai, R. and Kojima, Y. and Geffard, M. and Kitahama, K. and Maeda, T.}, title = {Combined use of silver staining of the retrograde tracer WGAapoHRP-Au and pre-embedding immunocytochemistry for electron microscopy: Demonstration of dopaminergic terminals in synaptic contact with striatal neurons projecting to the substantia nigra in the rat}, journal = {Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry}, year = {1992}, volume = {40}, number = {6}, pages = {889-892}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026752761&partnerID=40&md5=3fba6155839eb28c6ee27c37fc0c3dba}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/40.6.1588034} }
Arai, R., Onteniente, B., Trembleau, A., Landry, M. and Calas, A.	Hypothalamic galanin-immunoreactive neurons projecting to the posterior lobe of the rat pituitary: a combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	J Comp Neurol Vol. 299(4), pp. 405-420School: Département de Cytologie, CNRS UA 1199, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: To identify the galanin-immunoreactive neurons projecting to the posterior lobe of the pituitary in the rat hypothalamus, a retrograde tracer (complex of wheat germ agglutinin-enzymatically inactive horseradish peroxidase-colloidal gold) was injected into the posterior lobe of the pituitary. Sections of the hypothalamus were treated with a combination of silver enhancement of retrogradely transported tracer and immunohistochemistry of galanin. Of the total number of hypothalamic cells doubly labeled with retrograde tracing and galanin-immunostaining, 56-60% were found in the supraoptic nucleus, 18-23% in the retrochiasmatic nucleus, 8-10% in the lateral magnocellular portion of the paraventricular nucleus. The ratio of (number of doubly labeled cells/number of galanin-immunoreactive cells) in each of the above regions was similar to the ratio of (number of retrogradely labeled cells/number of Nissl-stained cells) in the supraoptic nucleus. Of all retrogradely labeled cells in the hypothalamus, 51-56% also contained galaninlike immunoreactivity.(1) galanin-immunoreactive fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary originate mainly in the supraoptic nucleus, retrochiasmatic nucleus, and lateral magnocellular portion of the paraventricular nucleus, (2) most of galanin-immunoreactive cells in these regions project to the posterior lobe of the pituitary, and (3) about half the neurons constituting the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system contain galaninlike immunoreactivity.
BibTeX: @article{Arai:1990, author = {Arai, R. and Onteniente, B. and Trembleau, A. and Landry, M. and Calas, A.}, title = {Hypothalamic galanin-immunoreactive neurons projecting to the posterior lobe of the rat pituitary: a combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Département de Cytologie, CNRS UA 1199, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.}, year = {1990}, volume = {299}, number = {4}, pages = {405--420}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902990403}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902990403} }
Arai, Y., Mentis, G., Wu, J.-Y. and O'Donovan, M.	Ventrolateral origin of each cylce of rhythmic activity generated by the spinal cord of the chick embryo [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	PLoS ONE Vol. 2(5)	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Background. The mechanisms responsible for generating rhythmic motor activity in the developing spinal cord of the chick embryo are poorly understood. Here we investigate whether the activity of motoneurons occurs before other neuronal populations at the beginning of each cycle of rhythmic discharge. Methodology/Principal Findings. The spatiotemporal organization of neural activity in transverse slices of the lumbosacral cord of the chick embryo (E8-E11) was investigated using intrinsic and voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging. VSD signals accompanying episodes of activity comprised a rhythmic decrease in light transmission that corresponded to each cycle of electrical activity recorded from the ipsilateral ventral root. The rhythmic signals were widely synchronized across the cord face, and the largest signal amplitude was in the ventrolateral region where motoneurons are located. In unstained slices we recorded two classes of intrinsic signal. In the first, an episode of rhythmic activity was accompanied by a slow decrease in light transmission that peaked in the dorsal horn and decayed dorsoventrally. Superimposed on this signal was a much smaller rhythmic increase in transmission that was coincident with each cycle of discharge and whose amplitude and spatial distribution was similar to that of the VSD signals. At the onset of a spontaneously occurring episode and each subsequent cycle, both the intrinsic and VSD signals originated within the lateral motor column and spread medially and then dorsally. By contrast, following a dorsal root stimulus, the optical signals originated within the dorsal horn and traveled ventrally to reach the lateral motor column. Conclusions/Significance. These findings suggest that motoneuron activity contributes to the initiation of each cycle of rhythmic activity, and that motoneuron and/or R-interneuron synapses are a plausible site for the activity-dependent synaptic depression that modeling studies have identified as a critical mechanism for cycling within an episode.
BibTeX: @article{Arai:2007, author = {Arai, Y. and Mentis, G.Z. and Wu, J.-Y. and O'Donovan, M.J.}, title = {Ventrolateral origin of each cylce of rhythmic activity generated by the spinal cord of the chick embryo}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, year = {2007}, volume = {2}, number = {5}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-42949127926&partnerID=40&md5=1a8c6506259f80c84d54deed4b94ffbe}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000417} }
Arakawa, H., Kawabe, K. and Sapru, H.N.	Angiotensin-(1-12) in the rostral ventrolateral medullary pressor area of the rat elicits sympathoexcitatory responses. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Experimental physiology Vol. 98, pp. 94-108	article	DOI
Abstract: The rostral ventrolateral medullary pressor area (RVLM) is known to be critical in the regulation of cardiovascular function. In this study, it was hypothesized that the RVLM may be one of the sites of cardiovascular actions of a newly discovered angiotensin, angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)]. Experiments were carried out in urethane-anaesthetized, artificially ventilated, adult male Wistar rats. The RVLM was identified by microinjections of L-glutamate (5 mM). The volume of all microinjections into the RVLM was 100 nl. Microinjections of Ang-(1-12) (0.1-1.0 mM) into the RVLM elicited increases in mean arterial pressure and heart rate. Maximal cardiovascular responses were elicited by 0.5 mM Ang-(1-12); this concentration was used in the other experiments described. Microinjections of Ang-(1-12) increased greater splanchnic nerve activity. The tachycardic responses to Ang-(1-12) were not altered by bilateral vagotomy. The cardiovascular responses elicited by Ang-(1-12) were attenuated by microinjections of an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) antagonist (losartan), but not an AT(2)R antagonist (PD123319), into the RVLM. Combined inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme and chymase in the RVLM abolished Ang-(1-12)-induced responses. Angiotensin-(1-12)-immunoreactive cells were present in the RVLM. Angiotensin II type 1 receptors and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase were present in the RVLM neurons retrogradely labelled by microinjections of Fluoro-Gold into the intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic spinal cord. Angiotensin-(1-12)-containing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus did not project to the RVLM. These results indicated that: (1) microinjections of Ang-(1-12) into the RVLM elicited increases in mean arterial pressure, heart rate and greater splanchnic nerve activity; (2) both angiotensin-converting enzyme and chymase were needed to convert Ang-(1-12) into angiotensin II; and (3) AT(1)Rs, but not AT(2)Rs, in the RVLM mediated the Ang-(1-12)-induced responses.
BibTeX: @article{Arakawa:2013, author = {Arakawa, Hideki and Kawabe, Kazumi and Sapru, Hreday N}, title = {Angiotensin-(1-12) in the rostral ventrolateral medullary pressor area of the rat elicits sympathoexcitatory responses.}, journal = {Experimental physiology}, year = {2013}, volume = {98}, pages = {94--108}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2012.067116} }
Araki, M., McGeer, P.L. and Kimura, H.	The efferent projections of the rat lateral habenular nucleus revealed by the PHA-L anterograde tracing method. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Brain Res Vol. 441(1-2), pp. 319-330School: Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan.	article	DOI
Abstract: The efferent connections of the rat lateral habenular nucleus (LHb) were demonstrated using anterograde transport of the lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Following PHA-L injections into the LHb, neuronal somata located in the lateral two thirds of the LHb were labeled with PHA-L. Individual axonal fibers and terminal specializations were clearly visible. This permitted detailed mapping of both efferent fiber pathways and terminal distributions. Previous reports on fiber pathways were substantially confirmed and several new findings were revealed. (1) Major rostrally oriented fibers enter the medial forebrain bundle via 3 routes which initially branch from the fasciculus retroflexus: the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and ventromedial thalamic nucleus; the zona incerta and fields of Forel; and the ventral tegmental area of Tsai. (2) A major decussation to the contralateral thalamic nuclei occurs in the central medial thalamic nucleus. (3) Caudally directed fibers follow two courses: one to the deep mesencephalic nucleus, central grey, dorsal raphe nucleus and the deep layers of the superior colliculus; and the other to the median raphe nucleus, oral pontine reticular formation and raphe pontis nucleus. The present results offer more detailed information concerning the dorsal diencephalic system.
BibTeX: @article{Araki:1988, author = {M. Araki and P. L. McGeer and H. Kimura}, title = {The efferent projections of the rat lateral habenular nucleus revealed by the PHA-L anterograde tracing method.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan.}, year = {1988}, volume = {441}, number = {1-2}, pages = {319--330}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)91410-2} }
Araki, M., McGeer, P.L. and Kimura, H.	The efferent projections of the rat lateral habenular nucleus revealed by the PHA-L anterograde tracing method. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Brain research Vol. 441, pp. 319-330	article	DOI
Abstract: The efferent connections of the rat lateral habenular nucleus (LHb) were demonstrated using anterograde transport of the lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Following PHA-L injections into the LHb, neuronal somata located in the lateral two thirds of the LHb were labeled with PHA-L. Individual axonal fibers and terminal specializations were clearly visible. This permitted detailed mapping of both efferent fiber pathways and terminal distributions. Previous reports on fiber pathways were substantially confirmed and several new findings were revealed. (1) Major rostrally oriented fibers enter the medial forebrain bundle via 3 routes which initially branch from the fasciculus retroflexus: the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and ventromedial thalamic nucleus; the zona incerta and fields of Forel; and the ventral tegmental area of Tsai. (2) A major decussation to the contralateral thalamic nuclei occurs in the central medial thalamic nucleus. (3) Caudally directed fibers follow two courses: one to the deep mesencephalic nucleus, central grey, dorsal raphe nucleus and the deep layers of the superior colliculus; and the other to the median raphe nucleus, oral pontine reticular formation and raphe pontis nucleus. The present results offer more detailed information concerning the dorsal diencephalic system.
BibTeX: @article{Araki:1988a, author = {Araki, M and McGeer, P L and Kimura, H}, title = {The efferent projections of the rat lateral habenular nucleus revealed by the PHA-L anterograde tracing method.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1988}, volume = {441}, pages = {319--330}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)91410-2} }
Araki, M., McGeer, P.L. and McGeer, E.G.	Presumptive gamma-aminobutyric acid pathways from the midbrain to the superior colliculus studied by a combined horseradish peroxidase-gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase pharmacohistochemical method. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Neuroscience Vol. 13(2), pp. 433-439	article
Abstract: A pharmacohistochemical method for gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase, the key enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism, has been combined with retrograde tracing by horseradish peroxidase, to a study of projections from the midbrain to the superior colliculus. The results indicate projections from the substantia nigra zona reticulata, the zona incerta and the reticular formation of the mesencephalon which are exclusively from neurons staining intensely for gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase and presumptively gamma-aminobutyric acid as their transmitter. The projection from the ventral lateral geniculate body to the superior colliculus, on the other hand, comes from cells which do not stain for gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase and therefore do probably not use gamma-aminobutyric acid as their transmitter.
BibTeX: @article{Araki:1984, author = {Araki, M. and McGeer, P. L. and McGeer, E. G.}, title = {Presumptive gamma-aminobutyric acid pathways from the midbrain to the superior colliculus studied by a combined horseradish peroxidase-gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase pharmacohistochemical method.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1984}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {433--439} }
Araki, M., McGeer, P.L. and McGeer, E.G.	Retrograde HRP tracing combined with a pharmacohistochemical method for GABA transaminase for the identification of presumptive GABAergic projections to the habenula. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Brain research Vol. 304, pp. 271-277	article	DOI
Abstract: A pharmacohistochemical method for GABA-transaminase (GABA-T), the key enzyme for GABA metabolism, has been combined with retrograde tracing by horseradish peroxidase, to a study of projections to the lateral habenula. The results indicate that projections to the lateral habenula arise from both GABA-T intensive and non-GABA-T staining cells in the rostral entopeduncular nucleus and the lateral hypothalamus suggesting that these projections contain GABAergic elements, as indicated by previous work, but also involve other neurotransmitters. A few GABA-T intensive cells in the lateral preoptic area were also found to project to the lateral habenula by this double staining technique.
BibTeX: @article{Araki:1984a, author = {Araki, M and McGeer, P L and McGeer, E G}, title = {Retrograde HRP tracing combined with a pharmacohistochemical method for GABA transaminase for the identification of presumptive GABAergic projections to the habenula.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1984}, volume = {304}, pages = {271--277}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(84)90330-5} }
Araki, M., McGeer, P.L. and McGeer, E.G.	Retrograde HRP tracing combined with a pharmacohistochemical method for GABA transaminase for the identification of presumptive GABAergic projections to the habenula. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Brain Res Vol. 304(2), pp. 271-277	article	DOI
Abstract: A pharmacohistochemical method for GABA-transaminase (GABA-T), the key enzyme for GABA metabolism, has been combined with retrograde tracing by horseradish peroxidase, to a study of projections to the lateral habenula. The results indicate that projections to the lateral habenula arise from both GABA-T intensive and non-GABA-T staining cells in the rostral entopeduncular nucleus and the lateral hypothalamus suggesting that these projections contain GABAergic elements, as indicated by previous work, but also involve other neurotransmitters. A few GABA-T intensive cells in the lateral preoptic area were also found to project to the lateral habenula by this double staining technique.
BibTeX: @article{Araki:1984b, author = {Araki, M. and McGeer, P. L. and McGeer, E. G.}, title = {Retrograde HRP tracing combined with a pharmacohistochemical method for GABA transaminase for the identification of presumptive GABAergic projections to the habenula.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {304}, number = {2}, pages = {271--277}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(84)90330-5} }
Araki, M., McGeer, P.L. and McGeer, E.G.	Striatonigral and pallidonigral pathways studied by a combination of retrograde horseradish peroxidase tracing and a pharmacohistochemical method for gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Brain Res Vol. 331(1), pp. 17-24	article	URL
Abstract: The pharmacohistochemical neuronal staining method for gamma-aminobutyric transaminase (GABA-T) combined with retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) staining was used to define more precisely the descending striatonigral and pallidonigral pathways. Previous studies have established that GABA-T intensive cells in the basal ganglia and other structures correspond with reported glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-containing cells and are therefore presumed to use GABA as their neurotransmitter. Following injection of HRP into the substantia nigra, many HRP-labeled cells were detected in the caudate-putamen and globus pallidus. Two separate groups of cells were doubly labeled for GABA-T and HRP and seemed to represent two distinct GABA-T-rich descending pathways to the substantia nigra. One component came from medium-sized cells in the lateral aspect of the globus pallidus. It represented a majority of all descending cells from that nucleus. The other came from the lateral aspect of the caudate- putamen and represented only a minority of descending cells from that structure. These data suggest that the majority of striatonigral fibers are non-GABA containing while the majority of pallidonigral fibers are GABA-containing. The precise location of the GABA-T intensive cells making up these two pathways helps to explain much confusing data in the literature on the source of descending GABA fibers to the substantia nigra.
BibTeX: @article{Araki:1985, author = {Araki, M. and McGeer, P. L. and McGeer, E. G.}, title = {Striatonigral and pallidonigral pathways studied by a combination of retrograde horseradish peroxidase tracing and a pharmacohistochemical method for gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {331}, number = {1}, pages = {17--24}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899385907103} }
Araki, M., McGeer, P.L. and McGeer, E.G.	Striatonigral and pallidonigral pathways studied by a combination of retrograde horseradish peroxidase tracing and a pharmacohistochemical method for gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Brain research Vol. 331, pp. 17-24	article
Abstract: The pharmacohistochemical neuronal staining method for gamma-aminobutyric transaminase (GABA-T) combined with retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) staining was used to define more precisely the descending striatonigral and pallidonigral pathways. Previous studies have established that GABA-T intensive cells in the basal ganglia and other structures correspond with reported glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-containing cells and are therefore presumed to use GABA as their neurotransmitter. Following injection of HRP into the substantia nigra, many HRP-labeled cells were detected in the caudate-putamen and globus pallidus. Two separate groups of cells were doubly labeled for GABA-T and HRP and seemed to represent two distinct GABA-T-rich descending pathways to the substantia nigra. One component came from medium-sized cells in the lateral aspect of the globus pallidus. It represented a majority of all descending cells from that nucleus. The other came from the lateral aspect of the caudate- putamen and represented only a minority of descending cells from that structure. These data suggest that the majority of striatonigral fibers are non-GABA containing while the majority of pallidonigral fibers are GABA-containing. The precise location of the GABA-T intensive cells making up these two pathways helps to explain much confusing data in the literature on the source of descending GABA fibers to the substantia nigra.
BibTeX: @article{Araki:1985a, author = {Araki, M. and McGeer, P. L. and McGeer, E. G.}, title = {Striatonigral and pallidonigral pathways studied by a combination of retrograde horseradish peroxidase tracing and a pharmacohistochemical method for gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1985}, volume = {331}, pages = {17-24}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Araki, T., Tanji, H., Fujihara, K., Kato, H., Imai, Y., Mizugaki, M. and Itoyama, Y.	Sequential changes of cholinergic and dopaminergic receptors in brains after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial forebrain bundle in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Journal of Neural Transmission Vol. 107(8-9), pp. 873-884	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We studied sequential changes in muscarinic cholinergic receptors, high-affinity choline uptake sites and dopamine D 2 receptors in the brain after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial forebrain bundle in rats. The animals were unilaterally lesioned in the medial forebrain bundle and the brains were analyzed at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks postlesion. [ 3H]Quinuclidinylbenzilate (QNB), [ 3H]hemicholinum-3 (HC-3) and [ 3H]raclopride were used to label muscarinic cholinergic receptors, high-affinity choline uptake sites and dopamine D 2 receptors, respectively. The degeneration of nigrostriatal pathway produced a transient decrease in [ 3H]QNB binding in the parietal cortex of both ipislateral and contralateral sides at 2 and 8 weeks postlesion. [ 3H] QNB binding also showed a mild but insignificant decrease in the ipsilateral striatum throughout the postlesion periods. No significant change was observed in the substantia nigra (SN) of both ipsilateral and contralateral sides throughout the postlesion periods. In contrast, [ 3H]HC-3 binding showed no significant change in the parietal cortex of both ipsilateral and contralateral sides during the postlesion. However, [ 3H]HC-3 binding was upregulated in the ipsilateral dorsolateral striatum throughout the postlesion periods. The ventromedial striatum also showed a significant increase in [ 3H]HC-3 binding at 1 week and 2 weeks postlesion. On the other hand, no significant change in [ 3H]raclopride binding was found in the parietal cortex of both ipsilateral and contralateral sides during the postlesion. [ 3H]Raclopride binding showed a conspicuous increase in the ipsilateral striatum (35-52% of the sham-operated values in the lateral part and 39-54% in the medial part) throughout the postlesion periods. In the contralateral side, a mild increase in [ 3H]raclopride binding was also found in the striatum (10-15% of the sham-operated values in the lateral part and 22% in the medial part) after lesioning. However, a significant decline in [ 3H]raclopride binding was observed in the ipsilateral SN and ventral tegmental area during the postlesion. The present study indicates that 6-hydroxydopamine injection of medial forebrain bundle in rats can cause functional changes in high-affinity choline uptake site in the striatum, as compared with muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Furthermore, our studies demonstrate an upregulation in dopamine D 2 receptors in the striatum and a decrease in the receptors in the SN and ventral tegmental area after the 6-hydroxydopamine injection. Thus, these findings provide further support for neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway that occurs in Parkinson's disease.
BibTeX: @article{Araki:2000, author = {Araki, T. and Tanji, H. and Fujihara, K. and Kato, H. and Imai, Y. and Mizugaki, M. and Itoyama, Y.}, title = {Sequential changes of cholinergic and dopaminergic receptors in brains after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial forebrain bundle in rats}, journal = {Journal of Neural Transmission}, year = {2000}, volume = {107}, number = {8-9}, pages = {873-884}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033792694&partnerID=40&md5=08f84a4fee6f9f4c3b277330127bf4bb}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020070039} }
Aranda, L., Begega, A., Sánchez-López, J., Aguirre, J., Arias, J. and Santín, L.	Temporary inactivation of the supramammillary area impairs spatial working memory and spatial reference memory retrieval [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Physiology and Behavior Vol. 94(3), pp. 322-330	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The aim of our study was to examine the supramammillary (SuM) area involvement in spatial memory. Sprague-Dawley rats with chronically implanted cannula in the supramammillary area were trained in two spatial memory tasks with different memory demands: reference and working memory. In the spatial reference memory task, the rats received microinjections in the SuM area of tetrodotoxin (TTX) (0.5 ng diluted in 0.5 μL of saline) or saline (0.5 μL). The microinjections were administered 30 min before the spatial training (day 4) (to assess the effect on acquisition) and on the following two days (days 5 and 6) the training was conducted without microinjections (to study the effect on consolidation). On the last training day (day 7), in order to assess the retrieval of spatial information, the rats received the microinjections 30 min before the spatial training. The spatial working memory used was a delayed-matching-to-position (DMTP) task. Spatial training was performed for seven days. During the first three days of the spatial training, the rats achieved a good spatial knowledge and learnt the working memory rule necessary to solve the spatial task. On days 4 and 6, the rats received microinjections to study involvement of the SuM area in working memory. The results showed that temporary inactivation of SuM area impairs both the rat's ability to solve a spatial working memory task with DMTP demands and the recovery of spatial information in a spatial reference memory task. We suggest that SuM area is involved in the rearrangement of spatial information during spatial working memory tasks with DMTP memory demands. © 2008.
BibTeX: @article{Aranda:2008, author = {Aranda, L. and Begega, A. and Sánchez-López, J. and Aguirre, J.A. and Arias, J.L. and Santín, L.J.}, title = {Temporary inactivation of the supramammillary area impairs spatial working memory and spatial reference memory retrieval}, journal = {Physiology and Behavior}, year = {2008}, volume = {94}, number = {3}, pages = {322-330}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-43549089945&partnerID=40&md5=ac2b0a35ad747b51567ee7b39265cef7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.01.024} }
Aranda, M.L., Dorfman, D., Sande, P.H. and Rosenstein, R.E.	Experimental optic neuritis induced by the microinjection of lipopolysaccharide into the optic nerve. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Exp Neurol Vol. 266C, pp. 30-41School: Laboratorio de Neuroquímica Retiniana y Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina/CEFyBO, Universidad de Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: ruthr@fmed.uba.ar.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Optic neuritis (ON) is a condition involving primary inflammation, demyelination, and axonal injury in the optic nerve which leads to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, and visual dysfunction. We investigated the ability of a single microinjection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) directly into the optic nerve to induce functional and structural alterations compatible with ON. For this purpose, optic nerves from male Wistar rats remained intact or were injected with vehicle or LPS. The effect of LPS was evaluated at several time points post-injection in terms of: i) visual pathway and retinal function (visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and electroretinograms, (ERGs), respectively), ii) anterograde transport from the retina to its projection areas, iii) consensual pupil light reflex (PLR), iv) optic nerve histology, v) microglia/macrophage reactivity (by Iba-1- and ED1-immunostaining), vi) astrocyte reactivity (by glial fibrillary acid protein-immunostaining), vii) axon number (by toluidine blue staining), vii) demyelination (by myelin basic protein immunoreactivity and luxol fast blue staining), viii) optic nerve ultrastructure, and ix) RGC number (by Brn3a immunoreactivity). LPS induced a significant and persistent decrease in VEP amplitude and PLR, without changes in the ERG. In addition, LPS induced a deficit in anterograde transport, and an early inflammatory response consisting in an increased cellularity, and Iba-1 and ED1-immunoreactivity in the optic nerve, which were followed by changes in axonal density, astrocytosis, demyelination, and axon and RGC loss. These results suggest that the microinjection of LPS into the optic nerve may serve as a new experimental model of primary ON.
BibTeX: @article{Aranda:2015, author = {Aranda, Marcos L. and Dorfman, Damián and Sande, Pablo H. and Rosenstein, Ruth E.}, title = {Experimental optic neuritis induced by the microinjection of lipopolysaccharide into the optic nerve.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, school = {Laboratorio de Neuroquímica Retiniana y Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina/CEFyBO, Universidad de Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: ruthr@fmed.uba.ar.}, year = {2015}, volume = {266C}, pages = {30--41}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.01.010}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.01.010} }
Araneda, S., Bobillier, P., Buda, M. and Pujol, J.F.	Retrograde axonal transport following injection of [3H]serotonin in the olfactory bulb. I. Biochemical study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1980	Brain Res Vol. 196(2), pp. 405-415	article	DOI
Abstract: A retrograde axonal transport from the serotonergic nerve terminals in the olfactory bulb (OB) to their parent cell bodies in the midbrain raphe nuclei has been demonstrated after stereotaxic injection of [2H]5-HT into the OB of rats pretreated with a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor: at various time intervals thereafter (4-92 h) there was a preferential accumulation of radioactivity mainly in the raphe dorsalis nucleus (RDN). Maximal accumulation occurred at 24 h. Of this radioactivity, 30-50% was recovered as 5-HT. The accumulation was estimated to take place at two rates: a fast one (48 mm/day) and a slower one (16 mm/day). Under the same experimental conditions there was no clear evidence for a retrograde accumulation of [3H]norepinephrine in the RDN. A passive diffusion mechanism could be excluded since the diffuson of tracer towards the cerebrospinal fluid was prevented by prior mechanical obstruction of the olfactory diverticle of the lateral ventricle. Furthermore, colchicine strongly reduced (by 80 the radioactive accumulatin in the RDN. Destruction of serotonergic nerve terminals by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or inhibiton of 5-HT uptake by fluoxetine decreased this retrograde accumulation whereas destruction of catecholaminergic nerve terminals by 6-hydroxydopamine was without effect. Pretreatment with reserpine decreased the amount of radioactivity transported to the RDN by 40%. In the absence of MAO inhibition pretreatment, animals still presentd 35% of the tracer transported to the RDN. Intrabulbar injection of MAO inhibitor did not affect the accumulation rates when compared with animals which received the inhibitor by the intraperitoneal route. In conclusion, the retrograde axonal transport following [3H]5-HT injection in the serotonergic RDN-OB system occurs via an active process which depends on a colchicine-sensitive mechanism and is partially linked to a reserp ine-sensitive structure. During its transport, the amine seems to be relatively protected from metabolic inactivation.
BibTeX: @article{Araneda:1980a, author = {Araneda, S. and Bobillier, P. and Buda, M. and Pujol, J. F.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport following injection of [3H]serotonin in the olfactory bulb. I. Biochemical study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1980}, volume = {196}, number = {2}, pages = {405--415}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(80)90404-7} }
Araneda, S., Bobillier, P., Buda, M. and Pujol, J.F.	Retrograde axonal transport following injection of [3H]serotonin in the olfactory bulb. I. Biochemical study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1980	Brain research Vol. 196, pp. 405-415	article	DOI
Abstract: A retrograde axonal transport from the serotonergic nerve terminals in the olfactory bulb (OB) to their parent cell bodies in the midbrain raphe nuclei has been demonstrated after stereotaxic injection of [2H]5-HT into the OB of rats pretreated with a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor: at various time intervals thereafter (4-92 h) there was a preferential accumulation of radioactivity mainly in the raphe dorsalis nucleus (RDN). Maximal accumulation occurred at 24 h. Of this radioactivity, 30-50% was recovered as 5-HT. The accumulation was estimated to take place at two rates: a fast one (48 mm/day) and a slower one (16 mm/day). Under the same experimental conditions there was no clear evidence for a retrograde accumulation of [3H]norepinephrine in the RDN. A passive diffusion mechanism could be excluded since the diffuson of tracer towards the cerebrospinal fluid was prevented by prior mechanical obstruction of the olfactory diverticle of the lateral ventricle. Furthermore, colchicine strongly reduced (by 80%) the radioactive accumulatin in the RDN. Destruction of serotonergic nerve terminals by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or inhibiton of 5-HT uptake by fluoxetine decreased this retrograde accumulation whereas destruction of catecholaminergic nerve terminals by 6-hydroxydopamine was without effect. Pretreatment with reserpine decreased the amount of radioactivity transported to the RDN by 40%. In the absence of MAO inhibition pretreatment, animals still presentd 35% of the tracer transported to the RDN. Intrabulbar injection of MAO inhibitor did not affect the accumulation rates when compared with animals which received the inhibitor by the intraperitoneal route. In conclusion, the retrograde axonal transport following [3H]5-HT injection in the serotonergic RDN-OB system occurs via an active process which depends on a colchicine-sensitive mechanism and is partially linked to a reserp ine-sensitive structure. During its transport, the amine seems to be relatively protected from metabolic inactivation.
BibTeX: @article{Araneda:1980b, author = {Araneda, S and Bobillier, P and Buda, M and Pujol, J F}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport following injection of [3H]serotonin in the olfactory bulb. I. Biochemical study.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1980}, volume = {196}, pages = {405--415}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(80)90404-7} }
Araneda, S., Font, C., Pujol, J. and Bobillier, P.	Retrograde axonal transport after radioactive hydroxyindole injections into the olfactory bulb-an autoradiographic study [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Neurochemistry International Vol. 5(6), pp. 741-750	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Light microscope autoradiography was used to study the retrograde transport of labelled material after injection of [3H]serotonin ([3H]5-HT), [3H]5-hydroxytryptophan ([3H]5-HTP) and [14C]5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ([14C]5-HIAA) into the olfactory bulb (OB) of rat. A perikaryal labelling was clearly visualized in the Raphe Dorsalis (RD) and the Raphe Centralis (RC) 24 h after injection of [3H]5-HT (but not after injection of [3H]5-HTP or [14C]5-HIAA) into the OB of rats without monoamine-oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). In the OB, the labelled cells (mitral, granular, periglomerular and tufted cells) and the varicosities (dispersed in granular, plexiform and glomerular layers) were greater in number and intensity at 8 h than at 24 h after [3H]5-HT (10-3 M) injection. Five hours after injection of [14C]5-HIAA (10-3 M) some mitral, granular and tufted cells were labelled in the cytoplasm, nuclei and dendrites. A few varicosities were also observed. In contrast, after [3H]5-HTP injection no clear labelling was visualized in axonal processes. A net autoradiographic reaction was seen, however, in the capillary walls and some granular cells. After injection of [3H]5-HT at various concentrations (10-2 M to 10-5 M) into the OB of rats pretreated with MAOI, a selectivity in the pattern of labelling in the injection site and the afferent cell bodies was found at 10-4 M and 10-5 M. At these concentrations, the serotoninergic RD and RC neurons were clearly labelled, but the non-serotoninergic neurons such as those originating in the Locus Coeruleus, prepiriform cortex were devoid of label. In the OB, only varicosities and fiber-like structures were reactive. In the RD cell bodies, the intensity of labelling as well as the number of labelled cells were greater at higher concentrations of injected [3H]5-HT and when rats were pretreated with a MAOI. © 1983.
BibTeX: @article{Araneda:1983a, author = {Araneda, S. and Font, C. and Pujol, J.F. and Bobillier, P.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport after radioactive hydroxyindole injections into the olfactory bulb-an autoradiographic study}, journal = {Neurochemistry International}, year = {1983}, volume = {5}, number = {6}, pages = {741-750}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021038043&partnerID=40&md5=7c896014357b77aa30f90ed97faa4324}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-0186(83)90100-6} }
Araneda, S., Font, C., Pujol, J.F. and Bobillier, P.	Is the retrograde axonal transport of 3H-5-HT a specific process of serotoninergic neurons? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	J Physiol (Paris) Vol. 77(2-3), pp. 233-235	article
Abstract: The specificity of the retrograde axonal transport of 3H-serotonin (3H-5-HT) was radioautographically studied in the afferents to the olfactory bulb (O.B.). Injections of 3H-5-HT of different concentrations (10(-2), 10(-3), 10(-4) and 10(-5) M) were performed into the O.B. of catron pretreated rats. Following injection of 3H-5-HT (10(-2) M), a cytoplasmic perikaryal labeling was observed in the bulk of afferents to the O.B. (aminergic and non-aminergic neurons). When lower concentrations of 3H-5-HT (10(-5) M) were injected into the O.B., the retrograde labeling was only seen in the raphe dorsalis (RD) serotoninergic perikarya. The specificity of the uptake-retrograde transport of 3H-5-HT seems to depend on the selectivity of uptake by nerve terminals.
BibTeX: @article{Araneda:1981, author = {Araneda, S. and Font, C. and Pujol, J. F. and Bobillier, P.}, title = {Is the retrograde axonal transport of 3H-5-HT a specific process of serotoninergic neurons?}, journal = {J Physiol (Paris)}, year = {1981}, volume = {77}, number = {2-3}, pages = {233--235} }
Araneda, S., Font, C., Pujol, J.F. and Bobillier, P.	Is the retrograde axonal transport of 3H-5-HT a specific process of serotoninergic neurons? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	Journal de physiologie Vol. 77, pp. 233-5	article
Abstract: The specificity of the retrograde axonal transport of 3H-serotonin (3H-5-HT) was radioautographically studied in the afferents to the olfactory bulb (O.B.). Injections of 3H-5-HT of different concentrations (10(-2), 10(-3), 10(-4) and 10(-5) M) were performed into the O.B. of catron pretreated rats. Following injection of 3H-5-HT (10(-2) M), a cytoplasmic perikaryal labeling was observed in the bulk of afferents to the O.B. (aminergic and non-aminergic neurons). When lower concentrations of 3H-5-HT (10(-5) M) were injected into the O.B., the retrograde labeling was only seen in the raphe dorsalis (RD) serotoninergic perikarya. The specificity of the uptake-retrograde transport of 3H-5-HT seems to depend on the selectivity of uptake by nerve terminals.
BibTeX: @article{Araneda:1981a, author = {Araneda, S. and Font, C. and Pujol, J. F. and Bobillier, P.}, title = {Is the retrograde axonal transport of 3H-5-HT a specific process of serotoninergic neurons?}, journal = {Journal de physiologie}, year = {1981}, volume = {77}, pages = {233-5}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Araneda, S., Font, C., Pujol, J.F. and Bobillier, P.	Retrograde axonal transport after radioactive hydroxyindole injections into the olfactory bulb-an autoradiographic study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Neurochem Int Vol. 5(6), pp. 741-750School: INSERM U 171, Laboratoire de Médecine Expérimentale, Université Claude Bernard, 8, avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 2, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: Light microscope autoradiography was used to study the retrograde transport of labelled material after injection of [(3)H]serotonin ([(3)H]5-HT), [(3)H]5-hydroxytryptophan ([(3)H]5-HTP) and [(14)C]5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ([(14)C]5-HIAA) into the olfactory bulb (OB) of rat. A perikaryal labelling was clearly visualized in the Raphe Dorsalis (RD) and the Raphe Centralis (RC) 24 h after injection of [(3)H]5-HT (but not after injection of [(3)H]5-HTP or [(14)C]5-HIAA) into the OB of rats without monoamine-oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). In the OB, the labelled cells (mitral, granular, periglomerular and tufted cells) and the varicosities (dispersed in granular, plexiform and glomerular layers) were greater in number and intensity at 8 h than at 24 h after [(3)H]5-HT (10(?3) M) injection. Five hours after injection of [(14)C]5-HIAA (10(?3) M) some mitral, granular and tufted cells were labelled in the cytoplasm, nuclei and dendrites. A few varicosities were also observed. In contrast, after [(3)H]5- HTP injection no clear labelling was visualized in axonal processes. A net autoradiographic reaction was seen, however, in the capillary walls and some granular cells. After injection of [(3)H]5-HT at various concentrations (10(?2) M to 10(?5) M) into the OB of rats pretreated with MAOI, a selectivity in the pattern of labelling in the injection site and the afferent cell bodies was found at 10(?4) M and 10(?5) M. At these concentrations, the serotoninergic RD and RC neurons were clearly labelled, but the non-serotoninergic neurons such as those originating in the Locus Coeruleus, prepiriform cortex were devoid of label. In the OB, only varicosities and fiber-like structures were reactive. In the RD cell bodies, the intensity of labelling as well as the number of labelled cells were greater at higher concentrations of injected [(3)H]5-HT and when rats were pretreated with a MAOI.
BibTeX: @article{Araneda:1983, author = {Araneda, S. and Font, C. and Pujol, J. F. and Bobillier, P.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport after radioactive hydroxyindole injections into the olfactory bulb-an autoradiographic study.}, journal = {Neurochem Int}, school = {INSERM U 171, Laboratoire de Médecine Expérimentale, Université Claude Bernard, 8, avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 2, France.}, year = {1983}, volume = {5}, number = {6}, pages = {741--750}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-0186(83)90100-6} }
Araneda, S., Gamrani, H., Font, C., Calas, A., Pujol, J.F. and Bobillier, P.	Retrograde axonal transport following injection of [3H]-serotonin into the olfactory bulb. II. Radioautographic study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1980	Brain Res Vol. 196(2), pp. 417-427	article	DOI
Abstract: Radioautography was used to study the intraneuronal distribution of [3H]-serotonin (5-HT) and/or its derivatives selectively taken up by the olfactory bulb (OB) serotonergic terminals and subsequently transported to their parent cell bodies in the midbrain raphe nuclei. This was done 24 h after injection of [3H]5-HT into the main OB of rats either pretreated or not with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. A prior mechanical obstruction of the rostral ventricular cavities prevented diffusion of the tracer towards cerebrospinal fluid. Heavily labelled nerve cell bodies were found mainly in the ipsilateral raphe dorsalis nucleus (RDN) and to a lesser extent in the raphe centralis nucleus. The radioautographic reaction often extended to dendritic processes while sparing the nucleus. A diffuse reaction was also observed but limited to the raphe area. The supraependymal 5-HT fibers were found to be free of labelling. Neither local destruction of catecholaminergic terminals with 6-OHDA, nor absence of MAO inhibition, impaired this radioautographic pattern, while destruction of serotonergic terminals with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine in OB resulted in the disappearance of labelled axonal varicosities and neurons in the OB and the RDN respectively. At the electron microscopy level, labelled cell bodies in the RDN were medium-sized (12-15 micrometers). Silver grains were localized mainly on mitochondria and, to a lesser extent, on lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum but spared the nucleus and the nucleolus. Silver grains were also found near the nuclear membrane and outside the neuronal membrane. The observation of heavy metal impregnated thick sections confirmed the preferential localization of silver grains on mitochondria with or without inhibition of MAO. These results could account for the subcellular compartments involved in the retrograde axonal transport of [3H]5-HT and its subsequent degradation and/or dendritic release.
BibTeX: @article{Araneda:1980, author = {Araneda, S. and Gamrani, H. and Font, C. and Calas, A. and Pujol, J. F. and Bobillier, P.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport following injection of [3H]-serotonin into the olfactory bulb. II. Radioautographic study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1980}, volume = {196}, number = {2}, pages = {417--427}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(80)90405-9} }
Araneda, S., Gamrani, H., Font, C., Calas, A., Pujol, J.F. and Bobillier, P.	Retrograde axonal transport following injection of [3H]-serotonin into the olfactory bulb. II. Radioautographic study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1980	Brain research Vol. 196, pp. 417-27	article
Abstract: Radioautography was used to study the intraneuronal distribution of [3H]-serotonin (5-HT) and/or its derivatives selectively taken up by the olfactory bulb (OB) serotonergic terminals and subsequently transported to their parent cell bodies in the midbrain raphe nuclei. This was done 24 h after injection of [3H]5-HT into the main OB of rats either pretreated or not with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. A prior mechanical obstruction of the rostral ventricular cavities prevented diffusion of the tracer towards cerebrospinal fluid. Heavily labelled nerve cell bodies were found mainly in the ipsilateral raphe dorsalis nucleus (RDN) and to a lesser extent in the raphe centralis nucleus. The radioautographic reaction often extended to dendritic processes while sparing the nucleus. A diffuse reaction was also observed but limited to the raphe area. The supraependymal 5-HT fibers were found to be free of labelling. Neither local destruction of catecholaminergic terminals with 6-OHDA, nor absence of MAO inhibition, impaired this radioautographic pattern, while destruction of serotonergic terminals with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine in OB resulted in the disappearance of labelled axonal varicosities and neurons in the OB and the RDN respectively. At the electron microscopy level, labelled cell bodies in the RDN were medium-sized (12-15 micrometers). Silver grains were localized mainly on mitochondria and, to a lesser extent, on lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum but spared the nucleus and the nucleolus. Silver grains were also found near the nuclear membrane and outside the neuronal membrane. The observation of heavy metal impregnated thick sections confirmed the preferential localization of silver grains on mitochondria with or without inhibition of MAO. These results could account for the subcellular compartments involved in the retrograde axonal transport of [3H]5-HT and its subsequent degradation and/or dendritic release.
BibTeX: @article{Araneda:1980c, author = {Araneda, S. and Gamrani, H. and Font, C. and Calas, A. and Pujol, J. F. and Bobillier, P.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport following injection of [3H]-serotonin into the olfactory bulb. II. Radioautographic study.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1980}, volume = {196}, pages = {417-27}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Araneda, S., Gysling, K. and Calas, A.	Raphe serotonergic neurons projecting to the olfactory bulb contain galanin or somatostatin but not neurotensin. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Brain Res Bull Vol. 49(3), pp. 209-214School: Département de Médecine Expérimentale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: Retrograde axonal transport with [3H]5-HT has been developed as a specific tracing technique to identify serotonergic projections. This method, in combination with immunocytochemistry, offers considerable advantage of specificity and sensitivity to study pathways of multitransmitter-containing neurons. In this work, we studied the presence of galanin, somatostatin, and neurotensin in serotonergic neurons of dorsal and median raphe, which project to the olfactory bulbs. After [3H]5-HT injections into the rat olfactory bulbs, double galanin-immunoreactive and [3H]5-HT radiolabelled cells were located in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral region of dorsal raphe, but they were never seen in the median raphe. In the dorsal raphe, galanin-radiolabelled neurons represented 28% of the total number of radiolabelled cells. Double somatostatin-immunoreactive and radiolabelled neurons were located in the dorsal and median raphe. In the dorsal raphe, double somatostatin-radiolabelled neurons represented only 11% of the radiolabelled cells and they were mainly located ventral to the aqueduct. In the median raphe, 15% of radiolabelled cells were also immunopositive for somatostatin. In contrast, neurotensin-immunoreactive cells in the dorsal and median raphe were distributed among [3H]5-HT radiolabelled neurons but they were never radiolabelled. Our results show subpopulations of serotonergic raphe-olfactory bulb projection neurons containing either galanin or somatostatin, but not neurotensin.
BibTeX: @article{Araneda:1999, author = {S. Araneda and K. Gysling and A. Calas}, title = {Raphe serotonergic neurons projecting to the olfactory bulb contain galanin or somatostatin but not neurotensin.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Département de Médecine Expérimentale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.}, year = {1999}, volume = {49}, number = {3}, pages = {209--214}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00055-6} }
Araneda, S., Gysling, K. and Calas, A.	Raphe serotonergic neurons projecting to the olfactory bulb contain galanin or somatostatin but not neurotensin [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Brain Research Bulletin Vol. 49(3), pp. 209-214	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Retrograde axonal transport with [3H]5-HT has been developed as a specific tracing technique to identify serotonergic projections. This method, in combination with immunocytochemistry, offers considerable advantage of specificity and sensitivity to study pathways of multitransmitter-containing neurons. In this work, we studied the presence of galanin, somatostatin, and neurotensin in serotonergic neurons of dorsal and median raphe, which project to the olfactory bulbs. After [3H]5-HT injections into the rat olfactory bulbs, double galanin-immunoreactive and [3H]5-HT radiolabelled cells were located in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral region of dorsal raphe, but they were never seen in the median raphe. In the dorsal raphe, galanin- radiolabelled neurons represented 28% of the total number of radiolabelled cells. Double somatostatin-immunoreactive and radiolabelled neurons were located in the dorsal and median raphe. In the dorsal raphe, double somatostatin-radiolabelled neurons represented only 11% of the radiolabelled cells and they were mainly located ventral to the aqueduct. In the median raphe, 15% of radiolabelled cells were also immunopositive for somatostatin. In contrast, neurotensin-immunoreactive cells in the dorsal and median raphe were distributed among [3H]5-HT radiolabelled neurons but they were never radiolabelled. Our results show subpopulations of serotonergic raphe- olfactory bulb projection neurons containing either galanin or somatostatin, but not neurotensin.
BibTeX: @article{Araneda:1999a, author = {Araneda, S. and Gysling, K. and Calas, A.}, title = {Raphe serotonergic neurons projecting to the olfactory bulb contain galanin or somatostatin but not neurotensin}, journal = {Brain Research Bulletin}, year = {1999}, volume = {49}, number = {3}, pages = {209-214}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033025943&partnerID=40&md5=18239442ece13e010c4288c306668476}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-9230(99)00055-6} }
Araneda, S., Magoul, R. and Calas, A.	[3H]-serotonin retrograde labelling in serotonergic fibers. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Brain Res Bull Vol. 22(6), pp. 951-958School: Laboratoire de Physiologie des Interactions Cellulaires, U.A. 339 C.N.R.S., Talence, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: Autoradiography, following retrograde axonal transport with [3H]-serotonin (10(-4) M) was used to identify, selectively, the serotonergic neurons of medullary raphe that innervate the spinal cord. In combination with this technique, immunocytochemical detection of endogenous serotonin showed some raphe magnus cell bodies immunostained by 5-HT antibodies and [3H]5-HT radiolabelled. Serotonergic fibers of lateral and dorsolateral funiculus of ligated spinal cord were also characterized following retrograde axonal transport with 10(-4) M [3H]-serotonin. At the ultrastructural level, mainly myelinated, although unmyelinated labelled fibers were also identified as swollen axons. Clusters of large membranous organelles, predominantly mitochondria, some dense lamellar bodies, multivesicular bodies and lysosomes accumulated on the distal segment of the ligation. Autoradiographic reaction was always observed to be very intense and silver grains overlapped mainly mitochondria (41 and clusters of membranous organelles (37. However, smooth endoplasmic reticulum seemed to be devoid of silver grains. From our results, serotonergic myelinated spinal fibers were labelled after uptake-retrograde axonal transport with [3H]5-HT. Mitochondria and membrane organelles could convey tritiated compounds derived from [3H]-serotonin uptake towards the serotonergic cell bodies.
BibTeX: @article{Araneda:1989, author = {Araneda, S. and Magoul, R. and Calas, A.}, title = {[3H]-serotonin retrograde labelling in serotonergic fibers.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Laboratoire de Physiologie des Interactions Cellulaires, U.A. 339 C.N.R.S., Talence, France.}, year = {1989}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {951--958}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(89)90005-1} }
Araneda, S., Magoul, R. and Calas, A.	Tracing specific transmitter pathways in the rat CNS: combination of [3H]serotonin retrograde labelling with immunocytochemical detection of endogenous transmitters. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	J Neurosci Methods Vol. 30(3), pp. 211-218School: Laboratoire de Cytologie, Institut des Neurosciences CNRS, Universite de Paris VI, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: Selective retrograde labelling with [3H]serotonin ([3H]5-HT) can be used to identify serotonergic cell bodies after specific [3H]5-HT uptake by the corresponding nerve terminals. In the present study, we demonstrate that autoradiography of this [3H]5-HT radiolabelling can be combined with immunocytochemical detection of endogenous serotonin, GABA or substance P on the same tissue section. The midbrain raphe serotonergic projections to the olfactory bulb and the spinal projections of medullary serotonergic nuclei were investigated. The specificity of retrograde labelling with [3H]5-HT was confirmed by immunoreactivity of the radiolabelled cells for serotonin, using an antiserum specific for formaldehyde-fixed serotonin. After spinal injections of [3H]5-HT, many retrogradely labelled cells in the medullary raphe were immunopositive for substance P, and a few for GABA. These results are in agreement with the available information on the co-existence of putative transmitters in the spinal projections of caudal raphe neurons. Therefore, autoradiography of [3H]5-HT retrograde labelling combined with immunocytochemistry offers a possibility to test the specificity of transmitter-selective retrograde labelling, to identify transmitter-defined neuronal interactions and to investigate the projection fields of multitransmitter containing neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Araneda:1989a, author = {Araneda, S. and Magoul, R. and Calas, A.}, title = {Tracing specific transmitter pathways in the rat CNS: combination of [3H]serotonin retrograde labelling with immunocytochemical detection of endogenous transmitters.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, school = {Laboratoire de Cytologie, Institut des Neurosciences CNRS, Universite de Paris VI, France.}, year = {1989}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {211--218}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(89)90132-5} }
Araneda, S., Magoul, R. and Calas, A.	[3H]-serotonin retrograde labelling in serotonergic fibers. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Brain research bulletin Vol. 22, pp. 951-8	article
Abstract: Autoradiography, following retrograde axonal transport with [3H]-serotonin (10(-4) M) was used to identify, selectively, the serotonergic neurons of medullary raphe that innervate the spinal cord. In combination with this technique, immunocytochemical detection of endogenous serotonin showed some raphe magnus cell bodies immunostained by 5-HT antibodies and [3H]5-HT radiolabelled. Serotonergic fibers of lateral and dorsolateral funiculus of ligated spinal cord were also characterized following retrograde axonal transport with 10(-4) M [3H]-serotonin. At the ultrastructural level, mainly myelinated, although unmyelinated labelled fibers were also identified as swollen axons. Clusters of large membranous organelles, predominantly mitochondria, some dense lamellar bodies, multivesicular bodies and lysosomes accumulated on the distal segment of the ligation. Autoradiographic reaction was always observed to be very intense and silver grains overlapped mainly mitochondria (41%) and clusters of membranous organelles (37%). However, smooth endoplasmic reticulum seemed to be devoid of silver grains. From our results, serotonergic myelinated spinal fibers were labelled after uptake-retrograde axonal transport with [3H]5-HT. Mitochondria and membrane organelles could convey tritiated compounds derived from [3H]-serotonin uptake towards the serotonergic cell bodies.
BibTeX: @article{Araneda:1989b, author = {Araneda, S. and Magoul, R. and Calas, A.}, title = {[3H]-serotonin retrograde labelling in serotonergic fibers.}, journal = {Brain research bulletin}, year = {1989}, volume = {22}, pages = {951-8}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Araneda, S., Magoul, R. and Calas, A.	[Gaba innervation of serotonergic neurones innervating the thoracic marrow of the rat. Immunocytochemical and autoradiographic combination after retrograde axonal transport with tritiated serotonin ]. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Bull Assoc Anat (Nancy) Vol. 75(229), pp. 81-84School: Département de Cytologie, URA CNRS 1199, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.	article
Abstract: Anatomical relationship between GABA terminals and serotonergic neurons that innervate the thoracic spinal cord was studied using combined methods: autoradiography following (3H) 5-HT retrograde transport and immunocytochemistry for GABA. Following (3H) 5-HT injections into the thoracic spinal cord, serotonergic neurons of raphe pallidus and magnus were specifically radiolabelled. At optic and electron microscopic levels, radiolabelled cells of raphe magnus and pallidus were in contact with GABA immunoreactive pre-synaptic nerve terminals. Some radiolabelled cell bodies were contacted by both GABA immunoreactive and immunonegative terminals. These results indicate the existence of a direct GABAergic input onto the medullary serotonergic neurons projecting to the thoracic spinal cord and suggest both GABAergic and non-GABAergic regulation of these serotonergic neurons. Thus, combination of both a specific tracing technique and immunocytochemistry offers considerable advantages of specificity and sensibility for the study of interrelationship between chemically defined neuronal pathways and/or of transmitter co-existence.
BibTeX: @article{Araneda:1991, author = {Araneda, S. and Magoul, R. and Calas, A.}, title = {[Gaba innervation of serotonergic neurones innervating the thoracic marrow of the rat. Immunocytochemical and autoradiographic combination after retrograde axonal transport with tritiated serotonin ].}, journal = {Bull Assoc Anat (Nancy)}, school = {Département de Cytologie, URA CNRS 1199, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.}, year = {1991}, volume = {75}, number = {229}, pages = {81--84} }
Araneda, S., Mermet, A., Buda, M., Bobillier, P. and Pujol, J.	Retrograde axonal transport after radioactive serotonin injections into the olfactory bulb: a biochemical analysis of transported radioactive material [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Neurochemistry International Vol. 6(1), pp. 27-39	article	DOI URL
Abstract: A biochemical analysis of radioactive compounds was performed in the olfactory bulb (OB) and raphe dorsalis (RD) after injection of radioactive [3H] or [14C]serotonin (5-HT ranging from 10-2 M to 10-7 M) into the OB of rats treated or not with a monoamine-oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). In the OB of untreated rats, radioactivity was associated with precipitated protein and soluble perchloric acid (PCA) fractions. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the PCA-supernatant gave 4 radioactive peaks: one associated with endogenous 5-HT, another with endogenous 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) and two without any relationship with endogenous hydroxyindoles: a '5-HT derivative A' and a '5-HT derivative B'. The presence of these '5-HT derivatives' was significantly reduced after treatment with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. In the RD, radioactivity was associated with the protein fraction and with '5-HT derivative A'. The kinetic analysis (from 30 min to 46 h) of the '5-HT derivative A' was characterized by a disappearance in the OB and an accumulation in the RD corresponding to a rate of migration in a range of 0.7 to 2 mm/h. This compound was absent or negligible in other non-serotoninergic neurons (such as the Locus Coeruleus, Amygdala and Cortex piriformis). No clear evidence for retrograde transport of radioactive 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) or 5-HIAA was found. At lower concentration of 5-HT injected into the OB, the half lives and the times of maximal accumulation for 5-HIAA, '5-HT derivative A' and '5-HT derivative B' were increased. The specific activity of 5-HT and 5-HIAA was also increased. The selective radioactive accumulation in the cell bodies of RD neurons after injection of radioactive 5-HT into the OB is discussed as resulting from a selectivity in (a) the uptake by 5-HT nerve terminals; (b) the metabolism of 5-HT into '5-HT derivative A' in the OB; (c) the retrograde axonal transport of '5-HT derivative A'. This '5-HT derivative A' could represent a messenger between nerve terminals and cell bodies and could be involved in homeostatic mechanisms that maintain cellular dynamics. When a MAOI was used, '5-HT-derivative A' and [3H]5-HT were found in the OB and also in the RD cell bodies, and to a lesser extent, in the non-serotoninergic cell bodies. These results indicate that MAO inhibition produces a relative non-selectivity in the 'uptake-metabolism and retrograde axonal transport' systems. © 1984.
BibTeX: @article{Araneda:1984, author = {Araneda, S. and Mermet, A. and Buda, M. and Bobillier, P. and Pujol, J.F.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport after radioactive serotonin injections into the olfactory bulb: a biochemical analysis of transported radioactive material}, journal = {Neurochemistry International}, year = {1984}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {27-39}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021368671&partnerID=40&md5=b3d9123ffe0bcd0288134580a0e02648}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-0186(84)90023-8} }
Aratan-Spire, S., Wolf, B. and Czernichow, P.	Enzymatic degradation of thyrotropin releasing hormone by pancreatic homogenates. Failure to detect His-Pro-diketopiperazine as TRH metabolite. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Neuroendocrinology Vol. 42(5), pp. 399-406	article
Abstract: Characteristics of pancreatic TRH-degrading activity were determined using [L-proline-2,3-3H] TRH and [L-histidine-2,5-3H] TRH as tracers and thin-layer chromatography to detect, identify and quantify TRH metabolites following incubation of tritiated TRH with pancreatic homogenates. The apparent Km of pancreatic enzymes was 2.2 10(-5) M, the V, 45 pmol/min, and the apparent specific activity, 62.3 +/- 3.45 pmol/min/mg total protein. In conditions of enzyme saturation, the percent of TRH degraded was found to be similar to the sum of degraded products formed (TRH-OH and His-Pro). Based on the chromatographic identification of metabolites, the presence of a deamidase pathway and a nondeamidase pathway in the TRH-degradation process of the pancreas was postulated. To better characterize the corresponding pancreatic enzymes, active site-directed inhibitors were then used and metabolites yielded were compared to those obtained in the same experimental conditions using plasma as enzyme source. The detection of His-Pro diketopiperazine among the metabolites was of special interest since this biologically active metabolite was also found in the pancreas as an endogenous peptide and reported to be either a TRH degradation product or derived from sources other than just TRH. However, in presence of inhibitors, His-Pro diketopiperazine was only detected using plasma as enzyme source. Nevertheless, a pancreatic contribution to plasma TRH-degrading activity cannot be discarded.
BibTeX: @article{Aratan-Spire:1986, author = {Aratan-Spire, S. and Wolf, B. and Czernichow, P.}, title = {Enzymatic degradation of thyrotropin releasing hormone by pancreatic homogenates. Failure to detect His-Pro-diketopiperazine as TRH metabolite.}, journal = {Neuroendocrinology}, year = {1986}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, pages = {399--406}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
de Araujo, E.G. and Linden, R.	Trophic factors produced by retinal cells increase the survival of retinal ganglion cells in vitro. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 5(9), pp. 1181-1188School: Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.	article	DOI
Abstract: The naturally occurring neuron death of normal development has been shown to depend on trophic factors produced and released by target cells. It has also been shown that the afferent supply and local interactions play a role in the control of this degenerative phenomenon. We studied the effect of trophic factors produced by intrinsic retinal cells on the survival of retinal ganglion cells in vitro. Retinae of newborn hooded rats were retrogradely labelled with horseradish peroxidase injected into the superior colliculus to permit the identification of retinal ganglion cells in culture. We tested the effect of conditioned media either from aggregates or from explants of retinal cells from neonatal rats on the survival of ganglion cells in vitro. Our results showed that both conditioned media increased the survival of these cells. The trophic activity was dose-dependent, was maintained after dialysis against a 12 kDa membrane, was abolished by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, and was not found in conditioned medium from cerebral cortical explants. Conditioned medium obtained without fetal calf serum presented the same trophic effect. These results suggest that the local control of developmental neuron death by intrinsic retinal cells may be mediated by neurotrophic factors.
BibTeX: @article{deAraujo:1993, author = {de Araujo, E. G. and Linden, R.}, title = {Trophic factors produced by retinal cells increase the survival of retinal ganglion cells in vitro.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.}, year = {1993}, volume = {5}, number = {9}, pages = {1181--1188}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00972.x} }
de Araujo, M., Matsumoto, J., Ono, T. and Nishijo, H.	An animal model of disengagement: Temporary inactivation of the superior colliculus impairs attention disengagement in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Behavioural Brain Research Vol. 293, pp. 34-40	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The orienting attention network is responsible for prioritizing sensory input through overt or covert shifts of attention among targets. The ability to disengage attention is essential for the proper functioning of this network. In addition to its importance for proper orienting, deficits in disengagement have been recently implicated in autism disorders. Despite its importance, the neural mechanisms underlying disengagement processing are still poorly understood. In this study, the involvement of the superior colliculus (SC) in disengagement was investigated in unrestrained rats that had been trained in a two-alternative light-guided spatial choice task. At each trial, the rats had to choose one of two paths, leading either to a large or a small reward, based on 1 (single-cue) or 2 (double-cue) lights. The task consisted of serial trials with single- and/or double-cue lights, and rats could acquire a large reward if the rats chose infrequent lights when infrequent cue lights were presented after preceding frequent cue lights. Experiment 1 included trials with either single- or double-cue lights, and infrequent trials with double-cue lights required both attentional disengagement and shift of attention from preceding frequent single-cue lights, while experiment 2 included only trials with single-cue lights requiring shifts of attention but not attentional disengagement. The results indicated that temporary inactivation of the SC by muscimol injections selectively impaired performance on trials requiring disengagement. No impairment was observed on the other trials, in which attention disengagement was not required. The results provide the first evidence that the SC is necessary for attentional disengagement. © 2015 Elsevier B.V..
BibTeX: @article{Araujo:2015, author = {de Araujo, M.F.P. and Matsumoto, J. and Ono, T. and Nishijo, H.}, title = {An animal model of disengagement: Temporary inactivation of the superior colliculus impairs attention disengagement in rats}, journal = {Behavioural Brain Research}, year = {2015}, volume = {293}, pages = {34-40}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84937958616&partnerID=40&md5=5d4a719e59345e6820c075a0fc1c6b4e}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.031} }
Arbab, M.A., Delgado, T., Wiklund, L. and Svendgaard, N.A.	Brain stem terminations of the trigeminal and upper spinal ganglia innervation of the cerebrovascular system: WGA-HRP transganglionic study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	J Cereb Blood Flow Metab Vol. 8(1), pp. 54-63School: Neurosurgical Research Department, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The central projections of the nerve fibers innervating the middle cerebral and basilar arteries were investigated by transganglionic tracing of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the rat. WGA-HRP was applied to the exposed basilar and/or middle cerebral arteries. Sections of the brain, trigeminal and upper spinal ganglia were reacted with tetramethylbenzidine for detection of the tracer. The results demonstrate that trigeminal neurons that innervate the middle cerebral artery project to the trigeminal main sensory nucleus, pars oralis, and the dorsocaudal two-fifths of pars interpolaris of the trigeminal brain stem nuclear complex. Terminals were also visible in the ipsilateral nucleus motorius dorsalis nervi vagi (dmnX) and in the lateral nucleus tractus solitarius (nTs) bilaterally at the level of the obex. The ventral periaqueductal gray, including the dorsal raphe and C2 dorsal horn, were also innervated by nerve fibers from the middle cerebral artery. Ipsilateral trigeminal rhizotomy prior to WGA-HRP application over the middle cerebral artery impeded the visualization of nerve terminations throughout the brain stem. Pretreatment with capsaicin reduced the density of labeled neurons and terminals within the trigeminal ganglion and the brain stem, respectively, following WGA-HRP application over the middle cerebral artery. Basilar artery fibers terminate in the C2 dorsal horn, the cuneate nuclei, dmnX, and nTs bilaterally. A few projections were also labeled in the ventral periaqueductal gray. Unilateral upper two spinal dorsal rhizotomy prior to WGA-HRP application over the exposed basilar artery resulted in terminal labeling within the C2 dorsal horn, the cuneate nucleus, dmnX, and nTs contralateral to the rhizotomy, whereas the ipsilateral side was devoid of any labeling. Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy prior to WGA-HRP administration to the middle cerebral and basilar arteries did not alter the visualization of nerve terminations throughout the brain stem.
BibTeX: @article{Arbab:1988, author = {M. A. Arbab and T. Delgado and L. Wiklund and N. A. Svendgaard}, title = {Brain stem terminations of the trigeminal and upper spinal ganglia innervation of the cerebrovascular system: WGA-HRP transganglionic study.}, journal = {J Cereb Blood Flow Metab}, school = {Neurosurgical Research Department, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.}, year = {1988}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {54--63}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1988.8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1988.8} }
Arbab, M.A., Delgado, T., Wiklund, L. and Svendgaard, N.A.	Brain stem terminations of the trigeminal and upper spinal ganglia innervation of the cerebrovascular system: WGA-HRP transganglionic study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Vol. 8, pp. 54-63	article
Abstract: The central projections of the nerve fibers innervating the middle cerebral and basilar arteries were investigated by transganglionic tracing of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the rat. WGA-HRP was applied to the exposed basilar and/or middle cerebral arteries. Sections of the brain, trigeminal and upper spinal ganglia were reacted with tetramethylbenzidine for detection of the tracer. The results demonstrate that trigeminal neurons that innervate the middle cerebral artery project to the trigeminal main sensory nucleus, pars oralis, and the dorsocaudal two-fifths of pars interpolaris of the trigeminal brain stem nuclear complex. Terminals were also visible in the ipsilateral nucleus motorius dorsalis nervi vagi (dmnX) and in the lateral nucleus tractus solitarius (nTs) bilaterally at the level of the obex. The ventral periaqueductal gray, including the dorsal raphe and C2 dorsal horn, were also innervated by nerve fibers from the middle cerebral artery. Ipsilateral trigeminal rhizotomy prior to WGA-HRP application over the middle cerebral artery impeded the visualization of nerve terminations throughout the brain stem. Pretreatment with capsaicin reduced the density of labeled neurons and terminals within the trigeminal ganglion and the brain stem, respectively, following WGA-HRP application over the middle cerebral artery. Basilar artery fibers terminate in the C2 dorsal horn, the cuneate nuclei, dmnX, and nTs bilaterally. A few projections were also labeled in the ventral periaqueductal gray. Unilateral upper two spinal dorsal rhizotomy prior to WGA-HRP application over the exposed basilar artery resulted in terminal labeling within the C2 dorsal horn, the cuneate nucleus, dmnX, and nTs contralateral to the rhizotomy, whereas the ipsilateral side was devoid of any labeling. Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy prior to WGA-HRP administration to the middle cerebral and basilar arteries did not alter the visualization of nerve terminations throughout the brain stem.
BibTeX: @article{Arbab:1988d, author = {Arbab, M. A. and Delgado, T. and Wiklund, L. and Svendgaard, N. A.}, title = {Brain stem terminations of the trigeminal and upper spinal ganglia innervation of the cerebrovascular system: WGA-HRP transganglionic study.}, journal = {Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism}, year = {1988}, volume = {8}, pages = {54-63}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Arbab, M.A., Wiklund, L., Delgado, T. and Svendgaard, N.A.	Stellate ganglion innervation of the vertebro-basilar arterial system demonstrated in the rat with anterograde and retrograde WGA-HRP tracing. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Brain Res Vol. 445(1), pp. 175-180School: Neurosurgical Research Department, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.	article	DOI
Abstract: Stellate ganglia projections to cerebral arteries have been investigated with wheatgerm-agglutinated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Injections of WGA-HRP into the stellate ganglia resulted in labelling of nerve fibres on the vertebral and basilar arteries, and their side branches. The innervation was bilateral, but with an ipsilateral predominance. After WGA-HRP application on the basilar artery, retrogradely labelled cells appeared in both stellate ganglia, but most numerously in the right ganglion (70-75. Failure to detect stellate projections to cerebral arteries in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-pretreated animals indicates that these fibres are of noradrenergic sympathetic character. It is suggested that the stellate fibres follow the vertebral arteries towards the basilar artery and its branches.
BibTeX: @article{Arbab:1988a, author = {Arbab, M. A. and Wiklund, L. and Delgado, T. and Svendgaard, N. A.}, title = {Stellate ganglion innervation of the vertebro-basilar arterial system demonstrated in the rat with anterograde and retrograde WGA-HRP tracing.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Neurosurgical Research Department, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.}, year = {1988}, volume = {445}, number = {1}, pages = {175--180}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)91090-6} }
Arbab, M.A., Wiklund, L., Delgado, T. and Svendgaard, N.A.	Stellate ganglion innervation of the vertebro-basilar arterial system demonstrated in the rat with anterograde and retrograde WGA-HRP tracing. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Brain research Vol. 445, pp. 175-180	article	DOI
Abstract: Stellate ganglia projections to cerebral arteries have been investigated with wheatgerm-agglutinated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Injections of WGA-HRP into the stellate ganglia resulted in labelling of nerve fibres on the vertebral and basilar arteries, and their side branches. The innervation was bilateral, but with an ipsilateral predominance. After WGA-HRP application on the basilar artery, retrogradely labelled cells appeared in both stellate ganglia, but most numerously in the right ganglion (70-75%). Failure to detect stellate projections to cerebral arteries in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-pretreated animals indicates that these fibres are of noradrenergic sympathetic character. It is suggested that the stellate fibres follow the vertebral arteries towards the basilar artery and its branches.
BibTeX: @article{Arbab:1988c, author = {Arbab, M A and Wiklund, L and Delgado, T and Svendgaard, N A}, title = {Stellate ganglion innervation of the vertebro-basilar arterial system demonstrated in the rat with anterograde and retrograde WGA-HRP tracing.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1988}, volume = {445}, pages = {175--180}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)91090-6} }
Arbab, M.A., Wiklund, L. and Svendgaard, N.A.	Origin and distribution of cerebral vascular innervation from superior cervical, trigeminal and spinal ganglia investigated with retrograde and anterograde WGA-HRP tracing in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Neuroscience Vol. 19(3), pp. 695-708	article	DOI
Abstract: Peripheral sources of cerebral vascular innervation have been investigated with retrograde and anterograde neuronal tracing of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the rat. For retrograde identification of sources of innervation, WGA-HRP was applied to the exposed basilar artery through a fine slit in the overlying meninges, and sections of brain and peripheral ganglia were reacted with tetramethylbenzidine for detection of the tracer. A high density of tetramethylbenzidine reaction product was observed around the basilar artery and in the surrounding pial tissue, but the application sites were not completely selective since some tracer always had spread into the ventral brain stem. Retrogradely labelled cell bodies were identified in the superior cervical, stellate, first and second spinal, and trigeminal ganglia, i.e. these ganglia may represent origins of basilar artery innervation. In a second series of experiments, microinjections of WGA-HRP were placed into the indicated ganglia to obtain anterograde labelling of nerve fibres on whole-mounts of the cerebral vessels. Injections into trigeminal ganglia labelled nerve fibres on the ipsilateral half of the circle of Willis, as well as the contralateral anterior cerebral artery and the rostral part of the basilar artery. The first and second spinal ganglia projected to the vertebrobasilar arteries, while the ipsilateral part of the internal carotid (outside the circle of Willis) received fibres from the second spinal ganglion. Nerve fibres originating in trigeminal and spinal ganglia were organised in bundles, and between these a sparse plexus of thin single fibres appeared. Injection of WGA-HRP into superior cervical ganglion labelled a plexus of nerve fibres on the ipsilateral circle of Willis and the (rostral) basilar artery. These experiments demonstrated the origin and distribution of sympathetic and sensory innervation to major cerebral arteries in the rat.
BibTeX: @article{Arbab:1986, author = {M. A. Arbab and L. Wiklund and N. A. Svendgaard}, title = {Origin and distribution of cerebral vascular innervation from superior cervical, trigeminal and spinal ganglia investigated with retrograde and anterograde WGA-HRP tracing in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1986}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {695--708}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(86)90293-9} }
Arbab, M.-R., Wiklund, L. and Svendgaard, N.	Brain stem terminations of the trigeminal and upper spinal ganglia innervation of the cerebrovascular system: WGA-HRP transganglionic study [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Vol. 8(1), pp. 54-63	article	URL
Abstract: The central projections of the nerve fibers innervating the middle cerebral and basilar arteries were investigated by transganglionic tracing of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the rat. WGA-HRP was applied to the exposed basilar and/or middle cerebral arteries. Sections of the brain, trigeminal and upper spinal ganglia were reacted with tetramethylbenzidine for detection of the tracer. The results demonstrate that trigeminal neurons that innervate the middle cerebral artery project of the trigeminal main sensory nucleus, pars oralis, and the dorsocaudal two-fifths of pars interpolaris of the trigeminal brain stem nuclear complex. Terminals were also visible in the ipsilateral nucleus motorius dorsalis nervi vagi (dmnX) and in the lateral nucleus tractus solitarius (nTs) bilaterally at the level of the obex. The ventral periaqueductal gray, including the dorsal raphe and C 2 dorsal horn, were also innervated by nerve fibers from the middle cerebral artery. Ipsilateral trigeminal rhizotomy prior to WGA-HRP application over the middle cerebral artery impeded the visualization of nerve terminations throughout the brain stem. Pretreatment with capsaicin reduced the density of labeled neurons and terminals within the trigeminal ganglion and the brain stem, respectively, following WGA-HRP application over the middle cerebral artery. Basilar artery fibers terminate in the C 2 dorsal horn, the cuneate nuclei, dmnX, and nTs bilaterally. A few projections were also labeled in the ventral periaqueductal gray. Unilateral upper two spinal dorsal rhizotomy prior to WGA-HRP application over the exposed basilar artery resulted in terminal labeling within the C 2 dorsal horn, the cuneate nucleus, dmnX, and nTs contralateral to the rhizotomy, whereas the ipsilateral side was devoid of any labeling. Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy prior to WGA-HRP administration to the middle cerebral and basilar arteries did not alter the visualization of nerve terminations through the brain stem.
BibTeX: @article{Arbab:1988b, author = {Arbab, M.A.-R. and Wiklund, L. and Svendgaard, N.A.}, title = {Brain stem terminations of the trigeminal and upper spinal ganglia innervation of the cerebrovascular system: WGA-HRP transganglionic study}, journal = {Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism}, year = {1988}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {54-63}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023860342&partnerID=40&md5=e5d2d404d5d8e141ac551479c6b446c4} }
Arborelius, L., Chergui, K., Murase, S., Nomikos, G., Backlund Höök, B., Chouvet, G., Hacksell, U. and Svensson, T.	The 5-HT1A receptor selective ligands, (R)-8-OH-DPAT and (S)-UH-301, differentially affect the activity of midbrain dopamine neurons [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology Vol. 347(4), pp. 353-362	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The effects of the selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist (R)-8-hydroxy-2(di-n-propylamino)tetralin [(R)-8-OH-DPAT] and the novel 5-HT1A antagonist (S)-5-fluoro-8-hydroxy-2-(dipropylamino)-tetralin [(S)-UH-301] were studied with regard to the firing pattern of single mesencephalic dopamine (DA) neurons with extracellular recording techniques in chloral hydrate anesthetized male rats. Neuronal activity was studied with respect to firing rate, burst firing and regularity of firing. In the ventral tegmental area (VTA) low doses of (R)-8-OH-DPAT (2–32 μg/kg i.v.) caused an increase in all three parameters. The effect on firing rate of DA neurons was more pronounced in the parabrachial pigmentosus nucleus than in the paranigral nucleus, the two major subdivisions of VTA. In the substantia nigra zona compacta (SN-ZC), (R)-8-OH-DPAT (2–256 μg/kg i.v.) had no effect on firing rate and regularity of firing and only slightly increased burst firing. High doses of (R)-8-OH-DPAT (512–1024 μg/kg i. v.) decreased the activity of DA cells in both areas, an effect that was prevented by pretreatment with the selective DA D2 receptor antagonist raclopride. (S)-UH-301 (100–800 μg/kg i.v.) decreased both firing rate and burst firing without affecting regularity of DA neurons in the VTA. In the SN-ZC, (S)-UH-301 decreased the firing rate but failed to affect burst firing and regularity of firing. These effects of (S)-UH-301 were blocked by raclopride pretreatment. Local application by pneumatic ejection of 8-OH-DPAT excited the DA cells in both the VTA and the SN-ZC, whereas (S)-UH-301 inhibited these cells when given locally. These results show that 5-HT1A receptor related compounds differentially affect the electrophysiological activity of central DA neurons. The DA receptor agonistic properties of these compound appear to contribute to the inhibitory effects of high doses of (R)-8-OH-DPAT and (S)-UH-301 on DA neuronal activity. Given the potential use of 5-HT1A receptor selective compounds in the treatment of anxiety and depression their effects on central DA systems involved in mood regulation and reward related processes are of considerable importance. © 1993, Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Arborelius:1993, author = {Arborelius, L. and Chergui, K. and Murase, S. and Nomikos, G.G. and Backlund Höök, B. and Chouvet, G. and Hacksell, U. and Svensson, T.H.}, title = {The 5-HT1A receptor selective ligands, (R)-8-OH-DPAT and (S)-UH-301, differentially affect the activity of midbrain dopamine neurons}, journal = {Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology}, year = {1993}, volume = {347}, number = {4}, pages = {353-362}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027336182&partnerID=40&md5=411083d766e98a263f3422212e61cc84}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00165384} }
Arbuthnott, E.R., Gladden, M.H. and Sutherland, F.I.	The selectivity of fusimotor innervation in muscle spindles of the rat studied by light microscopy. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	J Anat Vol. 163, pp. 183-190School: Department of Physiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Eire.	article
Abstract: Six muscle spindles and three muscle spindle poles from four rat soleus muscles have been sectioned serially at 1 micron intervals to trace the motor innervation by light microscopy. Forty myelinated axons had 92 endings on the intrafusal muscle fibres. 67.5% of these axons supplied a single type of muscle fibre only, 22.5% to dynamic bag1 (Db1) fibres, 15% to static bag2 (Sb2) fibres and 30% to chain fibres. The rest supplied more than one fibre type, 5% supplying the Db1 and one chain fibre, 20% supplying the Sb2 and chain fibres, but 7.5% (three axons) supplied all the fibre types together. Apart from these three axons all the fusimotor axons would be expected to have a clear dynamic or static action on the Group Ia discharge. Whilst for the cat entirely non-specific distribution does not exist, or at least is very rare, since only a small proportion of the rat fusimotor axons were in this category we conclude that fusimotor distribution in rats and cats is essentially similar.
BibTeX: @article{Arbuthnott:1989, author = {Arbuthnott, E. R. and Gladden, M. H. and Sutherland, F. I.}, title = {The selectivity of fusimotor innervation in muscle spindles of the rat studied by light microscopy.}, journal = {J Anat}, school = {Department of Physiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Eire.}, year = {1989}, volume = {163}, pages = {183--190}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Arbuthnott, G.	Methods in the Mapping of Neurotransmitter Systems in the Brain [BibTeX]	1987	Transmitter Molecules in the Brain, pp. 27-35	incollection	DOI
BibTeX: @incollection{Arbuthnott:1987, author = {Arbuthnott, G}, title = {Methods in the Mapping of Neurotransmitter Systems in the Brain}, booktitle = {Transmitter Molecules in the Brain}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {1987}, pages = {27--35}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69950-4_4} }
Arbuthnott, G., Wright, A., Hamilton, M. and Brown, J.	Orthograde transport of nuclear yellow: a problem and its solution [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Journal of Neuroscience Methods Vol. 6(4), pp. 365-368	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Nuclear yellow injections into the striatum of rats led to staining of both neuronal and glial nuclei even after less than 24 h 'transport time'. The distribution of some of the glial nuclei suggested that the dye was being transported along the striato-nigral pathway. Staining in these areas was greatly reduced if kainic acid was co-injected with the Nuclear yellow. © 1982.
BibTeX: @article{Arbuthnott:1982a, author = {Arbuthnott, G.W. and Wright, A.K. and Hamilton, M.H. and Brown, J.R.}, title = {Orthograde transport of nuclear yellow: a problem and its solution}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods}, year = {1982}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {365-368}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020408548&partnerID=40&md5=bacf49fad370d242aa4c24150f983ddc}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(82)90037-1} }
Arbuthnott, G. and Wright, A.K.	Some non-fluorescent connections of the nigro-neostriatal dopamine neurones. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Brain Res Bull Vol. 9(1-6), pp. 367-368	article	DOI
Abstract: This study of the relationships between cells identified by their catecholamine fluorescence and their less fortunate neighbours became possible with the advent of autoradiographic tracing methods. A major output from the neostriatum returns to the substantia nigra where it fills the pars reticulata. Outputs from this area of substantia nigra are present on both sides of the brain in the thalamus, in parts of parafascicular, intralaminar, and mediodorsal nuclei, and the superior colliculi in the deeper layers. Mainly unilateral pathways reach the ventromedial nucleus of thalamus and also pass under the lateral part of the colliculus to reach the region of the nucleus pendunculo-pontinus among the fibres of the brachium conjunctivum. The roles of those areas in the transmission of the output of the basal ganglia to the motor system of the animal, however, remain obscure.
BibTeX: @article{Arbuthnott:1982, author = {Arbuthnott, G. and Wright, A. K.}, title = {Some non-fluorescent connections of the nigro-neostriatal dopamine neurones.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1982}, volume = {9}, number = {1-6}, pages = {367--368}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(82)90147-2} }
Arbuthnott, G. and Wright, A.K.	Some non-fluorescent connections of the nigro-neostriatal dopamine neurones. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Brain research bulletin Vol. 9, pp. 367-8	article
Abstract: This study of the relationships between cells identified by their catecholamine fluorescence and their less fortunate neighbours became possible with the advent of autoradiographic tracing methods. A major output from the neostriatum returns to the substantia nigra where it fills the pars reticulata. Outputs from this area of substantia nigra are present on both sides of the brain in the thalamus, in parts of parafascicular, intralaminar, and mediodorsal nuclei, and the superior colliculi in the deeper layers. Mainly unilateral pathways reach the ventromedial nucleus of thalamus and also pass under the lateral part of the colliculus to reach the region of the nucleus pendunculo-pontinus among the fibres of the brachium conjunctivum. The roles of those areas in the transmission of the output of the basal ganglia to the motor system of the animal, however, remain obscure.
BibTeX: @article{Arbuthnott:1982b, author = {Arbuthnott, G. and Wright, A. K.}, title = {Some non-fluorescent connections of the nigro-neostriatal dopamine neurones.}, journal = {Brain research bulletin}, year = {1982}, volume = {9}, pages = {367-8}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Arbuthnott, G.W., MacLeod, N.K., Maxwell, D.J. and Wright, A.K.	Distribution and synaptic contacts of the cortical terminals arising from neurons in the rat ventromedial thalamic nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Neuroscience Vol. 38(1), pp. 47-60School: MRC Brain Metabolism Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Edinburgh, U.K.	article	DOI
Abstract: Injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin within the ventromedial thalamic nucleus resulted in many filled fibres in the frontal areas of rat cerebral cortex. The fibres were restricted to the upper part of layer I except in a small area of motor cortex where terminals were also found in deeper layers. Terminals were also seen in the striatum, in parts of the mesencephalic reticular formation and occasionally in the contralateral ventromedial nucleus. There is some topographical order in the projection with medial and dorsal areas well represented in medial cortex while lateral parts of ventromedial nucleus are more directly related to the cortical area that receives the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus projection. Electron microscopic examination showed the terminals in layer I of cortex making synaptic contact with dendritic spines and small dendritic profiles that showed a very dense postsynaptic specialization. Neurons in the ventromedial nucleus could be antidromically driven from electrode positions along strips of cortex which could not be easily related to any known organizational pattern in the cortex. Thalamic neurons responding antidromically to only one stimulation site were more common when the stimulation was within motor cortical areas, suggesting that in this region a more restricted pattern of termination is the rule.
BibTeX: @article{Arbuthnott:1990, author = {G. W. Arbuthnott and N. K. MacLeod and D. J. Maxwell and A. K. Wright}, title = {Distribution and synaptic contacts of the cortical terminals arising from neurons in the rat ventromedial thalamic nucleus.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {MRC Brain Metabolism Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Edinburgh, U.K.}, year = {1990}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {47--60}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(90)90373-c} }
Ardenghi, P., Barros, D., Izquierdo, L.A., Bevilaqua, L., Schroder, N., Quevedo, J., Rodrigues, C., Madruga, M., Medina, J.H. and Izquierdo, I.	Late and prolonged post-training memory modulation in entorhinal and parietal cortex by drugs acting on the cAMP/protein kinase A signalling pathway. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Behavioural pharmacology Vol. 8, pp. 745-51	article
Abstract: Rats implanted bilaterally with cannulae in the entorhinal or posterior parietal cortex or in the amygdaloid nucleus were trained in one-trial step-down inhibitory (passive) avoidance using a 0.3 mA footshock. At 0, 3, 6 or 9 h after training, they received localized 0.5 microliter infusions into these areas of a vehicle, or of 8-Br-cAMP, forskolin (adenylyl cyclase activator), KT5720 (protein kinase A inhibitor), SKF38393 (dopamine D1 receptor agonist), SCH23390 (D1 antagonist), norepinephrine hydrochloride, timolol hydrochloride (beta blocker), 8-HO-DPAT (5-HT1A receptor agonist) or NAN-190 (5-HT1A antagonist) dissolved in 20% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in saline (vehicle). Rats were tested for retention 24 h after training. 8-Br-cAMP, forskolin, SKF 38393 and norepinephrine caused memory facilitation and KT5720, SCH23390, timolol and 8-HO-DPAT caused retrograde amnesia when given into the entorhinal cortex 0, 3 or 6 h but not 9 h after training. When given into the posterior parietal cortex 0, 3 or 6 but not 9 h after training, KT5720 was amnestic. When given into this structure 3 or 6 h but not 0 or 9 h after training 8-Br-cAMP, forskolin and norepinephrine caused memory facilitation and KT5720, SCH23390 and timolol caused retrograde amnesia. All treatments given into the amygdala 0, 3 or 6 h after training were ineffective except for norepinephrine given at 0 h, which caused facilitation. The data point to a role of cAMP/protein kinase A-dependent mechanisms in memory formation in the entorhinal and parietal cortex, but not the amygdala, from 0 to 6 h after training, and to a strong modulation of these mechanisms by dopaminergic D1, beta-noradrenergic and 5-HT1A receptors. The lack of effect of NAN-190 but not 8-HO-DPAT in both cortical regions suggests that 5-HT1A receptors do not play a physiological role but can be activated pharmacologically. The fact that SCH23390 was amnestic but SKF38393 had no effect when given into the parietal cortex suggests that D1 receptors may play a maintenance rather than a stimulant role in this area.
BibTeX: @article{Ardenghi:1997a, author = {Ardenghi, P. and Barros, D. and Izquierdo, L. A. and Bevilaqua, L. and Schroder, N. and Quevedo, J. and Rodrigues, C. and Madruga, M. and Medina, J. H. and Izquierdo, I.}, title = {Late and prolonged post-training memory modulation in entorhinal and parietal cortex by drugs acting on the cAMP/protein kinase A signalling pathway.}, journal = {Behavioural pharmacology}, year = {1997}, volume = {8}, pages = {745-51}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Ardenghi, P., Barros, D., Izquierdo, L.A., Bevilaqua, L., Schröder, N., Quevedo, J., Rodrigues, C., Madruga, M., Medina, J.H. and Izquierdo, I.	Late and prolonged post-training memory modulation in entorhinal and parietal cortex by drugs acting on the cAMP/protein kinase A signalling pathway. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Behav Pharmacol Vol. 8(8), pp. 745-751School: Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (U.F.R.G.S.), Porto Alegre, Brazil.	article	DOI
Abstract: Rats implanted bilaterally with cannulae in the entorhinal or posterior parietal cortex or in the amygdaloid nucleus were trained in one-trial step-down inhibitory (passive) avoidance using a 0.3 mA footshock. At 0, 3, 6 or 9 h after training, they received localized 0.5 microliter infusions into these areas of a vehicle, or of 8-Br-cAMP, forskolin (adenylyl cyclase activator), KT5720 (protein kinase A inhibitor), SKF38393 (dopamine D1 receptor agonist), SCH23390 (D1 antagonist), norepinephrine hydrochloride, timolol hydrochloride (beta blocker), 8-HO-DPAT (5-HT1A receptor agonist) or NAN-190 (5-HT1A antagonist) dissolved in 20% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in saline (vehicle). Rats were tested for retention 24 h after training. 8-Br-cAMP, forskolin, SKF 38393 and norepinephrine caused memory facilitation and KT5720, SCH23390, timolol and 8-HO-DPAT caused retrograde amnesia when given into the entorhinal cortex 0, 3 or 6 h but not 9 h after training. When given into the posterior parietal cortex 0, 3 or 6 but not 9 h after training, KT5720 was amnestic. When given into this structure 3 or 6 h but not 0 or 9 h after training 8-Br-cAMP, forskolin and norepinephrine caused memory facilitation and KT5720, SCH23390 and timolol caused retrograde amnesia. All treatments given into the amygdala 0, 3 or 6 h after training were ineffective except for norepinephrine given at 0 h, which caused facilitation. The data point to a role of cAMP/protein kinase A-dependent mechanisms in memory formation in the entorhinal and parietal cortex, but not the amygdala, from 0 to 6 h after training, and to a strong modulation of these mechanisms by dopaminergic D1, beta-noradrenergic and 5-HT1A receptors. The lack of effect of NAN-190 but not 8-HO-DPAT in both cortical regions suggests that 5-HT1A receptors do not play a physiological role but can be activated pharmacologically. The fact that SCH23390 was amnestic but SKF38393 had no effect when given into the parietal cortex suggests that D1 receptors may play a maintenance rather than a stimulant role in this area.
BibTeX: @article{Ardenghi:1997, author = {Ardenghi, P. and Barros, D. and Izquierdo, L. A. and Bevilaqua, L. and Schröder, N. and Quevedo, J. and Rodrigues, C. and Madruga, M. and Medina, J. H. and Izquierdo, I.}, title = {Late and prolonged post-training memory modulation in entorhinal and parietal cortex by drugs acting on the cAMP/protein kinase A signalling pathway.}, journal = {Behav Pharmacol}, school = {Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (U.F.R.G.S.), Porto Alegre, Brazil.}, year = {1997}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {745--751}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/00008877-199712000-00010} }
Argiolas, A. and Melis, M.R.	Central control of penile erection: role of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Prog Neurobiol Vol. 76(1), pp. 1-21School: Bernard B. Brodie Department of Neuroscience, Centre of Excellence for the Neurobiology of Addictions, University of Cagliari, S.P. Sestu-Monserrato Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy. argiolas@unica.it	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is an integration centre between the central and peripheral autonomic nervous systems. It is involved in numerous functions from feeding, metabolic balance, blood pressure and heart rate, to erectile function and sexual behaviour. In particular, a group of oxytocinergic neurons originating in this nucleus and projecting to extra-hypothalamic brain areas (e.g., hippocampus, medulla oblongata and spinal cord) control penile erection in male rats. Activation of these neurons by dopamine and its agonists, excitatory amino acids (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid) or oxytocin itself, or by electrical stimulation leads to penile erection, while their inhibition by gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) and its agonists or by opioid peptides and opiate-like drugs inhibits this sexual response. The activation of these neurons is secondary to the activation of nitric oxide synthase, which produces nitric oxide. Nitric oxide in turn causes, by a mechanism that is as yet unidentified, the release of oxytocin in extra-hypothalamic brain areas. Other compounds recently identified that facilitate penile erection by activating central oxytocinergic neurons are peptide analogues of hexarelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, pro-VGF-derived peptides, endogenous peptides that may be released by neuronal nerve endings impinging on oxytocinergic cell bodies, SR 141716A, a cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, and, less convincingly, adrenocorticotropin-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (ACTH-MSH)-related peptides. Paraventricular oxytocinergic neurons and similar mechanisms are also involved in penile erection occurring in physiological contexts, namely noncontact erections that occur in male rats in the presence of an inaccessible receptive female, and during copulation. These findings show that the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus plays an important role in the control of erectile function and sexual activity. As the male rat is a model of sexual behaviour and penile physiology, which has largely increased in the last years our knowledge of peripheral and central mechanisms controlling erectile function (drugs that induce penile erection in male rats usually do so also in man), the above results may have great significance in terms of a human perspective for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
BibTeX: @article{Argiolas:2005, author = {Argiolas, Antonio and Melis, Maria Rosaria}, title = {Central control of penile erection: role of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.}, journal = {Prog Neurobiol}, school = {Bernard B. Brodie Department of Neuroscience, Centre of Excellence for the Neurobiology of Addictions, University of Cagliari, S.P. Sestu-Monserrato Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy. argiolas@unica.it}, year = {2005}, volume = {76}, number = {1}, pages = {1--21}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.06.002}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.06.002} }
Arguello, A.A., Richardson, B.D., Hall, J.L., Wang, R., Hodges, M.A., Mitchell, M.P., Stuber, G.D., Rossi, D.J. and Fuchs, R.A.	Role of a Lateral Orbital Frontal Cortex-Basolateral Amygdala Circuit in Cue-Induced Cocaine-Seeking Behavior [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2016	Neuropsychopharmacology	article	DOI
Abstract: Cocaine addiction is a disease characterized by chronic relapse despite long periods of abstinence. The lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) promote cocaine-seeking behavior in response to drug-associated conditioned stimuli (CS) and share dense reciprocal connections. Hence, we hypothesized that monosynaptic projections between these brain regions mediate CS-induced cocaine-seeking behavior. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral infusions of a Cre-dependent adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector expressing enhanced halorhodopsin 3.0 fused with a reporter protein (NpHR-mCherry) or a control AAV (mCherry) plus optic fiber implants into the lOFC (Experiment 1) or BLA (Experiment 2). The same rats also received bilateral infusions of a retrogradely transported AAV vector expressing Cre recombinase (Retro-Cre-GFP) into the BLA (Experiment 1) or lOFC (Experiment 2). Thus, NpHR-mCherry or mCherry expression was targeted to lOFC neurons that project to the BLA or to BLA neurons that project to the lOFC in different groups. Rats were trained to lever press for cocaine infusions paired with 5-s CS presentations. Responding was then extinguished. At test, response-contingent CS presentation was discretely coupled with optogenetic inhibition (5-s laser activation) or no optogenetic inhibition while lever responding was assessed without cocaine/food reinforcement. Optogenetic inhibition of lOFC to BLA, but not BLA to lOFC, projections in the NpHR-mCherry groups disrupted CS-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior relative to (i) no optogenetic inhibition or (ii) manipulations in mCherry control or (iii) NpHR-mCherry food control groups. These findings suggest that the lOFC sends requisite input to the BLA, via monosynaptic connections, to promote CS-induced cocaine-seeking behavior.Neuropsychopharmacology advance online publication, 21 September 2016; doi:10.1038/npp.2016.157.
BibTeX: @article{Arguello:2016, author = {Arguello, A. A. and Richardson, B. D. and Hall, J. L. and Wang, R. and Hodges, M. A. and Mitchell, M. P. and Stuber, G. D. and Rossi, D. J. and Fuchs, R. A.}, title = {Role of a Lateral Orbital Frontal Cortex-Basolateral Amygdala Circuit in Cue-Induced Cocaine-Seeking Behavior}, journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology}, year = {2016}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.157} }
Arguello, A.A., Richardson, B.D., Hall, J.L., Wang, R., Hodges, M.A., Mitchell, M.P., Stuber, G.D., Rossi, D.J. and Fuchs, R.A.	Role of a Lateral Orbital Frontal Cortex-Basolateral Amygdala Circuit in Cue-Induced Cocaine-Seeking Behavior. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2017	Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology Vol. 42, pp. 727-735	article	DOI
Abstract: Cocaine addiction is a disease characterized by chronic relapse despite long periods of abstinence. The lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) promote cocaine-seeking behavior in response to drug-associated conditioned stimuli (CS) and share dense reciprocal connections. Hence, we hypothesized that monosynaptic projections between these brain regions mediate CS-induced cocaine-seeking behavior. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral infusions of a Cre-dependent adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector expressing enhanced halorhodopsin 3.0 fused with a reporter protein (NpHR-mCherry) or a control AAV (mCherry) plus optic fiber implants into the lOFC (Experiment 1) or BLA (Experiment 2). The same rats also received bilateral infusions of a retrogradely transported AAV vector expressing Cre recombinase (Retro-Cre-GFP) into the BLA (Experiment 1) or lOFC (Experiment 2). Thus, NpHR-mCherry or mCherry expression was targeted to lOFC neurons that project to the BLA or to BLA neurons that project to the lOFC in different groups. Rats were trained to lever press for cocaine infusions paired with 5-s CS presentations. Responding was then extinguished. At test, response-contingent CS presentation was discretely coupled with optogenetic inhibition (5-s laser activation) or no optogenetic inhibition while lever responding was assessed without cocaine/food reinforcement. Optogenetic inhibition of lOFC to BLA, but not BLA to lOFC, projections in the NpHR-mCherry groups disrupted CS-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior relative to (i) no optogenetic inhibition or (ii) manipulations in mCherry control or (iii) NpHR-mCherry food control groups. These findings suggest that the lOFC sends requisite input to the BLA, via monosynaptic connections, to promote CS-induced cocaine-seeking behavior.
BibTeX: @article{Arguello:2017, author = {Arguello, Amy A and Richardson, Ben D and Hall, Jacob L and Wang, Rong and Hodges, Matthew A and Mitchell, Marshall P and Stuber, Garret D and Rossi, David J and Fuchs, Rita A}, title = {Role of a Lateral Orbital Frontal Cortex-Basolateral Amygdala Circuit in Cue-Induced Cocaine-Seeking Behavior.}, journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology}, year = {2017}, volume = {42}, pages = {727--735}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.157} }
Ariano, M.A. and Sibley, D.R.	Dopamine receptor distribution in the rat CNS: elucidation using anti-peptide antisera directed against D1A and D3 subtypes. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Brain Res Vol. 649(1-2), pp. 95-110School: Department of Neuroscience, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064.	article	DOI
Abstract: Anti-peptide antibodies were generated against amino acid sequences of intracellular and extracellular portions of the native proteins for the cloned rat D1A and D3 dopamine receptor subtypes in order to determine the cellular distribution of these specific forms in the brain. These polyclonal antisera exhibited high specific titers, assessed by ELISA and immunofluorescent detection of functional recombinant receptor proteins expressed in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Central nervous system (CNS) areas of the male rat were examined using standard immunofluorescent methods in fresh frozen tissues. This paradigm detected D1A-like and D3-like dopamine receptor staining primarily in larger-sized neurons throughout layers 3 and 5 of the cortex, in medium-diameter somata of the striatum, and in the densely packed cells of the olfactory tubercle and hippocampal formation. More attenuated immunoreactivity for both dopamine receptor subtypes was noted in the substantia nigra, not associated with perikarya. Differences in cellular staining patterns and intensity were evident between the D1A-like and D3-like dopamine receptor subtypes. Equivalent morphological elements exhibited dopamine receptor expression following incubation using antisera generated against either extracellular or intracellular epitopes of either the D1A or D3 native proteins. Dopamine receptor immunoreactivity could not be detected in the cerebellum at equivalent antisera dilutions used to discriminate cellular staining patterns within the forebrain. Fluorescent-labeled latex microspheres were infused into the substantia nigra terminal fields to retrogradely identify the cell bodies of the striatonigral projection system. This paradigm showed that 80% of striatonigral neurons expressed D1A-like receptors, while 65% demonstrated D3-like dopamine receptor staining. This distribution for the D1A-like and D3-like receptor subtypes suggests that overlap may occur in the expression of the receptors in the striatonigral neuron population. Our previous results localizing cellular D2-like receptor expression patterns in this projection system of the rat neostriatum implies that all three of these dopamine receptor subtypes may be co-expressed in this efferent system.
BibTeX: @article{Ariano:1994, author = {M. A. Ariano and D. R. Sibley}, title = {Dopamine receptor distribution in the rat CNS: elucidation using anti-peptide antisera directed against D1A and D3 subtypes.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064.}, year = {1994}, volume = {649}, number = {1-2}, pages = {95-110}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(94)91052-9} }
Ariano, M.A. and Ufkes, S.K.	Cyclic nucleotide distribution within rat striatonigral neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Neuroscience Vol. 9(1), pp. 23-29	article	DOI
Abstract: Adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate and guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate have differential immunohistochemical distributions within retrogradely-labeled striatonigral neurons of the rat. Adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate is localized within more than half of the striatonigral projection neurons. It is also within the cytoplasm of other neurons and oligodendroglia. Guanosine cyclic 3'-5'-monophosphate is localized within 80% of the identified striatonigral neurons. These large percentages of cyclic nucleotide immunoreactivity within the striatonigral neurons suggest some of these efferent cells must contain both cyclic nucleotides. The immunofluorescent staining for guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate is almost identical to that reported for efferent neurotransmitter-containing neurons of the caudate nucleus. However, the large proportion of striatonigral neurons demonstrating guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate immunoreactivity precludes the association of the cyclic nucleotide with a selective neurotransmitter agent. Adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate-reactive elements are very different in staining appearance from guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate and neurotransmitter-identified somata. The number of striatonigral cells exhibiting reaction for this cyclic nucleotide does not eliminate the possibility that adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate might be preferentially co-localized with a specific neurotransmitter, such as gamma-aminobutyrate, as has been previously suggested through biochemical experimentation.
BibTeX: @article{Ariano:1983, author = {M. A. Ariano and S. K. Ufkes}, title = {Cyclic nucleotide distribution within rat striatonigral neurons.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1983}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {23--29}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(83)90043-x} }
Ariano, M. and Sibley, D.	Dopamine receptor distribution in the rat CNS: elucidation using anti-peptide antisera directed against D1A and D3 subtypes [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Brain Research Vol. 649(1-2), pp. 95-110	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Anti-peptide antibodies were generated against amino acid sequences of intracellular and extracellular portions of the native proteins for the cloned rat D1A and D3 dopamine receptor subtypes in order to determine the cellular distribution of these specific forms in the brain. These polyclonal antisera exhibited high specific titers, assessed by ELISA and immunofluorescent detection of functional recombinant receptor proteins expressed in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Central nervous system (CNS) areas of the male rat were examined using standard immunofluorescent methods in fresh frozen tissues. This paradigm detected D1A-like and D3-like dopamine receptor staining primarily in larger-sized neurons throughout layers 3 and 5 of the cortex, in medium-diameter somata of the striatum, and in the densely packed cells of the olfactory tubercle and hippocampal formation. More attenuated immunoreactivity for both dopamine receptor subtypes was noted in the substantia nigra, not associated with perikarya. Differences in cellular staining patterns and intensity were evident between the D1A-like and D3-like dopamine receptor subtypes. Equivalent morphological elements exhibited dopamine receptor expression following incubation using antisera generated against either extracellular or intracellular epitopes of either the D1A or D3 native proteins. Dopamine receptor immunoreactivity could not be detected in the cerebellum at equivalent antisera dilutions used to discriminate cellular staining patterns within the forebrain. Fluorescent-labeled latex microspheres were infused into the substantia nigra terminal fields to retrogradely identify the cell bodies of the striatonigral projection system. This paradigm showed that 80% of striatonigral neurons expressed D1A-like receptors, while 65% demonstrated D3-like dopamine receptor staining. This distribution for the D1A-like and D3-like receptor subtypes suggests that overlap may occur in the expression of the receptors in the striatonigral neuron population. Our previous results localizing cellular D2-like receptor expression patterns in this projection system of the rat neostriatum implies that all three of these dopamine receptor subtypes may be co-expressed in this efferent system. © 1994.
BibTeX: @article{Ariano:1994a, author = {Ariano, M.A. and Sibley, D.R.}, title = {Dopamine receptor distribution in the rat CNS: elucidation using anti-peptide antisera directed against D1A and D3 subtypes}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1994}, volume = {649}, number = {1-2}, pages = {95-110}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028307196&partnerID=40&md5=ae042cf56b3f2a4d4680bebd5caf8d76}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(94)91052-9} }
Ariano, M., Stromski, C., Smyk-Randall, E. and Sibley, D.	D2 dopamine receptor localization on striatonigral neurons [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 144(1-2), pp. 215-220	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Two major pharmacological classes of dopamine receptors exist in the central nervous system. These receptors have been designated as D1 or D2 based upon their differing pharmacology and influence on the cyclic AMP second messenger system. Different genes for the D1 and D2 dopamine receptors have been isolated and are found to be expressed in high abundance. Within the neostriatum, however the cellular distribution of the dopamine receptors is equivocal. Dopamine receptors are the targets for drugs used to treat neurological dysfunctions such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia, and thus knowledge of their specific cellular location is important for devising future therapeutic manipulations. Using retrograde labeling methods combined with immunofluorescence of various receptor amino acid sequences, this study has examined the postsynaptic distribution of striatal D2 dopamine receptors. We have found that the D2 dopamine receptor can be visualized on a minimum of 60% of the neurons projecting from the neostriatum to the substantia nigra. However, some 65% of all D2 receptor positive cells are represented by other intrinsic neurons of this basal ganglia nucleus. © 1992.
BibTeX: @article{Ariano:1992, author = {Ariano, M.A. and Stromski, C.J. and Smyk-Randall, E.M. and Sibley, D.R.}, title = {D2 dopamine receptor localization on striatonigral neurons}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1992}, volume = {144}, number = {1-2}, pages = {215-220}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026617004&partnerID=40&md5=f45d4700b9286768314faee2b3a75352}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(92)90753-T} }
Arias-Carrión, O., Hernández-López, S., Ibañez-Sandoval, O., Bargas, J., Hernández-Cruz, A. and Drucker-Colín, R.	Neuronal precursors within the adult rat subventricular zone differentiate into dopaminergic neurons after substantia nigra lesion and chromaffin cell transplant. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	J Neurosci Res Vol. 84(7), pp. 1425-1437School: Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain continues in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Neuronal precursors from the SVZ migrate along the rostral migratory stream to replace olfactory bulb interneurons. After the destruction of the nigro-striatal pathway (SN-lesion), some SVZ precursors begin to express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuronal markers (NeuN). Grafting of chromaffin cells (CCs) into the denervated striatum increases the number of TH+ cells (SVZ TH+ cells; Arias-Carrión et al., 2004). This study examines the functional properties of these newly differentiating TH+ cells. Under whole-cell patch-clamp, most SVZ cells recorded from lesioned and grafted animals (either TH+ or TH-) were non-excitable. Nevertheless, a small percentage of SVZ TH+ cells had the electrophysiologic phenotype of mature dopaminergic neurons and showed spontaneous postsynaptic potentials. Dopamine (DA) release was measured in SVZ and striatum from both control and SN-lesioned rats. As expected, 12 weeks after SN lesion, DA release decreased drastically. Nevertheless, 8 weeks after CCs graft, release from the SVZ of SN-lesioned rats recovered, and even surpassed that from control SVZ, suggesting that newly formed SVZ TH+ cells release DA. This study shows for the first time that in response to SN-lesions and CC grafts neural precursors within the SVZ change their developmental program, by not only expressing TH, but more importantly by acquiring excitable properties of mature dopaminergic neurons. Additionally, the release of DA in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner and the attraction of synaptic afferents from neighboring neuronal networks gives further significance to the overall findings, whose potential importance is discussed.
BibTeX: @article{Arias-Carrion:2006, author = {Arias-Carrión, Oscar and Hernández-López, Salvador and Ibañez-Sandoval, Osvaldo and Bargas, José and Hernández-Cruz, Arturo and Drucker-Colín, René}, title = {Neuronal precursors within the adult rat subventricular zone differentiate into dopaminergic neurons after substantia nigra lesion and chromaffin cell transplant.}, journal = {J Neurosci Res}, school = {Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México.}, year = {2006}, volume = {84}, number = {7}, pages = {1425--1437}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.21068}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.21068} }
Arienti, G., Goracci, G. and Porcellati, G.	Glycerophospholipid metabolism in neuronal and glial cell-enriched fractions [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	Neurochemical Research Vol. 6(7), pp. 729-742	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The metabolism of phospholipids in separated glial and neuronal cells has been reviewed in this paper. Lipids are more abundant in glia; on the other hand, in vivo experiments performed with labeled precursors have indicated that lipid turnover is faster in neurons (with the possible exception of oligodendroglia). Biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes of lipid metabolism have been studied in separated cells (mainly in neurons and astroglia) and have been shown to be almost always more active in neurons. Also base exchange is probably more active in these cells. Therefore the results of in vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that neurons are more active than astroglia in metabolizing glycerophospholipids. © 1981 Plenum Publishing Corporation.
BibTeX: @article{Arienti:1981, author = {Arienti, G. and Goracci, G. and Porcellati, G.}, title = {Glycerophospholipid metabolism in neuronal and glial cell-enriched fractions}, journal = {Neurochemical Research}, year = {1981}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, pages = {729-742}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0019414425&partnerID=40&md5=c0cadb2a64e862b5dcc8873dc5bad99f}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00965471} }
Ariffin, M., Jiang, F., Low, C.-M. and Khanna, S.	Nicotinic receptor mechanism in supramammillary nucleus mediates physiological regulation of neural activity in dorsal hippocampal field CA1 of anaesthetized rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Hippocampus Vol. 20(7), pp. 852-865	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Evidence suggests that stimulation of the region of the rostral pontine oralis (RPO) nucleus and the peripheral application of a noxious stimulus activates an ascending system that also modulates hippocampal neural responses during behavioral arousal. Indeed, the two stimuli and behavioral arousal elicit theta activation and the suppression of population spikes (PS) in dorsal hippocampus field CA1. Interestingly, such neural responses in CA1 are also elicited by microinjection of the cholinergic agonist carbachol into the hypothalamic supramammillary nucleus (SuM). In the present in vivo electrophysiological study, we tested the hypothesis that cholinergic neural elements in the SuM modulate the neural drive to CA1 on RPO stimulation or the peripheral application of a noxious stimulus. Pharmacological investigation showed that intra-SuM microinjection of either a muscarinic or a nicotinic receptor antagonist attenuated the SuM carbachol-induced neural effects in CA1, namely, theta activation and PS suppression. However, neither antagonist attenuated the CA1 effects of intra-SuM microinjection of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Subsequent investigations revealed that microinjection of only the nicotinic antagonist, mecamylamine, into the lateral SuM selectively attenuated the responses elicited in CA1 by stimulation of the RPO or on nociceptive stimulation with hind paw injection of formalin (5%, 0.05 ml); whereas, microinjection of mecamylamine into the medial SuM did not affect the hippocampal responses elicited by either type of stimulation. Furthermore, application of mecamylamine into the lateral SuM attenuated the CA1 responses induced by injection of formalin into the contralateral, but not the ipsilateral hind paw. The lateralization of drug effect is consistent with the predominant unilateral anatomical connections between the SuM and the septohippocampal region. These findings provide novel evidence that nicotinic cholinoceptive neurons in the lateral SuM are common elements of the neural drive(s) to the hippocampus on RPO activation and noxious stimulation. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Ariffin:2010, author = {Ariffin, M.Z. and Jiang, F. and Low, C.-M. and Khanna, S.}, title = {Nicotinic receptor mechanism in supramammillary nucleus mediates physiological regulation of neural activity in dorsal hippocampal field CA1 of anaesthetized rat}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {2010}, volume = {20}, number = {7}, pages = {852-865}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77954025677&partnerID=40&md5=6a2d220d9ee80e990b6ee19b91c7cd80}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20687} }
Arilla, E., Lopez-Ruiz, M., Guijarro, L., Prieto, J., Gomez-Pan, A. and Hirst, B.	Characterization of somatostatin binding sites in cytosolic fraction of rat intestinal mucosa [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	BBA - General Subjects Vol. 802(2), pp. 203-208	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Specific binding sites for somatostatin have been characterized in cytosolic fraction of rat intestinal mucosa by using 125I-labelled Tyr11-somatostatin and a variety of physicochemical conditions. The binding depended on time, temperature and pH, and was reversible, saturable and specific. At apparent equilibrium, the specific binding of 125I-Tyr11-somatostatin was competitively inhibited by native somatostatin in the 1 nM-4 μM concentration range. Binding studies sugegsted the presence of two classes of binding sites: a class with high affinity (Kd = 0.07 μM) and low capacity (4.6 pmol/mg protein) and a class with low affinity (Kd = 1.05 μM) and high capacity (277 pmol/mg protein) at 25°C. Somatostatin exhibited competitive inhibition of tracer binding, while neuropeptides such as neurotensin, substance P, Leu-enkephalin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide were ineffective. The presence of somatostatin binding sites in cytosolic fraction of intestinal mucosa, together with the known occurrence of somatostatin in D-cells and nerve endings in the small intestine, strongly suggest that this peptide may be involved in the physiology and physiopathology of intestinal epithelium. © 1984.
BibTeX: @article{Arilla:1984, author = {Arilla, E. and Lopez-Ruiz, M.P. and Guijarro, L.G. and Prieto, J.C. and Gomez-Pan, A. and Hirst, B.}, title = {Characterization of somatostatin binding sites in cytosolic fraction of rat intestinal mucosa}, journal = {BBA - General Subjects}, year = {1984}, volume = {802}, number = {2}, pages = {203-208}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021740034&partnerID=40&md5=1356c08e38cd30d381c6323b287e903e}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(84)90162-4} }
Arimatsu, Y. and Ishida, M.	Distinct neuronal populations specified to form corticocortical and corticothalamic projections from layer VI of developing cerebral cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Neuroscience Vol. 114(4), pp. 1033-1045School: Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, 11 Minamiooya, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan. yasu@libra.ls.m-kagaku.co.jp	article	DOI
Abstract: Layer VI of the cerebral cortex contains heterogeneous populations of pyramidal neurons whose axons project either cortically or subcortically. It has been shown that a subset of layer VI neurons expressing latexin projects ipsilaterally to other cortical areas but does not contribute to the corticothalamic projections. Taking advantage of the connectional specificity of latexin-expressing neurons, we here determine whether corticocortical and corticothalamic neurons are generated at different times, and at which stage the connectional distinction develops in corticogenesis. Our experimental findings indicate that: (1) thalamic-projecting neurons in layer VI of the rat secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) are born at embryonic day 14 or before while latexin-expressing neurons in the same layer are generated at embryonic day 15 or later; (2) axonal invasion by SII neurons into ipsilateral cortical areas and into the posterior dorsal thalamus mainly takes place early in the postnatal period; ( 3) latexin-expressing neurons never project toward the dorsal thalamus in normal development; (4) presumptive latexin-expressing neurons in the neonatal SII are able to grow into a cortical slice in vitro, but do not invade a thalamic slice even transiently; (5) thalamic-projecting neurons, on the other hand, fail to simultaneously establish connections with a cortical slice. Taken together, our findings suggest that the time frame in which presumptive corticocortical and corticothalamic neurons are generated differs, and that the two populations are restricted in connectional fate potential by the perinatal period prior to target innervation.
BibTeX: @article{Arimatsu:2002, author = {Arimatsu, Y. and Ishida, M.}, title = {Distinct neuronal populations specified to form corticocortical and corticothalamic projections from layer VI of developing cerebral cortex.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, 11 Minamiooya, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan. yasu@libra.ls.m-kagaku.co.jp}, year = {2002}, volume = {114}, number = {4}, pages = {1033--1045}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00201-4} }
Arimatsu, Y., Ishida, M., Kaneko, T., Ichinose, S. and Omori, A.	Organization and development of corticocortical associative neurons expressing the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	J Comp Neurol Vol. 466(2), pp. 180-196School: Cortical Circuits Research Unit, Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo 194-8511, Japan. yasu@libra.ls.m-kagaku.co.jp	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The developmental mechanism that contributes to the highly organized axonal connections within the cerebral cortex is not well understood. This is partly due to the lack of molecular markers specifically expressed in corticocortical associative neurons during the period of circuit formation. We have shown previously that latexin, a carboxypeptidase A inhibitor, is expressed in intrahemispheric corticocortical neurons from the second postnatal week in the rat (Arimatsu et al. [1999] Cereb. Cortex 9:569-576). In the present study, we first demonstrate in the adult rat that the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 is coexpressed in latexin-expressing neurons located in layer V, sublayer VIa, and the white matter of the lateral sector of the neocortex, and also in latexin-negative early born neurons in sublayer VIb of the entire neocortex. Virtually all Nurr1-expressing neurons exhibit immunoreactivity for phosphate-activated glutaminase but not for gamma-aminobutyric acid, suggesting that they are glutamatergic-excitatory neurons. By combining Nurr1 immunohistochemistry and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-birthdating, we then show that Nurr1 is expressed in (early born) subplate neurons and (later born) presumptive latexin-expressing neurons from embryonic day 18 onward. Finally, by combination of Nurr1 immunohistochemistry and retrograde tracing, we show that Nurr1-expressing neurons, including those in sublayer VIb, contribute predominantly to long-range intrahemispheric corticocortical projections. These results raise the possibility that Nurr1 plays a role in the establishment and maintenance of normal corticocortical circuitry and function.
BibTeX: @article{Arimatsu:2003, author = {Yasuyoshi Arimatsu and Mami Ishida and Takeshi Kaneko and Sachiyo Ichinose and Akira Omori}, title = {Organization and development of corticocortical associative neurons expressing the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Cortical Circuits Research Unit, Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo 194-8511, Japan. yasu@libra.ls.m-kagaku.co.jp}, year = {2003}, volume = {466}, number = {2}, pages = {180--196}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10875}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.10875} }
Arimatsu, Y., Ishida, M., Kaneko, T., Ichinose, S. and Omori, A.	Organization and development of corticocortical associative neurons expressing the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 466, pp. 180-96	article
Abstract: The developmental mechanism that contributes to the highly organized axonal connections within the cerebral cortex is not well understood. This is partly due to the lack of molecular markers specifically expressed in corticocortical associative neurons during the period of circuit formation. We have shown previously that latexin, a carboxypeptidase A inhibitor, is expressed in intrahemispheric corticocortical neurons from the second postnatal week in the rat (Arimatsu et al. [1999] Cereb. Cortex 9:569-576). In the present study, we first demonstrate in the adult rat that the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 is coexpressed in latexin-expressing neurons located in layer V, sublayer VIa, and the white matter of the lateral sector of the neocortex, and also in latexin-negative early born neurons in sublayer VIb of the entire neocortex. Virtually all Nurr1-expressing neurons exhibit immunoreactivity for phosphate-activated glutaminase but not for gamma-aminobutyric acid, suggesting that they are glutamatergic-excitatory neurons. By combining Nurr1 immunohistochemistry and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-birthdating, we then show that Nurr1 is expressed in (early born) subplate neurons and (later born) presumptive latexin-expressing neurons from embryonic day 18 onward. Finally, by combination of Nurr1 immunohistochemistry and retrograde tracing, we show that Nurr1-expressing neurons, including those in sublayer VIb, contribute predominantly to long-range intrahemispheric corticocortical projections. These results raise the possibility that Nurr1 plays a role in the establishment and maintenance of normal corticocortical circuitry and function.
BibTeX: @article{Arimatsu:2003a, author = {Arimatsu, Yasuyoshi and Ishida, Mami and Kaneko, Takeshi and Ichinose, Sachiyo and Omori, Akira}, title = {Organization and development of corticocortical associative neurons expressing the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {2003}, volume = {466}, pages = {180-96}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Arimatsu, Y., Ishida, M., Sato, M. and Kojima, M.	Corticocortical associative neurons expressing latexin: specific cortical connectivity formed in vivo and in vitro. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Cereb Cortex Vol. 9(6), pp. 569-576School: Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Machida-shi, Tokyo, Japan. yasu@libra.ls.m-kagaku.co.jp	article	DOI
Abstract: Latexin, a carboxypeptidase A inhibitor, is expressed in a subset of neurons in the infragranular layers of the lateral cortex in the rat. We here show that latexin-expressing neurons exhibit ultrastructural features common to cortical pyramidal neurons. We show in combined retrograde tracing and immunofluorescent experiments that latexin-expressing neurons contribute to specific corticocortical pathways. Thus, injections of the retrograde tracer fluorogold into either the primary somatosensory (SI) or the primary motor (MI) cortical area labeled many latexin-expressing neurons in the infragranular layers of the secondary somatosensory (SII) and visceral sensory (Vi) areas. In contrast, tracer injections involving the thalamus, striatum, or contralateral SII and Vi exclusively labeled latexin-nonexpressing neurons in both the SII and Vi. Finally, we show that the correct corticocortical projections can be formed in organotypic slice cultures in vitro from latexin-expressing neurons: when slices of developing SII were cocultured with those from the SI and the thalamus, latexin-immunoreactive neurons in the SII projected preferentially to their normal SI target. The specific connectivity formed in vivo and in vitro by this molecularly distinct neuronal population reveals its characteristic manner of cortical organization and provides a unique model system to analyze mechanisms underlying the formation of precise corticocortical pathways.
BibTeX: @article{Arimatsu:1999, author = {Y. Arimatsu and M. Ishida and M. Sato and M. Kojima}, title = {Corticocortical associative neurons expressing latexin: specific cortical connectivity formed in vivo and in vitro.}, journal = {Cereb Cortex}, school = {Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Machida-shi, Tokyo, Japan. yasu@libra.ls.m-kagaku.co.jp}, year = {1999}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {569--576}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/9.6.569} }
Arimatsu, Y., Ishida, M., Sato, M. and Kojima, M.	Corticocortical associative neurons expressing latexin: specific cortical connectivity formed in vivo and in vitro. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) Vol. 9, pp. 569-76	article
Abstract: Latexin, a carboxypeptidase A inhibitor, is expressed in a subset of neurons in the infragranular layers of the lateral cortex in the rat. We here show that latexin-expressing neurons exhibit ultrastructural features common to cortical pyramidal neurons. We show in combined retrograde tracing and immunofluorescent experiments that latexin-expressing neurons contribute to specific corticocortical pathways. Thus, injections of the retrograde tracer fluorogold into either the primary somatosensory (SI) or the primary motor (MI) cortical area labeled many latexin-expressing neurons in the infragranular layers of the secondary somatosensory (SII) and visceral sensory (Vi) areas. In contrast, tracer injections involving the thalamus, striatum, or contralateral SII and Vi exclusively labeled latexin-nonexpressing neurons in both the SII and Vi. Finally, we show that the correct corticocortical projections can be formed in organotypic slice cultures in vitro from latexin-expressing neurons: when slices of developing SII were cocultured with those from the SI and the thalamus, latexin-immunoreactive neurons in the SII projected preferentially to their normal SI target. The specific connectivity formed in vivo and in vitro by this molecularly distinct neuronal population reveals its characteristic manner of cortical organization and provides a unique model system to analyze mechanisms underlying the formation of precise corticocortical pathways.
BibTeX: @article{Arimatsu:1999a, author = {Arimatsu, Y. and Ishida, M. and Sato, M. and Kojima, M.}, title = {Corticocortical associative neurons expressing latexin: specific cortical connectivity formed in vivo and in vitro.}, journal = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)}, year = {1999}, volume = {9}, pages = {569-76}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Arimatsu, Y. and Miyamoto, M.	Survival-promoting effect of NGF on in vitro septohippocampal neurons with cholinergic and GABAergic phenotypes. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Brain Res Dev Brain Res Vol. 58(2), pp. 189-201School: Department of Neuroscience, Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.	article	DOI
Abstract: Recently, we demonstrated a survival-promoting effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on cultured hippocampus-projecting neurons from developing septum/diagonal band region using fluorescent latex microspheres as a retrograde neuronal marker (Arimatsu et al., 1989). In the present study, we characterized these projection neurons by combining the retrograde cell labeling and histochemical stainings for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and NGF receptor-, choline acetyltransferase- (ChAT-) and gamma-aminobutyric acid- (GABA-) immunoreactivities. The surviving microsphere-labeled neurons were, for the most part, immunoreactive for NGF receptor in the culture. A great majority (about 90 of the microsphere-labeled neurons showed strong AChE activity and ChAT-immunoreactivity. The number of strongly AChE-positive neurons and that of ChAT-immunoreactive neurons in the culture supplemented with NGF was much greater with than without exogenous NGF. In addition, a major part (about 70 of the microsphere-labeled neurons exhibited GABA-immunoreactivity in the presence of NGF. The number was also much greater than that without NGF. A considerable portion of cultured septal cholinergic neurons were shown to express GABA-immunoreactivity by a two-color immunofluorescence labeling experiment for ChAT and GABA. These findings are consistent with the assumption that NGF plays an important role in the development and organization of the cholinergic and GABAergic septohippocampal systems by supporting the neuronal survival, and raise a possibility that cholinergic and GABAergic fractions of the septohippocampal neurons may be developmentally correlated.
BibTeX: @article{Arimatsu:1991, author = {Arimatsu, Y. and Miyamoto, M.}, title = {Survival-promoting effect of NGF on in vitro septohippocampal neurons with cholinergic and GABAergic phenotypes.}, journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.}, year = {1991}, volume = {58}, number = {2}, pages = {189--201}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(91)90005-4} }
Arimatsu, Y. and Miyamoto, M.	Survival-promoting effect of NGF on in vitro septohippocampal neurons with cholinergic and GABAergic phenotypes. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Brain research. Developmental brain research Vol. 58, pp. 189-201	article
Abstract: Recently, we demonstrated a survival-promoting effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on cultured hippocampus-projecting neurons from developing septum/diagonal band region using fluorescent latex microspheres as a retrograde neuronal marker (Arimatsu et al., 1989). In the present study, we characterized these projection neurons by combining the retrograde cell labeling and histochemical stainings for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and NGF receptor-, choline acetyltransferase- (ChAT-) and gamma-aminobutyric acid- (GABA-) immunoreactivities. The surviving microsphere-labeled neurons were, for the most part, immunoreactive for NGF receptor in the culture. A great majority (about 90%) of the microsphere-labeled neurons showed strong AChE activity and ChAT-immunoreactivity. The number of strongly AChE-positive neurons and that of ChAT-immunoreactive neurons in the culture supplemented with NGF was much greater with than without exogenous NGF. In addition, a major part (about 70%) of the microsphere-labeled neurons exhibited GABA-immunoreactivity in the presence of NGF. The number was also much greater than that without NGF. A considerable portion of cultured septal cholinergic neurons were shown to express GABA-immunoreactivity by a two-color immunofluorescence labeling experiment for ChAT and GABA. These findings are consistent with the assumption that NGF plays an important role in the development and organization of the cholinergic and GABAergic septohippocampal systems by supporting the neuronal survival, and raise a possibility that cholinergic and GABAergic fractions of the septohippocampal neurons may be developmentally correlated.
BibTeX: @article{Arimatsu:1991a, author = {Arimatsu, Y. and Miyamoto, M.}, title = {Survival-promoting effect of NGF on in vitro septohippocampal neurons with cholinergic and GABAergic phenotypes.}, journal = {Brain research. Developmental brain research}, year = {1991}, volume = {58}, pages = {189-201}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Arimatsu, Y., Miyamoto, M., Tsukui, H. and Hatanaka, H.	Nerve growth factor promotes survival of retrogradely labeled hippocampus-projecting neurons in the rat basal forebrain in vitro. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Brain Res Dev Brain Res Vol. 45(2), pp. 297-301School: Department of Neuroscience, Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.	article	DOI
Abstract: The effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the survival of neurons projecting to the hippocampus from developing medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band was studied in vitro. The neurons had previously been labeled retrogradely in vivo with fluorescent latex microspheres. The microspheres were injected bilaterally into the hippocampus of 5-day-old rats. Twenty to 24 h after the injection, cells from the basal forebrain were dissociated with papain and cultured for 3-5 days. The number of microsphere-labeled neurons in the culture with supplementation of NGF was much greater than that without NGF. The result clearly indicates a survival-promoting effect of NGF on these projection neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Arimatsu:1989, author = {Y. Arimatsu and M. Miyamoto and H. Tsukui and H. Hatanaka}, title = {Nerve growth factor promotes survival of retrogradely labeled hippocampus-projecting neurons in the rat basal forebrain in vitro.}, journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.}, year = {1989}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {297--301}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(89)90048-5} }
Arimatsu, Y., Miyamoto, M., Tsukui, H. and Hatanaka, H.	Nerve growth factor promotes survival of retrogradely labeled hippocampus-projecting neurons in the rat basal forebrain in vitro. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Brain research. Developmental brain research Vol. 45, pp. 297-301	article
Abstract: The effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the survival of neurons projecting to the hippocampus from developing medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band was studied in vitro. The neurons had previously been labeled retrogradely in vivo with fluorescent latex microspheres. The microspheres were injected bilaterally into the hippocampus of 5-day-old rats. Twenty to 24 h after the injection, cells from the basal forebrain were dissociated with papain and cultured for 3-5 days. The number of microsphere-labeled neurons in the culture with supplementation of NGF was much greater than that without NGF. The result clearly indicates a survival-promoting effect of NGF on these projection neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Arimatsu:1989a, author = {Arimatsu, Y. and Miyamoto, M. and Tsukui, H. and Hatanaka, H.}, title = {Nerve growth factor promotes survival of retrogradely labeled hippocampus-projecting neurons in the rat basal forebrain in vitro.}, journal = {Brain research. Developmental brain research}, year = {1989}, volume = {45}, pages = {297-301}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Arimura, N., Hattori, A., Kimura, T., Nakamuta, S., Funahashi, Y., Hirotsune, S., Furuta, K., Urano, T., Toyoshima, Y. and Kaibuchi, K.	CRMP-2 directly binds to cytoplasmic dynein and interferes with its activity [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Journal of Neurochemistry Vol. 111(2), pp. 380-390	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The active transport of proteins and organelles is critical for cellular organization and function in eukaryotic cells. A substantial portion of long-distance transport depends on the opposite polarity of the kinesin and dynein family molecular motors to move cargo along microtubules. It is increasingly clear that many cargo molecules are moved bi-directionally by both sets of motors; however, the regulatory mechanism that determines the directionality of transport remains unclear. We previously reported that collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2) played key roles in axon elongation and neuronal polarization. CRMP-2 was also found to associate with the anterograde motor protein Kinesin-1 and was transported with other cargoes toward the axon terminal. In this study, we investigated the association of CRMP-2 with a retrograde motor protein, cytoplasmic dynein. Immunoprecipitation assays showed that CRMP-2 interacted with cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain. Dynein heavy chain directly bound to the N-terminus of CRMP-2, which is the distinct side of CRMP-2's kinesin light chain-binding region. Furthermore, over-expression of the dynein-binding fragments of CRMP-2 prevented dynein-driven microtubule transport in COS-7 cells. Given that CRMP-2 is a key regulator of axon elongation, this interference with cytoplasmic dynein function by CRMP-2 might have an important role in axon formation, and neuronal development. © 2009 International Society for Neurochemistry.
BibTeX: @article{Arimura:2009b, author = {Arimura, N. and Hattori, A. and Kimura, T. and Nakamuta, S. and Funahashi, Y. and Hirotsune, S. and Furuta, K. and Urano, T. and Toyoshima, Y.Y. and Kaibuchi, K.}, title = {CRMP-2 directly binds to cytoplasmic dynein and interferes with its activity}, journal = {Journal of Neurochemistry}, year = {2009}, volume = {111}, number = {2}, pages = {380-390}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70349330939&partnerID=40&md5=d07b7c12f4c4e13a8fd58aaf0063ab92}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06317.x} }
Arimura, N., Kimura, T., Nakamuta, S., Taya, S., Funahashi, Y., Hattori, A., Shimada, A., Ménager, C., Kawabata, S., Fujii, K., Iwamatsu, A., Segal, R.A., Fukuda, M. and Kaibuchi, K.	Anterograde transport of TrkB in axons is mediated by direct interaction with Slp1 and Rab27. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Dev Cell Vol. 16(5), pp. 675-686School: Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa, Nagoya, Japan.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The neurotrophin receptors TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC are localized at the surface of the axon terminus and transmit key signals from brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for diverse effects on neuronal survival, differentiation, and axon formation. Trk receptors are sorted into axons via the anterograde transport of vesicles and are then inserted into axonal plasma membranes. However, the transport mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the Slp1/Rab27B/CRMP-2 complex directly links TrkB to Kinesin-1, and that this association is required for the anterograde transport of TrkB-containing vesicles. The cytoplasmic tail of TrkB binds to Slp1 in a Rab27B-dependent manner, and CRMP-2 connects Slp1 to Kinesin-1. Knockdown of these molecules by siRNA reduces the anterograde transport and membrane targeting of TrkB, thereby inhibiting BDNF-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in axons. Our data reveal a molecular mechanism for the selective anterograde transport of TrkB in axons and show how the transport is coupled to BDNF signaling.
BibTeX: @article{Arimura:2009, author = {Nariko Arimura and Toshihide Kimura and Shinichi Nakamuta and Shinichiro Taya and Yasuhiro Funahashi and Atsushi Hattori and Akiko Shimada and Céline Ménager and Saeko Kawabata and Kayo Fujii and Akihiro Iwamatsu and Rosalind A Segal and Mitsunori Fukuda and Kozo Kaibuchi}, title = {Anterograde transport of TrkB in axons is mediated by direct interaction with Slp1 and Rab27.}, journal = {Dev Cell}, school = {Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa, Nagoya, Japan.}, year = {2009}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {675--686}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2009.03.005}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2009.03.005} }
Arimura, N., Kimura, T., Nakamuta, S., Taya, S., Funahashi, Y., Hattori, A., Shimada, A., Ménager, C., Kawabata, S., Fujii, K., Iwamatsu, A., Segal, R., Fukuda, M. and Kaibuchi, K.	Anterograde Transport of TrkB in Axons Is Mediated by Direct Interaction with Slp1 and Rab27 [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Developmental Cell Vol. 16(5), pp. 675-686	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The neurotrophin receptors TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC are localized at the surface of the axon terminus and transmit key signals from brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for diverse effects on neuronal survival, differentiation, and axon formation. Trk receptors are sorted into axons via the anterograde transport of vesicles and are then inserted into axonal plasma membranes. However, the transport mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the Slp1/Rab27B/CRMP-2 complex directly links TrkB to Kinesin-1, and that this association is required for the anterograde transport of TrkB-containing vesicles. The cytoplasmic tail of TrkB binds to Slp1 in a Rab27B-dependent manner, and CRMP-2 connects Slp1 to Kinesin-1. Knockdown of these molecules by siRNA reduces the anterograde transport and membrane targeting of TrkB, thereby inhibiting BDNF-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in axons. Our data reveal a molecular mechanism for the selective anterograde transport of TrkB in axons and show how the transport is coupled to BDNF signaling. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Arimura:2009a, author = {Arimura, N. and Kimura, T. and Nakamuta, S. and Taya, S. and Funahashi, Y. and Hattori, A. and Shimada, A. and Ménager, C. and Kawabata, S. and Fujii, K. and Iwamatsu, A. and Segal, R.A. and Fukuda, M. and Kaibuchi, K.}, title = {Anterograde Transport of TrkB in Axons Is Mediated by Direct Interaction with Slp1 and Rab27}, journal = {Developmental Cell}, year = {2009}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {675-686}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-65549104155&partnerID=40&md5=8af8ba7ec0ec80f7ebf8a188bec7287b}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2009.03.005} }
Arluison, M., Behzadi, G. and Vankova, M.	Mapping neuropeptide-containing pathways in the brain with special reference to data obtained from the rat limbic system. [BibTeX]	1990	Int Rev Cytol Vol. 123, pp. 1-38School: Departement de Cytologie, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Arluison:1990a, author = {Arluison, M. and Behzadi, G. and Vankova, M.}, title = {Mapping neuropeptide-containing pathways in the brain with special reference to data obtained from the rat limbic system.}, journal = {Int Rev Cytol}, school = {Departement de Cytologie, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.}, year = {1990}, volume = {123}, pages = {1--38}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60669-5} }
Arluison, M., Brochier, G., Vankova, M., Leviel, V., Villalobos, J. and Tramu, G.	Demonstration of peptidergic afferents to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis using local injections of colchicine. A combined immunohistochemical and retrograde tracing study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Brain Res Bull Vol. 34(4), pp. 319-337School: Lab. de Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires, Institut des Neurosciences CNRS, Université P. et M. Curie, Paris, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: In the present study, we demonstrate the existence of numerous peptidergic afferents to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) using the retrograde transport of gold-labeled wheat germ agglutinin-apo-peroxidase (G-WGA-HRP) combined with the indirect immunoperoxidase method after intraparenchymatous injections of colchicine. At first, we show that local injections of colchicine alone into the BNST are able to induce the retrograde accumulation of peptides until the nerve cell bodies of origin, probably because of the blockade of axonal transport in nerve terminal arborizations innervating this nucleus. The actual existence of putative peptidergic afferents to the BNST indicated by the local injections of colchicine was established using: a) the retrograde transport of G-WGA-HRP from the BNST combined with immunocytochemistry after administration of colchicine at the same place, b) the anterograde "transport" of the fluorescent tracer DiI from selected nuclei of the forebrain. We demonstrate that the neurons immunoreactive for enkephalins, neurotensin, or substance P that innervate the BNST are localized mainly in the central amygdaloid nucleus, the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus ipsilateral to the injection, as well as bilaterally in the magnocellular paraventricular and perifornical regions of the hypothalamus. From these results it may be concluded that intracerebral injections of colchicine constitute a powerful tool to search for multiple peptidergic afferents to a given brain nucleus using only immunohistochemistry. The existence of these pathways, however, must be verified by other neuroanatomical methods because of the problem of nerve fibers of passage.
BibTeX: @article{Arluison:1994, author = {Arluison, M. and Brochier, G. and Vankova, M. and Leviel, V. and Villalobos, J. and Tramu, G.}, title = {Demonstration of peptidergic afferents to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis using local injections of colchicine. A combined immunohistochemical and retrograde tracing study.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Lab. de Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires, Institut des Neurosciences CNRS, Université P. et M. Curie, Paris, France.}, year = {1994}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {319--337}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(94)90026-4} }
Arluison, M., Brochier, G., Vankova, M., Leviel, V., Villalobos, J. and Tramu, G.	Demonstration of peptidergic afferents to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis using local injections of colchicine. A combined immunohistochemical and retrograde tracing study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Brain research bulletin Vol. 34, pp. 319-337	article	DOI
Abstract: In the present study, we demonstrate the existence of numerous peptidergic afferents to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) using the retrograde transport of gold-labeled wheat germ agglutinin-apo-peroxidase (G-WGA-HRP) combined with the indirect immunoperoxidase method after intraparenchymatous injections of colchicine. At first, we show that local injections of colchicine alone into the BNST are able to induce the retrograde accumulation of peptides until the nerve cell bodies of origin, probably because of the blockade of axonal transport in nerve terminal arborizations innervating this nucleus. The actual existence of putative peptidergic afferents to the BNST indicated by the local injections of colchicine was established using: a) the retrograde transport of G-WGA-HRP from the BNST combined with immunocytochemistry after administration of colchicine at the same place, b) the anterograde "transport" of the fluorescent tracer DiI from selected nuclei of the forebrain. We demonstrate that the neurons immunoreactive for enkephalins, neurotensin, or substance P that innervate the BNST are localized mainly in the central amygdaloid nucleus, the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus ipsilateral to the injection, as well as bilaterally in the magnocellular paraventricular and perifornical regions of the hypothalamus. From these results it may be concluded that intracerebral injections of colchicine constitute a powerful tool to search for multiple peptidergic afferents to a given brain nucleus using only immunohistochemistry. The existence of these pathways, however, must be verified by other neuroanatomical methods because of the problem of nerve fibers of passage.
BibTeX: @article{Arluison:1994a, author = {Arluison, M and Brochier, G and Vankova, M and Leviel, V and Villalobos, J and Tramu, G}, title = {Demonstration of peptidergic afferents to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis using local injections of colchicine. A combined immunohistochemical and retrograde tracing study.}, journal = {Brain research bulletin}, year = {1994}, volume = {34}, pages = {319--337}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(94)90026-4} }
Arluison, M., Dietl, M. and Thibault, J.	Ultrastructural morphology of dopaminergic nerve terminals and synapses in the striatum of the rat using tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry: a topographical study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Brain Res Bull Vol. 13(2), pp. 269-285	article	DOI
Abstract: Structures immunoreactive for TH were examined in the rat striatum (including caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens and globus pallidus) by electron microscopy using the indirect peroxidase-labeled antibody method. Axon profiles and nerve terminals were the only structures stained by DAB precipitates in the axoplasm. The reactive boutons frequently contained a population of large pleomorphic vesicles (40-60 nm in diameter) but their interiors remained free of reactions. The synaptic contacts formed belonged principally to the symmetric type 2 of Gray while asymmetric Gray's type 1 synapses were rarely observed. The former were mostly apposed to dendritic trunks (rarely to perikarya) and the latter to dendritic spines. In addition, numerous immunoreactive nerve terminals were often found in close contact with small structures identified as the neck of dendritic spines. The active zone of these presumed synapses was characterized by a prominent thickening of the presynaptic membrane but the post- synaptic thickening was lacking. For similar reasons, it was difficult to assert the existence of one axo-axonic synapse when a positive nerve terminal was closely apposed to another one (generally unreactive). The exact morphology of dopaminergic synapses, or even their existence, have not been firmly established owing to large discrepancies between previous reports. No synapses, or synaptic contacts of either asymmetric or symmetric type were described according to the technique used. Our work was undertaken to elucidate further this problem, and in particular, we thought that regional differences in the synaptic organization might explain the divergent data. However, regional quantitative analysis performed in this study did not show significant differences in the percentage of either kind of synapses in the various striatal regions.
BibTeX: @article{Arluison:1984, author = {Arluison, M. and Dietl, M. and Thibault, J.}, title = {Ultrastructural morphology of dopaminergic nerve terminals and synapses in the striatum of the rat using tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry: a topographical study.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1984}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {269--285}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(84)90128-x} }
Arluison, M., Vankova, M., Cesselin, F. and Leviel, V.	Origin of some enkephalin-containing afferents to the ventro-medial region of the globus pallidus in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Brain Res Bull Vol. 25(1), pp. 25-34School: M. Curie, Institut des Neurosciences CNRS (UA M99), Dept. Cytologie, Paris, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: The retrograde transport of WGA-HRP adsorbed to colloidal gold was combined with the indirect immunoperoxidase technique to study the origin of enkephalin-containing afferents to the medial and ventral regions of the globus pallidus (GP). On the injected side, the nerve cell bodies labeled retrogradely or double labeled were numerous in the central nucleus of the amygdala (ACe), scattered in the bed nucleus stria terminalis (BNST) and few in the fundus striati. In the ACe, approximately 40% and 20% of the retrogradely labeled perikarya were found immunoreactive for Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin, respectively, whereas they were only 30% and 15% in the BNST. It is concluded that the enkephalinergic afferents of the ventro-medial region of GP, which contains the basal nucleus of Meynert in the rat, are largely of limbic origin.
BibTeX: @article{Arluison:1990, author = {M. Arluison and M. Vankova and F. Cesselin and V. Leviel}, title = {Origin of some enkephalin-containing afferents to the ventro-medial region of the globus pallidus in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {M. Curie, Institut des Neurosciences CNRS (UA M99), Dept. Cytologie, Paris, France.}, year = {1990}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {25--34}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(90)90249-y} }
Arluison, M., Vankova, M., Cesselin, F. and Leviel, V.	Origin of some enkephalin-containing afferents to the ventro-medial region of the globus pallidus in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Brain research bulletin Vol. 25, pp. 25-34	article
Abstract: The retrograde transport of WGA-HRP adsorbed to colloidal gold was combined with the indirect immunoperoxidase technique to study the origin of enkephalin-containing afferents to the medial and ventral regions of the globus pallidus (GP). On the injected side, the nerve cell bodies labeled retrogradely or double labeled were numerous in the central nucleus of the amygdala (ACe), scattered in the bed nucleus stria terminalis (BNST) and few in the fundus striati. In the ACe, approximately 40% and 20% of the retrogradely labeled perikarya were found immunoreactive for Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin, respectively, whereas they were only 30% and 15% in the BNST. It is concluded that the enkephalinergic afferents of the ventro-medial region of GP, which contains the basal nucleus of Meynert in the rat, are largely of limbic origin.
BibTeX: @article{Arluison:1990b, author = {Arluison, M. and Vankova, M. and Cesselin, F. and Leviel, V.}, title = {Origin of some enkephalin-containing afferents to the ventro-medial region of the globus pallidus in the rat.}, journal = {Brain research bulletin}, year = {1990}, volume = {25}, pages = {25-34}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Armand, J.	The origin, course and terminations of corticospinal fibers in various mammals. [BibTeX]	1982	Prog Brain Res Vol. 57, pp. 329-360	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{Armand:1982, author = {Armand, J.}, title = {The origin, course and terminations of corticospinal fibers in various mammals.}, journal = {Prog Brain Res}, year = {1982}, volume = {57}, pages = {329--360}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(08)64136-9}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(08)64136-9} }
Armand, J.	[The pyramidal tract. Recent anatomic and physiologic findings]. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Rev Neurol (Paris) Vol. 140(5), pp. 309-329	article
Abstract: The cortical origin of the pyramidal tract is first considered. Contributions of retrograde degeneration studies as well as fiber counting method following different cortical lesions are presented and discussed. The results of these classical neuro-anatomical methods are compared with those of the more recent retrograde transport tracing method. The number and the diameter spectrum of pyramidal tract fibers differ in various mammals. In more evolved species the number of pyramidal fibers increase and their diameter span becomes wider. The thickest fibers are found in man. Along their diencephalic, mesencephalic, pontine and medullary course, axonal collaterals of corticospinal axons may terminate onto cells of origin of other descending pathways, onto relay cells of ascending pathways, and onto neurons projecting to the cerebellum. At the spinal level, the rostrocaudal extent and the termination area of corticospinal fibers may differ in various mammals. In a first group of mammals, the corticospinal fibers extend only to cervical or mid-thoracic segments and terminate in the dorsal horn. In a second group of mammals, the corticospinal fibers extend throughout the spinal cord and terminate in the dorsal horn and the intermediate zone. In a third group of mammals, the corticospinal fibers extend throughout the spinal cord and terminate in the dorsal horn, the intermediate zone and the dorsolateral part of the lateral motoneuronal cell group. In a fourth group of mammals, the corticospinal fibers also extend throughout the spinal cord and terminate in the dorsal horn, the intermediate zone and the dorsolateral as well as the ventral parts of the lateral motoneuronal cell group. A comparison is made between these different types of spinal terminations and the motor capacities of these different species. The motor deficits observed after pyramidal lesions are summarized and a comparison is made between the corticospinal tract and the descending brain stem pathways. According to electrophysiological studies in conscious animals different pyramidal units can be activated during different types of movements and at different times during the preparation or execution of a movement. Recent neuro-anatomical data suggest that the pyramidal tract is composed of many structural subsystems. Recent physiological data suggest that the pyramidal tract can be involved in various aspects of the motor control.
BibTeX: @article{Armand:1984, author = {Armand, J.}, title = {[The pyramidal tract. Recent anatomic and physiologic findings].}, journal = {Rev Neurol (Paris)}, year = {1984}, volume = {140}, number = {5}, pages = {309--329}, note = {Article in french.} }
Armengol, J.A. and Salinas, P.	Analysis of the ipsi- and contralateral location of the neurons of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis projecting to the cerebellum and of the trajectory of their axons within the pons to the brachium pontis. An "in vivo" and "in vitro" study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	J Hirnforsch Vol. 32(6), pp. 715-724School: Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla.	article
Abstract: Using three different retrograde tracing techniques, we analysed the broad distribution of ipsi-, contra- and bilateral NRTP neurons projecting to the cerebellum in the adult rat. The placement of the tracers into the cerebellar peduncles allowed us to determine the overall pattern of the NRTP-cerebellar projection. At the same time, the HRP "in vitro" technique permitted the study of the axonal profiles of the NRTP neurons within the pons until reaching the brachium pontis. Our observations confirm: i) A symmetrical organization of the NRTP-cerebellar projection, the number and location of ipsi- and contralateral NRTP neurons being very similar in all cases; ii) The only exception is represented by the rostralmost portions of the NRTP, in which the neurons show a cluster-complementary pattern; iii) The axons of the NRTP neurons cross the pontine midline at the dorsalmost aspect of the BPN, occupying a medial location within the brachium pontis.
BibTeX: @article{Armengol:1991a, author = {J. A. Armengol and P. Salinas}, title = {Analysis of the ipsi- and contralateral location of the neurons of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis projecting to the cerebellum and of the trajectory of their axons within the pons to the brachium pontis. An "in vivo" and "in vitro" study.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, school = {Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla.}, year = {1991}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, pages = {715-724} }
Armengol, J.A. and Salinas, P.	Analysis of the ipsi- and contralateral location of the neurons of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis projecting to the cerebellum and of the trajectory of their axons within the pons to the brachium pontis. An "in vivo" and "in vitro" study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Journal fur Hirnforschung Vol. 32, pp. 715-24	article
Abstract: Using three different retrograde tracing techniques, we analysed the broad distribution of ipsi-, contra- and bilateral NRTP neurons projecting to the cerebellum in the adult rat. The placement of the tracers into the cerebellar peduncles allowed us to determine the overall pattern of the NRTP-cerebellar projection. At the same time, the HRP "in vitro" technique permitted the study of the axonal profiles of the NRTP neurons within the pons until reaching the brachium pontis. Our observations confirm: i) A symmetrical organization of the NRTP-cerebellar projection, the number and location of ipsi- and contralateral NRTP neurons being very similar in all cases; ii) The only exception is represented by the rostralmost portions of the NRTP, in which the neurons show a cluster-complementary pattern; iii) The axons of the NRTP neurons cross the pontine midline at the dorsalmost aspect of the BPN, occupying a medial location within the brachium pontis.
BibTeX: @article{Armengol:1991c, author = {Armengol, J. A. and Salinas, P.}, title = {Analysis of the ipsi- and contralateral location of the neurons of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis projecting to the cerebellum and of the trajectory of their axons within the pons to the brachium pontis. An "in vivo" and "in vitro" study.}, journal = {Journal fur Hirnforschung}, year = {1991}, volume = {32}, pages = {715-24}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Armengol, J.A. and Sotelo, C.	Early dendritic development of Purkinje cells in the rat cerebellum. A light and electron microscopic study using axonal tracing in 'in vitro' slices. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Brain Res Dev Brain Res Vol. 64(1-2), pp. 95-114School: INSERM U.106, Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: The early stages in the formation of Purkinje cell dendritic arbors have been analyzed using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) 'in vitro' axonal tracing method, from embryonic day 19 (E19) to postnatal day 6 (P6). These stages comprise the transition from the bipolar Purkinje cell, at the end of its migration, to the phase of stellate cell with disoriented dendrites. Postmigratory Purkinje cells in the cortical plate exhibit poorly elaborated bipolar shapes, here named 'simple-fusiform' cells. They constitute the vast majority of labeled cells up to P0, and thereafter they decrease in number until P4. As a result of continuous outgrowth of new primary dendrites emerging from the apical pole but also from the basal and lateral aspects of the cell bodies, the Purkinje cells enter the 'complex-fusiform' phase, which peaks by P1 and slowly disappears by P6. The disappearance of 'complex-fusiform' cells is the result of an intense regressive process with resorption or retraction of the long dendrites that reaches a maximum by P3. We have called this stage: the Purkinje cell with 'regressive-atrophic' dendrites. This regression marks the initiation of the phase of the stellate cell, characterized by the explosive outgrowth of shorter perisomatic protrusions emerging in all directions. By P6, almost all the labeled Purkinje cells have attained this phase. The ultrastructural study of the labeled Purkinje cells has revealed that the transient dendrites of the fusiform cells have all the cytologic features of mature dendrites, particularly cytoskeletal elements (microtubules) and free polyribosomes. More importantly, axon terminals of unknown origin establish a few, constantly present, mature-like synaptic contacts on the dendritic shafts and spinous protrusions from P0, the earliest studied age. Their frequency increases on the Purkinje cells which enter the phase of stellate cell. Our results emphasize that the transformation of bipolar postmigratory Purkinje cells into the stellate cell stage results from a complex cascade of alternating creative and destructive processes, taking place in parallel with the formation and regression of mature synaptic contacts, between the remodelling dendritic arbors and unidentified afferent inputs. Purkinje cells, in all the different transitional stages, are present side by side in the same folial regions, at least until P4, and receive a similar contingent of synaptic input. This indicates that the dendritic remodelling is not driven by the synaptic inputs, but obeys either neural interactions that lead Purkinje cells to assume their monocellular layer configuration, or an internal clock depending on the Purkinje cell birthdate, or an interplay between these two kinds of mechanisms.
BibTeX: @article{Armengol:1991, author = {J. A. Armengol and C. Sotelo}, title = {Early dendritic development of Purkinje cells in the rat cerebellum. A light and electron microscopic study using axonal tracing in 'in vitro' slices.}, journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res}, school = {INSERM U.106, Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris, France.}, year = {1991}, volume = {64}, number = {1-2}, pages = {95-114}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(91)90213-3} }
Armengol, J.A. and Sotelo, C.	Early dendritic development of Purkinje cells in the rat cerebellum. A light and electron microscopic study using axonal tracing in 'in vitro' slices. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Brain research. Developmental brain research Vol. 64, pp. 95-114	article
Abstract: The early stages in the formation of Purkinje cell dendritic arbors have been analyzed using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) 'in vitro' axonal tracing method, from embryonic day 19 (E19) to postnatal day 6 (P6). These stages comprise the transition from the bipolar Purkinje cell, at the end of its migration, to the phase of stellate cell with disoriented dendrites. Postmigratory Purkinje cells in the cortical plate exhibit poorly elaborated bipolar shapes, here named 'simple-fusiform' cells. They constitute the vast majority of labeled cells up to P0, and thereafter they decrease in number until P4. As a result of continuous outgrowth of new primary dendrites emerging from the apical pole but also from the basal and lateral aspects of the cell bodies, the Purkinje cells enter the 'complex-fusiform' phase, which peaks by P1 and slowly disappears by P6. The disappearance of 'complex-fusiform' cells is the result of an intense regressive process with resorption or retraction of the long dendrites that reaches a maximum by P3. We have called this stage: the Purkinje cell with 'regressive-atrophic' dendrites. This regression marks the initiation of the phase of the stellate cell, characterized by the explosive outgrowth of shorter perisomatic protrusions emerging in all directions. By P6, almost all the labeled Purkinje cells have attained this phase. The ultrastructural study of the labeled Purkinje cells has revealed that the transient dendrites of the fusiform cells have all the cytologic features of mature dendrites, particularly cytoskeletal elements (microtubules) and free polyribosomes. More importantly, axon terminals of unknown origin establish a few, constantly present, mature-like synaptic contacts on the dendritic shafts and spinous protrusions from P0, the earliest studied age. Their frequency increases on the Purkinje cells which enter the phase of stellate cell. Our results emphasize that the transformation of bipolar postmigratory Purkinje cells into the stellate cell stage results from a complex cascade of alternating creative and destructive processes, taking place in parallel with the formation and regression of mature synaptic contacts, between the remodelling dendritic arbors and unidentified afferent inputs. Purkinje cells, in all the different transitional stages, are present side by side in the same folial regions, at least until P4, and receive a similar contingent of synaptic input. This indicates that the dendritic remodelling is not driven by the synaptic inputs, but obeys either neural interactions that lead Purkinje cells to assume their monocellular layer configuration, or an internal clock depending on the Purkinje cell birthdate, or an interplay between these two kinds of mechanisms.
BibTeX: @article{Armengol:1991b, author = {Armengol, J. A. and Sotelo, C.}, title = {Early dendritic development of Purkinje cells in the rat cerebellum. A light and electron microscopic study using axonal tracing in 'in vitro' slices.}, journal = {Brain research. Developmental brain research}, year = {1991}, volume = {64}, pages = {95-114}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Armengol, J.A., Sotelo, C., Angaut, P. and Alvarado-Mallart, R.-M.	Organization of Host Afferents to Cerebellar Grafts Implanted into Kainate Lesioned Cerebellum in Adult Rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 1(1), pp. 75-93School: Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie. INSERM U. 106. Hôpital de la Salpétrière, 75651 Paris Cédex 13, France.	article
Abstract: This paper examines the organization of host afferents within cerebellar grafts implanted into kainic acid lesioned cerebellum. Our selection of a cerebellum, a prime example of a 'point-to-point' system, permits precise determination of the degree and the specificity of host-graft interactions. One month after a cerebellar injection of kainic acid, the lesion produced can be divided into two concentric regions: (i) a central necrotic zone, totally depleted of neurons (zone 1), and (ii) a peripheral zone which lacks all Purkinje cells but preserves its cortical lamination (zone 2). Two months after the implantation of solid pieces of embryonic cerebellum, the graft has evolved into a minicerebellar structure, occupying most of zone 1. The grafted minicerebellum consists of a highly convoluted trilaminated cortex with a core containing deep nuclear neurons. Purkinje cells are positioned between the molecular and granular layer with their short and irregular dendrites branching within the former. Donor foetal Purkinje cells migrate into the contiguous portion of the molecular layer of the host zone 2. These embryonic neurons set up within the upper three-quarters of the host molecular layer, and develop monoplanar dendritic trees that span the whole width of the layer. The organization of host-graft interactions was studied by autoradiography of anterogradely transported tritiated leucine, injected in the host bulbar region containing the caudal half of the inferior olivary complex (origin of all vermal climbing fibres) and the dorsally adjacent paramedian reticular nucleus (origin of a few mossy fibres). Numerous labelled fibres cross the host-graft interface from the white matter of the host cerebellum, and provide innervation to the minicerebellar structure. The vast majority of these labelled axons terminate in the molecular layer, forming axonal arborizations that follow the shape of the Purkinje cell dendrites. The labelled climbing fibres are organized into uneven sagittally aligned strips, which mimic that of olivocerebellar projections in control rats. Only a small proportion of host labelled fibres end in the donor granular layer, forming typical mossy fibre rosettes. The latter are present in the region of the graft close to the host-graft interface. In addition, labelled axons are observed climbing over the dendritic trees of grafted Purkinje cells that have invaded a portion of the host molecular layer of zone 2. In all regions containing grafted Purkinje cells and labelled climbing fibres, the density of the innervation is close to normal with practically all Purkinje cells receiving a climbing fibre. The extensive integration of the grafted cells into the deficient neuronal networks of the host clearly illustrates the positive neurotropic effect exerted by immature cerebellar neurons on adult extracerebellar afferent fibres. The hodological integration, allowing a possible restoration of the impaired cerebellar circuitry, takes place respecting the specificity and topographic distribution which characterize the 'point-to-point' arrangement of normal cerebellar circuitry.
BibTeX: @article{Armengol:1989, author = {Armengol, José Angel and Sotelo, Constantino and Angaut, Pierre and Alvarado-Mallart, Rosa-Magda}, title = {Organization of Host Afferents to Cerebellar Grafts Implanted into Kainate Lesioned Cerebellum in Adult Rats.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie. INSERM U. 106. Hôpital de la Salpétrière, 75651 Paris Cédex 13, France.}, year = {1989}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {75--93}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Armstrong, C., Wang, J., Lee, S.Y., Broderick, J., Bezaire, M.J., Lee, S.-H. and Soltesz, I.	Target-Selectivity of Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons in Layer II of Medial Entorhinal Cortex in Normal and Epileptic Animals. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	HippocampusSchool: Neurobiology.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The medial entorhinal cortex layer II (MEClayerII ) is a brain region critical for spatial navigation and memory, and it also demonstrates a number of changes in patients with, and animal models of, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Prior studies of GABAergic microcircuitry in MEClayerII revealed that cholecystokinin-containing basket cells (CCKBCs) select their targets on the basis of the long-range projection pattern of the postsynaptic principal cell. Specifically, CCKBCs largely avoid reelin-containing principal cells that form the perforant path to the ipsilateral dentate gyrus and preferentially innervate non-perforant path forming calbindin-containing principal cells. We investigated whether parvalbumin containing basket cells (PVBCs), the other major perisomatic targeting GABAergic cell population, demonstrate similar postsynaptic target selectivity as well. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that the functional or anatomic arrangement of circuit selectivity is disrupted in MEClayerII in chronic TLE, using the repeated low-dose kainate model in rats. In control animals, we found that PVBCs innervated both principal cell populations, but also had significant selectivity for calbindin-containing principal cells in MEClayerII . However, the magnitude of this preference was smaller than for CCKBCs. In addition, axonal tracing and paired recordings showed that individual PVBCs were capable of contacting both calbindin and reelin-containing principal cells. In chronically epileptic animals, we found that the intrinsic properties of the two principal cell populations, the GABAergic perisomatic bouton numbers, and selectivity of the CCKBCs and PVBCs remained remarkably constant in MEClayerII . However, miniature IPSC frequency was decreased in epilepsy, and paired recordings revealed the presence of direct excitatory connections between principal cells in the MEClayerII in epilepsy, which is unusual in normal adult MEClayerII . Taken together, these findings advance our knowledge about the organization of perisomatic inhibition both in control and in epileptic animals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:2015, author = {Armstrong, Caren and Wang, Jessica and Lee, Soo Yeun and Broderick, John and Bezaire, Marianne J. and Lee, Sang-Hun and Soltesz, Ivan}, title = {Target-Selectivity of Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons in Layer II of Medial Entorhinal Cortex in Normal and Epileptic Animals.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, school = { Neurobiology.}, year = {2015}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22559}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22559} }
Armstrong, C., Wang, J., Yeun Lee, S., Broderick, J., Bezaire, M.J., Lee, S.-H. and Soltesz, I.	Target-selectivity of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in layer II of medial entorhinal cortex in normal and epileptic animals. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2016	Hippocampus Vol. 26(6), pp. 779-793School: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The medial entorhinal cortex layer II (MEClayerII ) is a brain region critical for spatial navigation and memory, and it also demonstrates a number of changes in patients with, and animal models of, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Prior studies of GABAergic microcircuitry in MEClayerII revealed that cholecystokinin-containing basket cells (CCKBCs) select their targets on the basis of the long-range projection pattern of the postsynaptic principal cell. Specifically, CCKBCs largely avoid reelin-containing principal cells that form the perforant path to the ipsilateral dentate gyrus and preferentially innervate non-perforant path forming calbindin-containing principal cells. We investigated whether parvalbumin containing basket cells (PVBCs), the other major perisomatic targeting GABAergic cell population, demonstrate similar postsynaptic target selectivity as well. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that the functional or anatomic arrangement of circuit selectivity is disrupted in MEClayerII in chronic TLE, using the repeated low-dose kainate model in rats. In control animals, we found that PVBCs innervated both principal cell populations, but also had significant selectivity for calbindin-containing principal cells in MEClayerII . However, the magnitude of this preference was smaller than for CCKBCs. In addition, axonal tracing and paired recordings showed that individual PVBCs were capable of contacting both calbindin and reelin-containing principal cells. In chronically epileptic animals, we found that the intrinsic properties of the two principal cell populations, the GABAergic perisomatic bouton numbers, and selectivity of the CCKBCs and PVBCs remained remarkably constant in MEClayerII . However, miniature IPSC frequency was decreased in epilepsy, and paired recordings revealed the presence of direct excitatory connections between principal cells in the MEClayerII in epilepsy, which is unusual in normal adult MEClayerII . Taken together, these findings advance our knowledge about the organization of perisomatic inhibition both in control and in epileptic animals. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:2016, author = {Armstrong, Caren and Wang, Jessica and Yeun Lee, Soo and Broderick, John and Bezaire, Marianne J and Lee, Sang-Hun and Soltesz, Ivan}, title = {Target-selectivity of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in layer II of medial entorhinal cortex in normal and epileptic animals.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, school = {Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.}, year = {2016}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {779--793}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22559}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22559} }
Armstrong, C.L. and Hopkins, D.A.	Neurochemical organization of paratrigeminal nucleus projections to the dorsal vagal complex in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Brain Res Vol. 785(1), pp. 49-57School: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.	article	DOI
Abstract: The paratrigeminal nucleus, located in the spinal trigeminal tract rostral to the obex, is important in the integration of visceral and somatosensory afferent information and may modulate autonomic function through its projections to the dorsal vagal complex. Anterograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tracers were used in conjunction with immunohistochemistry to determine the neurochemical organization of the efferent pathway from the paratrigeminal nucleus to the dorsal vagal complex in the rat. Double-labelling studies demonstrated that leu-enkephalin, 28-kDa calbindin, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase were present in neurons in the paratrigeminal nucleus that project to the dorsal vagal complex. The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that neurochemically distinct pathways from the paratrigeminal nucleus are involved in the sensory modulation of autonomic function.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1998, author = {C. L. Armstrong and D. A. Hopkins}, title = {Neurochemical organization of paratrigeminal nucleus projections to the dorsal vagal complex in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.}, year = {1998}, volume = {785}, number = {1}, pages = {49--57}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01322-x} }
Armstrong, C.L. and Hopkins, D.A.	Neurochemical organization of paratrigeminal nucleus projections to the dorsal vagal complex in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Brain research Vol. 785, pp. 49-57	article	DOI
Abstract: The paratrigeminal nucleus, located in the spinal trigeminal tract rostral to the obex, is important in the integration of visceral and somatosensory afferent information and may modulate autonomic function through its projections to the dorsal vagal complex. Anterograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tracers were used in conjunction with immunohistochemistry to determine the neurochemical organization of the efferent pathway from the paratrigeminal nucleus to the dorsal vagal complex in the rat. Double-labelling studies demonstrated that leu-enkephalin, 28-kDa calbindin, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase were present in neurons in the paratrigeminal nucleus that project to the dorsal vagal complex. The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that neurochemically distinct pathways from the paratrigeminal nucleus are involved in the sensory modulation of autonomic function.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1998a, author = {Armstrong, C L and Hopkins, D A}, title = {Neurochemical organization of paratrigeminal nucleus projections to the dorsal vagal complex in the rat.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1998}, volume = {785}, pages = {49--57}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01322-x} }
Armstrong, D.M., Miller, R.J., Beaudet, A. and Pickel, V.M.	Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in rat area postrema: ultrastructural localization and coexistence with serotonin. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Brain Res Vol. 310(2), pp. 269-278	article	DOI
Abstract: The ultrastructure of enkephalin-containing neurons and their capacity to take-up [3H]serotonin were examined in the area postrema. Untreated adult rats and rats with intraventricular infusions of 10(-4) M tritiated serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine [( 3H]5-HT) were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.2-0.5% glutaraldehyde. Coronal Vibratome sections through the area postrema from both groups of animals were immunocytochemically labeled with an antiserum to leucine Leu5-enkephalin. The sections from the animals infused with the isotope subsequently were processed for autoradiography. Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (ELI) was detected in perikarya, dendrites, axons and axon terminals most frequently located along the ventricular and ventrolateral portions of the area postrema. The labeled perikarya were few in number and were characterized by a thin rim of cytoplasm containing peroxidase immunoreactivity. Dendrites and terminals containing ELI formed synapses primarily with unlabeled axon terminals and dendrites, respectively. However, terminals containing ELI also formed synaptic junctions with other unlabeled axon terminals. Appositions between enkephalin-containing processes and modified glia were occasionally seen near the ventricular surface. In sections processed for both immunocytochemistry and autoradiography, approximately 5% of the terminals containing ELI showed uptake of [3H]5-HT. We conclude that neurons containing ELI are primarily, but not exclusively, associated with other intrinsic neurons or afferents in the rat area postrema and that some of the enkephalin-labeled terminals have the capacity to take-up serotonin. Specificity of uptake of [3H]5-HT in neurons containing endogenous serotonin and factors which may contribute to the low probability of detecting both peroxidase and autoradiographic markers in single sections are discussed.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1984, author = {Armstrong, D. M. and Miller, R. J. and Beaudet, A. and Pickel, V. M.}, title = {Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in rat area postrema: ultrastructural localization and coexistence with serotonin.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {310}, number = {2}, pages = {269--278}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(84)90150-1} }
Armstrong, D.M., Rotler, A., Hersh, L.B. and Pickel, V.M.	Localization of choline acetyltransferase in perikarya and dendrites within the nuclei of the solitary tracts. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	J Neurosci Res Vol. 20(3), pp. 279-290School: Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla 92093.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Immunocytochemistry was used to establish the cellular localization of choline acetyltransferase [ChAT] throughout the rostrocaudal portions of the nuclei of the solitary tracts [NTS] in rat brain. By light microscopy, two distinct populations of ChAT-positive cells were identified. The first consisted of relatively few, medium-sized neurons located in the caudal one-half of the medial NTS just dorsal to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The second population of ChAT-labeled neurons was located more anteriorly and surrounded the medial and dorsal borders of the tractus solitarius. These cells were more abundant and smaller diameter than those located more caudally. Thick, non-varicose processes with the light microscopic characteristics of dendrites also were selectively labeled for ChAT. A few of these processes were located near or were continuous with the labeled perikarya of the NTS. However, the vast majority of the immunoreactive processes could be traced from ChAT-labeled perikarya in the ventrally adjacent dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. These dorsally directed dendrites aborized extensively throughout the NTS, but they were densest in the rostral two-thirds of the nucleus. Caudally, the labeled dendrites coursed horizontally, forming a commissure-like structure between the two vagal motor nuclei. Electron microscopy confirmed the perikaryal and dendritic localization of ChAT in the NTS. The perikarya were characterized by dense peroxidase immunoreactivity throughout the cytoplasm, infolded nuclear membranes, and somatic synapses. The labeled dendritic profiles also were intensely immunoreactive and received synaptic input from unlabeled terminals. The unlabeled afferents to somata and dendrites contained large populations of small clear vesicles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1988, author = {D. M. Armstrong and A. Rotler and L. B. Hersh and V. M. Pickel}, title = {Localization of choline acetyltransferase in perikarya and dendrites within the nuclei of the solitary tracts.}, journal = {J Neurosci Res}, school = {Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla 92093.}, year = {1988}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {279--290}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490200302}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490200302} }
Armstrong, D.M., Rotler, A., Hersh, L.B. and Pickel, V.M.	Localization of choline acetyltransferase in perikarya and dendrites within the nuclei of the solitary tracts. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Journal of neuroscience research Vol. 20, pp. 279-90	article
Abstract: Immunocytochemistry was used to establish the cellular localization of choline acetyltransferase [ChAT] throughout the rostrocaudal portions of the nuclei of the solitary tracts [NTS] in rat brain. By light microscopy, two distinct populations of ChAT-positive cells were identified. The first consisted of relatively few, medium-sized neurons located in the caudal one-half of the medial NTS just dorsal to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The second population of ChAT-labeled neurons was located more anteriorly and surrounded the medial and dorsal borders of the tractus solitarius. These cells were more abundant and smaller diameter than those located more caudally. Thick, non-varicose processes with the light microscopic characteristics of dendrites also were selectively labeled for ChAT. A few of these processes were located near or were continuous with the labeled perikarya of the NTS. However, the vast majority of the immunoreactive processes could be traced from ChAT-labeled perikarya in the ventrally adjacent dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. These dorsally directed dendrites aborized extensively throughout the NTS, but they were densest in the rostral two-thirds of the nucleus. Caudally, the labeled dendrites coursed horizontally, forming a commissure-like structure between the two vagal motor nuclei. Electron microscopy confirmed the perikaryal and dendritic localization of ChAT in the NTS. The perikarya were characterized by dense peroxidase immunoreactivity throughout the cytoplasm, infolded nuclear membranes, and somatic synapses. The labeled dendritic profiles also were intensely immunoreactive and received synaptic input from unlabeled terminals. The unlabeled afferents to somata and dendrites contained large populations of small clear vesicles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1988a, author = {Armstrong, D. M. and Rotler, A. and Hersh, L. B. and Pickel, V. M.}, title = {Localization of choline acetyltransferase in perikarya and dendrites within the nuclei of the solitary tracts.}, journal = {Journal of neuroscience research}, year = {1988}, volume = {20}, pages = {279-90}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Armstrong, D.M. and Schild, R.F.	An investigation of the cerebellar corticonuclear projections in the rat using an autoradiographic tracing method. II. Projections from the hemisphere. [BibTeX]	1978	Brain Res Vol. 141(2), pp. 235-249	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1978, author = {D. M. Armstrong and R. F. Schild}, title = {An investigation of the cerebellar corticonuclear projections in the rat using an autoradiographic tracing method. II. Projections from the hemisphere.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1978}, volume = {141}, number = {2}, pages = {235-249}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(78)90195-6} }
Armstrong, D.M. and Schild, R.F.	An investigation of the cerebellar cortico-nuclear projections in the rat using an autoradiographic tracing method. I. Projections from the vermis. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1978	Brain research Vol. 141, pp. 1-19	article	DOI
Abstract: The topography of the projections from the vermis of the cerebellar cortex to the intracerebellar nuclei (excluding the vestibular complex) was newly investigated in the rat using an autoradiographic technique. The projection were strictly ipsilateral and the majority terminated in nucleus fastigus although there were small projections to the medial pole of nucleus interpositus. The only portion of fastigius which was never heavily labelled was the dorsolateral protuberance. Some rostrocaudal localisation was evident with lobules II-V projecting to rostral fastigius (Fm), lobules VI-VIII projecting mainly more caudally (Fcm and Fm) and lobule IX projecting to the caudoventral tip of fastigius. Nevertheless, even the densest portions of the terminal fields often overlapped heavily, suggesting that, in the rat, in contrast to some other species, the rostrocaudal localisation is such that individual lobules do not possess private termination fields of any extent. Such an arrangement should provide ample opportunity for integration by individual nuclear neurones of input from extensive areas of cortex. In the mediolateral plane, localisation was more evident, with the medial vermis projecting to the medial pole of fastigius and the lateral portion to lateral fastigus and less heavily to medial interpositus.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1978a, author = {Armstrong, D M and Schild, R F}, title = {An investigation of the cerebellar cortico-nuclear projections in the rat using an autoradiographic tracing method. I. Projections from the vermis.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1978}, volume = {141}, pages = {1--19}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(78)90613-3} }
Armstrong, D.M. and Schild, R.F.	An investigation of the cerebellar cortico-nuclear projections in the rat using an autoradiographic tracing method. I. Projections from the vermis. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1978	Brain Res Vol. 141(1), pp. 1-19	article	DOI
Abstract: The topography of the projections from the vermis of the cerebellar cortex to the intracerebellar nuclei (excluding the vestibular complex) was newly investigated in the rat using an autoradiographic technique. The projection were strictly ipsilateral and the majority terminated in nucleus fastigus although there were small projections to the medial pole of nucleus interpositus. The only portion of fastigius which was never heavily labelled was the dorsolateral protuberance. Some rostrocaudal localisation was evident with lobules II-V projecting to rostral fastigius (Fm), lobules VI-VIII projecting mainly more caudally (Fcm and Fm) and lobule IX projecting to the caudoventral tip of fastigius. Nevertheless, even the densest portions of the terminal fields often overlapped heavily, suggesting that, in the rat, in contrast to some other species, the rostrocaudal localisation is such that individual lobules do not possess private termination fields of any extent. Such an arrangement should provide ample opportunity for integration by individual nuclear neurones of input from extensive areas of cortex. In the mediolateral plane, localisation was more evident, with the medial vermis projecting to the medial pole of fastigius and the lateral portion to lateral fastigus and less heavily to medial interpositus.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1978b, author = {D. M. Armstrong and R. F. Schild}, title = {An investigation of the cerebellar cortico-nuclear projections in the rat using an autoradiographic tracing method. I. Projections from the vermis.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1978}, volume = {141}, number = {1}, pages = {1--19}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(78)90613-3} }
Armstrong, W.	The neurophysiology of neurosecretory cells [BibTeX]	2007	Journal of Physiology Vol. 585(3), pp. 645-647	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:2007, author = {Armstrong, W.E.}, title = {The neurophysiology of neurosecretory cells}, journal = {Journal of Physiology}, year = {2007}, volume = {585}, number = {3}, pages = {645-647}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-37249079347&partnerID=40&md5=1ee8d64e6ad0914cfb153a8b92ccdf38}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.145755} }
Armstrong, W. and Hatton, G.	The localization of projection neurons in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus following vascular and neurohypophysial injections of HRP [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1980	Brain Research Bulletin Vol. 5(4), pp. 473-477	article	URL
Abstract: Projection neurons in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (pv) were identified using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) following injections of this tracer into the neurohypophysis or jugular vein. The objective was to determine if parvocellular pv neurons might be labelled by either injection in addition to the well known magnocellular contingent. Injections confined to the neurohypophysis resulted in the labelling of only magnocellular pv neurons, while intrajugular injections which produced spread of the HRP to the arcuate nucleus-median eminence region resulted in the labelling of both parvocellular and magnocellular pv elements. Thus parvocellular pv neurons may project to the arcuate nucleus and/or the external layer of the median eminance but not to the neurohypophysis.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1980b, author = {Armstrong, W.E. and Hatton, G.I.}, title = {The localization of projection neurons in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus following vascular and neurohypophysial injections of HRP}, journal = {Brain Research Bulletin}, year = {1980}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {473-477}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0019185383&partnerID=40&md5=88f6974de17feb1dae981b72397ccee0} }
Armstrong, W. and Stern, J.	Electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of neurons in perinuclear zone of supraoptic nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	J Neurophysiol Vol. 78(5), pp. 2427-2437School: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.	article
Abstract: Electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of neurons in perinuclear zone of supraoptic nucleus. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2427-2437, 1997. Neurons in the perinuclear zone (PZ) of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) are thought to serve as interneurons and may mediate changes in neurohypophysial hormone release in response to physiological changes in blood pressure. However, the morphology and electrophysiological characteristics of PZ neurons are unknown. In the present study, PZ neurons from male and female rats were recorded intracellularly to determine some membrane properties, then filled with biocytin or biotinamide for morphological analysis. In general, PZ neurons had faster spikes than magnocellular SON neurons, and the great majority were characterized by a subthreshold depolarizing hump when depolarized from a hyperpolarized (less than -80 mV) membrane potential. In most neurons, this hump was similar to low-threshold spikes described in other CNS regions. Near-threshold, fast action potentials were clustered near the onset of these depolarizations. Conspicuously absent in all PZ neurons was the strong transient and subthreshold outward rectification characteristic of vasopressin and oxytocin neurons of the SON. These results suggest that PZ neurons are electrophysiologically distinct from neurosecretory neurons of the SON. No differences were found between male and female rats in any of the basic properties examined, including input resistance, membrane time constant, spike height, spike width, spike threshold, and the size of the spike afterhyperpolarization. Morphologically, PZ neurons were diverse but were divided into spiny and aspiny groups. Three spiny neurons and one aspiny neuron contributed an axonal projection to the SON characterized by varicosities suggestive of terminals. In the case of the three spiny neurons, the SON projection was clearly a minor collateral projection. The axon arborized in the PZ, but one or more branches were cut at the edge of the explant, indicating a longer projection. In the remaining neurons, no axonal projection to the SON was detected and several had axons leaving the explant. Some portion of the dendritic tree penetrated the SON in several neurons. The morphology of PZ neurons was thus heterogeneous and suggests that, for some cells at least, the projection to the SON may be a minor collateral component of a much wider axonal projection.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1997, author = {Armstrong, WE and Stern, JE}, title = {Electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of neurons in perinuclear zone of supraoptic nucleus.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.}, year = {1997}, volume = {78}, number = {5}, pages = {2427--2437}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Armstrong, W. and Stern, J.	Electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of neurons in perinuclear zone of supraoptic nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 78(5), pp. 2427-2437	article	URL
Abstract: Neurons in the perinuclear zone (PZ) of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) are thought to serve as interneurons and may mediate changes in neurohypophysial hormone release in response to physiological changes in blood pressure. However, the morphology and electrophysiological characteristics of PZ neurons are unknown. In the present study, PZ neurons from male and female rats were recorded intracellularly to determine some membrane properties, then filled with biocytin or biotinamide for morphological analysis. In general, PZ neurons had faster spikes than magnocellular SON neurons, and the great majority were characterized by a subthreshold depolarizing hump when depolarized from a hyperpolarized (less than -80 mV) membrane potential. In most neurons, this hump was similar to low-threshold spikes described in other CNS regions. Near-threshold, fast action potentials were clustered near the onset of these depolarizations. Conspicuously absent in all PZ neurons was the strong transient and subthreshold outward rectification characteristic of vasopressin and oxytocin neurons of the SON. These results suggest that PZ neurons are electrophysiologically distinct from neurosecretory neurons of the SON. No differences were found between male and female rats in any of the basic properties examined, including input resistance, membrane time constant, spike height, spike width, spike threshold, and the size of the spike afterhyperpolarization. Morphologically, PZ neurons were diverse but were divided into spiny and aspiny groups. Three spiny neurons and one aspiny neuron contributed an axonal projection to the SON characterized by varicosities suggestive of terminals. In the case of the three spiny neurons, the SON projection was clearly a minor collateral projection. The axon arborized in the PZ, but one or more branches were cut at the edge of the explant, indicating a longer projection. In the remaining neurons, no axonal projection to the SON was detected and several had axons leaving the explant. Some portion of the dendritic tree penetrated the SON in several neurons. The morphology of PZ neurons was thus heterogeneous and suggests that, for some cells at least, the projection to the SON may be a minor collateral component of a much wider axonal projection.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1997a, author = {Armstrong, W.E. and Stern, J.E.}, title = {Electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of neurons in perinuclear zone of supraoptic nucleus}, journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology}, year = {1997}, volume = {78}, number = {5}, pages = {2427-2437}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030657508&partnerID=40&md5=40ad76ad4ae15d3066fea727c6134fe3} }
Armstrong, W., Tian, M. and Wong, H.	Electron microscopic analysis of synaptic inputs from the median preoptic nucleus and adjacent regions to the supraoptic nucleus in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Journal of Comparative Neurology Vol. 373(2), pp. 228-239	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The median preoptic nucleus (MnPo) is critical for normal fluid balance, mediating osmotically evoked drinking and neurohypophysial hormone secretion. The influence of the MnPo on vasopressin and oxytocin release is in part through direct connections to the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus. In the present investigation the synaptic contacts between the MnPo and supraoptic neurons were investigated in rats by ultrastructural examination of terminals labeled anterogradely with the tracers Phaseolus vulgaris- leucoagglutinin or biotinylated dextran. At the light microscopic level, labeled fibers within the supraoptic nucleus branched frequently, were punctuated by varicosities, and were distributed throughout the nucleus without preference for the known distributions of oxytocin and vasopressin neurons. At the ultrastructural level, synapses were associated with many of these varicosities. The ratio of labeled axodendritic to axosomatic synapses encountered was roughly consistent with a uniform innervation of dendrites and somata. The great majority of synapses were characterized by symmetrical contacts. Similar results were found for a few injections made in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, just rostral to the MnPo, and in the immediately adjacent periventricular preoptic area. Coupled with other recent anatomical and electrophysiological evidence, these results suggest there is a strong monosynaptic pathway from structures along the ventral lamina terminalis to the supraoptic nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1996a, author = {Armstrong, W.E. and Tian, M. and Wong, H.}, title = {Electron microscopic analysis of synaptic inputs from the median preoptic nucleus and adjacent regions to the supraoptic nucleus in the rat}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, year = {1996}, volume = {373}, number = {2}, pages = {228-239}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029763444&partnerID=40&md5=c6f50ff0b8d7f5fa0b4ba7ad405093e6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960916)373:2%3C228::AID-CNE6%3E3.0.CO;2-5} }
Armstrong, W., Warach, S., Hatton, G. and McNeill, T.	Subnuclei in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: A cytoarchitectural, horseradish peroxidase and immunocytochemical analysis [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1980	Neuroscience Vol. 5(11), pp. 1931-1958	article	DOI URL
Abstract: A cytoarchitectonic scheme for the rat paraventricular nucleus has been proposed utilizing the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, immunocytochemical localization of neurophysin-positive cells and fibers. Golgi-like impregnation of neurons, and observations of cell clustering as viewed in Nissl-stained material. Beginning rostrally, it was observed that the anterior commissural nucleus, a cell group sometimes claimed to be part of the paraventricular nucleus, contained many magnocellular perikarya which: (1) projected to the neurohypophysis but apparently not to the brainstem or spinal cord; (2) contained neurophysin; (3) had few (one or two) dendrites, most of which projected toward the third ventricle; and (4) were actually separated from the paraventricular nucleus by 300-400 μm. Proceeding caudally, the medial and lateral magnocellular portions of the paraventricular nucleus exhibited mostly the same characteristics as listed for the anterior commissural nucleus, except that the cells were slightly larger and more closely packed; these latter two form the conventional paraventricular neurosecretory nucleus. Cells of the dorsomedial cap and extreme posterior paraventricular nucleus: (1) did not appear to project to the neurohypophysis, but did connect with the brainstem and spinal cord; and (2) often contained neurophysin. In addition, large cells of the extreme posterior subnucleus: (1) were more fusiform than neurons in the other three regions; (2) possessed more (two or three) and longer dendrites than cells of the other divisions; and (3) were loosely packed. Although some zones of overlap were noted, the results suggest that neurophysin-containing cells of the paraventricular nucleus are relatively segregated into neurohypophysial-projecting and brainstem/spinal cord-projecting groups. This topographic separation and the morphological differentiation of these putative subnuclei suggest that these subdivisions may be controlled independently and that release of hormone from the neurohypophysis does not necessarily imply a coincidental release of hormone into other extrahypothalamic sites.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1980c, author = {Armstrong, W.E. and Warach, S. and Hatton, G.I. and McNeill, T.H.}, title = {Subnuclei in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: A cytoarchitectural, horseradish peroxidase and immunocytochemical analysis}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1980}, volume = {5}, number = {11}, pages = {1931-1958}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0018957707&partnerID=40&md5=2816639c3ec95bd3f077abfbdc5fa20e}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(80)90040-8} }
Armstrong, W.E. and Hatton, G.I.	The localization of projection neurons in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus following vascular and neurohypophysial injections of HRP. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1980	Brain Res Bull Vol. 5(4), pp. 473-477	article	DOI
Abstract: Projection neurons in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (pv) were identified using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) following injections of this tracer into the neurohypophysis or jugular vein. The objective was to determine if parvocellular pv neurons might be labelled by either injection in addition to the well known magnocellular contingent. Injections confined to the neurohypophysis resulted in the labelling of only magnocellular pv neurons, while intrajugular injections which produced spread of the HRP to the arcuate nucleus-median eminence region resulted in the labelling of both parvocellular and magnocellular pv elements. Thus parvocellular pv neurons may project to the arcuate nucleus and/or the external layer of the median eminance but not to the neurohypophysis.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1980, author = {W. E. Armstrong and G. I. Hatton}, title = {The localization of projection neurons in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus following vascular and neurohypophysial injections of HRP.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1980}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {473--477}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0361-9230(80)80018-9} }
Armstrong, W.E., Schöler, J. and McNeill, T.H.	Immunocytochemical, Golgi and electron microscopic characterization of putative dendrites in the ventral glial lamina of the rat supraoptic nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Neuroscience Vol. 7(3), pp. 679-694	article	DOI
Abstract: Processes of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the rat supraoptic nucleus which project along the pial surface in the ventral glial lamina were investigated using immunocytochemistry, Golgi stains and electron microscopy. Immunocytochemical studies revealed that although both oxytocin- and vasopressin-containing processes were evident in the ventral glial lamina, vasopressin-containing processes predominated. Ventral processes were thicker and of a different morphology than dorsal axon-like processes which joined the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract and exhibited large varicosities along their length or at their apparent termination. Golgi stains revealed that classically defined dendrites of supraoptic neurons projected primarily ventrally and often invaded the ventral glial lamina. No axons were traced to the lamina. Ultrastructurally, processes within the ventral glial lamina characterized as dendrites could be stained immunocytochemically for neurophysin and were post-synaptic to a variety of presynaptic elements. The results suggest that many dendrites from magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic nucleus project to the ventral glial lamina and form a restricted, receptive plexus. The previously demonstrated coexistence of catecholamine-containing varicosities and other axon types with these processes in the lamina indicates an important role for supraoptic dendrites in integrating a wide variety of information relevant to neurohypophysial hormone release.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1982, author = {W. E. Armstrong and J. Schöler and T. H. McNeill}, title = {Immunocytochemical, Golgi and electron microscopic characterization of putative dendrites in the ventral glial lamina of the rat supraoptic nucleus.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1982}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {679--694}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(82)90074-4} }
Armstrong, W.E., Schöler, J. and McNeill, T.H.	Immunocytochemical, Golgi and electron microscopic characterization of putative dendrites in the ventral glial lamina of the rat supraoptic nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Neuroscience Vol. 7(3), pp. 679-694	article	DOI
Abstract: Processes of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the rat supraoptic nucleus which project along the pial surface in the ventral glial lamina were investigated using immunocytochemistry, Golgi stains and electron microscopy. Immunocytochemical studies revealed that although both oxytocin- and vasopressin-containing processes were evident in the ventral glial lamina, vasopressin-containing processes predominated. Ventral processes were thicker and of a different morphology than dorsal axon-like processes which joined the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract and exhibited large varicosities along their length or at their apparent termination. Golgi stains revealed that classically defined dendrites of supraoptic neurons projected primarily ventrally and often invaded the ventral glial lamina. No axons were traced to the lamina. Ultrastructurally, processes within the ventral glial lamina characterized as dendrites could be stained immunocytochemically for neurophysin and were post-synaptic to a variety of presynaptic elements. The results suggest that many dendrites from magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic nucleus project to the ventral glial lamina and form a restricted, receptive plexus. The previously demonstrated coexistence of catecholamine-containing varicosities and other axon types with these processes in the lamina indicates an important role for supraoptic dendrites in integrating a wide variety of information relevant to neurohypophysial hormone release.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1982a, author = {Armstrong, W. E. and Schöler, J. and McNeill, T. H.}, title = {Immunocytochemical, Golgi and electron microscopic characterization of putative dendrites in the ventral glial lamina of the rat supraoptic nucleus.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1982}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {679--694}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(82)90074-4} }
Armstrong, W.E., Stern, J.E. and Teruyama, R.	Plasticity in the electrophysiological properties of oxytocin neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Microsc Res Tech Vol. 56(2), pp. 73-80School: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA. warmstr@nb.utmem.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In mammals, the neurohypophysial hormone oxytocin (OT) is released into the bloodstream during labor and lactation to promote uterine contraction and milk ejection, respectively. Electrophysiological studies have established that OT neurons fire in brief, synchronized bursts during this release. During pregnancy and lactation, the intrinsic membrane and synaptic properties of OT, and to a lesser extent vasopressin (VP) neurons, are altered as a part of the adaptation to these specialized states. During lactation OT neurons specifically exhibit an enhanced rebound depolarization which could assist in instigating bursts and an increased gating of firing frequency which is correlated with an enhanced Ca(2+)-dependent after hyperpolarization. Spike broadening occurs in both VP and OT neurons, but in OT neurons this and other changes are present during late pregnancy, suggesting involvement of steroidal hormones in programming neuronal adaptations. Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity also are altered by reproductive state. There is a doubling of glutamatergic activity specific to OT neurons which is consistent with an increase in terminal numbers, but this is accompanied by an increase in paired-pulse facilitation, suggesting an increase in the probability of glutamate release during lactation as well. Together with profound changes in both pre- and postsynaptic GABAergic synaptic activity, these data suggest that neurosecretory, and particularly OT neuronal, properties are state-dependent. These modifications may adjust the responsiveness of these neurons to afferent stimulation during periods of increased hormone demand and thereby enhance stimulus-secretion coupling.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:2002, author = {Armstrong, William E. and Stern, Javier E. and Teruyama, Ryoichi}, title = {Plasticity in the electrophysiological properties of oxytocin neurons.}, journal = {Microsc Res Tech}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA. warmstr@nb.utmem.edu}, year = {2002}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, pages = {73--80}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.10019}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.10019} }
Armstrong, W.E., Tian, M. and Wong, H.	Electron microscopic analysis of synaptic inputs from the median preoptic nucleus and adjacent regions to the supraoptic nucleus in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	J Comp Neurol Vol. 373(2), pp. 228-239School: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Medicine, Memphis 38163, USA. warmstr@nb.utmem.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The median preoptic nucleus (MnPo) is critical for normal fluid balance, mediating osmotically evoked drinking and neurohypophysial hormone secretion. The influence of the MnPo on vasopressin and oxytocin release is in part through direct connections to the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus. In the present investigation the synaptic contacts between the MnPo and supraoptic neurons were investigated in rats by ultrastructural examination of terminals labeled anterogradely with the tracers Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin or biotinylated dextran. At the light microscopic level, labeled fibers within the supraoptic nucleus branched frequently, were punctuated by varicosities, and were distributed throughout the nucleus without preference for the known distributions of oxytocin and vasopressin neurons. At the ultrastructural level, synapses were associated with many of these varicosities. The ratio of labeled axodendritic to axosomatic synapses encountered was roughly consistent with a uniform innervation of dendrites and somata. The great majority of synapses were characterized by symmetrical contacts. Similar results were found for a few injections made in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, just rostral to the MnPo, and in the immediately adjacent periventricular preoptic area. Coupled with other recent anatomical and electrophysiological evidence, these results suggest there is a strong monosynaptic pathway from structures along the ventral lamina terminalis to the supraoptic nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1996, author = {W. E. Armstrong and M. Tian and H. Wong}, title = {Electron microscopic analysis of synaptic inputs from the median preoptic nucleus and adjacent regions to the supraoptic nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Medicine, Memphis 38163, USA. warmstr@nb.utmem.edu}, year = {1996}, volume = {373}, number = {2}, pages = {228--239}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-5}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-5} }
Armstrong, W.E., Tian, M. and Wong, H.	Electron microscopic analysis of synaptic inputs from the median preoptic nucleus and adjacent regions to the supraoptic nucleus in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 373, pp. 228-39	article
Abstract: The median preoptic nucleus (MnPo) is critical for normal fluid balance, mediating osmotically evoked drinking and neurohypophysial hormone secretion. The influence of the MnPo on vasopressin and oxytocin release is in part through direct connections to the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus. In the present investigation the synaptic contacts between the MnPo and supraoptic neurons were investigated in rats by ultrastructural examination of terminals labeled anterogradely with the tracers Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin or biotinylated dextran. At the light microscopic level, labeled fibers within the supraoptic nucleus branched frequently, were punctuated by varicosities, and were distributed throughout the nucleus without preference for the known distributions of oxytocin and vasopressin neurons. At the ultrastructural level, synapses were associated with many of these varicosities. The ratio of labeled axodendritic to axosomatic synapses encountered was roughly consistent with a uniform innervation of dendrites and somata. The great majority of synapses were characterized by symmetrical contacts. Similar results were found for a few injections made in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, just rostral to the MnPo, and in the immediately adjacent periventricular preoptic area. Coupled with other recent anatomical and electrophysiological evidence, these results suggest there is a strong monosynaptic pathway from structures along the ventral lamina terminalis to the supraoptic nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1996b, author = {Armstrong, W. E. and Tian, M. and Wong, H.}, title = {Electron microscopic analysis of synaptic inputs from the median preoptic nucleus and adjacent regions to the supraoptic nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1996}, volume = {373}, pages = {228-39}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Armstrong, W.E., Warach, S., Hatton, G.I. and McNeill, T.H.	Subnuclei in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: a cytoarchitectural, horseradish peroxidase and immunocytochemical analysis. [BibTeX]	1980	Neuroscience Vol. 5(11), pp. 1931-1958	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong:1980a, author = {Armstrong, W. E. and Warach, S. and Hatton, G. I. and McNeill, T. H.}, title = {Subnuclei in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: a cytoarchitectural, horseradish peroxidase and immunocytochemical analysis.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1980}, volume = {5}, number = {11}, pages = {1931--1958}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(80)90040-8} }
Armstrong-James, M. and George, M.J.	Bilateral receptive fields of cells in rat Sm1 cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Exp Brain Res Vol. 70(1), pp. 155-165School: Department of Physiology, London Hospital Medical College, U.K.	article
Abstract: Single cells in the primary somatosensory (Sm1) cortex were investigated for responses to bilateral hindpaw stimulation in Wistar rats anaesthetised by continuous intravenous administration of Althesin. Fifty-one percent of cells sampled (N = 134) responded to equivalent punctate mechanical stimuli delivered to both the contralateral and ipsilateral hindpaws under light anaesthesia. The distribution by cortical depth of cells with receptive fields (RFs) on both hindpaws was not significantly different from cells which had only contralateral RFs. No cell was found with a purely ipsilateral RF. For 86% of cells tested (N = 44) the ipsilateral RF was partly or completely homologous with areas within the contralateral RF. The sizes of ipsilateral RFs were smaller on 66% of occasions when tested against their contralateral RFs. Modal latencies to ipsilateral mechanical stimulation were longer than to contralateral stimulation (34.1 +/- 9.1 ms (S.D) cf. 26.4 +/- 7.2 ms, N = 44). Ipsilateral RFs were lost for 77% of cells tested following a 33% increase in anaesthetic infusion rate. Conditioning mechanical stimuli applied to the centre receptive field (CRF) on the ipsilateral hindpaw reduced or abolished a cell's responses to equivalent test stimuli applied to it's contralateral CRF with C-T intervals of 20-200 ms. Conditioning stimuli applied to the CRF contralateral to the cell reduced or abolished responses to test stimuli on the cell's ipsilateral CRF using C-T intervals of 0-900 ms. Responses in one cortex to stimulation of the ipsilateral hindpaw were unaffected by elimination of responses from the same hindpaw in the opposite contralateral Sm1 cortex, where responses had been suppressed by topical Lignocaine administration. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from hindpaw Sm1 cortex labelled many cells in homolateral thalamus, but failed to label cells in the entire forebrain contralateral to the injection site. It is concluded that direct crossed thalamo-cortical and callosal Sm1-Sm1 pathways do not contribute to the production of hindpaw ipsilateral receptive fields.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong-James:1988, author = {M. Armstrong-James and M. J. George}, title = {Bilateral receptive fields of cells in rat Sm1 cortex.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, school = {Department of Physiology, London Hospital Medical College, U.K.}, year = {1988}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, pages = {155--165} }
Armstrong-James, M. and George, M.J.	Bilateral receptive fields of cells in rat Sm1 cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Experimental brain research Vol. 70, pp. 155-65	article
Abstract: Single cells in the primary somatosensory (Sm1) cortex were investigated for responses to bilateral hindpaw stimulation in Wistar rats anaesthetised by continuous intravenous administration of Althesin. Fifty-one percent of cells sampled (N = 134) responded to equivalent punctate mechanical stimuli delivered to both the contralateral and ipsilateral hindpaws under light anaesthesia. The distribution by cortical depth of cells with receptive fields (RFs) on both hindpaws was not significantly different from cells which had only contralateral RFs. No cell was found with a purely ipsilateral RF. For 86% of cells tested (N = 44) the ipsilateral RF was partly or completely homologous with areas within the contralateral RF. The sizes of ipsilateral RFs were smaller on 66% of occasions when tested against their contralateral RFs. Modal latencies to ipsilateral mechanical stimulation were longer than to contralateral stimulation (34.1 +/- 9.1 ms (S.D) cf. 26.4 +/- 7.2 ms, N = 44). Ipsilateral RFs were lost for 77% of cells tested following a 33% increase in anaesthetic infusion rate. Conditioning mechanical stimuli applied to the centre receptive field (CRF) on the ipsilateral hindpaw reduced or abolished a cell's responses to equivalent test stimuli applied to it's contralateral CRF with C-T intervals of 20-200 ms. Conditioning stimuli applied to the CRF contralateral to the cell reduced or abolished responses to test stimuli on the cell's ipsilateral CRF using C-T intervals of 0-900 ms. Responses in one cortex to stimulation of the ipsilateral hindpaw were unaffected by elimination of responses from the same hindpaw in the opposite contralateral Sm1 cortex, where responses had been suppressed by topical Lignocaine administration. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from hindpaw Sm1 cortex labelled many cells in homolateral thalamus, but failed to label cells in the entire forebrain contralateral to the injection site. It is concluded that direct crossed thalamo-cortical and callosal Sm1-Sm1 pathways do not contribute to the production of hindpaw ipsilateral receptive fields.
BibTeX: @article{Armstrong-James:1988a, author = {Armstrong-James, M. and George, M. J.}, title = {Bilateral receptive fields of cells in rat Sm1 cortex.}, journal = {Experimental brain research}, year = {1988}, volume = {70}, pages = {155-65}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Arnault, P., Ebrahimi-Gaillard, A., Roger, M. and Zilles, K.	Electron microscopic demonstration of terminations of posterior thalamic axons on identified rubrospinal neurons in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Anat Embryol (Berl) Vol. 189(5), pp. 383-392School: Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, C.N.R.S. U.R.A. 290, U.F.R. Sciences, Poitiers, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: In the rat, the major output of the posterior thalamic nucleus (PT) ends in the ventrolateral sector of the rostral two-thirds of the red nucleus. The aim of this study is to identify the rubral cells contacted by these thalamic efferents. In a first set of experiments, an anterograde neurotracer (PHA-L) was injected into the rostral part of the red nucleus. The only structure consistently and densely labeled was the contralateral spinal cord. Therefore, in a second set of experiments, massive HRP injections were made at different cervical levels in the spinal cord in combination with either electrolytic lesion or PHA-L injection in the contralateral PT. Both anterograde and retrograde labelings obtained in the RN were examined by correlated light and electron microscopy. Our findings indicate that anterogradely degenerated or labeled axons arising from the PT form synaptic contacts on HRP-filled dendritic processes of rubrospinal neurons. The thalamo-rubral articulation is direct and seems to be mainly axo-dendritic. These results support the possible participation of the PT in the modulatory control of spinal interneurons through the rubrospinal tract.
BibTeX: @article{Arnault:1994, author = {P. Arnault and A. Ebrahimi-Gaillard and M. Roger and K. Zilles}, title = {Electron microscopic demonstration of terminations of posterior thalamic axons on identified rubrospinal neurons in the rat.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, school = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, C.N.R.S. U.R.A. 290, U.F.R. Sciences, Poitiers, France.}, year = {1994}, volume = {189}, number = {5}, pages = {383--392}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00185433} }
Arnault, P., Ebrahimi-Gaillard, A., Roger, M. and Zilles, K.	Electron microscopic demonstration of terminations of posterior thalamic axons on identified rubrospinal neurons in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Anatomy and embryology Vol. 189, pp. 383-92	article
Abstract: In the rat, the major output of the posterior thalamic nucleus (PT) ends in the ventrolateral sector of the rostral two-thirds of the red nucleus. The aim of this study is to identify the rubral cells contacted by these thalamic efferents. In a first set of experiments, an anterograde neurotracer (PHA-L) was injected into the rostral part of the red nucleus. The only structure consistently and densely labeled was the contralateral spinal cord. Therefore, in a second set of experiments, massive HRP injections were made at different cervical levels in the spinal cord in combination with either electrolytic lesion or PHA-L injection in the contralateral PT. Both anterograde and retrograde labelings obtained in the RN were examined by correlated light and electron microscopy. Our findings indicate that anterogradely degenerated or labeled axons arising from the PT form synaptic contacts on HRP-filled dendritic processes of rubrospinal neurons. The thalamo-rubral articulation is direct and seems to be mainly axo-dendritic. These results support the possible participation of the PT in the modulatory control of spinal interneurons through the rubrospinal tract.
BibTeX: @article{Arnault:1994a, author = {Arnault, P. and Ebrahimi-Gaillard, A. and Roger, M. and Zilles, K.}, title = {Electron microscopic demonstration of terminations of posterior thalamic axons on identified rubrospinal neurons in the rat.}, journal = {Anatomy and embryology}, year = {1994}, volume = {189}, pages = {383-92}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Arnault, P. and Roger, M.	The connections of the peripeduncular area studied by retrograde and anterograde transport in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	J Comp Neurol Vol. 258(3), pp. 463-476	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Lying just ventral to the medial geniculate nucleus and dorsal to the cerebral peduncle, the peripeduncular area (PPA) seems to be implicated in the expression of several sexual reflexes in rodents. The aim of the present investigation was to establish the organization of the afferent and efferent projections of the rat's PPA in an attempt to provide a neural substrate corresponding to the behavioral observations. Based on both retrograde and anterograde transport methods, our results suggest that the PPA: receives its main afferent projections from the insulotemporal cortex, basal ganglia, ventromedial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei, zona incerta, inferior colliculus, intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, central gray, cuneiform nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and, projects essentially to the basal ganglia, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, central gray, cuneiform and pedunculopontine nuclei, deep layers of the superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, and dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. These findings, indicating that the PPA is connected with the auditory, motor, and limbic systems and with nonspecific diencephalic and mesencephalic centers, are in agreement with the notion that in rodents this area might play a role in the female sexual receptivity (as expressed by lordosis display or ultrasound production) or male mounting behavior.
BibTeX: @article{Arnault:1987, author = {P. Arnault and M. Roger}, title = {The connections of the peripeduncular area studied by retrograde and anterograde transport in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {258}, number = {3}, pages = {463--476}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902580313}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902580313} }
Arnault, P. and Roger, M.	The connections of the peripeduncular area studied by retrograde and anterograde transport in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 258, pp. 463-476	article	DOI
Abstract: Lying just ventral to the medial geniculate nucleus and dorsal to the cerebral peduncle, the peripeduncular area (PPA) seems to be implicated in the expression of several sexual reflexes in rodents. The aim of the present investigation was to establish the organization of the afferent and efferent projections of the rat's PPA in an attempt to provide a neural substrate corresponding to the behavioral observations. Based on both retrograde and anterograde transport methods, our results suggest that the PPA: receives its main afferent projections from the insulotemporal cortex, basal ganglia, ventromedial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei, zona incerta, inferior colliculus, intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, central gray, cuneiform nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and, projects essentially to the basal ganglia, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, central gray, cuneiform and pedunculopontine nuclei, deep layers of the superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, and dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. These findings, indicating that the PPA is connected with the auditory, motor, and limbic systems and with nonspecific diencephalic and mesencephalic centers, are in agreement with the notion that in rodents this area might play a role in the female sexual receptivity (as expressed by lordosis display or ultrasound production) or male mounting behavior.
BibTeX: @article{Arnault:1987a, author = {Arnault, P and Roger, M}, title = {The connections of the peripeduncular area studied by retrograde and anterograde transport in the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1987}, volume = {258}, pages = {463--476}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902580313} }
Arnault, P. and Roger, M.	Ventral temporal cortex in the rat: connections of secondary auditory areas Te2 and Te3. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	J Comp Neurol Vol. 302(1), pp. 110-123School: Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, C.N.R.S., URA 290, Faculté des Sciences, Poitiers, France.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The present study in the rat deals with the hodological organization of two cytoarchitectonically distinct areas lying caudoventrally (Te2) or ventrally (Te3) to the primary auditory area (Te1). The afferent and efferent systems of connections were identified by using the properties of retrograde and anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Large tracer deposits in the ventral temporal cortex involving Te2, Te3, and the dorsal bank of the perirhinal cortex induced a dense retrograde and anterograde pattern of labeling in the following nuclei of the medial geniculate (MG) complex: caudodorsal (MGCD), dorsal (MGD), medial (MGM), suprageniculate (SG), and peripeduncular area (PPA). The ventral nucleus (MGV) was only slightly labeled in its caudal division. Several extrageniculate structures were also labeled. Retrograde cell labeling occurred in centers giving rise to ascending systems of diffuse projections: locus coeruleus ( LC), dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), and basal magnocellular nucleus (B). Slight anterograde labeling was present in the dorsal and external cortices of the inferior colliculus (IC), central gray, deep layers of the superior colliculus (SC), reticular thalamic nucleus (RT), and caudate putamen (CPU). Callosal connections were also noted with the contralateral homotopic cortex. In the cases in which there was a notable extension of the zone of diffusion of the tracer into the dorsal bank of the perirhinal cortex, a characteristic pattern of labeling in the subparafascicular, reuniens and paraventricular thalamic nuclei, mammillary complex, lateral and dorsal hypothalamic nuclei, amygdaloid complex, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, subiculum, and retrosplenial cortex was displayed. Tracer deposits restricted to Te2 induced a dense labeling of the caudal, ventrolateral MGD, lateral PPA and, to a lesser extent, MGCD. The MGM and SG were only slightly labeled. Extrageniculate afferents essentially consist of sparse projections from LC, DR, and B, whereas efferent fibers are directed to the dorsal cortex of the IC, central gray, deep SC layers, and CPU. Callosal connections were also identified. Following tracer deposits restricted to Te3, dense labeling occurred in the MGD, mostly in its medial division, in the caudal MGM, and in the PPA. The MGCD, SG, and MGV were only sparsely labeled. Extrageniculate afferents arise from LC, DR, and B, and efferents are directed to the RT and dorsal cortex of the IC. Contralateral connections with the homotopic cortical area were also noted. Te2 and Te3 share some degree of similitude in their pattern of connections with the MG complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Arnault:1990, author = {P. Arnault and M. Roger}, title = {Ventral temporal cortex in the rat: connections of secondary auditory areas Te2 and Te3.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, C.N.R.S., URA 290, Faculté des Sciences, Poitiers, France.}, year = {1990}, volume = {302}, number = {1}, pages = {110--123}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020109}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020109} }
Arnault, P. and Roger, M.	Ibotenic acid-induced lesion of the peripeduncular area does not impair the lordosis reflex in the cyclic female rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Behavioural Brain Research Vol. 41(1), pp. 29-38	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In the ovariectomized, hormone-primed rat the peripeduncular area (PPA) has been reported to play a key role in sexual receptivity by integrating the sensory and endocrine inputs necessary for the elicitation of the lordosis reflex. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of bilateral peripeduncular lesions induced by ibotenic acid on the lordosis behavior of the normal, cyclic rat. Sexually unexperienced females received a bilateral microinjection of either ibotenic acid (n = 14; lesion group) or phosphate buffer (n = 8; sham-operated group) in the PPA. Following recovery, the receptivity expressed as the lordosis quotient was controlled in the presence of a sexually active male. The results indicate that in both groups the females display a high lordosis quotient (LQ > 90%). Therefore, in the cyclic female rat, the manifestation of sexual receptivity does not seem to be affected following bilateral destruction of the PPA. © 1990.
BibTeX: @article{Arnault:1990a, author = {Arnault, P. and Roger, M.}, title = {Ibotenic acid-induced lesion of the peripeduncular area does not impair the lordosis reflex in the cyclic female rat}, journal = {Behavioural Brain Research}, year = {1990}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {29-38}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025245708&partnerID=40&md5=24e27b1b8deae779f6fab758f3bcc897}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(90)90051-F} }
Arnault, P. and Roger, M.	Ventral temporal cortex in the rat: connections of secondary auditory areas Te2 and Te3. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 302, pp. 110-123	article	DOI
Abstract: The present study in the rat deals with the hodological organization of two cytoarchitectonically distinct areas lying caudoventrally (Te2) or ventrally (Te3) to the primary auditory area (Te1). The afferent and efferent systems of connections were identified by using the properties of retrograde and anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Large tracer deposits in the ventral temporal cortex involving Te2, Te3, and the dorsal bank of the perirhinal cortex induced a dense retrograde and anterograde pattern of labeling in the following nuclei of the medial geniculate (MG) complex: caudodorsal (MGCD), dorsal (MGD), medial (MGM), suprageniculate (SG), and peripeduncular area (PPA). The ventral nucleus (MGV) was only slightly labeled in its caudal division. Several extrageniculate structures were also labeled. Retrograde cell labeling occurred in centers giving rise to ascending systems of diffuse projections: locus coeruleus (LC), dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), and basal magnocellular nucleus (B). Slight anterograde labeling was present in the dorsal and external cortices of the inferior colliculus (IC), central gray, deep layers of the superior colliculus (SC), reticular thalamic nucleus (RT), and caudate putamen (CPU). Callosal connections were also noted with the contralateral homotopic cortex. In the cases in which there was a notable extension of the zone of diffusion of the tracer into the dorsal bank of the perirhinal cortex, a characteristic pattern of labeling in the subparafascicular, reuniens and paraventricular thalamic nuclei, mammillary complex, lateral and dorsal hypothalamic nuclei, amygdaloid complex, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, subiculum, and retrosplenial cortex was displayed. Tracer deposits restricted to Te2 induced a dense labeling of the caudal, ventrolateral MGD, lateral PPA and, to a lesser extent, MGCD. The MGM and SG were only slightly labeled. Extrageniculate afferents essentially consist of sparse projections from LC, DR, and B, whereas efferent fibers are directed to the dorsal cortex of the IC, central gray, deep SC layers, and CPU. Callosal connections were also identified. Following tracer deposits restricted to Te3, dense labeling occurred in the MGD, mostly in its medial division, in the caudal MGM, and in the PPA. The MGCD, SG, and MGV were only sparsely labeled. Extrageniculate afferents arise from LC, DR, and B, and efferents are directed to the RT and dorsal cortex of the IC. Contralateral connections with the homotopic cortical area were also noted. Te2 and Te3 share some degree of similitude in their pattern of connections with the MG complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Arnault:1990b, author = {Arnault, P and Roger, M}, title = {Ventral temporal cortex in the rat: connections of secondary auditory areas Te2 and Te3.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1990}, volume = {302}, pages = {110--123}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020109} }
Arneson, L., Kunz, J., Anderson, R. and Traub, L.	Coupled inositide phosphorylation and phospholipase D activation initiates clathrin-coat assembly on lysosomes [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Journal of Biological Chemistry Vol. 274(25), pp. 17794-17805	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Adaptors appear to control clathrin-coat assembly by determining the site of lattice polymerization but the nucleating events that target soluble adaptors to an appropriate membrane are poorly understood. Using an in vitro model system that allows AP-2-containing clathrin coats to assemble on lysosomes, we show that adaptor recruitment and coat initiation requires phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P 2) synthesis. PtdIns(4,5)P 2 is generated on lysosomes by the sequential action of a lysosome-associated type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase and a soluble type I phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase. Phosphatidic acid, which potently stimulates type I phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase activity, is generated on the bilayer by a phospholipase D1-like enzyme located on the lysosomal surface. Quenching phosphatidic acid function with primary alcohols prevents the synthesis of PtdIns(4,5)P 2 and blocks coat assembly. Generating phosphatidic acid directly on lysosomes with exogenous bacterial phospholipase D in the absence of ATP still drives adaptor recruitment and limited coat assembly, indicating that PtdIns(4,5)P 2 functions, at least in part, to activate the PtdIns(4,5)P 2-dependent phospholipase D1. These results provide the first direct evidence for the involvement of anionic phospholipids in clathrin-coat assembly on membranes and define the enzymes responsible for the production of these important lipid mediators.
BibTeX: @article{Arneson:1999, author = {Arneson, L.S. and Kunz, J. and Anderson, R.A. and Traub, L.M.}, title = {Coupled inositide phosphorylation and phospholipase D activation initiates clathrin-coat assembly on lysosomes}, journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry}, year = {1999}, volume = {274}, number = {25}, pages = {17794-17805}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033580933&partnerID=40&md5=e192910436fec433296bc40410e80393}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.25.17794} }
Arnhold, M., Yoder, J. and Engeland, W.	Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy prevents drinking- induced reduction in plasma corticosterone in water-restricted rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Endocrinology Vol. 150(5), pp. 2300-2307	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Dehydrated rats exhibit a rapid inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis after rehydration. Drinking activates vagal afferents that project to neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). We hypothesized that when dehydrated rats drink, vagal afferents stimulate NTS neurons initiating inhibition of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity. Experiments assessed NTS activity by measuring Fos expression. Rats were water restricted for 1 or 6 d, limiting access to water to 30 min/d in the morning. Drinking after single or repeated restriction increased Fos, demonstrating increased NTS activity. We next examined the contribution of the vagus by comparing hormonal responses after total subdiaphragmatic vagotomy or sham surgery. Water restriction for6din- creased plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP), ACTH, and adrenal and plasma corticosterone in both groups. In sham rats, drinking reduced plasma AVP, ACTH, adrenal and plasma corticosterone by 7.5 min. In total subdiaphragmatic vagotomy rats, whereas drinking reduced plasma AVP, ACTH, and adrenal corticosterone, drinking did not reduce plasma corticosterone. To identify the source of vagal activity, hormonal responses to restriction-induced drinking were measured after common hepatic branch vagotomy (HBV). Although pituitary hormonal responses were not affected by HBV, the adrenal and plasma corticosterone responses to water restriction were reduced; in addition, drinking in HBV rats decreased adrenal corticosterone without changing plasma corticosterone. These data indicate that an intact vagus is necessary to reduce plasma corticosterone when water-restricted rats drink and that the common hepatic vagal branch contributes to the response. These findings implicate the vagus in augmenting rapid removal of circulating corticosterone during relief from stress. Copyright © 2009 by The Endocrine Society.
BibTeX: @article{Arnhold:2009, author = {Arnhold, M.M. and Yoder, J.M. and Engeland, W.C.}, title = {Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy prevents drinking- induced reduction in plasma corticosterone in water-restricted rats}, journal = {Endocrinology}, year = {2009}, volume = {150}, number = {5}, pages = {2300-2307}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-66449103110&partnerID=40&md5=538f7740a33438cfa0bc1d2244e710e2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-1594} }
Arnold, A.	A technique for simultaneous steroid autoradiography and retrograde labelling of neurons [BibTeX]	1980	Brain Research Vol. 194(1), pp. 210-212	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{Arnold:1980, author = {Arnold, A.P.}, title = {A technique for simultaneous steroid autoradiography and retrograde labelling of neurons}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1980}, volume = {194}, number = {1}, pages = {210-212}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0019154363&partnerID=40&md5=7783a4f4b5298610919c8ee5deb3b324}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(80)91330-X} }
Arnold, F.J., De Lucas Bueno, M., Shiers, H., Hancock, D.C., Evan, G.I. and Herbert, J.	Expression of c-fos in regions of the basal limbic forebrain following intracerebroventricular corticotropin-releasing factor in unstressed or stressed male rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Neuroscience Vol. 51(2), pp. 377-390School: Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, U.K.	article	DOI
Abstract: Corticotropin-releasing factor has an integrative role on the behavioral, endocrine and autonomic responses to stress. Immediate-early gene (c-fos) expression was used to determine patterns of neural activity in the limbic system following i.c.v. infusion of corticotropin-releasing factor. Either 250 or 1000 pmol corticotropin-releasing factor infused into the lateral ventricle of precannulated and handled male rats resulted in marked c-fos expression 60 or 120 min later in localized regions of the basal forebrain, including the ventrolateral septum, the dorsal and medial parvicellular divisions of the paraventricular nucleus, the central nucleus of the amygdala, and dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Pre-infusion of alpha-helical corticotropin-releasing factor (2500 pmol), a competitive corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor, had no effect on immediate-early gene expression alone but reduced that elicited by exogenous i.c.v. corticotropin- releasing factor (250 pmol)--in some areas to control levels. Fifteen minutes of restraint stress, a situation in which corticotropin-releasing factor is released endogenously, also activated c-fos expression in a pattern that resembled corticotropin-releasing factor infusions but was not identical. There was enhanced expression in the dorsal and medial areas of the paraventricular nucleus, but not its magnocellular region, and increased expression in the ventrolateral septum; however, there was no detectable response on the central amygdala. Preinfusion of alpha-helical corticotropin-releasing factor (2500 pmol) had no significant effect on stress-induced c-fos expression in the ventrolateral septum or paraventricular nucleus. This suggests that corticotropin-releasing factor release may form only a part of the central neurochemical response to restraint stress. Rats given i.c.v. corticotropin-releasing factor (250 pmol) before restraint stress showed additive effects on c-fos in the ventrolateral septum but not in the paraventricular nucleus; the central nucleus of the amygdala reacted as if corticotropin-releasing factor alone had been infused. Corticosterone levels were raised by both stress and corticotropin-releasing factor, but pretreatment with alpha-helical corticotropin-releasing factor reduced them after either procedure, which correlates with c-fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus and ventrolateral septum. These results show that corticotropin-releasing factor induces a specific pattern of c-fos expression in localized regions of the amygdala, hypothalamus and septum, which may indicate a corresponding pattern of neural activation. Restraint, one form of stress, activates c-fos in a similar but not identical manner, suggesting that corticotropin-releasing factor may not be the only neuropeptide involved in the response to this stressor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Arnold:1992, author = {Arnold, F. J. and De Lucas Bueno, M. and Shiers, H. and Hancock, D. C. and Evan, G. I. and Herbert, J.}, title = {Expression of c-fos in regions of the basal limbic forebrain following intracerebroventricular corticotropin-releasing factor in unstressed or stressed male rats.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, U.K.}, year = {1992}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, pages = {377--390}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(92)90322-s} }
Arnold, H., Fadel, J., Sarter, M. and Bruno, J.	Amphetamine-stimulated cortical acetylcholine release: Role of the basal forebrain [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Brain Research Vol. 894(1), pp. 74-87	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Systemic administration of amphetamine results in increases in the release of acetylcholine in the cortex. Basal forebrain mediation of this effect was examined in three experiments using microdialysis in freely-moving rats. Experiment 1 examined whether dopamine receptor activity within the basal forebrain was necessary for amphetamine-induced increase in cortical acetylcholine by examining whether intra-basalis perfusion of dopamine antagonists attenuates this increase. Systemic administration of 2.0 mg/kg amphetamine increased dopamine efflux within the basal forebrain nearly 700% above basal levels. However, the increase in cortical acetylcholine efflux following amphetamine administration was unaffected by intra-basalis perfusions of high concentrations of D1- (100 μM SCH 23390) or D2-like (100 μM sulpiride) dopamine receptor antagonists. Experiments 2 and 3 determined whether glutamatergic or GABAergic local modulation of the excitability of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons influences the ability of systemic amphetamine to increase cortical acetylcholine efflux. In Experiment 2, perfusion of kynurenate (1.0 mM), a non-selective glutamate receptor antagonist, into the basal forebrain attenuated the increase in cortical acetylcholine produced by amphetamine. Experiment 3 revealed that positive modulation of GABAergic transmission by bilateral intra-basalis infusion of the benzodiazepine receptor agonist chlordiazepoxide (40 μg/hemisphere) also attenuated the amphetamine-stimulated increase in cortical acetylcholine efflux. These data suggest that amphetamine increases cortical acetylcholine release via a complex neuronal network rather than simply increasing basal forebrain D1 or D2 receptor activity. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Arnold:2001a, author = {Arnold, H.Moore and Fadel, J. and Sarter, M. and Bruno, J.P.}, title = {Amphetamine-stimulated cortical acetylcholine release: Role of the basal forebrain}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2001}, volume = {894}, number = {1}, pages = {74-87}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035831064&partnerID=40&md5=0e786d8498b5ca98a9aff73431a4aadb}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(00)03328-X} }
Arnold, M., Mura, A., Langhans, W. and Geary, N.	Gut vagal afferents are not necessary for the eating-stimulatory effect of intraperitoneally injected ghrelin in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	J Neurosci Vol. 26(43), pp. 11052-11060School: Institute of Animal Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Ghrelin is unique among gut peptides in that its plasma level increases during fasts and its administration stimulates eating. Although ghrelin physiology has been intensively studied, whether its eating-stimulatory effect arises from endocrine-neural signal transduction at peripheral or central sites remains unresolved. To address this issue, we tested the effects of subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation (SDA), the most complete and selective vagal deafferentation method available, on ghrelin-induced eating. SDA was verified with a cholecystokinin satiation test, retrograde labeling of vagal motor neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus with fluorogold, and anterograde labeling of vagal afferents in the nucleus tractus solitarius with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase. Intraperitoneal injections of 10-40 microg/kg ghrelin stimulated eating as robustly in rats with verified complete SDA as in sham-operated controls. Ghrelin also stimulated eating in rats with total subdiaphragmatic vagotomies. We also recorded the electrophysiological responses of gastric load-sensitive vagal afferent neurons to intravenous ghrelin. Ghrelin (10 nmol) phasically (0-30 s) increased activity in two of seven gastric load-sensitive fibers in the absence of gastric loads and tonically (5-30 min) increased activity in only one fiber. Ghrelin did not affect any of the eight fibers tested in the presence of 1-3 ml gastric loads. We conclude that although phasic increases in plasma ghrelin may affect the activity of a fraction of gastric load-sensitive vagal afferents, the acute eating-stimulatory effect of intraperitoneal ghrelin does not require vagal afferent signaling.
BibTeX: @article{Arnold:2006, author = {Arnold, Myrtha and Mura, Anna and Langhans, Wolfgang and Geary, Nori}, title = {Gut vagal afferents are not necessary for the eating-stimulatory effect of intraperitoneally injected ghrelin in the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Institute of Animal Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland.}, year = {2006}, volume = {26}, number = {43}, pages = {11052--11060}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2606-06.2006}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2606-06.2006} }
Arnold, P.B., Li, C.X. and Waters, R.S.	Thalamocortical arbors extend beyond single cortical barrels: an in vivo intracellular tracing study in rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Exp Brain Res Vol. 136(2), pp. 152-168School: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis 38163, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: Neurons in layer IV of rat somatosensory (SI) barrel cortex receive punctate somatic input from well-defined regions of the periphery. Following peripheral deafferentation, SI neurons in deafferented cortex respond to new input from neighboring regions of the skin surface. The precise mechanism(s) through which this occurs is unknown, although corticocortical and barreloid to barrel connections have been suggested as possible substrates. Because layer-IV barrels receive a strong afferent input from ventroposterior (VP) thalamic projection neurons, any divergence in the thalamocortical (TC) projection to multiple cortical barrels could also provide an anatomical substrate for rapid cortical reorganization. We used in-vivo intracellular recording methods to record and physiologically identify neurons in rat VP and to label those neurons with an intracellular tracer. Thalamic neurons (n=117) were impaled with sharp intracellular electrodes, and the receptive field(s) and firing pattern were measured. Cells were then injected with biocytin or biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). A total of 38 labeled TC neurons were quantitatively analyzed for soma size and dendritic arborization size; quantitative analysis of TC-axon arborizations in layer IV of barrel cortex was carried out in a total of 13 TC neurons. Two different axon-arborization patterns were identified in SI cortex: direct-projecting axons (n=6) were observed to project to and arborize within a single cortical barrel as well as extend their fibers into adjacent barrels; bifurcating-type axons (n=7) were seen to bifurcate in the subcortical white matter or in layer VI and then project to multiple barrel columns, where they arborized in layer IV. Axon fibers were always observed in three or more cortical barrels (mean=5, range=3-7). The mean mediolateral extent of arborizations in layer IV for the direct-projecting and bifurcating type axons were 458 microm and 1,302 microm, respectively, and these were significantly different (t=3.78, P<0.01) . Axon-fiber length within cortical laminae was measured for each arborization pattern in relationship to the total fiber length within a cortical column. Direct-projecting axons always had greater than 50% of their fiber length within layer IV. Bifurcating-type axons were differentially distributed within multiple columns and always had less than 50% of their total column fiber length in layer IV. Morphological analysis of TC somata and dendrites revealed no correlation between local neuron morphology and axonal-arborization patterns. All intracellularly recorded TC neurons had similar adapting firing patterns when injected with a long-duration pulse. Our results showed that TC neurons project to multiple cortical barrels with one barrel receiving the principal input. This divergent TC projection pattern in SI cortex may provide an anatomical substrate for cortical plasticity and must be considered in any mechanism of rapid cortical reorganization.
BibTeX: @article{Arnold:2001, author = {P. B. Arnold and C. X. Li and R. S. Waters}, title = {Thalamocortical arbors extend beyond single cortical barrels: an in vivo intracellular tracing study in rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis 38163, USA.}, year = {2001}, volume = {136}, number = {2}, pages = {152--168}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s002210000570} }
Arnold, P.B., Li, C.X. and Waters, R.S.	Thalamocortical arbors extend beyond single cortical barrels: an in vivo intracellular tracing study in rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Experimental brain research Vol. 136, pp. 152-68	article
Abstract: Neurons in layer IV of rat somatosensory (SI) barrel cortex receive punctate somatic input from well-defined regions of the periphery. Following peripheral deafferentation, SI neurons in deafferented cortex respond to new input from neighboring regions of the skin surface. The precise mechanism(s) through which this occurs is unknown, although corticocortical and barreloid to barrel connections have been suggested as possible substrates. Because layer-IV barrels receive a strong afferent input from ventroposterior (VP) thalamic projection neurons, any divergence in the thalamocortical (TC) projection to multiple cortical barrels could also provide an anatomical substrate for rapid cortical reorganization. We used in-vivo intracellular recording methods to record and physiologically identify neurons in rat VP and to label those neurons with an intracellular tracer. Thalamic neurons (n=117) were impaled with sharp intracellular electrodes, and the receptive field(s) and firing pattern were measured. Cells were then injected with biocytin or biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). A total of 38 labeled TC neurons were quantitatively analyzed for soma size and dendritic arborization size; quantitative analysis of TC-axon arborizations in layer IV of barrel cortex was carried out in a total of 13 TC neurons. Two different axon-arborization patterns were identified in SI cortex: direct-projecting axons (n=6) were observed to project to and arborize within a single cortical barrel as well as extend their fibers into adjacent barrels; bifurcating-type axons (n=7) were seen to bifurcate in the subcortical white matter or in layer VI and then project to multiple barrel columns, where they arborized in layer IV. Axon fibers were always observed in three or more cortical barrels (mean=5, range=3-7). The mean mediolateral extent of arborizations in layer IV for the direct-projecting and bifurcating type axons were 458 microm and 1,302 microm, respectively, and these were significantly different (t=3.78, P<0.01) . Axon-fiber length within cortical laminae was measured for each arborization pattern in relationship to the total fiber length within a cortical column. Direct-projecting axons always had greater than 50% of their fiber length within layer IV. Bifurcating-type axons were differentially distributed within multiple columns and always had less than 50% of their total column fiber length in layer IV. Morphological analysis of TC somata and dendrites revealed no correlation between local neuron morphology and axonal-arborization patterns. All intracellularly recorded TC neurons had similar adapting firing patterns when injected with a long-duration pulse. Our results showed that TC neurons project to multiple cortical barrels with one barrel receiving the principal input. This divergent TC projection pattern in SI cortex may provide an anatomical substrate for cortical plasticity and must be considered in any mechanism of rapid cortical reorganization.
BibTeX: @article{Arnold:2001b, author = {Arnold, P. B. and Li, C. X. and Waters, R. S.}, title = {Thalamocortical arbors extend beyond single cortical barrels: an in vivo intracellular tracing study in rat.}, journal = {Experimental brain research}, year = {2001}, volume = {136}, pages = {152-68}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Arnolda, L., McKitrick, D., Llewellyn-Smith, I. and Minson, J.	Nitric oxide limits pressor responses to sympathetic activation in rat spinal cord [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Hypertension Vol. 36(6), pp. 1089-1092	article	URL
Abstract: N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor stimulation is known to activate nitric oxide (NO) synthase, an enzyme present in a high proportion of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. In this study, we have examined the possibility that NO modulates the pressor responses elicited by NMDA receptor stimulation in the spinal cord. In experiments on anesthetized rats, we determined whether intrathecal administration of either 3-morpholinylsydnoneimine chloride (SIN-1), an NO donor, or N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an NO synthase inhibitor, affected the response to stimulation of spinal NMDA receptors by NMDA (1 pmol to 1 μmol in 10-μL intrathecal administration). Intrathecal NMDA resulted in dose-dependent increases in blood pressure. SIN-1 (100 nmol) attenuated the pressor responses to NMDA (F1,70 = 12, P=0.001). Conversely, L-NAME (1 nmol to 1 μmol) augmented the pressor response to NMDA in a dose-dependent manner (F3,161 = 28.3, P<0.001). The effect of L-NAME to amplify the pressor response to NMDA was reversed by L-arginine but not by D-arginine. These results indicate that endogenous synthesis of NO in the spinal cord limits the pressor response to stimulation of spinal NMDA receptors.
BibTeX: @article{Arnolda:2000, author = {Arnolda, L.F. and McKitrick, D.J. and Llewellyn-Smith, I.J. and Minson, J.B.}, title = {Nitric oxide limits pressor responses to sympathetic activation in rat spinal cord}, journal = {Hypertension}, year = {2000}, volume = {36}, number = {6}, pages = {1089-1092}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033664833&partnerID=40&md5=082e0002266be3817ae5ad786af83c5b} }
Arnsten, A.F. and Goldman-Rakic, P.S.	Selective prefrontal cortical projections to the region of the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei in the rhesus monkey. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Brain Res Vol. 306(1-2), pp. 9-18	article	DOI
Abstract: Descending cortical projections to the region of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) and the serotonergic dorsal and central superior raphe nuclei were analyzed in the rhesus monkey using anterograde labeling techniques. HRP pellets or tritiated leucine were injected into one of 7 cortical areas: the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, the orbital prefrontal cortex, the parietal association cortex, somatosensory cortex, the anterior portion of the inferior temporal gyrus, and the posterior portion of the inferior temporal gyrus. Anterogradely labeled fibers were found in and adjacent to the LC and raphe nuclei only following the dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortical injections. Terminal labeling was densest at rostral levels of the LC, particularly in the area directly medial to the nucleus. Labeled fibers could not be followed beyond caudal levels of the LC. The projections to the contralateral LC and raphe nuclei were similar to, but less dense than that to the ipsilateral region. Injections into cortical areas other than the dorsal prefrontal cortex resulted in anterograde labeling of the pontine nuclei or pyramids, but not the LC/raphe region. These data, in conjunction with studies in the rat, suggest that the dorsal prefrontal cortex may be the only cortical area to have direct influence on the LC and raphe nuclei and secondary influence on the monoaminergic innervation of large areas of cerebral cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Arnsten:1984, author = {A. F. Arnsten and P. S. Goldman-Rakic}, title = {Selective prefrontal cortical projections to the region of the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei in the rhesus monkey.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {306}, number = {1-2}, pages = {9--18}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(84)90351-2} }
Aroniadou, V.A. and Keller, A.	The patterns and synaptic properties of horizontal intracortical connections in the rat motor cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	J Neurophysiol Vol. 70(4), pp. 1553-1569School: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.	article
Abstract: 1. The laminar distribution of synaptic activity in the primary motor cortex, elicited by stimulation of intracortical, horizontal afferents, was studied in young (12-17 days old) and adult rats using the in vitro brain slice preparation. Connectivity patterns were deduced from current-source density (CSD) analyses of field potential depth profiles and were confirmed by anatomic data of retrograde cell labeling after focal injections of a fluorescent tracer. 2. According to the CSD distributions, horizontal axons in layer II/III provide strong monosynaptic input to dendrites of layer II and III pyramidal cells in a distant column, and weaker monosynaptic input to layer V and VI cells by synapsing on dendritic fields at the border of layer III and V and in deep layer V. When these pathways are activated, layer II/III cells may relay excitatory activity to upper and deep layer V, as well as to other cells in layer II/III of the same column. Axons arising from layer V provide monosynaptic input to pyramidal cells in all layers of neighboring columns, by synapsing in two dendritic fields: one in the superficial layers and the other in middle layer V. Activation of these pathways may generate a disynaptic intracolumnar input from layer II/III cells to middle layer V, as well as to other cells in layer II/III. Similar patterns of synaptic activity were elicited by stimulation from 0.45 to 2 mm distal to the recorded column. There were no apparent differences between young and adult rats in the connectivity patterns revealed by the CSD analyses. 3. Tracer injections in layer III resulted in retrograde labeling of cells in layers II/III and V, at distances > 2 mm from the injection site, whereas injections in layer V resulted in retrograde labeling of cells at long distances in layer V and to a lesser extent in layer II/III. These findings indicate that neurons in layer V project, via horizontal axon collaterals, for long distances within layers III and V, whereas the horizontal axon collaterals of layer III cells are restricted, for the most part, to the superficial layers. 4. Suppression of inhibitory activity by bath application of the gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI) did not alter the pattern of the CSD distributions. All synaptic currents present in the control medium were enhanced by application of BMI, although the effect was more pronounced on the polysynaptic components.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Aroniadou:1993, author = {V. A. Aroniadou and A. Keller}, title = {The patterns and synaptic properties of horizontal intracortical connections in the rat motor cortex.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.}, year = {1993}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, pages = {1553--1569} }
Aroniadou, V. and Keller, A.	The patterns and synaptic properties of horizontal intracortical connections in the rat motor cortex [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 70(4), pp. 1553-1569	article	URL
Abstract: 1. The laminar distribution of synaptic activity in the primary motor cortex, elicited by stimulation of intracortical, horizontal afferents, was studied in young (12-17 days old) and adult rats using the in vitro brain slice preparation. Connectivity patterns were deduced from current-source density (CSD) analyses of field potential depth profiles and were confirmed by anatomic data of retrograde cell labeling after focal injections of a fluorescent tracer. 2. According to the CSD distributions, horizontal axons in layer II/III provide strong monosynaptic input to dendrites of layer II and III pyramidal cells in a distant column, and weaker monosynaptic input to layer V and VI cells by synapsing on dendritic fields at the border of layer III and V and in deep layer V. When these pathways are activated, layer II/III cells may relay excitatory activity to upper and deep layer V, as well as to other cells in layer II/III of the same column. Axons arising from layer V provide monosynaptic input to pyramidal cells in all layers of neighboring columns, by synapsing in two dendritic fields: one in the superficial layers and the other in middle layer V. Activation of these pathways may generate a disynaptic intracolumnar input from layer II/III cells to middle layer V, as well as to other cells in layer II/III. Similar patterns of synaptic activity were elicited by stimulation from 0.45 to 2 mm distal to the recorded column. There were no apparent differences between young and adult rats in the connectivity patterns revealed by the CSD analyses. 3. Tracer injections in layer III resulted in retrograde labeling of cells in layers II/III and V, at distances >2 mm from the injection site, whereas injections in layer V resulted in retrograde labeling of cells at long distances in layer V and to a lesser extent in layer II/III. These findings indicate that neurons in layer V project, via horizontal axon collaterals, for long distances within layers III and V, whereas the horizontal axon collaterals of layer III cells are restricted, for the most part, to the superficial layers. 4. Suppression of inhibitory activity by bath application of the γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA(A)) receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI) did not alter the pattern of the CSD distributions. All synaptic currents present in the control medium were enhanced by application of BMI, although the effect was more pronounced on the polysynaptic components. In young rats, the effects of BMI were completely reversed by bath application of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist D,L-2-amino-phosphonovalerate (APV), while in adult rats APV only reduced the currents revealed by application of BMI. 5. In both young and adult rats, blockade of non-NMDA receptors by bath application of 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) revealed CNQX-resistant currents that were blocked by bath application of APV. These NMDA receptor-mediated currents were more pronounced in the superficial layers when horizontal afferents in layer II/III were stimulated, whereas they were more pronounced in layer V in response to the horizontal input from layer V. 6. These findings suggest that neurons within different representation zones in the motor cortex are connected via long, horizontal and oblique excitatory connections. The specific patterns of synaptic inputs mediated by these intrinsic connections reflect, for the most part, the anatomic arrangement of excitatory connections. The role of inhibition is primarily to limit postsynaptic responses to the more powerful inputs within organized excitatory circuits, rather than to specify the spatiotemporal pattern of activity in a network of nonspecific excitatory connections. The intracortical synaptic interactions revealed in this study may be involved in the spatiotemporal coordination of muscles during voluntary movement and in synaptic plasticity in the motor cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Aroniadou:1993a, author = {Aroniadou, V.A. and Keller, A.}, title = {The patterns and synaptic properties of horizontal intracortical connections in the rat motor cortex}, journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology}, year = {1993}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, pages = {1553-1569}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027377975&partnerID=40&md5=d117d02827e3223435e0417a3583031b} }
Aronin, N., Chase, K. and DiFiglia, M.	Glutamic acid decarboxylase and enkephalin immunoreactive axon terminals in the rat neostriatum synapse with striatonigral neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Brain Res Vol. 365(1), pp. 151-158	article	DOI
Abstract: Synaptic interactions between striatal projection neurons and axon terminals containing immunoreactive glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) or Leu-enkephalin were examined in the rat neostriatum using a combined method of horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport from the substantia nigra and immunohistochemistry at the electron microscopic level. Results showed that numerous immunoreactive GAD and enkephalin boutons formed synapses with the cell bodies and dendrites of medium-sized striatonigral neurons. These findings demonstrate that within the neostriatum GABA and enkephalin directly influence caudate output pathways.
BibTeX: @article{Aronin:1986, author = {N. Aronin and K. Chase and M. DiFiglia}, title = {Glutamic acid decarboxylase and enkephalin immunoreactive axon terminals in the rat neostriatum synapse with striatonigral neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {365}, number = {1}, pages = {151--158}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(86)90732-8} }
Aronin, N., Chase, K. and DiFiglia, M.	Glutamic acid decarboxylase and enkephalin immunoreactive axon terminals in the rat neostriatum synapse with striatonigral neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Brain research Vol. 365, pp. 151-8	article
Abstract: Synaptic interactions between striatal projection neurons and axon terminals containing immunoreactive glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) or Leu-enkephalin were examined in the rat neostriatum using a combined method of horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport from the substantia nigra and immunohistochemistry at the electron microscopic level. Results showed that numerous immunoreactive GAD and enkephalin boutons formed synapses with the cell bodies and dendrites of medium-sized striatonigral neurons. These findings demonstrate that within the neostriatum GABA and enkephalin directly influence caudate output pathways.
BibTeX: @article{Aronin:1986a, author = {Aronin, N. and Chase, K. and DiFiglia, M.}, title = {Glutamic acid decarboxylase and enkephalin immunoreactive axon terminals in the rat neostriatum synapse with striatonigral neurons.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1986}, volume = {365}, pages = {151-8}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aronin, N., Chase, K., Folsom, R., Christakos, S. and DiFiglia, M.	Immunoreactive calcium-binding protein (calbindin-D28k) in interneurons and trigeminothalamic neurons of the rat nucleus caudalis localized with peroxidase and immunogold methods. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Synapse Vol. 7(2), pp. 106-113School: Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Calbindin-D28k is a highly abundant protein found in neurons in selected brain regions, including cells in sensory systems of the brainstem. Because of its capacity to bind cytosolic Ca++, calbindin-D28k is thought to contribute to the regulation of compartmental Ca++ concentrations in neurons. In this study of the rat spinal trigeminal nucleus, calbindin-D28k was localized with immunoperoxidase and immunogold methods. Results showed that immunoreactive calbindin-D28k neurons were widely distributed to all regions of the nucleus, but were particularly numerous in the substantia gelatinosa. Some trigemino-thalamic neurons that were identified by retrograde labeling of a conjugated wheat-germ agglutinin with horseradish peroxidase also contained calbindin-D28k immunoreactivity. Most of the calbindin-D28k labeling was found in cell bodies and dendrites. Axon terminals were rarely stained. More discrete labeling with a gold-conjugated second antibody showed that the predominant site of calbindin-D28k was the matrix of the cytoplasm. Gold label was also heavily associated with euchromatin within nuclei. These findings show that immunoreactive calbindin-D28k is localized to both interneurons and projecting neurons of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Many of these cells are likely to receive glutamatergic afferent inputs, which may act in part by increasing Ca++ flux into the neurons. Calbindin-D28k has a high capacity for buffering Ca++ and under some conditions may protect neurons against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. We speculate that calbindin-D28k may function to regulate calcium concentrations in spinal trigeminal neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Aronin:1991, author = {N. Aronin and K. Chase and R. Folsom and S. Christakos and M. DiFiglia}, title = {Immunoreactive calcium-binding protein (calbindin-D28k) in interneurons and trigeminothalamic neurons of the rat nucleus caudalis localized with peroxidase and immunogold methods.}, journal = {Synapse}, school = {Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655.}, year = {1991}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {106--113}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.890070204}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/syn.890070204} }
Arora, K.K., Smith, R. and Williams, J.F.	"Pyruvate recycling" and its influence on the estimation of the pentose pathway in intact liver and Morris hepatoma 5123TC cells. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Int J Biochem Vol. 19(2), pp. 147-158	article	DOI
Abstract: The phenomenon of "pyruvate recycling" is demonstrated in perfused rat liver, rabbit liver in situ and in Morris Hepatoma 5123TC cells and quantitatively measured using [2-14C]pyruvate and the method of Friedmann et al. (1971). Various metabolites, viz. lactate, DHAP, glucose, glucose 6-P and fructose 6-P were isolated and degraded following the metabolism of [2-14C]pyruvate and [2-14C]glycerol in order to assess the 14C-distributions imparted by "pyruvate recycling" reactions. The labelling of DHAP, lactate, glucose and glucose 6-P showed 14C randomizations consistent with the operation and the quantitative extent of "pyruvate recycling". These findings support the proposal that the actions of "pyruvate recycling" may account for the failure to find significant levels of 14C isotope at C-1 of glucose 6-P following the metabolism of [4,5,6-14C]- or [6-14C]glucose by L-type pentose pathway metabolism in aerobic intact tissues. "Pyruvate recycling" diminishes the measured value of the L-type pentose cycle in intact tissues and qualifies one of the mechanistic predictions of the L-type pentose pathway which was unravelled by tracing its reactions with labelled ribose 5-P and liver enzymes (Horecker et al., 1954; Williams et al., 1978a,b) in vitro. The demonstration of an association of L-type pentose pathway reactions with "pyruvate recycling" by way of the common reactions of their triose-P intermediates qualifies the superficial acceptance of the predictions of the L-type pathway in vitro for the distribution of isotopic labels by aerobic tissues in vivo.
BibTeX: @article{Arora:1987, author = {Arora, K. K. and Smith, R. and Williams, J. F.}, title = {"Pyruvate recycling" and its influence on the estimation of the pentose pathway in intact liver and Morris hepatoma 5123TC cells.}, journal = {Int J Biochem}, year = {1987}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {147--158}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-711x(87)90325-9} }
Arrati, P., Carmona, C., Dominguez, G., Beyer, C. and Rosenblatt, J.	GABA receptor agonists in the medial preoptic area and maternal behavior in lactating rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Physiology and Behavior Vol. 87(1), pp. 51-65	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We studied the effects of injecting agonists of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) muscimol (GABA-A receptor agonist) and baclofen (GABA-B receptor agonist) in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) and neighboring brain regions, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and lateral preoptic area (LPO) on maternal behavior. Lactating female rats were implanted with bilateral cannulae in the MPOA/BNST on day 1 postpartum. On day 5, a maternal behavior test was conducted in the home cage after females received injections of muscimol or baclofen (0, 12.5, 50 or 200 ng per side). On day 7, after MPOA/BNST injections, a second maternal behavior test was conducted with pups placed at the end of a T-runway projecting from the home cage. Finally, after injections on day 9 maternal aggression, olfaction, and locomotor behavior were tested. The GABA receptor agonists injected in the MPOA/BNST produced dose-dependent deficits in all components of maternal behavior, including maternal aggression, except licking. Muscimol produced deficits in the active component, nest building at lower doses than baclofen, both agonists produced deficits in retrieving, while baclofen produced deficits in passive components (hovering and crouching over pups) at lower doses than muscimol. Both GABA receptor agonists increased locomotor activity and reduced olfactory responsiveness but these were only correlated with deficits in retrieving and crouching in baclofen-treated females. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Arrati:2006, author = {Arrati, P.G. and Carmona, C. and Dominguez, G. and Beyer, C. and Rosenblatt, J.S.}, title = {GABA receptor agonists in the medial preoptic area and maternal behavior in lactating rats}, journal = {Physiology and Behavior}, year = {2006}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, pages = {51-65}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-29144441477&partnerID=40&md5=2d16b3cdbfb63d645aeaecb042af809d}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.048} }
Arriaga, G., Macopson, J.J. and Jarvis, E.D.	Transsynaptic Tracing from Peripheral Targets with Pseudorabies Virus Followed by Cholera Toxin and Biotinylated Dextran Amines Double Labeling [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	J Vis Exp Vol. 103, pp. e50672	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Transsynaptic tracing has become a powerful tool used to analyze central efferents that regulate peripheral targets through multi-synaptic circuits. This approach has been most extensively used in the brain by utilizing the swine pathogen pseudorabies virus (PRV)1. PRV does not infect great apes, including humans, so it is most commonly used in studies on small mammals, especially rodents. The pseudorabies strain PRV152 expresses the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter gene and only crosses functional synapses retrogradely through the hierarchical sequence of synaptic connections away from the infection site. Other PRV strains have distinct microbiological properties and may be transported in both directions (PRV-Becker and PRV-Kaplan) . This protocol will deal exclusively with PRV152. By delivering the virus at a peripheral site, such as muscle, it is possible to limit the entry of the virus into the brain through a specific set of neurons. The resulting pattern of eGFP signal throughout the brain then resolves the neurons that are connected to the initially infected cells. As the distributed nature of transsynaptic tracing with pseudorabies virus makes interpreting specific connections within an identified network difficult, we present a sensitive and reliable method employing biotinylated dextran amines (BDA) and cholera toxin subunit b (CTb) for confirming the connections between cells identified using PRV152. Immunochemical detection of BDA and CTb with peroxidase and DAB (3, 3'-diaminobenzidine) was chosen because they are effective at revealing cellular processes including distal dendrites.
BibTeX: @article{Arriaga:2015, author = {Arriaga, G. and Macopson, J. J. and Jarvis, E. D.}, title = {Transsynaptic Tracing from Peripheral Targets with Pseudorabies Virus Followed by Cholera Toxin and Biotinylated Dextran Amines Double Labeling}, journal = {J Vis Exp}, year = {2015}, volume = {103}, pages = {e50672}, url = {http://www.jove.com/video/50672/transsynaptic-tracing-from-peripheral-targets-with-pseudorabies-virus}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3791/50672} }
Arsenio Nunes, M.L. and Sotelo, C.	Development of the spinocerebellar system in the postnatal rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 237, pp. 291-306	article
Abstract: The distribution of spinocerebellar projections from birth to adulthood in rats was analyzed by anterograde and retrograde tracing methods. A correlation between mossy fiber synaptogenesis and the establishment of spinocerebellar topography was also investigated with electron microscopy. Experiments with retrograde transport techniques indicate that the spinal axons reach the cerebellum in two successive groups: the first one, appearing prenatally, contains axons from neurons in the central cervical nucleus, Clarke's column, the sacral nucleus of Stilling, as well as from border cells. The second group, which reaches the cerebellum by P3, arises from new neurons of the same nuclear regions and from scattered cells of the spinal gray matter. The distribution and the morphological appearance of the spinal cells change between P1 and P3 and give the adult pattern by P7. The establishment of spinocerebellar projections occurs in four successive stages. In a first stage, spinal axons reach the cerebellum and occupy the prospective white matter of the anterior vermal lobe and of the pyramis. Later, during a "waiting" stage between P1 and P3, the spinal fibers become denser in the central white matter of both their anterior and posterior target zones but do not penetrate the gray matter. From P3 to P5 the protocolumnar stage takes place, and spinal axons invade the granular layer of the anterior lobe, where they begin to be organized in nascent sagittal columns. At the end of this stage, identifiable synaptic contacts between mossy terminals and granule cell dendrites are first observed in the anterior lobe by electron microscopy. In the pyramis, invasion of the granular layer begins only at P5. Between P5 and P7 the low intercolumnar dispersion of spinal fibers disappears and the projection reaches its fourth and final stage, characterized by a columnar organization corresponding to the adult pattern of the spinocerebellar projection. These results indicate that (1) the adult pattern of spinocerebellar projections is attained by P7. (2) The asynchronous invasion of the gray matter in the anterior and posterior lobes may be related to the chronology of mossy fiber maturation in these regions. (3) There is a temporal correlation between the columnar organization of the spinal axons and the appearance of the earliest-maturing mossy rosettes. However, a clear relationship between synaptogenesis and topographic organization could not be demonstrated.
BibTeX: @article{ArsenioNunes:1985a, author = {Arsenio Nunes, M. L. and Sotelo, C.}, title = {Development of the spinocerebellar system in the postnatal rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1985}, volume = {237}, pages = {291-306}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Arsénio Nunes, M.L. and Sotelo, C.	Development of the spinocerebellar system in the postnatal rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	J Comp Neurol Vol. 237(3), pp. 291-306	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The distribution of spinocerebellar projections from birth to adulthood in rats was analyzed by anterograde and retrograde tracing methods. A correlation between mossy fiber synaptogenesis and the establishment of spinocerebellar topography was also investigated with electron microscopy. Experiments with retrograde transport techniques indicate that the spinal axons reach the cerebellum in two successive groups: the first one, appearing prenatally, contains axons from neurons in the central cervical nucleus, Clarke's column, the sacral nucleus of Stilling, as well as from border cells. The second group, which reaches the cerebellum by P3, arises from new neurons of the same nuclear regions and from scattered cells of the spinal gray matter. The distribution and the morphological appearance of the spinal cells change between P1 and P3 and give the adult pattern by P7. The establishment of spinocerebellar projections occurs in four successive stages. In a first stage, spinal axons reach the cerebellum and occupy the prospective white matter of the anterior vermal lobe and of the pyramis. Later, during a "waiting" stage between P1 and P3, the spinal fibers become denser in the central white matter of both their anterior and posterior target zones but do not penetrate the gray matter. From P3 to P5 the protocolumnar stage takes place, and spinal axons invade the granular layer of the anterior lobe, where they begin to be organized in nascent sagittal columns. At the end of this stage, identifiable synaptic contacts between mossy terminals and granule cell dendrites are first observed in the anterior lobe by electron microscopy. In the pyramis, invasion of the granular layer begins only at P5. Between P5 and P7 the low intercolumnar dispersion of spinal fibers disappears and the projection reaches its fourth and final stage, characterized by a columnar organization corresponding to the adult pattern of the spinocerebellar projection. These results indicate that (1) the adult pattern of spinocerebellar projections is attained by P7. (2) The asynchronous invasion of the gray matter in the anterior and posterior lobes may be related to the chronology of mossy fiber maturation in these regions. (3) There is a temporal correlation between the columnar organization of the spinal axons and the appearance of the earliest-maturing mossy rosettes. However, a clear relationship between synaptogenesis and topographic organization could not be demonstrated.
BibTeX: @article{ArsenioNunes:1985, author = {Arsénio Nunes, M. L. and Sotelo, C.}, title = {Development of the spinocerebellar system in the postnatal rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1985}, volume = {237}, number = {3}, pages = {291--306}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902370302}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902370302} }
Arszovszki, A., Borhegyi, Z. and Klausberger, T.	Three axonal projection routes of individual pyramidal cells in the ventral CA1 hippocampus [BibTeX]	2014	Front Neuroanat Vol. 8, pp. 11School: Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Arszovszki:2014, author = {Arszovszki, Antonia and Borhegyi, Zsolt and Klausberger, Thomas}, title = {Three axonal projection routes of individual pyramidal cells in the ventral CA1 hippocampus}, journal = {Front Neuroanat}, school = {Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.}, year = {2014}, volume = {8}, pages = {11}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2014.00053} }
Arteaga, O., Revuelta, M., Uriguen, L., Martinez-Millan, L., Hilario, E. and Alvarez, A.	Docosahexaenoic Acid Reduces Cerebral Damage and Ameliorates Long-Term Cognitive Impairments Caused by Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in Rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2016	Mol Neurobiol	article	DOI
Abstract: As the interest in the neuroprotective possibilities of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for brain injury has grown in the recent years, we aimed to investigate the long-term effects of this fatty acid in an experimental model of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia in rats. To this end, motor activity, aspects of learning, and memory function and anxiety, as well as corticofugal connections visualized by using tracer injections, were evaluated at adulthood. We found that in the hours immediately following the insult, DHA maintained mitochondrial inner membrane integrity and transmembrane potential, as well as the integrity of synaptic processes. Seven days later, morphological damage at the level of the middle hippocampus was reduced, since neurons and myelin were preserved and the astroglial reactive response and microglial activation were seen to be diminished. At adulthood, the behavioral tests revealed that treated animals presented better long-term working memory and less anxiety than non-treated hypoxic-ischemic animals, while no difference was found in the spontaneous locomotor activity. Interestingly, hypoxic-ischemic injury caused alterations in the anterograde corticofugal neuronal connections which were not so evident in rats treated with DHA. Thus, our results indicate that DHA treatment can lead to long-lasting neuroprotective effects in this experimental model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemic brain injury, not only by mitigating axonal changes but also by enhancing cognitive performance at adulthood.
BibTeX: @article{Arteaga:2016, author = {Arteaga, O. and Revuelta, M. and Uriguen, L. and Martinez-Millan, L. and Hilario, E. and Alvarez, A.}, title = {Docosahexaenoic Acid Reduces Cerebral Damage and Ameliorates Long-Term Cognitive Impairments Caused by Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in Rats}, journal = {Mol Neurobiol}, year = {2016}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-016-0221-8} }
Arteaga, O., Revuelta, M., Uriguen, L., Martinez-Millan, L., Hilario, E. and Alvarez, A.	Docosahexaenoic Acid Reduces Cerebral Damage and Ameliorates Long-Term Cognitive Impairments Caused by Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in Rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2016	Molecular neurobiology	article	DOI
Abstract: As the interest in the neuroprotective possibilities of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for brain injury has grown in the recent years, we aimed to investigate the long-term effects of this fatty acid in an experimental model of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia in rats. To this end, motor activity, aspects of learning, and memory function and anxiety, as well as corticofugal connections visualized by using tracer injections, were evaluated at adulthood. We found that in the hours immediately following the insult, DHA maintained mitochondrial inner membrane integrity and transmembrane potential, as well as the integrity of synaptic processes. Seven days later, morphological damage at the level of the middle hippocampus was reduced, since neurons and myelin were preserved and the astroglial reactive response and microglial activation were seen to be diminished. At adulthood, the behavioral tests revealed that treated animals presented better long-term working memory and less anxiety than non-treated hypoxic-ischemic animals, while no difference was found in the spontaneous locomotor activity. Interestingly, hypoxic-ischemic injury caused alterations in the anterograde corticofugal neuronal connections which were not so evident in rats treated with DHA. Thus, our results indicate that DHA treatment can lead to long-lasting neuroprotective effects in this experimental model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemic brain injury, not only by mitigating axonal changes but also by enhancing cognitive performance at adulthood.
BibTeX: @article{Arteaga:2016a, author = {Arteaga, Olatz and Revuelta, M. and Uriguen, L. and Martinez-Millan, L. and Hilario, E. and Alvarez, A.}, title = {Docosahexaenoic Acid Reduces Cerebral Damage and Ameliorates Long-Term Cognitive Impairments Caused by Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in Rats.}, journal = {Molecular neurobiology}, year = {2016}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-016-0221-8} }
Arteel, G.E., Kadiiska, M.B., Rusyn, I., Bradford, B.U., Mason, R.P., Raleigh, J.A. and Thurman, R.G.	Oxidative stress occurs in perfused rat liver at low oxygen tension by mechanisms involving peroxynitrite. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Mol Pharmacol Vol. 55(4), pp. 708-715School: Laboratory of Hepatobiology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365, USA.	article
Abstract: Ethanol increases free radical formation; however, it was recently demonstrated that it also causes extensive hypoxia in rat liver in vivo. To address this issue, it was hypothesized that peroxynitrite formed in normoxic periportal regions of the liver lobule has its reactivity enhanced in hypoxic pericentral regions where the pH is lower. Via this pathway, peroxynitrite could lead to free radical formation in the absence of oxygen. Livers from fed rats were perfused at low flow rates for 75 min. Under these conditions, periportal regions were well oxygenated but pericentral areas became hypoxic. Low-flow perfusion caused a significant 6-fold increase in nitrotyrosine accumulation in pericentral regions. During the last 20 min of perfusion, the spin-trap alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone was infused and adducts were collected for electron-spin resonance analysis. A six-line radical adduct signal was detected in perfusate. Direct infusion of peroxynitrite produced a radical adduct with identical coupling constants, and a similar pattern of nitrotyrosine accumulation was observed. Retrograde perfusion at low rates resulted in accumulation of nitrotyrosine in periportal regions. Although the magnitude of the radical in perfusate was increased by ethanol, it was not derived directly from it. Both nitrotyrosine accumulation and radical formation were reduced by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, but not with the inactive D-isomer. Radical formation was decreased nearly completely by superoxide dismutase and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, consistent with the hypothesis that the final prooxidant is a derivative from both NO. and superoxide (i.e., peroxynitrite). These results support the hypothesis that oxidative stress occurs in hypoxic regions of the liver lobule by mechanisms involving peroxynitrite.
BibTeX: @article{Arteel:1999, author = {Arteel, G. E. and Kadiiska, M. B. and Rusyn, I. and Bradford, B. U. and Mason, R. P. and Raleigh, J. A. and Thurman, R. G.}, title = {Oxidative stress occurs in perfused rat liver at low oxygen tension by mechanisms involving peroxynitrite.}, journal = {Mol Pharmacol}, school = {Laboratory of Hepatobiology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365, USA.}, year = {1999}, volume = {55}, number = {4}, pages = {708--715}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Arteni, N., Lavinsky, D., Rodrigues, A., Frison, V. and Netto, C.	Agmatine facilitates memory of an inhibitory avoidance task in adult rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Neurobiology of Learning and Memory Vol. 78(2), pp. 465-469	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Agmatine is a new putative neurotransmitter; however, the physiological role(s) of this endogenous released polyamine is still to be determined. We investigated its cognitive effect in an inhibitory avoidance task in adult rats. Agmatine (0.1, 1, 10, and 20 mg/kg) or saline was administered ip immediately after training or 1 h before testing. Posttraining injection of agmatine facilitated (p < 0.05) memory consolidation in this task; however pretest treatment showed no effect on retrieval (p > 0.05). We suggest that the facilitatory effect of agmatine on memory consolidation in inhibitory avoidance task might be mediated through the activation of the locus coeruleus. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).
BibTeX: @article{Arteni:2002, author = {Arteni, N.S. and Lavinsky, D. and Rodrigues, A.L. and Frison, V.B. and Netto, C.A.}, title = {Agmatine facilitates memory of an inhibitory avoidance task in adult rats}, journal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory}, year = {2002}, volume = {78}, number = {2}, pages = {465-469}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036434752&partnerID=40&md5=5d6f33744d516ff3307b2eecfdd312b2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/nlme.2002.4076} }
Artieda, J. and Ullán, J.	Brain stem projections to the cerebral cortex in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1979	Experientia Vol. 35(6), pp. 782-783	article	DOI
Abstract: By means of the HRP method it was shown that the entire cerebral cortex, but in greater proportion the frontal and posterior temporo-parietal regions, receive fibres from the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei and from the locus coeruleus. In contrast, the pars compacta substantiae nigrae and the tegmental area send projections to the motor and cingular areas respectively.
BibTeX: @article{Artieda:1979, author = {Artieda, J and Ullán, J}, title = {Brain stem projections to the cerebral cortex in the rat.}, journal = {Experientia}, year = {1979}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, pages = {782--783}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01968245} }
Artis, A.S., Bitiktas, S., Ta?k?n, E., Dolu, N., Liman, N. and Suer, C.	Experimental hypothyroidism delays field excitatory post-synaptic potentials and disrupts hippocampal long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation and Y-maze performance in adult rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	J Neuroendocrinol Vol. 24(3), pp. 422-433School: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Manipulations of thyroid hormones have been shown to influence learning and memory. Although a large body of literature is available on the effect of thyroid hormone deficiency on learning and memory functions during the developmental stage, electrophysiological and behavioural findings, particularly on propylthiouracil administration to adult normothyroid animals, are not satisfactory. The experiments in the present study were carried out on 12 adult male Wistar rats aged 6-7 months. Hypothyroidism was induced by administering 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil in their drinking water for 21 days at a concentration of 0.05%. The spatial learning performance of hypothyroid and control rats was studied on a Y-maze. The rats were then placed in a stereotaxic frame under urethane anaesthesia. A bipolar tungsten electrode was used to stimulate the medial perforant path. A glass micropipette was inserted into the granule cell layer of the ipsilateral dentate gyrus to record field excitatory post-synaptic potentials. After a 15-min baseline recording of field potentials, long-term potentiation was induced by four sets of tetanic trains. The propylthiouracil-treated rats showed a significantly attenuated input-output (I/O) relationship when population spike (PS) amplitudes and field excitatory post-synaptic potentials (fEPSP) were compared. fEPSP and PS latencies were found to be longer in the hypothyroid group than in the control group. The PS amplitude and fEPSP slope potentiations in the hypothyroid rats were not statistically different from those in the control rats, except for the field EPSP slope measured in the post-tetanic and maintenance phases. The hypothyroid rats also showed lower thyroxine levels and poor performance in the spatial memory task. The present study provides in vivo evidence for the action of propylthiouracil leading to impaired synaptic plasticity, which might explain deficit in spatial memory tasks in adult hypothyroid rats.
BibTeX: @article{Artis:2012, author = {Artis, A. S. and Bitiktas, S. and Ta?k?n, E. and Dolu, N. and Liman, N. and Suer, C.}, title = {Experimental hypothyroidism delays field excitatory post-synaptic potentials and disrupts hippocampal long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation and Y-maze performance in adult rats.}, journal = {J Neuroendocrinol}, school = {Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.}, year = {2012}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {422--433}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02253.x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02253.x} }
Arts, M.P.M. and Groenewegen, H.J.	Relationships of the Dendritic Arborizations of Ventral Striatomesencephalic Projection Neurons With Boundaries of Striatal Compartments. An In Vitro Intracellular Labelling Study in the Rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 4(6), pp. 574-588School: Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.	article	DOI
Abstract: We studied the relationships of the dendrites of ventral striatomesencephalic projection neurons with the compartmental structure of the ventral striatum, as revealed by enkephalin immunohistochemistry. Lightly fixed slices were employed in which Lucifer yellow was intracellularly injected into neurons that were retrogradely labelled following Fast Blue injections in the ventral tegmental area. Double immunohistochemical staining was carried out using antisera to Lucifer yellow and Leu-enkephalin. Most of the 226 injected cells were located in the core region of the nucleus accumbens. All these neurons were of the small- to medium-sized spiny type. The dendritic arborizations of over 90% of the cells remained within the compartment in which the parent cell bodies resided. The dendrites of most of these neurons abutted the border of the compartment, whereas a smaller number of neurons had dendrites that were distant from any compartmental boundary. The dendrites of fewer than 10% of the neurons crossed the borders of compartments. Only a few cells were injected in the shell region of the nucleus accumbens. None of these neurons extended its dendrites into the core region of the nucleus or into the territory of the clusters of small cells which characterize the shell. The present results demonstrate that the dendrites of the great majority of ventral striatomesencephalic neurons comply with the boundaries of ventral striatal enkephalin compartments. Together with the results of previous studies showing that such compartments are selectively innervated by thalamic and cortical afferents, and have outputs to different areas in the ventral mesencephalon, the present data suggest the existence of discrete channels through the ventral striatum.
BibTeX: @article{Arts:1992, author = {Arts, Monique P. M. and Groenewegen, Henk J.}, title = {Relationships of the Dendritic Arborizations of Ventral Striatomesencephalic Projection Neurons With Boundaries of Striatal Compartments. An In Vitro Intracellular Labelling Study in the Rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.}, year = {1992}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {574--588}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1992.tb00907.x} }
Aruna, A., Nagarajan, G. and Chang, C.-F.	The acute salinity changes activate the dual pathways of endocrine responses in the brain and pituitary of tilapia [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	General and Comparative Endocrinology Vol. 211, pp. 154-164	article	DOI URL
Abstract: To analyze and compare the stress and osmoregulatory hormones and receptors in pituitary during acute salinity changes, the expression patterns of corticotropin releasing hormone (. crh) in hypothalamus, prolactin (. prl) releasing peptide (. pRrp) in telencephalon and diencephalon, glucocorticoid receptors 2 (. gr2), and mineralocorticoid receptor (. mr), crh-r, pro-opiomelanocorticotropin (. pomc), pRrp, prl, dopamine 2 receptor (. d2-r), growth hormone (. gh), gh-receptor (. gh-r) and insulin-like growth hormone (. igf-1) transcripts in pituitary were characterized in euryhaline tilapia. The results indicate that the crh transcripts increased in the hypothalamus and rostral pars distalis of the pituitary after the transfer of fish to SW. Similarly, the pRrp transcripts were more abundant in SW acclimated tilapia forebrain and hypothalamus. The crh-r, gr2 and mr transcripts were more expressed in rostral pars distalis and pars intermedia of pituitary at SW than FW tilapia. The data indicate that the SW acclimation stimulates these transcripts in the specific regions of the brain and pituitary which may be related to the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI)-axis. The results of dual in situ hybridization reveal that the transcripts of crh-r, gr2 and mr with pomc are highly co-localized in corticotrophs of pituitary. Furthermore, we demonstrate high expression of pRrp in the brain and low expression of pRrp and prl transcripts in the pituitary of SW fish. No crh-r and corticosteroid receptors were co-localized with prl transcripts in the pituitary. The gh-r and igf-1 mRNA levels were significantly increased in SW acclimated tilapia pituitary whereas there was no difference in the gh mRNA levels. The data suggest that the locally produced pRrp and d2-r may control and regulate the expression of prl mRNA in pituitary. Therefore, the dual roles of pRrp are involved in the stress (via brain-pituitary) and osmoregulatory (via pituitary) pathways in tilapia exposed to acute salinity changes. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Aruna:2015, author = {Aruna, A. and Nagarajan, G. and Chang, C.-F.}, title = {The acute salinity changes activate the dual pathways of endocrine responses in the brain and pituitary of tilapia}, journal = {General and Comparative Endocrinology}, year = {2015}, volume = {211}, pages = {154-164}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84920993057&partnerID=40&md5=048b12bfe54934121ada051befec9e94}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.12.005} }
ArunaDevi, R., Ramteke, V.D., Kumar, S., Shukla, M.K., Jaganathan, S., Kumar, D., Sharma, A.K. and Tandan, S.K.	Neuroprotective effect of s-methylisothiourea in transient focal cerebral ischemia in rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Nitric Oxide Vol. 22(1), pp. 1-10School: Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243 122, India.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Over production of NO by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the brain parenchyma has been demonstrated to contribute to tissue damage. NO may be toxic by formation of peroxinitrite after a reaction between NO and superoxide appears to be one of the major pathways leading to cell death. Of three types of NOS, nNOS is neurotoxic in early and iNOS in late stage of transient cerebral ischemia (TFCI), while eNOS is neuroprotective in all stages. We examined the neuroprotective effect of a preferential iNOS inhibitor s-methylisothiourea (SMT) at 0, 8, 24 and 48h as multiple injections (30 and 100mg/kg, i.p.) in ischemia and reperfusion injury in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (2h) and reperfusion (72h). After 2h of ischemia and 72h of reperfusion, animals were sacrificed for studying the infarct volume, brain edema and apoptosis and neuro-behavioral abnormality was assessed at 24, 48 and 72h of reperfusion. SMT reduced significantly the infarct volume, neuro-behavioral abnormality, brain edema, number of apoptotic cells in penumbra and NOx levels in plasma and brain both at 30 and 100mg/kg in dose-dependent manner. The amount of peroxynitrite measured by rhodamine assay was significantly reduced by SMT, as compared to control group. SMT protected Neuro 2a cells against sodium azide-induced damage. It is concluded that, SMT may possibly targeting both constitutive as well as inducible NOS at varying time interval to elicit neuroprotection in TFCI rats.
BibTeX: @article{ArunaDevi:2010, author = {ArunaDevi, Rathinam and Ramteke, Vinod D and Kumar, Saurabh and Shukla, Manoj K and Jaganathan, Subramani and Kumar, Dinesh and Sharma, Anil K and Tandan, Surendra K}, title = {Neuroprotective effect of s-methylisothiourea in transient focal cerebral ischemia in rat.}, journal = {Nitric Oxide}, school = {Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243 122, India.}, year = {2010}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {1--10}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2009.10.002}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2009.10.002} }
Arvanitogiannis, A., Flores, C. and Shizgal, P.	Fos-like immunoreactivity in the caudal diencephalon and brainstem following lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Behavioural Brain Research Vol. 88(2), pp. 275-279	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Fos immunohistochemistry was used to stain neurons in the caudal diencephalon, midbrain and hindbrain driven by rewarding stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Increases in Fos-like immunoreactivity were most pronounced ipsilateral to the site of stimulation and tended to be confined within discrete structures such as the posterior LH, arcuate nucleus, ventral tegmental area (VTA), central gray, dorsal raphe, pedunculopontine area (PPTg), parabrachial nucleus, and locus coeruleus. At least two of these structures, the VTA and PPTg, have been implicated in medial forebrain bundle self-stimulation.
BibTeX: @article{Arvanitogiannis:1997, author = {Arvanitogiannis, A. and Flores, C. and Shizgal, P.}, title = {Fos-like immunoreactivity in the caudal diencephalon and brainstem following lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation}, journal = {Behavioural Brain Research}, year = {1997}, volume = {88}, number = {2}, pages = {275-279}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030723273&partnerID=40&md5=cc579a6c81def91b1cb582dd641d928f}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(97)00065-X} }
Arvanitogiannis, A., Tzschentke, T., Riscaldino, L., Wise, R. and Shizgal, P.	Fos expression following self-stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Behavioural Brain Research Vol. 107(1-2), pp. 123-132	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Self-stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex and medial forebrain bundle appears to be mediated by different directly activated fibers. However, reward signals from the medial prefrontal cortex do summate with signals from the medial forebrain bundle, suggesting some overlap in the underlying neural circuitry. We have previously used Fos immunohistochemistry to visualize neurons activated by rewarding stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. In this study, we assessed Fos immunolabeling after self-stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex. Among the structures showing a greater density of labeled neurons in the stimulated hemisphere were the prelimbic and cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, lateral preoptic area, substantia innominata, lateral hypothalamus, anterior ventral tegmental area, and pontine nuclei. Surprisingly, little or no labeling was seen in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus or the locus coeruleus. Double immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase and Fos showed that within the ventral tegmental area, a substantial proportion of dopaminergic neurons did not express Fos. Despite previous suggestions to the contrary, comparison of the present findings with those of our previous Fos studies reveals a number of structures activated by rewarding stimulation of both the medial prefrontal cortex and the medial forebrain bundle. Some subset of activated cells in the common regions showing Fos-like immunoreactivity may contribute to the rewarding effect produced by stimulating either site. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Arvanitogiannis:2000, author = {Arvanitogiannis, A. and Tzschentke, T.M. and Riscaldino, L. and Wise, R.A. and Shizgal, P.}, title = {Fos expression following self-stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex}, journal = {Behavioural Brain Research}, year = {2000}, volume = {107}, number = {1-2}, pages = {123-132}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033991697&partnerID=40&md5=434d69eaff5e618cb968f109bdc945a9}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(99)00120-5} }
Arvidson, B.	Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase from cornea to trigeminal ganglion. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1977	Acta Neuropathol Vol. 38(1), pp. 49-52	article	DOI
Abstract: Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was dripped on the scarified left cornea of adult mice. Twenty-four hours later the animals were fixed by vascular perfusion and frozen sections cut from both trigeminal ganglia. After incubation for peroxidase activity labelled nerve cells were restricted to the medial ophthalmic part of the ganglion ipsilateral to HRP administration. If the scarification was omitted no neuronal labelling was observed. This labelling of the neurons is most probably the result from axonal uptake and subsequent retrograde axonal transport of the tracer. The similarity in distribution of peroxidase labelled nerve cells and the first ganglionic lesions occurring after instillation of herpes simplex virus in the cornea is pointed out.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidson:1977, author = {Arvidson, B.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase from cornea to trigeminal ganglion.}, journal = {Acta Neuropathol}, year = {1977}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {49--52}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00691276} }
Arvidson, B.	Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in sensory and adrenergic neurons following injection into the anterior eye chamber. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1979	J Neurocytol Vol. 8(6), pp. 751-764	article	DOI
Abstract: Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the anterior eye chamber of rats and mice and frozen sections from both superior cervical and trigeminal ganglia were incubated to demonstrate neurons accumulating the tracer by retrograde axonal transport. Labelled cells were observed only in ganglia ipsilateral to the HRP injection. Within the trigeminal ganglion, peroxidase-containing neurons were restricted to the medial ophthalmic area, whereas labelled cells in the superior cervical ganglion were more widely distributed. With the use of a new and more sensitive technique for the demonstration of HRP in neurons, it was possible to show retrograde transport also of small amounts of peroxidase injected into the anterior eye chamber. In addition, this technique enabled identification of the central and peripheral processes of neurons in the trigeminal ganglion and the dendrites and axons of sympathetic ganglion cells. The rate of retrograde HRP transport in rats was calculated to approximately 4--5 mm/h for both sensory and adrenergic nerves, which is consistent with previous estimates for this protein. It differs from the transport rate reported for nerve growth factor (NGF) and macromolecular toxins in sensory and adrenergic nerves of the same species. These rates were, however, obtained with a different method and in a different population of sensory neurons and are, therefore, not directly comparable. After treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine the number of HRP-labelled cells in the superior cervical ganglion was significantly reduced compared to controls. Cell counts from trigeminal ganglia showed no significant difference between controls and treated animals.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidson:1979, author = {Arvidson, B.}, title = {Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in sensory and adrenergic neurons following injection into the anterior eye chamber.}, journal = {J Neurocytol}, year = {1979}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {751--764}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01206674} }
Arvidson, B.	A study of the perineurial diffusion barrier of a peripheral ganglion. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1979	Acta Neuropathol Vol. 46(1-2), pp. 139-144	article	DOI
Abstract: The perineurial diffusion barrier to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and ferritin was investigated in superior cervical ganglia of rats and mice. The ganglion was surrounded by a delicate epineurium and 2-5 perineurial lamellae joined by zonulae occludentes and desmosomes. Following local application of tracers the animals were killed after 5, 30, and 60 min and the distribution of HRP and ferritin was studied by light and electron microscopy. The inner layers of the ganglionic perineurium prevented diffusion of both HRP and ferritin perineurial lamellae investing the ganglion. HRP had often extended to the innermost lamella 60 min after application. HRP and ferritin were present in vesicles of ganglionic perineurial cells. There was no passage of tracers via intercellular junctions.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidson:1979a, author = {Arvidson, B.}, title = {A study of the perineurial diffusion barrier of a peripheral ganglion.}, journal = {Acta Neuropathol}, year = {1979}, volume = {46}, number = {1-2}, pages = {139--144}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00684815} }
Arvidson, B. and Arvidsson, J.	Retrograde axonal transport of mercury in primary sensory neurons innervating the tooth pulp in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Neurosci Lett Vol. 115(1), pp. 29-32School: Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.	article	DOI
Abstract: The pulp cavity of the first upper molar was exposed unilaterally in adult rats with a dental drill and about 1 microliter of mercuric chloride was injected into the coronal pulp. The rats were killed after 1-24 days and frozen sections from the trigeminal ganglia were subjected to silver acetate autometallography for demonstration of mercury. Mercury was found to have accumulated in neurons of the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion by retrograde axonal transport. The possible implications of this finding are discussed.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidson:1990, author = {Arvidson, B. and Arvidsson, J.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport of mercury in primary sensory neurons innervating the tooth pulp in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, school = {Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.}, year = {1990}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, pages = {29--32}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(90)90512-8} }
Arvidson, B. and Arvidsson, J.	Retrograde axonal transport of mercury in primary sensory neurons innervating the tooth pulp in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 115(1), pp. 29-32	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The pulp cavity of the first upper molar was exposed unilaterally in adult rats with a dental drill and about 1 μl of mercuric chloride was injected into the coronal pulp. The rats were killed after 1-24 days and frozen sections from the trigeminal ganglia were subjected to silver acetate autometallography for demonstration of mercury. Mercury was found to have accumulated in neurons of the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion by retrograde axonal transport. The possible implications of this finding are discussed. © 1990.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidson:1990a, author = {Arvidson, B. and Arvidsson, J.}, title = {Retrograde axonal transport of mercury in primary sensory neurons innervating the tooth pulp in the rat}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1990}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, pages = {29-32}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025299981&partnerID=40&md5=7c3072c288edff8ccfb283dd53c61cab}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(90)90512-8} }
Arvidsson, B., Kristensson, K. and Olsson, Y.	Vascular permeability to fluorescent protein tracer in trigeminal nerve and gasserian ganglion. [BibTeX]	1973	Acta Neuropathol Vol. 26(3), pp. 199-205	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Arvidsson:1973, author = {Arvidsson, B. and Kristensson, K. and Olsson, Y.}, title = {Vascular permeability to fluorescent protein tracer in trigeminal nerve and gasserian ganglion.}, journal = {Acta Neuropathol}, year = {1973}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {199--205}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00684429} }
Arvidsson, J.	Somatotopic organization of vibrissae afferents in the trigeminal sensory nuclei of the rat studied by transganglionic transport of HRP. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	J Comp Neurol Vol. 211(1), pp. 84-92	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been used to study the cell bodies and central projections of neurons innervating the vibrissae in the rat. These can be grouped into five horizontal rows and one posterior vertical row. Twenty-four to 48 hours after the nerves innervating different vibrissae were exposed to HRP, the trigeminal ganglia, brainstem, and upper cervical spinal cord were fixed by perfusion and serial sections were processed according to the tetramethylbenzidine technique. The results revealed a tendency for somatotopic organization in the trigeminal ganglion of cell bodies innervating the different vibrissae. Corresponding termination areas in the trigeminal sensory nuclei showed a detailed pattern of organization replicating the peripheral organization of the vibrissae. In all trigeminal sensory nuclei the horizontal rows are represented in an inverted fashion from dorsal to ventral, i.e., the most dorsal row is represented most ventrally. In addition, the more anterior a vibrissa is located, the deeper is it represented in the rostral nonlaminated nuclei. The situation is reversed in the laminated nucleus caudalis. The posterior vertical row is represented most superficially in the rostral nonlaminated nuclei, but most deeply in the laminated nucleus caudalis. In nucleus caudalis there are also rostrocaudal differences in the representation of different vibrissae. Thus, the posterior vibrissae in a horizontal row have their main representations more caudally than the anterior vibrissae. The posterior vertical row has its main representation most caudally, in the C1 segment.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidsson:1982, author = {Arvidsson, J.}, title = {Somatotopic organization of vibrissae afferents in the trigeminal sensory nuclei of the rat studied by transganglionic transport of HRP.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1982}, volume = {211}, number = {1}, pages = {84--92}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902110108}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902110108} }
Arvidsson, J.	Somatotopic organization of vibrissae afferents in the trigeminal sensory nuclei of the rat studied by transganglionic transport of HRP [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Journal of Comparative Neurology Vol. 211(1), pp. 84-92	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been used to study the cell bodies and central projections of neurons innervating the vibrissae in the rat. These can be grouped into five horizontal rows and one posterior vertical row. Twenty-four to 48 hours after the nerves innervating different vibrissae were exposed to HRP, the trigeminal ganglia, brainstem, and upper cervical spinal cord were fixed by perfusion and serial sections were processed according to the tetramethylbenzidine technique. The results revealed a tendency for somatotopic organization in the trigeminal ganglion of cell bodies innervating the different vibrissae. Corresponding termination areas in the trigeminal sensory nuclei showed a detailed pattern of organization replicating the peripheral organization of the vibrissae. In all trigeminal sensory nuclei the horizontal rows are represented in an inverted fashion from dorsal to ventral, i.e., the most dorsal row is represented most ventrally. In addition, the more anterior a vibrissa is located, the deeper it is represented in the rostral nonlaminated nuclei. The situation is reversed in the laminated nucleus caudalis. The posterior vertical row is represented most superficially in the rostral nonlaminated nuclei, but most deeply in the laminated nucleus caudalis. In nucleus caudalis there are also rostrocaudal differences in the representation of different vibrissae. Thus, the posterior vibrissae in a horizontal row have their main representations more caudally than the anterior vibrissae. The posterior vertical row has its main representation most caudally, in the C1 segment.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidsson:1982a, author = {Arvidsson, J.}, title = {Somatotopic organization of vibrissae afferents in the trigeminal sensory nuclei of the rat studied by transganglionic transport of HRP}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, year = {1982}, volume = {211}, number = {1}, pages = {84-92}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0019959939&partnerID=40&md5=abbc057c5dc8e1e2356078956eaac2fb}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902110108} }
Arvidsson, J., Fundin, B.T. and Pfaller, K.	Innervation of the hard palate in the rat studied by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugates. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	J Comp Neurol Vol. 351(4), pp. 489-498School: Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The innervation of the rat hard palate and the bordering part of the soft palate was studied after anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) and to choleragenoid (B-HRP) in separate experiments. WGA-HRP labeling showed leakage from several types of nerve endings, whereas B-HRP did not. Both conjugates gave rise to heavy labeling of a variety of nerve endings. Intragemmal and, especially, perigemmal fibers were labeled in chemosensory corpuscles, which were most common in the medial wall of the incisive canal and in the most anterior part of the soft palate. Ruffini endings of different sizes were labeled in the incisive papilla. Other subepithelial endings forming elongated expanded profiles with medium- to large-caliber source fibers were most common in protruding parts of the palate. Labeled intraepithelial endings included Merkel endings, which were most frequent in the incisive papilla and the rugae. Other labeled profiles were medium-caliber afferents giving rise to irregular, beaded, and sometimes branched endings often located far superficially in the epithelium. Such endings were present both within and between protruding parts of the palate. Fine-caliber intraepithelial endings were labeled almost exclusively in WGA-HRP experiments.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidsson:1995, author = {Arvidsson, J. and Fundin, B. T. and Pfaller, K.}, title = {Innervation of the hard palate in the rat studied by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugates.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.}, year = {1995}, volume = {351}, number = {4}, pages = {489--498}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903510402}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903510402} }
Arvidsson, J. and Johansson, K.	Changes in the central projection pattern of vibrissae innervating primary sensory neurons after peripheral nerve injury in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Neurosci Lett Vol. 84(2), pp. 120-124School: Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.	article	DOI
Abstract: The central representation of a normal vibrissa nerve and the corresponding nerve after transection and regeneration of the infraorbital nerve has been studied by the use of transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase in the adult rat. The normal vibrissa nerve terminated in a well-defined area within nucleus caudalis and C1 dorsal horn. In contrast, the regenerated vibrissa nerve showed a widespread central termination pattern indicating a pronounced loss of somatotopic organization. These changes in somatotopic organization could contribute to an inability to correctly localize a sensory stimulus; this is a common clinical finding after peripheral nerve injury and regeneration.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidsson:1988, author = {Arvidsson, J. and Johansson, K.}, title = {Changes in the central projection pattern of vibrissae innervating primary sensory neurons after peripheral nerve injury in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.}, year = {1988}, volume = {84}, number = {2}, pages = {120--124}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(88)90394-1} }
Arvidsson, J. and Pfaller, K.	Central projections of C4-C8 dorsal root ganglia in the rat studied by anterograde transport of WGA-HRP. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	J Comp Neurol Vol. 292(3), pp. 349-362School: Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Injections of WGA-HRP were made in the rat C4-C8 dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) individually to study the central projections and their relations to each other. The main dorsal horn projections from these DRGs to the dorsal horn lamina II extended for about two segments rostrally and caudally to the injected DRG, whereas the projections to laminae I, III, and IV were less restricted rostrocaudally. Comparisons of the dorsal horn projections from the DRGs investigated indicated a tendency for a somatotopic organization, which was most prominent in lamina II. Labeled central branches from the C4-8 DRGs could be traced in the dorsal column as far caudally as 12-17 segments caudal to the level of entrance. Most of these fibers appeared to end in the medial dorsal horn base, including the column of Clarke. Labeling of primary afferents in the ventral horn generally extended for at least 3-4 segments rostral and caudal to the level of the injected DRG. Projections to the central cervical nucleus were most prominent from the C4 DRG and gradually became less prominent from the more caudal DRGs. Heavy projections to the cuneate nucleus (Cun) originated from the C7 and C8 DRG, whereas those from the C4-C6 DRGs were less extensive. The Cun projections from the different DRGs appeared to overlap, and the same was true for the projections to the external cuneate nucleus. Projections to the gracile nucleus, the vestibular nuclear complex, including nucleus X, and to trigeminal sensory nuclei were seen from all DRGs investigated.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidsson:1990, author = {J. Arvidsson and K. Pfaller}, title = {Central projections of C4-C8 dorsal root ganglia in the rat studied by anterograde transport of WGA-HRP.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.}, year = {1990}, volume = {292}, number = {3}, pages = {349--362}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902920303}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902920303} }
Arvidsson, J. and Pfaller, K.	Central projections of C4-C8 dorsal root ganglia in the rat studied by anterograde transport of WGA-HRP [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Journal of Comparative Neurology Vol. 292(3), pp. 349-362	article	URL
Abstract: Injections of WGA-HRP were made in the rat C4-C8 dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) individually to study the central projections and their relations to each other. The main dorsal horn projections from these DRGs to the dorsal horn lamina II extended for about two segments rostrally and caudally to the injected DRG, whereas the projections to laminae I, III, and IV were less restricted rostrocaudally. Comparisons of the dorsal horn projections from the DRGs investigated indicated a tendency for a somatotopic organization, which was most prominent in lamina II. Labeled central branches from the C4-8 DRGs could be traced in the dorsal column as far caudally as 12-17 segments caudal to the level of entrance. Most of these fibers appeared to end in the medial dorsal horn base, including the column of Clarke. Labeling of primary afferents in the ventral horn generally extended for at least 3-4 segments rostral and caudal to the level of the injected DRG. Projections to the central cervical nucleus were most prominent from the C4 DRG and gradually became less prominent from the more caudal DRGs. Heavy projections to the cuneate nucleus (Cun) originated from the C7 and C8 DRG, whereas those from the C4-C6 DRGs were less extensive. The Cun projections from the different DRGs appeared to overlap, and the same was true for the projections to the external cuneate nucleus. Projections to the gracile nucleus, the vestibular nuclear complex, including nucleus X, and to trigeminal sensory nuclei were seen from all DRGs investigated.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidsson:1990a, author = {Arvidsson, J. and Pfaller, K.}, title = {Central projections of C4-C8 dorsal root ganglia in the rat studied by anterograde transport of WGA-HRP}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, year = {1990}, volume = {292}, number = {3}, pages = {349-362}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025177256&partnerID=40&md5=15cf5c6212fd664a0c2e6f5f9302d1a4} }
Arvidsson, J. and Pfaller, K.	Central projections of C4-C8 dorsal root ganglia in the rat studied by anterograde transport of WGA-HRP. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 292, pp. 349-362	article	DOI
Abstract: Injections of WGA-HRP were made in the rat C4-C8 dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) individually to study the central projections and their relations to each other. The main dorsal horn projections from these DRGs to the dorsal horn lamina II extended for about two segments rostrally and caudally to the injected DRG, whereas the projections to laminae I, III, and IV were less restricted rostrocaudally. Comparisons of the dorsal horn projections from the DRGs investigated indicated a tendency for a somatotopic organization, which was most prominent in lamina II. Labeled central branches from the C4-8 DRGs could be traced in the dorsal column as far caudally as 12-17 segments caudal to the level of entrance. Most of these fibers appeared to end in the medial dorsal horn base, including the column of Clarke. Labeling of primary afferents in the ventral horn generally extended for at least 3-4 segments rostral and caudal to the level of the injected DRG. Projections to the central cervical nucleus were most prominent from the C4 DRG and gradually became less prominent from the more caudal DRGs. Heavy projections to the cuneate nucleus (Cun) originated from the C7 and C8 DRG, whereas those from the C4-C6 DRGs were less extensive. The Cun projections from the different DRGs appeared to overlap, and the same was true for the projections to the external cuneate nucleus. Projections to the gracile nucleus, the vestibular nuclear complex, including nucleus X, and to trigeminal sensory nuclei were seen from all DRGs investigated.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidsson:1990b, author = {Arvidsson, J and Pfaller, K}, title = {Central projections of C4-C8 dorsal root ganglia in the rat studied by anterograde transport of WGA-HRP.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1990}, volume = {292}, pages = {349--362}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902920303} }
Arvidsson, J., Pfaller, K. and Gmeiner, S.	The ganglionic origins and central projections of primary sensory neurons innervating the upper and lower lips in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Somatosens Mot Res Vol. 9(3), pp. 199-209School: Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.	article	DOI
Abstract: Retrograde and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to investigate the neurons innervating the upper and the lower lips and their central projections in the rat. Both the upper and the lower lips were observed to be innervated by a very large number of trigeminal sensory neurons, with their cell bodies located in the maxillary and the mandibular parts of the trigeminal ganglion, respectively. The central projections of neurons innervating the upper lip formed a long continuous column starting rostrally at midlevels of the trigeminal main sensory nucleus (5P) and extending caudally through the C1 dorsal horn, with occasional fibers reaching the C3 segment. The heaviest projections appeared in the middle portions of 5P and nucleus interpolaris (5I), as well as in the rostral part of nucleus caudalis (5C). A small but consistent projection to the solitary tract nucleus, originating from cells in the inferior vagal ganglion, was observed in the upper-lip experiments. The central projections from neurons innervating the lower lip also appeared as a long column located dorsally or dorsomedially to the projections from the upper lip. The most prominent projections from the lower lip were located in the caudal part of 5P, the middle part of 5I, and the caudal two-thirds of 5C. Sparse projections could be traced as far caudally as C4. At 5C and cervical levels, some labeling appeared contralaterally in the same location as on the ipsilateral side.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidsson:1992, author = {J. Arvidsson and K. Pfaller and S. Gmeiner}, title = {The ganglionic origins and central projections of primary sensory neurons innervating the upper and lower lips in the rat.}, journal = {Somatosens Mot Res}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.}, year = {1992}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {199--209}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3109/08990229209144771} }
Arvidsson, J., Pfaller, K. and Gmeiner, S.	The ganglionic origins and central projections of primary sensory neurons innervating the upper and lower lips in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Somatosensory & motor research Vol. 9, pp. 199-209	article	DOI
Abstract: Retrograde and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to investigate the neurons innervating the upper and the lower lips and their central projections in the rat. Both the upper and the lower lips were observed to be innervated by a very large number of trigeminal sensory neurons, with their cell bodies located in the maxillary and the mandibular parts of the trigeminal ganglion, respectively. The central projections of neurons innervating the upper lip formed a long continuous column starting rostrally at midlevels of the trigeminal main sensory nucleus (5P) and extending caudally through the C1 dorsal horn, with occasional fibers reaching the C3 segment. The heaviest projections appeared in the middle portions of 5P and nucleus interpolaris (5I), as well as in the rostral part of nucleus caudalis (5C). A small but consistent projection to the solitary tract nucleus, originating from cells in the inferior vagal ganglion, was observed in the upper-lip experiments. The central projections from neurons innervating the lower lip also appeared as a long column located dorsally or dorsomedially to the projections from the upper lip. The most prominent projections from the lower lip were located in the caudal part of 5P, the middle part of 5I, and the caudal two-thirds of 5C. Sparse projections could be traced as far caudally as C4. At 5C and cervical levels, some labeling appeared contralaterally in the same location as on the ipsilateral side.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidsson:1992a, author = {Arvidsson, J. and Pfaller, K. and Gmeiner, S.}, title = {The ganglionic origins and central projections of primary sensory neurons innervating the upper and lower lips in the rat.}, journal = {Somatosensory & motor research}, year = {1992}, volume = {9}, pages = {199-209}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3109/08990229209144771} }
Arvidsson, J., Pfaller, K. and Gmeiner, S.	The ganglionic origins and central projections of primary sensory neurons innervating the upper and lower lips in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Somatosensory & motor research Vol. 9, pp. 199-209	article	DOI
Abstract: Retrograde and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to investigate the neurons innervating the upper and the lower lips and their central projections in the rat. Both the upper and the lower lips were observed to be innervated by a very large number of trigeminal sensory neurons, with their cell bodies located in the maxillary and the mandibular parts of the trigeminal ganglion, respectively. The central projections of neurons innervating the upper lip formed a long continuous column starting rostrally at midlevels of the trigeminal main sensory nucleus (5P) and extending caudally through the C1 dorsal horn, with occasional fibers reaching the C3 segment. The heaviest projections appeared in the middle portions of 5P and nucleus interpolaris (5I), as well as in the rostral part of nucleus caudalis (5C). A small but consistent projection to the solitary tract nucleus, originating from cells in the inferior vagal ganglion, was observed in the upper-lip experiments. The central projections from neurons innervating the lower lip also appeared as a long column located dorsally or dorsomedially to the projections from the upper lip. The most prominent projections from the lower lip were located in the caudal part of 5P, the middle part of 5I, and the caudal two-thirds of 5C. Sparse projections could be traced as far caudally as C4. At 5C and cervical levels, some labeling appeared contralaterally in the same location as on the ipsilateral side.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidsson:1992b, author = {Arvidsson, J and Pfaller, K and Gmeiner, S}, title = {The ganglionic origins and central projections of primary sensory neurons innervating the upper and lower lips in the rat.}, journal = {Somatosensory & motor research}, year = {1992}, volume = {9}, pages = {199--209}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3109/08990229209144771} }
Arvidsson, J. and Raappana, P.	An HRP study of the central projections from primary sensory neurons innervating the rat masseter muscle. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Brain Res Vol. 480(1-2), pp. 111-118School: Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.	article	DOI
Abstract: Retrograde and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase has been used to study the cell bodies of origin and the central projections of neurons innervating the rat masseter muscle. Labeled cell bodies were observed both in the trigeminal ganglion and in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. Major central projections from mesencephalic trigeminal neurons were traced to the supratrigeminal nucleus and to the brainstem reticular formation. Smaller projections from these neurons could be followed to the borders of the solitary tract and hypoglossal nuclei as well as to lamina V of nucleus caudalis and corresponding areas in the dorsal horn at C1-C2 spinal cord segments. Labeling from trigeminal ganglion neurons was observed close to the trigeminal tract in all subdivisions of the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex and in the dorsal horn lamina I at C1 and C2 levels.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidsson:1989, author = {J. Arvidsson and P. Raappana}, title = {An HRP study of the central projections from primary sensory neurons innervating the rat masseter muscle.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.}, year = {1989}, volume = {480}, number = {1-2}, pages = {111--118}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(89)91573-4} }
Arvidsson, J. and Raappana, P.	An HRP study of the central projections from primary sensory neurons innervating the rat masseter muscle. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Brain research Vol. 480, pp. 111-8	article	DOI
Abstract: Retrograde and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase has been used to study the cell bodies of origin and the central projections of neurons innervating the rat masseter muscle. Labeled cell bodies were observed both in the trigeminal ganglion and in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. Major central projections from mesencephalic trigeminal neurons were traced to the supratrigeminal nucleus and to the brainstem reticular formation. Smaller projections from these neurons could be followed to the borders of the solitary tract and hypoglossal nuclei as well as to lamina V of nucleus caudalis and corresponding areas in the dorsal horn at C1-C2 spinal cord segments. Labeling from trigeminal ganglion neurons was observed close to the trigeminal tract in all subdivisions of the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex and in the dorsal horn lamina I at C1 and C2 levels.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidsson:1989a, author = {Arvidsson, J. and Raappana, P.}, title = {An HRP study of the central projections from primary sensory neurons innervating the rat masseter muscle.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1989}, volume = {480}, pages = {111-8}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(89)91573-4} }
Arvidsson, J., Raappana, P., Diez, M. and Hökfelt, T.	Expression of neuropeptides in the rat mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus after peripheral axotomy [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	NeuroReport Vol. 5(10), pp. 1269-1272	article	URL
Abstract: Certain populations of dorsal root ganglion cells upregulate galanin (GAL) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) after peripheral axotomy. Less is known of the functional properties of the neurones reacting in this way. The primary sensory mesencephalic trigeminal (Me5) neurones are considered to have purely proprioceptive functions. In this study immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization have been used to investigate the expression of NPY and GAL in Me5 neurones after peripheral axotomy. Both methods revealed a transient upregulation of GAL and NPY in Me5 neurones which was first observed 3 days postoperatively, peaking at 1 and 2 weeks and then being reduced. The results show that proprioceptive neurones may upregulate these peptides as a consequence of injury. © Rapid Communications of Oxford Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidsson:1994, author = {Arvidsson, J. and Raappana, P. and Diez, M. and Hökfelt, T.}, title = {Expression of neuropeptides in the rat mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus after peripheral axotomy}, journal = {NeuroReport}, year = {1994}, volume = {5}, number = {10}, pages = {1269-1272}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028245172&partnerID=40&md5=3fc2329e8b3bd1814cdd668f522e5909} }
Arvidsson, J. and Rice, F.L.	Central projections of primary sensory neurons innervating different parts of the vibrissae follicles and intervibrissal skin on the mystacial pad of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	J Comp Neurol Vol. 309(1), pp. 1-16School: Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The cell bodies and central projections of neurons innervating the vibrissae follicles and adjacent skin in the rat were investigated by retrograde and transganglionic transport of HRP. The cell bodies of neurons innervating the vibrissa follicle via the deep vibrissa nerve (DVN) were the largest, followed by those innervating the follicle via the superficial vibrissa nerve (SVN). The smallest cell bodies were those innervating the intervibrissal skin. The DVN neurons terminated centrally as an almost uninterrupted column through the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex. The DVN projections to nucleus caudalis and C1 dorsal horn were entirely restricted to laminae III, IV, and V. Besides the projections to lamina V, the DVN projections were strictly localized somatotopically at all levels replicating the peripheral organization of the vibrissae. The SVNs projected sparsely to midlevels of the main sensory nucleus but not to nuclei oralis and interpolaris. The main SVN projections appeared in laminae I-III of nucleus caudalis. In addition, a small projection to lamina V was observed. The projections to laminae II and III were organized mediolaterally in a similar way as the DVN projections; those to laminae I and V were less restricted. The intervibrissal skin neurons projected sparsely to the caudal main sensory nucleus and to the border between nuclei oralis and interpolaris. The projections to nucleus caudalis were restricted to laminae I-III and V and were organized in a similar way as the SVN projections.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidsson:1991, author = {J. Arvidsson and F. L. Rice}, title = {Central projections of primary sensory neurons innervating different parts of the vibrissae follicles and intervibrissal skin on the mystacial pad of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.}, year = {1991}, volume = {309}, number = {1}, pages = {1--16}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903090102}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903090102} }
Arvidsson, J. and Rice, F.L.	Central projections of primary sensory neurons innervating different parts of the vibrissae follicles and intervibrissal skin on the mystacial pad of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 309, pp. 1-16	article
Abstract: The cell bodies and central projections of neurons innervating the vibrissae follicles and adjacent skin in the rat were investigated by retrograde and transganglionic transport of HRP. The cell bodies of neurons innervating the vibrissa follicle via the deep vibrissa nerve (DVN) were the largest, followed by those innervating the follicle via the superficial vibrissa nerve (SVN). The smallest cell bodies were those innervating the intervibrissal skin. The DVN neurons terminated centrally as an almost uninterrupted column through the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex. The DVN projections to nucleus caudalis and C1 dorsal horn were entirely restricted to laminae III, IV, and V. Besides the projections to lamina V, the DVN projections were strictly localized somatotopically at all levels replicating the peripheral organization of the vibrissae. The SVNs projected sparsely to midlevels of the main sensory nucleus but not to nuclei oralis and interpolaris. The main SVN projections appeared in laminae I-III of nucleus caudalis. In addition, a small projection to lamina V was observed. The projections to laminae II and III were organized mediolaterally in a similar way as the DVN projections; those to laminae I and V were less restricted. The intervibrissal skin neurons projected sparsely to the caudal main sensory nucleus and to the border between nuclei oralis and interpolaris. The projections to nucleus caudalis were restricted to laminae I-III and V and were organized in a similar way as the SVN projections.
BibTeX: @article{Arvidsson:1991a, author = {Arvidsson, J. and Rice, F. L.}, title = {Central projections of primary sensory neurons innervating different parts of the vibrissae follicles and intervibrissal skin on the mystacial pad of the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1991}, volume = {309}, pages = {1-16}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Arzt, M., Sakmann, B. and Meyer, H.S.	Anatomical Correlates of Local, Translaminar, and Transcolumnar Inhibition by Layer 6 GABAergic Interneurons in Somatosensory Cortex [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2017	Cerebral Cortex, pp. 1-12	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In the vibrissal area of rodent somatosensory cortex, information on whisker stimulation is processed by neuronal networks in a corresponding cortical column. To understand how sensory stimuli are represented in a column, it is essential to identify cell types constituting these networks. Layer 6 (L6) comprises 25% of all neurons in a column. In rats, 430 of these are inhibitory interneurons (INs). Little is known about the axon projection of L6 INs with reference to columnar and laminar organization. We quantified axonal projections of L6 INs (n = 68) with reference to columns and layers in somatosensory cortex of rats. We found distinct projection types differentially targeting layers of a cortical column. The majority of L6 INs did not show a column-specific innervation, densely projecting to neighboring columns as well as the home column. However, a small fraction targeted granular and supragranular layers, where axon projections were confined to the home column. We also quantified putative innervation of pyramidal cells as a functional correlate of axonal distribution. Electrophysiological properties were not correlated to axon projection. The quantitative data on axonal projections and electrophysiological properties of L6 INs can guide future studies investigating cortical processing of sensory information at the single cell level.
BibTeX: @article{Arzt:2017, author = {Marlene Arzt and Bert Sakmann and Hanno S. Meyer}, title = {Anatomical Correlates of Local, Translaminar, and Transcolumnar Inhibition by Layer 6 GABAergic Interneurons in Somatosensory Cortex}, journal = {Cerebral Cortex}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-12}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/doi/10.1093/cercor/bhx156/3978800/Anatomical-Correlates-of-Local-Translaminar-and}, doi = {doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhx156} }
Asada, Y., Kawaguchi, S., Hayashi, H. and Nakamura, T.	Neural repair of the injured spinal cord by grafting: comparison between peripheral nerve segments and embryonic homologous structures as a conduit of CNS axons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Neurosci Res Vol. 31(3), pp. 241-249School: Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.	article	DOI
Abstract: To study the differences between peripheral nerve (PN) and embryonic homologous CNS structures as a conduit for CNS axons, spinal cord segments in neonatal rats were removed at the mid-thoracic level and PN or embryonic spinal cord (ESC) segments were grafted into the vacancy. Neural connections across the graft were examined by the anterograde and retrograde tracing methods. Anterogradely labeled pyramidal tract fibers entered the PN segment meanderingly and were dispersed; most stopped at the caudal end of the graft. Although a small fraction of fibers re-entered the host spinal cord, they terminated near the graft-host interface without further extension. By contrast, similarly labeled fibers entering the ESC segments crossed the graft and extended further to reach the lumbar segments. The fibers were defasciculated in the graft but became fasciculated and oriented dorsally near the caudal end of the graft, and descended in the normal path. Consistent with these findings, the retrograde tracing study revealed that in animals with ESC segment grafts but not in those with PN segment grafts, many neurons in the upper brain structures were labeled with Fast Blue that was injected into the lumbar enlargement. The difference between the two kinds of graft as a conduit for CNS axons is likely to be due to differences in matching growing axons and their guidance cues through the graft-host interface.
BibTeX: @article{Asada:1998, author = {Asada, Y. and Kawaguchi, S. and Hayashi, H. and Nakamura, T.}, title = {Neural repair of the injured spinal cord by grafting: comparison between peripheral nerve segments and embryonic homologous structures as a conduit of CNS axons.}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, school = {Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.}, year = {1998}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {241--249}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0102(98)00042-x} }
Asada, Y., Kawaguchi, S., Hayashi, H. and Nakamura, T.	Neural repair of the injured spinal cord by grafting: comparison between peripheral nerve segments and embryonic homologous structures as a conduit of CNS axons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Neuroscience research Vol. 31, pp. 241-9	article	DOI
Abstract: To study the differences between peripheral nerve (PN) and embryonic homologous CNS structures as a conduit for CNS axons, spinal cord segments in neonatal rats were removed at the mid-thoracic level and PN or embryonic spinal cord (ESC) segments were grafted into the vacancy. Neural connections across the graft were examined by the anterograde and retrograde tracing methods. Anterogradely labeled pyramidal tract fibers entered the PN segment meanderingly and were dispersed; most stopped at the caudal end of the graft. Although a small fraction of fibers re-entered the host spinal cord, they terminated near the graft-host interface without further extension. By contrast, similarly labeled fibers entering the ESC segments crossed the graft and extended further to reach the lumbar segments. The fibers were defasciculated in the graft but became fasciculated and oriented dorsally near the caudal end of the graft, and descended in the normal path. Consistent with these findings, the retrograde tracing study revealed that in animals with ESC segment grafts but not in those with PN segment grafts, many neurons in the upper brain structures were labeled with Fast Blue that was injected into the lumbar enlargement. The difference between the two kinds of graft as a conduit for CNS axons is likely to be due to differences in matching growing axons and their guidance cues through the graft-host interface.
BibTeX: @article{Asada:1998a, author = {Asada, Y. and Kawaguchi, S. and Hayashi, H. and Nakamura, T.}, title = {Neural repair of the injured spinal cord by grafting: comparison between peripheral nerve segments and embryonic homologous structures as a conduit of CNS axons.}, journal = {Neuroscience research}, year = {1998}, volume = {31}, pages = {241-9}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0102(98)00042-x} }
Asadi, A., Pourfathollah, A.A., Mahdavi, M., Eftekharian, M.M. and Moazzeni, S.M.	Preparation of antibody against horseradish peroxidase using hybridoma technology. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Hum Antibodies Vol. 17(3-4), pp. 73-78School: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.	article
Abstract: Monoclonal antibody against horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has many applications which peroxidase anti-peroxidase. Peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) complex formation is its most known and important usage. This complex is used in many immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical staining techniques.The aim of this study was the preparation of anti-HRP monoclonal antibody through hybridoma technology.The BALB/c mice were immunized by repeated injections of HRP. After the confirmation of their immunization by ELISA test, the spleen lymphocytes and SP2/0 myeloma cells were hybridized using PEG as fusing agent. The hybridoma cells were then selected by culturing in HAT medium. Identification and selection of anti-HRP producing clones were done by ELISA test on culture supernatants of the obtained clones. To acquire the monoclones, limiting dilution was performed twice and the effect of finally obtained antibodies on enzyme activity was investigated by a specific ELISA test. In vivo tumor induction method was used for production of concentrated antibody. At last class and subclass of the obtained antibodies were determined by Isostrip Kit.After seven rounds of cell fusions, 224 clones were obtained, from which, six ones were anti-HRP producers. Two clones (P1F11 and P2F6) with higher antibody secretion were selected and subcloned. Both derived hybridoma monoclones (P1F11D2 and P2F6F3) were producing antibodies from IgG1 subclass with kappa (Kappa) light chains which didn't affect the enzyme activity. The electrophoresis of ascetic fluid of tumor induced mice showed an obvious band in gamma (gamma) position.The obtained monoclonal antibodies are from IgG class and don't affect the enzyme activity, therefore it seems that they are suitable for PAP complex production.
BibTeX: @article{Asadi:2008, author = {Asadi, A. and Pourfathollah, A. A. and Mahdavi, M. and Eftekharian, M. M. and Moazzeni, S. M.}, title = {Preparation of antibody against horseradish peroxidase using hybridoma technology.}, journal = {Hum Antibodies}, school = {Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.}, year = {2008}, volume = {17}, number = {3-4}, pages = {73--78}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Asai, D.	Functional and molecular diversity of dynein heavy chains [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology Vol. 7(3), pp. 311-320	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The directed translocation of dynein along microtubules is the basis for a wide variety of essential cellular movements. In eukaryotic flagella and cilia, dynein produces the active sliding of outer doublet microtubules that underlies axonemal bending. Several dynein heavy chain isoforms are precisely located in the axoneme in order to initiate and propagate bends, and it is believed that these different isoforms produce distinct shear forces. Analysis of the sequences of dynein isoforms suggests that the specialization in force production may be a consequence of the protein sequence of the dynein catalytic domain. Recent evidence for multiple isoforms of cytoplasmic dynein leads to the hypothesis that cytoplasmic dynein isoforms are individually tailored to produce specific forces or to carry separate cargoes.
BibTeX: @article{Asai:1996, author = {Asai, D.J.}, title = {Functional and molecular diversity of dynein heavy chains}, journal = {Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology}, year = {1996}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {311-320}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0000822371&partnerID=40&md5=1fb957cf7e03a37a8526c152abd03c74}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/scdb.1996.0040} }
Asami, R., Ono, K., Nakanishi, O. and Inenaga, K.	Distinct mechanisms underlie the regulation of body fluid balance by neurokinin B and angiotensin II in the rat brain [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Brain Research Vol. 1383, pp. 179-186	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Although central injections of either neurokinin B (NKB) or angiotensin II (ANGII) induce a pressor response, they show different involvements in fluid intake behaviors. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanisms by which these two peptides regulate body fluid balance in rats. We demonstrate that intracerebroventricular injections of NKB (1 nmol) and ANGII (0.1 nmol) both induce pressor responses. However, only ANGII induced significant water intake and increased sodium preference. Co-injection of NKB suppressed the ANGII-induced sodium preference but did not affect the ANGII-induced water intake. Immunohistochemistry for c-Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, revealed that both NKB and ANGII increased neuronal activation in the circumventricular organs and the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. In contrast, only ANGII significantly increased c-Fos immunoreactivity in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, the central amygdala (CeA) and the ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTvl). Co-injection of NKB suppressed the ANGII-induced c-Fos expression in the CeA and BSTvl. These results suggest that centrally injected NKB and ANGII lead to common cardiovascular responses by neuronal pathways through the circumventricular organs and hypothalamus but that they regulate fluid intake behaviors through different pathways. It is likely that the opposing effects of these two peptides on sodium preference can be explained by their differential actions in the CeA and BSTvl, both of which are inhibited by NKB and activated by ANGII. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Asami:2011, author = {Asami, R. and Ono, K. and Nakanishi, O. and Inenaga, K.}, title = {Distinct mechanisms underlie the regulation of body fluid balance by neurokinin B and angiotensin II in the rat brain}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2011}, volume = {1383}, pages = {179-186}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79952986324&partnerID=40&md5=5d61a28fb55110b9295381f5b3201cb9}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.072} }
Asamoto, K.	[Neural circuit of the cervical sympathetic nervous system with special reference to input and output of the cervical sympathetic ganglia: relationship between spinal cord and cervical sympathetic ganglia and that between cervical sympathetic ganglia and their target organs]. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Kaibogaku Zasshi Vol. 79(1), pp. 5-14School: Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.	article
Abstract: Using anterograde labeling technique with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), we demonstrated the arborization pattern of a single preganglionic axon in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and stellate ganglion (STG). These axons expanded in the longitudinal direction, but not for transverse direction. Segmental relationship was identified between the spinal cord and STG, as seen between spinal cord and sympathetic ganglia in the thoraco-lumbar region, but we did not find any segmental relationship between the spinal cord and SCG. Some sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the lateral horn of the thoracic cord, especially in the intermediolateral nucleus (IML) have nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. We demonstrated that SCG neurons, which were heavily innervated by these NOS-positive neurons, tended to innervate organs that have some secretory functional tissues. Finally, we showed that the size of neuronal somata does not correlate with the size of target organs, as has been reported in previous studies. We should consider that there are other factors determining the size of neuronal somata, such as the size of dendritic field or volumes of NGF secretory from target tissues.
BibTeX: @article{Asamoto:2004, author = {Asamoto, Ken}, title = {[Neural circuit of the cervical sympathetic nervous system with special reference to input and output of the cervical sympathetic ganglia: relationship between spinal cord and cervical sympathetic ganglia and that between cervical sympathetic ganglia and their target organs].}, journal = {Kaibogaku Zasshi}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.}, year = {2004}, volume = {79}, number = {1}, pages = {5--14} }
Asan, E.	Ultrastructural features of tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive afferents and their targets in the rat amygdala. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Cell Tissue Res Vol. 288(3), pp. 449-469School: Department of Anatomy, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstrasse 6, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany.	article	DOI
Abstract: Interrelations of tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive afferent fibres with neuronal elements were studied in central, basal and intercalated nuclei of the rat amygdaloid complex. Comparison with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-immunoreacted and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunoreacted parallel sections indicated that the tyrosine-hydroxylase immunoreaction labelled preferentially dopaminergic axons. At the electron-microscopic level, the majority of tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons possessed small boutons containing small clear vesicles and contacting dendrites, spines or somata of amygdala neurons, forming mostly symmetric synapses. They were often directly apposed to or in the vicinity of unlabelled terminals synapsing on the same structure. Synaptic density was highest in the central lateral part of the central nucleus. In the central and basal nuclei labelled axons synapsed preferentially on small dendrites and dendritic spines, and on somata of a few neurons. A detailed study of the neuronal ultrastructure showed that innervated somata possessed the differential characteristics displayed by the predominant neuron types in the medial and central lateral central nucleus and resembled the typical projection neurons in the basal nuclei. In the paracapsular intercalated cell groups the majority of neurons possessed intense perisomatic innervation by immunoreactive terminals. The results suggest that tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive, predominantly dopaminergic amygdaloid afferent fibres preferentially modulate the effect of extrinsic inputs into neurons of the central and basal nuclei, while a nonselective regulation is exerted upon the output of paracapsular intercalated neurons. It is suggested that this innervation pattern may be important for the coordinated integration of extrinsic and intraamygdaloid connections and thus for balanced output of the structure.
BibTeX: @article{Asan:1997, author = {Asan, E.}, title = {Ultrastructural features of tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive afferents and their targets in the rat amygdala.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, school = {Department of Anatomy, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstrasse 6, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany.}, year = {1997}, volume = {288}, number = {3}, pages = {449--469}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s004410050832} }
Asan, E.	Interrelationships between tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive dopaminergic afferents and somatostatinergic neurons in the rat central amygdaloid nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Histochem Cell Biol Vol. 107(1), pp. 65-79School: Department of Anatomy, University of Würzburg, Germany.	article	DOI
Abstract: Interrelationships between dopaminergic afferents and somatostatinergic neurons of the rat central amygdaloid nucleus were studied using tyrosine hydroxylase/somatostatin double immunolabeling for light and electron microscopy. Additionally, morphological features of somatostatin neurons in different subnuclei of the central nucleus were studied, and the results were complemented by codistribution studies of somatostatin and D1 and D2 dopamine receptor mRNA expression. Dense axonal immunolabeling for tyrosine hydroxylase was colocalized with somatostatin-immunoreactive or somatostatin mRNA-reactive neurons in the medial and the central lateral part of the central nucleus. The number of somatostatinergic neurons detected was higher using in situ hybridization than using immunolabeling. Somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons of the medial central nucleus possessed deeply indented nuclei, and immunoreaction product was confined to the Golgi apparatus and its vicinity. On the other hand, those in the central lateral subnucleus possessed nuclei without indentations and showed diffuse staining of the cytoplasm and/or in large vesicles. Double labeling showed that in the central lateral central nucleus, somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons were contacted by tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive terminals, and on the electron microscopic level synaptic contacts between differently labeled structures were observed. D1 and D2 receptor mRNA-reactive neurons were differentially distributed in central nucleus subnuclei. D1 receptor mRNA-expressing neurons were found only in the medial subnucleus, while D2 receptor mRNA was expressed by a number of neurons in the lateral central and a few in the medial one. Thus, the study proves that somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons of the central lateral central nucleus are directly innervated by dopaminergic afferents and may express the D2 dopamine receptor.
BibTeX: @article{Asan:1997a, author = {Asan, E.}, title = {Interrelationships between tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive dopaminergic afferents and somatostatinergic neurons in the rat central amygdaloid nucleus.}, journal = {Histochem Cell Biol}, school = {Department of Anatomy, University of Würzburg, Germany.}, year = {1997}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, pages = {65--79}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s004180050090} }
Asan, E.	Interrelationships between tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive dopaminergic afferents and somatostatinergic neurons in the rat central amygdaloid nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Histochemistry and Cell Biology Vol. 107(1), pp. 65-79	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Interrelationships between dopaminergic afferents and somatostatinergic neurons of the rat central amygdaloid nucleus were studied using tyrosine hydroxylase/somatostatin double immunolabeling for light and electron microscopy. Additionally, morphological features of somatostatin neurons in different subnuclei of the central nucleus were studied, and the results were complemented by codistribution studies of somatostatin and D1 and D2 dopamine receptor mRNA expression. Dense axonal immunolabeling for tyrosine hydroxylase was colocalized with somatostatin-immunoreactive or somatostatin mRNA-reactive neurons in the medial and the central lateral part of the central nucleus. The number of somatostatinergic neurons detected was higher using in situ hybridization than using immunolabeling. Somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons of the medial central nucleus possessed deeply indented nuclei, and immunoreaction product was confined to the Golgi apparatus and its vicinity. On the other hand, those in the central lateral subnucleus possessed nuclei without indentations and showed diffuse staining of the cytoplasm and/or in large vesicles. Double labeling showed that in the central lateral central nucleus, somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons were contacted by tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive terminals, and on the electron microscopic level synaptic contacts between differently labeled structures were observed. D1 and D2 receptor mRNA-reactive neurons were differentially distributed in central nucleus subnuclei. D1 receptor mRNA-expressing neurons were found only in the medial subnucleus, while D2 receptor mRNA was expressed by a number of neurons in the lateral central and a few in the medial one. Thus, the study proves that somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons of the central lateral central nucleus are directly innervated by dopaminergic afferents and may express the D2 dopamine receptor.
BibTeX: @article{Asan:1997b, author = {Asan, E.}, title = {Interrelationships between tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive dopaminergic afferents and somatostatinergic neurons in the rat central amygdaloid nucleus}, journal = {Histochemistry and Cell Biology}, year = {1997}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, pages = {65-79}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031056534&partnerID=40&md5=1190c295194f45ea16eabdd406049bd6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s004180050090} }
Asan, E., Kugler, P. and Schiebler, T.H.	Sex-related differences in the handling of fluorescent ovalbumin by the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Histochemistry Vol. 84(4-6), pp. 408-417	article	DOI
Abstract: Sex-dependent protein handling in the rat renal tubular system was studied both qualitatively and quantitatively using the method of direct fluorescent protein tracing. The protein tracer, fluorescent ovalbumin, was synthesized by conjugating hen ovalbumin with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and the fluorescence characteristics of fluoresceinthiocarbamyl (FTC)-ovalbumin conjugates with different degrees of labelling were studied. Heavily labelled tracer was intravenously injected into male and female rats, and both kidneys were perfused; the right kidney was then homogenized and used for quantitative fluorometric measurements, while the left kidney was perfusion fixed and prepared for fluorescence microscopy. The tubular reabsorption of fluorescent ovalbumin was studied 4 min and 10 min after the injection of different doses (1.4, 7.0 and 14.0 mg/kg body weight) of the tracer, and the tubular catabolism was investigated in animals killed 60 and 120 min after the injection. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that, in both sexes and regardless of the dose administered and the time after injection, specifically fluorescent protein or its degradation products was only present in the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule. With regard to sex-dependent differences in protein handling, fluorometry indicated that at 4 min (7.0 mg) and at 10 min (all doses) after injection, female animals had reabsorbed more fluorescent protein than males. With regard to the catabolic phase, both the fluorescence microscopy and the fluorometric results showed that the female rats had degraded the fluorescent tracer at a significantly higher rate than males. The results are discussed in connection with sex-dependent proteinuria in rats.
BibTeX: @article{Asan:1986, author = {Asan, E. and Kugler, P. and Schiebler, T. H.}, title = {Sex-related differences in the handling of fluorescent ovalbumin by the proximal tubule of the rat kidney.}, journal = {Histochemistry}, year = {1986}, volume = {84}, number = {4-6}, pages = {408--417}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00482971} }
Asanuma, C.	The Functional Organization of the Mammalian Dorsal Thalamus [BibTeX]	1989	Surgery of the Diencephalon, pp. 3-25	incollection	DOI
BibTeX: @incollection{Asanuma:1989, author = {Asanuma, Chisato}, title = {The Functional Organization of the Mammalian Dorsal Thalamus}, booktitle = {Surgery of the Diencephalon}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {1989}, pages = {3--25}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5586-1_1} }
Asanuma, C.	Axonal arborizations of a magnocellular basal nucleus input and their relation to the neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus of rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Vol. 86(12), pp. 4746-4750School: Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Poolesville, MD 20837.	article	DOI
Abstract: A dense axonal plexus, arising in a portion of the magnocellular basal nucleus, was identified in the thalamic reticular nucleus in adult rats. The details of these axonal arbors as well as their relation to the neurons of the reticular nucleus were investigated by using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin injections into the basal nucleus and intracellular injections of Lucifer yellow into reticular nucleus neurons. Axons arising in the caudal basal nucleus at the medial margin of the globus pallidus do not enter the dorsal thalamus but are confined to the reticular nucleus, where they arborize widely and densely. Neurons in the reticular nucleus are large, with sparsely spined and beaded dendrites, which radiate within the plane of the nucleus. Bouton-like swellings along basal nucleus axons are often found apposed to the somata of reticular nucleus neurons, although many are also apposed to dendrites. These morphological observations suggest a second potentially significant route, in addition to its well-known direct cortical projection, through which the magnocellular basal nucleus could influence cortical function: it may, by strategically modulating the excitability of reticular nucleus neurons, alter the general state of the thalamus and hence affect the initial transmission of information to the cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Asanuma:1989a, author = {Asanuma, C}, title = {Axonal arborizations of a magnocellular basal nucleus input and their relation to the neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus of rats.}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, school = {Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Poolesville, MD 20837.}, year = {1989}, volume = {86}, number = {12}, pages = {4746--4750}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.12.4746} }
Asanuma, C.	Noradrenergic innervation of the thalamic reticular nucleus: a light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	J Comp Neurol Vol. 319(2), pp. 299-311School: Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH Animal Center, Poolesville, Maryland 20837.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Fluoro-ruby injections in the rat locus coeruleus result in scattered chain-like arrays of varicose anterogradely labeled axons within the thalamic reticular nucleus of rats. An abundant meshwork of axons giving rise to en passant boutons is detected immunohistochemically within this thalamic nucleus by means of an antibody to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH). The density of DBH-positive axonal boutons within the reticular nucleus neuropil is greater than that found in the relay nuclei of the dorsal thalamus (with the exception of the anterior group nuclei). Single DBH-positive axons appear to contact both proximal and distal dendrites and occasionally the somata of reticular nucleus neurons. Labeled axons are seen closely juxtaposed not only to the swollen segments of the beaded reticular neuron dendrites, but to the constricted segments as well. Electron microscopic examination of DBH-positive axon terminals within the reticular nucleus neuropil indicates that many of the axonal boutons detected light microscopically participate in asymmetric synaptic contacts. The postsynaptic densities of these synapses are thicker than those of nearby symmetric synapses, but often subtend a shorter length of the postsynaptic membrane than the densities associated with other nearby asymmetric synapses. These observations indicate that the ascending noradrenergic system, in addition to influencing the dorsal thalamus and the cerebral cortex directly, is well situated to influence signal transmission through the nuclei of the dorsal thalamus indirectly via a moderately dense terminal projection upon the thalamic reticular nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Asanuma:1992, author = {C. Asanuma}, title = {Noradrenergic innervation of the thalamic reticular nucleus: a light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study in rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH Animal Center, Poolesville, Maryland 20837.}, year = {1992}, volume = {319}, number = {2}, pages = {299--311}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903190209}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903190209} }
Asanuma, C.	Noradrenergic innervation of the thalamic reticular nucleus: a light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 319, pp. 299-311	article
Abstract: Fluoro-ruby injections in the rat locus coeruleus result in scattered chain-like arrays of varicose anterogradely labeled axons within the thalamic reticular nucleus of rats. An abundant meshwork of axons giving rise to en passant boutons is detected immunohistochemically within this thalamic nucleus by means of an antibody to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH). The density of DBH-positive axonal boutons within the reticular nucleus neuropil is greater than that found in the relay nuclei of the dorsal thalamus (with the exception of the anterior group nuclei). Single DBH-positive axons appear to contact both proximal and distal dendrites and occasionally the somata of reticular nucleus neurons. Labeled axons are seen closely juxtaposed not only to the swollen segments of the beaded reticular neuron dendrites, but to the constricted segments as well. Electron microscopic examination of DBH-positive axon terminals within the reticular nucleus neuropil indicates that many of the axonal boutons detected light microscopically participate in asymmetric synaptic contacts. The postsynaptic densities of these synapses are thicker than those of nearby symmetric synapses, but often subtend a shorter length of the postsynaptic membrane than the densities associated with other nearby asymmetric synapses. These observations indicate that the ascending noradrenergic system, in addition to influencing the dorsal thalamus and the cerebral cortex directly, is well situated to influence signal transmission through the nuclei of the dorsal thalamus indirectly via a moderately dense terminal projection upon the thalamic reticular nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Asanuma:1992a, author = {Asanuma, C.}, title = {Noradrenergic innervation of the thalamic reticular nucleus: a light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study in rats.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1992}, volume = {319}, pages = {299-311}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Asanuma, C., Ohkawa, R., Stanfield, B. and Cowan, W.	Observations on the development of certain ascending inputs to the thalamus in rats. I. Postnatal development. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Brain Research Vol. 469(1-2), pp. 159-170	article	URL
Abstract: We have studied the postnatal development of the major ascending afferents to the thalamus in postnatal rats using tetramethylbenzidine histochemistry following wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase injections into either the dorsal column nuclei, the deep cerebellar nuclei, or the inferior colliculus. By the day of birth, the efferents from each of these regions have already entered, and arborized extensively within, their appropriate thalamic relay nuclei. However, the overall distribution of each of these ascending afferent systems differs dramatically from that seen in mature rats. In neonatal rats, a substantial proportion of the ascending axons extend beyond the thalamus and often enter the internal capsule, some bypassing the thalamus altogether. In addition, some of the axons which enter and arborize within the thalamus extend beyond their appropriate terminal field into adjoining thalamic nuclei. Retrograde tracing experiments utilizing Fast blue indicate that the cells of origin of these overshooting axons are distributed similarly to the cells of origin of the definitive thalamic afferents. These early erroneous projections are all subsequently eliminated and the characteristically restricted adult distribution of each afferent system is evident by P30. These results indicate that developmental overgrowths and targeting errors of thalamic afferent fibers are not unique to the visual system (where they have been documented previously), but may be a general feature in the development of these pathways.
BibTeX: @article{Asanuma:1988a, author = {Asanuma, C. and Ohkawa, R. and Stanfield, B.B. and Cowan, W.M.}, title = {Observations on the development of certain ascending inputs to the thalamus in rats. I. Postnatal development.}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1988}, volume = {469}, number = {1-2}, pages = {159-170}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024023363&partnerID=40&md5=f4fb6b3d3d919b7daf6457f657d1fb16} }
Asanuma, C., Ohkawa, R., Stanfield, B.B. and Cowan, W.M.	Observations on the development of certain ascending inputs to the thalamus in rats. I. Postnatal development. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Brain Res Vol. 469(1-2), pp. 159-170School: Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.	article	DOI
Abstract: We have studied the postnatal development of the major ascending afferents to the thalamus in postnatal rats using tetramethylbenzidine histochemistry following wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase injections into either the dorsal column nuclei, the deep cerebellar nuclei, or the inferior colliculus. By the day of birth, the efferents from each of these regions have already entered, and arborized extensively within, their appropriate thalamic relay nuclei. However, the overall distribution of each of these ascending afferent systems differs dramatically from that seen in mature rats. In neonatal rats, a substantial proportion of the ascending axons extend beyond the thalamus and often enter the internal capsule, some bypassing the thalamus altogether. In addition, some of the axons which enter and arborize within the thalamus extend beyond their appropriate terminal field into adjoining thalamic nuclei. Retrograde tracing experiments utilizing Fast blue indicate that the cells of origin of these overshooting axons are distributed similarly to the cells of origin of the definitive thalamic afferents. These early erroneous projections are all subsequently eliminated and the characteristically restricted adult distribution of each afferent system is evident by P30. These results indicate that developmental overgrowths and targeting errors of thalamic afferent fibers are not unique to the visual system (where they have been documented previously), but may be a general feature in the development of these pathways.
BibTeX: @article{Asanuma:1988, author = {Asanuma, C. and Ohkawa, R. and Stanfield, B. B. and Cowan, W. M.}, title = {Observations on the development of certain ascending inputs to the thalamus in rats. I. Postnatal development.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.}, year = {1988}, volume = {469}, number = {1-2}, pages = {159--170}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(88)90179-4} }
Asanuma, C. and Porter, L.L.	Light and electron microscopic evidence for a GABAergic projection from the caudal basal forebrain to the thalamic reticular nucleus in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	J Comp Neurol Vol. 302(1), pp. 159-172School: Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Poolesville, MD 20837.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Neurons in the magnocellular nucleus of the caudal basal forebrain extend an axonal projection which arborizes within the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. The present study addresses the ultrastructure and neurochemistry of this projection in rats. Many labeled terminals are apparent within the thalamic reticular nucleus following Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin injections into the caudal basal nucleus; anterogradely labeled axon terminals most commonly contact both somata and dendrites of reticular nucleus neurons with symmetric membrane specializations. Thus, the majority of the labeled terminals examined contrast with choline acetyltransferase positive terminals which have been previously identified as contacting dendrites and forming asymmetric synapses within this nucleus. Many of the neurons within the caudal basal nucleus which are retrogradely labeled following tracer injections into the thalamic reticular nucleus are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactive. In addition, following injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin or fluoro-ruby into the caudal basal forebrain, some of the labeled axonal swellings and boutons within the thalamic reticular nucleus also contain glutamic acid decarboxylase. These results indicate that a significant component of the projection is GABAergic. These anatomical observations suggest that the projection from the caudal basal nucleus onto the thalamic reticular nucleus could facilitate the relay of information through the dorsal thalamus by inhibiting reticular nucleus neurons, and thus, in turn, disinhibiting thalamic relay neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Asanuma:1990, author = {Asanuma, C. and Porter, L. L.}, title = {Light and electron microscopic evidence for a GABAergic projection from the caudal basal forebrain to the thalamic reticular nucleus in rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Poolesville, MD 20837.}, year = {1990}, volume = {302}, number = {1}, pages = {159--172}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020112}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020112} }
Asanuma, C. and Porter, L.L.	Light and electron microscopic evidence for a GABAergic projection from the caudal basal forebrain to the thalamic reticular nucleus in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 302, pp. 159-72	article
Abstract: Neurons in the magnocellular nucleus of the caudal basal forebrain extend an axonal projection which arborizes within the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. The present study addresses the ultrastructure and neurochemistry of this projection in rats. Many labeled terminals are apparent within the thalamic reticular nucleus following Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin injections into the caudal basal nucleus; anterogradely labeled axon terminals most commonly contact both somata and dendrites of reticular nucleus neurons with symmetric membrane specializations. Thus, the majority of the labeled terminals examined contrast with choline acetyltransferase positive terminals which have been previously identified as contacting dendrites and forming asymmetric synapses within this nucleus. Many of the neurons within the caudal basal nucleus which are retrogradely labeled following tracer injections into the thalamic reticular nucleus are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactive. In addition, following injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin or fluoro-ruby into the caudal basal forebrain, some of the labeled axonal swellings and boutons within the thalamic reticular nucleus also contain glutamic acid decarboxylase. These results indicate that a significant component of the projection is GABAergic. These anatomical observations suggest that the projection from the caudal basal nucleus onto the thalamic reticular nucleus could facilitate the relay of information through the dorsal thalamus by inhibiting reticular nucleus neurons, and thus, in turn, disinhibiting thalamic relay neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Asanuma:1990a, author = {Asanuma, C. and Porter, L. L.}, title = {Light and electron microscopic evidence for a GABAergic projection from the caudal basal forebrain to the thalamic reticular nucleus in rats.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1990}, volume = {302}, pages = {159-72}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Asanuma, M., Ogawa, N., Hirata, H., Chou, H.-h., Kondo, Y. and Mori, A.	Ischemia-induced changes in α-tubulin and β-actin mRNA in the gerbil brain and effects of bifemelane hydrochloride [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Brain Research Vol. 600(2), pp. 243-248	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Using in situ hybridization histochemistry, we examined changes in the cytoskeletal protein α-tubulin and β-actin mRNAs in the gerbil brain 14 days after transient ischemia. In an attempt to identify the changes induced in the synthesis of cytoskeletal protein by schemia, we also evaluated the effects of post-ischemia administration of bifemelane on these cytoskeletal proteins. α-Tubulin and α-actin mRNAs were decreased in the CA1 region 14 days after transient ischemia. These decreases coincided with the loss of CA1 pyramidal cells, suggesting that they may have been related to delayed neuronal death. The β-actin mRNA level in ischemic controls was significantly increased in the dentate gyrus, habenular nucleus, and medial and lateral thalamic nuclei, where some afferent nerves project into the hippocampal pyramidal cells. The increased β-actin mRNA suggests that there may be a compensatory enhancement of actin synthesis in the afferent neurons that restores loosened synaptic connections with the ischemic cells in the CA1-4 fields. Administration of bifemelane just after recirculation prevented most of the ischemia-induced mRNA reductions in the CA1 field. Bifemelane's effect may be related to inhibition of Ca2+ influx and its radical scavenging activity. When bifemelane was administered to the ischemic group, α-tubulin mRNA levels significantly increased in the dentate gyrus and amygdaloid nucleus, and β-actin mRNAs showed a tendency to increase in the CA3 and CA4 fields, dentate gyrus, and medial and lateral thalamic nuclei. These findings suggest that bifemelane may enhance synthesis of cytoskeletal protein, especially in the ischemic brain, inducing axon outgrowth or synapse formation. © 1993.
BibTeX: @article{Asanuma:1993, author = {Asanuma, M. and Ogawa, N. and Hirata, H. and Chou, H.-h. and Kondo, Y. and Mori, A.}, title = {Ischemia-induced changes in α-tubulin and β-actin mRNA in the gerbil brain and effects of bifemelane hydrochloride}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1993}, volume = {600}, number = {2}, pages = {243-248}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027454823&partnerID=40&md5=f5dd8f5138cb69614125480f91ca23b3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(93)91379-7} }
Ascarrunz, F.G., Kisley, M.A., Flach, K.A., Hamilton, R.W. and MacGregor, R.J.	Characterization, scaling, and partial representation of diffuse and discrete input junctions to CA3 hippocampus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Biol Cybern Vol. 73(2), pp. 167-176School: , Boulder 80309-0429, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: This paper applies a general mathematical system for characterizing and scaling functional connectivity and information flow across the diffuse (EC) and discrete (DG) input junctions to the CA3 hippocampus. Both gross connectivity and coordinated multiunit informational firing patterns are quantitatively characterized in terms of 32 defining parameters interrelated by 17 equations, and then scaled down according to rules for uniformly proportional scaling and for partial representation. The diffuse EC-CA3 junction is shown to be uniformly scalable with realistic representation of both essential spatiotemporal cooperativity and coordinated firing patterns down to populations of a few hundred neurons. Scaling of the discrete DG-CA3 junction can be effected with a two-step process, which necessarily deviates from uniform proportionality but nonetheless produces a valuable and readily interpretable reduced model, also utilizing a few hundred neurons in the receiving population. Partial representation produces a reduced model of only a portion of the full network where each model neuron corresponds directly to a biological neuron. The mathematical analysis illustrated here shows that although omissions and distortions are inescapable in such an application, satisfactorily complete and accurate models the size of pattern modules are possible. Finally, the mathematical characterization of these junctions generates a theory which sees the DG as a definer of the fine structure of embedded traces in the hippocampus and entire coordinated patterns of sequences of 14-cell links in CA3 as triggered by the firing of sequences of individual neurons in DG.
BibTeX: @article{Ascarrunz:1995, author = {Ascarrunz, F. G. and Kisley, M. A. and Flach, K. A. and Hamilton, R. W. and MacGregor, R. J.}, title = {Characterization, scaling, and partial representation of diffuse and discrete input junctions to CA3 hippocampus.}, journal = {Biol Cybern}, school = {, Boulder 80309-0429, USA.}, year = {1995}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {167--176}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00204055} }
Ascarrunz, F.G., Kisley, M.A., Flach, K.A., Hamilton, R.W. and MacGregor, R.J.	Characterization, scaling, and partial representation of diffuse and discrete input junctions to CA3 hippocampus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Biological cybernetics Vol. 73, pp. 167-76	article
Abstract: This paper applies a general mathematical system for characterizing and scaling functional connectivity and information flow across the diffuse (EC) and discrete (DG) input junctions to the CA3 hippocampus. Both gross connectivity and coordinated multiunit informational firing patterns are quantitatively characterized in terms of 32 defining parameters interrelated by 17 equations, and then scaled down according to rules for uniformly proportional scaling and for partial representation. The diffuse EC-CA3 junction is shown to be uniformly scalable with realistic representation of both essential spatiotemporal cooperativity and coordinated firing patterns down to populations of a few hundred neurons. Scaling of the discrete DG-CA3 junction can be effected with a two-step process, which necessarily deviates from uniform proportionality but nonetheless produces a valuable and readily interpretable reduced model, also utilizing a few hundred neurons in the receiving population. Partial representation produces a reduced model of only a portion of the full network where each model neuron corresponds directly to a biological neuron. The mathematical analysis illustrated here shows that although omissions and distortions are inescapable in such an application, satisfactorily complete and accurate models the size of pattern modules are possible. Finally, the mathematical characterization of these junctions generates a theory which sees the DG as a definer of the fine structure of embedded traces in the hippocampus and entire coordinated patterns of sequences of 14-cell links in CA3 as triggered by the firing of sequences of individual neurons in DG.
BibTeX: @article{Ascarrunz:1995a, author = {Ascarrunz, F. G. and Kisley, M. A. and Flach, K. A. and Hamilton, R. W. and MacGregor, R. J.}, title = {Characterization, scaling, and partial representation of diffuse and discrete input junctions to CA3 hippocampus.}, journal = {Biological cybernetics}, year = {1995}, volume = {73}, pages = {167-76}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aschoff, A., Fritz, N. and Illert, M.	Axonal transport of fluorescent compounds in the brain and spinal cord of cat and rat [BibTeX]	1982	Axoplasmic Transport in Physiology and Pathology, pp. 177-187	incollection	DOI
BibTeX: @incollection{Aschoff:1982b, author = {Aschoff, Andreas and Fritz, Norbert and Illert, Michael}, title = {Axonal transport of fluorescent compounds in the brain and spinal cord of cat and rat}, booktitle = {Axoplasmic Transport in Physiology and Pathology}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {1982}, pages = {177--187}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85714-0_24} }
Aschoff, A. and Holländer, H.	Fluorescent compounds as retrograde tracers compared with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). I. A parametric study in the central visual system of the albino rat. [BibTeX]	1982	J Neurosci Methods Vol. 6(3), pp. 179-197	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Aschoff:1982, author = {A. Aschoff and H. Holländer}, title = {Fluorescent compounds as retrograde tracers compared with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). I. A parametric study in the central visual system of the albino rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {1982}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {179--197}, note = {Experiment with cat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(82)90083-8} }
Aschoff, A. and Holländer, H.	Fluorescent compounds as retrograde tracers compared with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). I. A parametric study in the central visual system of the albino rat. [BibTeX]	1982	J Neurosci Methods Vol. 6(3), pp. 179-197	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Aschoff:1982a, author = {Aschoff, A. and Holländer, H.}, title = {Fluorescent compounds as retrograde tracers compared with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). I. A parametric study in the central visual system of the albino rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, year = {1982}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {179--197}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(82)90083-8} }
Aschoff, A. and Holländer, H.	Fluorescent compounds as retrograde tracers compared with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). I. A parametric study in the central visual system of the albino rat. [BibTeX]	1982	Journal of neuroscience methods Vol. 6, pp. 179-197	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Aschoff:1982c, author = {Aschoff, A and Holländer, H}, title = {Fluorescent compounds as retrograde tracers compared with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). I. A parametric study in the central visual system of the albino rat.}, journal = {Journal of neuroscience methods}, year = {1982}, volume = {6}, pages = {179--197}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(82)90083-8} }
Aschoff, A. and Ostwald, J.	Different origins of cochlear efferents in some bat species, rats, and guinea pigs. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	J Comp Neurol Vol. 264(1), pp. 56-72School: Department of Zoophysiology, University of Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The origin of olivocochlear efferents was studied in the rat, the guinea pig, and the bats Rhinolophus, Rhinopoma, Tadarida, and Phylostomus by retrograde labeling with HRP and the fluorescent dye fast blue. In all species with the exception of Rhinolophus rouxi two types of cochlear efferents could be found: small neurons located in the lateral superior olive (LSO) and larger ones located bilaterally in the periolivary region. In bats and rats small olivocochlear neurons (OCN) were found only in the ipsilateral LSO. In guinea pigs some small OCN were found also in the contralateral LSO. Large OCN were found in all animals except Rhinolophus. They were organized in a horseshoelike nucleus that extended in a rostrocaudal direction and bent rostrally around the medial superior olive (MSO). This nucleus contains several periolivary nuclei described separately by other authors. In Rhinol. rouxi somata of all olivocochlear efferents are concentrated in a single nucleus between the MSO and LSO, which we therefore call the nucleus olivocochlearis. This nucleus stains for acetylcholinesterase. We consider its neurons to be similar to small OCN, because they are small, associated with the LSO, and only ipsilaterally labeled. This fits well with the fact that Rhinolophus lacks an efferent innervation of outer hair cells (Bishop: Ph.D. Thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, '86; Bruns and Schmieszek: Hear. Res. 3:27-43, '80), which are normally innervated by large OCN (Guinan et al: J. Comp. Neurol. 221:358-370, '83).
BibTeX: @article{Aschoff:1987, author = {A. Aschoff and J. Ostwald}, title = {Different origins of cochlear efferents in some bat species, rats, and guinea pigs.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Zoophysiology, University of Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany.}, year = {1987}, volume = {264}, number = {1}, pages = {56--72}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902640106}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902640106} }
Aschoff, A. and Ostwald, J.	Different origins of cochlear efferents in some bat species, rats, and guinea pigs [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Journal of Comparative Neurology Vol. 264(1), pp. 56-72	article	URL
Abstract: The origin of olivocochlear efferents was studied in the rat, the guinea pig, and the bats Rhinolophus, Rhinopoma, Tadarida, and Phylostomus by retrograde labeling with HRP and the fluorescent dye fast blue. In all species with the exception of Rhinolophus rouxi two types of cochlear efferents could be found: small neurons located in the lateral superior olive (LSO) and larger ones located bilaterally in the periolivary region. In bats and rats small olivocochlear neurons (OCN) were found only in the ipsilateral LSO. In guinea pigs some small OCN were found also in the contralateral LSO. Large OCN were found in all animals except Rhinolophus. They were organized in a horseshoelike nucleus that extended in a rostrocaudal direction and bent rostrally around the medial superior olive (MSO). This nucleus contains several periolivary nuclei described separately by other authors. In Rhinol. rouxi somata of all olivocochlear efferents are concentrated in a single nucleus between the MSO and LSO, which we therefore call the nucleus olivocochlearis. This nucleus stains for acetylcholinesterase. We consider its neurons to be similar to small OCN, because they are small, associated with the LSO, and only ipsilaterally labeled. This fits well with the fact that Rhinolophus lacks an efferent innervation of outer hair cells (Bishop: Ph.D. Thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, '86; Bruns and Schmieszek: Hear. Res 3:27-43, '80), which are normally innervated by large OCN (Guinan et al: J.Comp. Neurol. 221:358-370, '83).
BibTeX: @article{Aschoff:1987a, author = {Aschoff, A. and Ostwald, J.}, title = {Different origins of cochlear efferents in some bat species, rats, and guinea pigs}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, year = {1987}, volume = {264}, number = {1}, pages = {56-72}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023271947&partnerID=40&md5=90210ac31ef6ee92222c1d5ec65f1cee} }
Aschoff, A. and Ostwald, J.	Different origins of cochlear efferents in some bat species, rats, and guinea pigs. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 264, pp. 56-72	article
Abstract: The origin of olivocochlear efferents was studied in the rat, the guinea pig, and the bats Rhinolophus, Rhinopoma, Tadarida, and Phylostomus by retrograde labeling with HRP and the fluorescent dye fast blue. In all species with the exception of Rhinolophus rouxi two types of cochlear efferents could be found: small neurons located in the lateral superior olive (LSO) and larger ones located bilaterally in the periolivary region. In bats and rats small olivocochlear neurons (OCN) were found only in the ipsilateral LSO. In guinea pigs some small OCN were found also in the contralateral LSO. Large OCN were found in all animals except Rhinolophus. They were organized in a horseshoelike nucleus that extended in a rostrocaudal direction and bent rostrally around the medial superior olive (MSO). This nucleus contains several periolivary nuclei described separately by other authors. In Rhinol. rouxi somata of all olivocochlear efferents are concentrated in a single nucleus between the MSO and LSO, which we therefore call the nucleus olivocochlearis. This nucleus stains for acetylcholinesterase. We consider its neurons to be similar to small OCN, because they are small, associated with the LSO, and only ipsilaterally labeled. This fits well with the fact that Rhinolophus lacks an efferent innervation of outer hair cells (Bishop: Ph.D. Thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, '86; Bruns and Schmieszek: Hear. Res. 3:27-43, '80), which are normally innervated by large OCN (Guinan et al: J. Comp. Neurol. 221:358-370, '83).
BibTeX: @article{Aschoff:1987b, author = {Aschoff, A. and Ostwald, J.}, title = {Different origins of cochlear efferents in some bat species, rats, and guinea pigs.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1987}, volume = {264}, pages = {56-72}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aschoff, A. and Ostwald, J.	Distribution of cochlear efferents and olivo-collicular neurons in the brainstem of rat and guinea pig. A double labeling study with fluorescent tracers. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Exp Brain Res Vol. 71(2), pp. 241-251School: Department of Zoophysiology, University of Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany.	article	DOI
Abstract: In rat and guinea pig, cochlear efferents to the two ears were labeled simultaneously with different fluorescent tracers. It was found that in both species only few (1-3 olivo-cochlear neurons were double-labeled and project to both cochleae. In most periolivary regions large olivocochlear neurons (OCN) projecting to the ipsilateral and contralateral side are intermingled and form a continuous cell column between the facial nucleus and lateral lemniscus. In a second series of experiments in rat, cochlear efferents and ascending olivo-collicular neurons were labeled. Olivo-cochlear and olivo-collicular neurons are intermingled in the lateral superior olive (LSO) and in the ventromedial periolivary region. No double-labeled neurons were found that project to the cochlea and the inferior colliculus.
BibTeX: @article{Aschoff:1988, author = {A. Aschoff and J. Ostwald}, title = {Distribution of cochlear efferents and olivo-collicular neurons in the brainstem of rat and guinea pig. A double labeling study with fluorescent tracers.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, school = {Department of Zoophysiology, University of Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany.}, year = {1988}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, pages = {241--251}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00247484} }
Aschoff, A. and Ostwald, J.	Distribution of cochlear efferents and olivo-collicular neurons in the brainstem of rat and guinea pig. A double labeling study with fluorescent tracers. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Experimental brain research Vol. 71, pp. 241-251	article	DOI
Abstract: In rat and guinea pig, cochlear efferents to the two ears were labeled simultaneously with different fluorescent tracers. It was found that in both species only few (1-3%) olivo-cochlear neurons were double-labeled and project to both cochleae. In most periolivary regions large olivocochlear neurons (OCN) projecting to the ipsilateral and contralateral side are intermingled and form a continuous cell column between the facial nucleus and lateral lemniscus. In a second series of experiments in rat, cochlear efferents and ascending olivo-collicular neurons were labeled. Olivo-cochlear and olivo-collicular neurons are intermingled in the lateral superior olive (LSO) and in the ventromedial periolivary region. No double-labeled neurons were found that project to the cochlea and the inferior colliculus.
BibTeX: @article{Aschoff:1988a, author = {Aschoff, A and Ostwald, J}, title = {Distribution of cochlear efferents and olivo-collicular neurons in the brainstem of rat and guinea pig. A double labeling study with fluorescent tracers.}, journal = {Experimental brain research}, year = {1988}, volume = {71}, pages = {241--251}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00247484} }
Ash, E.S., Heal, D.J. and Clare Stanford, S.	Contrasting changes in extracellular dopamine and glutamate along the rostrocaudal axis of the anterior cingulate cortex of the rat following an acute d-amphetamine or dopamine challenge. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	NeuropharmacologySchool: Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. Electronic address: c.stanford@ucl.ac.uk.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: There is evidence for functional specificity of subregions along the rostrocaudal axis of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The subregion-specific distribution of dopaminergic afferents and glutamatergic efferents along the ACC make these obvious candidates for coding such regional responses. We investigated this possibility using microdialysis in freely-moving rats to compare changes in extracellular dopamine and glutamate in the rostral ('rACC': Cg1 and Cg3 (prelimbic area)) and caudal ('cACC': Cg1 and Cg2) ACC induced by systemic or local administration of d-amphetamine. Systemic administration of d-amphetamine (3 mg/kg, i.p.) caused a transient increase in extracellular dopamine in the rACC, but an apparent increase in the cACC of the same animals was less clearly defined. Local infusion of d-amphetamine increased dopamine efflux in the rACC, only. Glutamate efflux in the rACC was increased by local infusion of dopamine (5-50 μM), which had negligible effect in the cACC, but only systemic administration of d-amphetamine increased glutamate efflux and only in the cACC. The asymmetry in the neurochemical responses within the rACC and cACC, to the same experimental challenges, could help explain why different subregions are recruited in the response to specific environmental and somatosensory stimuli and should be taken into account when studying the regulation of neurotransmission in the ACC. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'CNS Stimulants'.
BibTeX: @article{Ash:2014, author = {Ash, Elizabeth S. and Heal, David J. and Clare Stanford, S.}, title = {Contrasting changes in extracellular dopamine and glutamate along the rostrocaudal axis of the anterior cingulate cortex of the rat following an acute d-amphetamine or dopamine challenge.}, journal = {Neuropharmacology}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. Electronic address: c.stanford@ucl.ac.uk.}, year = {2014}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.04.003}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.04.003} }
Ashizawa, N., Sakai, T., Yoneyama, T., Naora, H. and Kinoshita, Y.	Three-dimensional structure of peripheral exocrine gland in rat pancreas: reconstruction using transmission electron microscopic examination of serial sections. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Pancreas Vol. 31(4), pp. 401-404School: Department of Internal Medicine, Tamatsukuri Kousei-nenkin Hospital, Matsue, Japan. ashizawa.n@smn.enjoy.ne.jp	article	DOI
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the 3-dimensional structure of the peripheral pancreatic exocrine gland.We observed serial sections of rat pancreatic tissue using a transmission electron microscope and traced the intercalated duct lumina, intra-acinar secretory canaliculi, intercalated duct cells or centroacinar cells, and basement membranes of acini onto a transparent sheet. These traced diagrams were reconstructed.The intra-acinar secretory canaliculus had branches but no anastomosis. The intercellular secretory canaliculus was extended from the central lumen through the space between the lateral surfaces of the acinar cells to the acinar base. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic process of each centroacinar cell was extended along the central lumen and connected to an intercalated duct cell; thus, centroacinar cells with the same structure as intercalated duct cells were not isolated from the intercalated duct cells.In this study, we elucidated the normal 3-dimensional structure of the peripheral pancreatic exocrine gland. To understand the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis, in the future we intend to examine the morphologic changes of pancreatic tissue during the onset and advancement of chronic pancreatitis using animal models.
BibTeX: @article{Ashizawa:2005, author = {Ashizawa, Nobuo and Sakai, Toshio and Yoneyama, Tsunao and Naora, Hiroyuki and Kinoshita, Yoshikazu}, title = {Three-dimensional structure of peripheral exocrine gland in rat pancreas: reconstruction using transmission electron microscopic examination of serial sections.}, journal = {Pancreas}, school = {Department of Internal Medicine, Tamatsukuri Kousei-nenkin Hospital, Matsue, Japan. ashizawa.n@smn.enjoy.ne.jp}, year = {2005}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {401--404}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mpa.0000181488.27399.dd} }
Ashmarin, I.P., Antonova, L.V., Titov, S.A., Maksimova, L.A. and Kamenskiĭ, A.A.	[Possible mechanisms of the divergent effects of ACTH4--10 and its analog containing the D-isomer of phenylalanine on behavior]. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1980	Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova Vol. 30(6), pp. 1196-1203	article
Abstract: The effect of two oligopeptides--ACTG4-10 and hexopeptide met-glu-his-D-phen-lis-L-phen (Dphen-GP) on memorizing the situation and on orienting-investigating reaction was studied in albino rats by the method of elaboration of food-procuring habit in T-maze and by the method of "open field". It was shown that these peptides in a dose of 15 mcg/kg with certain periods of administration, have an opposite effect on maze learning but a similar effect on memorizing in the "open field". ACTG4-10 slightly increases motor activity in the "open field", whereas Dphen-GP decreases it considerably. It is suggested that ACTG4-10 improves the formation of trace processes independently of the sign of reinforcement, whereas Dphen-GP selectively enhances defensive reaction and memorizing, connected with negative reinforcement.
BibTeX: @article{Ashmarin:1980, author = {Ashmarin, I. P. and Antonova, L. V. and Titov, S. A. and Maksimova, L. A. and Kamenskiĭ, A. A.}, title = {[Possible mechanisms of the divergent effects of ACTH4--10 and its analog containing the D-isomer of phenylalanine on behavior].}, journal = {Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova}, year = {1980}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, pages = {1196--1203}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Ashrafi, G., Schlehe, J.S., LaVoie, M.J. and Schwarz, T.L.	Mitophagy of damaged mitochondria occurs locally in distal neuronal axons and requires PINK1 and Parkin. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	J Cell Biol Vol. 206(5), pp. 655-670School: F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115 Thomas.schwarz@childrens.harvard.edu.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: To minimize oxidative damage to the cell, malfunctioning mitochondria need to be removed by mitophagy. In neuronal axons, mitochondrial damage may occur in distal regions, far from the soma where most lysosomal degradation is thought to occur. In this paper, we report that PINK1 and Parkin, two Parkinson's disease-associated proteins, mediate local mitophagy of dysfunctional mitochondria in neuronal axons. To reduce cytotoxicity and mimic physiological levels of mitochondrial damage, we selectively damaged a subset of mitochondria in hippocampal axons. Parkin was rapidly recruited to damaged mitochondria in axons followed by formation of LC3-positive autophagosomes and LAMP1-positive lysosomes. In PINK1(-/-) axons, damaged mitochondria did not accumulate Parkin and failed to be engulfed in autophagosomes. Similarly, initiation of mitophagy was blocked in Parkin(-/-) axons. Our findings demonstrate that the PINK1-Parkin-mediated pathway is required for local mitophagy in distal axons in response to focal damage. Local mitophagy likely provides rapid neuroprotection against oxidative stress without a requirement for retrograde transport to the soma.
BibTeX: @article{Ashrafi:2014, author = {Ashrafi, Ghazaleh and Schlehe, Julia S. and LaVoie, Matthew J. and Schwarz, Thomas L.}, title = {Mitophagy of damaged mitochondria occurs locally in distal neuronal axons and requires PINK1 and Parkin.}, journal = {J Cell Biol}, school = {F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115 Thomas.schwarz@childrens.harvard.edu.}, year = {2014}, volume = {206}, number = {5}, pages = {655--670}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201401070}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201401070} }
Ashton, J., Zheng, Y., Liu, P., Darlington, C. and Smith, P.	Immunohistochemical characterisation and localisation of cannabinoid CB1 receptor protein in the rat vestibular nucleus complex and the effects of unilateral vestibular deafferentation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Brain Research Vol. 1021(2), pp. 264-271	article	DOI URL
Abstract: CB1 receptor expression has been reported to be low in the brainstem compared with the forebrain, and low in the vestibular nucleus complex (VNC) compared with other regions in the brainstem. However, a frequent effect of cannabis is dizziness and loss of balance. This may be due to the activation of cannabinoid receptors in the central vestibular pathways. We used immunohistochemistry to study the distribution of CB1 receptor protein in the VNC, and Western blotting to measure CB1 receptor expression in the VNC following unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD); the hippocampal CA1, CA2/3 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions were also analysed for comparison. This study confirms a previous electrophysiological demonstration that CB1 receptors exist in significant densities in the VNC and are likely to contribute to the neurochemical control of the vestibular reflexes. Nonetheless, CB1 receptor expression did not change significantly in the VNC during vestibular compensation. In addition, despite some small but significant changes in CB1 receptor expression in the CA2/3 and the DG following UVD, in no case were these differences statistically significant in comparison to both control groups. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Ashton:2004, author = {Ashton, J.C. and Zheng, Y. and Liu, P. and Darlington, C.L. and Smith, P.F.}, title = {Immunohistochemical characterisation and localisation of cannabinoid CB1 receptor protein in the rat vestibular nucleus complex and the effects of unilateral vestibular deafferentation}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2004}, volume = {1021}, number = {2}, pages = {264-271}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-4444235383&partnerID=40&md5=56f000bf2d3b9f656423c7efb2c603e2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.06.065} }
Ashwell, K.W. and Zhang, L.I.	Prenatal development of the vestibular ganglion and vestibulocerebellar fibres in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Anat Embryol (Berl) Vol. 198(2), pp. 149-161School: School of Anatomy, The University of NSW, Australia.	article	DOI
Abstract: We have used carbocyanine dye tracing techniques in conjunction with photoconversion and electronmicroscopy to examine the prenatal development of the central and peripheral processes of those vestibular ganglion cells projecting to the cerebellum. Developmental changes in the number of vestibular ganglion cells were assessed in paraffin-embedded material by nucleolar counting. In agreement with the results of parvalbumin staining, afferents to the cerebellum from the vestibular ganglion pursued a superficial course during early fetal life (E13 to E15). From E16 to E19, this superficial position was progressively lost and vestibulocerebellar fibres were seen to be directed towards the ventricular surface (prospective posterior/inferior vermis). The change in the course of vestibular afferents to the cerebellum coincided with a profound reduction in the number of ganglion cells which could be retrogradely 1a-belled from the cerebellar anlage (mean+/-SD: E16-2040+/-1130; E19-510+/-440). During that same period the total number of vestibular ganglion cells rose to peak at a mean of 9200 at E19, although there was a subsequent decline to an average of 4660 at P0. This population size was maintained through to adult life (4600). We also examined the development of connections between the vestibular ganglion and the vestibular apparatus. Peripheral processes of vestibular ganglion cells invaded the macula utricle and saccule and cristae of the semicircular canals from E13. We found that the peripheral vestibular ganglion cell processes themselves did not show any significant morphological changes from E16 to E21, but the sensory epithelium itself adopts a mature pseudostratified appearance by E21. This suggests that the loss of vestibular ganglion cells from E19 to birth is not related to major morphological changes in the peripheral axons, at least as revealed by carbocyanine dye labelling of these from the cerebellum, but may be associated with differentiation of the sensory epithelium to the mature pseudostratified form. Electronmicroscopy of photoconverted vestibulocerebellar fibres showed that at E14 these afferents were grouped in tight bundles of up to 20 axons. No particular association with the superficially placed external granular layer cells was found at that age. By E16 photoconverted vestibulocerebellar axons were no longer as tightly bundled and could be seen coursing more ventrally through the cerebellar anlage. The findings indicate that vestibulocerebellar fibres are not likely to physically facilitate external granular layer migration, since they do not attain a particularly close structural association with those cells. The observed developmental changes in the number of vestibular ganglion cells projecting to the cerebellum and the total number of vestibular ganglion cells suggests that changes in the course of vestibulocerebellar fibres are associated at first with retraction of cerebellar afferents, and subsequently with developmental cell death in the ganglion.
BibTeX: @article{Ashwell:1998, author = {K. W. Ashwell and L. I. Zhang}, title = {Prenatal development of the vestibular ganglion and vestibulocerebellar fibres in the rat.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, school = {School of Anatomy, The University of NSW, Australia.}, year = {1998}, volume = {198}, number = {2}, pages = {149-161}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s004290050173} }
Ashwell, K.W. and Zhang, L.I.	Prenatal development of the vestibular ganglion and vestibulocerebellar fibres in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Anatomy and embryology Vol. 198, pp. 149-61	article
Abstract: We have used carbocyanine dye tracing techniques in conjunction with photoconversion and electronmicroscopy to examine the prenatal development of the central and peripheral processes of those vestibular ganglion cells projecting to the cerebellum. Developmental changes in the number of vestibular ganglion cells were assessed in paraffin-embedded material by nucleolar counting. In agreement with the results of parvalbumin staining, afferents to the cerebellum from the vestibular ganglion pursued a superficial course during early fetal life (E13 to E15). From E16 to E19, this superficial position was progressively lost and vestibulocerebellar fibres were seen to be directed towards the ventricular surface (prospective posterior/inferior vermis). The change in the course of vestibular afferents to the cerebellum coincided with a profound reduction in the number of ganglion cells which could be retrogradely 1a-belled from the cerebellar anlage (mean+/-SD: E16-2040+/-1130; E19-510+/-440). During that same period the total number of vestibular ganglion cells rose to peak at a mean of 9200 at E19, although there was a subsequent decline to an average of 4660 at P0. This population size was maintained through to adult life (4600). We also examined the development of connections between the vestibular ganglion and the vestibular apparatus. Peripheral processes of vestibular ganglion cells invaded the macula utricle and saccule and cristae of the semicircular canals from E13. We found that the peripheral vestibular ganglion cell processes themselves did not show any significant morphological changes from E16 to E21, but the sensory epithelium itself adopts a mature pseudostratified appearance by E21. This suggests that the loss of vestibular ganglion cells from E19 to birth is not related to major morphological changes in the peripheral axons, at least as revealed by carbocyanine dye labelling of these from the cerebellum, but may be associated with differentiation of the sensory epithelium to the mature pseudostratified form. Electronmicroscopy of photoconverted vestibulocerebellar fibres showed that at E14 these afferents were grouped in tight bundles of up to 20 axons. No particular association with the superficially placed external granular layer cells was found at that age. By E16 photoconverted vestibulocerebellar axons were no longer as tightly bundled and could be seen coursing more ventrally through the cerebellar anlage. The findings indicate that vestibulocerebellar fibres are not likely to physically facilitate external granular layer migration, since they do not attain a particularly close structural association with those cells. The observed developmental changes in the number of vestibular ganglion cells projecting to the cerebellum and the total number of vestibular ganglion cells suggests that changes in the course of vestibulocerebellar fibres are associated at first with retraction of cerebellar afferents, and subsequently with developmental cell death in the ganglion.
BibTeX: @article{Ashwell:1998a, author = {Ashwell, K. W. and Zhang, L. I.}, title = {Prenatal development of the vestibular ganglion and vestibulocerebellar fibres in the rat.}, journal = {Anatomy and embryology}, year = {1998}, volume = {198}, pages = {149-61}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Ashwell, K.W. and Zhang, L.L.	Ontogeny of afferents to the fetal rat cerebellum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Acta Anat (Basel) Vol. 145(1), pp. 17-23School: School of Anatomy, University of NSW, Kensington, Australia.	article	DOI
Abstract: Afferents to the fetal rat cerebellum have been studied in fixed tissue with the fluorescent tracer, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI). The dye was applied to the cerebellar anlage at ages from embryonic day (E) 12 to birth (P0). Central processes of vestibular ganglion cells were found to be the first identifiable afferents to the cerebellum, being present at least by E13 and perhaps as early as E12. Ipsilateral spinocerebellar fibres may be labelled from E15, vestibular nuclei (both ipsi- and contralateral) also from E15, while contralateral inferior olivary nuclei could not be retrogradely labelled until E17. Trigeminocerebellar neurons in the interpolaris subnucleus of the nucleus of the trigeminal spinal tract and neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus were not labelled until E22 and P0, respectively. Finally, contralateral pontine nuclei were retrogradely labelled from the cerebellum after birth.
BibTeX: @article{Ashwell:1992, author = {K. W. Ashwell and L. L. Zhang}, title = {Ontogeny of afferents to the fetal rat cerebellum.}, journal = {Acta Anat (Basel)}, school = {School of Anatomy, University of NSW, Kensington, Australia.}, year = {1992}, volume = {145}, number = {1}, pages = {17-23}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1159/000147336} }
Ashwell, K.W. and Zhang, L.L.	Ontogeny of afferents to the fetal rat cerebellum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Acta anatomica Vol. 145, pp. 17-23	article
Abstract: Afferents to the fetal rat cerebellum have been studied in fixed tissue with the fluorescent tracer, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI). The dye was applied to the cerebellar anlage at ages from embryonic day (E) 12 to birth (P0). Central processes of vestibular ganglion cells were found to be the first identifiable afferents to the cerebellum, being present at least by E13 and perhaps as early as E12. Ipsilateral spinocerebellar fibres may be labelled from E15, vestibular nuclei (both ipsi- and contralateral) also from E15, while contralateral inferior olivary nuclei could not be retrogradely labelled until E17. Trigeminocerebellar neurons in the interpolaris subnucleus of the nucleus of the trigeminal spinal tract and neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus were not labelled until E22 and P0, respectively. Finally, contralateral pontine nuclei were retrogradely labelled from the cerebellum after birth.
BibTeX: @article{Ashwell:1992a, author = {Ashwell, K. W. and Zhang, L. L.}, title = {Ontogeny of afferents to the fetal rat cerebellum.}, journal = {Acta anatomica}, year = {1992}, volume = {145}, pages = {17-23}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Askew, C.E. and Metherate, R.	Synaptic interactions and inhibitory regulation in auditory cortex [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Biological Psychology, pp. -	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Abstract This Special Issue focuses on the auditory-evoked mismatch negativity (MMN), an electrophysiological index of change, and its reduction in schizophrenia. The following brief review is an attempt to complement the behavioral and clinical contributions to the Special Issue by providing basic information on synaptic interactions and processing in auditory cortex. A key observation in previous studies is that the MMN\ involves activation of cortical N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Yet, NMDA\ receptor activation is regulated by a number of synaptic events, which also may contribute to the MMN\ reduction in schizophrenia. Accordingly, this review will focus on synaptic interactions, notably inhibitory regulation of NMDA\ receptor-mediated activity, in auditory cortex.
BibTeX: @article{Askew:2015, author = {Caitlin E. Askew and Raju Metherate}, title = {Synaptic interactions and inhibitory regulation in auditory cortex}, journal = {Biological Psychology}, year = {2015}, pages = {-}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051115300764}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.11.001} }
Asmundsson, G., Caringi, D., Mokler, D., Kobayashi, T., Ishide, T. and Ally, A.	Extracellular serotonin changes in VLM during muscle contraction: Effects of 5-HT(1A)-receptor activation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology Vol. 273(6 42-6), pp. H2899-H2909	article	URL
Abstract: This study determined whether muscle contraction causes an increase in extracellular levels of serotonin (5-HT) in the rostral (rVLM) or caudal ventrolateral medulla (cVLM) in anesthetized rats. Muscle contraction, evoked by tibial nerve stimulation, increased mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by 27 ± 4 mmHg (n = 8). In addition, 5-HT levels in the rVLM were elevated by 65 ± 9% during the contraction (n = 8). Results were similar over two repeated contractions. In contrast, muscle contraction increased MAP, but not 5-HT, levels in the cVLM (n = 6). Tibial nerve stimulation after muscle paralysis had no effect on either MAP or 5-HT levels in both rVLM and cVLM. Microdialysis of a 5-HT(1A) agonist, 8-OH-DPAT (10 mM), into the rVLM for 30 min (n = 6) blunted the MAP change and reduced 5-HT release during contraction. Administration of NAN-190, a 5-HT(1A) antagonist, into the rVLM had no effect on 5-HT release and cardiovascular responses during muscle contraction and blocked the changes in 5-HT, MAP, and heart rate to static contraction after subsequent microdialysis of 8-OH-DPAT. Results demonstrate that 5-HT levels in the rVLM increase during muscle contraction and that 5- HT(1A)-receptor activation in the rVLM blunts MAP response to muscle contraction via a decrease in the extracellular concentration of 5-HT.
BibTeX: @article{Asmundsson:1997, author = {Asmundsson, G. and Caringi, D. and Mokler, D.J. and Kobayashi, T. and Ishide, T. and Ally, A.}, title = {Extracellular serotonin changes in VLM during muscle contraction: Effects of 5-HT(1A)-receptor activation}, journal = {American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology}, year = {1997}, volume = {273}, number = {6 42-6}, pages = {H2899-H2909}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031431144&partnerID=40&md5=23c7fda14df3d84edfd2838a0cb64a68} }
Asnar, D., Roncari, C., De Luca, L., de Paula, P., Colombari, D. and Menani, J.	Involvement of central cholinergic mechanisms on sodium intake induced by gabaergic activation of the lateral parabrachial nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 534(1), pp. 188-192	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Bilateral injections of the GABAA agonist muscimol into the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) disrupt satiety and induce strong ingestion of water and 0.3M NaCl in fluid-replete rats by mechanisms not completely clear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the blockade of central muscarinic cholinergic receptors with atropine injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) on 0.3M NaCl and water intake induced by muscimol injections into the LPBN in fluid-replete rats. Male Holtzman rats with stainless steel cannulas implanted bilaterally into the LPBN and unilaterally into the lateral ventricle (LV) were used. Bilateral injections of muscimol (0.5nmol/0.2μL) into the LPBN induced 0.3M NaCl (32.2±9.9mL/4h, vs. saline: 0.4±0.2mL/4h) and water intake (11.4±4.4mL/4h, vs. saline: 0.8±0.4mL/4h) in fluid-replete rats previously treated with i.c.v. injection of saline. The previous i.c.v. injection of atropine (20nmol/1μL) reduced the effects of LPBN-muscimol on 0.3M NaCl ( 13.5±5.0mL/4h) and water intake (2.9±1.6mL/4h). The i.c.v. injection of atropine did not affect 0.3M NaCl (26.8±6.2mL/2h, vs. saline i.c.v.: 36.5±9.8mL/2h) or water intake (14.4±2.5mL/2h, vs. saline i.c.v.: 15.6±4.8mL/2h) in rats treated with furosemide+captopril subcutaneously combined with bilateral injections of moxonidine (α2-adrenoceptor/imidazoline agonist, 0.5nmol/0.2μL) into the LPBN, suggesting that the effect of atropine was not due to non-specific inhibition of ingestive behaviors. The results show that active central cholinergic mechanisms are necessary for the hypertonic NaCl and water intake induced by the blockade of the inhibitory mechanisms with injections of muscimol into the LPBN in fluid-replete rats. The suggestion is that in fluid-replete rats the action of LPBN mechanisms inhibits facilitatory signals produced by the activity of central cholinergic mechanisms to maintain satiety. © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Asnar:2013, author = {Asnar, D.S. and Roncari, C.F. and De Luca, L.A. and de Paula, P.M. and Colombari, D.S.A. and Menani, J.V.}, title = {Involvement of central cholinergic mechanisms on sodium intake induced by gabaergic activation of the lateral parabrachial nucleus}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {2013}, volume = {534}, number = {1}, pages = {188-192}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84873060526&partnerID=40&md5=a73736b87c7c5d4e177b2d668f671c33}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.11.042} }
Aso, K., Ikeuchi, M., Izumi, M., Sugimura, N., Kato, T., Ushida, T. and Tani, T.	Nociceptive phenotype of dorsal root ganglia neurons innervating the subchondral bone in rat knee joints. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Eur J Pain Vol. 18(2), pp. 174-181School: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The subchondral bone of the distal femur is a source of pain caused by osteoarthritis (OA) or spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee. However, nociceptive phenotype of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons innervating the subchondral bone in rat knee joints has not been clarified.Retrograde labelling was used to identify afferents innervating the subchondral bone of the distal femur and the knee joint in rats. The nociceptive phenotype markers [calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), tyrosine receptor kinase A (TrkA), neurofilament 200 (NF200) and isolectin B4 (IB4)], segmental distribution and the soma size of backlabelled DRG neurons were examined. Furthermore, we evaluated the differences in nociceptive phenotype between the subchondral bone and the knee joint afferents.The majority (60 of the subchondral bone afferents were localized in L3 DRGs and fewer in L4 and L5, while the knee joint afferents were localized mainly in L3 and L4. The percentage of CGRP immunoreactive (IR), TrkA-IR, NF200-IR and IB4-binding neurons in the subchondral bone afferents were 50 65 35% and 0 respectively. The percentage of CGRP-IR and TrkA-IR neurons in the subchondral bone afferents was significantly higher than that in the knee joint afferents, respectively (p < 0.05).The majority of sensory DRG neurons innervating the subchondral bone of the distal femur were CGRP-IR and TrkA-IR. It is expected that therapeutic approaches targeting CGRP and TrkA could be effective in attenuating pain from the subchondral bone in knee joints.
BibTeX: @article{Aso:2014, author = {Aso, K. and Ikeuchi, M. and Izumi, M. and Sugimura, N. and Kato, T. and Ushida, T. and Tani, T.}, title = {Nociceptive phenotype of dorsal root ganglia neurons innervating the subchondral bone in rat knee joints.}, journal = {Eur J Pain}, school = {Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan.}, year = {2014}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {174--181}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00360.x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00360.x} }
Asor, E., Stempler, S., Avital, A., Klein, E., Ruppin, E. and Ben-Shachar, D.	The role of branched chain amino acid and tryptophan metabolism in rat's behavioral diversity: Intertwined peripheral and brain effects. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Eur Neuropsychopharmacol Vol. 25(10), pp. 1695-1705School: Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel. Electronic address: shachar@tx.technion.ac.il.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Previously, we showed that a transient early-in-life interference with the expression of multiple genes by mithramycin (MTR) followed by later-in-life exposure to chronic stress, leads to a "daring" and novelty seeking behavior in rats. In this study we searched for molecular changes that contribute to this behavioral alteration. We applied a non-hypothesis driven strategy using whole genome cDNA array analysis (WGA) followed by Genome Scale Metabolic modeling analysis (GSMM). Gene expression validation was performed by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. Brain and serum amino acids levels were measured by HPLC. WGA data directed us towards metabolic pathways and GSMM pointed at branched chain amino acids (BCAA) pathway. Out of 21 amino acids analyzed in the prefrontal cortex of MTR+Stress rats only tryptophan, whose brain levels depend on serum BCAA levels, showed a significant decrease. No change was observed in serotonin or kynurenine levels. However, a significant reduction in mRNA and protein levels of the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1), which transports BCAA and tryptophan into the brain, as well as in serum levels of tryptophan/BCAA ratio were observed. The latter may be attributed to the failure to increase serum insulin, following stress, in rats pre-exposed to mithramycin. Finally, significant correlations were observed between the anxiety index and tryptophan and between T-maze errors and LAT1. This study shows a specific behavioral pattern, which is linked to modulations in fluxes of amino acids both peripheral and central, which converge and reciprocally interact, and may thus be equally important targets for therapeutic intervention.
BibTeX: @article{Asor:2015, author = {Asor, Eyal and Stempler, Shiri and Avital, Avi and Klein, Ehud and Ruppin, Eytan and Ben-Shachar, Dorit}, title = {The role of branched chain amino acid and tryptophan metabolism in rat's behavioral diversity: Intertwined peripheral and brain effects.}, journal = {Eur Neuropsychopharmacol}, school = {Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel. Electronic address: shachar@tx.technion.ac.il.}, year = {2015}, volume = {25}, number = {10}, pages = {1695--1705}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in normal adult rats.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.009}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.009} }
Asor, E., Stempler, S., Avital, A., Klein, E., Ruppin, E. and Ben-Shachar, D.	The role of branched chain amino acid and tryptophan metabolism in rat's behavioral diversity: Intertwined peripheral and brain effects. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Vol. 25, pp. 1695-705	article	DOI
Abstract: Previously, we showed that a transient early-in-life interference with the expression of multiple genes by mithramycin (MTR) followed by later-in-life exposure to chronic stress, leads to a "daring" and novelty seeking behavior in rats. In this study we searched for molecular changes that contribute to this behavioral alteration. We applied a non-hypothesis driven strategy using whole genome cDNA array analysis (WGA) followed by Genome Scale Metabolic modeling analysis (GSMM). Gene expression validation was performed by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. Brain and serum amino acids levels were measured by HPLC. WGA data directed us towards metabolic pathways and GSMM pointed at branched chain amino acids (BCAA) pathway. Out of 21 amino acids analyzed in the prefrontal cortex of MTR+Stress rats only tryptophan, whose brain levels depend on serum BCAA levels, showed a significant decrease. No change was observed in serotonin or kynurenine levels. However, a significant reduction in mRNA and protein levels of the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1), which transports BCAA and tryptophan into the brain, as well as in serum levels of tryptophan/BCAA ratio were observed. The latter may be attributed to the failure to increase serum insulin, following stress, in rats pre-exposed to mithramycin. Finally, significant correlations were observed between the anxiety index and tryptophan and between T-maze errors and LAT1. This study shows a specific behavioral pattern, which is linked to modulations in fluxes of amino acids both peripheral and central, which converge and reciprocally interact, and may thus be equally important targets for therapeutic intervention.
BibTeX: @article{Asor:2015a, author = {Asor, Eyal and Stempler, Shiri and Avital, Avi and Klein, Ehud and Ruppin, Eytan and Ben-Shachar, Dorit}, title = {The role of branched chain amino acid and tryptophan metabolism in rat's behavioral diversity: Intertwined peripheral and brain effects.}, journal = {European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology}, year = {2015}, volume = {25}, pages = {1695-705}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.009} }
Asp, L., Kartberg, F., Fernandez-Rodriguez, J., Smedh, M., Elsner, M., Laporte, F., Barcena, M., Jansen, K., Valentijn, J., Koster, A., Bergeron, J. and Nilsson, T.	Early stages of Golgi vesicle and tubule formation require diacylglycerol [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Molecular Biology of the Cell Vol. 20(3), pp. 780-790	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We have investigated the role for diacylglycerol (DAG) in membrane bud formation in the Golgi apparatus. Addition of propranolol to specifically inhibit phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (PAP), an enzyme responsible for converting phosphatidic acid into DAG, effectively prevents formation of membrane buds. The effect of PAP inhibition on Golgi membranes is rapid and occurs within 3 min. Removal of the PAP inhibitor then results in a rapid burst of buds, vesicles, and tubules that peaks within 2 min. The inability to form buds in the presence of propranolol does not appear to be correlated with a loss of ARFGAP1 from Golgi membranes, as knockdown of ARFGAP1 by RNA interference has little or no effect on actual bud formation. Rather, knockdown of ARFGAP1 results in an increase in membrane buds and a decrease of vesicles and tubules suggesting it functions in the late stages of scission. How DAG promotes bud formation is discussed. © 2009 by The American Society for Cell Biology.
BibTeX: @article{Asp:2009, author = {Asp, L. and Kartberg, F. and Fernandez-Rodriguez, J. and Smedh, M. and Elsner, M. and Laporte, F. and Barcena, M. and Jansen, K.A. and Valentijn, J.A. and Koster, A.J. and Bergeron, J.J.M. and Nilsson, T.}, title = {Early stages of Golgi vesicle and tubule formation require diacylglycerol}, journal = {Molecular Biology of the Cell}, year = {2009}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {780-790}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-64049104855&partnerID=40&md5=ff19ab5f7f2d46998b88a1f7969328b0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E08-03-0256} }
Asribekova, M. and Kalimullina, L.	Structural and functional organization of the amygdala during the estrous cycle [BibTeX]	1989	Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine Vol. 107(6), pp. 878-881	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{Asribekova:1989, author = {Asribekova, M.K. and Kalimullina, L.B.}, title = {Structural and functional organization of the amygdala during the estrous cycle}, journal = {Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine}, year = {1989}, volume = {107}, number = {6}, pages = {878-881}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34249968724&partnerID=40&md5=e4376bdeda3610310fc939c3ad24f2a1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00840768} }
Assaf, S. and Miller, J.	Excitatory action of the mesolimbic dopamine system on septal neurones. [BibTeX]	1977	Brain Res Vol. 129(2), pp. 353-360	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Assaf:1977, author = {Assaf, SY and Miller, JJ}, title = {Excitatory action of the mesolimbic dopamine system on septal neurones.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1977}, volume = {129}, number = {2}, pages = {353--360}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(77)90015-4} }
Assaf, S. and Miller, J.	Excitatory action of the mesolimbic dopamine system on septal neurones [BibTeX]	1977	Brain Research Vol. 129(2), pp. 353-360	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{Assaf:1977a, author = {Assaf, S.Y. and Miller, J.J.}, title = {Excitatory action of the mesolimbic dopamine system on septal neurones}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1977}, volume = {129}, number = {2}, pages = {353-360}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0017646689&partnerID=40&md5=4e603958011338feb1fe591a3e356b1d}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(77)90015-4} }
Astic, L. and Saucier, D.	Anatomical mapping of the neuroepithelial projection to the olfactory bulb in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Brain Res Bull Vol. 16(4), pp. 445-454	article	DOI
Abstract: The topographical organization of the epithelium-to-bulb projections was studied in 15-day-old rats by the retrograde tracing method using horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Injections of HRP were placed in the glomerular layer of the 4 bulbar surfaces; the location and the maximal extent of labeled epithelial areas were assessed. Results have shown an important but variable degree of overlapping of peripheral projections to the bulb. The dorsal aspect received inputs from only the anterior dorsal recess and endoturbinate II. Epithelial projections to the lateral side included the anterior dorsal recess and turbinates 1, 2-2' and II-II'. Peripheral projections converging to the medial surface were the most various; they comprised the septal wall, the posterior dorsal recess, ectoturbinate 3 and all endoturbinates. The ventral pole received afferents from the lateral recess, lower parts of the septal wall and turbinates 2-2', 3, III, IV and also recesses between these turbinates. Otherwise, three epithelial areas showed divergent projections to the bulb. Information processing via convergence and divergence of epithelium-to-bulb connections may represent differential functions in olfactory information coding.
BibTeX: @article{Astic:1986, author = {L. Astic and D. Saucier}, title = {Anatomical mapping of the neuroepithelial projection to the olfactory bulb in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1986}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {445--454}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(86)90172-3} }
Astic, L. and Saucier, D.	Anatomical mapping of the neuroepithelial projection to the olfactory bulb in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Brain research bulletin Vol. 16, pp. 445-454	article	DOI
Abstract: The topographical organization of the epithelium-to-bulb projections was studied in 15-day-old rats by the retrograde tracing method using horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Injections of HRP were placed in the glomerular layer of the 4 bulbar surfaces; the location and the maximal extent of labeled epithelial areas were assessed. Results have shown an important but variable degree of overlapping of peripheral projections to the bulb. The dorsal aspect received inputs from only the anterior dorsal recess and endoturbinate II. Epithelial projections to the lateral side included the anterior dorsal recess and turbinates 1, 2-2' and II-II'. Peripheral projections converging to the medial surface were the most various; they comprised the septal wall, the posterior dorsal recess, ectoturbinate 3 and all endoturbinates. The ventral pole received afferents from the lateral recess, lower parts of the septal wall and turbinates 2-2', 3, III, IV and also recesses between these turbinates. Otherwise, three epithelial areas showed divergent projections to the bulb. Information processing via convergence and divergence of epithelium-to-bulb connections may represent differential functions in olfactory information coding.
BibTeX: @article{Astic:1986a, author = {Astic, L and Saucier, D}, title = {Anatomical mapping of the neuroepithelial projection to the olfactory bulb in the rat.}, journal = {Brain research bulletin}, year = {1986}, volume = {16}, pages = {445--454}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(86)90172-3} }
Astic, L. and Saucier, D.	Topographical projection of the septal organ to the main olfactory bulb in rats: ontogenetic study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Brain Res Vol. 470(2), pp. 297-303School: Physiologie Neurosensorielle, Université Claude Bernard/Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: Using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing method, we have studied the topographical organization of the projection of the septal organ to the main olfactory bulb in rats varying in age from 22 fetal days up to 15 postnatal days. For all developmental stages studied, receptor cells of the septal organ had their axons ending in a relatively circumscribed region of the olfactory bulb, which was the posterior ventromedial bulbar aspect. In younger animals, olfactory receptor cells were observed within the epithelial area isolating the septal organ from the olfactory epithelium, whereas this area was reported to be an exclusive respiratory region in adult rats. The complete disappearance of these receptor cells noted in 12-day-old rats was related to some ontogenetic process.
BibTeX: @article{Astic:1988, author = {Astic, L. and Saucier, D.}, title = {Topographical projection of the septal organ to the main olfactory bulb in rats: ontogenetic study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Physiologie Neurosensorielle, Université Claude Bernard/Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France.}, year = {1988}, volume = {470}, number = {2}, pages = {297--303}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(88)90248-9} }
Astic, L. and Saucier, D.	Topographical projection of the septal organ to the main olfactory bulb in rats: ontogenetic study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Brain research Vol. 470(2), pp. 297-303	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing method, we have studied the topographical organization of the projection of the septal organ to the main olfactory bulb in rats varying in age from 22 fetal days up to 15 postnatal days. For all developmental stages studied, receptor cells of the septal organ had their axons ending in a relatively circumscribed region of the olfactory bulb, which was the posterior ventromedial bulbar aspect. In younger animals, olfactory receptor cells were observed within the epithelial area isolating the septal organ from the olfactory epithelium, whereas this area was reported to be an exclusive respiratory region in adult rats. The complete disappearance of these receptor cells noted in 12-day-old rats was related to some ontogenetic process.
BibTeX: @article{Astic:1988a, author = {Astic, L. and Saucier, D.}, title = {Topographical projection of the septal organ to the main olfactory bulb in rats: ontogenetic study.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1988}, volume = {470}, number = {2}, pages = {297-303}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024066301&partnerID=40&md5=f37898daa5b130b52c81a5303a2e342b}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(88)90248-9} }
Astic, L., Saucier, D. and Holley, A.	Topographical relationships between olfactory receptor cells and glomerular foci in the rat olfactory bulb. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Brain Res Vol. 424(1), pp. 144-152School: Laboratoire de Physiologie Neurosensorielle, Associé au C.N.R.S., Université Claude-Bernard, Lyon Villeurbanne, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: We have studied the distribution patterns of olfactory receptor cells that project to glomerular foci after HRP injections in the different bulbar surfaces of 15-day-old rats. HRP label overlapped only 2-4 contiguous glomeruli and had a maximal extent of 260 micron along the antero-posterior (A-P) axis. HRP injections were confined enough to allow labeled individual receptor cells to be discerned in the epithelial sheet. Results have shown that neurons ending in a few contiguous glomeruli of a given bulbar surface were distributed in most of the regions projecting to this bulbar surface. Moreover, within these epithelial areas, labeled cells were largely dispersed in both the frontal and the A-P axes of the nose. When few HRP-filled neurons were observed on a turbinate or a recess, their distribution seemed organized according to a certain alignment along the A-P nasal axis. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that the principal features of the regional organization of epithelium projections to a given bulbar surface are reproduced in any glomerular focus of this bulbar surface, and suggest that it could be the same for any single glomerulus. Such a principle of projection supports the concept of a large redundance in the anatomical relationship between periphery and bulb.
BibTeX: @article{Astic:1987, author = {Astic, L and Saucier, D and Holley, A}, title = {Topographical relationships between olfactory receptor cells and glomerular foci in the rat olfactory bulb.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Laboratoire de Physiologie Neurosensorielle, Associé au C.N.R.S., Université Claude-Bernard, Lyon Villeurbanne, France.}, year = {1987}, volume = {424}, number = {1}, pages = {144--152}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(87)91204-2} }
Astier, B., Bockstaele, E.J.V., Aston-Jones, G. and Pieribone, V.A.	Anatomical evidence for multiple pathways leading from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (nucleus paragigantocellularis) to the locus coeruleus in rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Neurosci Lett Vol. 118(2), pp. 141-146School: Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie, CNRS UMR 105, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: Using retrograde transport of Fluoro-Gold (FG) combined with immunofluorescence for phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), we have examined afferents to the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (nucleus paragigantocellularis; PGi) in rats sustaining lesions of the medullary adrenergic bundle (MB). In lesioned rats, very few adrenergic LC-projecting neurons persist in the PGi ipsilateral to the lesion, representing a 90% decrease in comparison to non-lesioned animals. These results indicate that almost all adrenergic input to the LC from C1 neurons in PGi is conveyed by the MB. In contrast, the number of non-adrenergic LC afferent neurons in the PGi ipsilateral to the lesion only decreased by 48% after such lesions. Thus, this pathway also provides non-adrenergic projections to LC from PGi, but many of these are conveyed by other route(s) as well.
BibTeX: @article{Astier:1990, author = {B. Astier and E. J. Van Bockstaele and G. Aston-Jones and V. A. Pieribone}, title = {Anatomical evidence for multiple pathways leading from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (nucleus paragigantocellularis) to the locus coeruleus in rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, school = {Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie, CNRS UMR 105, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.}, year = {1990}, volume = {118}, number = {2}, pages = {141--146}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(90)90612-d} }
Astier, B., Kitahama, K., Denoroy, L., Berod, A., Jouvet, M. and Renaud, B.	Biochemical evidence for an interaction between adrenaline and noradrenaline neurons in the rat brainstem [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Brain Research Vol. 397(2), pp. 333-340	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In this study, we sought to determine if there was an interaction between the C2 adrenaline-containing (A) neurons of the rat medulla oblongata and the noradrenaline-containing (NA) cell bodies of the locus coeruleus (LC). For this purpose, the biochemical response of the NA cell bodies of the LC after a lesion of the C2 region was studied by using as markers the in vitro activities of the catecholamine synthesizing enzymes: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT). An increase in TH activity, not associated with any change in DBH or PNMT activity, was found in the LC (+104%, P < 0.001) 4 days after a bilateral electrolytic lesion (3 mA for 5 s) of the C2 region. Conversely, the electrolytic lesioning of the neighboring A2 region of NA neurons did not modify the TH activity of the LC. These results suggest the existence of an ascending adrenergic inhibitory control of the NA cell bodies of the LC. © 1986.
BibTeX: @article{Astier:1986, author = {Astier, B. and Kitahama, K. and Denoroy, L. and Berod, A. and Jouvet, M. and Renaud, B.}, title = {Biochemical evidence for an interaction between adrenaline and noradrenaline neurons in the rat brainstem}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1986}, volume = {397}, number = {2}, pages = {333-340}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022976236&partnerID=40&md5=e4f93d95471ae907db0b2e482d34eafb}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(86)90635-9} }
Astier, B., Van Bockstaele, E., Aston-Jones, G. and Pieribone, V.	Anatomical evidence for multiple pathways leading from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (nucleus paragigantocellularis) to the locus coeruleus in rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 118(2), pp. 141-146	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Using retrograde transport of Fluoro-Gold (FG) combined with immuncfluorescence for phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), we have examined afferents to the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (nucleus paragigantocellularis; PGi) in rats sustaining lesions of the medullary adrenergic bundle (MB). In lesioned rats, very few adrenergic LC-projecting neurons persist in the PGi ipsilateral to the lesion, representing a 90% decrease in comparison to non-lesioned animals. These results indicate that almost all adrenergic input to the LC from C1 neurons in PGi is conveyed by the MB. In contrast, the number of non-adrenergic LC afferent neurons in the PGi ipsilateral to the lesion only decreased by 48% after such lesions. Thus, this pathway also provides non-adrenergic projections to LC from PGi, but many of these are conveyed by other route(s) as well. © 1990.
BibTeX: @article{Astier:1990b, author = {Astier, B. and Van Bockstaele, E.J. and Aston-Jones, G. and Pieribone, V.A.}, title = {Anatomical evidence for multiple pathways leading from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (nucleus paragigantocellularis) to the locus coeruleus in rat}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1990}, volume = {118}, number = {2}, pages = {141-146}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025076980&partnerID=40&md5=9d3cebf4246e2ca357505a39b91f0dce}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(90)90612-D} }
Astier, B., Van Bockstaele, E.J., Aston-Jones, G. and Pieribone, V.A.	Anatomical evidence for multiple pathways leading from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (nucleus paragigantocellularis) to the locus coeruleus in rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Neurosci Lett Vol. 118(2), pp. 141-146School: Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie, CNRS UMR 105, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: Using retrograde transport of Fluoro-Gold (FG) combined with immunofluorescence for phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), we have examined afferents to the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (nucleus paragigantocellularis; PGi) in rats sustaining lesions of the medullary adrenergic bundle (MB). In lesioned rats, very few adrenergic LC-projecting neurons persist in the PGi ipsilateral to the lesion, representing a 90% decrease in comparison to non-lesioned animals. These results indicate that almost all adrenergic input to the LC from C1 neurons in PGi is conveyed by the MB. In contrast, the number of non-adrenergic LC afferent neurons in the PGi ipsilateral to the lesion only decreased by 48% after such lesions. Thus, this pathway also provides non-adrenergic projections to LC from PGi, but many of these are conveyed by other route(s) as well.
BibTeX: @article{Astier:1990a, author = {Astier, B. and Van Bockstaele, E. J. and Aston-Jones, G. and Pieribone, V. A.}, title = {Anatomical evidence for multiple pathways leading from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (nucleus paragigantocellularis) to the locus coeruleus in rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, school = {Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie, CNRS UMR 105, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.}, year = {1990}, volume = {118}, number = {2}, pages = {141--146}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(90)90612-d} }
Astikainen, P., Stefanics, G., Nokia, M., Lipponen, A., Cong, F., Penttonen, M. and Ruusuvirta, T.	Memory-based mismatch response to frequency changes in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	PloS one Vol. 6, pp. e24208	article	DOI
Abstract: Any occasional changes in the acoustic environment are of potential importance for survival. In humans, the preattentive detection of such changes generates the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of event-related brain potentials. MMN is elicited to rare changes ('deviants') in a series of otherwise regularly repeating stimuli ('standards'). Deviant stimuli are detected on the basis of a neural comparison process between the input from the current stimulus and the sensory memory trace of the standard stimuli. It is, however, unclear to what extent animals show a similar comparison process in response to auditory changes. To resolve this issue, epidural potentials were recorded above the primary auditory cortex of urethane-anesthetized rats. In an oddball condition, tone frequency was used to differentiate deviants interspersed randomly among a standard tone. Mismatch responses were observed at 60-100 ms after stimulus onset for frequency increases of 5% and 12.5% but not for similarly descending deviants. The response diminished when the silent inter-stimulus interval was increased from 375 ms to 600 ms for +5% deviants and from 600 ms to 1000 ms for +12.5% deviants. In comparison to the oddball condition the response also diminished in a control condition in which no repetitive standards were presented (equiprobable condition). These findings suggest that the rat mismatch response is similar to the human MMN and indicate that anesthetized rats provide a valuable model for studies of central auditory processing.
BibTeX: @article{Astikainen:2011, author = {Astikainen, Piia and Stefanics, Gabor and Nokia, Miriam and Lipponen, Arto and Cong, Fengyu and Penttonen, Markku and Ruusuvirta, Timo}, title = {Memory-based mismatch response to frequency changes in rats.}, journal = {PloS one}, year = {2011}, volume = {6}, pages = {e24208}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024208} }
Aston-Jones, G., Astier, B. and Ennis, M.	Inhibition of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons by C1 adrenergic cells in the rostral ventral medulla. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Neuroscience Vol. 48(2), pp. 371-381School: Department of Mental Health Sciences, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192.	article	DOI
Abstract: Recent anatomical and physiological experiments indicate that the nucleus locus coeruleus receives a predominant excitatory amino acid input, as well as a substantial inhibitory input, from the nucleus paragigantocellularis in the ventrolateral medulla. To determine whether C1 adrenergic neurons are involved in the inhibitory projection, the effects of the alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, idazoxan, on inhibitory responses of locus coeruleus neurons to paragigantocellularis stimulation were characterized in the rat. Intravenous administration of idazoxan (0.2-1 mg/kg) attenuated paragigantocellularis-evoked inhibition, and often revealed an underlying weak excitation. Intraventricular administration of kynurenate, an excitatory amino acid antagonist, eliminated excitation from paragigantocellularis and disclosed an underlying inhibitory response in many locus coeruleus neurons that were previously excited by paragigantocellularis stimulation. These results revealed that about 90% of locus coeruleus neurons receive inhibition from the paragigantocellularis. Intravenous idazoxan significantly reduced such paragigantocellularis-evoked inhibition, completely blocking this response in three of eight locus coeruleus cells tested. Idazoxan was much more potent when locally infused into the locus coeruleus. Local infusion of idazoxan (0.1-2.5 ng) into locus coeruleus produced a dose-dependent decrease of paragigantocellularis-evoked inhibition and completely blocked the inhibition in 10/33 locus coeruleus neurons, indicating that the site of idazoxan action was in the locus coeruleus. These results extend our previous anatomical studies of adrenergic input to locus coeruleus, and indicate that C1 adrenergic neurons in the paragigantocellularis provide a direct inhibitory input to the great majority of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons. In addition, this is the first report of a neuronal response to activation of C1 adrenergic cells indicating that these neurons are strongly inhibitory when acting at alpha-2 receptors in vivo.
BibTeX: @article{Aston-Jones:1992, author = {Aston-Jones, G. and Astier, B. and Ennis, M.}, title = {Inhibition of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons by C1 adrenergic cells in the rostral ventral medulla.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Mental Health Sciences, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192.}, year = {1992}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {371--381}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(92)90497-p} }
Aston-Jones, G. and Card, J.P.	Use of pseudorabies virus to delineate multisynaptic circuits in brain: opportunities and limitations. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	J Neurosci Methods Vol. 103(1), pp. 51-61School: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, VAMC, Building 15, Room 520, Woodland and University Avenues, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. gaj@mail.med.upenn.edu	article	DOI
Abstract: Transsynaptic tracing with live virus is a powerful tool that has been used extensively to analyze central efferents that regulate peripheral targets. More recently, investigators have begun to use this new methodology with central injections to identify circuit anatomy within the brain. Although transsynaptic tracing with peripheral injection of pseudorabies virus has been extensively characterized, several methodological issues related to central application of this tracer have not been addressed. Here, we review the following issues relevant to the use of pseudorabies virus (PRV; Bartha strain) in experiments involving injection of virus into rat brain: (i) factors that determine the zone of viral uptake; (ii) uptake of pseudorabies virus by fibers of passage; (iii) viral invasion of the brain after leakage of virus into the brain ventricles; (iv) considerations for double labeling for PRV with peptides and neurotransmitters; (v) use of PRV with conventional retrograde tracers to anatomically identify relays in a multisynaptic pathway; and (vi) transport of PRV throughout the dendritic tree as a means of identifying inputs to distal dendrites. Collectively, the data demonstrate that PRV provides a powerful means of dissecting the synaptology of CNS circuitry when appropriate controls are incorporated into the experimental design. A set of recipes for various procedures are included at the end of this article.
BibTeX: @article{Aston-Jones:2000, author = {Aston-Jones, G. and Card, J. P.}, title = {Use of pseudorabies virus to delineate multisynaptic circuits in brain: opportunities and limitations.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, school = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, VAMC, Building 15, Room 520, Woodland and University Avenues, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. gaj@mail.med.upenn.edu}, year = {2000}, volume = {103}, number = {1}, pages = {51--61}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0270(00)00295-8} }
Aston-Jones, G. and Card, J.P.	Use of pseudorabies virus to delineate multisynaptic circuits in brain: opportunities and limitations. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Journal of neuroscience methods Vol. 103, pp. 51-61	article
Abstract: Transsynaptic tracing with live virus is a powerful tool that has been used extensively to analyze central efferents that regulate peripheral targets. More recently, investigators have begun to use this new methodology with central injections to identify circuit anatomy within the brain. Although transsynaptic tracing with peripheral injection of pseudorabies virus has been extensively characterized, several methodological issues related to central application of this tracer have not been addressed. Here, we review the following issues relevant to the use of pseudorabies virus (PRV; Bartha strain) in experiments involving injection of virus into rat brain: (i) factors that determine the zone of viral uptake; (ii) uptake of pseudorabies virus by fibers of passage; (iii) viral invasion of the brain after leakage of virus into the brain ventricles; (iv) considerations for double labeling for PRV with peptides and neurotransmitters; (v) use of PRV with conventional retrograde tracers to anatomically identify relays in a multisynaptic pathway; and (vi) transport of PRV throughout the dendritic tree as a means of identifying inputs to distal dendrites. Collectively, the data demonstrate that PRV provides a powerful means of dissecting the synaptology of CNS circuitry when appropriate controls are incorporated into the experimental design. A set of recipes for various procedures are included at the end of this article.
BibTeX: @article{Aston-Jones:2000a, author = {Aston-Jones, G. and Card, J. P.}, title = {Use of pseudorabies virus to delineate multisynaptic circuits in brain: opportunities and limitations.}, journal = {Journal of neuroscience methods}, year = {2000}, volume = {103}, pages = {51-61}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aston-Jones, G., Card, J.P., Zhu, Y., González, M. and Haggerty, E.	The Ne System as a Target for Hypocretin Neurons [BibTeX]	2005	Hypocretins, pp. 137-152	incollection	DOI
BibTeX: @incollection{Aston-Jones:2005, author = {Aston-Jones, Gary and Card, J Patrick and Zhu, Yan and González, Mónica and Haggerty, Elizabeth}, title = {The Ne System as a Target for Hypocretin Neurons}, booktitle = {Hypocretins}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {2005}, pages = {137--152}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25446-3_9} }
Aston-Jones, G., Card, J.P., Zhu, Y., González, M. and Haggerty, E.	The ne system as a target for hypocretin neurons: implications for regulation of arousal [BibTeX]	2007	Hypocretins: Integrators of Physiological Signals, pp. 137	article
BibTeX: @article{Aston-Jones:2007, author = {Aston-Jones, Gary and Card, J Patrick and Zhu, Yan and González, Mónica and Haggerty, Elizabeth}, title = {The ne system as a target for hypocretin neurons: implications for regulation of arousal}, journal = {Hypocretins: Integrators of Physiological Signals}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {2007}, pages = {137}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Aston-Jones, G., Chen, S., Zhu, Y. and Oshinsky, M.L.	A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Nat Neurosci Vol. 4(7), pp. 732-738School: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, VAMC (151), University and Woodland Avenues, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. gaj@mail.med.upenn.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: An unknown aspect of behavioral state regulation is how the circadian oscillator of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates sleep and waking. In this report, we describe the necessary elements for a circuit that provides circadian regulation of arousal. Trans-synaptic retrograde tracing revealed a prominent indirect projection from the SCN to the noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus (LC), a brain arousal system. Double-labeling experiments revealed several possible links between the SCN and the LC, including the dorsomedial (DMH) and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei (PVN), as well as medial and ventrolateral pre-optic areas. Lesion studies confirmed that the DMH is a substantial relay in this circuit. Next, neurophysiology experiments revealed circadian variations in LC impulse activity. Lesions of the DMH eliminated these circadian changes in LC activity, confirming the functionality of the SCN-DMH-LC circuit. These results reveal mechanisms for regulation of circadian and sleep-waking functions.
BibTeX: @article{Aston-Jones:2001, author = {Aston-Jones, G. and Chen, S. and Zhu, Y. and Oshinsky, M. L.}, title = {A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal.}, journal = {Nat Neurosci}, school = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, VAMC (151), University and Woodland Avenues, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. gaj@mail.med.upenn.edu}, year = {2001}, volume = {4}, number = {7}, pages = {732--738}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/89522}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/89522} }
Aston-Jones, G., Chen, S., Zhu, Y. and Oshinsky, M.L.	A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Nature neuroscience Vol. 4, pp. 732-8	article
Abstract: An unknown aspect of behavioral state regulation is how the circadian oscillator of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates sleep and waking. In this report, we describe the necessary elements for a circuit that provides circadian regulation of arousal. Trans-synaptic retrograde tracing revealed a prominent indirect projection from the SCN to the noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus (LC), a brain arousal system. Double-labeling experiments revealed several possible links between the SCN and the LC, including the dorsomedial (DMH) and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei (PVN), as well as medial and ventrolateral pre-optic areas. Lesion studies confirmed that the DMH is a substantial relay in this circuit. Next, neurophysiology experiments revealed circadian variations in LC impulse activity. Lesions of the DMH eliminated these circadian changes in LC activity, confirming the functionality of the SCN-DMH-LC circuit. These results reveal mechanisms for regulation of circadian and sleep- waking functions.
BibTeX: @article{Aston-Jones:2001a, author = {Aston-Jones, G. and Chen, S. and Zhu, Y. and Oshinsky, M. L.}, title = {A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal.}, journal = {Nature neuroscience}, year = {2001}, volume = {4}, pages = {732-8}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aston-Jones, G., Delfs, J.M., Druhan, J. and Zhu, Y.	The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. A target site for noradrenergic actions in opiate withdrawal. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Ann N Y Acad Sci Vol. 877, pp. 486-498School: University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, VA Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA. gaj@mail.med.upenn.edu	article	DOI
Abstract: Hyperactivity of brain norepinephrine (NE) systems has long been implicated in mechanisms of opiate withdrawal (OW). However, little is known about where elevated NE may act to promote OW. Here we report that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), the densest NE target in the brain, is critical for NE actions in OW. (1) Many BNST neurons become Fos+ after OW. Pretreatment with the beta antagonist, propranolol, markedly reduces OW symptoms and the number of Fos+ cells in the BNST. (2) Numerous neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (A2 neurons) and the A1 cell group are triple labeled for tyrosine hydroxylase, a retrograde tracer from the BNST, and Fos after OW, revealing numerous NE neurons that project to the BNST from the medulla that are stimulated by OW. Fewer such triple-labeled neurons were found in the locus caeruleus. (3) Behavioral studies reveal that local microinjections of selective beta-adrenergic antagonists into the BNST attenuate OW symptoms. In particular, withdrawal-induced place aversion is abolished by bilateral microinjection of a cocktail of selective beta 1 (betaxolol) plus the beta 2 (ICI 181,555) antagonists (1.0 nmol each/0.5 microL per side) into the BNST. Similar results were obtained with neurochemically selective lesions of the ventral ascending NE bundle, the pathway for A1 and A2 projections to the BNST. Similar lesions of the dorsal NE bundle of projections from the locus caeruleus had no effect on either aversive or somatic withdrawal symptoms. Together, these results indicate that beta-receptor activation in the BNST is critical for aversive withdrawal symptoms, and that A1 and A2 neurons in the medulla are the source of this critical NE.
BibTeX: @article{Aston-Jones:1999, author = {Aston-Jones, G. and Delfs, J. M. and Druhan, J. and Zhu, Y.}, title = {The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. A target site for noradrenergic actions in opiate withdrawal.}, journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci}, school = {University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, VA Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA. gaj@mail.med.upenn.edu}, year = {1999}, volume = {877}, pages = {486--498}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09284.x} }
Aston-Jones, G., Delfs, J.M., Druhan, J. and Zhu, Y.	The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. A target site for noradrenergic actions in opiate withdrawal. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Vol. 877, pp. 486-98	article
Abstract: Hyperactivity of brain norepinephrine (NE) systems has long been implicated in mechanisms of opiate withdrawal (OW). However, little is known about where elevated NE may act to promote OW. Here we report that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), the densest NE target in the brain, is critical for NE actions in OW. (1) Many BNST neurons become Fos+ after OW. Pretreatment with the beta antagonist, propranolol, markedly reduces OW symptoms and the number of Fos+ cells in the BNST. (2) Numerous neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (A2 neurons) and the A1 cell group are triple labeled for tyrosine hydroxylase, a retrograde tracer from the BNST, and Fos after OW, revealing numerous NE neurons that project to the BNST from the medulla that are stimulated by OW. Fewer such triple-labeled neurons were found in the locus caeruleus. (3) Behavioral studies reveal that local microinjections of selective beta-adrenergic antagonists into the BNST attenuate OW symptoms. In particular, withdrawal-induced place aversion is abolished by bilateral microinjection of a cocktail of selective beta 1 (betaxolol) plus the beta 2 (ICI 181,555) antagonists (1.0 nmol each/0.5 microL per side) into the BNST. Similar results were obtained with neurochemically selective lesions of the ventral ascending NE bundle, the pathway for A1 and A2 projections to the BNST. Similar lesions of the dorsal NE bundle of projections from the locus caeruleus had no effect on either aversive or somatic withdrawal symptoms. Together, these results indicate that beta-receptor activation in the BNST is critical for aversive withdrawal symptoms, and that A1 and A2 neurons in the medulla are the source of this critical NE.
BibTeX: @article{Aston-Jones:1999a, author = {Aston-Jones, G. and Delfs, J. M. and Druhan, J. and Zhu, Y.}, title = {The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. A target site for noradrenergic actions in opiate withdrawal.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, year = {1999}, volume = {877}, pages = {486-98}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aston-Jones, G., Ennis, M., Pieribone, V.A., Nickell, W.T. and Shipley, M.T.	The brain nucleus locus coeruleus: restricted afferent control of a broad efferent network. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Science Vol. 234(4777), pp. 734-737	article	DOI
Abstract: Dense, focal injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated-horseradish peroxidase in the locus coeruleus of rats labeled afferent neurons in unexpectedly few brain regions. Major inputs emanate from only two nuclei--the paragigantocellularis and the prepositus hypoglossi, both in the rostral medulla. The dorsal cap of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and the spinal intermediate gray are possible minor afferents to locus coeruleus. Other areas reported to project to locus coeruleus (for example, amygdala, nucleus tractus solitarius, and spinal dorsal horn) did not exhibit consistent retrograde labeling. Anterograde tracing and electrophysiologic experiments confirmed the absence of input to locus coeruleus from these areas, which instead terminate in targets adjacent to locus coeruleus. These findings redefine the anatomic organization of the locus coeruleus, and have implications for hypotheses concerning the functions of this noradrenergic brain nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Aston-Jones:1986, author = {Aston-Jones, G. and Ennis, M. and Pieribone, V. A. and Nickell, W. T. and Shipley, M. T.}, title = {The brain nucleus locus coeruleus: restricted afferent control of a broad efferent network.}, journal = {Science}, year = {1986}, volume = {234}, number = {4777}, pages = {734--737}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3775363} }
Aston-Jones, G., Ennis, M., Pieribone, V., Nickell, W. and Shipley, M.	The brain nucleus locus coeruleus: Restricted afferent control of a broad efferent network [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Science Vol. 234(4777), pp. 734-737	article	URL
Abstract: Dense, focal injections ofwheat germ agglutinin conjugated-horseradish peroxidase in the locus coeruleus of rats labeled afferent neurons in unexpectedly few brain regions. Major inputs emanate from only two nuclei-the paragigantocellularis and the prepositus hypoglossi, both in the rostral medulla. The dorsal cap of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and the spinal intermediate gray are possible minor afferents to locus coeruleus. Other areas reported to project to locus coeruleus (for example, amygdala, nucleus tractus solitarius, and spinal dorsal horn) did not exhibit consistent retrograde labeling. Anterograde tracing and electrophysiologic experiments confirmed the absence of input to locus coeruleus from these areas, which instead terminate in targets adjacent to locus coeruleus. These findings redefine the anatomic organization of the locus coeruleus, and have implications for hypotheses concerning the fimctions of this noradrenergic brain nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Aston-Jones:1986a, author = {Aston-Jones, G. and Ennis, M. and Pieribone, V.A. and Nickell, W.T. and Shipley, M.T.}, title = {The brain nucleus locus coeruleus: Restricted afferent control of a broad efferent network}, journal = {Science}, year = {1986}, volume = {234}, number = {4777}, pages = {734-737}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022981586&partnerID=40&md5=5cb842b238966fcead59887d81e52d01} }
Aston-Jones, G., Rogers, J., Shaver, R., Dinan, T. and Moss, D.	Age-impaired impulse flow from nucleus basalis to cortex [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Nature Vol. 318(6045), pp. 462-464	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Recent studies have renewed interest in the role of acetylcholine (ACh) in the cognitive changes associated with ageing and dementia1-4. Deficits in cortical choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in Alzheimer's disease have been consistently demonstrated5-9, while other research has suggested a connection between deterioration of cortical ACh fibres and dementia4. However, despite clear biochemical and anatomical evidence f or a fall in ACh in dementia1-9, results of therapeutic trials with cholinergic agonists, precursors and cholinesterase inhibitors have been inconsistent6-9. Such findings suggest that cortical cholinergic disorders are not wholly a function of simple biochemical change; alterations of impulse flow along cholinergic fibres could well be as debilitating. An important extrinsic source of cortical ACh innervation derives from neurones diffusely located in rat basal forebrain10-16, denoted the nucleus basalis (NB)15,17. We have now investigated the impulse conduction properties of cortically projecting, putatively cholinergic NB axons in adult and aged rats and have found that conduction latencies from NB to frontal cortex are significantly longer (by 51%) in aged animals. In addition, systematic analysis varying cortical stimulation depth revealed that these longer latencies are due entirely to decreased conduction velocities in the subcortical fibre projections. Indeed, intracortical velocities were virtually identical in the two groups. Our results indicate that ageing occasions a decrease in the temporal fidelity of impulse flow in the cholinergic input to the cortex from the NB, a previously overlooked but potentially important element in cognitive deficits that occur with age. © 1985 Nature Publishing Group.
BibTeX: @article{Aston-Jones:1985, author = {Aston-Jones, G. and Rogers, J. and Shaver, R.D. and Dinan, T.G. and Moss, D.E.}, title = {Age-impaired impulse flow from nucleus basalis to cortex}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1985}, volume = {318}, number = {6045}, pages = {462-464}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022405497&partnerID=40&md5=9d2e3be95094f3aaa14371fe0a77c624}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/318462a0} }
Aston-Jones, G., Shipley, M.T., Chouvet, G., Ennis, M., van Bockstaele, E., Pieribone, V., Shiekhattar, R., Akaoka, H., Drolet, G. and Astier, B.	Afferent regulation of locus coeruleus neurons: anatomy, physiology and pharmacology. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Prog Brain Res Vol. 88, pp. 47-75School: Department of Mental Health Sciences, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, PA.	article	DOI
Abstract: Tract-tracing and electrophysiology studies have revealed that major inputs to the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) are found in two structures, the nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi) and the perifascicular area of the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (PrH), both located in the rostral medulla. Minor afferents to LC were found in the dorsal cap of the paraventricular hypothalamus and spinal lamina X. Recent studies have also revealed limited inputs from two areas nearby the LC, the caudal midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the ventromedial pericoerulear region. The pericoeruleus may provide a local circuit interface to LC neurons. Recent electron microscopic analyses have revealed that LC dendrites extend preferentially into the rostromedial and caudal juxtaependymal pericoerulear regions. These extracoerulear LC dendrites may receive afferents in addition to those projecting to LC proper. However, single-pulse stimulation of inputs to such dendritic regions reveals little or no effect on LC neurons. Double-labeling studies have revealed that a variety of neurotransmitters impinging on LC neurons originate in its two major afferents, PGi and PrH. The LC is innervated by PGi neurons that stain for markers of adrenalin, enkephalin or corticotropin-releasing factor. Within PrH, large proportions of LC-projecting neurons stained for GABA or met-enkephalin. Finally, in contrast to previous conclusions, the dorsal raphe does not provide the robust 5-HT innervation found in the LC. We conclude that 5-HT inputs may derive from local 5-HT neurons in the pericoerulear area. Neuropharmacology experiments revealed that the PGi provides a potent excitatory amino acid (EAA) input to the LC, acting primarily at non-NMDA receptors in the LC. Other studies indicated that this pathway mediates certain sensory responses of LC neurons. NMDA-mediated sensory responses were also revealed during local infusion of magnesium-free solutions. Finally, adrenergic inhibition of LC from PGi could also be detected in nearly every LC neuron tested when the EAA-mediated excitation is first eliminated. In contrast to PGi, the PrH potently and consistently inhibited LC neurons via a GABAergic projection acting at GABAA receptors within LC. Such PrH stimulation also potently attenuated LC sensory responses. Finally, afferents to PGi areas that also contain LC-projecting neurons were identified. Major inputs were primarily autonomic in nature, and included the caudal medullary reticular formation, the parabrachial and Kölliker-Fuse nuclei, the PAG, NTS and certain hypothalamic areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Aston-Jones:1991, author = {Aston-Jones, G. and Shipley, M. T. and Chouvet, G. and Ennis, M. and van Bockstaele, E. and Pieribone, V. and Shiekhattar, R. and Akaoka, H. and Drolet, G. and Astier, B.}, title = {Afferent regulation of locus coeruleus neurons: anatomy, physiology and pharmacology.}, journal = {Prog Brain Res}, school = {Department of Mental Health Sciences, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, PA.}, year = {1991}, volume = {88}, pages = {47--75}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63799-1} }
Aston-Jones, G. and Waterhouse, B.	Locus Coeruleus: From Global Projection System to Adaptive Regulation of Behavior. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2016	Brain ResSchool: Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129. Electronic address: Barry.Waterhouse@DrexelMed.edu.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The brainstem nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) is a major source of norepinephrine (NE) projections throughout the CNS. This important property was masked in very early studies by the inability to visualize endogenous monoamines. The development of monoamine histofluorescence methods by Swedish scientists led to a plethora of studies, including a paper published in Brain Research by Loizou in 1969. That paper was highly cited (making it a focal point for the 50(th) anniversary issue of this journal), and helped to spark a large and continuing set of investigations to further refine our understating of the LC-NE system and its contribution to brain function and behavior. This paper very briefly reviews the ensuing advances in anatomical, physiological and behavioral aspects of the LC-NE system. Although its projections are ubiquitously present throughout the CNS, recent studies find surprising specificity within the organizational and operational domains of LC neurons. These and other findings lead us to expect that future work will unmask additional features of the LC-NE system and its roles in normative and pathological brain and behavioral processes.
BibTeX: @article{Aston-Jones:2016, author = {Aston-Jones, Gary and Waterhouse, Barry}, title = {Locus Coeruleus: From Global Projection System to Adaptive Regulation of Behavior.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129. Electronic address: Barry.Waterhouse@DrexelMed.edu.}, year = {2016}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.001}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.001} }
Aston-Jones, G., Zhu, Y. and Card, J.	Numerous GABAergic Afferents to Locus Ceruleus in the Pericerulear Dendritic Zone: Possible Interneuronal Pool [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 24(9), pp. 2313-2321	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Most nuclei in the CNS are composed of principal neurons that project to other areas and interneurons that serve to integrate information among afferents. The noradrenergic brain nucleus locus ceruleus (LC) has appeared to be an exception to this general rule, because the LC is composed almost entirely of noradrenergic principal neurons. Here, we report that numerous small neurons in the peri-LC region become retrogradely labeled after focal injections of wheat germ agglutinin-apo (inactivated) horseradish peroxidase conjugated to colloidal gold, or pseudorabies virus (PRV), into the nuclear core of the rat LC. A substantial number of these neurons were routinely found within the dendritic field of the LC, in the area surrounding the compact cell-dense region classically defined as LC. Double labeling revealed that a large percentage of these cells stained for GABA. Ultrastructural analyses revealed axodendritic and axosomatic contacts between PRV-labeled afferents and LC neurons labeled with tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. In addition, PRV-labeled neurons or axons were immunopositive for GABA in ultrastructural localizations. Analysis of the synaptology of immunopositive profiles demonstrated that these LC afferents in the peri-LC region receive several non-LC synaptic inputs. These results indicate that a population of small GABAergic neurons in the peri-LC dendritic zone may provide interneuronal integration for LC noradrenergic neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Aston-Jones:2004a, author = {Aston-Jones, G. and Zhu, Y. and Card, J.P.}, title = {Numerous GABAergic Afferents to Locus Ceruleus in the Pericerulear Dendritic Zone: Possible Interneuronal Pool}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2004}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2313-2321}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1542347181&partnerID=40&md5=92004b1f467ce3938d9a18489ec91d1d}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5339-03.2004} }
Aston-Jones, G., Zhu, Y. and Card, J.P.	Numerous GABAergic afferents to locus ceruleus in the pericerulear dendritic zone: possible interneuronal pool. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	J Neurosci Vol. 24(9), pp. 2313-2321School: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. gaj@mail.med.upenn.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Most nuclei in the CNS are composed of principal neurons that project to other areas and interneurons that serve to integrate information among afferents. The noradrenergic brain nucleus locus ceruleus (LC) has appeared to be an exception to this general rule, because the LC is composed almost entirely of noradrenergic principal neurons. Here, we report that numerous small neurons in the peri-LC region become retrogradely labeled after focal injections of wheat germ agglutinin-apo (inactivated) horseradish peroxidase conjugated to colloidal gold, or pseudorabies virus (PRV), into the nuclear core of the rat LC. A substantial number of these neurons were routinely found within the dendritic field of the LC, in the area surrounding the compact cell-dense region classically defined as LC. Double labeling revealed that a large percentage of these cells stained for GABA. Ultrastructural analyses revealed axodendritic and axosomatic contacts between PRV-labeled afferents and LC neurons labeled with tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. In addition, PRV-labeled neurons or axons were immunopositive for GABA in ultrastructural localizations. Analysis of the synaptology of immunopositive profiles demonstrated that these LC afferents in the peri-LC region receive several non-LC synaptic inputs. These results indicate that a population of small GABAergic neurons in the peri-LC dendritic zone may provide interneuronal integration for LC noradrenergic neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Aston-Jones:2004, author = {Aston-Jones, Gary and Zhu, Yan and Card, J Patrick}, title = {Numerous GABAergic afferents to locus ceruleus in the pericerulear dendritic zone: possible interneuronal pool.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. gaj@mail.med.upenn.edu}, year = {2004}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2313--2321}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5339-03.2004}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5339-03.2004} }
Aston-Jones, G., Zhu, Y. and Card, J.P.	Numerous GABAergic afferents to locus ceruleus in the pericerulear dendritic zone: possible interneuronal pool. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Vol. 24, pp. 2313-21	article
Abstract: Most nuclei in the CNS are composed of principal neurons that project to other areas and interneurons that serve to integrate information among afferents. The noradrenergic brain nucleus locus ceruleus (LC) has appeared to be an exception to this general rule, because the LC is composed almost entirely of noradrenergic principal neurons. Here, we report that numerous small neurons in the peri-LC region become retrogradely labeled after focal injections of wheat germ agglutinin-apo (inactivated) horseradish peroxidase conjugated to colloidal gold, or pseudorabies virus (PRV), into the nuclear core of the rat LC. A substantial number of these neurons were routinely found within the dendritic field of the LC, in the area surrounding the compact cell-dense region classically defined as LC. Double labeling revealed that a large percentage of these cells stained for GABA. Ultrastructural analyses revealed axodendritic and axosomatic contacts between PRV-labeled afferents and LC neurons labeled with tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. In addition, PRV-labeled neurons or axons were immunopositive for GABA in ultrastructural localizations. Analysis of the synaptology of immunopositive profiles demonstrated that these LC afferents in the peri-LC region receive several non-LC synaptic inputs. These results indicate that a population of small GABAergic neurons in the peri-LC dendritic zone may provide interneuronal integration for LC noradrenergic neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Aston-Jones:2004b, author = {Aston-Jones, Gary and Zhu, Yan and Card, J. Patrick}, title = {Numerous GABAergic afferents to locus ceruleus in the pericerulear dendritic zone: possible interneuronal pool.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, year = {2004}, volume = {24}, pages = {2313-21}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aszmann, O., Korak, K., Kropf, N., Fine, E., Aebischer, P. and Frey, M.	Simultaneous GDNF and BDNF application leads to increased motoneuron survival and improved functional outcome in an experimental model for obstetric brachial plexus lesions [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Vol. 110(4), pp. 1066-1072	article	URL
Abstract: Motoneurons of the neonate rat respond to proximal axonal injury with morphologic and functional changes and ultimately with neuronal death. Recent studies showed that both glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) reduce induced degeneration of motoneurons after axotomy and avulsion. Whether rescued motoneurons are functionally intact has been argued. In the present investigation, the authors have used a proximal crush lesion of the brachial plexus in neonatal rats as the experimental model of neuronal injury. This allowed the authors to study the effects of trophic factor administration on injured motoneurons and the relationship between motoneuron survival and extremity function. Trophic factors were locally released by small polymer implants in a low-dose slow-release mode. Six groups of 10 animals were prepared: BDNF, GDNF, GDNF/BDNF, control, sham, and normals. The number of surviving motoneurons was determined by retrograde tracer techniq ues using Fluorogold and Fastblue. Extremity function was quantitatively evaluated with functional muscle testing at day 56. The results of this study demonstrate that trophic factors applied separately had no effect, whereas combined trophic factor application (GDNF/BDNF group) had a dramatic rescue effect on motoneuron survival as compared with the control groups, which also effected significantly greater strength. The authors conclude that a combination of trophic factors leads to enhanced motoneuron survival, with improved voluntary, function as the animal enters adulthood so that exogenous trophic support of motoneurons might have a role in the treatment of all types of severe neonatal plexopathies, maintaining the viability of motoneurons until reconstructive surgery provides them with a pathway for regeneration and endogenous trophic support.
BibTeX: @article{Aszmann:2002a, author = {Aszmann, O.C. and Korak, K.J. and Kropf, N. and Fine, E. and Aebischer, P. and Frey, M.}, title = {Simultaneous GDNF and BDNF application leads to increased motoneuron survival and improved functional outcome in an experimental model for obstetric brachial plexus lesions}, journal = {Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery}, year = {2002}, volume = {110}, number = {4}, pages = {1066-1072}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037105846&partnerID=40&md5=90bd290bdb7dcce7fa9382d691acb976} }
Aszmann, O., Winkler, T., Korak, K., Lassmann, H. and Frey, M.	The influence of GDNF on the timecourse and extent of motoneuron loss in the cervical spinal cord after brachial plexus injury in the neonate [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Neurological Research Vol. 26(2), pp. 211-217	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Injuries of the peripheral nerve in the early post-natal period are known to cause massive loss in the motoneuron pools of the spinal cord. However, the exact time frame and extent of motoneuron death in the cervical spinal cord after a brachial plexus lesion and the altered course after neuroprotection with different trophic factors is not known. In the present study, the time course of induced motoneuron death after a neonatal peripheral nerve injury and the effect of GDNF was investigated over a 4 week time period to determine the window of opportunity for possible therapeutic interventions in obstetrical plexus palsy. The brachial plexus of a total of 70 animals was explored within 12 hours after birth and divided at trunc level. The plexus was then labeled with a fluorescent tracer to identify the corresponding motoneuron pool. Two groups were prepared: Group I remained untreated to assess the natural course of induced neuronal death. Group II received GDNF immediately after the lesion. Post- operatively the animals were evaluated sequentially over 29 days. Surviving motoneurons were evaluated quantitatively counting the nucleoli. The entire brachial plexus of the rat is supplied by a total of about 4000 motoneurons. After injury the number of motoneurons steadily diminished within the first 10 days to reach a plateau of about 20% of the original number. At this time the GDNF treated group still had 85% (3330±247) of motoneurons viable. This further decreased so that at the termination of the experiment at day 29 there were still 2527±285 motoneurons alive. This study clearly shows that pathology after a brachial plexus injury in the newborn is not restricted to the peripheral nerve alone. In this model 64% of motoneurons underwent apoptosis within the first week after injury, reaching a plateau after 10 days at 20%. GDNF successfully rescued motoneurons so that after 4 weeks still 65% were present. We conclude that GDNF leads to enhanced motoneuron survival so that exogenous trophic support of motoneurons might have a role in the treatment of all types of severe neonatal plexopathies, maintaining the viability of motoneurons until reconstructive surgery provides them with a pathway for regeneration and endogenous trophic support.
BibTeX: @article{Aszmann:2004a, author = {Aszmann, O.C. and Winkler, T. and Korak, K. and Lassmann, H. and Frey, M.}, title = {The influence of GDNF on the timecourse and extent of motoneuron loss in the cervical spinal cord after brachial plexus injury in the neonate}, journal = {Neurological Research}, year = {2004}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {211-217}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1842502665&partnerID=40&md5=0c71cb053b001b85a75c347cf744ee0d}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1179/016164104225013789} }
Aszmann, O.C., Korak, K.J., Kropf, N., Fine, E., Aebischer, P. and Frey, M.	Simultaneous GDNF and BDNF application leads to increased motoneuron survival and improved functional outcome in an experimental model for obstetric brachial plexus lesions. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Plast Reconstr Surg Vol. 110(4), pp. 1066-1072School: ar.aszmann@univie.ac.at	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Motoneurons of the neonate rat respond to proximal axonal injury with morphologic and functional changes and ultimately with neuronal death. Recent studies showed that both glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) reduce induced degeneration of motoneurons after axotomy and avulsion. Whether rescued motoneurons are functionally intact has been argued. In the present investigation, the authors have used a proximal crush lesion of the brachial plexus in neonatal rats as the experimental model of neuronal injury. This allowed the authors to study the effects of trophic factor administration on injured motoneurons and the relationship between motoneuron survival and extremity function. Trophic factors were locally released by small polymer implants in a low-dose slow-release mode. Six groups of 10 animals were prepared: BDNF, GDNF, GDNF/BDNF, control, sham, and normals. The number of surviving motoneurons was determined by retrograde tracer techniques using Fluorogold and Fastblue. Extremity function was quantitatively evaluated with functional muscle testing at day 56. The results of this study demonstrate that trophic factors applied separately had no effect, whereas combined trophic factor application (GDNF/BDNF group) had a dramatic rescue effect on motoneuron survival as compared with the control groups, which also effected significantly greater strength. The authors conclude that a combination of trophic factors leads to enhanced motoneuron survival, with improved voluntary function as the animal enters adulthood so that exogenous trophic support of motoneurons might have a role in the treatment of all types of severe neonatal plexopathies, maintaining the viability of motoneurons until reconstructive surgery provides them with a pathway for regeneration and endogenous trophic support.
BibTeX: @article{Aszmann:2002, author = {Oskar C Aszmann and Klaus J Korak and Nina Kropf and Eric Fine and Patrick Aebischer and Manfred Frey}, title = {Simultaneous GDNF and BDNF application leads to increased motoneuron survival and improved functional outcome in an experimental model for obstetric brachial plexus lesions.}, journal = {Plast Reconstr Surg}, school = {ar.aszmann@univie.ac.at}, year = {2002}, volume = {110}, number = {4}, pages = {1066--1072}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.PRS.0000020990.82332.43}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PRS.0000020990.82332.43} }
Aszmann, O.C., Korak, K.J., Luegmair, M. and Frey, M.	Bridging critical nerve defects through an acellular homograft seeded with autologous schwann cells obtained from a regeneration neuroma of the proximal stump. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	J Reconstr Microsurg Vol. 24(3), pp. 151-158School: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Vienna, School of Medicine, Vienna, Austria.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Over the last decade, several models have investigated the usefulness of different biologic and/or synthetic matrices as alternatives to conventional nerve grafts. Still, axonal regeneration did not occur over longer (> 3 cm) distances. One problem may be that a growth-promoting environment not only includes physical cues but also a rich spectrum of different growth factors only provided by reactive Schwann cells. In the current study, we investigated whether a hybrid graft consisting of first-generation autologous Schwann cells seeded onto an acellular auto- or homograft can aid regeneration across a critical nerve defect in a rat model. In this paradigm, Schwann cells were not expanded in vitro but harvested from the proximal stump neuroma at the time of reconstruction and seeded into either an acellular homo- or autograft. Regeneration was then quantitated with functional muscle testing, regular histology, histomorphometry, and retrograde tracing techniques 12 weeks after reconstruction. Results showed successful regeneration over the entire distance regardless of whether Schwann cells were transplanted onto auto- or homologous acellular matrix. Schwann cells did populate both grafts; however, only sensory axons persisted through the entire distance. The functional outcome was dismal with no motor and poor sensory recovery. Control group C with homologous matrix only without Schwann cells showed no signs of directed axonal regeneration. Control group D with autologous reverse graft showed excellent recovery, as was expected. The present experiment sought to create a hybrid graft where the proximal stump neuroma is used as a biological resource for autologous Schwann cells that are seeded unto an acellular matrix, thus providing both physical and chemical support to regenerating axons. The results are encouraging in that successful regeneration was observed over the entire distance; however, only sensory axons had enough regenerative potential to also make end-organ contact. For motor axons, further refinements in conduit preparation have to be done.
BibTeX: @article{Aszmann:2008, author = {Aszmann, Oskar C. and Korak, Klaus J. and Luegmair, Matthias and Frey, Manfred}, title = {Bridging critical nerve defects through an acellular homograft seeded with autologous schwann cells obtained from a regeneration neuroma of the proximal stump.}, journal = {J Reconstr Microsurg}, school = {Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Vienna, School of Medicine, Vienna, Austria.}, year = {2008}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {151--158}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1076091}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1076091} }
Aszmann, O.C., Korak, K.J., Rab, M., Grünbeck, M., Lassmann, H. and Frey, M.	Neuroma prevention by end-to-side neurorraphy: an experimental study in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	J Hand Surg Am Vol. 28(6), pp. 1022-1028School: Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.	article	DOI
Abstract: The successful treatment of painful neuromas remains a difficult goal to attain. In this report we explore the feasibility of neuroma prevention by insertion of the proximal end of a nerve through an end-to-side neurorraphy into an adjacent mixed nerve to provide a pathway and target for axons deprived of their end organ.Experiments were performed on a total of twenty 250-g Sprague-Dawley rats. Two groups of 10 animals were prepared. Group A served as an anatomic control. In group B the right saphenous nerve was transected and implanted end-to-side through an epineurial window into the tibial nerve distal to the trifurcation of the sciatic nerve. After 12 weeks the corresponding sensory neurons were identified by retrograde labeling techniques and histomorphometric analysis of the proximal and distal tibial nerve segments, and regular histology of the end-to-side site were performed.The results of the retrograde labeling of the corresponding sensory neuron pool of the saphenus nerve showed extensive labelling of the L1 to L3 spinal ganglions after intracutaneous tracer application of the planta pedis. The morphology of the end-to-side coaptation site and histomorphologic analysis prove that sensory neurons penetrate the perineurial sheath and axons regenerate along the tibial Schwann cell tubes toward their targets.Axons of a severed peripheral nerve that are provided with a pathway and target through an end-to-side coaptation will either be pruned or establish some type of end-organ contact so that a neuroma can be prevented. Whether these axons will lead to disturbing sensations such as paresthesia or dysesthesia in the newly found environment or remain silent codwellers, this experiment cannot answer. Long-term results of future clinical work will have to decide whether the prevention of the neuroma through end-to-side coaptation will be an appropriate therapy for this difficult problem.
BibTeX: @article{Aszmann:2003, author = {Aszmann, Oskar C. and Korak, Klaus J. and Rab, Matthias and Grünbeck, Matthias and Lassmann, Hans and Frey, Manfred}, title = {Neuroma prevention by end-to-side neurorraphy: an experimental study in rats.}, journal = {J Hand Surg Am}, school = {Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.}, year = {2003}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, pages = {1022--1028}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0363-5023(03)00379-4} }
Aszmann, O.C., Winkler, T., Korak, K., Lassmann, H. and Frey, M.	The influence of GDNF on the timecourse and extent of motoneuron loss in the cervical spinal cord after brachial plexus injury in the neonate. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Neurol Res Vol. 26(2), pp. 211-217School: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Clinics of Vienna School of Medicine, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria. oskar.aszmann@univie.ac.at	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Injuries of the peripheral nerve in the early post-natal period are known to cause massive loss in the motoneuron pools of the spinal cord. However, the exact time frame and extent of motoneuron death in the cervical spinal cord after a brachial plexus lesion and the altered course after neuroprotection with different trophic factors is not known. In the present study, the time course of induced motoneuron death after a neonatal peripheral nerve injury and the effect of GDNF was investigated over a 4 week time period to determine the window of opportunity for possible therapeutic interventions in obstetrical plexus palsy. The brachial plexus of a total of 70 animals was explored within 12 hours after birth and divided at trunc level. The plexus was then labeled with a fluorescent tracer to identify the corresponding motoneuron pool. Two groups were prepared: Group I remained untreated to assess the natural course of induced neuronal death. Group II received GDNF immediately after the lesion. Post-operatively the animals were evaluated sequentially over 29 days. Surviving motoneurons were evaluated quantitatively counting the nucleoli. The entire brachial plexus of the rat is supplied by a total of about 4000 motoneurons. After injury the number of motoneurons steadily diminished within the first 10 days to reach a plateau of about 20% of the original number. At this time the GDNF treated group still had 85% (3330 +/- 247) of motoneurons viable. This further decreased so that at the termination of the experiment at day 29 there were still 2527 +/- 285 motoneurons alive. This study clearly shows that pathology after a brachial plexus injury in the newborn is not restricted to the peripheral nerve alone. In this model 64% of motoneurons underwent apoptosis within the first week after injury, reaching a plateau after 10 days at 20%. GDNF successfully rescued motoneurons so that after 4 weeks still 65% were present. We conclude that GDNF leads to enhanced motoneuron survival so that exogenous trophic support of motoneurons might have a role in the treatment of all types of severe neonatal plexopathies, maintaining the viability of motoneurons until reconstructive surgery provides them with a pathway for regeneration and endogenous trophic support.
BibTeX: @article{Aszmann:2004, author = {Aszmann, Oskar C. and Winkler, Tobias and Korak, Klaus and Lassmann, Hans and Frey, Manfred}, title = {The influence of GDNF on the timecourse and extent of motoneuron loss in the cervical spinal cord after brachial plexus injury in the neonate.}, journal = {Neurol Res}, school = {Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Clinics of Vienna School of Medicine, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria. oskar.aszmann@univie.ac.at}, year = {2004}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {211--217}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/016164104225013789}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1179/016164104225013789} }
Atagi, Y., Ikadai, H., Kurohmaru, M. and Hayashi, Y.	Testicular disruption in the As (aspermia) mutant rat, with special reference to the aggregate of ribosomes. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	J Vet Med Sci Vol. 55(2), pp. 301-306School: Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan.	article	DOI
Abstract: The morphology of the testis of the mutant As (aspermia) strain rat with severely interrupted spermatogenesis was investigated in the present study. The most advanced development in spermatogenesis was observed at the step 8 at which spermatids had basally-oriented acrosomes. Multinucleate giant cells derived from round spermatids were frequently encountered within the seminiferous tubules. The functionally normal status of the blood-testis barrier between adjacent Sertoli cells was confirmed by morphological and lanthanum tracer studies. By light microscopy, a peculiar structure was found within the pachytene spermatocyte, consisting of numerous particles of approximately 25 nm in diameter. By histochemical and electron microscopic studies, this structure was identified as an aggregate of ribosomes. Neither immature spermatogenic cells up to the pachytene phase, nor Sertoli cells nor interstitial regions showed a recognizable abnormality. It seems that the testicular disruption in the As mutant rat is due to the abnormality in the protein synthetic pathway in pachytene spermatocytes.
BibTeX: @article{Atagi:1993, author = {Atagi, Y. and Ikadai, H. and Kurohmaru, M. and Hayashi, Y.}, title = {Testicular disruption in the As (aspermia) mutant rat, with special reference to the aggregate of ribosomes.}, journal = {J Vet Med Sci}, school = {Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan.}, year = {1993}, volume = {55}, number = {2}, pages = {301--306}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.55.301} }
Atahan, E., Ergün, Y., Kurutaş, E.B. and Alici, T.	Protective effect of zinc aspartate on long-term ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat skeletal muscle. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Biol Trace Elem Res Vol. 137(2), pp. 206-215School: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The present study investigated the protective effect of zinc aspartate, in connection with reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, on long-term ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rat skeletal muscle. Following ketamine anesthesia, 24 rats were randomly assigned to four groups: groups 1 and 2, each without tourniquet application, received no drug and zinc, respectively; groups 3 and 4, each subjected to tourniquet-induced IRI (3 + 24 h), received no drug and zinc, respectively. IRI was achieved by the application of an elastic rubber band in the left hind limb of the anesthetized rats. Gastrocnemius muscle samples were obtained for biochemical measurements. Malondialdehyde levels were lower in group 2 and higher in group 3 than those seen in group 1. However, zinc aspartate (group 4) totally reversed malondialdehyde levels to control levels. Superoxide dismutase activity was increased in group 2 compared with group 1; however, there was no difference between groups 1 and 3, and Zn injection (group 4) increased superoxide dismutase activity. While catalase values were similar in groups 1 and 2, significant increments were observed in 3 and 4. A similar enhancement in glutathione levels were observed in groups 2 and 4 compared with group 1. Nitric oxide levels were lower in group 2 than 1, and no difference between groups 1 and 3 was demonstrated. In conclusion, zinc seems to be an effective treatment option against IRI.
BibTeX: @article{Atahan:2010, author = {Atahan, Erhan and Ergün, Yusuf and Kurutaş, Ergül Belge and Alici, Tuğrul}, title = {Protective effect of zinc aspartate on long-term ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat skeletal muscle.}, journal = {Biol Trace Elem Res}, school = {Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.}, year = {2010}, volume = {137}, number = {2}, pages = {206--215}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-009-8568-6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-009-8568-6} }
Atamna, H., Cheung, I. and Ames, B.	A method for detecting abasic sites in living cells: Age-dependent changes in base excision repair [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol. 97(2), pp. 686-691	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites are common DNA lesions that arise from spontaneous depurination or by base excision repair (BER) of modified bases. A biotin-containing aldehyde-reactive probe (ARP) [Kubo, K., Ide, H., Wallace, S.S. and Kow, Y. W. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 3703-3708] is used to measure AP sites in living cells. ARP penetrates the plasma membrane of cells and reacts with AP sites in DNA to form a stable ARP-DNA adduct. The DNA is isolated and treated with avidin-horseradish peroxidase (HRP), forming a DNA- HRP complex at each biotin residue, which is rapidly separated from free avidin-HRP by selective precipitation with a DNA precipitating dye (DAPER). The number of AP sites is estimated by HRP activity toward chromogenic substrate in an ELISA assay. The assay integrates the AP sites formed by the different glycosylases of BER during a 1-h incubation and eliminates artifactual depurination or loss of AP sites during DNA isolation. The assay was applied to living cells and nuclei. The number of AP sites after a 1-h incubation in old IMR90 cells was about two to three times higher than that in young cells, and the number in human leukocytes from old donors was about seven times that in young donors. The repair of AP sites was slower in senescent compared with young IMR90 cells. An age-dependent decline is shown in the activity of the glycosylase that removes methylated bases in IMR90 cells and in human leukocytes. The decline in excision of methylated bases from DNA suggests an age-dependent decline in 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase, a BER enzyme responsible for removing alkylated bases.
BibTeX: @article{Atamna:2000, author = {Atamna, H. and Cheung, I. and Ames, B.N.}, title = {A method for detecting abasic sites in living cells: Age-dependent changes in base excision repair}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, year = {2000}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, pages = {686-691}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034681176&partnerID=40&md5=4fad50f4e9c7d1a2247f60a2951bae82}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.2.686} }
Atasever, A., Palaoglu, S., Erbengi, A. and Celik, H.	Labelling of neurons in the rat superior cervical ganglion after injection of wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the contralateral ganglion: Evidence of transneuronal labelling [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Journal of Anatomy Vol. 184(1), pp. 93-97	article	URL
Abstract: Recent studies have shown that injection of the tracer wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of one side results in labelling of neurons in the contralateral SCG and the stellate ganglion. This study was designed to verify whether or not bilateral projections from the superior cervical ganglion to the midline structures, particularly to the pineal gland, play a role in the transport of WGA-HRP to the contralateral SCG. One group of rats received WGA-HRP injection into the right SCG (group I). Four groups of rats underwent the following operations prior to the injection of WGA-HRP into the right superior cervical ganglion: transection of the external carotid nerve (group II), transection of the internal carotid nerve (group III), transection of the external carotid nerve combined with pinealectomy (group IV), transection of both the internal and the external carotid nerves (group V). The mean number of labelled neurons in the left SCG of each group were found as follows: group I, 1516 ± 221 (mean ± S.D.); group II, 861 ± 122; group III, 543 ± 99, group IV, 562 ± 144; group V, 220 ± 52. The results of this study suggest that the contralateral labelling depends on the transneuronal transport of WGA-HRP through the terminal fields of innervation of the midline structures that receive bilateral projections from both SCGs.
BibTeX: @article{Atasever:1994a, author = {Atasever, A. and Palaoglu, S. and Erbengi, A. and Celik, H.H.}, title = {Labelling of neurons in the rat superior cervical ganglion after injection of wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the contralateral ganglion: Evidence of transneuronal labelling}, journal = {Journal of Anatomy}, year = {1994}, volume = {184}, number = {1}, pages = {93-97}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028197475&partnerID=40&md5=678d4f0aed7a97efd9b0ff21a90a2405} }
Atasever, A., Palaoğlu, S., Erbengi, A. and Celik, H.H.	Labelling of neurons in the rat superior cervical ganglion after injection of wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the contralateral ganglion: evidence of transneuronal labelling. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	J Anat Vol. 184 ( Pt 1), pp. 93-97School: Department of Anatomy, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.	article
Abstract: Recent studies have shown that injection of the tracer wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of one side results in labelling of neurons in the contralateral SCG and the stellate ganglion. This study was designed to verify whether or not bilateral projections from the superior cervical ganglion to the midline structures, particularly to the pineal gland, play a role in the transport of WGA-HRP to the contralateral SCG. One group of rats received WGA-HRP injection into the right SCG (group I). Four groups of rats underwent the following operations prior to the injection of WGA-HRP into the right superior cervical ganglion: transection of the external carotid nerve (group II), transection of the internal carotid nerve (group III), transection of the external carotid nerve combined with pinealectomy (group IV), transection of both the internal and the external carotid nerves (group V). The mean number of labelled neurons in the left SCG of each group were found as follows: group I, 1516 +/- 221 (mean +/- S.D.); group II, 861 +/- 122; group III, 543 +/- 99; group IV, 562 +/- 144; group V, 220 +/- 52. The results of this study suggest that the contralateral labelling depends on the transneuronal transport of WGA-HRP through the terminal fields of innervation of the midline structures that receive bilateral projections from both SCGs.
BibTeX: @article{Atasever:1994, author = {A. Atasever and S. Palaoğlu and A. Erbengi and H. H. Celik}, title = {Labelling of neurons in the rat superior cervical ganglion after injection of wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the contralateral ganglion: evidence of transneuronal labelling.}, journal = {J Anat}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.}, year = {1994}, volume = {184 ( Pt 1)}, pages = {93--97} }
Atkins, M.J. and Apps, R.	Somatotopical organisation within the climbing fibre projection to the paramedian lobule and copula pyramidis of the rat cerebellum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	J Comp Neurol Vol. 389(2), pp. 249-263School: Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.	article	DOI
Abstract: The climbing fibre projection to the paramedian lobule (lobule VII) and the copula pyramidis (lobule VIII) in the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum was investigated in pentobarbitone-anaesthetised animals. Percutaneous electrical stimulation generated climbing fibre field potentials on the cerebellar surface that indicated a somatotopical organisation into five distinct cortical areas. Each area was identified by the site(s) of peripheral stimulation that evoked the largest response within that area, and from medial to lateral the cortex was subdivided as follows [principal site(s) of stimulation in parentheses with corresponding range of onset latencies]: in the paramedian lobule, area 1 (contralateral face, 17-18 ms), area 2 (ipsilateral forelimb, 10-15 ms) and area 3 (ipsi- and contralateral forelimbs, 16-26 ms and 15-30 ms, respectively); and in the copula pyramidis, area 4 (tail, 17-21 ms) and area 5 (ipsilateral hindlimb, 13-19 ms). In additional retrograde tracer experiments, small volumes of fluorescent-tagged beads were injected into each of the different areas and the location of retrogradely labelled olive cells was mapped. By comparison with other species, the results indicate that in the paramedian lobule area 1 corresponds to zone A2; area 2 corresponds, at least in part, to medial C1; and area 3 corresponds to C2; in addition, farther laterally, a C3 zone may be present. In the copula pyramidis, areas 4 and 5 correspond to subzones of medial C1. Overall, the results support the view that a general principle of cerebellar cortical organisation is a division into parasagittal zones, each characterised by its somatotopically organised climbing fibre input that arises from a specific, rostrocaudally oriented column of cells within the inferior olivary nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Atkins:1997, author = {M. J. Atkins and R. Apps}, title = {Somatotopical organisation within the climbing fibre projection to the paramedian lobule and copula pyramidis of the rat cerebellum.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.}, year = {1997}, volume = {389}, number = {2}, pages = {249-263}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19971215)389:2%3C249::aid-cne5%3E3.0.co;2-1} }
Atkins, M.J. and Apps, R.	Somatotopical organisation within the climbing fibre projection to the paramedian lobule and copula pyramidis of the rat cerebellum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 389, pp. 249-63	article
Abstract: The climbing fibre projection to the paramedian lobule (lobule VII) and the copula pyramidis (lobule VIII) in the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum was investigated in pentobarbitone-anaesthetised animals. Percutaneous electrical stimulation generated climbing fibre field potentials on the cerebellar surface that indicated a somatotopical organisation into five distinct cortical areas. Each area was identified by the site(s) of peripheral stimulation that evoked the largest response within that area, and from medial to lateral the cortex was subdivided as follows [principal site(s) of stimulation in parentheses with corresponding range of onset latencies]: in the paramedian lobule, area 1 (contralateral face, 17-18 ms), area 2 (ipsilateral forelimb, 10-15 ms) and area 3 (ipsi- and contralateral forelimbs, 16-26 ms and 15-30 ms, respectively); and in the copula pyramidis, area 4 (tail, 17-21 ms) and area 5 (ipsilateral hindlimb, 13-19 ms). In additional retrograde tracer experiments, small volumes of fluorescent-tagged beads were injected into each of the different areas and the location of retrogradely labelled olive cells was mapped. By comparison with other species, the results indicate that in the paramedian lobule area 1 corresponds to zone A2; area 2 corresponds, at least in part, to medial C1; and area 3 corresponds to C2; in addition, farther laterally, a C3 zone may be present. In the copula pyramidis, areas 4 and 5 correspond to subzones of medial C1. Overall, the results support the view that a general principle of cerebellar cortical organisation is a division into parasagittal zones, each characterised by its somatotopically organised climbing fibre input that arises from a specific, rostrocaudally oriented column of cells within the inferior olivary nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Atkins:1997a, author = {Atkins, M. J. and Apps, R.}, title = {Somatotopical organisation within the climbing fibre projection to the paramedian lobule and copula pyramidis of the rat cerebellum.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1997}, volume = {389}, pages = {249-63}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Atkinson, L., Batten, T., Corbett, E., Sinfield, J. and Deuchars, J.	Subcellular localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the rat nucleus of the solitary tract in relation to vagal afferent inputs [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Neuroscience Vol. 118(1), pp. 115-122	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), nitric oxide (NO) modulates neuronal circuits controlling autonomic functions. A proposed source of this NO is via nitric oxide synthase (NOS) present in vagal afferent fibre terminals, which convey visceral afferent information to the NTS. Here, we first determined with electron microscopy that neuronal NOS (nNOS) is present in both presynaptic and postsynaptic structures in the NTS. To examine the relationship of nNOS to vagal afferent fibres the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine was injected into the nodose ganglion and detected in brainstem sections using peroxidase-based methods. nNOS was subsequently visualised using a pre-embedding immunogold procedure. Ultrastructural examination revealed nNOS immunoreactivity in dendrites receiving vagal afferent input. However, although nNOS-immunoreactive terminals were frequently evident in the NTS, none were vagal afferent in origin. Dual immunofluorescence also confirmed lack of co-localisation. Nevertheless, nNOS immunoreactivity was observed in vagal afferent neurone cell bodies of the nodose ganglion. To determine if these labelled cells in the nodose ganglion were indeed vagal afferent neurones nodose ganglion sections were immunostained following application of cholera toxin B subunit to the heart. Whilst some cardiac-innervating neurones were also nNOS immunoreactive, nNOS was never detected in the central terminals of these neurones. These data show that nNOS is present in the NTS in both pre- and postsynaptic structures. However, these presynaptic structures are unlikely to be of vagal afferent origin. The lack of nNOS in vagal afferent terminals in the NTS, yet the presence in some vagal afferent cell bodies, suggests it is selectively targeted to specific regions of the same neurones. © 2003 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Atkinson:2003a, author = {Atkinson, L. and Batten, T.F.C. and Corbett, E.K.A. and Sinfield, J.K. and Deuchars, J.}, title = {Subcellular localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the rat nucleus of the solitary tract in relation to vagal afferent inputs}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2003}, volume = {118}, number = {1}, pages = {115-122}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037466246&partnerID=40&md5=d2e4851e0c51f4ad6d62d399a830b048}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00946-6} }
Atkinson, L., Batten, T.F. and Deuchars, J.	P2X(2) receptor immunoreactivity in the dorsal vagal complex and area postrema of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Neuroscience Vol. 99(4), pp. 683-696School: School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9NQ, Leeds, UK.	article	DOI
Abstract: Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) can function as a fast synaptic transmitter through its actions on ionotropic (P2X) and metabotropic (P2Y) receptors in neuronal tissue. The ionotropic receptors have been classified into seven subtypes (P2X(1)-P2X(7)) by molecular cloning. However, they are difficult to distinguish pharmacologically owing to an absence of specific agonists and antagonists. In this study we used neuroanatomical methods to determine the origin and neurochemical phenotype of the P2X(2) subtype of purinoceptor in the dorsal medulla of the rat. Using immunohistochemistry we observed dense networks of P2X(2) receptor immunoreactive labelled fibres and terminals in the dorsal vagal complex and area postrema, as well as labelled cell bodies in the dorsal vagal nucleus and the area postrema. The P2X(2) receptor was localized presynaptically in vagal afferent fibres and terminals in the nucleus tractus solitarius at the ultrastructural level by combining injections of an anterograde tracer (biotin dextran amine) into the nodose ganglion with pre-embedding immunogold visualization of P2X(2) immunoreactivity. Terminals immunoreactive for the P2X(2) receptor in the nucleus tractus solitarius were found to contain glutamate, but not GABA immunoreactivity by post-embedding immunogold-labelling techniques. In cell bodies in the area postrema, dual immunofluorescence also indicated that P2X(2) receptor immunoreactive cells are glutamatergic but not GABAergic. The P2X(2) receptor was localized to vagal preganglionic neurons in the dorsal vagal nucleus that were identified by prior intraperitoneal injections of the retrograde tracer FluoroGold. No cells immunoreactive for the P2X(2) receptor were observed in the nucleus tractus solitarius. The localization of P2X(2) receptor immunoreactivity presynaptically in vagal afferent terminals indicates that the receptor may be involved in modulating transmitter release from vagal afferent fibres. Furthermore, the presence of the P2X(2) receptor in vagal preganglionic cells and in glutamatergic cells of the area postrema implies that it may, respectively, play a role in regulation of vagal efferent cell activity and modulation of excitatory outputs from the area postrema to other brain regions.
BibTeX: @article{Atkinson:2000, author = {L. Atkinson and T. F. Batten and J. Deuchars}, title = {P2X(2) receptor immunoreactivity in the dorsal vagal complex and area postrema of the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9NQ, Leeds, UK.}, year = {2000}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, pages = {683--696}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00233-5} }
Atkinson, L., Batten, T.F.C., Corbett, E.K.A., Sinfield, J.K. and Deuchars, J.	Subcellular localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the rat nucleus of the solitary tract in relation to vagal afferent inputs. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Neuroscience Vol. 118(1), pp. 115-122School: School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9NQ, Leeds, UK.	article	DOI
Abstract: In the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), nitric oxide (NO) modulates neuronal circuits controlling autonomic functions. A proposed source of this NO is via nitric oxide synthase (NOS) present in vagal afferent fibre terminals, which convey visceral afferent information to the NTS. Here, we first determined with electron microscopy that neuronal NOS (nNOS) is present in both presynaptic and postsynaptic structures in the NTS. To examine the relationship of nNOS to vagal afferent fibres the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine was injected into the nodose ganglion and detected in brainstem sections using peroxidase-based methods. nNOS was subsequently visualised using a pre-embedding immunogold procedure. Ultrastructural examination revealed nNOS immunoreactivity in dendrites receiving vagal afferent input. However, although nNOS-immunoreactive terminals were frequently evident in the NTS, none were vagal afferent in origin. Dual immunofluorescence also confirmed lack of co- localisation. Nevertheless, nNOS immunoreactivity was observed in vagal afferent neurone cell bodies of the nodose ganglion. To determine if these labelled cells in the nodose ganglion were indeed vagal afferent neurones nodose ganglion sections were immunostained following application of cholera toxin B subunit to the heart. Whilst some cardiac-innervating neurones were also nNOS immunoreactive, nNOS was never detected in the central terminals of these neurones. These data show that nNOS is present in the NTS in both pre- and postsynaptic structures. However, these presynaptic structures are unlikely to be of vagal afferent origin. The lack of nNOS in vagal afferent terminals in the NTS, yet the presence in some vagal afferent cell bodies, suggests it is selectively targeted to specific regions of the same neurones.
BibTeX: @article{Atkinson:2003, author = {L. Atkinson and T. F C Batten and E. K A Corbett and J. K. Sinfield and J. Deuchars}, title = {Subcellular localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the rat nucleus of the solitary tract in relation to vagal afferent inputs.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9NQ, Leeds, UK.}, year = {2003}, volume = {118}, number = {1}, pages = {115--122}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00946-6} }
Atkinson, M.E. and Kenyon, C.	Collateral branching innervation of rat molar teeth from trigeminal ganglion cells shown by double labelling with fluorescent retrograde tracers. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Brain Res Vol. 508(2), pp. 289-292School: Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, U.K.	article	DOI
Abstract: Somatotopic projections of each maxillary molar tooth were defined by injecting individual teeth with True blue and plotting the location of fluorescent cells in sections of the trigeminal ganglia. Collateral branching was investigated by injecting True blue and Diamidino yellow into pairs of maxillary molar teeth and examining the ganglia for double labelled cells. Maxillary molar teeth project to the lateral ophthalmomaxillary region of the ipsilateral ganglion with extensive overlap of the projections from individual teeth. Double labelling with both dyes demonstrated considerable collateral branching from single trigeminal ganglion cells to the molar teeth.
BibTeX: @article{Atkinson:1990, author = {M. E. Atkinson and C. Kenyon}, title = {Collateral branching innervation of rat molar teeth from trigeminal ganglion cells shown by double labelling with fluorescent retrograde tracers.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, U.K.}, year = {1990}, volume = {508}, number = {2}, pages = {289--292}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(90)90409-5} }
Atkinson, M.E. and Kenyon, C.	Collateral branching innervation of rat molar teeth from trigeminal ganglion cells shown by double labelling with fluorescent retrograde tracers. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Brain research Vol. 508, pp. 289-92	article
Abstract: Somatotopic projections of each maxillary molar tooth were defined by injecting individual teeth with True blue and plotting the location of fluorescent cells in sections of the trigeminal ganglia. Collateral branching was investigated by injecting True blue and Diamidino yellow into pairs of maxillary molar teeth and examining the ganglia for double labelled cells. Maxillary molar teeth project to the lateral ophthalmomaxillary region of the ipsilateral ganglion with extensive overlap of the projections from individual teeth. Double labelling with both dyes demonstrated considerable collateral branching from single trigeminal ganglion cells to the molar teeth.
BibTeX: @article{Atkinson:1990a, author = {Atkinson, M. E. and Kenyon, C.}, title = {Collateral branching innervation of rat molar teeth from trigeminal ganglion cells shown by double labelling with fluorescent retrograde tracers.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1990}, volume = {508}, pages = {289-92}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Atlasz, T., Szabadfi, K., Kiss, P., Babai, N., Koszegi, Z., Tamas, A., Reglodi, D. and Gabriel, R.	PACAP-mediated neuroprotection of neurochemically identified cell types in MSG-induced retinal degeneration [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Journal of Molecular Neuroscience Vol. 36(1-3), pp. 97-104	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is neuroprotective in animal models of different brain pathologies and injuries, including cerebral ischemia, Parkinson's disease, and different types of retinal degenerations. We have previously shown that PACAP is protective against monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced retinal degeneration, where PACAP-treated retinas has more retained structure and PACAP induces anti-apoptotic while it inhibits pro-apoptotic signaling pathways. The aim of the present study was to investigate cell-type specific effects of PACAP in MSG-induced retinal degeneration by means of immunohistochemistry. Rat pups received MSG (2 mg/g b.w.) applied on postnatal days 1, 5, and 9. PACAP (100 pmol in 5 μl saline) was injected into the right vitreous body, while the left eye received only saline. Retinas were processed for immunocytochemistry after 3 weeks. Immunolabeling was determined for vesicular glutamate transporter 1, tyrosine hydroxylase, calretinin, calbindin, parvalbumin, and vesicular γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter. In the MSG-treated retinas, the cell bodies and processes in the inner nuclear, inner plexiform, and ganglion cell layers displayed less immunoreactivity for all antisera. Apart from photoreceptors, only one major retinal cell type examined in this study; the calbindin-immunoreactive horizontal cell seemed not to be affected by MSG application. After simultaneous application of MSG and PACAP, staining of retinas was similar to that of normal eyes, with no significant alterations in immunoreactive patterns. These findings further support the neuroprotective function of PACAP in MSG-induced retinal degeneration. © 2008 Humana Press.
BibTeX: @article{Atlasz:2008a, author = {Atlasz, T. and Szabadfi, K. and Kiss, P. and Babai, N. and Koszegi, Z. and Tamas, A. and Reglodi, D. and Gabriel, R.}, title = {PACAP-mediated neuroprotection of neurochemically identified cell types in MSG-induced retinal degeneration}, journal = {Journal of Molecular Neuroscience}, year = {2008}, volume = {36}, number = {1-3}, pages = {97-104}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-58149093939&partnerID=40&md5=70f657e5df63c62bee6cffebf0e7d0db}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-008-9059-5} }
Atoji, Y., Kusindarta, D.L., Hamazaki, N. and Kaneko, A.	Innervation of the rat trachea by bilateral cholinergic projections from the nucleus ambiguus and direct motor fibers from the cervical spinal cord: a retrograde and anterograde tracer study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Brain Res Vol. 1031(1), pp. 90-100School: Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan. atozi@cc.gifu-u.ac.jp	article	DOI URL
Abstract: A tract-tracer method was employed to examine the innervation of the rat trachea. Cholera toxin beta subunit (CTB) was injected into the following locations in separate groups of rats: (1) ventral trachea, (2) lateral trachea, (3) ventral trachea after the excision of the nodose ganglion, and (4) ventral trachea after the transection of C1-C2 spinal nerves. CTB injection in the ventral trachea showed bilateral labeling of neurons in the nucleus ambiguus (NA), medial subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), and lamina IX of C1-C6. CTB injection in the lateral trachea showed significant ipsilateral predominance of neuronal labeling in the NA and lamina IX of C1-C2 segments. CTB injection in rats after the excision of the nodose ganglion revealed no labeling in the ipsilateral DMV and NA and a significant reduction of neuronal labeling in C1. CTB injection in rats after the transection of C1-C2 spinal nerves showed a significant decrease in the number of labeled neurons in ipsilateral NA, C1, and C2 and no labeling of fibers in C1-C2. The combination of retrograde fluorogold labeling and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostaining revealed that all fluorogold-labeled neurons in the NA and lamina IX of C1-C2 colocalized with ChAT. The injection of biotinylated dextran amine in NA produced labeling in axonal terminals on postganglionic neurons, but not in other regions of the trachea. Our findings indicate that the rat trachea is innervated bilaterally by cholinergic motor neurons in NA and C1-C2, while those traveling through the spinal nerves project directly to the trachea.
BibTeX: @article{Atoji:2005, author = {Yasuro Atoji and Dwi Liliek Kusindarta and Nao Hamazaki and Akihisa Kaneko}, title = {Innervation of the rat trachea by bilateral cholinergic projections from the nucleus ambiguus and direct motor fibers from the cervical spinal cord: a retrograde and anterograde tracer study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan. atozi@cc.gifu-u.ac.jp}, year = {2005}, volume = {1031}, number = {1}, pages = {90--100}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.10.032}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.10.032} }
Atoji, Y., Kusindarta, D.L., Hamazaki, N. and Kaneko, A.	Innervation of the rat trachea by bilateral cholinergic projections from the nucleus ambiguus and direct motor fibers from the cervical spinal cord: a retrograde and anterograde tracer study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Brain research Vol. 1031, pp. 90-100	article	DOI
Abstract: A tract-tracer method was employed to examine the innervation of the rat trachea. Cholera toxin beta subunit (CTB) was injected into the following locations in separate groups of rats: (1) ventral trachea, (2) lateral trachea, (3) ventral trachea after the excision of the nodose ganglion, and (4) ventral trachea after the transection of C1-C2 spinal nerves. CTB injection in the ventral trachea showed bilateral labeling of neurons in the nucleus ambiguus (NA), medial subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), and lamina IX of C1-C6. CTB injection in the lateral trachea showed significant ipsilateral predominance of neuronal labeling in the NA and lamina IX of C1-C2 segments. CTB injection in rats after the excision of the nodose ganglion revealed no labeling in the ipsilateral DMV and NA and a significant reduction of neuronal labeling in C1. CTB injection in rats after the transection of C1-C2 spinal nerves showed a significant decrease in the number of labeled neurons in ipsilateral NA, C1, and C2 and no labeling of fibers in C1-C2. The combination of retrograde fluorogold labeling and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostaining revealed that all fluorogold-labeled neurons in the NA and lamina IX of C1-C2 colocalized with ChAT. The injection of biotinylated dextran amine in NA produced labeling in axonal terminals on postganglionic neurons, but not in other regions of the trachea. Our findings indicate that the rat trachea is innervated bilaterally by cholinergic motor neurons in NA and C1-C2, while those traveling through the spinal nerves project directly to the trachea.
BibTeX: @article{Atoji:2005a, author = {Atoji, Yasuro and Kusindarta, Dwi Liliek and Hamazaki, Nao and Kaneko, Akihisa}, title = {Innervation of the rat trachea by bilateral cholinergic projections from the nucleus ambiguus and direct motor fibers from the cervical spinal cord: a retrograde and anterograde tracer study.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {2005}, volume = {1031}, pages = {90--100}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.10.032} }
Atoji, Y. and Wild, J.M.	Anatomy of the avian hippocampal formation. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Rev Neurosci Vol. 17(1-2), pp. 3-15School: Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan. atozi@cc.gifu-u.ac.jp	article	DOI
Abstract: Increasing knowledge of the avian hippocampal formation (hippocampus and parahippocampal area) suggests that it plays a role in a variety of behaviors, such as homing, cache retrieving, visual discrimination, imprinting, and sexual behavior. Knowledge of the neural circuits in the hippocampal formation and its related areas or nuclei is important for the understanding of these functions. This review therefore describes the functional neuroanatomy of the avian hippocampal formations, i.e., its subdivisions, cytoarchitecture, and afferent and efferent connections. Evidence obtained by a combination of Nissl staining and tract-tracing shows that the pigeon hippocampal formation can be divided into seven subdivisions: dorsolateral (DL), dorsomedial (DM), triangular (Tr), V-shaped (V), magnocellular (Ma), parvocellular, and cell-poor regions. DL and DM can be further divided into dorsal and ventral, and lateral and medial portions, respectively. In the hippocampal formation, reciprocal connections are found between DL-DM, DL-Tr, DL-Ma, DM-Ma, DM-V, and Tr-V. Neurons in the V-shaped layer appear to be intrinsic neurons. Sensory inputs from higher order visual and olfactory stations enter DL and DM, are modified or integrated by intrinsic hippocampal circuitry, and the outputs are sent, via DL and DM, to various telencephalic nuclei, septum, and hypothalamus. The neural pathways indicate that the hippocampal formation plays a central role in the limbic system, which also includes the dorsolateral corticoid area, nucleus taeniae of the amygdala, posterior pallial amygdala, septum, medial part of the anterior dorsolateral nucleus of the thalamus, and the lateral mammillary nucleus. Connectional and comparative studies, including the use of kainic acid excitotoxicity, suggest that the V-shaped layer is comparable to the dentate gyrus of the mammalian hippocampal formation and DM to Ammon's horn and subiculum.
BibTeX: @article{Atoji:2006, author = {Atoji, Yasuro and Wild, J Martin}, title = {Anatomy of the avian hippocampal formation.}, journal = {Rev Neurosci}, school = {Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan. atozi@cc.gifu-u.ac.jp}, year = {2006}, volume = {17}, number = {1-2}, pages = {3--15}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro.2006.17.1-2.3} }
Atoji, Y. and Wild, J.M.	Anatomy of the avian hippocampal formation. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Reviews in the neurosciences Vol. 17, pp. 3-15	article
Abstract: Increasing knowledge of the avian hippocampal formation (hippocampus and parahippocampal area) suggests that it plays a role in a variety of behaviors, such as homing, cache retrieving, visual discrimination, imprinting, and sexual behavior. Knowledge of the neural circuits in the hippocampal formation and its related areas or nuclei is important for the understanding of these functions. This review therefore describes the functional neuroanatomy of the avian hippocampal formations, i.e., its subdivisions, cytoarchitecture, and afferent and efferent connections. Evidence obtained by a combination of Nissl staining and tract-tracing shows that the pigeon hippocampal formation can be divided into seven subdivisions: dorsolateral (DL), dorsomedial (DM), triangular (Tr), V-shaped (V), magnocellular (Ma), parvocellular, and cell-poor regions. DL and DM can be further divided into dorsal and ventral, and lateral and medial portions, respectively. In the hippocampal formation, reciprocal connections are found between DL-DM, DL-Tr, DL-Ma, DM-Ma, DM-V, and Tr-V. Neurons in the V-shaped layer appear to be intrinsic neurons. Sensory inputs from higher order visual and olfactory stations enter DL and DM, are modified or integrated by intrinsic hippocampal circuitry, and the outputs are sent, via DL and DM, to various telencephalic nuclei, septum, and hypothalamus. The neural pathways indicate that the hippocampal formation plays a central role in the limbic system, which also includes the dorsolateral corticoid area, nucleus taeniae of the amygdala, posterior pallial amygdala, septum, medial part of the anterior dorsolateral nucleus of the thalamus, and the lateral mammillary nucleus. Connectional and comparative studies, including the use of kainic acid excitotoxicity, suggest that the V-shaped layer is comparable to the dentate gyrus of the mammalian hippocampal formation and DM to Ammon's horn and subiculum.
BibTeX: @article{Atoji:2006a, author = {Atoji, Yasuro and Wild, J. Martin}, title = {Anatomy of the avian hippocampal formation.}, journal = {Reviews in the neurosciences}, year = {2006}, volume = {17}, pages = {3-15}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Atsak, P., Hauer, D., Campolongo, P., Schelling, G., McGaugh, J. and Roozendaal, B.	Glucocorticoids interact with the hippocampal endocannabinoid system in impairing retrieval of contextual fear memory [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol. 109(9), pp. 3504-3509	article	DOI URL
Abstract: There is extensive evidence that glucocorticoid hormones impair the retrieval of memory of emotionally arousing experiences. Although it is known that glucocorticoid effects on memory retrieval impairment depend on rapid interactions with arousalinduced noradrenergic activity, the exact mechanism underlying this presumably nongenomically mediated glucocorticoid action remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that the hippocampal endocannabinoid system, a rapidly activated retrograde messenger system, is involved in mediating glucocorticoid effects on retrieval of contextual fear memory. Systemic administration of corticosterone (0.3-3 mg/kg) to male Sprague-Dawley rats 1 h before retention testing impaired the retrieval of contextual fear memory without impairing the retrieval of auditory fear memory or directly affecting the expression of freezing behavior. Importantly, a blockade of hippocampal CB1 receptors with AM251 prevented the impairing effect of corticosterone on retrieval of contextual fear memory, whereas the same impairing dose of corticosterone increased hippocampal levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. We also found that antagonism of hippocampal β-adrenoceptor activity with local infusions of propranolol blocked the memory retrieval impairment induced by the CB receptor agonist WIN55,212-2. Thus, these findings strongly suggest that the endocannabinoid system plays an intermediary role in regulating rapid glucocorticoid effects on noradrenergic activity in impairing memory retrieval of emotionally arousing experiences.
BibTeX: @article{Atsak:2012, author = {Atsak, P. and Hauer, D. and Campolongo, P. and Schelling, G. and McGaugh, J.L. and Roozendaal, B.}, title = {Glucocorticoids interact with the hippocampal endocannabinoid system in impairing retrieval of contextual fear memory}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, year = {2012}, volume = {109}, number = {9}, pages = {3504-3509}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84857757278&partnerID=40&md5=e96a950560c10542d52f0c7c3a0cd7a2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1200742109} }
Attella, M., Hoffman, S., Pilotte, M. and Stein, D.	Effects of BIM-22015, an analog of ACTH4-10, on functional recovery after frontal cortex injury [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Behavioral and Neural Biology Vol. 57(2), pp. 157-166	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Male rats, 90-100 days old, with frontal cortex lesions were given either subcutaneous sterile water (SW) as a vehicle control or 1, 10, or 100 μg of BIM-22015 every other day for 20 days. Brain-injured subjects tested in the Morris water maze with either 10 μg BIM-22015 or SW took significantly more trials than sham-operated rats to locate a submerged platform eight consecutive times within 60 s. The animals given 1 or 100 μg BIM-22015 took significantly fewer trials to reach criterion than brain-injured animals in the other drug treatment groups. On a percentage of savings, measured 8 days after reaching criterion, the brain-injured subjects given 1, 10, or 100 μg BIM-22015 did not differ from sham-operated rats. In contrast, the brain-injured animals given SW took longer to find the submerged platform than they did during the initial training. To assess long-term effects of the ACTH analog treatment, rats were trained on a delayed spatial alternation task 30 days after receiving the last injection. On this task, brain-injured rats treated with the 10-μg dose performed significantly better than those given sterile water. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-labeled neurons counted in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis indicated that rats with frontal cortex damage given the 10-μg treatment did not differ from the sham controls and had significantly more AChE-positive neurons than injured counterparts treated with SW or 100 μg. © 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Attella:1992, author = {Attella, M.J. and Hoffman, S.W. and Pilotte, M.P. and Stein, D.G.}, title = {Effects of BIM-22015, an analog of ACTH4-10, on functional recovery after frontal cortex injury}, journal = {Behavioral and Neural Biology}, year = {1992}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, pages = {157-166}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026563207&partnerID=40&md5=98874d8589be9bdeb170da0cc93a028b}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-1047(92)90665-Q} }
Atzberger, P. and Peskin, C.	A brownian dynamics model of kinesin in three dimensions incorporating the force-extension profile of the coiled-coil cargo tether [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Bulletin of Mathematical Biology Vol. 68(1), pp. 131-160	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The kinesin family of motor proteins are involved in a variety of cellular processes that transport materials and generate force. With recent advances in experimental techniques, such as optical tweezers can probe individual molecules, there has been an increasing interest in understanding the mechanisms by which motor proteins convert chemical energy into mechanical work. Here we present a mathematical model for the chemistry and three dimensional mechanics of the kinesin motor protein which captures many of the force dependent features of the motor. For the elasticity of the tether that attaches cargo to the motor we develop a method for deriving the non-linear force-extension relationship from optical trap data. For the kinesin heads, cargo, and microscope stage we formulate a three dimensional Brownian Dynamics model that takes into account excluded volume interactions. To efficiently compute statistics from the model, an algorithm is proposed which uses a two step protocol that separates the simulation of the mechanical features of the model from the chemical kinetics of the model. Using this approach for a bead transported by the motor, the force dependent average velocity and randomness parameter are computed and compared with the experimental data. © Society for Mathematical Biology 2006.
BibTeX: @article{Atzberger:2006, author = {Atzberger, P.J. and Peskin, C.S.}, title = {A brownian dynamics model of kinesin in three dimensions incorporating the force-extension profile of the coiled-coil cargo tether}, journal = {Bulletin of Mathematical Biology}, year = {2006}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, pages = {131-160}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33746614386&partnerID=40&md5=1745c8e64525baf29821bc75fb7596d3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538-005-9003-6} }
Aubele, T. and Kritzer, M.F.	Androgen influence on prefrontal dopamine systems in adult male rats: localization of cognate intracellular receptors in medial prefrontal projections to the ventral tegmental area and effects of gonadectomy and hormone replacement on glutamate-stimulated extracellular dopamine level. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Cereb Cortex Vol. 22(8), pp. 1799-1812School: Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Although androgens are known to modulate dopamine (DA) systems and DA-dependent behaviors of the male prefrontal cortex (PFC), how this occurs remains unclear. Because relatively few ventral tegmental area (VTA) mesoprefrontal DA neurons contain intracellular androgen receptors (ARs), studies presented here combined retrograde tracing and immunolabeling for AR in male rats to determine whether projections afferent to the VTA might be more AR enriched. Results revealed PFC-to-VTA projections to be substantially AR enriched. Because these projections modulate VTA DA cell firing and PFC DA levels, influence over this pathway could be means whereby androgens modulate PFC DA. To assess the hormone sensitivity of glutamate stimulation of PFC DA tone, additional studies utilized microdialysis/reverse dialysis application of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype-selective antagonists which act locally within the PFC and tegmentally via inhibition or disinhibition of PFC-to-VTA afferents to modulate intracortical DA levels. Here, we compared the effects of these drug challenges in control, gonadectomized, and gonadectomized rats given testosterone or estradiol. This revealed complex effects of gonadectomy on antagonist-stimulated PFC DA levels that together with the anatomical data above suggest that androgen stimulation of PFC DA systems does engage glutamatergic circuitry and perhaps that of the AR-enriched glutamatergic projections from PFC-to-VTA specifically.
BibTeX: @article{Aubele:2012, author = {Aubele, T. and Kritzer, M. F.}, title = {Androgen influence on prefrontal dopamine systems in adult male rats: localization of cognate intracellular receptors in medial prefrontal projections to the ventral tegmental area and effects of gonadectomy and hormone replacement on glutamate-stimulated extracellular dopamine level.}, journal = {Cereb Cortex}, school = {Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA.}, year = {2012}, volume = {22}, number = {8}, pages = {1799--1812}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr258}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr258} }
Aubele, T. and Kritzer, M.F.	Androgen influence on prefrontal dopamine systems in adult male rats: localization of cognate intracellular receptors in medial prefrontal projections to the ventral tegmental area and effects of gonadectomy and hormone replacement on glutamate-stimulated extracellular dopamine level. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) Vol. 22, pp. 1799-812	article	DOI
Abstract: Although androgens are known to modulate dopamine (DA) systems and DA-dependent behaviors of the male prefrontal cortex (PFC), how this occurs remains unclear. Because relatively few ventral tegmental area (VTA) mesoprefrontal DA neurons contain intracellular androgen receptors (ARs), studies presented here combined retrograde tracing and immunolabeling for AR in male rats to determine whether projections afferent to the VTA might be more AR enriched. Results revealed PFC-to-VTA projections to be substantially AR enriched. Because these projections modulate VTA DA cell firing and PFC DA levels, influence over this pathway could be means whereby androgens modulate PFC DA. To assess the hormone sensitivity of glutamate stimulation of PFC DA tone, additional studies utilized microdialysis/reverse dialysis application of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype-selective antagonists which act locally within the PFC and tegmentally via inhibition or disinhibition of PFC-to-VTA afferents to modulate intracortical DA levels. Here, we compared the effects of these drug challenges in control, gonadectomized, and gonadectomized rats given testosterone or estradiol. This revealed complex effects of gonadectomy on antagonist-stimulated PFC DA levels that together with the anatomical data above suggest that androgen stimulation of PFC DA systems does engage glutamatergic circuitry and perhaps that of the AR-enriched glutamatergic projections from PFC-to-VTA specifically.
BibTeX: @article{Aubele:2012a, author = {Aubele, T. and Kritzer, M. F.}, title = {Androgen influence on prefrontal dopamine systems in adult male rats: localization of cognate intracellular receptors in medial prefrontal projections to the ventral tegmental area and effects of gonadectomy and hormone replacement on glutamate-stimulated extracellular dopamine level.}, journal = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)}, year = {2012}, volume = {22}, pages = {1799-812}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr258} }
Aubrey, K.R., Drew, G.M., Jeong, H.-J., Lau, B.K. and Vaughan, C.W.	Endocannabinoids control vesicle release mode at midbrain periaqueductal grey inhibitory synapses. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2017	The Journal of physiology Vol. 595, pp. 165-178	article	DOI
Abstract: The midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG) forms part of an endogenous analgesic system which is tightly regulated by the neurotransmitter GABA. The role of endocannabinoids in regulating GABAergic control of this system was examined in rat PAG slices. Under basal conditions GABAergic neurotransmission onto PAG output neurons was multivesicular. Activation of the endocannabinoid system reduced GABAergic inhibition by reducing the probability of release and by shifting release to a univesicular mode. Blockade of endocannabinoid system unmasked a tonic control over the probability and mode of GABA release. These findings provides a mechanistic foundation for the control of the PAG analgesic system by disinhibition. The midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG) has a crucial role in coordinating endogenous analgesic responses to physiological and psychological stressors. Endocannabinoids are thought to mediate a form of stress-induced analgesia within the PAG by relieving GABAergic inhibition of output neurons, a process known as disinhibition. This disinhibition is thought to be achieved by a presynaptic reduction in GABA release probability. We examined whether other mechanisms have a role in endocannabinoid modulation of GABAergic synaptic transmission within the rat PAG. The group I mGluR agonist DHPG ((R,S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine) inhibited evoked IPSCs and increased their paired pulse ratio in normal external Ca(2+) , and when release probability was reduced by lowering Ca(2+) . However, the effect of DHPG on the coefficient of variation and kinetics of evoked IPSCs differed between normal and low Ca(2+) . Lowering external Ca(2+) had a similar effect on evoked IPSCs to that observed for DHPG in normal external Ca(2+) . The low affinity GABAA receptor antagonist TPMPA ((1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid) inhibited evoked IPSCs to a greater extent in low than in normal Ca(2+) . Together these findings indicate that the normal mode of GABA release is multivesicular within the PAG, and that DHPG and lowering external Ca(2+) switch this to a univesicular mode. The effects of DHPG were mediated by mGlu5 receptor engagement of the retrograde endocannabinoid system. Blockade of endocannabinoid breakdown produced a similar shift in the mode of release. We conclude that endocannabinoids control both the mode and the probability of GABA release within the PAG.
BibTeX: @article{Aubrey:2017, author = {Aubrey, Karin R and Drew, Geoffrey M and Jeong, Hyo-Jin and Lau, Benjamin K and Vaughan, Christopher W}, title = {Endocannabinoids control vesicle release mode at midbrain periaqueductal grey inhibitory synapses.}, journal = {The Journal of physiology}, year = {2017}, volume = {595}, pages = {165--178}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1113/JP272292} }
Aubry, J., Lundström, K., Kawashima, E., Ayala, G., Schulz, P., Bartanusz, V. and Kiss, J.	NK1 receptor expression by cholinergic interneurones in human striatum [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	NeuroReport Vol. 5(13), pp. 1597-1600	article	URL
Abstract: Neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor expression in human striatum was analysed using the polymerase chain reaction. To determine whether cholinergic interneurones express this receptor, in situ hybridization histochemistry was then applied to caudate nucleus and putamen. Radioactive oligonucleotide probes specific for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and NK1 receptor mRNA were used on adjacent cryostat sections. All of the 160 identified neurones positive for ChAT were also labelled for NK1 receptor. Moreover, in the caudate nucleus, NK1 receptor mRNA was detected in a population of large neurones that were not cholinergic. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that NK1 receptor-mediated mechanisms are involved in the function of cholinergic interneurones. This might be relevant to pharmacological or pathophysiological situations where substance P inputs are modified. © Rapid Communications of Oxford Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Aubry:1994, author = {Aubry, J.M. and Lundström, K. and Kawashima, E. and Ayala, G. and Schulz, P. and Bartanusz, V. and Kiss, J.Z.}, title = {NK1 receptor expression by cholinergic interneurones in human striatum}, journal = {NeuroReport}, year = {1994}, volume = {5}, number = {13}, pages = {1597-1600}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028146007&partnerID=40&md5=31f379be827537b9645645ceb4945527} }
Auburger, G., Heumann, R., Hellweg, R., Korsching, S. and Thoenen, H.	Developmental changes of nerve growth factor and its mRNA in the rat hippocampus: comparison with choline acetyltransferase. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Developmental biology Vol. 120, pp. 322-8	article	DOI
Abstract: Previous experiments have demonstrated that in the septo-hippocampal system choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) is induced by nerve growth factor (NGF) (Gnahn et al. (1983) Dev. Brain Res. 9, 45-52) and that hippocampal NGF and mRNANGF levels are correlated with the density of cholinergic innervation (Korsching et al. (1985) EMBO J. 4, 1389-1393). In the present investigation we have compared the developmental changes of ChAT, NGF, and mRNANGF levels in this system. During the postnatal development of the hippocampus the time courses of NGF and ChAT were well correlated including the most rapid increase between P12 and P14. This increase in hippocampal NGF was preceded by a corresponding increase in mRNANGF. The developmental changes in hippocampal NGF levels were also closely reflected by corresponding changes in the septum. This, together with previous observations (Korsching et al., 1985) that the adult septum, in spite of relatively high NGF levels, does not contain measurable quantities of mRNANGF, suggests that the NGF levels in the septum are determined by the quantity of NGF transported retrogradely from the field of innervation rather than by local synthesis. During the prenatal period hippocampal NGF levels were relatively high, whereas the mRNANGF was below the level of detection. Since the ingrowth of septal fibers, and with that also the removal of NGF by retrograde transport, begins around birth, the relatively high prenatal NGF levels probably result from an accumulation produced by a small copy number of mRNANGF prior to the removal of NGF by retrograde axonal transport. It is concluded that the correlation of the developmental changes in NGF and mRNANGF with the ChAT activity in the hippocampus further supports the concept of a physiological role of NGF in the central nervous system.
BibTeX: @article{Auburger:1987, author = {Auburger, G. and Heumann, R. and Hellweg, R. and Korsching, S. and Thoenen, H.}, title = {Developmental changes of nerve growth factor and its mRNA in the rat hippocampus: comparison with choline acetyltransferase.}, journal = {Developmental biology}, year = {1987}, volume = {120}, pages = {322-8}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(87)90235-1} }
Auclair, F., Belanger, M.C. and Marchand, R.	Ontogenetic study of early brain stem projections to the spinal cord in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Brain research bulletin Vol. 30, pp. 281-9	article	DOI
Abstract: In an attempts to describe the early development of the brain stem-spinal projections, we implanted DiI crystals at the C3 level of the spinal cord of 13- and 14-day fixed embryos. After a diffusion period of 2 to 4 months, neurons of the rhombencephalic reticular formation were retrogradely labeled by the tracer. This group of neurons was situated ventromedially in the tegmentum. Their axons coursed into the ventral marginal layer at bulbar levels and entered the ventral funiculus when reaching the spinal cord. Neurons of the lateral vestibular nucleus were also labeled and gave rise to descending fibers that gradually moved medially and entered the spinal cord in the ventral funiculus. In the mesencephalon, labeled cell bodies of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (InC) were found lying ventrally in the tegmentum, at the rostral end of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (mlf), in which their axons coursed. Also, in the midbrain, several cells lying dorsal to the InC, with axons descending in the lateral tegmentum, were tentatively identified as part of the mesencephalic reticular formation.
BibTeX: @article{Auclair:1993b, author = {Auclair, F. and Belanger, M. C. and Marchand, R.}, title = {Ontogenetic study of early brain stem projections to the spinal cord in the rat.}, journal = {Brain research bulletin}, year = {1993}, volume = {30}, pages = {281-9}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(93)90256-b} }
Auclair, F., Bélanger, M.C. and Marchand, R.	Ontogenetic study of early brain stem projections to the spinal cord in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Brain Res Bull Vol. 30(3-4), pp. 281-289School: Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.	article	DOI
Abstract: In an attempts to describe the early development of the brain stem-spinal projections, we implanted DiI crystals at the C3 level of the spinal cord of 13- and 14-day fixed embryos. After a diffusion period of 2 to 4 months, neurons of the rhombencephalic reticular formation were retrogradely labeled by the tracer. This group of neurons was situated ventromedially in the tegmentum. Their axons coursed into the ventral marginal layer at bulbar levels and entered the ventral funiculus when reaching the spinal cord. Neurons of the lateral vestibular nucleus were also labeled and gave rise to descending fibers that gradually moved medially and entered the spinal cord in the ventral funiculus. In the mesencephalon, labeled cell bodies of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (InC) were found lying ventrally in the tegmentum, at the rostral end of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (mlf), in which their axons coursed. Also, in the midbrain, several cells lying dorsal to the InC, with axons descending in the lateral tegmentum, were tentatively identified as part of the mesencephalic reticular formation.
BibTeX: @article{Auclair:1993, author = {F. Auclair and M. C. Bélanger and R. Marchand}, title = {Ontogenetic study of early brain stem projections to the spinal cord in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.}, year = {1993}, volume = {30}, number = {3-4}, pages = {281--289}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(93)90256-b} }
Auclair, F., Bélanger, M.C. and Marchand, R.	Ontogenetic study of early brain stem projections to the spinal cord in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Brain Res Bull Vol. 30(3-4), pp. 281-289School: Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.	article	DOI
Abstract: In an attempts to describe the early development of the brain stem-spinal projections, we implanted DiI crystals at the C3 level of the spinal cord of 13- and 14-day fixed embryos. After a diffusion period of 2 to 4 months, neurons of the rhombencephalic reticular formation were retrogradely labeled by the tracer. This group of neurons was situated ventromedially in the tegmentum. Their axons coursed into the ventral marginal layer at bulbar levels and entered the ventral funiculus when reaching the spinal cord. Neurons of the lateral vestibular nucleus were also labeled and gave rise to descending fibers that gradually moved medially and entered the spinal cord in the ventral funiculus. In the mesencephalon, labeled cell bodies of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (InC) were found lying ventrally in the tegmentum, at the rostral end of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (mlf), in which their axons coursed. Also, in the midbrain, several cells lying dorsal to the InC, with axons descending in the lateral tegmentum, were tentatively identified as part of the mesencephalic reticular formation.
BibTeX: @article{Auclair:1993a, author = {Auclair, F. and Bélanger, M. C. and Marchand, R.}, title = {Ontogenetic study of early brain stem projections to the spinal cord in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.}, year = {1993}, volume = {30}, number = {3-4}, pages = {281--289}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(93)90256-b} }
Auclair, F., Marchand, R. and Glover, J.C.	Regional patterning of reticulospinal and vestibulospinal neurons in the hindbrain of mouse and rat embryos. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	J Comp Neurol Vol. 411(2), pp. 288-300School: Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Université Laval, Québec City, G1J 1Z4, Canada.	article	DOI
Abstract: The dispositions and axonal trajectories of bulbospinal neurons in the pons and medulla of mouse and rat embryos is described from the earliest times these projections can be labelled retrogradely from the cervical spinal cord. Reticulospinal and vestibulospinal neurons are clustered into identifiable groups, each with a characteristic combination of spatial domain and axon trajectory. The various groups can be labelled retrogradely in a specific developmental sequence. The position of some groups shifts from medial to lateral with development, apparently through cell migration. These observations show that the basic regional organization of the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal projections is similar in mouse and rat and is already established during early stages of axon outgrowth.
BibTeX: @article{Auclair:1999, author = {F. Auclair and R. Marchand and J. C. Glover}, title = {Regional patterning of reticulospinal and vestibulospinal neurons in the hindbrain of mouse and rat embryos.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Université Laval, Québec City, G1J 1Z4, Canada.}, year = {1999}, volume = {411}, number = {2}, pages = {288--300}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990823)411:2%3C288::aid-cne9%3E3.0.co;2-u} }
Auclair, N., Otani, S., Soubrie, P. and Crepel, F.	Cannabinoids modulate synaptic strength and plasticity at glutamatergic synapses of rat prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	J Neurophysiol Vol. 83(6), pp. 3287-3293School: Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Neuropharmacologie du Developpement, Institut des Neurosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-UniversitÃ© Paris VI, 75005 Paris, France.	article	URL
Abstract: Cannabinoids receptors have been reported to modulate synaptic transmission in many structures of the CNS, but yet little is known about their role in the prefrontal cortex where type I cannabinoid receptor (CB-1) are expressed. In this study, we tested first the acute effects of selective agonists and antagonist of CB-1 on glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in slices of rat prefrontal cortex (PFC). EPSCs were evoked in patch-clamped layer V pyramidal cells by stimulation of layer V afferents. Monosynaptic EPSCs were strongly depressed by bath application (1 microM) of the cannabinoid receptors agonists WIN55212-2 (-50.4 +/- 8.8 and CP55940 (-42.4 +/- 10.9. The CB-1 antagonist SR141716A reversed these effects. Unexpectedly, SR141716A alone produced a significant increase of glutamatergic synaptic transmission (+46.9 +/- 11.2, which could be partly reversed by WIN55212-2. In the presence of strontium in the bath, the frequency but not the amplitude of asynchronous synaptic events evoked in layer V pyramidal cells by stimulating layer V afferents, was markedly decreased (-54.2 +/- 8, indicating a presynaptic site of action of cannabinoids at these synapses. Tetanic stimulation (100 pulses at 100 Hz, 4 trains) induced in control condition, no changes (n = 7/18), long-term depression (LTD; n = 6/18), or long-term potentiation (LTP; n = 5/18) of monosynaptic EPSCs evoked by stimulation of layer V afferents. When tetanus was applied in the presence of WIN 55,212-2 or SR141716-A (1 microM) in the bath, the proportion of "nonplastic" cells were not significantly changed (n = 7/15 in both cases). For the plastic ones (n = 8 in both cases), WIN 55,212-2 strongly favored LTD (n = 7/8) at the apparent expense of LTP (n = 1/8), whereas the opposite effect was observed with SR141716-A (7/8 LTP; 1/8 LTD). These results demonstrate that cannabinoids influence glutamatergic synaptic transmission and plasticity in the PFC of rodent.
BibTeX: @article{Auclair:2000, author = {Auclair, N and Otani, S and Soubrie, P and Crepel, F}, title = {Cannabinoids modulate synaptic strength and plasticity at glutamatergic synapses of rat prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, school = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Neuropharmacologie du Developpement, Institut des Neurosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-UniversitÃ© Paris VI, 75005 Paris, France.}, year = {2000}, volume = {83}, number = {6}, pages = {3287--3293}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://jn.physiology.org/content/jn/83/6/3287.full.pdf} }
Audinat, E., Condé, F. and Crépel, F.	Cortico-cortical connections of the limbic cortex of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Exp Brain Res Vol. 69(2), pp. 439-443School: Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, CNRS-UA 1121, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: By means of the retrograde transport of fluorescent tracers (Fast Blue, True Blue, Fluorogold and Diamidino Yellow), the cortico-cortical connections of prelimbic, insular, anterior and posterior cingulate (retrosplenial) areas have been studied. Our results demonstrate that there are, in the cortex of the adult rat, a few cells which have branched axons with connections in the ipsilateral hemisphere (associational neurons) or in the contralateral hemisphere (callosal neurons). The callosal neurons could be separated into two categories: "double callosal" neurons which project both axon collaterals to two cortical areas of the contralateral hemisphere, and "associational-callosal" neurons which send axon collaterals to both hemispheres.
BibTeX: @article{Audinat:1988, author = {E. Audinat and F. Condé and F. Crépel}, title = {Cortico-cortical connections of the limbic cortex of the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, school = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, CNRS-UA 1121, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.}, year = {1988}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, pages = {439--443}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00247590} }
Audinat, E., Condé, F. and Crépel, F.	Cortico-cortical connections of the limbic cortex of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Exp Brain Res Vol. 69(2), pp. 439-443School: Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, CNRS-UA 1121, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: By means of the retrograde transport of fluorescent tracers (Fast Blue, True Blue, Fluorogold and Diamidino Yellow), the cortico-cortical connections of prelimbic, insular, anterior and posterior cingulate (retrosplenial) areas have been studied. Our results demonstrate that there are, in the cortex of the adult rat, a few cells which have branched axons with connections in the ipsilateral hemisphere (associational neurons) or in the contralateral hemisphere (callosal neurons). The callosal neurons could be separated into two categories: "double callosal" neurons which project both axon collaterals to two cortical areas of the contralateral hemisphere, and "associational-callosal" neurons which send axon collaterals to both hemispheres.
BibTeX: @article{Audinat:1988a, author = {Audinat, E. and Condé, F. and Crépel, F.}, title = {Cortico-cortical connections of the limbic cortex of the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, school = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, CNRS-UA 1121, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.}, year = {1988}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, pages = {439--443}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00247590} }
Audinat, E., Condé, F. and Crépel, F.	Cortico-cortical connections of the limbic cortex of the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Experimental Brain Research Vol. 69(2), pp. 439-443	article	DOI URL
Abstract: By means of the retrograde transport of fluorescent tracers (Fast Blue, True Blue, Fluorogold and Diamidino Yellow), the cortico-cortical connections of prelimbic, insular, anterior and posterior cingulate (retrosplenial) areas have been studied. Our results demonstrate that there are, in the cortex of the adult rat, a few cells which have branched axons with connections in the ipsilateral hemisphere (associational neurons) or in the contralateral hemisphere (callosal neurons). The callosal neurons could be separated into two categories: "double callosal" neurons which project both axon collaterals to two cortical areas of the contralateral hemisphere, and "associational-callosal" neurons which send axon collaterals to both hemispheres. © 1988 Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX: @article{Audinat:1988b, author = {Audinat, E. and Condé, F. and Crépel, F.}, title = {Cortico-cortical connections of the limbic cortex of the rat}, journal = {Experimental Brain Research}, year = {1988}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, pages = {439-443}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023850260&partnerID=40&md5=8d4ca99a84705a9665f2fee713153fd9}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00247590} }
Auerbach, D.S., Grzda, K.R., Furspan, P.B., Sato, P.Y., Mironov, S. and Jalife, J.	Structural heterogeneity promotes triggered activity, reflection and arrhythmogenesis in cardiomyocyte monolayers. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	J Physiol Vol. 589(Pt 9), pp. 2363-2381School: Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Patients with structural heart disease are predisposed to arrhythmias by incompletely understood mechanisms. We hypothesized that tissue expansions promote source-to-sink mismatch leading to early after-depolarizations (EADs) and reflection of impulses in monolayers of well-polarized neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes.We traced electrical propagation optically in patterned monolayers consisting of two wide regions connected by a thin isthmus.Structural heterogeneities provided a substrate for EADs, retrograde propagation along the same pathway (reflection) and reentry initiation. Reflection always originated during the action potential (AP) plateau at the distal expansion. To determine whether increased sodium current(INa) would promote EADs, we employed adenoviral transfer of Nav1.5 (Ad-Nav1.5). Compared with uninfected and adenoviral expression of green fluorescent protein (Ad-GFP; viral control),Ad-Nav1.5 significantly increased Nav1.5 protein expression, peak and persistent INa density, A Pupstroke velocity, AP duration, conduction velocity and EAD incidence, as well as reflection incidence (29.2 n =48 vs. uninfected, 9.4 n =64; and Ad-GFP, 4.8 n =21). Likewise,the persistent INa agonist veratridine (0.05–3 μM) prolonged the AP, leading to EADs and reflection. Reflection led to functional reentry distally and bigeminal and trigeminal rhythms proximally. Reflection was rare in the absence of structural heterogeneities.Computer simulations demonstrated the importance of persistent INa in triggering reflection and predicted that the gradient between the depolarizing cells at the distal expansion and the repolarizing cells within the isthmus enabled retrograde flow of depolarizing electrotonic current to trigger EADs and reflection. A combination of a substrate (structural heterogeneity) and a trigger (increased persistent INa and EADs) promotes reflection and arrhythmogenesis.
BibTeX: @article{Auerbach:2011, author = {Auerbach, David S. and Grzda, Krzysztof R. and Furspan, Philip B. and Sato, Priscila Y. and Mironov, Sergey and Jalife, José}, title = {Structural heterogeneity promotes triggered activity, reflection and arrhythmogenesis in cardiomyocyte monolayers.}, journal = {J Physiol}, school = {Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.}, year = {2011}, volume = {589}, number = {Pt 9}, pages = {2363--2381}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2010.200576}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2010.200576} }
Auerbach, S. and Hjorth, S.	Effect of chronic administration of the selective serotonin (5-HT) uptake inhibitor citalopram on extracellular 5-HT and apparent autoreceptor sensitivity in rat forebrain in vivo [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology Vol. 352(6), pp. 597-606	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Rats were administered the selective serotonin (5-HT) uptake blocker citalopram or saline for 14 days to determine if prolonged treatment would lead to changes in extracellular 5-HT or autoreceptor sensitivity. One day after drug withdrawal, dialysis probes were implanted in the frontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus. Dialysis experiments were carried out using chloral hydrate anesthetized rats. The experimental protocol comprised the administration of three consecutive drug challenges: (1) After stable baseline levels were obtained, citalopram was infused through the dialysis probes to locally block uptake in the forebrain. (2) Subsequently, a 5-HT1B receptor agonist (RU24969 or CP93,129) was infused through the probe to test for changes in terminal autoreceptor sensitivity. (3) Last, citalopram was administered systemically to test the effect of indirect activation of somatodendritic autoreceptors. Under these conditions, with uptake already blocked locally in the forebrain, systemic citalopram produces a decrease in extracellular 5-HT, an effect that can be inhibited by pretreatment with antagonists of 5-HT1A receptors. The results indicate that during local infusion of citalopram extracellular 5-HT was significantly higher in the dorsal hippocampus of the chronic citalopram as compared to saline treatment group. This difference persisted throughout the full time course of the experiment. However, the decreases in 5-HT levels produced by local infusion of a 5-HT1B receptor agonist or after systemic citalopram administration were not significantly different between the chronic citalopram and saline treated groups. There were no significant differences between chronic citalopram and saline treated animals in frontal cortex. These results suggest that prolonged inhibition of 5-HT uptake may produce a selective change in the regulation of release from median raphe 5-HT neurons, but this change could not be clearly linked to a change in nerve terminal or somatodendritic autoreceptor sensitivity. © 1995, Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Auerbach:1995, author = {Auerbach, S.B. and Hjorth, S.}, title = {Effect of chronic administration of the selective serotonin (5-HT) uptake inhibitor citalopram on extracellular 5-HT and apparent autoreceptor sensitivity in rat forebrain in vivo}, journal = {Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology}, year = {1995}, volume = {352}, number = {6}, pages = {597-606}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028885059&partnerID=40&md5=e3ba1c089b34d8c38e746b2b12e85f6d}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00171317} }
Auestad, N., Korsak, R.A., Morrow, J.W. and Edmond, J.	Fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis by astrocytes in primary culture. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	J Neurochem Vol. 56(4), pp. 1376-1386School: Division of Nutritional Sciences, UCLA School of Public Health.	article	DOI
Abstract: The oxidation of the fatty acids octanoate and palmitate to CO2 and the ketone bodies acetoacetate and D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate was examined in astrocytes that were prepared from cortex of 2-day-old rat brain and grown in primary culture to confluence. Accumulation of acetoacetate (by mass) in the culture medium of astrocytes incubated with octanoate (0.3-0.5 mM) was 50-90 nmol C2 units h-1 mg of protein-1. A similar rate was obtained using radiolabeled tracer methodology with [1-14C]octanoate as labeled substrate. The results from the radiolabeled tracer studies using [1-14C]- and [7-14C]octanoate and [1-14C]-, [13-14C]-, and [15-14C]palmitate indicated that a substantial proportion of the omega-terminal four-carbon unit of these fatty acids bypassed the beta-ketothiolase step of the beta-oxidation pathway and the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA cycle of the classic ketogenic pathway. The [14C]acetoacetate formed from the 1-14C-labeled fatty acids, obligated to pass through the acetyl- CoA pool, contained 50% of the label at carbon 3 and 50% at carbon 1. By contrast, the [14C]acetoacetate formed from (omega-1)-labeled fatty acids contained 90% of the label at carbon 3 and 10% at carbon 1, whereas that formed from the (omega-3)-labeled fatty acid contained 20% of the label at carbon 3 and 80% at carbon 1. These results indicate that acetoacetate is primarily formed either by the action of 3-oxo-acid-CoA transferase (EC 2.8.3.5) or acetoacetyl-CoA deacylase (EC 3.1.2.11) or both on acetoacetyl-CoA and not by the action of the mitochondrial HMG-CoA cycle involving HMG-CoA lyase (EC 4.1.3.4), which was readily detected, and HMG-CoA synthase (EC 4.1.3.5), which was barely measurable.
BibTeX: @article{Auestad:1991, author = {N. Auestad and R. A. Korsak and J. W. Morrow and J. Edmond}, title = {Fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis by astrocytes in primary culture.}, journal = {J Neurochem}, school = {Division of Nutritional Sciences, UCLA School of Public Health.}, year = {1991}, volume = {56}, number = {4}, pages = {1376--1386}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb11435.x} }
Auestad, N., Korsak, R.A., Morrow, J.W. and Edmond, J.	Fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis by astrocytes in primary culture. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Journal of neurochemistry Vol. 56, pp. 1376-86	article
Abstract: The oxidation of the fatty acids octanoate and palmitate to CO2 and the ketone bodies acetoacetate and D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate was examined in astrocytes that were prepared from cortex of 2-day-old rat brain and grown in primary culture to confluence. Accumulation of acetoacetate (by mass) in the culture medium of astrocytes incubated with octanoate (0.3-0.5 mM) was 50-90 nmol C2 units h-1 mg of protein-1. A similar rate was obtained using radiolabeled tracer methodology with [1-14C]octanoate as labeled substrate. The results from the radiolabeled tracer studies using [1-14C]- and [7-14C]octanoate and [1-14C]-, [13-14C]-, and [15-14C]palmitate indicated that a substantial proportion of the omega-terminal four-carbon unit of these fatty acids bypassed the beta-ketothiolase step of the beta-oxidation pathway and the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA cycle of the classic ketogenic pathway. The [14C]acetoacetate formed from the 1-14C-labeled fatty acids, obligated to pass through the acetyl-CoA pool, contained 50% of the label at carbon 3 and 50% at carbon 1. By contrast, the [14C]acetoacetate formed from (omega-1)-labeled fatty acids contained 90% of the label at carbon 3 and 10% at carbon 1, whereas that formed from the (omega-3)-labeled fatty acid contained 20% of the label at carbon 3 and 80% at carbon 1. These results indicate that acetoacetate is primarily formed either by the action of 3-oxo-acid-CoA transferase (EC 2.8.3.5) or acetoacetyl-CoA deacylase (EC 3.1.2.11) or both on acetoacetyl-CoA and not by the action of the mitochondrial HMG-CoA cycle involving HMG-CoA lyase (EC 4.1.3.4), which was readily detected, and HMG-CoA synthase (EC 4.1.3.5), which was barely measurable.
BibTeX: @article{Auestad:1991a, author = {Auestad, N. and Korsak, R. A. and Morrow, J. W. and Edmond, J.}, title = {Fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis by astrocytes in primary culture.}, journal = {Journal of neurochemistry}, year = {1991}, volume = {56}, pages = {1376-86}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aufderheide, E. and Ekblom, P.	Tenascin during gut development: appearance in the mesenchyme, shift in molecular forms, and dependence on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	J Cell Biol Vol. 107(6 Pt 1), pp. 2341-2349School: Friederich-Miescher-Laboratorium der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany.	article
Abstract: Tenascin, an extracellular matrix protein, is expressed in the mesenchyme around growing epithelia in the embryo. We therefore investigated whether epithelial cells can stimulate expression of tenascin in embryonic mesenchyme. Mesenchyme from the presumptive small intestine was used because it is known that reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are important for gut morphogenesis. Rat monoclonal antibodies against mouse tenascin were raised and were found to react specifically with mouse tenascin in ELISA. In supernatants of cultured fibroblasts, the antibodies precipitated two peptides of Mr 260 and 210 kD. One of the antibodies also reacted with these tenascin chains in immunoblots of tissue extracts. We found that tenascin was absent during early stages of gut development, at stages when the mesenchyme is already in contact with the stratified epithelium of the endoderm. Rather, it appeared in the mesenchyme when the homogenous endodermal epithelium differentiated into the heterogenous absorptive epithelium. Tenascin remained present in the stroma of the adult gut, close to the migration pathways of the continuously renewing epithelium. When first detected during intestinal differentiation, the 210-kD component was predominant but at birth the relative amount of the 260-kD component had increased. The expression data suggested that the appearance of tenascin in the mesenchyme was dependent on the presence of epithelium. To test this, isolated gut mesenchymes from 13-d-old mouse embryos were cultured for 24 h either alone or together with epithelial and nonepithelial cells. Whereas mesenchyme cultured alone or in the presence of nonepithelial B16-F1 melanoma cells produced only trace amounts of tenascin, expression was strongly stimulated by the epithelial cell line, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK). We propose that growing and differentiating epithelia produce locally active factors which stimulate synthesis of tenascin in the surrounding mesenchyme.
BibTeX: @article{Aufderheide:1988, author = {Aufderheide, E. and Ekblom, P.}, title = {Tenascin during gut development: appearance in the mesenchyme, shift in molecular forms, and dependence on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.}, journal = {J Cell Biol}, school = {Friederich-Miescher-Laboratorium der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany.}, year = {1988}, volume = {107}, number = {6 Pt 1}, pages = {2341--2349}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Auger, C., Kondo, S. and Marty, A.	Multivesicular release at single functional synaptic sites in cerebellar stellate and basket cells [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 18(12), pp. 4532-4547	article	URL
Abstract: The purpose of the present work was to test the hypothesis that no more than one vesicle of transmitter can be liberated by an action potential at a single release site. Spontaneous and evoked IPSCs were recorded from interneurons in the molecular layer of cerebellar slices. Evoked IPSCs were obtained using either extracellular stimulation or paired recordings of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. Connections were identified as single- site synapses when evoked current amplitudes could be grouped into one peak that was well separated from the background noise. Peak amplitudes ranged from 30 to 298 pA. Reducing the release probability by lowering the external Ca2+ concentration or adding Cd2+ failed to reveal smaller quantal components. Some spontaneous IPSCs (1.4-2.4%) and IPSCs evoked at single- site synapses (2-6%) were followed within <5 msec by a secondary IPSC that could not be accounted for by random occurrence of background IPSCs. Nonlinear summation of closely timed events indicated that they involved activation of a common set of receptors and therefore that several vesicles could be released at the same release site by one action potential. An average receptor occupancy of 0.70 was calculated after single release events. At some single-site connections, two closely spaced amplitude peaks were resolved, presumably reflecting single and double vesicular release. Consistent with multivesicular release, kinetics of onset, decay, and latency were correlated to IPSC amplitude. We conclude that the one-site, one- vesicle hypothesis does not hold at interneuron-interneuron synapses.
BibTeX: @article{Auger:1998, author = {Auger, C. and Kondo, S. and Marty, A.}, title = {Multivesicular release at single functional synaptic sites in cerebellar stellate and basket cells}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {1998}, volume = {18}, number = {12}, pages = {4532-4547}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032526735&partnerID=40&md5=9a869d3f10a80f88ab6a6c6eb0e7a698} }
Augustine, J., Huntsberger, T. and Moore, M.	Computer‐aided reconstructive morphology of the baboon abducens nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	The Anatomical Record Vol. 212(2), pp. 210-217	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Our previous effort at reconstructive morphology included the marriage of the horseradish perioxidase (HRP) neurohistochemical method to a Lucite plate reconstruction technique. Limitations imposed by this combination of methods has led us to develop a computer‐based system that utilizes image‐processing techniques and the data obtained from HRP processed serial light microscope sections. Labeled neurons of the baboon abducens nucleus were identified by HRP conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin. Using the resulting serial sections and a unique imaging process involving a pattern recognition algorithm, our computer‐based system automatically differentiates neuronal from nonneuronal features, delineates the surface boundaries of the neuronal population, and then assembles these serial sections into a solid three‐dimensional structure that can be rotated and further analyzed. A computer‐generated solid model of this neuronal population has been reconstructed and reproduced in a two‐ dimensional publishable format. It is anticipated that with further development this system will be able to utilize data from the same specimen to study spatial relations through three‐dimensional reconstruction, as well as to study the quantitative morphology of a neuronal population. Other computer‐aided systems are noted, as are the advantages and shortcomings of the present method. Copyright © 1985 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Augustine:1985, author = {Augustine, J.R. and Huntsberger, T. and Moore, M.}, title = {Computer‐aided reconstructive morphology of the baboon abducens nucleus}, journal = {The Anatomical Record}, year = {1985}, volume = {212}, number = {2}, pages = {210-217}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021830886&partnerID=40&md5=bbfce6a2727845647d9a47e20305c26a}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092120217} }
Aumann, T. and Horne, M.	Ultrastructural change at rat cerebellothalamic synapses associated with volitional motor adaptation [BibTeX]	1999	J Comp Neurol Vol. 409, pp. 71-84	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Aumann:1999, author = {Aumann, TD and Horne, MK}, title = {Ultrastructural change at rat cerebellothalamic synapses associated with volitional motor adaptation}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1999}, volume = {409}, pages = {71-84}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990621)409:1%3C71::aid-cne6%3E3.0.co;2-c} }
Aumann, T., Rawson, J., Finkelstein, D. and Horne, M.	Projections from the lateral and interposed cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus of the rat: A light and electron microscopic study using single and double anterograde labelling [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Journal of Comparative Neurology Vol. 349(2), pp. 165-181	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The lateral and interposed cerebellar nuclei may have different functions in the control of movement. Efferent fibres from both nuclei project predominantly to areas of the thalamus, which in turn project to the motor cortex. In this study, single and double anterograde-tracing techniques have been used to examine and compare the pathways from the lateral and interposed nuclei to the thalamus in the rat by using both light and electron microscopy to look for evidence of organisational or structural features that may underlie the proposed functional differences between these nuclei. Terminals from the lateral nucleus were found to be located most medially in the thalamus, predominantly in the ventral lateral nucleus and the rostral pole of the posterior nuclear group. Terminals from the posterior interposed nucleus were located slightly rostral and lateral to those from the lateral nucleus, mainly around the border between the ventral lateral nucleus and the ventral posterior medial nucleus. Terminals from the anterior interposed nucleus were located slightly rostral and lateral to those from the posterior interposed nucleus, predominantly in the rostral pole of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus. Terminals from the lateral and interposed nuclei were also found in double anterograde-tracing experiments to be nonoverlapping in the regions between these main areas of termination. The structure of terminals from the lateral and interposed nuclei, however, as well as their synaptic relationship with thalamic neurones, were found to be similar. The terminals are large and form synapses with proximal dendrites of thalamic neurones. They contained round vesicles and formed multiple synaptic contacts with dendritic shafts, as well as dendritic spines. The findings indicate that information from the lateral and interposed nuclei is processed in separate regions of the thalamus but that the mode of synaptic transfer to thalamic neurones is likely to be similar for the two projections.
BibTeX: @article{Aumann:1994a, author = {Aumann, T.D. and Rawson, J.A. and Finkelstein, D.I. and Horne, M.K.}, title = {Projections from the lateral and interposed cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus of the rat: A light and electron microscopic study using single and double anterograde labelling}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, year = {1994}, volume = {349}, number = {2}, pages = {165-181}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028076348&partnerID=40&md5=70f7823ae0925cf7e0ee51a6c7089560}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903490202} }
Aumann, T.D. and Horne, M.K.	Ramification and termination of single axons in the cerebellothalamic pathway of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	J Comp Neurol Vol. 376(3), pp. 420-430School: Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: There is increasing speculation that individual neurones in the cerebellar nuclei are involved in the control of complex multi-joint movements rather than simple movements about a single-joint. These neurones project predominantly to the primary motor cortex after relaying in the motor thalamus. Given a) that localised regions of the motor cortex control individual muscles which generally act about single joints and b) the relatively tight topographical arrangement of thalamocortical connections, it is reasonable to hypothesise that if cerebellar output neurones control single-joint movements they are likely to project to localised areas of the motor thalamus, whereas if they project to more widespread regions they are likely to influence movements involving multiple joints. In this context, we have examined the ramifications and terminations of single anterogradely labelled axons in the cerebellothalamic pathway of the rat. A total of nine axons were traced (by using a 100 x oil objective) through serial sections from the caudal end of the thalamus to their terminations in the motor thalamus. Each of these axons gave off one or more collaterals which terminated in the intralaminar or other associated groups of thalamic nuclei, implying simultaneous activation of two functionally separate cerebellothalamic pathways. In the relay nucleus or motor thalamus, four axons formed either a single focal group of terminals or multiple groupings of terminals within a localised region, and five terminated over widespread regions including one which terminated bilaterally. These results show that a large proportion of cerebellar output neurones may be in a position to influence multi-joint or even bimanual movements.
BibTeX: @article{Aumann:1996, author = {T. D. Aumann and M. K. Horne}, title = {Ramification and termination of single axons in the cerebellothalamic pathway of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.}, year = {1996}, volume = {376}, number = {3}, pages = {420--430}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-4}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-4} }
Aumann, T.D. and Horne, M.K.	A comparison of the ultrastructure of synapses in the cerebello-rubral and cerebello-thalamic pathways in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Neurosci Lett Vol. 211(3), pp. 175-178School: Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.	article	DOI
Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the ultrastructure of anterogradely labelled cerebellar terminals in the red nucleus (RN), ventrolateral (VL), parafascicular (PF) and central medial (CM) thalamic nuclei, as well as in the zona incerta (ZI). No differences were found in the morphology of synapses in any of the nuclei. Terminals in RN and VL were larger than those in PF, CM and ZI and synapsed proximally. In contrast, synapses in PF, CM and ZI formed mainly on distal dendrites. These findings indicate that cerebellar output neurones (a) form morphologically similar synapses (Gray's type I) on neurones in functionally different nuclei, and (b) form larger, more proximal synapses in RN and VL than in PF, CM and ZI.
BibTeX: @article{Aumann:1996a, author = {T. D. Aumann and M. K. Horne}, title = {A comparison of the ultrastructure of synapses in the cerebello-rubral and cerebello-thalamic pathways in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.}, year = {1996}, volume = {211}, number = {3}, pages = {175--178}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(96)12757-9} }
Aumann, T.D. and Horne, M.K.	Ramification and termination of single axons in the cerebellothalamic pathway of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 376, pp. 420-30	article
Abstract: There is increasing speculation that individual neurones in the cerebellar nuclei are involved in the control of complex multi-joint movements rather than simple movements about a single-joint. These neurones project predominantly to the primary motor cortex after relaying in the motor thalamus. Given a) that localised regions of the motor cortex control individual muscles which generally act about single joints and b) the relatively tight topographical arrangement of thalamocortical connections, it is reasonable to hypothesise that if cerebellar output neurones control single-joint movements they are likely to project to localised areas of the motor thalamus, whereas if they project to more widespread regions they are likely to influence movements involving multiple joints. In this context, we have examined the ramifications and terminations of single anterogradely labelled axons in the cerebellothalamic pathway of the rat. A total of nine axons were traced (by using a 100 x oil objective) through serial sections from the caudal end of the thalamus to their terminations in the motor thalamus. Each of these axons gave off one or more collaterals which terminated in the intralaminar or other associated groups of thalamic nuclei, implying simultaneous activation of two functionally separate cerebellothalamic pathways. In the relay nucleus or motor thalamus, four axons formed either a single focal group of terminals or multiple groupings of terminals within a localised region, and five terminated over widespread regions including one which terminated bilaterally. These results show that a large proportion of cerebellar output neurones may be in a position to influence multi-joint or even bimanual movements.
BibTeX: @article{Aumann:1996d, author = {Aumann, T. D. and Horne, M. K.}, title = {Ramification and termination of single axons in the cerebellothalamic pathway of the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1996}, volume = {376}, pages = {420-30}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aumann, T.D. and Horne, M.K.	A comparison of the ultrastructure of synapses in the cerebello-rubral and cerebello-thalamic pathways in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Neuroscience letters Vol. 211, pp. 175-8	article
Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the ultrastructure of anterogradely labelled cerebellar terminals in the red nucleus (RN), ventrolateral (VL), parafascicular (PF) and central medial (CM) thalamic nuclei, as well as in the zona incerta (ZI). No differences were found in the morphology of synapses in any of the nuclei. Terminals in RN and VL were larger than those in PF, CM and ZI and synapsed proximally. In contrast, synapses in PF, CM and ZI formed mainly on distal dendrites. These findings indicate that cerebellar output neurones (a) form morphologically similar synapses (Gray's type I) on neurones in functionally different nuclei, and (b) form larger, more proximal synapses in RN and VL than in PF, CM and ZI.
BibTeX: @article{Aumann:1996e, author = {Aumann, T. D. and Horne, M. K.}, title = {A comparison of the ultrastructure of synapses in the cerebello-rubral and cerebello-thalamic pathways in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience letters}, year = {1996}, volume = {211}, pages = {175-8}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aumann, T.D., Ivanusic, J. and Horne, M.K.	Arborisation and termination of single motor thalamocortical axons in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	J Comp Neurol Vol. 396(1), pp. 121-130School: Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. tim.aumann@med.monash.edu.au	article	DOI
Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the arborisations and terminations of individual thalamocortical axons in the motor system of the rat. Small, extracellular injections of an anterograde tracer (dextran-biotin) were made into the ventrolateral (VL) or ventral posterolateral (VPL) thalamic nuclei to label thalamocortical projections. Eleven motor axons and one somatosensory axon were reconstructed through serial sections just rostral from the injection site to their terminations in sensorimotor cortex. The smallest arbor arising from a single motor axon extended approximately 0.9 mm rostrocaudal and 0.9 mm mediolateral, the largest extended 3.9 mm rostrocaudal and 1.0 mm mediolateral. In some cases, two distinct plexuses of terminals were formed by an axon. In addition, motor axons formed terminals in cortical layer V only or in layers I, III, and V. By contrast (and in keeping with previous reports), the somatosensory axon formed a single plexus of terminals in layer IV of the cortex that extended approximately 0.3 mm rostrocaudal and 0.4 mm mediolateral. It is concluded that individual motor thalamocortical neurones are in a position to influence much more widespread cortical regions than somatosensory thalamocortical neurones.
BibTeX: @article{Aumann:1998, author = {T. D. Aumann and J. Ivanusic and M. K. Horne}, title = {Arborisation and termination of single motor thalamocortical axons in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. tim.aumann@med.monash.edu.au}, year = {1998}, volume = {396}, number = {1}, pages = {121--130}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980622)396:1%3C121::aid-cne9%3E3.0.co;2-2} }
Aumann, T.D., Ivanusic, J. and Horne, M.K.	Arborisation and termination of single motor thalamocortical axons in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 396, pp. 121-30	article
Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the arborisations and terminations of individual thalamocortical axons in the motor system of the rat. Small, extracellular injections of an anterograde tracer (dextran-biotin) were made into the ventrolateral (VL) or ventral posterolateral (VPL) thalamic nuclei to label thalamocortical projections. Eleven motor axons and one somatosensory axon were reconstructed through serial sections just rostral from the injection site to their terminations in sensorimotor cortex. The smallest arbor arising from a single motor axon extended approximately 0.9 mm rostrocaudal and 0.9 mm mediolateral, the largest extended 3.9 mm rostrocaudal and 1.0 mm mediolateral. In some cases, two distinct plexuses of terminals were formed by an axon. In addition, motor axons formed terminals in cortical layer V only or in layers I, III, and V. By contrast (and in keeping with previous reports), the somatosensory axon formed a single plexus of terminals in layer IV of the cortex that extended approximately 0.3 mm rostrocaudal and 0.4 mm mediolateral. It is concluded that individual motor thalamocortical neurones are in a position to influence much more widespread cortical regions than somatosensory thalamocortical neurones.
BibTeX: @article{Aumann:1998a, author = {Aumann, T. D. and Ivanusic, J. and Horne, M. K.}, title = {Arborisation and termination of single motor thalamocortical axons in the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1998}, volume = {396}, pages = {121-30}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aumann, T.D., Rawson, J.A., Finkelstein, D.I. and Horne, M.K.	Projections from the lateral and interposed cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus of the rat: a light and electron microscopic study using single and double anterograde labelling. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	J Comp Neurol Vol. 349(2), pp. 165-181School: Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The lateral and interposed cerebellar nuclei may have different functions in the control of movement. Efferent fibres from both nuclei project predominantly to areas of the thalamus, which in turn project to the motor cortex. In this study, single and double anterograde-tracing techniques have been used to examine and compare the pathways from the lateral and interposed nuclei to the thalamus in the rat by using both light and electron microscopy to look for evidence of organisational or structural features that may underlie the proposed functional differences between these nuclei. Terminals from the lateral nucleus were found to be located most medially in the thalamus, predominantly in the ventral lateral nucleus and the rostral pole of the posterior nuclear group. Terminals from the posterior interposed nucleus were located slightly rostral and lateral to those from the lateral nucleus, mainly around the border between the ventral lateral nucleus and the ventral posterior medial nucleus. Terminals from the anterior interposed nucleus were located slightly rostral and lateral to those from the posterior interposed nucleus, predominantly in the rostral pole of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus. Terminals from the lateral and interposed nuclei were also found in double anterograde-tracing experiments to be nonoverlapping in the regions between these main areas of termination. The structure of terminals from the lateral and interposed nuclei, however, as well as their synaptic relationship with thalamic neurones, were found to be similar. The terminals are large and form synapses with proximal dendrites of thalamic neurones. They contained round vesicles and formed multiple synaptic contacts with dendritic shafts, as well as dendritic spines. The findings indicate that information from the lateral and interposed nuclei is processed in separate regions of the thalamus but that the mode of synaptic transfer to thalamic neurones is likely to be similar for the two projections.
BibTeX: @article{Aumann:1994, author = {T. D. Aumann and J. A. Rawson and D. I. Finkelstein and M. K. Horne}, title = {Projections from the lateral and interposed cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus of the rat: a light and electron microscopic study using single and double anterograde labelling.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.}, year = {1994}, volume = {349}, number = {2}, pages = {165--181}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903490202}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903490202} }
Aumann, T.D., Rawson, J.A., Finkelstein, D.I. and Horne, M.K.	Projections from the lateral and interposed cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus of the rat: a light and electron microscopic study using single and double anterograde labelling. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 349, pp. 165-181	article	DOI
Abstract: The lateral and interposed cerebellar nuclei may have different functions in the control of movement. Efferent fibres from both nuclei project predominantly to areas of the thalamus, which in turn project to the motor cortex. In this study, single and double anterograde-tracing techniques have been used to examine and compare the pathways from the lateral and interposed nuclei to the thalamus in the rat by using both light and electron microscopy to look for evidence of organisational or structural features that may underlie the proposed functional differences between these nuclei. Terminals from the lateral nucleus were found to be located most medially in the thalamus, predominantly in the ventral lateral nucleus and the rostral pole of the posterior nuclear group. Terminals from the posterior interposed nucleus were located slightly rostral and lateral to those from the lateral nucleus, mainly around the border between the ventral lateral nucleus and the ventral posterior medial nucleus. Terminals from the anterior interposed nucleus were located slightly rostral and lateral to those from the posterior interposed nucleus, predominantly in the rostral pole of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus. Terminals from the lateral and interposed nuclei were also found in double anterograde-tracing experiments to be nonoverlapping in the regions between these main areas of termination. The structure of terminals from the lateral and interposed nuclei, however, as well as their synaptic relationship with thalamic neurones, were found to be similar. The terminals are large and form synapses with proximal dendrites of thalamic neurones. They contained round vesicles and formed multiple synaptic contacts with dendritic shafts, as well as dendritic spines. The findings indicate that information from the lateral and interposed nuclei is processed in separate regions of the thalamus but that the mode of synaptic transfer to thalamic neurones is likely to be similar for the two projections.
BibTeX: @article{Aumann:1994b, author = {Aumann, T D and Rawson, J A and Finkelstein, D I and Horne, M K}, title = {Projections from the lateral and interposed cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus of the rat: a light and electron microscopic study using single and double anterograde labelling.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1994}, volume = {349}, pages = {165--181}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903490202} }
Aumann, T.D., Rawson, J.A., Pichitpornchai, C. and Horne, M.K.	Projections from the cerebellar interposed and dorsal column nuclei to the thalamus in the rat: a double anterograde labelling study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	J Comp Neurol Vol. 368(4), pp. 608-619School: Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: It is generally agreed that cerebellar and lemniscal pathways project to largely separate areas of the thalamus and influence different functional areas of the cerebral cortex. Cerebellar afferents arise from neurones in the deep cerebellar nuclei and terminate in the ventral lateral group of thalamic nuclei or the "motor thalamus," whereas lemniscal afferents arise from the dorsal column nuclei and terminate in the adjacent ventral posterior group of thalamic nuclei or "sensory thalamus." However, it remains unclear whether or not these pathways converge onto thalamic neurones in the border zone between motor and sensory thalamus. The aim of this study was to compare directly the locations of cerebellar interposed and dorsal column nuclei terminals in the rat thalamus by using a double anterograde labelling technique. Microinjections of dextran-tetramethylrhodamine and dextran-fluorescein were made into the interposed and dorsal column nuclei, and labelled terminals in the thalamus were examined in the same sections. The labelled cerebellar and lemniscal terminals were located in separate areas throughout most of the ventral lateral and ventral posterior lateral nuclei, and there was only a limited region around the rostral border between these nuclei where the two groups of terminals came in close proximity to each other. In this common projection zone, however, cerebellar and lemniscal terminals seldom intermingled, and they mostly occupied separate, discreet areas. The results show that cerebellar and lemniscal fibres do indeed project to the border zone between the sensory and cerebellar thalamic nuclei, but they show practically no overlap in this region and are likely to influence separate thalamic neurones.
BibTeX: @article{Aumann:1996b, author = {T. D. Aumann and J. A. Rawson and C. Pichitpornchai and M. K. Horne}, title = {Projections from the cerebellar interposed and dorsal column nuclei to the thalamus in the rat: a double anterograde labelling study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.}, year = {1996}, volume = {368}, number = {4}, pages = {608--619}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-D}, doi = {gt;3.0.CO;2-D} }
Aumann, T.D., Rawson, J.A., Pichitpornchai, C. and Horne, M.K.	Projections from the cerebellar interposed and dorsal column nuclei to the thalamus in the rat: a double anterograde labelling study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 368, pp. 608-619	article	DOI
Abstract: It is generally agreed that cerebellar and lemniscal pathways project to largely separate areas of the thalamus and influence different functional areas of the cerebral cortex. Cerebellar afferents arise from neurones in the deep cerebellar nuclei and terminate in the ventral lateral group of thalamic nuclei or the "motor thalamus," whereas lemniscal afferents arise from the dorsal column nuclei and terminate in the adjacent ventral posterior group of thalamic nuclei or "sensory thalamus." However, it remains unclear whether or not these pathways converge onto thalamic neurones in the border zone between motor and sensory thalamus. The aim of this study was to compare directly the locations of cerebellar interposed and dorsal column nuclei terminals in the rat thalamus by using a double anterograde labelling technique. Microinjections of dextran-tetramethylrhodamine and dextran-fluorescein were made into the interposed and dorsal column nuclei, and labelled terminals in the thalamus were examined in the same sections. The labelled cerebellar and lemniscal terminals were located in separate areas throughout most of the ventral lateral and ventral posterior lateral nuclei, and there was only a limited region around the rostral border between these nuclei where the two groups of terminals came in close proximity to each other. In this common projection zone, however, cerebellar and lemniscal terminals seldom intermingled, and they mostly occupied separate, discreet areas. The results show that cerebellar and lemniscal fibres do indeed project to the border zone between the sensory and cerebellar thalamic nuclei, but they show practically no overlap in this region and are likely to influence separate thalamic neurones.
BibTeX: @article{Aumann:1996c, author = {Aumann, T D and Rawson, J A and Pichitpornchai, C and Horne, M K}, title = {Projections from the cerebellar interposed and dorsal column nuclei to the thalamus in the rat: a double anterograde labelling study.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1996}, volume = {368}, pages = {608--619}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960513)368:4%5C<608::AID-CNE11%5C>3.0.CO;2-D} }
Aumeier, C., Schaedel, L., Gaillard, J., John, K., Blanchoin, L. and Théry, M.	Self-repair promotes microtubule rescue [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2016	Nature Cell Biology Vol. 18(10), pp. 1054-1064	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The dynamic instability of microtubules is characterized by slow growth phases stochastically interrupted by rapid depolymerizations called catastrophes. Rescue events can arrest the depolymerization and restore microtubule elongation. However, the origin of these rescue events remains unexplained. Here we show that microtubule lattice self-repair, in structurally damaged sites, is responsible for the rescue of microtubule growth. Tubulin photo-conversion in cells revealed that free tubulin dimers can incorporate along the shafts of microtubules, especially in regions where microtubules cross each other, form bundles or become bent due to mechanical constraints. These incorporation sites appeared to act as effective rescue sites ensuring microtubule rejuvenation. By securing damaged microtubule growth, the self-repair process supports a mechanosensitive growth by specifically promoting microtubule assembly in regions where they are subjected to physical constraints. © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature.
BibTeX: @article{Aumeier:2016, author = {Aumeier, C. and Schaedel, L. and Gaillard, J. and John, K. and Blanchoin, L. and Théry, M.}, title = {Self-repair promotes microtubule rescue}, journal = {Nature Cell Biology}, year = {2016}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {1054-1064}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84987600838&partnerID=40&md5=685bace37b8c24cfb9b8a7b61008d340}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb3406} }
Auroy, P., Irthum, B. and Woda, A.	Oral nociceptive activity in the rat superior colliculus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Brain Res Vol. 549(2), pp. 275-284School: Laboratoire de Physiologie Orofaciale, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Clermont Ferrand France.	article	DOI
Abstract: Single units were recorded using extracellular glass microelectrodes in all laminae of the superior colliculus of the rat under halothane nitrous oxide anaesthesia. Fifty-one units were encountered which responded to a low intensity mechanical stimulus applied to a contralateral or bilateral field located in the oral sphere (intraoral 11, perioral 16), on the face (29) or on the rest of the body (21). Sixteen units responded to a jaw movement. Sixty-one cells were recorded which were preferentially (10) or only (51) activated (30) or inhibited (21) by noxious stimuli. Contralateral or bilateral mechanoreceptive fields located in intraoral (34) and perioral (35) areas were frequent. There is therefore a high incidence of the nociceptive representation of the mouth in the superior colliculus. The other functional properties of the nociceptive units were similar to those reported in other studies. From the subsequent histological localization of the recorded units, it appeared that the nociceptive projections from the intraoral and perioral regions to the superior colliculus reach the lateral part of the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus.
BibTeX: @article{Auroy:1991, author = {Auroy, P. and Irthum, B. and Woda, A.}, title = {Oral nociceptive activity in the rat superior colliculus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Laboratoire de Physiologie Orofaciale, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Clermont Ferrand France.}, year = {1991}, volume = {549}, number = {2}, pages = {275--284}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(91)90468-b} }
Auso, E., Cases, O., Fouquet, C., Camacho, M., Garcia-Velasco, J.V., Gaspar, P. and Berbel, P.	Protracted expression of serotonin transporter and altered thalamocortical projections in the barrelfield of hypothyroid rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	The European journal of neuroscience Vol. 14, pp. 1968-80	article
Abstract: In humans, thyroid hormone deficiency during development causes severe neurological diseases but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We have examined the effects of thyroid hormones on the development of somatosensory thalamocortical projections, by inducing hypothyroidism in rats by methimazole treatment at embryonic day 13 and subsequent thyroidectomy at postnatal day 6 (P6). Initial development of the thalamocortical projections and their tangential and laminar patterning were similar in normal and hypothyroid rats from birth to P4. The tangential spread of the thalamocortical arbors is reduced in hypothyroid rats after P4, paralleling the overall cortical atrophy. Anterograde tracing and single axon reconstructions indicate that thalamic afferents reached layer IV but that they had fewer and shorter branches, with a 42% reduction in the number of boutons. The transient serotonin (5-HT) immunostaining and 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) expression were both prolonged by 5 days in hypothyroid rats. This does not reflect a delayed maturation of the thalamus because other transiently expressed genes such as the vesicular monoamine transporter and the 5-HT1B receptor are not modified. Protracted 5-HTT expression also occurred in other areas with transient expression, but no changes were observed in the raphe nuclei where the 5-HTT is expressed permanently. Thus, thyroid hormones appear to be important in regulating the extinction of the 5-HTT in nonserotoninergic neurons. The transient stabilization of 5-HT reuptake in hypothyroid rats could affect the growth of thalamic axons. Our data stress the importance of maternal and foetal thyroid hormones for the normal development of sensory systems.
BibTeX: @article{Auso:2001b, author = {Auso, E. and Cases, O. and Fouquet, C. and Camacho, M. and Garcia-Velasco, J. V. and Gaspar, P. and Berbel, P.}, title = {Protracted expression of serotonin transporter and altered thalamocortical projections in the barrelfield of hypothyroid rats.}, journal = {The European journal of neuroscience}, year = {2001}, volume = {14}, pages = {1968-80}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Ausó, E., Cases, O., Fouquet, C., Camacho, M., García-Velasco, J.V., Gaspar, P. and Berbel, P.	Protracted expression of serotonin transporter and altered thalamocortical projections in the barrelfield of hypothyroid rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 14(12), pp. 1968-1980School: Instituto de Neurociencias, University Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Apdo. correos 18, 03550-San Juan (Alicante), Spain.	article	DOI
Abstract: In humans, thyroid hormone deficiency during development causes severe neurological diseases but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We have examined the effects of thyroid hormones on the development of somatosensory thalamocortical projections, by inducing hypothyroidism in rats by methimazole treatment at embryonic day 13 and subsequent thyroidectomy at postnatal day 6 (P6). Initial development of the thalamocortical projections and their tangential and laminar patterning were similar in normal and hypothyroid rats from birth to P4. The tangential spread of the thalamocortical arbors is reduced in hypothyroid rats after P4, paralleling the overall cortical atrophy. Anterograde tracing and single axon reconstructions indicate that thalamic afferents reached layer IV but that they had fewer and shorter branches, with a 42% reduction in the number of boutons. The transient serotonin (5-HT) immunostaining and 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) expression were both prolonged by 5 days in hypothyroid rats. This does not reflect a delayed maturation of the thalamus because other transiently expressed genes such as the vesicular monoamine transporter and the 5-HT1B receptor are not modified. Protracted 5-HTT expression also occurred in other areas with transient expression, but no changes were observed in the raphe nuclei where the 5-HTT is expressed permanently. Thus, thyroid hormones appear to be important in regulating the extinction of the 5-HTT in nonserotoninergic neurons. The transient stabilization of 5-HT reuptake in hypothyroid rats could affect the growth of thalamic axons. Our data stress the importance of maternal and foetal thyroid hormones for the normal development of sensory systems.
BibTeX: @article{Auso:2001, author = {E. Ausó and O. Cases and C. Fouquet and M. Camacho and J. V. García-Velasco and P. Gaspar and P. Berbel}, title = {Protracted expression of serotonin transporter and altered thalamocortical projections in the barrelfield of hypothyroid rats.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Instituto de Neurociencias, University Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Apdo. correos 18, 03550-San Juan (Alicante), Spain.}, year = {2001}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {1968--1980}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01815.x} }
Ausó, E., Cases, O., Fouquet, C., Camacho, M., García-Velasco, J.V., Gaspar, P. and Berbel, P.	Protracted expression of serotonin transporter and altered thalamocortical projections in the barrelfield of hypothyroid rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 14(12), pp. 1968-1980School: Instituto de Neurociencias, University Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Apdo. correos 18, 03550-San Juan (Alicante), Spain.	article	DOI
Abstract: In humans, thyroid hormone deficiency during development causes severe neurological diseases but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We have examined the effects of thyroid hormones on the development of somatosensory thalamocortical projections, by inducing hypothyroidism in rats by methimazole treatment at embryonic day 13 and subsequent thyroidectomy at postnatal day 6 (P6). Initial development of the thalamocortical projections and their tangential and laminar patterning were similar in normal and hypothyroid rats from birth to P4. The tangential spread of the thalamocortical arbors is reduced in hypothyroid rats after P4, paralleling the overall cortical atrophy. Anterograde tracing and single axon reconstructions indicate that thalamic afferents reached layer IV but that they had fewer and shorter branches, with a 42% reduction in the number of boutons. The transient serotonin (5-HT) immunostaining and 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) expression were both prolonged by 5 days in hypothyroid rats. This does not reflect a delayed maturation of the thalamus because other transiently expressed genes such as the vesicular monoamine transporter and the 5-HT1B receptor are not modified. Protracted 5-HTT expression also occurred in other areas with transient expression, but no changes were observed in the raphe nuclei where the 5-HTT is expressed permanently. Thus, thyroid hormones appear to be important in regulating the extinction of the 5-HTT in nonserotoninergic neurons. The transient stabilization of 5-HT reuptake in hypothyroid rats could affect the growth of thalamic axons. Our data stress the importance of maternal and foetal thyroid hormones for the normal development of sensory systems.
BibTeX: @article{Auso:2001a, author = {Ausó, E. and Cases, O. and Fouquet, C. and Camacho, M. and García-Velasco, J. V. and Gaspar, P. and Berbel, P.}, title = {Protracted expression of serotonin transporter and altered thalamocortical projections in the barrelfield of hypothyroid rats.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Instituto de Neurociencias, University Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Apdo. correos 18, 03550-San Juan (Alicante), Spain.}, year = {2001}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {1968--1980}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01815.x} }
Austgen, J., Fong, A., Foley, C., Mueller, P., Kline, D., Heesch, C. and Hasser, E.	Expression of Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors on phenotypically different cells within the nucleus of the solitary tract in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Neuroscience Vol. 159(2), pp. 701-716	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are G-coupled receptors that modulate synaptic activity. Previous studies have shown that Group I mGluRs are present in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), in which many visceral afferents terminate. Microinjection of selective Group I mGluR agonists into the NTS results in a depressor response and decrease in sympathetic nerve activity. There is, however, little evidence detailing which phenotypes of neurons within the NTS express Group I mGluRs. In brainstem slices, we performed immunohistochemical localization of Group I mGluRs and either glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 kDa isoform (GAD67), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Fluoro-Gold (FG, 2%; 15 nl) was microinjected in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) of the rat to retrogradely label NTS neurons that project to CVLM. Group I mGluRs were distributed throughout the rostral-caudal extent of the NTS and were found within most NTS subregions. The relative percentages of Group I mGluR expressing neurons colabeled with the different markers were FG (6.9±0.7) nNOS (5.6±0.9), TH (3.9±1.0), and GAD67 (3.1±1.4). The percentage of FG containing cells colabeled with Group I mGluR (13.6±2.0) was greater than the percent colabeled with GAD67 (3.1±0.5), nNOS (4.7±0.5), and TH (0.1±0.08). Cells triple labeled for FG, nNOS, and Group I mGluRs were identified in the NTS. Thus, these data provide an anatomical substrate by which Group I mGluRs could modulate activity of CVLM projecting neurons in the NTS. © 2009.
BibTeX: @article{Austgen:2009a, author = {Austgen, J.R. and Fong, A.Y. and Foley, C.M. and Mueller, P.J. and Kline, D.D. and Heesch, C.M. and Hasser, E.M.}, title = {Expression of Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors on phenotypically different cells within the nucleus of the solitary tract in the rat}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2009}, volume = {159}, number = {2}, pages = {701-716}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-60849111939&partnerID=40&md5=434cf9ace3f500024b3d6aa3defff4c8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.09.060} }
Austgen, J.R., Fong, A.Y., Foley, C.M., Mueller, P.J., Kline, D.D., Heesch, C.M. and Hasser, E.M.	Expression of Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors on phenotypically different cells within the nucleus of the solitary tract in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Neuroscience Vol. 159(2), pp. 701-716School: Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are G-coupled receptors that modulate synaptic activity. Previous studies have shown that Group I mGluRs are present in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), in which many visceral afferents terminate. Microinjection of selective Group I mGluR agonists into the NTS results in a depressor response and decrease in sympathetic nerve activity. There is, however, little evidence detailing which phenotypes of neurons within the NTS express Group I mGluRs. In brainstem slices, we performed immunohistochemical localization of Group I mGluRs and either glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 kDa isoform (GAD67), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Fluoro-Gold (FG, 2 15 nl) was microinjected in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) of the rat to retrogradely label NTS neurons that project to CVLM. Group I mGluRs were distributed throughout the rostral-caudal extent of the NTS and were found within most NTS subregions. The relative percentages of Group I mGluR expressing neurons colabeled with the different markers were FG (6.9+/-0.7) nNOS (5.6+/-0.9), TH (3.9+/-1.0), and GAD67 (3.1+/-1.4). The percentage of FG containing cells colabeled with Group I mGluR (13.6+/-2.0) was greater than the percent colabeled with GAD67 (3.1+/-0.5), nNOS (4.7+/-0.5), and TH (0.1+/-0.08). Cells triple labeled for FG, nNOS, and Group I mGluRs were identified in the NTS. Thus, these data provide an anatomical substrate by which Group I mGluRs could modulate activity of CVLM projecting neurons in the NTS.
BibTeX: @article{Austgen:2009, author = {J. R. Austgen and A. Y. Fong and C. M. Foley and P. J. Mueller and D. D. Kline and C. M. Heesch and E. M. Hasser}, title = {Expression of Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors on phenotypically different cells within the nucleus of the solitary tract in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.}, year = {2009}, volume = {159}, number = {2}, pages = {701--716}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.09.060}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.09.060} }
Austin, M.	Is the lateral septum's inhibitory influence on the amygdala mediated by GABA-ergic neurons? [BibTeX]	2004		article	URL
BibTeX: @article{Austin:2004, author = {Austin, Mason}, title = {Is the lateral septum's inhibitory influence on the amygdala mediated by GABA-ergic neurons?}, year = {2004}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://triceratops.brynmawr.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10066/741/2004AustinM.pdf?sequence=5} }
Austin, M. and Kalivas, P.	Dopaminergic involvement in locomotion elicited from the ventral pallidum/substantia innominata [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Brain Research Vol. 542(1), pp. 123-131	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Microinjection of the indirect GABAA antagonist, picrotoxin, or the μ opioid agonist, Tyr-d-Ala-Gly-NMe-Phe-Gly-ol (DAGO), into the ventral pallidum and substantia innominata (VP/SI) increases locomotor activity in rats. The VP/SI has direct and indirect projections to the region of the ventral mesencephalon containing dopamine perikarya, and to certain dopamine terminal fields, including the nucleus accumbens. Thus, it is possible that modulation of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system by pharmacological stimulation in the VP/SI may play a role in the locomotor stimulant response. It was shown that pretreatment with dopamine receptor antagonists, either peripherally or microinjected into the nucleus accumbens significantly attenuated the motor stimulant effect of DAGO or picrotoxin injection into the VP/SI. Injection of either picrotoxin or DAGO into the VP/SI increased the levels of dopamine metabolites in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Thus, the motor stimulant response following pharmacological stimulation of the VP/SI appears to be mediated by increased dopamine neurotransmission via feedback mechanisms to the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. © 1991.
BibTeX: @article{Austin:1991, author = {Austin, M.C. and Kalivas, P.W.}, title = {Dopaminergic involvement in locomotion elicited from the ventral pallidum/substantia innominata}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1991}, volume = {542}, number = {1}, pages = {123-131}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025924885&partnerID=40&md5=650dafb599b267456ec902a0f6a0f59e}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(91)91005-L} }
Austin, P., Beyer, K., Bembrick, A. and Keay, K.	Peripheral nerve injury differentially regulates dopaminergic pathways in the nucleus accumbens of rats with either pain alone' or pain and disability' [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Neuroscience Vol. 171(1), pp. 329-343	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Following unilateral chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve, histochemical and gene expression changes were examined in the rat nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a region critical to affective-motivational regulation. Rats were categorised as having Pain alone (45%) or Pain and Disability (30%), on the basis of either unaltered or decreased dominance behaviour in the resident-intruder paradigm, respectively. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression was significantly increased bilaterally, throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the NAcc in Pain alone animals. Increased TH likely reflects increased dopamine levels in the Pain alone group, which may modulate dopamine receptor subtype 2 (D2) receptor expression. Stereological analyses of D2 receptor immunoreactive (D2-IR) cells revealed lateralised changes which correlated significantly with dominance behaviour. In the contralateral NAcc, D2-IR negatively correlated with post-CCI dominance behaviour (i.e. Pain alone animals have decreased D2-IR), whereas ipsilaterally there was a positive correlation between D2-IR and post-CCI dominance behaviour (i.e. Pain and Disability animals have decreased D2-IR). Western blots for D2 protein expression confirmed these correlations. Additionally, D2 mRNA expression within the NAcc showed lateralised and group specific changes. In the ipsilateral NAcc D2 mRNA was increased in Pain alone animals. It is hypothesised that increased D2 mRNA in the ipsilateral NAcc of Pain alone animals may be a protective mechanism, maintaining D2-IR despite increased dopamine, which may otherwise induce receptor desensitisation. D2 mRNA is not altered in the ipsilateral NAcc of Pain and Disability animals, therefore loss of D2-IR is likely, albeit by an alternate mechanism. In summary, unilateral CCI in rats induces specific and lateralised adaptations in the dopaminergic circuitry of the NAcc. These distinct neural adaptations correlate with changes in social behaviour, and likely underlie some of the affective-motivational state changes associated with neuropathic pain in a subset of rats (i.e. Pain and Disability group). © 2010 IBRO.
BibTeX: @article{Austin:2010, author = {Austin, P.J. and Beyer, K. and Bembrick, A.L. and Keay, K.A.}, title = {Peripheral nerve injury differentially regulates dopaminergic pathways in the nucleus accumbens of rats with either pain alone' or pain and disability'}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2010}, volume = {171}, number = {1}, pages = {329-343}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77957903555&partnerID=40&md5=72334457dd8201ab71f4d950d2487b26}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.08.040} }
Au-Young, S.M., Shen, H. and Yang, C.R.	Medial prefrontal cortical output neurons to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and their responses to burst-patterned stimulation of the VTA: neuroanatomical and in vivo electrophysiological analyses. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Synapse Vol. 34(4), pp. 245-255School: Department of Diagnostic Neurophysiology and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3V4 Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: During a delayed period in a delayed-response task, prefrontal cortical neurons show a change in neuronal firing rate that is dependent on a functional mesocortical dopamine input. This change in firing rate has been attributed to be part of the cellular processes underlying working memory. However, it is unclear what neural mechanisms activate mesocortical dopamine neurons to provide an optimal level of dopamine to modulate the firing of the medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) neurons. This study examined the possibility of whether mPFC neurons that project to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) might activate the ascending mesocortical dopamine neurons. To determine the locations of the mPFC-->VTA neurons, cholera toxin subunit B was microinjected into the VTA. Retrogradely labeled mPFC neurons mainly reside in the deep lamina V and VI. In vivo single unit recording in urethane-anesthetized rats were also used to determine the responses of some of these neurons to burst-patterned stimulation of the VTA. Single-pulse stimulation (1 Hz) of the VTA antidromically activated burst firing mPFC-->VTA neurons. In response to burst-patterned stimulation of the VTA, which mimicked burst firing of VTA dopamine neurons (4-10 pulses at 10-15 Hz cycled at 0.5-3 Hz), the temporal structure of spontaneous burst firing patterns of these neurons but not their mean firing rate were changed. However, the mean firing rate of the non-VTA projecting neurons (i.e., no antidromic response to VTA stimulations) was either increased or decreased by similar burst-patterned stimulation of the VTA. These data suggest that burst-patterned stimulation of the ascending VTA-->mPFC or putative mesocortical dopamine neurons might have released dopamine and/or other neuromodulators to modulate the temporal code, rather than the rate code, of mPFC-->VTA neurons. Medial PFC neurons that project elsewhere (e.g., nucleus accumbens or mediodorsal thalamus) may mediate the sustained firing rate changes during, e.g., short-term working memory.
BibTeX: @article{Au-Young:1999, author = {Au-Young, S. M. and Shen, H. and Yang, C. R.}, title = {Medial prefrontal cortical output neurons to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and their responses to burst-patterned stimulation of the VTA: neuroanatomical and in vivo electrophysiological analyses.}, journal = {Synapse}, school = {Department of Diagnostic Neurophysiology and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3V4 Canada.}, year = {1999}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {245--255}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/3.0.CO;2-D}, doi = {3.0.CO;2-D} }
Avalos-Fuentes, A., Loya-López, S., Flores-Pérez, A., Recillas-Morales, S., Cortés, H., Paz-Bermúdez, F., Aceves, J., Erlij, D. and Florán, B.	Presynaptic CaMKIIα modulates dopamine D3 receptor activation in striatonigral terminals of the rat brain in a Ca2+ dependent manner [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Neuropharmacology Vol. 71, pp. 273-281	article	DOI URL
Abstract: CaMKIIα is expressed at high density in the nucleus accumbens where it binds to postsynaptic D3 receptors inhibiting their effects. In striatonigral projections, activation of presynaptic D3 receptors potentiates D1 receptor-induced stimulation of cAMP production and GABA release. In this study we examined whether the presynaptic effects of D3 receptor stimulation in the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) are modulated by Ca2+ activation of CaMKIIα. In SNr synaptosomes two procedures that increase cytoplasmic Ca2+, ionomycin and K+-depolarization, blocked the additional stimulation of cAMP accumulation produced by coactivating D3 and D1 dopamine receptors. The selective CaMKIIα inhibitor KN-62 reversed the blockade produced by ionomycin and K+-depolarization. Incubation in either Ca2 -free solutions or with the selective Ca2+ blocker nifedipine, also reversed the blocking effects of K+- depolarization. Immunoblot studies showed that K+-depolarization increased CaMKIIα phosphorylation in a KN-62 sensitive manner and promoted CaMKIIα binding to D3 receptors. In K+-depolarized tissues, D3 receptors potentiated D1 receptor-induced stimulation of [3H]GABA release only when CaMKIIα was blocked with KN-62. In the presence of this inhibitor, the selective D3 agonist PD 128,907 reduced the ED50 for the D1 agonist SKF 38393 from 56 to 4 nM. KN-62 also enhanced the effects of dopamine on depolarization induced [3H]GABA release. KN-62 changed ED50 for dopamine from 584 to 56 nM. KN-62 did not affect D1 and D4 receptor responses. These experiments show that in striatonigral projections, CaMKIIα inhibits the action of D3 receptors in a Ca2+ dependent manner blocking their modulatory effects on GABA release. These findings suggest a mechanism through which the frequency of action potential discharge in presynaptic terminals regulates dopamine effects. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Avalos-Fuentes:2013, author = {Avalos-Fuentes, A. and Loya-López, S. and Flores-Pérez, A. and Recillas-Morales, S. and Cortés, H. and Paz-Bermúdez, F. and Aceves, J. and Erlij, D. and Florán, B.}, title = {Presynaptic CaMKIIα modulates dopamine D3 receptor activation in striatonigral terminals of the rat brain in a Ca2+ dependent manner}, journal = {Neuropharmacology}, year = {2013}, volume = {71}, pages = {273-281}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84878164454&partnerID=40&md5=48ff588021a5e97ee7588bbd19caf7cd}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.010} }
Avanzino, G.L., Celasco, G., Cogo, C.E., Ermirio, R. and Ruggeri, P.	Actions of microelectrophoretically applied glucocorticoid hormones on reticular formation neurones in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Neurosci Lett Vol. 38(1), pp. 45-49	article	DOI
Abstract: The effects of microelectrophoretic application of hydrocortisone (HC) and corticosterone (CS) on single neurones of the brainstem reticular formation (RF) were investigated in rats under urethane anaesthesia. Ejecting currents generally ranged from 5 to 20nA. HC and CS behaved similarly in that they produced an excitatory effect in 26% and 24% of the neurones, respectively, an inhibition in 15% and 17% and no effect in 59% of neurones. The excitatory effects predominated in the caudal portion of the FR and the inhibitory effects in the rostral RF. The different distribution of the effects may be related to functional differences between the two RF areas.
BibTeX: @article{Avanzino:1983, author = {Avanzino, G. L. and Celasco, G. and Cogo, C. E. and Ermirio, R. and Ruggeri, P.}, title = {Actions of microelectrophoretically applied glucocorticoid hormones on reticular formation neurones in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1983}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {45--49}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(83)90108-8} }
Avellaneda-Chevrier, V.K., Wang, X., Hooper, M.L. and Chauhan, B.C.	The retino-retinal projection: Tracing retinal ganglion cells projecting to the contralateral retina. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Neurosci Lett Vol. 591C, pp. 105-109School: Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Electronic address: bal@dal.ca.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We investigated the presence of a direct retino-retinal (R-R) projection between the two eyes via the optic chiasm of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in adult Long-Evans rats. We also explored the presence of collateral projections originating from these cells to the brain. In the first group of animals, right optic nerves (ONs) were orbitally transected approximately 2mm behind the globe followed by application of fluorochrome (2% Fluorogold [FG]) to the optic nerve stump to retrogradely label the R-R projection RGCs (R-RGCs) on the contralateral side. Animals were then sacrificed after 3, 5, 7, or 21 days. Contralateral retinas were fixed, whole-mounted, and imaged for R-RGCs. In a second group of animals, RGCs were retrogradely labeled with 15% rhodamine-β-isothiocynate (RITC) at the superior colliculi, where approximately 96% of rat RGCs synapse. Seven days later, the right ONs were transected and 2% FG applied to the proximal and distal ON stumps. Animals were then sacrificed after 5 days. Contralateral retinas were examined for co-labeled (RITC/FG) RGCs. Control rats underwent the same procedures excluding fluorescent tracer application. In the first group of animals, the number of R-RGCs in the contralateral eye ranged from 3 to 25 and did not depend on survival time. The second group of animals revealed evidence of co-labeled contralateral RGCs. Results suggest that a greater number of R-RGCs persist into adulthood than previously reported [M. Müller, H. Holländer, 1988]. Furthermore, the presence of co-labeled RGCs in the contralateral eye indicates that in adult rodents some R-R projections have a collateral projection to the brain, whereas previous reports had only found collateral projections in newborns.
BibTeX: @article{Avellaneda-Chevrier:2015, author = {Avellaneda-Chevrier, Vanessa K. and Wang, Xu and Hooper, Michele L. and Chauhan, Balwantray C.}, title = {The retino-retinal projection: Tracing retinal ganglion cells projecting to the contralateral retina.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, school = {Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Electronic address: bal@dal.ca.}, year = {2015}, volume = {591C}, pages = {105--109}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.033}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.033} }
Avellaneda-Chevrier, V.K., Wang, X., Hooper, M.L. and Chauhan, B.C.	The retino-retinal projection: Tracing retinal ganglion cells projecting to the contralateral retina. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Neuroscience letters Vol. 591, pp. 105-109	article	DOI
Abstract: We investigated the presence of a direct retino-retinal (R-R) projection between the two eyes via the optic chiasm of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in adult Long-Evans rats. We also explored the presence of collateral projections originating from these cells to the brain. In the first group of animals, right optic nerves (ONs) were orbitally transected approximately 2mm behind the globe followed by application of fluorochrome (2% Fluorogold [FG]) to the optic nerve stump to retrogradely label the R-R projection RGCs (R-RGCs) on the contralateral side. Animals were then sacrificed after 3, 5, 7, or 21 days. Contralateral retinas were fixed, whole-mounted, and imaged for R-RGCs. In a second group of animals, RGCs were retrogradely labeled with 15% rhodamine-β-isothiocynate (RITC) at the superior colliculi, where approximately 96% of rat RGCs synapse. Seven days later, the right ONs were transected and 2% FG applied to the proximal and distal ON stumps. Animals were then sacrificed after 5 days. Contralateral retinas were examined for co-labeled (RITC/FG) RGCs. Control rats underwent the same procedures excluding fluorescent tracer application. In the first group of animals, the number of R-RGCs in the contralateral eye ranged from 3 to 25 and did not depend on survival time. The second group of animals revealed evidence of co-labeled contralateral RGCs. Results suggest that a greater number of R-RGCs persist into adulthood than previously reported [M. Müller, H. Holländer, 1988]. Furthermore, the presence of co-labeled RGCs in the contralateral eye indicates that in adult rodents some R-R projections have a collateral projection to the brain, whereas previous reports had only found collateral projections in newborns.
BibTeX: @article{Avellaneda-Chevrier:2015a, author = {Avellaneda-Chevrier, Vanessa K and Wang, Xu and Hooper, Michele L and Chauhan, Balwantray C}, title = {The retino-retinal projection: Tracing retinal ganglion cells projecting to the contralateral retina.}, journal = {Neuroscience letters}, year = {2015}, volume = {591}, pages = {105--109}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.033} }
Averill, S., Delcroix, J.D., Michael, G.J., Tomlinson, D.R., Fernyhough, P. and Priestley, J.V.	Nerve growth factor modulates the activation status and fast axonal transport of ERK 1/2 in adult nociceptive neurones. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Mol Cell Neurosci Vol. 18(2), pp. 183-196School: Department of Neuroscience, St. Bartholomew's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Mature dorsal root ganglion cells respond to neurotrophins, and the intracellular signalling pathways activated by neurotrophins have been characterized in vitro. We have now used immunocytochemistry and Western blots to examine the expression and activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1/2 (ERK) in rat dorsal root ganglion cells in vivo, using antisera to total (tERK) and phosphorylated (pERK) forms. This has revealed a number of novel findings. tERK immunoreactivity is present in most dorsal root ganglion cells but is expressed most strongly in small (nociceptive) cells and, surprisingly, is absent in a population of large cells that expressed trkB or trkC but mainly lack p75(NTR) immunoreactivity. In contrast pERK is prominent in a few trkA cells and in satellite glial cells, and is further increased by NGF treatment. tERK and pERK both undergo fast anterograde and retrograde axonal transport, indicated by accumulation at a sciatic nerve ligature, and NGF reduces the level of retrograde pERK transport.
BibTeX: @article{Averill:2001, author = {Averill, S. and Delcroix, J. D. and Michael, G. J. and Tomlinson, D. R. and Fernyhough, P. and Priestley, J. V.}, title = {Nerve growth factor modulates the activation status and fast axonal transport of ERK 1/2 in adult nociceptive neurones.}, journal = {Mol Cell Neurosci}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, St. Bartholomew's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.}, year = {2001}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {183--196}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mcne.2001.1015}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/mcne.2001.1015} }
Aversano, M., Sacchi, R., Memoli, R., Graziano, A. and Petrosini, L.	Anterograde and retrograde influence of vestibular stimulation on spatial working memory. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Physiology & behavior Vol. 76, pp. 655-660	article	DOI
Abstract: Rats were trained in an eight-arm radial maze to explore the apparatus in search of a food reward. After completion of the training phase, some animals were submitted to a hemicerebellectomy (HCbed group), while others were used as a control group. To study the effects of vestibular stimulation on the recall of ongoing working memory information, both groups were exposed to radial maze sessions: in the first session (no-rotation), animals were confined for 30 s to the fourth arm visited without being further manipulated; in the second session (rotation), the animals were again confined for 30 s to the fourth arm visited, while the apparatus was rotated five times around its vertical axis. The effects of these manipulations on successive visits to complete the task were assessed, as well as the solving time and kinds of errors made. Errors were significantly more frequent in the control animals during the rotation session; HCbed animals were unaffected by confinement alone or by vestibular stimulation, but showed a decreased search speed. It was concluded that vestibular input is required for an adequate functioning of the working memory system devoted to the formation and consolidation of spatial mnesic traces and that the amnesic effect due to vestibular stimulation is both anterograde and retrograde in nature.
BibTeX: @article{Aversano:2002, author = {Aversano, M and Sacchi, R and Memoli, R and Graziano, A and Petrosini, L}, title = {Anterograde and retrograde influence of vestibular stimulation on spatial working memory.}, journal = {Physiology & behavior}, year = {2002}, volume = {76}, pages = {655--660}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00787-4} }
Avila-Costa, M.R., Colín-Barenque, L., Aley-Medina, P., Valdez, A.L.G., Librado, J.L.O., Martinez, E.F. and Fortoul, T.I.	Bilateral increase of perforated synapses after unilateral dopamine depletion. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Int J Neurosci Vol. 115(1), pp. 79-86School: Department of Neuroscience, National University of Mexico, Iztacala, Mexico. nigraizo@servidor.unam.mx	article	DOI
Abstract: In recent years attention has been focused on perforated synapses considering their possible involvement in synaptic plasticity in the nervous system. It has been hypothesized that an increase in the number of synapses may represent a structural basis for the enduring expression of synaptic plasticity during some events that involve memory and learning; also it has been suggested that perforated synapses increase in number after some experimental situations. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the dopamine depletion produces changes in the synaptology of the corpus striatum of rats after the unilateral injection of 6-OHDA. The findings suggest that after the lesion, both contralateral and ipsilateral striata present a significant increment in the number of perforated synapses, suggesting brain plasticity that might be an intent to recuperate the contact surface lost after endogenous or exogenous aggressions.
BibTeX: @article{Avila-Costa:2005, author = {Avila-Costa, María Rosa and Colín-Barenque, Laura and Aley-Medina, Patricia and Valdez, Ana Luisa Gutiérrez and Librado, José Luis Ordoñes and Martinez, Erick Flores and Fortoul, Teresa I.}, title = {Bilateral increase of perforated synapses after unilateral dopamine depletion.}, journal = {Int J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, National University of Mexico, Iztacala, Mexico. nigraizo@servidor.unam.mx}, year = {2005}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, pages = {79--86}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00207450490512669} }
Avilés-Trigueros, M., Mayor-Torroglosa, S., García-Avilés, A., Lafuente, M.P., Rodríguez, M.E., Miralles de Imperial, J., Villegas-Pérez, M.P. and Vidal-Sanz, M.	Transient ischemia of the retina results in massive degeneration of the retinotectal projection: long-term neuroprotection with brimonidine. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Exp Neurol Vol. 184(2), pp. 767-777School: Departamento de Histología, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In adult rats, we have induced retinal ischemia and investigated anterogradely labeled surviving retinal ganglion cell (RGC) afferents to the contralateral superior colliculus (SC). The animals received topically in their left eyes two 5-microl drops of saline or saline-containing 0.5% brimonidine (BMD), 1 h before 90 min of retinal ischemia induced by ligature of the left ophthalmic vessels. Two months after ischemia, the anterogradely transported neuronal tracer cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) was injected in the ischemic eyes and animals were processed 4 days later. As controls and for comparison, the retinotectal innervation of unlesioned age-matched control rats was also examined with CTB. In control and experimental animals, serial coronal sections of the mesencephalon and brainstem were immunoreacted for CTB and the area and thickness of the two most superficial layers of the SC containing densely CTB-labeled profiles were estimated with an image analysis system. Ninety minutes of ischemia resulted 2 months later in reduced density of CTB-labeled profiles in the contralateral SC of the vehicle-treated rats, representing less than one half the area occupied by CTB-labeled profiles in control rats. This resulted in shrinkage of these layers and in the presence of areas virtually devoid of CTB immunoreactivity, suggesting orthograde degeneration of retinal terminals and/or decrease of anterograde axonal transport. Topical pretreatment with BMD resulted 2 months later in CTB immunoreactivity that occupied the superficial layers of the contralateral SC in an area of approximately 86% of that observed in the unlesioned control group of animals, indicating that BMD protects against ischemia-induced degeneration of the retinotectal projection, and preserves anterograde axonal transport.
BibTeX: @article{Aviles-Trigueros:2003, author = {Avilés-Trigueros, Marcelino and Mayor-Torroglosa, Sergio and García-Avilés, Antonio and Lafuente, María P. and Rodríguez, María E. and Miralles de Imperial, Jaime and Villegas-Pérez, María P. and Vidal-Sanz, Manuel}, title = {Transient ischemia of the retina results in massive degeneration of the retinotectal projection: long-term neuroprotection with brimonidine.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, school = {Departamento de Histología, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain.}, year = {2003}, volume = {184}, number = {2}, pages = {767--777}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-4886(03)00298-X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-4886(03)00298-X} }
Avilés-Trigueros, M., Mayor-Torroglosa, S., García-Avilés, A., Lafuente, M.P., Rodríguez, M.E., Miralles de Imperial, J., Villegas-Pérez, M.P. and Vidal-Sanz, M.	Transient ischemia of the retina results in massive degeneration of the retinotectal projection: long-term neuroprotection with brimonidine. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Exp Neurol Vol. 184(2), pp. 767-777School: Departamento de Histología, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In adult rats, we have induced retinal ischemia and investigated anterogradely labeled surviving retinal ganglion cell (RGC) afferents to the contralateral superior colliculus (SC). The animals received topically in their left eyes two 5-microl drops of saline or saline-containing 0.5% brimonidine (BMD), 1 h before 90 min of retinal ischemia induced by ligature of the left ophthalmic vessels. Two months after ischemia, the anterogradely transported neuronal tracer cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) was injected in the ischemic eyes and animals were processed 4 days later. As controls and for comparison, the retinotectal innervation of unlesioned age-matched control rats was also examined with CTB. In control and experimental animals, serial coronal sections of the mesencephalon and brainstem were immunoreacted for CTB and the area and thickness of the two most superficial layers of the SC containing densely CTB-labeled profiles were estimated with an image analysis system. Ninety minutes of ischemia resulted 2 months later in reduced density of CTB-labeled profiles in the contralateral SC of the vehicle-treated rats, representing less than one half the area occupied by CTB-labeled profiles in control rats. This resulted in shrinkage of these layers and in the presence of areas virtually devoid of CTB immunoreactivity, suggesting orthograde degeneration of retinal terminals and/or decrease of anterograde axonal transport. Topical pretreatment with BMD resulted 2 months later in CTB immunoreactivity that occupied the superficial layers of the contralateral SC in an area of approximately 86% of that observed in the unlesioned control group of animals, indicating that BMD protects against ischemia-induced degeneration of the retinotectal projection, and preserves anterograde axonal transport.
BibTeX: @article{Aviles-Trigueros:2003a, author = {Avilés-Trigueros, Marcelino and Mayor-Torroglosa, Sergio and García-Avilés, Antonio and Lafuente, María P. and Rodríguez, María E. and Miralles de Imperial, Jaime and Villegas-Pérez, María P. and Vidal-Sanz, Manuel}, title = {Transient ischemia of the retina results in massive degeneration of the retinotectal projection: long-term neuroprotection with brimonidine.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, school = {Departamento de Histología, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain.}, year = {2003}, volume = {184}, number = {2}, pages = {767--777}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-4886(03)00298-X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-4886(03)00298-X} }
Avilés-Trigueros, M., Mayor-Torroglosa, S., García-Avilés, A., Lafuente, M.P., Rodríguez, M.E., Miralles de Imperial, J., Villegas-Pérez, M.P. and Vidal-Sanz, M.	Transient ischemia of the retina results in massive degeneration of the retinotectal projection: long-term neuroprotection with brimonidine. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Experimental neurology Vol. 184, pp. 767-777	article	DOI
Abstract: In adult rats, we have induced retinal ischemia and investigated anterogradely labeled surviving retinal ganglion cell (RGC) afferents to the contralateral superior colliculus (SC). The animals received topically in their left eyes two 5-microl drops of saline or saline-containing 0.5% brimonidine (BMD), 1 h before 90 min of retinal ischemia induced by ligature of the left ophthalmic vessels. Two months after ischemia, the anterogradely transported neuronal tracer cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) was injected in the ischemic eyes and animals were processed 4 days later. As controls and for comparison, the retinotectal innervation of unlesioned age-matched control rats was also examined with CTB. In control and experimental animals, serial coronal sections of the mesencephalon and brainstem were immunoreacted for CTB and the area and thickness of the two most superficial layers of the SC containing densely CTB-labeled profiles were estimated with an image analysis system. Ninety minutes of ischemia resulted 2 months later in reduced density of CTB-labeled profiles in the contralateral SC of the vehicle-treated rats, representing less than one half the area occupied by CTB-labeled profiles in control rats. This resulted in shrinkage of these layers and in the presence of areas virtually devoid of CTB immunoreactivity, suggesting orthograde degeneration of retinal terminals and/or decrease of anterograde axonal transport. Topical pretreatment with BMD resulted 2 months later in CTB immunoreactivity that occupied the superficial layers of the contralateral SC in an area of approximately 86% of that observed in the unlesioned control group of animals, indicating that BMD protects against ischemia-induced degeneration of the retinotectal projection, and preserves anterograde axonal transport.
BibTeX: @article{Aviles-Trigueros:2003b, author = {Avilés-Trigueros, Marcelino and Mayor-Torroglosa, Sergio and García-Avilés, Antonio and Lafuente, María P and Rodríguez, María E and Miralles de Imperial, Jaime and Villegas-Pérez, María P and Vidal-Sanz, Manuel}, title = {Transient ischemia of the retina results in massive degeneration of the retinotectal projection: long-term neuroprotection with brimonidine.}, journal = {Experimental neurology}, year = {2003}, volume = {184}, pages = {767--777}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-4886(03)00298-X} }
Aviles-Trigueros, M., Sauve, Y., Lund, R.D. and Vidal-Sanz, M.	Selective innervation of retinorecipient brainstem nuclei by retinal ganglion cell axons regenerating through peripheral nerve grafts in adult rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Vol. 20, pp. 361-74	article
Abstract: The pattern of axonal regeneration, specificity of reinnervation, and terminal arborization in the brainstem by axotomized retinal ganglion cell axons was studied in rats with peripheral nerve grafts linking the retina with ipsilateral regions of the brainstem, including dorsal and lateral aspects of the diencephalon and lateral aspect of the superior colliculus. Four to 13 months later, regenerated retinal projections were traced using intraocular injection of cholera toxin B subunit. In approximately one-third of the animals, regenerated retinal axons extended into the brainstem for distances of up to 6 mm. Although axons followed different patterns of ingrowth depending on their site of entry to the brainstem, within the pretectum, they innervated preferentially the nucleus of the optic tract and the olivary pretectal nucleus in which they formed two types of terminal arbors. Within the superior colliculus, axons extended laterally and formed a different terminal arbor type within the stratum griseum superficiale. In the remaining two-thirds of the animals, retinal fibers formed a neuroma-like structure at the site of entry into the brainstem, or a few fibers extended for very short distances within the neighboring neuropil. These experiments suggest that regenerated retinal axons are capable of a highly selective reinnervation pattern within adult denervated retinorecipient nuclei in which they form well defined terminal arbors that may persist for long periods of time. In addition, these studies provide the anatomical correlate for our previous functional study on the re-establishment of the pupillary light reflex in this experimental paradigm.
BibTeX: @article{Aviles-Trigueros:2000b, author = {Aviles-Trigueros, M. and Sauve, Y. and Lund, R. D. and Vidal-Sanz, M.}, title = {Selective innervation of retinorecipient brainstem nuclei by retinal ganglion cell axons regenerating through peripheral nerve grafts in adult rats.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, year = {2000}, volume = {20}, pages = {361-74}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Avilés-Trigueros, M., Sauvé, Y., Lund, R.D. and Vidal-Sanz, M.	Selective innervation of retinorecipient brainstem nuclei by retinal ganglion cell axons regenerating through peripheral nerve grafts in adult rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	J Neurosci Vol. 20(1), pp. 361-374School: Laboratorio de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.	article	URL
Abstract: The pattern of axonal regeneration, specificity of reinnervation, and terminal arborization in the brainstem by axotomized retinal ganglion cell axons was studied in rats with peripheral nerve grafts linking the retina with ipsilateral regions of the brainstem, including dorsal and lateral aspects of the diencephalon and lateral aspect of the superior colliculus. Four to 13 months later, regenerated retinal projections were traced using intraocular injection of cholera toxin B subunit. In approximately one-third of the animals, regenerated retinal axons extended into the brainstem for distances of up to 6 mm. Although axons followed different patterns of ingrowth depending on their site of entry to the brainstem, within the pretectum, they innervated preferentially the nucleus of the optic tract and the olivary pretectal nucleus in which they formed two types of terminal arbors. Within the superior colliculus, axons extended laterally and formed a different terminal arbor type within the stratum griseum superficiale. In the remaining two-thirds of the animals, retinal fibers formed a neuroma-like structure at the site of entry into the brainstem, or a few fibers extended for very short distances within the neighboring neuropil. These experiments suggest that regenerated retinal axons are capable of a highly selective reinnervation pattern within adult denervated retinorecipient nuclei in which they form well defined terminal arbors that may persist for long periods of time. In addition, these studies provide the anatomical correlate for our previous functional study on the re-establishment of the pupillary light reflex in this experimental paradigm.
BibTeX: @article{Aviles-Trigueros:2000, author = {Avilés-Trigueros, M. and Sauvé, Y. and Lund, R. D. and Vidal-Sanz, M.}, title = {Selective innervation of retinorecipient brainstem nuclei by retinal ganglion cell axons regenerating through peripheral nerve grafts in adult rats.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Laboratorio de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.}, year = {2000}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {361--374}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/1/361.long} }
Avilés-Trigueros, M., Sauvé, Y., Lund, R.D. and Vidal-Sanz, M.	Selective innervation of retinorecipient brainstem nuclei by retinal ganglion cell axons regenerating through peripheral nerve grafts in adult rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	J Neurosci Vol. 20(1), pp. 361-374School: Laboratorio de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.	article	URL
Abstract: The pattern of axonal regeneration, specificity of reinnervation, and terminal arborization in the brainstem by axotomized retinal ganglion cell axons was studied in rats with peripheral nerve grafts linking the retina with ipsilateral regions of the brainstem, including dorsal and lateral aspects of the diencephalon and lateral aspect of the superior colliculus. Four to 13 months later, regenerated retinal projections were traced using intraocular injection of cholera toxin B subunit. In approximately one-third of the animals, regenerated retinal axons extended into the brainstem for distances of up to 6 mm. Although axons followed different patterns of ingrowth depending on their site of entry to the brainstem, within the pretectum, they innervated preferentially the nucleus of the optic tract and the olivary pretectal nucleus in which they formed two types of terminal arbors. Within the superior colliculus, axons extended laterally and formed a different terminal arbor type within the stratum griseum superficiale. In the remaining two-thirds of the animals, retinal fibers formed a neuroma-like structure at the site of entry into the brainstem, or a few fibers extended for very short distances within the neighboring neuropil. These experiments suggest that regenerated retinal axons are capable of a highly selective reinnervation pattern within adult denervated retinorecipient nuclei in which they form well defined terminal arbors that may persist for long periods of time. In addition, these studies provide the anatomical correlate for our previous functional study on the re-establishment of the pupillary light reflex in this experimental paradigm.
BibTeX: @article{Aviles-Trigueros:2000a, author = {Avilés-Trigueros, M. and Sauvé, Y. and Lund, R. D. and Vidal-Sanz, M.}, title = {Selective innervation of retinorecipient brainstem nuclei by retinal ganglion cell axons regenerating through peripheral nerve grafts in adult rats.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Laboratorio de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.}, year = {2000}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {361--374}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/1/361.long} }
Awad, W., Ferreira, G. and Maroun, M.	Dissociation of the Role of Infralimbic Cortex in Learning and Consolidation of Extinction of Recent and Remote Aversion Memory [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Neuropsychopharmacology Vol. 40(11), pp. 2566-2575	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Medial prefrontal circuits have been reported to undergo a major reorganization over time and gradually take a more important role for remote emotional memories such as contextual fear memory or food aversion memory. The medial prefrontal cortex, and specifically its ventral subregion, the infralimbic cortex (IL), was also reported to be critical for recent memory extinction of contextual fear conditioning and conditioned odor aversion. However, its exact role in the extinction of remotely acquired information is still not clear. Using postretrieval blockade of protein synthesis or inactivation of the IL, we showed that the IL is similarly required for extinction consolidation of recent and remote fear memory. However, in odor aversion memory, the IL was only involved in extinction consolidation of recent, but not remote, memory. In contrast, only remote retrieval of aversion memory induced c-Fos activation in the IL and preretrieval inactivation of the IL with lidocaine impaired subsequent extinction of remote but not recent memory, indicating IL is necessary for extinction learning of remote aversion memory. In contrast to the effects in odor aversion, our data show that the involvement of the IL in the consolidation of fear extinction does not depend on the memory age. More importantly, our data indicate that the IL is implicated in the extinction of fear and nonfear-based associations and suggest dissociation in the engagement of the IL in the learning and consolidation of food aversion extinction over time. © 2015 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Awad:2015, author = {Awad, W. and Ferreira, G. and Maroun, M.}, title = {Dissociation of the Role of Infralimbic Cortex in Learning and Consolidation of Extinction of Recent and Remote Aversion Memory}, journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology}, year = {2015}, volume = {40}, number = {11}, pages = {2566-2575}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84941314016&partnerID=40&md5=43d89b2af3a660db40b2b4d1f79ace44}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.103} }
Awan, K.L. and Rutherford, J.G.	The projections of the central nucleus of the amygdala to the dorsal vagal complex a light microscopic study [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan) Vol. 13(2), pp. 53-61	article	URL
Abstract: This experiment was undertaken to determine and re examine the distribution of the descending projections from the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) to the dorsal vagal complex (DVC). This time it was accomplished by the anterograde and retrograde transport of wheat Germ Agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGAHRP), which was injected into the CeA using micropipettes. In no instances were injections of WGA-HRP in the amygdala confined to the CeA. However it proved that from the effective injection uptake site only the CeA and bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) projects from the higher brain centers to the dorsal medulla. The majority of efferent terminals from the CeA were observed in and around the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), into the medial sub nucleus of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTSm) and commissural nucleus of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius tractus solitarius (NTScom). in addition retrogradely labelled neurons were observed in the NTSm along its rostrocaudal extent.
BibTeX: @article{Awan:1999a, author = {Awan, Khalid Latif and Rutherford, John G}, title = {The projections of the central nucleus of the amygdala to the dorsal vagal complex a light microscopic study}, journal = {Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan)}, year = {1999}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {53-61}, url = {http://www.jpmi.org.pk/index.php/jpmi/article/view/660/570} }
Awan, K.L. and Rutherford, J.G.	Reciprocal connection between the dorsal vagal complex and the amygdala (and other forebrain structures) a light microscopic study [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan) Vol. 13(1), pp. 63-70	article	URL
Abstract: The involvmenet of the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala (CeA) is regulating the motility and secretary activity of the stomach and in producing ulceration has been docuemnted. The purpose of this continous study is to investigate the distribution and the anatomy of the projection between the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the dorsal Vagal Complex (DVC) at the light microscopi9c level. For this objective experiment was conducted to demonstrat the distirbution of neurons in the Amygdala, and specifically in the CeA, which project to the DVC and anterograde projections from the DVC to the CeA were examined. This was accomplished by pressure injecting small volumes of an aqueous solution of wheat Germ Agglutinin Conjugated Hoseradish Peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the DVC using a micropipette, then mapping the location of retrogradely labelled neuron and throghout the restrocaudal extent of the CeA of the CeA also showed ipsilateral anterograde labelling. At the same time bilateral retrograde labelling, with an ipsilateral predominase; was present in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (Pa), zona incerta (ZI) and dorsomedial hypothalmaic the bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis (BNST) and dosomedial hypothlamaic nucleus (DM). In section rostral to the CeA, anterograde label in the lateral part of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis (BNST) and Substantia Inominata (SI) was observed ipsilaterally, while the BNST also contained retrogradely labelled neurous. The results showed that the CeA and the DVC are connected. In addition either the caudal half of the DVC projects directly to the caudal CeA or there is an inverse topographic projections from the DVC.
BibTeX: @article{Awan:1999b, author = {Awan, Khalid Latif and Rutherford, John G}, title = {Reciprocal connection between the dorsal vagal complex and the amygdala (and other forebrain structures) a light microscopic study}, journal = {Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan)}, year = {1999}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {63-70}, url = {http://www.jpmi.org.pk/index.php/jpmi/article/view/638/548} }
Awan, K.L. and Rutherford, J.G.	Gastric Projecting Neurons of Dorsal (Motor) Nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) and their arborization [BibTeX]	2004	Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan) Vol. 18(1)	article	URL
BibTeX: @article{Awan:2004, author = {Awan, Khalid Latif and Rutherford, John G}, title = {Gastric Projecting Neurons of Dorsal (Motor) Nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) and their arborization}, journal = {Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan)}, year = {2004}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, url = {http://www.jpmi.org.pk/index.php/jpmi/article/view/859/768} }
Awasthi, A., Zeng, X. and Li, J.	Relationship between e-waste recycling and human health risk in India: a critical review [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2016	Environmental Science and Pollution Research Vol. 23(12), pp. 11509-11532	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Informal recycling of waste (including e-waste) is an emerging source of environmental pollution in India. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and heavy metals, among other substances, are a major health concern for workers engaged in waste disposal and processing, and for residents living near these facilities, and are also a detriment to the natural environment. The main objective of this review article was to evaluate the status of these impacts. The review found that, huge quantity of e-waste/waste generated, only a small amount is treated formally; the remainder is processed through the informal sector. We also evaluated the exposure pathways, both direct and indirect, and the human body load markers (e.g., serum, blood, breast milk, urine, and hair), and assessed the evidence for the association between these markers and e-waste exposure. Our results indicated that the open dumping and informal e-waste recycling systems should be replaced by the best available technology and environmental practices, with proper monitoring and regular awareness programs for workers and residents. Further and more detailed investigation in this area is also recommended. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
BibTeX: @article{Awasthi:2016, author = {Awasthi, A.K. and Zeng, X. and Li, J.}, title = {Relationship between e-waste recycling and human health risk in India: a critical review}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research}, year = {2016}, volume = {23}, number = {12}, pages = {11509-11532}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84958249187&partnerID=40&md5=0f80fe7d472fa360aa9f818a0a61f7b1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6085-7} }
Ayadi, A., Stieren, E., Barral, J. and Boehning, D.	Ubiquilin-1 regulates amyloid precursor protein maturation and degradation by stimulating K63-linked polyubiquitination of lysine 688 [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol. 109(33), pp. 13416-13421	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to an amyloidogenic peptide termed Aβ. Although mutations in APP and the secretase enzymes that mediate its processing are known to result in familial forms of AD, the mechanisms underlying the more common sporadic forms of the disease are still unclear. Evidence suggests that the susceptibility of APP to amyloidogenic processing is related to its intracellular localization, and that secretase-independent degradation may prevent the formation of cytotoxic peptide fragments. Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms in the UBQLN1 gene have been linked to late-onset AD, and its protein product, ubiquilin-1, may regulate the maturation of full-length APP. Here we show that ubiquilin-1 inhibits the maturation of APP by sequestering it in the early secretory pathway, primarily within the Golgi apparatus. This sequestration significantly delayed the proteolytic processing of APP by secretases and the proteasome. These effects were mediated by ubiquilin-1-stimulated K63-linked polyubiquitination of lysine 688 in the APP intracellular domain. Our results reveal the mechanistic basis by which ubiquilin-1 regulates APP maturation, with important consequences for the pathogenesis of late-onset AD.
BibTeX: @article{Ayadi:2012, author = {Ayadi, A.E. and Stieren, E.S. and Barral, J.M. and Boehning, D.}, title = {Ubiquilin-1 regulates amyloid precursor protein maturation and degradation by stimulating K63-linked polyubiquitination of lysine 688}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, year = {2012}, volume = {109}, number = {33}, pages = {13416-13421}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84865191062&partnerID=40&md5=307df0325d863680ebaed63b2be19ce6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1206786109} }
Ayala, M.E., Velázquez, D.E., Mendoza, J.L., Monroy, J., Domínguez, R., Cárdenas, M. and Aragón, A.	Dorsal and medial raphe nuclei participate differentially in reproductive functions of the male rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Reprod Biol Endocrinol Vol. 13(1), pp. 132School: Instituto Tecnológico del Altiplano de Tlaxcala, San Diego Xocoyucan, CP 90122, Tlaxcala, México. armandres@gmail.com.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Innervation of the hypothalamus and median eminence arise from the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei (DRN and MRN, respectively). The hypothalamus regulates the secretion of gonadotropins, which in turn regulate the reproductive function of males and females. However, it is not known the role of raphe nuclei in male reproductive function. Our goal was to investigate the role of the DRN and MRN in the regulation of the testicular function and secretion of gonadotropins in prepubertal rats.Dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) in ascorbic acid was used to chemically lesion the DRN or MRN. Rats were treated at 30 days-of-age and sacrificed at 45 or 65 days-of-age. Sham-treated controls were injected with ascorbic acid only. Negative controls were untreated rats. The damage induced by the 5,6-DHT was monitored in coronal serial sections of DRN and MRN; only the animals in which lesion of the DRN or MRN was detected were included in this study. As output parameters, we measured the concentrations of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the anterior (AH) and medial (MH) hypothalamus by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); whereas, circulating concentrations of gonadotropins and sexual steroids were measured by radioimmunoassay. Seminiferous epithelium and sperm quality were also evaluated.Lesion of DRN or MRN does not induced changes in concentrations of LH, progesterone, and testosterone. Compared with the control group, the sham or lesion of the DRN or MRN did not modify noradrenaline or dopamine concentrations in the AH and MH at 45 or 65 days of age. Meanwhile, serotonin concentrations decreased significantly in lesioned rats. Lesion of DRN induced significantly lower concentrations of FSH regardless of age; similar lesion in the MRN had no impact on FSH levels. Sperm concentration and motility were significantly decreased in the same animals. The lesion of the MRN does not induced changes in the seminiferous epithelium or gonadotropin levels. Our results suggest that raphe nuclei regulate differentially the male reproductive functions.The DRN but not the MRN regulates the secretion of gonadotropins and testicular function.
BibTeX: @article{Ayala:2015, author = {Ayala, María E. and Velázquez, Diana E. and Mendoza, Juan L. and Monroy, Juana and Domínguez, Roberto and Cárdenas, Mario and Aragón, Andrés}, title = {Dorsal and medial raphe nuclei participate differentially in reproductive functions of the male rat.}, journal = {Reprod Biol Endocrinol}, school = {Instituto Tecnológico del Altiplano de Tlaxcala, San Diego Xocoyucan, CP 90122, Tlaxcala, México. armandres@gmail.com.}, year = {2015}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {132}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12958-015-0130-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-015-0130-0} }
Ayala, Y.A., Udeh, A., Dutta, K., Bishop, D., Malmierca, M.S. and Oliver, D.L.	Differences in the strength of cortical and brainstem inputs to SSA and non-SSA neurons in the inferior colliculus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Sci Rep Vol. 5, pp. 10383School: Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3401, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In an ever changing auditory scene, change detection is an ongoing task performed by the auditory brain. Neurons in the midbrain and auditory cortex that exhibit stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) may contribute to this process. Those neurons adapt to frequent sounds while retaining their excitability to rare sounds. Here, we test whether neurons exhibiting SSA and those without are part of the same networks in the inferior colliculus (IC). We recorded the responses to frequent and rare sounds and then marked the sites of these neurons with a retrograde tracer to correlate the source of projections with the physiological response. SSA neurons were confined to the non-lemniscal subdivisions and exhibited broad receptive fields, while the non-SSA were confined to the central nucleus and displayed narrow receptive fields. SSA neurons receive strong inputs from auditory cortical areas and very poor or even absent projections from the brainstem nuclei. On the contrary, the major sources of inputs to the neurons that lacked SSA were from the brainstem nuclei. These findings demonstrate that auditory cortical inputs are biased in favor of IC synaptic domains that are populated by SSA neurons enabling them to compare top-down signals with incoming sensory information from lower areas.
BibTeX: @article{Ayala:2015a, author = {Ayala, Yaneri A. and Udeh, Adanna and Dutta, Kelsey and Bishop, Deborah and Malmierca, Manuel S. and Oliver, Douglas L.}, title = {Differences in the strength of cortical and brainstem inputs to SSA and non-SSA neurons in the inferior colliculus.}, journal = {Sci Rep}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3401, USA.}, year = {2015}, volume = {5}, pages = {10383}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep10383}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10383} }
Ayala, Y.A., Udeh, A., Dutta, K., Bishop, D., Malmierca, M.S. and Oliver, D.L.	Differences in the strength of cortical and brainstem inputs to SSA and non-SSA neurons in the inferior colliculus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Scientific reports Vol. 5, pp. 10383	article	DOI
Abstract: In an ever changing auditory scene, change detection is an ongoing task performed by the auditory brain. Neurons in the midbrain and auditory cortex that exhibit stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) may contribute to this process. Those neurons adapt to frequent sounds while retaining their excitability to rare sounds. Here, we test whether neurons exhibiting SSA and those without are part of the same networks in the inferior colliculus (IC). We recorded the responses to frequent and rare sounds and then marked the sites of these neurons with a retrograde tracer to correlate the source of projections with the physiological response. SSA neurons were confined to the non-lemniscal subdivisions and exhibited broad receptive fields, while the non-SSA were confined to the central nucleus and displayed narrow receptive fields. SSA neurons receive strong inputs from auditory cortical areas and very poor or even absent projections from the brainstem nuclei. On the contrary, the major sources of inputs to the neurons that lacked SSA were from the brainstem nuclei. These findings demonstrate that auditory cortical inputs are biased in favor of IC synaptic domains that are populated by SSA neurons enabling them to compare top-down signals with incoming sensory information from lower areas.
BibTeX: @article{Ayala:2015b, author = {Ayala, Yaneri A. and Udeh, Adanna and Dutta, Kelsey and Bishop, Deborah and Malmierca, Manuel S. and Oliver, Douglas L.}, title = {Differences in the strength of cortical and brainstem inputs to SSA and non-SSA neurons in the inferior colliculus.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, year = {2015}, volume = {5}, pages = {10383}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10383} }
Ayasaka, N., Kondo, T., Goto, T., Kido, M.A., Nagata, E. and Tanaka, T.	Differences in the transport systems between cementocytes and osteocytes in rats using microperoxidase as a tracer. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Arch Oral Biol Vol. 37(5), pp. 363-369School: First Department of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.	article	DOI
Abstract: Microperoxidase (MP) tracer was injected intravenously into rats to investigate any differences in transport pathways of tissue fluids in the lacunae and canaliculi of cementum and bone. Light microscopically, in deep cementum lacunae, pericellular spaces contained a large amount of MP, while close to the cementum surface, the spaces contained scarcely any. In bone, MP was detected throughout all pericellular spaces. MP was detected intracellularly as granular reaction products in most cementocytes and osteocytes. Electron microscopically, MP was found in the pericellular spaces of cementum and bone lacunae, particularly on collagen fibrils and amorphous material. MP deposits were also intense along the plasma membrane of cementocytes in the deep cementum and along the innermost edge of the deep cementum matrix and bone matrix. In uptake of MP by cementocytes, although extracellular tracer was deposited extensively along the plasma membrane of the deeply positioned cementocytes, uptake by these deep cementocytes was less than that of those close to the surface. However, in bone, most osteocytes showed uniform uptake. These results suggest that the transport pathways for tissue fluids in cementum are in the pericellular spaces, but that cementum has an uneven circulation of tissue fluid. In cementum, although there seems to be a well-developed canalicular system to transport tissue fluid into the deep regions, the deep cementocytes had less endocytotic ability than those close to the surface.
BibTeX: @article{Ayasaka:1992, author = {Ayasaka, N. and Kondo, T. and Goto, T. and Kido, M. A. and Nagata, E. and Tanaka, T.}, title = {Differences in the transport systems between cementocytes and osteocytes in rats using microperoxidase as a tracer.}, journal = {Arch Oral Biol}, school = {First Department of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.}, year = {1992}, volume = {37}, number = {5}, pages = {363--369}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(92)90019-5} }
Aydin, M., Bayram, E., Halici, Z., Aydin, N., Atalay, C., Ulvi, H., Kotan, D. and Gundogdu, C.	Antihypertensive role of glossopharyngeal nerve stimulation by nifedipine using as calcium channel blocking agent in hypertension: An experimental study [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol. 32(11), pp. 1607-1611	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Nifedipine is a therapeutic drug in acute attacks of hypertension because of its rapid absorption from oral mucosa. Taste receptors are innervated by glossopharyngeal nerves (GPN) as well as by facial and vagal nerves. Sensory neurons of the GPNs are localised in the petrous ganglion (PG). Transection of the taste sensitive GPN fibres causes taste bud and PG degeneration and spontaneous hypertension. In this study, the role of chemical stimulation of the taste buds of the GPN by nifedipine and its role in treatment of hypertension were investigated in rabbits. Nifedipine was dropped sublingually (20 mg) for 4 days in the study group, followed by measuring blood pressures again. Then, the lingual branches of GPNs were cut. One month later, blood pressures were measured for 4 days. All animals were sacrificed humanely at the end of the experiment, and normal and degenerated neuron densities in the petrosal ganglions were enumerated stereologically. The antihypertensive effect of nifedipine decreased after GPNs denervation, in accordance with the increase of degenerated neurons in the PG. The chemical stimulation of taste buds of the GPNs by nifedipine may be an important effect of nifedipine application in addition to its calcium channel blocking effect. The rapid decrease in blood pressure following sublingual use of nifedipine may also result from the direct stimulation of taste buds innervated by the GPNs. © 2009 The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea and Springer Netherlands.
BibTeX: @article{Aydin:2009, author = {Aydin, M.D. and Bayram, E. and Halici, Z. and Aydin, N. and Atalay, C. and Ulvi, H. and Kotan, D. and Gundogdu, C.}, title = {Antihypertensive role of glossopharyngeal nerve stimulation by nifedipine using as calcium channel blocking agent in hypertension: An experimental study}, journal = {Archives of Pharmacal Research}, year = {2009}, volume = {32}, number = {11}, pages = {1607-1611}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-72049130817&partnerID=40&md5=e39bc7a6c9666428fb04acc57b6783bd}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-009-2114-0} }
Aydin, O., Sengor, G.A., Gurbuz, Y. and Mola, F.	Histopathologic study of minced and injected expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) in quadriceps muscle of rats for injection laryngoplasty. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Auris Nasus Larynx Vol. 34(3), pp. 333-338School: Department of ENT, Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Gore-Tex has not yet been used as an injection material, and no animal study has been performed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the histopathological and volumetric changes of minced and injected expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) in the quadriceps muscle of rats to find out its possibility as an injection material in future injection laryngoplasty.A prospective study was performed in 13 Wistar rats.The 50+/-5 mg Gore-Tex vascular graft was minced until it was fine enough to pass through a 16G injection cannula. To create viscosity in order to avoid precipitation, minced Gore-Tex was mixed with sodium hyaluronate (SH) gel. 0.5 ml of this mixture was injected into the middle part of the right quadriceps muscle of each subject. Then, pure SH (0.5 ml) was injected into the middle part of the left quadriceps muscle of each subject. To compare the volumetric and histopathological changes of the injection area occupied by the materials over the time, two rats were sacrificed 1 day after the procedure, four rats after 1 month, four rats after 3 months and three rats after 6 months.In pure SH: SH was observed as an effusion in the muscle of one subject on the first day only. We did not detect SH in the muscle in the first, third and sixth months and, as a result, there was no augmentation. Inflammation and fibrosis was not detected in any of these applications of SH. In minced Gore-Tex+SH gel mixture: SH was again eliminated from the muscle in a very short period of time, but the remaining Gore-Tex created a 15.8% volumetric gain. Fibrosis and capsule formation began in the first month and, in the sixth month; we observed connective tissue surrounding the Gore-Tex material. Ingrowth of connective tissue into the Gore-Tex, though not present in the first month, occurred partially in the third and significantly in the sixth month. In addition, we observed foreign body granuloma formation after the third month.Pure SH, though easily applicable, was immediately eliminated leaving no trace. In the relatively difficult applications of Gore-Tex mixed with SH, however, there was residual Gore-Tex present in all subjects throughout the study. Gore-Tex may be an applicable material for injection laryngoplasty.
BibTeX: @article{Aydin:2007, author = {Aydin, Omer and Sengor, Gani Atilla and Gurbuz, Yesim and Mola, Ferhat}, title = {Histopathologic study of minced and injected expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) in quadriceps muscle of rats for injection laryngoplasty.}, journal = {Auris Nasus Larynx}, school = {Department of ENT, Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey.}, year = {2007}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, pages = {333--338}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2006.11.008}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2006.11.008} }
Aylward, R.L. and Totterdell, S.	Neurons in the ventral subiculum, amygdala and entorhinal cortex which project to the nucleus accumbens: their input from somatostatin-immunoreactive boutons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	J Chem Neuroanat Vol. 6(1), pp. 31-42School: University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, Great Britain.	article	DOI
Abstract: Neurons in the hippocampus, amygdala and entorhinal cortex which project to the nucleus accumbens were labelled retrogradely following injection of horseradish peroxidase. The injections were targetted on the medial part of the nucleus accumbens, but some injection sites included the whole nucleus. Projection neurons in all three areas were found to be spiny, and from the entorhinal cortex and ventral subiculum of the hippocampus they were pyramidal neurons. Somatostatin (S28(1-12)-immunoreactive neurons were found in all parts of the three limbic areas examined. They were found to have various morphologies, but in the electron microscope all had the ultrastructural characteristics of interneurons. In the hippocampus the stratum lacunosum was found to contain the most immunoreactive fibres while most cells lay in the stratum oriens. In the amygdala the densest staining for both cells and fibres was in the central nucleus. In the entorhinal cortex somatostatin-immunoreactive fibres and cells seemed to have no preferential distribution. Examination of somatostatin-immunoreactive profiles in the electron microscope revealed that the majority of synaptic contacts were made with dendrites, many of which were spine-bearing. In the light microscope somatostatin-immunoreactive fibres could be seen to lie near the somata and proximal dendrites of neurons that projected to the nucleus accumbens. In the electron microscope it was found that somatostatin-immunoreactive boutons were in symmetrical synaptic contact with the somata and proximal dendrites of neurons in the ventral subiculum, entorhinal cortex and amygdala which project to the nucleus accumbens.
BibTeX: @article{Aylward:1993, author = {Aylward, R. L. and Totterdell, S.}, title = {Neurons in the ventral subiculum, amygdala and entorhinal cortex which project to the nucleus accumbens: their input from somatostatin-immunoreactive boutons.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, school = {University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, Great Britain.}, year = {1993}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {31--42}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-0618(93)90005-o} }
Aylward, R.L. and Totterdell, S.	Neurons in the ventral subiculum, amygdala and entorhinal cortex which project to the nucleus accumbens: their input from somatostatin-immunoreactive boutons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Journal of chemical neuroanatomy Vol. 6, pp. 31-42	article
Abstract: Neurons in the hippocampus, amygdala and entorhinal cortex which project to the nucleus accumbens were labelled retrogradely following injection of horseradish peroxidase. The injections were targetted on the medial part of the nucleus accumbens, but some injection sites included the whole nucleus. Projection neurons in all three areas were found to be spiny, and from the entorhinal cortex and ventral subiculum of the hippocampus they were pyramidal neurons. Somatostatin (S28(1-12)-immunoreactive neurons were found in all parts of the three limbic areas examined. They were found to have various morphologies, but in the electron microscope all had the ultrastructural characteristics of interneurons. In the hippocampus the stratum lacunosum was found to contain the most immunoreactive fibres while most cells lay in the stratum oriens. In the amygdala the densest staining for both cells and fibres was in the central nucleus. In the entorhinal cortex somatostatin-immunoreactive fibres and cells seemed to have no preferential distribution. Examination of somatostatin-immunoreactive profiles in the electron microscope revealed that the majority of synaptic contacts were made with dendrites, many of which were spine-bearing. In the light microscope somatostatin-immunoreactive fibres could be seen to lie near the somata and proximal dendrites of neurons that projected to the nucleus accumbens. In the electron microscope it was found that somatostatin-immunoreactive boutons were in symmetrical synaptic contact with the somata and proximal dendrites of neurons in the ventral subiculum, entorhinal cortex and amygdala which project to the nucleus accumbens.
BibTeX: @article{Aylward:1993a, author = {Aylward, R. L. and Totterdell, S.}, title = {Neurons in the ventral subiculum, amygdala and entorhinal cortex which project to the nucleus accumbens: their input from somatostatin-immunoreactive boutons.}, journal = {Journal of chemical neuroanatomy}, year = {1993}, volume = {6}, pages = {31-42}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aymerich, M.S., Barroso-Chinea, P., Perez-Manso, M., Munoz-Patino, A.M., Moreno-Igoa, M., Gonzalez-Hernandez, T. and Lanciego, J.L.	Consequences of unilateral nigrostriatal denervation on the thalamostriatal pathway in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	The European journal of neuroscience Vol. 23, pp. 2099-108	article
Abstract: The position of the caudal intralaminar nuclei within basal ganglia circuitry has largely been neglected in most studies dealing with basal ganglia function. During the past few years, there has been a growing body of evidence suggesting that the thalamic parafascicular nucleus in rodents (PF) exerts a multifaceted modulation of basal ganglia nuclei, at different levels. Our aim was to study the activity of the thalamostriatal pathway in rats with unilateral dopaminergic depletion. The experimental approach comprised first unilateral delivery of 6-OHDA in the medial forebrain bundle. Thirty days post-lesioning, animals showing a clear asymmetry were then subjected to bilateral injection of Fluoro-Gold (FG) within the striatum. Subsequently, expression of the mRNA encoding the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGLUT2) was detected within thalamostriatal-projecting neurons (FG-labeled) by in situ hybridization and the results were confirmed by laser-guided capture microdissection microscopy followed by real-time PCR. The data showed that there was a marked neuronal loss restricted to PF neurons projecting to the dopamine-depleted striatum. Moreover, PF neurons innervating the dopamine-depleted striatum were intensely hyperactive. These neurons showed a marked increase on the expression of vGLUT2 mRNA as well as for the mRNA encoding the subunit I of cytochrome oxidase as compared with those neurons projecting to the striatum with normal dopamine content. Thus, the selective neurodegeneration of PF neurons innervating the striatum together with the increased activity of the thalamostriatal pathway coexist after nigrostriatal denervation.
BibTeX: @article{Aymerich:2006b, author = {Aymerich, M. S. and Barroso-Chinea, P. and Perez-Manso, M. and Munoz-Patino, A. M. and Moreno-Igoa, M. and Gonzalez-Hernandez, T. and Lanciego, J. L.}, title = {Consequences of unilateral nigrostriatal denervation on the thalamostriatal pathway in rats.}, journal = {The European journal of neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {23}, pages = {2099-108}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Aymerich, M.S., Barroso-Chinea, P., Pérez-Manso, M., Muñoz-Patiño, A.M., Moreno-Igoa, M., González-Hernández, T. and Lanciego, J.L.	Consequences of unilateral nigrostriatal denervation on the thalamostriatal pathway in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 23(8), pp. 2099-2108School: Neuromorphology-Tracing Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra Medical College, Pio XII Avenue no. 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The position of the caudal intralaminar nuclei within basal ganglia circuitry has largely been neglected in most studies dealing with basal ganglia function. During the past few years, there has been a growing body of evidence suggesting that the thalamic parafascicular nucleus in rodents (PF) exerts a multifaceted modulation of basal ganglia nuclei, at different levels. Our aim was to study the activity of the thalamostriatal pathway in rats with unilateral dopaminergic depletion. The experimental approach comprised first unilateral delivery of 6-OHDA in the medial forebrain bundle. Thirty days post-lesioning, animals showing a clear asymmetry were then subjected to bilateral injection of Fluoro-Gold (FG) within the striatum. Subsequently, expression of the mRNA encoding the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGLUT2) was detected within thalamostriatal-projecting neurons (FG-labeled) by in situ hybridization and the results were confirmed by laser-guided capture microdissection microscopy followed by real-time PCR. The data showed that there was a marked neuronal loss restricted to PF neurons projecting to the dopamine-depleted striatum. Moreover, PF neurons innervating the dopamine-depleted striatum were intensely hyperactive. These neurons showed a marked increase on the expression of vGLUT2 mRNA as well as for the mRNA encoding the subunit I of cytochrome oxidase as compared with those neurons projecting to the striatum with normal dopamine content. Thus, the selective neurodegeneration of PF neurons innervating the striatum together with the increased activity of the thalamostriatal pathway coexist after nigrostriatal denervation.
BibTeX: @article{Aymerich:2006, author = {Aymerich, M. S. and Barroso-Chinea, P. and Pérez-Manso, M. and Muñoz-Patiño, A. M. and Moreno-Igoa, M. and González-Hernández, T. and Lanciego, J. L.}, title = {Consequences of unilateral nigrostriatal denervation on the thalamostriatal pathway in rats.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Neuromorphology-Tracing Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra Medical College, Pio XII Avenue no. 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.}, year = {2006}, volume = {23}, number = {8}, pages = {2099--2108}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04741.x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04741.x} }
Aymerich, M.S., Barroso-Chinea, P., Pérez-Manso, M., Muñoz-Patiño, A.M., Moreno-Igoa, M., González-Hernández, T. and Lanciego, J.L.	Consequences of unilateral nigrostriatal denervation on the thalamostriatal pathway in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 23(8), pp. 2099-2108School: Neuromorphology-Tracing Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra Medical College, Pio XII Avenue no. 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The position of the caudal intralaminar nuclei within basal ganglia circuitry has largely been neglected in most studies dealing with basal ganglia function. During the past few years, there has been a growing body of evidence suggesting that the thalamic parafascicular nucleus in rodents (PF) exerts a multifaceted modulation of basal ganglia nuclei, at different levels. Our aim was to study the activity of the thalamostriatal pathway in rats with unilateral dopaminergic depletion. The experimental approach comprised first unilateral delivery of 6-OHDA in the medial forebrain bundle. Thirty days post-lesioning, animals showing a clear asymmetry were then subjected to bilateral injection of Fluoro-Gold (FG) within the striatum. Subsequently, expression of the mRNA encoding the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGLUT2) was detected within thalamostriatal-projecting neurons (FG-labeled) by in situ hybridization and the results were confirmed by laser-guided capture microdissection microscopy followed by real-time PCR. The data showed that there was a marked neuronal loss restricted to PF neurons projecting to the dopamine-depleted striatum. Moreover, PF neurons innervating the dopamine-depleted striatum were intensely hyperactive. These neurons showed a marked increase on the expression of vGLUT2 mRNA as well as for the mRNA encoding the subunit I of cytochrome oxidase as compared with those neurons projecting to the striatum with normal dopamine content. Thus, the selective neurodegeneration of PF neurons innervating the striatum together with the increased activity of the thalamostriatal pathway coexist after nigrostriatal denervation.
BibTeX: @article{Aymerich:2006a, author = {Aymerich, M. S. and Barroso-Chinea, P. and Pérez-Manso, M. and Muñoz-Patiño, A. M. and Moreno-Igoa, M. and González-Hernández, T. and Lanciego, J. L.}, title = {Consequences of unilateral nigrostriatal denervation on the thalamostriatal pathway in rats.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Neuromorphology-Tracing Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra Medical College, Pio XII Avenue no. 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.}, year = {2006}, volume = {23}, number = {8}, pages = {2099--2108}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04741.x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04741.x} }
Azanza, M. and Garin, P.	The autonomic innervation of the rat diaphragm [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	General Pharmacology Vol. 17(1), pp. 109-112	article	DOI URL
Abstract: 1. 1. The innervation of the diaphragm has been studied by three methods-(1) cobalt tracing of the nerves, (2) demonstration of cholinesterase activity and (3) fluorescence microscopy for catecholamines and VIP. 2. 2. The cobalt method reveals the peripheral nerve fibers with a sharpness similar to that shown at the level of the central nervous system where this method has so far been more widely applied. 3. 3. The cobalt method helps to outline the distribution pattern of the nerve fibers and it can be of particular interest at the level of the viscera in order to show the different sources of the axons. 4. 4. Fibers giving a positive response to cholinesterase staining are shown at the level of the motor end plates and surrounding the blood vessels. 5. 5. It is suggested that the axons of phrenic origin contribute to the motor end plates while those coming from the vagus are distributed along the connective tissue surrounding the vascular system. 6. 6. Noradrenergic innervation is scarce, appearing as fine varicosities around the vascular beds. 7. 7. The VIPergic fibers are probably, together with the cholinergic ones, the most widespread. They are distributed among the muscle fascicules as well as being in close connection with the blood vessels. © 1986.
BibTeX: @article{Azanza:1986a, author = {Azanza, M.J. and Garin, P.}, title = {The autonomic innervation of the rat diaphragm}, journal = {General Pharmacology}, year = {1986}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {109-112}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022645256&partnerID=40&md5=3556e571d6c3510b32c0ee31cad3ed52}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-3623(86)90021-2} }
Azanza, M.J. and Garin, P.	The autonomic innervation of the rat diaphragm. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Gen Pharmacol Vol. 17(1), pp. 109-112	article	DOI
Abstract: The innervation of the diaphragm has been studied by three methods--cobalt tracing of the nerves, demonstration of cholinesterase activity and fluorescence microscopy for catecholamines and VIP. The cobalt method reveals the peripheral nerve fibers with a sharpness similar to that shown at the level of the central nervous system where this method has so far been more widely applied. The cobalt method helps to outline the distribution pattern of the nerve fibers and it can be of particular interest at the level of the viscera in order to show the different sources of the axons. Fibers giving a positive response to cholinesterase staining are shown at the level of the motor end plates and surrounding the blood vessels. It is suggested that the axons of phrenic origin contribute to the motor end plates while those coming from the vagus are distributed along the connective tissue surrounding the vascular system. Noradrenergic innervation is scarce, appearing as fine varicosities around the vascular beds. The VIPergic fibers are probably, together with the cholinergic ones, the most widespread. They are distributed among the muscle fascicules as well as being in close connection with the blood vessels.
BibTeX: @article{Azanza:1986, author = {Azanza, M. J. and Garin, P.}, title = {The autonomic innervation of the rat diaphragm.}, journal = {Gen Pharmacol}, year = {1986}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {109--112}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-3623(86)90021-2} }
Azdad, K., Piet, R., Poulain, D. and Oliet, S.	Dopamine D4 receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition of GABAergic transmission in the rat supraoptic nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 90(2), pp. 559-565	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The mechanism by which dopamine induces or facilitates neurohypophysial hormone release is not completely understood. Because oxytocin- and vasopressin-secreting supraoptic neurons are under the control of a prominent GABAergic inhibition, we investigated the possibility that dopamine exerts its action by modulating GABA-mediated transmission. Whole cell voltage-clamp recordings of supraoptic neurons were carried out in acute hypothalamic slices to determine the action of dopamine on inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Application of dopamine caused a consistent and reversible reduction in the frequency, but not the amplitude, of miniature synaptic events, indicating that dopamine was acting presynaptically to reduce GABAergic transmission. The subtype of dopamine receptor involved in this response was characterized pharmacologically. Dopamine inhibitory action was greatly reduced by two highly selective D4 receptor antagonists L745,870 and L750,667 and to a lower extent by the antipsychotic drug clozapine but was unaffected by SCH 23390 and sulpiride, D1/D5 and D2/D3 receptor antagonists, respectively. In agreement with these results, the action of dopamine was mimicked by the potent D4 receptor agonist PD168077 but not by SKF81297 and bromocriptine, D1/D5 and D2/ D3 receptor agonists, respectively. Dopamine and PD168077 also reduced the amplitude of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents, an effect that was accompanied by an increase in paired-pulse facilitation. These data clearly indicate that D4 receptors are located on GABA terminals in the supraoptic nucleus and that their activation reduces GABA release in the supraoptic nucleus. Therefore dopaminergic facilitation of neurohypophysial hormone release appears to result, at least in part, from disinhibition of magnocellular neurons caused by the depression of GABAergic transmission.
BibTeX: @article{Azdad:2003, author = {Azdad, K. and Piet, R. and Poulain, D.A. and Oliet, S.H.R.}, title = {Dopamine D4 receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition of GABAergic transmission in the rat supraoptic nucleus}, journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology}, year = {2003}, volume = {90}, number = {2}, pages = {559-565}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0041315531&partnerID=40&md5=4119330d30505090e944ba0b1bb6f25f}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00226.2003} }
Azekawa, T., Sano, A., Sei, H., Yamamoto, A., Aoi, K. and Morita, Y.	Pineal microdialysis in freely moving rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Brain Research Bulletin Vol. 26(3), pp. 413-417	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We describe a surgical technique to implant the guide cannula for in vivo microdialysis in the rat pineal gland. This technique has the following features and advantages: 1. (a) does not require ligation of the superior or transverse sinus, 2. (b) minimizes bleeding from the durai veins, 3. (c) does not disturb the sympathetic innervation originating from superior cervical ganglia, which is essential for pineal function. This new technique makes it possible to carry out chronic pineal microdialysis of freely moving rats. © 1991.
BibTeX: @article{Azekawa:1991, author = {Azekawa, T. and Sano, A. and Sei, H. and Yamamoto, A. and Aoi, K. and Morita, Y.}, title = {Pineal microdialysis in freely moving rats}, journal = {Brain Research Bulletin}, year = {1991}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {413-417}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025909985&partnerID=40&md5=d578bc093bfa6151a0a47b5fe51bffdc}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(91)90015-C} }
Azérad, J., Boucher, Y. and Pollin, B.	[Demonstration of glutamate in primary sensory trigeminal neurons innervating dental pulp in rats]. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	C R Acad Sci III Vol. 314(10), pp. 469-475School: Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Collège de France, Paris.	article
Abstract: Primary sensory trigeminal neurons supplying the dental pulp of incisors in rats were labelled by retrograde axonal transport. Using an auto-metallographic intensification procedure, 48 hrs. after injection of wheat-germ colloidal gold in the pulp, gold particles were detected in the cytoplasm of the neurons as black granulations. Glutamate was found in 45-60% of the neurons by submitting ganglion slices to an anti-glutamate immuno-serum revealed by immunocytochemistry. Among the neurons supplying the dental pulp of incisors by their peripheral process, 70% are Glu+, 30% Glu-. These observations suggest that the population of neurons supplying the dental pulp is not functionally homogeneous and that Glu- neurons use a different neurotransmitter. The coexistence of Glu+ and Glu- neurons could also indicate that glutamate expression is modulated during the life of these neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Azerad:1992, author = {Azérad, J. and Boucher, Y. and Pollin, B.}, title = {[Demonstration of glutamate in primary sensory trigeminal neurons innervating dental pulp in rats].}, journal = {C R Acad Sci III}, school = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Collège de France, Paris.}, year = {1992}, volume = {314}, number = {10}, pages = {469--475} }
Azeredo, W.J., Kliment, M.L., Morley, B.J., Relkin, E., Slepecky, N.B., Sterns, A., Warr, W.B., Weekly, J.M. and Woods, C.I.	Olivocochlear neurons in the chinchilla: a retrograde fluorescent labelling study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Hear Res Vol. 134(1-2), pp. 57-70School: Department of Otolaryngology, SUNY Health Science Center, State University of New York, Syracuse 13210, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: Although the chinchilla is widely used as a model for auditory research, little is known about the distribution and morphology of its olivocochlear neurons. Here, we report on the olivocochlear neurons projecting to one cochlea, as determined by single and double retrograde fluorescent tracer techniques. 10 adult chinchillas were anesthetized and given either unilateral or bilateral injections of a fluorescent tracer (either Fluoro-Gold or Fast Blue) into scala tympani or as a control, a unilateral injection into the middle ear cavity. The results indicate that there are similarities as well as significant differences between the chinchilla and other species of rodents in the distributions of their olivocochlear neurons. Based on three well-labelled cases, there was a mean total of 1168 olivocochlear neurons in the chinchilla. Of these, the majority (mean 787) were small, lateral olivocochlear neurons found almost exclusively within the ipsilateral lateral superior olivary nucleus. The next largest group consisted of a mean of 280 medial olivocochlear neurons virtually all of which were located in the dorsomedial peri-olivary nucleus. Chinchilla medial olivocochlear neurons were more predominantly crossed in their projections (4:1) than in any known species. The smallest group of olivocochlear neurons (mean 101) consisted of larger lateral olivocochlear neurons (shell neurons) which were located on the margins of the superior olivary nucleus and which projected mainly (2.2:1) ipsilaterally. Double retrograde labelling was observed only in medial olivocochlear neurons and occurred in only 1-2% of these cells. The results confirm previous findings which indicated a relative paucity of fibers belonging to the uncrossed as compared to the crossed olivocochlear bundle. This, together with the strong apical bias of the uncrossed projection reported previously, offers possible explanations for the apparent absence of efferent-mediated suppressive effects of contralateral acoustic stimulation in this species. Regarding the lateral olivocochlear system, the chinchilla is shown to possess both intrinsic and shell neurons, as in the rat.
BibTeX: @article{Azeredo:1999, author = {W. J. Azeredo and M. L. Kliment and B. J. Morley and E. Relkin and N. B. Slepecky and A. Sterns and W. B. Warr and J. M. Weekly and C. I. Woods}, title = {Olivocochlear neurons in the chinchilla: a retrograde fluorescent labelling study.}, journal = {Hear Res}, school = {Department of Otolaryngology, SUNY Health Science Center, State University of New York, Syracuse 13210, USA.}, year = {1999}, volume = {134}, number = {1-2}, pages = {57--70}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(99)00069-6} }
Azeredo, W.J., Kliment, M.L., Morley, B.J., Relkin, E., Slepecky, N.B., Sterns, A., Warr, W.B., Weekly, J.M. and Woods, C.I.	Olivocochlear neurons in the chinchilla: a retrograde fluorescent labelling study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Hearing research Vol. 134, pp. 57-70	article
Abstract: Although the chinchilla is widely used as a model for auditory research, little is known about the distribution and morphology of its olivocochlear neurons. Here, we report on the olivocochlear neurons projecting to one cochlea, as determined by single and double retrograde fluorescent tracer techniques. 10 adult chinchillas were anesthetized and given either unilateral or bilateral injections of a fluorescent tracer (either Fluoro-Gold or Fast Blue) into scala tympani or as a control, a unilateral injection into the middle ear cavity. The results indicate that there are similarities as well as significant differences between the chinchilla and other species of rodents in the distributions of their olivocochlear neurons. Based on three well-labelled cases, there was a mean total of 1168 olivocochlear neurons in the chinchilla. Of these, the majority (mean 787) were small, lateral olivocochlear neurons found almost exclusively within the ipsilateral lateral superior olivary nucleus. The next largest group consisted of a mean of 280 medial olivocochlear neurons virtually all of which were located in the dorsomedial peri-olivary nucleus. Chinchilla medial olivocochlear neurons were more predominantly crossed in their projections (4:1) than in any known species. The smallest group of olivocochlear neurons (mean 101) consisted of larger lateral olivocochlear neurons (shell neurons) which were located on the margins of the superior olivary nucleus and which projected mainly (2.2:1) ipsilaterally. Double retrograde labelling was observed only in medial olivocochlear neurons and occurred in only 1-2% of these cells. The results confirm previous findings which indicated a relative paucity of fibers belonging to the uncrossed as compared to the crossed olivocochlear bundle. This, together with the strong apical bias of the uncrossed projection reported previously, offers possible explanations for the apparent absence of efferent-mediated suppressive effects of contralateral acoustic stimulation in this species. Regarding the lateral olivocochlear system, the chinchilla is shown to possess both intrinsic and shell neurons, as in the rat.
BibTeX: @article{Azeredo:1999a, author = {Azeredo, W. J. and Kliment, M. L. and Morley, B. J. and Relkin, E. and Slepecky, N. B. and Sterns, A. and Warr, W. B. and Weekly, J. M. and Woods, C. I.}, title = {Olivocochlear neurons in the chinchilla: a retrograde fluorescent labelling study.}, journal = {Hearing research}, year = {1999}, volume = {134}, pages = {57-70}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Azhdari-Zarmehri, H., Semnanian, S. and Fathollahi, Y.	Orexin-a modulates firing of rat rostral ventromedial medulla neurons: An in vitro study [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Cell Journal Vol. 17(1), pp. 163-170	article	URL
Abstract: The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) acts a key role in the descending inhibitory pain modulation. Neuropeptide orexin-A (ORXA) is confined to thousands of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). While RVM gets the orexinergic projections, the orexin receptors are also expressed in this structure. The aim of this study was to specify the cellular effects of ORXA on RVM neurons in vitro by using the whole cell patch-clamp recording. RVM neurons were classified into three types based on their electrophysiological characteristics. Type 1 neurons exhibited an irregular spontaneous activity which was interrupted by periods of pause in 25% of recorded neurons. Type 2 neurons did not show any spontaneous baseline activity (53.8% of recorded neurons). Type 3 neurons fired repetitively without interruption (51.2% of recorded neurons). ORXA had either inhibitory or excitatory effects on 53.8% (7/13) of type 1 neurons. ORXA excited 46.4% (13/28) of type 2 neurons and 27.3% (3/11) of type 3 neurons. The excitatory effect of ORXA observed in type 2 neurons was suppressed by an orexin 1 receptor (OXR1) antagonist, SB-334867. Briefly, we hypothesized that the ORXA mediated excitation and/or inhibition in RVM neurons might work as a mechanism to modulate pain processing by orexinergic neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Azhdari-Zarmehri:2015, author = {Azhdari-Zarmehri, H. and Semnanian, S. and Fathollahi, Y.}, title = {Orexin-a modulates firing of rat rostral ventromedial medulla neurons: An in vitro study}, journal = {Cell Journal}, year = {2015}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {163-170}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84926674080&partnerID=40&md5=d3d82f52e8972eb462703ac3df044668} }
Azizbeigi, R., Zarrindast, M. and Ahmadi, S.	Interaction between gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor agents and scopolamine in the nucleus accumbens on impairment of inhibitory avoidance memory performance in rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Behavioural Brain Research Vol. 241(1), pp. 191-197	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We designed this study to investigate effects of intra-nucleus accumbens (intra-NAc) infusions of GABAA receptors agonist (muscimol) and antagonist (bicuculline) by themselves and their interaction with scopolamine on inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory performance. This study used a step-through IA task to assess memory in male Wistar rats. The results showed that post-training intra-NAc infusions of muscimol at doses of 0.01 and 0.02μg/rat significantly impaired IA memory performance, while bicuculline (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4μg/rat) had no effect. Post-training intra-NAc infusions of scopolamine at dose of 0.5μg/rat impaired IA memory performance by itself, and in combination with an ineffective dose of muscimol increased impairment of IA memory performance. The results also showed that post-training intra-NAc infusions of bicuculline prevented the impairing effect of higher doses of scopolamine on IA memory performance. Pre-test intra-NAc infusions of muscimol (0.01 and 0.02μg/rat) and bicuculline (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1μg/rat) impaired IA memory performance. The results also revealed that pre-test intra-NAc infusions of scopolamine (0.25 and 0.5μg/rat) impaired IA memory performance, and its co-infusions with an ineffective dose of muscimol (0.005μg/rat) increased impairment of IA memory performance. Interestingly, pre-test intra-NAc infusions of bicuculline impaired performance by itself, but did not prevent the impairing effect of scopolamine. It can be concluded that GABAA and muscarinic receptors of the NAc may have an interaction in modulation of IA memory performance, which may result from affecting output neurons in the NAc directly or indirectly via cholinergic and GABAergic interneurons. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Azizbeigi:2013, author = {Azizbeigi, R. and Zarrindast, M.R. and Ahmadi, S.}, title = {Interaction between gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor agents and scopolamine in the nucleus accumbens on impairment of inhibitory avoidance memory performance in rat}, journal = {Behavioural Brain Research}, year = {2013}, volume = {241}, number = {1}, pages = {191-197}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84872171497&partnerID=40&md5=b17195cc9d07b70a6295f0ccb7362c05}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.022} }
Azizi, S.A., Burne, R.A. and Woodward, D.J.	The auditory corticopontocerebellar projection in the rat: inputs to the paraflocculus and midvermis. An anatomical and physiological study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Exp Brain Res Vol. 59(1), pp. 36-49	article	DOI
Abstract: This study investigated afferent projections to the cerebellum, in particular those from the auditory cerebral cortex. The parafloccular lobule of the rat cerebellum is shown to be a primary target for the auditory cortical information with the midvermal region being a receiving area from the inferior colliculus. The method of anterograde transport of tritiated amino acids was employed to determine projections of the auditory cortex to the pons. Autoradiography showed that the site of termination of efferents from the auditory cortex corresponds to the location of neurons that project to the paraflocculus. Histogram analysis of neuronal activity in halothane anesthetized rats was employed to determine the response characteristics of neurons in paraflocculus and midvermis following cortical and tectal electrical stimulation. In addition, unit recordings of parafloccular neurons in immobilized, locally anesthetized animals demonstrated general characteristics of the responses of these neurons to auditory field stimulation. Electrical stimulation of the auditory cortex evoked mixed, excitatory-inhibitory and pure inhibitory mossy fiber responses in 33% of neurons in the paraflocculus, with no responses evident in the midvermis. Following inferior collicular stimulation, 12.6% of the neurons in the midvermis elicited a response. Recordings from parafloccular neurons in unanesthetized, immobilized rats showed evidence for excitatory and inhibitory mossy fiber responses, following auditory field stimulation. This spectrum of basic studies establishes the existence of a pathway in which the paraflocculus is revealed as an integrating target for cortical auditory information.
BibTeX: @article{Azizi:1985, author = {S. A. Azizi and R. A. Burne and D. J. Woodward}, title = {The auditory corticopontocerebellar projection in the rat: inputs to the paraflocculus and midvermis. An anatomical and physiological study.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, pages = {36-49}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00237663} }
Azizi, S.A., Burne, R.A. and Woodward, D.J.	The auditory corticopontocerebellar projection in the rat: inputs to the paraflocculus and midvermis. An anatomical and physiological study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Experimental brain research Vol. 59, pp. 36-49	article
Abstract: This study investigated afferent projections to the cerebellum, in particular those from the auditory cerebral cortex. The parafloccular lobule of the rat cerebellum is shown to be a primary target for the auditory cortical information with the midvermal region being a receiving area from the inferior colliculus. The method of anterograde transport of tritiated amino acids was employed to determine projections of the auditory cortex to the pons. Autoradiography showed that the site of termination of efferents from the auditory cortex corresponds to the location of neurons that project to the paraflocculus. Histogram analysis of neuronal activity in halothane anesthetized rats was employed to determine the response characteristics of neurons in paraflocculus and midvermis following cortical and tectal electrical stimulation. In addition, unit recordings of parafloccular neurons in immobilized, locally anesthetized animals demonstrated general characteristics of the responses of these neurons to auditory field stimulation. Electrical stimulation of the auditory cortex evoked mixed, excitatory-inhibitory and pure inhibitory mossy fiber responses in 33% of neurons in the paraflocculus, with no responses evident in the midvermis. Following inferior collicular stimulation, 12.6% of the neurons in the midvermis elicited a response. Recordings from parafloccular neurons in unanesthetized, immobilized rats showed evidence for excitatory and inhibitory mossy fiber responses, following auditory field stimulation. This spectrum of basic studies establishes the existence of a pathway in which the paraflocculus is revealed as an integrating target for cortical auditory information.
BibTeX: @article{Azizi:1985a, author = {Azizi, S. A. and Burne, R. A. and Woodward, D. J.}, title = {The auditory corticopontocerebellar projection in the rat: inputs to the paraflocculus and midvermis. An anatomical and physiological study.}, journal = {Experimental brain research}, year = {1985}, volume = {59}, pages = {36-49}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Azizi, S.A., Mihailoff, G.A., Burne, R.A. and Woodward, D.J.	The pontocerebellar system in the rat: an HRP study. I. Posterior vermis. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	J Comp Neurol Vol. 197(4), pp. 543-548	article	DOI URL
Abstract: This study was undertaken to determine the origin of projections from the basilar pontine nuclei (BPN) and nucleus reticularis tegmentis pontis (NRTP) to the posterior vermal lobules VI-IX of the rat cerebellum. We describe the topographical organization of this component of the pontocerebellar projection, and the congruence of the cells of origin in the basilar pons with some of the major pontine afferent systems including the corticopontine and tectopontine projections. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the midline cerebellar vermal zones of Long-Evans hooded rats. The more sensitive chromogens, tetramethyl benzidine and benzidine dihydrochloride, were used to reveal the location of labeled neurons. With injections located near the midline, groups of labeled cells were observed bilaterally within the BPN. The basic trend of the projections noted was: lobule VIa receives a nonfocal projection from nearly all subdivisions of the BPN throughout its rostrocaudal extent, as well as a substantial input from NRTP. Lobules VIb-c receive input from NRTP, the rostral pons, and from the ventral, lateral, and medial groups of cells in the middle BPN project to lobule VII, in addition to projections from limited groups of cells in the rostral BPN. Lobule VIII receives afferents from the caudal aspect of the pontine gray. Lobules IXa-receive afferents from the medial and peduncular groups in the midline BPN, whereas lobule IXc receives inputs from a medial group and a small lateral cluster of cells in the caudal aspect of the BPN. Pontine neurons projecting to the posterior vermis originate from areas which appear to receive descending inputs from visual, auditory, and somatosensory regions of the cerebral cortex. However, a large number of pontine and NRTP neurons projecting to lobules VI and VII are located within the terminal fields of tectal neurons, perhaps indicating a stronger input from the tectum rather than visual and auditory cerebral cortical regions.
BibTeX: @article{Azizi:1981, author = {Azizi, S. A. and Mihailoff, G. A. and Burne, R. A. and Woodward, D. J.}, title = {The pontocerebellar system in the rat: an HRP study. I. Posterior vermis.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1981}, volume = {197}, number = {4}, pages = {543--548}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901970402}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901970402} }
Azizi, S.A. and Woodward, D.J.	Inferior olivary nuclear complex of the rat: morphology and comments on the principles of organization within the olivocerebellar system. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	J Comp Neurol Vol. 263(4), pp. 467-484School: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas 75235.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: This study was undertaken (1) to provide a description of the normal morphology and anatomical interrelationships within the inferior olivary cell groups and (2) to determine the topographical organization of projections from this nuclear complex to the cerebellum. Conventional histological methods and the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and WGA-HRP in conjunction with the sensitive chromogen tetramethyl benzidine were used in this series of experiments. In common with that of other animals, the inferior olivary nucleus of the rat consists of three subdivisions: the medial accessory olive (MAO), dorsal accessory olive (DAO), and principal olive (PO). The MAO is made of several subnuclei including a, b, c, and nucleus beta. On the basis of their common connections, the smaller subnuclei, dorsal cap, ventrolateral outgrowth, and dorsomedial cell column can be considered as parts of the MAO. The DAO is made of two subdivisions or lamellae-the dorsal and ventral folds-joined together laterally to form a twisted V-shaped structure. The principal olive consists of dorsal and ventral lamellae. A point-to-point projection was determined for four areas of the cerebellum: the anterior lobe, the posterior vermis, the intermediate and the lateral cerebellum. Analysis of the details of the projection system revealed that distinct groups of cells, here referred to as lamellae, project to sagittal zones of the cerebellum. (1) The medial accessory olive appears to be composed of three lamellae: horizontal, vertical, and rostral. The horizontal lamella (elsewhere denoted as groups a and b) projects to a sagittal zone in the vermal anterior lobe. The vertical lamella (groups c, beta, dorsal cap, ventrolateral outgrowth, and dorsomedial cell column) projects to a sagittal zone in the posterior vermis and the flocculus, and the rostral lamella projects to the lateral cerebellum. (2) The dorsal accessory olive is composed of two distinct lamellae which we have previously denoted as the dorsal and ventral folds. The dorsal fold projects to the vermal anterior lobe and receives afferents from the spinal cord, whereas the ventral fold projects to a sagittal zone in the intermediate cerebellum and receives afferents primarily from dorsal column nuclei. (3) The principal olive contains the two familiar lamellae: dorsal and ventral lamellae, each of which projects to a specific sagittal strip in the lateral cerebellum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Azizi:1987, author = {S. A. Azizi and D. J. Woodward}, title = {Inferior olivary nuclear complex of the rat: morphology and comments on the principles of organization within the olivocerebellar system.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas 75235.}, year = {1987}, volume = {263}, number = {4}, pages = {467-484}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902630402}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902630402} }
Azizi, S.A. and Woodward, D.J.	Inferior olivary nuclear complex of the rat: morphology and comments on the principles of organization within the olivocerebellar system. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 263, pp. 467-84	article
Abstract: This study was undertaken (1) to provide a description of the normal morphology and anatomical interrelationships within the inferior olivary cell groups and (2) to determine the topographical organization of projections from this nuclear complex to the cerebellum. Conventional histological methods and the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and WGA-HRP in conjunction with the sensitive chromogen tetramethyl benzidine were used in this series of experiments. In common with that of other animals, the inferior olivary nucleus of the rat consists of three subdivisions: the medial accessory olive (MAO), dorsal accessory olive (DAO), and principal olive (PO). The MAO is made of several subnuclei including a, b, c, and nucleus beta. On the basis of their common connections, the smaller subnuclei, dorsal cap, ventrolateral outgrowth, and dorsomedial cell column can be considered as parts of the MAO. The DAO is made of two subdivisions or lamellae--the dorsal and ventral folds--joined together laterally to form a twisted V-shaped structure. The principal olive consists of dorsal and ventral lamellae. A point-to-point projection was determined for four areas of the cerebellum: the anterior lobe, the posterior vermis, the intermediate and the lateral cerebellum. Analysis of the details of the projection system revealed that distinct groups of cells, here referred to as lamellae, project to sagittal zones of the cerebellum. (1) The medial accessory olive appears to be composed of three lamellae: horizontal, vertical, and rostral. The horizontal lamella (elsewhere denoted as groups a and b) projects to a sagittal zone in the vermal anterior lobe. The vertical lamella (groups c, beta, dorsal cap, ventrolateral outgrowth, and dorsomedial cell column) projects to a sagittal zone in the posterior vermis and the flocculus, and the rostral lamella projects to the lateral cerebellum. (2) The dorsal accessory olive is composed of two distinct lamellae which we have previously denoted as the dorsal and ventral folds. The dorsal fold projects to the vermal anterior lobe and receives afferents from the spinal cord, whereas the ventral fold projects to a sagittal zone in the intermediate cerebellum and receives afferents primarily from dorsal column nuclei. (3) The principal olive contains the two familiar lamellae: dorsal and ventral lamellae, each of which projects to a specific sagittal strip in the lateral cerebellum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Azizi:1987a, author = {Azizi, S. A. and Woodward, D. J.}, title = {Inferior olivary nuclear complex of the rat: morphology and comments on the principles of organization within the olivocerebellar system.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1987}, volume = {263}, pages = {467-84}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Azmitia, E. and Gannon, P.	A light and electron microscopic analysis of the selective retrograde transport of (3H)-5-hydroxytryptamine by serotonergic neurons [BibTeX]	1982	Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry Vol. 30(8), pp. 799-804	article	URL
BibTeX: @article{Azmitia:1982a, author = {Azmitia, E.C. and Gannon, P.J.}, title = {A light and electron microscopic analysis of the selective retrograde transport of (3H)-5-hydroxytryptamine by serotonergic neurons}, journal = {Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry}, year = {1982}, volume = {30}, number = {8}, pages = {799-804}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020383302&partnerID=40&md5=56c442a184091051b017c946f4a066ea} }
Azmitia, E.C.	Bilateral serotonergic projections to the dorsal hippocampus of the rat: simultaneous localization of 3H-5HT and HRP after retrograde transport. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	J Comp Neurol Vol. 203(4), pp. 737-743	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Horseradish peroxidase (HRP, Sigma VI, 30-70 nl of a 10-15% solution in saline) or 3H-5HT (30 Ci/mmole, 2.5 X 10 -3 M containing 3.3 X 10(-3) M norepinephrine in saline, 50-100 nl) was injected unilaterally into the dorsal hippocampus in separate groups of rats. HRP-labeled cells were seen in the hippocampus, medial septal nucleus, nucleus of the diagonal band, supramammilary nucleus, median raphe nucleus, interfascicular portion of the dorsal raphe nucleus, and the locus coeruleus. In contrast, 3H-5HT-labeled cells were largely restricted to the raphe nuclei. In this nucleus an equal number of ipsilateral and bilateral cells were found. Occasionally, these labeled cells stretched across the midline (bridge pattern). In another series, the 3H-5HT and HRP were injected into the same hippocampus either as a mixture or sequentially. This resulted in double labeling of the median and dorsal raphe neurons. A final group of rats received injections of 3H-5HT and HRP into opposing hippocampi. Double-labeled cells accounted for 10% of the neurons labeled. In addition, closely paired neurons composed of an HRP- and 3H-5HT-containing cell were found. In summary, the serotonergic fibers may play a key role in harmonizing the electrical activity of the hippocampi by use of bilateral projections, paired neurons with differential projections, and bridging neurons stretching across the midline but with unilateral projections.
BibTeX: @article{Azmitia:1981, author = {E. C. Azmitia}, title = {Bilateral serotonergic projections to the dorsal hippocampus of the rat: simultaneous localization of 3H-5HT and HRP after retrograde transport.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1981}, volume = {203}, number = {4}, pages = {737--743}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902030410}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902030410} }
Azmitia, E.C.	Bilateral serotonergic projections to the dorsal hippocampus of the rat: simultaneous localization of 3H-5HT and HRP after retrograde transport. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 203, pp. 737-743	article	DOI
Abstract: Horseradish peroxidase (HRP, Sigma VI, 30-70 nl of a 10-15% solution in saline) or 3H-5HT (30 Ci/mmole, 2.5 X 10 -3 M containing 3.3 X 10(-3) M norepinephrine in saline, 50-100 nl) was injected unilaterally into the dorsal hippocampus in separate groups of rats. HRP-labeled cells were seen in the hippocampus, medial septal nucleus, nucleus of the diagonal band, supramammilary nucleus, median raphe nucleus, interfascicular portion of the dorsal raphe nucleus, and the locus coeruleus. In contrast, 3H-5HT-labeled cells were largely restricted to the raphe nuclei. In this nucleus an equal number of ipsilateral and bilateral cells were found. Occasionally, these labeled cells stretched across the midline (bridge pattern). In another series, the 3H-5HT and HRP were injected into the same hippocampus either as a mixture or sequentially. This resulted in double labeling of the median and dorsal raphe neurons. A final group of rats received injections of 3H-5HT and HRP into opposing hippocampi. Double-labeled cells accounted for 10% of the neurons labeled. In addition, closely paired neurons composed of an HRP- and 3H-5HT-containing cell were found. In summary, the serotonergic fibers may play a key role in harmonizing the electrical activity of the hippocampi by use of bilateral projections, paired neurons with differential projections, and bridging neurons stretching across the midline but with unilateral projections.
BibTeX: @article{Azmitia:1981a, author = {Azmitia, E C}, title = {Bilateral serotonergic projections to the dorsal hippocampus of the rat: simultaneous localization of 3H-5HT and HRP after retrograde transport.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1981}, volume = {203}, pages = {737--743}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902030410} }
Azmitia, E.C. and Gannon, P.J.	A light and electron microscopic analysis of the selective retrograde transport of (3H)-5-hydroxytryptamine by serotonergic neurons. [BibTeX]	1982	J Histochem Cytochem Vol. 30(8), pp. 799-804	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Azmitia:1982, author = {Azmitia, E. C. and Gannon, P. J.}, title = {A light and electron microscopic analysis of the selective retrograde transport of (3H)-5-hydroxytryptamine by serotonergic neurons.}, journal = {J Histochem Cytochem}, year = {1982}, volume = {30}, number = {8}, pages = {799--804}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/30.8.6181122} }
Azmitia, E.C. and Gannon, P.J.	A light and electron microscopic analysis of the selective retrograde transport of (3H)-5-hydroxytryptamine by serotonergic neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society Vol. 30, pp. 799-804	article
Abstract: The effect of chronic low-level lead (Pb2+) ingestion on the metabolic pathways leading to the acetyl moiety of acetylcholine (ACh) was examined. Cerebral cortex slices, prepared from untreated or Pb2+-exposed rats (600 ppm lead acetate in the drinking water for 20 days), were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with 10 mM glucose and tracer amounts of [6-3H]glucose and either [6-14C]glucose or [3-14C] beta-hydroxybutyrate. Altering the concentration of Pb2+ in the drinking water produced a dose-related increase in blood and brain lead levels. When tissue from Pb2+-exposed rats was incubated with mixed-label glucose, incorporation into lacate, citrate, and ACh was considerably decreased, although no changes occurred in the 3H/14C rations. Similar effects of Pb2+ were found when 14C-labeled beta-hydroxybutyrate was substituted for the [14C]glucose. It appears from these data that Pb2+ exerts a generalized effect on energy metabolism and not on a specific step in glucose metabolism. The impairment of glucose metabolism may explain partially the Pb2+-induced changes observed in cholinergic function.
BibTeX: @article{Azmitia:1982b, author = {Azmitia, E. C. and Gannon, P. J.}, title = {A light and electron microscopic analysis of the selective retrograde transport of (3H)-5-hydroxytryptamine by serotonergic neurons.}, journal = {The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society}, year = {1982}, volume = {30}, pages = {799-804}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Azmitia, E.C. and Segal, M.	An autoradiographic analysis of the differential ascending projections of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei in the rat. [BibTeX]	1978	J Comp Neurol Vol. 179(3), pp. 641-667	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{Azmitia:1978, author = {Azmitia, E. C. and Segal, M.}, title = {An autoradiographic analysis of the differential ascending projections of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1978}, volume = {179}, number = {3}, pages = {641--667}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901790311}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901790311} }
Aznar, S., Kostova, V., Christiansen, S.H. and Knudsen, G.M.	Alpha 7 nicotinic receptor subunit is present on serotonin neurons projecting to hippocampus and septum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Synapse Vol. 55(3), pp. 196-200School: Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. saznar@nru.dk	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The serotonergic transmitter system regulates hippocampal activity through its raphe projection to hippocampus and medial septum/diagonal band of Broca complex (MS/DBB), and most likely also indirectly through its interaction with the cholinergic neurotransmitter system. Nicotine, e.g., enhances hippocampal serotonin release probably through presynaptic nicotinic receptors. We investigated the possible presence of the alpha 7-nicotinic subunit on serotonergic neurons projecting to hippocampus and MS/DBB. By retrograde neuronal tracing, hippocampal serotonergic neurons were identified and with double fluorescence immunostaining and Alexa-488 bound alpha-bungarotoxin the presence of active alpha 7 receptor on their soma was determined. Most of the retrogradely labeled serotonin neurons contained the alpha 7 subunit. A low degree of colocalization between alpha-bungarotoxin and serotonin-positive neurons suggest that the alpha 7 subunit may be transported anterogradely to the serotonergic axonal terminals.
BibTeX: @article{Aznar:2005, author = {Aznar, Susana and Kostova, Viktorija and Christiansen, Søren H. and Knudsen, Gitte M.}, title = {Alpha 7 nicotinic receptor subunit is present on serotonin neurons projecting to hippocampus and septum.}, journal = {Synapse}, school = {Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. saznar@nru.dk}, year = {2005}, volume = {55}, number = {3}, pages = {196--200}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.20108}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/syn.20108} }
Aznar, S., Qian, Z.-X. and Knudsen, G.M.	Non-serotonergic dorsal and median raphe projection onto parvalbumin- and calbindin-containing neurons in hippocampus and septum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Neuroscience Vol. 124(3), pp. 573-581School: Neurobiology Research Unit 9201, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. saznar@nru.dk	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The median raphe nucleus is involved in controlling and maintaining hippocampal activity through its projection to inhibitory neurons in medial septum and hippocampus. It has been shown that anterogradely axonal-traced fibers originating in the median raphe nucleus project onto calbindin-containing neurons in hippocampus and parvalbumin-containing neurons in medial septum. Parallel immunohistochemistry studies showing serotonin fibers contacting calbindin- and parvalbumin-positive neurons have led to the assumption that raphe fibers projecting on these types of neurons are mainly serotonergic. However, in both dorsal and median raphe nucleus there is a large amount of non-serotonergic neurons which also are projecting neurons, indicating that a part of the raphe fibers projecting to hippocampus and septum may be non-serotonergic. Our aim was to determine whether there is a non-serotonergic projection from the raphe nucleus onto calbindin- and parvalbumin-containing neurons in hippocampus and septum. Biotin dextran amine was used as the anterograde neuronal tracer and injected into either dorsal or median raphe nucleus. By use of triple immunofluorescence-labeling we analyzed the serotonergic content of the biotin dextran amine-labeled fibers contacting parvalbumin- and calbindin-positive neurons. Surprisingly, we found a significant non-serotonergic projection from both dorsal and median raphe nuclei onto calbindin- and parvalbumin-containing interneurons in septum and hippocampus, with a preference in hippocampus for projecting onto calbindin-positive neurons. These results indicate that the raphe nuclei may exert their control on hippocampal and septal activity not only through a serotonergic projection, but also through a significant non-serotonergic pathway.
BibTeX: @article{Aznar:2004, author = {Aznar, S. and Qian, Z-X. and Knudsen, G. M.}, title = {Non-serotonergic dorsal and median raphe projection onto parvalbumin- and calbindin-containing neurons in hippocampus and septum.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Neurobiology Research Unit 9201, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. saznar@nru.dk}, year = {2004}, volume = {124}, number = {3}, pages = {573--581}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.12.020}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.12.020} }
Aznar, S., Tønder, N., Azcoitia, I., Sørensen, J.C. and Zimmer, J.	Connective integration of hippocampal grafts in excitotoxic hippocampal lesions in adult rats: an anterograde axonal tracing study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Restor Neurol Neurosci Vol. 10(1), pp. 13-24School: PharmaBiotec, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Odense, Odense, Denmark Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Exchange of nerve connections between developing neural grafts and adult recipient brains is enhanced for grafts placed in excitotoxic lesions, which spare recipient brain afferent axons in otherwise neuron-depleted lesion areas. In previous studies of hippocampal grafts placed in such lesions, we have used anterograde axonal degeneration, histochemical Timm staining and acetylcholinesterase to demonstrate host-graft interconnectivity. In this study, we have now used three anterograde axonal tracers, Phaseoulus vulgaris-leukoaglutinin (PHA-L), biocytin and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), which allow individual fibers to be traced. Adult male rats with 1-week-old axon-sparing ibotenic acid lesions of the dorsal CA3 region or fascia dentata were grafted into the respective lesions with suspensions of fetal (El8-19) CA3 cells or a block of neonatal fascia dentata tissue. One to twelve months later, recipients were injected with Phaseoulus vulgaris-leukoaglutinin or biocytin in the hippocampus contralateral to the graft to trace the possible ingrowth and distribution within the transplants of host commissural axons, or into the transplants with biotinylated dextran amine in order to trace outgrowing graft fibers. In rats with succesfull host Phaseoulus vulgaris-leukoaglutinin or biocytin injections, the CA3 and fascia dentata transplants were innervated by labelled host commissural fibers. In the dentate transplants, most commissural fibers projected as normally to the inner part of the molecular layer, with fewer aberrant fibers extending more superficially into the molecular layer. Following injections into the fascia dentata and CA3 grafts of biotinylated dextran amine, labelled graft fibers were traced into the ipsilateral host dentate hilus, CA3 and CA1. From some CA3 containing grafts, a few labelled fibers were also observed passing through the host fimbria-fornix to the lateral septum on the grafted side. A few fibers were projected as far as to the most septal levels of the contralateral CA1.
BibTeX: @article{Aznar:1996, author = {Aznar, S. and Tønder, N. and Azcoitia, I. and Sørensen, J. C. and Zimmer, J.}, title = {Connective integration of hippocampal grafts in excitotoxic hippocampal lesions in adult rats: an anterograde axonal tracing study.}, journal = {Restor Neurol Neurosci}, school = {PharmaBiotec, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Odense, Odense, Denmark Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.}, year = {1996}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {13--24}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/RNN-1996-10103}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-1996-10103} }
Aznar, S., Tønder, N., Azcoitia, I., Sørensen, J.C. and Zimmer, J.	Connective integration of hippocampal grafts in excitotoxic hippocampal lesions in adult rats: an anterograde axonal tracing study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Restor Neurol Neurosci Vol. 10(1), pp. 13-24School: PharmaBiotec, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Odense, Odense, Denmark Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Exchange of nerve connections between developing neural grafts and adult recipient brains is enhanced for grafts placed in excitotoxic lesions, which spare recipient brain afferent axons in otherwise neuron-depleted lesion areas. In previous studies of hippocampal grafts placed in such lesions, we have used anterograde axonal degeneration, histochemical Timm staining and acetylcholinesterase to demonstrate host-graft interconnectivity. In this study, we have now used three anterograde axonal tracers, Phaseoulus vulgaris-leukoaglutinin (PHA-L), biocytin and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), which allow individual fibers to be traced. Adult male rats with 1-week-old axon-sparing ibotenic acid lesions of the dorsal CA3 region or fascia dentata were grafted into the respective lesions with suspensions of fetal (El8-19) CA3 cells or a block of neonatal fascia dentata tissue. One to twelve months later, recipients were injected with Phaseoulus vulgaris-leukoaglutinin or biocytin in the hippocampus contralateral to the graft to trace the possible ingrowth and distribution within the transplants of host commissural axons, or into the transplants with biotinylated dextran amine in order to trace outgrowing graft fibers. In rats with succesfull host Phaseoulus vulgaris-leukoaglutinin or biocytin injections, the CA3 and fascia dentata transplants were innervated by labelled host commissural fibers. In the dentate transplants, most commissural fibers projected as normally to the inner part of the molecular layer, with fewer aberrant fibers extending more superficially into the molecular layer. Following injections into the fascia dentata and CA3 grafts of biotinylated dextran amine, labelled graft fibers were traced into the ipsilateral host dentate hilus, CA3 and CA1. From some CA3 containing grafts, a few labelled fibers were also observed passing through the host fimbria-fornix to the lateral septum on the grafted side. A few fibers were projected as far as to the most septal levels of the contralateral CA1.
BibTeX: @article{Aznar:1996a, author = {Aznar, S. and Tønder, N. and Azcoitia, I. and Sørensen, J. C. and Zimmer, J.}, title = {Connective integration of hippocampal grafts in excitotoxic hippocampal lesions in adult rats: an anterograde axonal tracing study.}, journal = {Restor Neurol Neurosci}, school = {PharmaBiotec, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Odense, Odense, Denmark Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.}, year = {1996}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {13--24}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/RNN-1996-10103}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-1996-10103} }
Aznar, S., Tønder, N., Azcoitia, I., Sørensen, J.C. and Zimmer, J.	Connective integration of hippocampal grafts in excitotoxic hippocampal lesions in adult rats: an anterograde axonal tracing study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Restorative neurology and neuroscience Vol. 10, pp. 13-24	article	DOI
Abstract: Exchange of nerve connections between developing neural grafts and adult recipient brains is enhanced for grafts placed in excitotoxic lesions, which spare recipient brain afferent axons in otherwise neuron-depleted lesion areas. In previous studies of hippocampal grafts placed in such lesions, we have used anterograde axonal degeneration, histochemical Timm staining and acetylcholinesterase to demonstrate host-graft interconnectivity. In this study, we have now used three anterograde axonal tracers, Phaseoulus vulgaris-leukoaglutinin (PHA-L), biocytin and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), which allow individual fibers to be traced. Adult male rats with 1-week-old axon-sparing ibotenic acid lesions of the dorsal CA3 region or fascia dentata were grafted into the respective lesions with suspensions of fetal (El8-19) CA3 cells or a block of neonatal fascia dentata tissue. One to twelve months later, recipients were injected with Phaseoulus vulgaris-leukoaglutinin or biocytin in the hippocampus contralateral to the graft to trace the possible ingrowth and distribution within the transplants of host commissural axons, or into the transplants with biotinylated dextran amine in order to trace outgrowing graft fibers. In rats with succesfull host Phaseoulus vulgaris-leukoaglutinin or biocytin injections, the CA3 and fascia dentata transplants were innervated by labelled host commissural fibers. In the dentate transplants, most commissural fibers projected as normally to the inner part of the molecular layer, with fewer aberrant fibers extending more superficially into the molecular layer. Following injections into the fascia dentata and CA3 grafts of biotinylated dextran amine, labelled graft fibers were traced into the ipsilateral host dentate hilus, CA3 and CA1. From some CA3 containing grafts, a few labelled fibers were also observed passing through the host fimbria-fornix to the lateral septum on the grafted side. A few fibers were projected as far as to the most septal levels of the contralateral CA1.
BibTeX: @article{Aznar:1996b, author = {Aznar, S and Tønder, N and Azcoitia, I and Sørensen, J C and Zimmer, J}, title = {Connective integration of hippocampal grafts in excitotoxic hippocampal lesions in adult rats: an anterograde axonal tracing study.}, journal = {Restorative neurology and neuroscience}, year = {1996}, volume = {10}, pages = {13--24}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-1996-10103} }
Aznavour, N., Mechawar, N. and Descarries, L.	Comparative analysis of cholinergic innervation in the dorsal hippocampus of adult mouse and rat: a quantitative immunocytochemical study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Hippocampus Vol. 12(2), pp. 206-217School: Department de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire et de Physiologie, and Centre de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: To obtain quantitative data on the distribution of the acetylcholine (ACh) innervation in the dorsal hippocampus of adult mouse (C57/B6) and rat (Sprague-Dawley), a semicomputerized method was used to measure the length of immunostained axons in hippocampal sections processed for light microscopic immunocytochemistry with a highly sensitive antibody against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The results could be expressed in density of axons (meters per mm3) for the different layers and regions of dorsal hippocampus (CA1, CA3, DG), and also in density of axon varicosities (millions per mm3), after having determined the average number of varicosities per unit length of ChAT-immunostained axon (4 varicosities/10 microm). In mouse, the mean regional densities of ACh innervation were thus measured at 13.9, 16.1, and 15.8 m of axons, for 5.6, 6.4, and 6.3 million varicosities per mm3 of tissue, in CA1, CA3, and DG, respectively. The values were comparable in rat, except for CA1, in which the densities were lower than in mouse by 40% in the stratum lacunosum, and 20% in the stratum radiatum. Otherwise, the laminar patterns of innervation were similar in the two species, the highest densities being found in the stratum lacunosum moleculare of CA3, pyramidale of both CA1 and CA3, and moleculare of DG. These quantitative data will be of particular interest to evaluate changes in mutant mice, or mice and rats subjected to experimental conditions affecting the cholinergic phenotype.
BibTeX: @article{Aznavour:2002, author = {Aznavour, Nicolas and Mechawar, Naguib and Descarries, Laurent}, title = {Comparative analysis of cholinergic innervation in the dorsal hippocampus of adult mouse and rat: a quantitative immunocytochemical study.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, school = {Department de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire et de Physiologie, and Centre de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada.}, year = {2002}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {206--217}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.1108}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.1108} }
Aznavour, N., Watkins, K.C. and Descarries, L.	Postnatal development of the cholinergic innervation in the dorsal hippocampus of rat: Quantitative light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	J Comp Neurol Vol. 486(1), pp. 61-75School: Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunocytochemistry was used to examine the distribution and ultrastructural features of the acetylcholine (ACh) innervation in the dorsal hippocampus of postnatal rat. The length of ChAT-immunostained axons was measured and the number of ChAT-immunostained varicosities counted, in each layer of CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus, at postnatal ages P8, P16, and P32. At P8, an elaborate network of varicose ChAT-immunostained axons was already visible. At P16, the laminar distribution of this network resembled that in the adult, but adult densities were reached only by P32. Between P8 and P32, the mean densities for the three regions increased from 8.4 to 14 meters of axons and 2.3 to 5.7 million varicosities per cubic millimeter of tissue. At the three postnatal ages, the ultrastructural features of ChAT-immunostained axon varicosities from the strata pyramidale and radiatum of CA1 were similar between layers and comparable to those in adult, except for an increasing frequency of mitochondria (up to 41% at P32). The proportion of these profiles displaying a synaptic junction was equally low at all ages, indicating an average synaptic incidence of 7% for whole varicosities, as previously found in adult. The observed junctions were small, usually symmetrical, and made mostly with dendritic branches. These results demonstrate the precocious and rapid maturation of the hippocampal cholinergic innervation and reveal its largely asynaptic nature as soon as it is formed. They emphasize the remarkable growth capacities of individual ACh neurons and substantiate a role for diffuse transmission by ACh during hippocampal development.
BibTeX: @article{Aznavour:2005, author = {Aznavour, Nicolas and Watkins, Kenneth C. and Descarries, Laurent}, title = {Postnatal development of the cholinergic innervation in the dorsal hippocampus of rat: Quantitative light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.}, year = {2005}, volume = {486}, number = {1}, pages = {61--75}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20501}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.20501} }
Azrolan, N.I. and Coleman, P.S.	A discoordinate increase in the cellular amount of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase results in the loss of rate-limiting control over cholesterogenesis in a tumour cell-free system. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Biochem J Vol. 258(2), pp. 421-425School: Department of Biology, New York University, New York 10003.	article	DOI
Abstract: Cholesterol biosynthesis was characterized in cell-free post-mitochondrial supernatant systems prepared from both normal rat liver and Morris hepatoma 3924A. The rate of cholesterol synthesis per cell was 9-fold greater in the tumour system than in that from normal liver, and the tumour systems showed the loss of rate-limiting control at the hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR)-catalysed step. The apparent absence of rate-limiting control over cell-free tumour cholesterogenesis was traced primarily to a discoordinate and dramatic increase in the amount of HMGR in the tumour relative to the liver system. Preliminary evidence for an altered control of the post-lanosterol portion of the pathway was also obtained with the tumour system.
BibTeX: @article{Azrolan:1989, author = {Azrolan, N. I. and Coleman, P. S.}, title = {A discoordinate increase in the cellular amount of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase results in the loss of rate-limiting control over cholesterogenesis in a tumour cell-free system.}, journal = {Biochem J}, school = {Department of Biology, New York University, New York 10003.}, year = {1989}, volume = {258}, number = {2}, pages = {421--425}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2580421} }
Azuma, M. and Chiba, T.	Afferent projections of the infralimbic cortex (area 25) in rats: a WGA-HRP study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Kaibogaku Zasshi Vol. 71(5), pp. 523-540School: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan.	article
Abstract: The afferent connections of the infralimbic area (area 25) of the medial prefrontal cortex in rats were studied using WGA-HRP as the tracer. The present results confirm previously reported afferent connections of the infralimbic area and further reveal additional inputs from the anterior amygdaloid area, anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus, ventral reunions, lateral preoptic area, dorsal hypothalamic area, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, supramammillary nucleus and medial mammillary nucleus. Only afferent projections were found from CA1 of the hippocampus and amygdalo-piriform transition area. The results also confirm extensive afferent connections of the infralimbic cortex from the central autonomic nuclei and, together with previous results on efferent connections of the infralimbic cortex, provide further support for an essential role of this nucleus as a cortical center of the autonomic nervous system.
BibTeX: @article{Azuma:1996, author = {Azuma, M. and Chiba, T.}, title = {Afferent projections of the infralimbic cortex (area 25) in rats: a WGA-HRP study.}, journal = {Kaibogaku Zasshi}, school = {Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan.}, year = {1996}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, pages = {523--540} }
Azuma, M. and Chiba, T.	Afferent projections of the infralimbic cortex (area 25) in rats: a WGA-HRP study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Kaibogaku zasshi. Journal of anatomy Vol. 71(5), pp. 523-540	article	URL
Abstract: The afferent connections of the infralimbic area (area 25) of the medial prefrontal cortex in rats were studied using WGA-HRP as the tracer. The present results confirm previously reported afferent connections of the infralimbic area and further reveal additional inputs from the anterior amygdaloid area, anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus, ventral reunions, lateral preoptic area, dorsal hypothalamic area, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, supramammillary nucleus and medial mammillary nucleus. Only afferent projections were found from CA1 of the hippocampus and amygdalo-piriform transition area. The results also confirm extensive afferent connections of the infralimbic cortex from the central autonomic nuclei and, together with previous results on efferent connections of the infralimbic cortex, provide further support for an essential role of this nucleus as a cortical center of the autonomic nervous system.
BibTeX: @article{Azuma:1996a, author = {Azuma, M. and Chiba, T.}, title = {Afferent projections of the infralimbic cortex (area 25) in rats: a WGA-HRP study.}, journal = {Kaibogaku zasshi. Journal of anatomy}, year = {1996}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, pages = {523-540}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030254845&partnerID=40&md5=3be43696af7b5d4a80f53e672408ef56} }
Azzi, M., Betancur, C., Sillaber, I., Spanagel, R., Rostène, W. and Bérod, A.	Repeated administration of the neurotensin receptor antagonist SR 48692 differentially regulates mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Journal of Neurochemistry Vol. 71(3), pp. 1158-1167	article	URL
Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of repeated administration of the neurotensin receptor antagonist, SR 48692, on the activity of the mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic (DA) systems. We showed that daily administration of SR 48692 for 15 days (1 mg/kg i.p) to Wistar rats increased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and protein in the ventral mesencephalon. Simultaneous in vivo micro-dialysis in the shell part of the nucleus accumbens (AcbSh) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) revealed that blockade of neurotensin receptors for 15 days decreased basal extracellular levels of DA ( 50%) and its metabolites in the AcbSh, whereas no modification in DA levels was observed in the mPFC. In animals submitted to a forced swimming stress, which preferentially enhanced extracellular DA levels in the mPFC, treatment with SR 48692 failed to affect the stress-induced increase in DA. Moreover, given that glucocorticoids can modulate the activity of mesencephalic DA neurons, we examined the effect of the same SR 48692 treatment on corticosterone levels in dialysates from the AcbSh. We found that repeated SR 48692 did not affect the basal levels of free corticosterone, but significantly reduced the increase induced by forced swimming stress. The present results demonstrate that repeated treatment with SR 48692 modulates selectively the DA mesolimbic system when compared with the mesocortical pathway. These findings suggest that long-term treatment with selective neurotensin receptor antagonists could have potential clinical utility in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders associated with hyperactivity of the mesolimbic DA systems or the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis.
BibTeX: @article{Azzi:1998, author = {Azzi, M. and Betancur, C. and Sillaber, I. and Spanagel, R. and Rostène, W. and Bérod, A.}, title = {Repeated administration of the neurotensin receptor antagonist SR 48692 differentially regulates mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems}, journal = {Journal of Neurochemistry}, year = {1998}, volume = {71}, number = {3}, pages = {1158-1167}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031868452&partnerID=40&md5=53e9a550f0cc689a30fde2fa46d3b671} }
Baas, P. and Ahmad, F.	Force generation by cytoskeletal motor proteins as a regulator of axonal elongation and retraction [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Trends in Cell Biology Vol. 11(6), pp. 244-249	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Axons elongate and retract in response to environmental signals during the development of the nervous system. There is broad agreement that these signals must affect the cytoskeleton to elicit bouts of elongation or retraction. Most contemporary studies have speculated that bouts of elongation involve polymerization of the cytoskeleton whereas bouts of retraction involve depolymerization of the cytoskeleton. Here we present an alternative view, namely that molecular motor proteins generate forces on the cytoskeletal polymers that can affect their distribution and configuration. In this view, bouts of axonal elongation involve net forward movement of cytoskeletal elements whereas bouts of retraction involve net backward movements. We propose that environmental cues elicit bouts of elongation or retraction via biochemical pathways that modulate the activities of relevant motors.
BibTeX: @article{Baas:2001, author = {Baas, P.W. and Ahmad, F.J.}, title = {Force generation by cytoskeletal motor proteins as a regulator of axonal elongation and retraction}, journal = {Trends in Cell Biology}, year = {2001}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {244-249}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035371886&partnerID=40&md5=d85fbfab568c4581b943a3d3ebec782f}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-8924(01)02005-0} }
Baas, S., Sharrow, M., Kotu, V., Middleton, M., Nguyen, K., Flanagan-Steet, H., Aoki, K. and Tiemeyer, M.	Sugar-free frosting, a homolog of SAD kinase, drives neural-specific glycan expression in the Drosophila embryo [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Development Vol. 138(3), pp. 553-563	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Abstratc: Precise glycan structures on specific glycoproteins impart functionalities essential for neural development. However, mechanisms controlling embryonic neural-specific glycosylation are unknown. A genetic screen for relevant mutations in Drosophila generated the sugar-free frosting (sff) mutant that reveals a new function for protein kinases in regulating substrate flux through specific Golgi processing pathways. Sff is the Drosophila homolog of SAD kinase, which regulates synaptic vesicle tethering and neuronal polarity in nematodes and vertebrates. Our Drosophila sff mutant phenotype has features in common with SAD kinase mutant phenotypes in these other organisms, but we detect altered neural glycosylation well before the initiation of embryonic synaptogenesis. Characterization of Golgi compartmentation markers indicates altered colocalization that is consistent with the detected shift in glycan complexity in sff mutant embryos. Therefore, in analogy to synaptic vesicle tethering, we propose that Sff regulates vesicle tethering at Golgi membranes in the developing Drosophila embryo. Furthermore, neuronal sff expression is dependent on transcellular signaling through a non-neural toll-like receptor, linking neural-specific glycan expression to a kinase activity that is induced in response to environmental cues.
BibTeX: @article{Baas:2011, author = {Baas, S. and Sharrow, M. and Kotu, V. and Middleton, M. and Nguyen, K. and Flanagan-Steet, H. and Aoki, K. and Tiemeyer, M.}, title = {Sugar-free frosting, a homolog of SAD kinase, drives neural-specific glycan expression in the Drosophila embryo}, journal = {Development}, year = {2011}, volume = {138}, number = {3}, pages = {553-563}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78751490457&partnerID=40&md5=03da63469949078eae10a41247e3fa17}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.055376} }
Baashar, A., Robertson, D. and Mulders, W.H.	A novel method for selectively labelling olivocochlear collaterals in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Hearing Research (0), pp. -	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Abstract Axons of olivocochlear neurons originate from the brainstem and project to the cochlea. A subpopulation, medial olivocochlear (MOC) neurons, also projects collateral branches to the cochlear nucleus. The precise targets of these collaterals are as yet unknown. Previous methods for labelling these collaterals include firstly, cochlear injections of retrograde tracers, but this is technically demanding and can also label afferent projections or secondly, labelling by injecting tracers into the nuclei of origin of MOC\ neurons. However, this latter method is non-specific because it also labels non-MOC projections. A technique was used to specifically label MOC\ collaterals, which involved injections of the tracer biocytin at the floor of the fourth ventricle and fixation 3 hours later. Biocytin injections resulted in labelled neurons in the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body and rostral periolivary nucleus, confirming MOC\ axonal labelling. Labelled neurons in dorsal cochlear nucleus indicated labelling of the dorsal acoustic stria and these injections were discarded. After selective MOC\ labelling, collateral branches were found to innervate granule cell regions, medial edge and core of the ventral cochlear nucleus, as well as the dorsal cochlear nucleus, in agreement with previous data. Therefore we conclude that injections at the floor of the fourth ventricle provide a simple, rapid and specific technique for labelling the majority of MOC\ axons and their collaterals and this technique may assist in defining the precise neuronal targets of olivocochlear collaterals in cochlear nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Baashar:2015, author = {Ahmaed Baashar and Donald Robertson and Wilhelmina H.A.M. Mulders}, title = {A novel method for selectively labelling olivocochlear collaterals in the rat }, journal = {Hearing Research }, year = {2015}, number = {0}, pages = { - }, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378595515000647}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2015.02.011} }
Baastrup, C., Jensen, T.S. and Finnerup, N.B.	Pregabalin attenuates place escape/avoidance behavior in a rat model of spinal cord injury [BibTeX]	2011	Brain Res Vol. 1370, pp. 129-135	article	URL
BibTeX: @article{Baastrup:2011, author = {Baastrup, Cathrine and Jensen, Troels Staehelin and Finnerup, Nanna Brix}, title = {Pregabalin attenuates place escape/avoidance behavior in a rat model of spinal cord injury}, journal = {Brain Res}, publisher = {Elsevier}, year = {2011}, volume = {1370}, pages = {129--135}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899310024923} }
Baba, H., Kohno, T., Okamoto, M., Goldstein, P., Shimoji, K. and Yoshimura, M.	Muscarinic facilitation of GABA release in substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal dorsal horn [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Journal of Physiology Vol. 508(1), pp. 83-93	article	URL
Abstract: 1. Blind patch clamp recordings were made from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurones in the adult rat spinal cord slice to study the mechanisms of cholinergic modulation of GABAergic inhibition. 2. In the majority of SG neurones tested, carbachol (10 μM) increased the frequency (677% of control) of spontaneous GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs). A portion of these events appeared to result from the generation of spikes by GABAergic interneurones, since large amplitude IPSCs were eliminated by tetrodotoxin (1 μM). 3. The effect of carbachol on spontaneous IPSCs was mimicked by neostigmine, suggesting that GABAergic interneurones are under tonic regulation by cholinergic systems. 4. The frequency of GABAergic miniature IPSCs in the presence of tetrodotoxin (1 μM) was also increased by carbachol without affecting amplitude distribution, indicating that acetylcholine facilitates quantal release of GABA through presynaptic mechanisms. 5. Neither the M1 receptor agonist McN-A-343 (10-300 μM) nor the M2 receptor agonist, arecaidine (10-100 μM), mimicked the effects of carbachol. All effects of carbachol and neostigmine were antagonized by atropine (1 μM), while pirenzepine (100 μM), methoctramine (1 μM) and hexahydrosiladifenidol hydrochloride, p-fluoro-analog (100 nM) had no effect. 6. Focal stimulation of deep dorsal horn, but not dorsolateral funiculus, evoked a similar increase in IPSC frequency to that evoked by carbachol and neostigmine. The stimulation induced facilitation of GABAergic transmission lasted for 2-3 min post stimulation, and the effect was antagonized by atropine (100 nM). 7. Our observations suggest that GABAergic interneurones possess muscarinic receptors on both axon terminals and somatodendritic sites, that the activation of these receptors increases the excitability of inhibitory interneurones and enhances GABA release in SG and that the GABAergic inhibitory system is further controlled by cholinergic neurones located in the deep dorsal horn. Those effects may be responsible for the antinociceptive action produced by the intrathecal administration of muscarinic agonists and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
BibTeX: @article{Baba:1998, author = {Baba, H. and Kohno, T. and Okamoto, M. and Goldstein, P.A. and Shimoji, K. and Yoshimura, M.}, title = {Muscarinic facilitation of GABA release in substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal dorsal horn}, journal = {Journal of Physiology}, year = {1998}, volume = {508}, number = {1}, pages = {83-93}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032055904&partnerID=40&md5=5566516468e454674b7997150224cc1e} }
Baba, K., Sakakibara, S., Setsu, T. and Terashima, T.	The superficial layers of the superior colliculus are cytoarchitectually and myeloarchitectually disorganized in the reelin-deficient mouse, reeler. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Brain Res Vol. 1140, pp. 205-215School: Department of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The causative gene for the reeler mouse is reelin which encodes Reelin protein, an extracellular molecule. In the present study, we have examined the cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture, and afferent/efferent systems of the superior colliculus (SC) of the reeler mouse. In the reeler, the laminar structures of the superficial three layers of the SC were disorganized and intermingled into a single layer, i.e., the superficial fused layer (SuF), as previously reported in the reelin-deficient SRK rat (Sakakibara et al., Develop. Brain Res. 141:1-13). Next, we have investigated the course and terminals of visual corticotectal and retinotectal projections with an injection of biocytin into the visual cortex or an injection of cholera toxin subunit B into the retina, respectively. In the reeler, anterogradely labeled visual corticotectal and retinotectal fibers took an aberrant course within the SuF, resulting in abnormal myeloarchitecture of the superficial SC of the reeler. Retrograde labeling of tectospinal tract neurons could not show any differences between the normal and reeler mice, suggesting that the deep layers of the reeler SC are cytoarchitectually normal. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies have shown that reelin mRNA and Reelin protein were both recognized in the normal SC. These results suggest that Reelin protein plays some roles in histogenesis of the superficial layers of the SC.
BibTeX: @article{Baba:2007, author = {Kousuke Baba and Shunsuke Sakakibara and Tomiyoshi Setsu and Toshio Terashima}, title = {The superficial layers of the superior colliculus are cytoarchitectually and myeloarchitectually disorganized in the reelin-deficient mouse, reeler.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.}, year = {2007}, volume = {1140}, pages = {205--215}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.113}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.113} }
Babalian, A.L.	Synaptic influences of pontine nuclei on cochlear nucleus cells. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Exp Brain Res Vol. 167(3), pp. 451-457School: Unit of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rue du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland. Alexandre.Babalian@unifr.ch	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Using the in vitro isolated whole brain preparation of the guinea pig, we tested the synaptic effects induced by the stimulation of pontine nuclei (PN) in intracellularly recorded and stained principal cells of the cochlear nucleus (CN). Twenty percent of the recorded cells in all CN subdivisions responded to stimulation of either ipsilateral or contralateral PN, and 12% of the cells exhibited convergence of inputs from both sides. The responses were recorded only in stellate cells of the ventral CN and in the pyramidal cells of the dorsal CN, whereas no responses were observed in bushy, octopus, and giant cells. PN stimulation produced excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials as well as mixed responses. The heterogeneous nature and the wide latency range (3.2-18 ms) of observed responses suggest significant variability in the underlying synaptic mechanisms and the implicated pathways. We propose that PN projections to the CN, terminating mainly in the granule cell domain (GCD), together with other non-auditory and auditory inputs contribute to multimodal convergence in the GCD leading ultimately to modulatory actions on the output activity of CN principal cells.
BibTeX: @article{Babalian:2005, author = {Babalian, Alexander L.}, title = {Synaptic influences of pontine nuclei on cochlear nucleus cells.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, school = {Unit of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rue du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland. Alexandre.Babalian@unifr.ch}, year = {2005}, volume = {167}, number = {3}, pages = {451--457}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-005-0178-8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-005-0178-8} }
Babb, J., Masini, C., Day, H. and Campeau, S.	Sex differences in activated corticotropin-releasing factor neurons within stress-related neurocircuitry and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis hormones following restraint in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Neuroscience Vol. 234, pp. 40-52	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Women may be more vulnerable to certain stress-related psychiatric illnesses than men due to differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis function. To investigate potential sex differences in forebrain regions associated with HPA axis activation in rats, these experiments utilized acute exposure to a psychological stressor. Male and female rats in various stages of the estrous cycle were exposed to 30. min of restraint, producing a robust HPA axis hormonal response in all animals, the magnitude of which was significantly higher in female rats. Although both male and female animals displayed equivalent c-fos expression in many brain regions known to be involved in the detection of threatening stimuli, three regions had significantly higher expression in females: the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), the anteroventral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTav), and the medial preoptic area (MPOA). Dual fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of neurons containing c-fos and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA in these regions revealed significantly more c-fos and CRF single-labeled neurons, as well as significantly more double-labeled neurons in females. Surprisingly, there was no effect of the estrous cycle on any measure analyzed, and an additional experiment revealed no demonstrable effect of estradiol replacement following ovariectomy on HPA axis hormone induction following stress. Taken together, these data suggest sex differences in HPA axis activation in response to perceived threat may be influenced by specific populations of CRF neurons in key stress-related brain regions, the BSTav, MPOA, and PVN, which may be independent of circulating sex steroids. © 2013 IBRO.
BibTeX: @article{Babb:2013, author = {Babb, J.A. and Masini, C.V. and Day, H.E.W. and Campeau, S.}, title = {Sex differences in activated corticotropin-releasing factor neurons within stress-related neurocircuitry and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis hormones following restraint in rats}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2013}, volume = {234}, pages = {40-52}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84873519193&partnerID=40&md5=877030fdd87e1f2b7fe76a651c64f7b3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.051} }
Babb, T.L., Pretorius, J.K., Kupfer, W.R. and Brown, W.J.	Distribution of glutamate-decarboxylase-immunoreactive neurons and synapses in the rat and monkey hippocampus: light and electron microscopy. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	J Comp Neurol Vol. 278(1), pp. 121-138School: Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We have studied the distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons, axons, and synapses in the rat and monkey hippocampal formation by using glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) immunocytochemistry together with Nissl stains, electron microscopy, and double-labeled retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. The numbers of GAD-containing (putative GABA) neurons and their percentages compared to all Nissl-stained neurons were calculated throughout all the various fields and strata of the mammalian hippocampus. Although their numbers are greatest in the polymorph region of the fascia dentata (FD) and in the principal cell layers stratum pyramidale (SP) and stratum granulosum (SG), GAD immunoreactive (GAD-IR) cells are numerous in other strata that contain mostly dendrites and scattered cells. These GAD-IR (putative GABA) neurons in dendritic regions may be involved in feedforward dendritic inhibition or may directly inhibit nearby neurons. We used a postmortem delay technique, which resulted in apparent diffusion of GAD into dendrites and axons and allowed better visualization of the extensive dendritic domain of GAD-IR neurons. Computerized image analysis of GAD-IR puncta indicated that putative GABA terminals were numerous on apical and basilar dendrites of all pyramidal cells but unexpectedly highest in the monkey presubiculum. In the rat, GAD-IR neurons projected axons ipsilaterally from every region to the fascia dentata and CA1; however, commissural GAD-IR axons to the fascia dentata arose from GAD-IR neurons in only the contralateral fascia dentata and subiculum. Electron microscopy of GAD-stained hippocampus identified GAD-IR neurons with non-GAD-IR (possibly excitatory) synapses and GAD-IR terminals on somata and dendrites, 80% being the symmetric type and 20% the asymmetric type. In contrast, non-GAD-IR terminals were asymmetric 80% of the time.
BibTeX: @article{Babb:1988, author = {T. L. Babb and J. K. Pretorius and W. R. Kupfer and W. J. Brown}, title = {Distribution of glutamate-decarboxylase-immunoreactive neurons and synapses in the rat and monkey hippocampus: light and electron microscopy.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024.}, year = {1988}, volume = {278}, number = {1}, pages = {121--138}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902780108}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902780108} }
Babic, T. and Ciriello, J.	Medullary and spinal cord projections from cardiovascular responsive sites in the rostral ventromedial medulla. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	J Comp Neurol Vol. 469(3), pp. 391-412School: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVMM) is a sympathoexcitatory area. However, little is known about its efferent projections. In this study, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were used to investigate the medullary and spinal cord projections from pressor sites in RVMM. Initially, RVMM was systematically explored in urethane-anesthetized rats using microinjection of L-glutamate for sites that elicited increases in arterial pressure. A pressor area was identified that included the rostral magnocellular reticular and rostral lateral paragigantocellular reticular nuclei. In the second series of experiments, BDA or PHA-L was iontophoretically injected into RVMM pressor sites. Anterograde labeling was observed throughout the brainstem and spinal cord, bilaterally, but with an ipsilateral predominance. Dense labeling was observed within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS); the greatest density of labeling was observed in the caudal dorsolateral, medial, and ventrolateral subnuclei. Additionally, light to moderately dense labeling was found within the nucleus substantia gelatinosus and commissural nucleus. In the nucleus ambiguus/ventrolateral medullary (Amb/VLM) region, the density of labeling was greatest in caudal regions. Within Amb, most of the labeling was localized to its external formation. Anterograde labeling was also found throughout the spinal cord. In the thoracolumbar segments, dense axonal labeling was observed within the dorsolateral funiculus. These labeled axons innervated the intermediolateral nucleus and the central autonomic area. Taken together, these data suggest that RVMM neurons elicit increases in sympathetic activity by likely providing a direct excitatory input to spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons, and by a direct inhibitory input to medullary cardioinhibitory and depressor areas.
BibTeX: @article{Babic:2004a, author = {Babic, Tanja and Ciriello, John}, title = {Medullary and spinal cord projections from cardiovascular responsive sites in the rostral ventromedial medulla.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.}, year = {2004}, volume = {469}, number = {3}, pages = {391--412}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.11024}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.11024} }
Babic, T. and Ciriello, J.	Medullary and spinal cord projections from cardiovascular responsive sites in the rostral ventromedial medulla. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 469, pp. 391-412	article
Abstract: The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVMM) is a sympathoexcitatory area. However, little is known about its efferent projections. In this study, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were used to investigate the medullary and spinal cord projections from pressor sites in RVMM. Initially, RVMM was systematically explored in urethane-anesthetized rats using microinjection of L-glutamate for sites that elicited increases in arterial pressure. A pressor area was identified that included the rostral magnocellular reticular and rostral lateral paragigantocellular reticular nuclei. In the second series of experiments, BDA or PHA-L was iontophoretically injected into RVMM pressor sites. Anterograde labeling was observed throughout the brainstem and spinal cord, bilaterally, but with an ipsilateral predominance. Dense labeling was observed within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS); the greatest density of labeling was observed in the caudal dorsolateral, medial, and ventrolateral subnuclei. Additionally, light to moderately dense labeling was found within the nucleus substantia gelatinosus and commissural nucleus. In the nucleus ambiguus/ventrolateral medullary (Amb/VLM) region, the density of labeling was greatest in caudal regions. Within Amb, most of the labeling was localized to its external formation. Anterograde labeling was also found throughout the spinal cord. In the thoracolumbar segments, dense axonal labeling was observed within the dorsolateral funiculus. These labeled axons innervated the intermediolateral nucleus and the central autonomic area. Taken together, these data suggest that RVMM neurons elicit increases in sympathetic activity by likely providing a direct excitatory input to spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons, and by a direct inhibitory input to medullary cardioinhibitory and depressor areas.
BibTeX: @article{Babic:2004c, author = {Babic, Tanja and Ciriello, John}, title = {Medullary and spinal cord projections from cardiovascular responsive sites in the rostral ventromedial medulla.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {2004}, volume = {469}, pages = {391-412}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Babic, T., de Oliveira, C. and Ciriello, J.	Collateral axonal projections from rostral ventromedial medullary nitric oxide synthase containing neurons to brainstem autonomic sites [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Brain Research Vol. 1211, pp. 44-56	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The magnocellular reticular nucleus and adjacent lateral paragigantocellular nucleus have been shown to contain a large population of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactive neurons. However, little is known about the projections of these neurons within the central nervous system. Retrograde tract-tracing techniques combined with immunohistochemistry were used in this study to investigate whether NOS neurons in this rostral ventromedial medullary (RVMM) region send collateral axonal projections to autonomic sites in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and in the nucleus ambiguus (Amb). Fluorogold and/or rhodamine labeled latex microspheres were microinjected into the NTS and Amb at sites that elicited bardycardia and/or depressor responses (l-glutamate; 0.25 M; 10 nl). After a survival period of 10-14 days, the rats were sacrificed and tissue sections of the brainstem were processed immunohistochemically for the identification of NOS containing neuronal perikarya. After unilateral injection of the tract-tracers into the NTS and Amb, retrogradely labeled neurons were observed bilaterally throughout the RVMM region. Of the number of RVMM neurons retrogradely labeled from the NTS (684 ± 143), 9% were found to be immunoreactive to NOS. Similarly, of those RVMM neurons retrogradely labeled from the Amb (963 ± 207), 7% also contained NOS immunoreactivity. Neurons with collateral axonal projections to NTS and Amb (14% and 10%, respectively) were observed predominantly within a region of RVMM that extended co-extensively with approximately the rostrocaudal extent of the facial nucleus. Of these double labeled neurons, 36.4 ± 20 (39%) were also found to be immunoreactive to NOS. These data indicate that the RVMM contains at least three population of NOS neurons that send axons to innervate functionally similar cardiovascular responsive sites in the NTS and Amb. Although the function of these NOS containing medullary pathways in cardiovascular control is not known, it is likely that those with collateral axonal projections represent the anatomical substrate by which the RVMM may simultaneously coordinate cardiovascular responses during physiological changes associated with respiration and/or motor movements. © 2008.
BibTeX: @article{Babic:2008a, author = {Babic, T. and de Oliveira, C.V.R. and Ciriello, J.}, title = {Collateral axonal projections from rostral ventromedial medullary nitric oxide synthase containing neurons to brainstem autonomic sites}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2008}, volume = {1211}, pages = {44-56}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-43049181751&partnerID=40&md5=ea3ce2c51e34c9ea09a0481850950f15}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.104} }
Babic, T., de Oliveira, C.V.R. and Ciriello, J.	Collateral axonal projections from rostral ventromedial medullary nitric oxide synthase containing neurons to brainstem autonomic sites. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Brain Res Vol. 1211, pp. 44-56School: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The magnocellular reticular nucleus and adjacent lateral paragigantocellular nucleus have been shown to contain a large population of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactive neurons. However, little is known about the projections of these neurons within the central nervous system. Retrograde tract-tracing techniques combined with immunohistochemistry were used in this study to investigate whether NOS neurons in this rostral ventromedial medullary (RVMM) region send collateral axonal projections to autonomic sites in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and in the nucleus ambiguus (Amb). Fluorogold and/or rhodamine labeled latex microspheres were microinjected into the NTS and Amb at sites that elicited bardycardia and/or depressor responses (l-glutamate; 0.25 M; 10 nl). After a survival period of 10-14 days, the rats were sacrificed and tissue sections of the brainstem were processed immunohistochemically for the identification of NOS containing neuronal perikarya. After unilateral injection of the tract-tracers into the NTS and Amb, retrogradely labeled neurons were observed bilaterally throughout the RVMM region. Of the number of RVMM neurons retrogradely labeled from the NTS (684+/-143), 9% were found to be immunoreactive to NOS. Similarly, of those RVMM neurons retrogradely labeled from the Amb (963+/-207), 7% also contained NOS immunoreactivity. Neurons with collateral axonal projections to NTS and Amb (14% and 10 respectively) were observed predominantly within a region of RVMM that extended co-extensively with approximately the rostrocaudal extent of the facial nucleus. Of these double labeled neurons, 36.4+/-20 (39 were also found to be immunoreactive to NOS. These data indicate that the RVMM contains at least three population of NOS neurons that send axons to innervate functionally similar cardiovascular responsive sites in the NTS and Amb. Although the function of these NOS containing medullary pathways in cardiovascular control is not known, it is likely that those with collateral axonal projections represent the anatomical substrate by which the RVMM may simultaneously coordinate cardiovascular responses during physiological changes associated with respiration and/or motor movements.
BibTeX: @article{Babic:2008, author = {Babic, Tanja and de Oliveira, Cleusa V R. and Ciriello, John}, title = {Collateral axonal projections from rostral ventromedial medullary nitric oxide synthase containing neurons to brainstem autonomic sites.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1.}, year = {2008}, volume = {1211}, pages = {44--56}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.104}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.104} }
Babic, T., Purpera, M.N., Banfield, B.W., Berthoud, H.-R. and Morrison, C.D.	Innervation of skeletal muscle by leptin receptor-containing neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Brain Res Vol. 1345, pp. 146-155School: Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In addition to suppressing food intake, leptin reduces body adiposity by altering metabolism within peripheral tissues such as adipose tissue and muscle. Recent work indicates that leptin action within the brain is sufficient to promote glucose uptake and increase fat oxidation within skeletal muscle, and that these effects are dependent on the sympathetic nervous system. To identify neuronal circuits through which leptin impacts skeletal muscle metabolism, we used LepRb-GFP reporter mice in combination with muscle-specific injection of an mRFP-expressing pseudorabies virus (PRV), which acts as a transsynaptic retrograde tracer. Consistent with previous observations in the rat, muscle-specific PRV injection lead to labeling within multiple areas of the hypothalamus and brainstem. However, the only areas in which PRV and LepRb colocalization was detected were within the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the hypothalamic retrochiasmatic area. Within the NTS 28.5+/- 9.4% of PRV-positive neurons contained LepRb-GFP, while in the RCH 37+/-1.7% of PRV neurons also contained LepRb. In summary, these data clearly implicate the NTS and RCH as key sites through which brain leptin impacts skeletal muscle, and as such provide an anatomical framework within which to interpret physiological data indicating that leptin acts in the brain to influence metabolism within skeletal muscle.
BibTeX: @article{Babic:2010, author = {Babic, Tanja and Purpera, Megan N. and Banfield, Bruce W. and Berthoud, Hans-Rudolf and Morrison, Christopher D.}, title = {Innervation of skeletal muscle by leptin receptor-containing neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.}, year = {2010}, volume = {1345}, pages = {146--155}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.042}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.042} }
Babic, T., Roder, S. and Ciriello, J.	Direct projections from caudal ventrolateral medullary depressor sites to the subfornical organ. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Brain Res Vol. 1003(1-2), pp. 113-121School: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Experiments were performed in the male Wistar rat to investigate the projections from cardiovascular responsive sites in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) to the subfornical organ (SFO). Unilateral iontophoretic injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were made into either caudal VLM (CVLM) sites at which microinjection of l-glutamate (10 nl; 0.25 M) elicited decreases in mean arterial pressure or into rostral VLM (RVLM) sites at which l-glutamate microinjection elicited increases in arterial pressure. After a survival period of 7-10 days, transverse sections of the forebrain and brainstem were processed for PHA-L immunoreactivity. After injections of PHA-L into the CVLM, axonal and presumptive terminal labeling was found bilaterally throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the SFO, although most of the projections were observed within the rostral half of the nucleus. Within the SFO, labeling was found primarily in the lateral aspects of the nucleus, often in close proximity to blood vessels. In addition, CVLM injections resulted in labeling within the organum vasculosum of the laminae terminalis (OVLT) and within the ventral and dorsal components of the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) bilaterally, but with an ipsilateral predominance. In contrast, PHA-L injections into the RVLM did not result in axonal labeling in the SFO or OVLT, although a few labeled axons were found to course through the region of the ventral component of MnPO. These data have demonstrated that neurons within the cardiovascular responsive region of the CVLM send direct axonal projections to the SFO and other structures of the laminae terminalis, and suggest that the CVLM may function in the modulation of the activity of neurons of circumventricular organs to intra- and extracellular signals of body fluid balance.
BibTeX: @article{Babic:2004, author = {Babic, Tanja and Roder, Stefanie and Ciriello, John}, title = {Direct projections from caudal ventrolateral medullary depressor sites to the subfornical organ.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1.}, year = {2004}, volume = {1003}, number = {1-2}, pages = {113--121}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2003.12.029}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2003.12.029} }
Babic, T., Roder, S. and Ciriello, J.	Direct projections from caudal ventrolateral medullary depressor sites to the subfornical organ [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Brain Research Vol. 1003(1-2), pp. 113-121	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Experiments were performed in the male Wistar rat to investigate the projections from cardiovascular responsive sites in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) to the subfornical organ (SFO). Unilateral iontophoretic injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were made into either caudal VLM (CVLM) sites at which microinjection of L-glutamate (10 nl; 0.25 M) elicited decreases in mean arterial pressure or into rostral VLM (RVLM) sites at which L-glutamate microinjection elicited increases in arterial pressure. After a survival period of 7-10 days, transverse sections of the forebrain and brainstem were processed for PHA-L immunoreactivity. After injections of PHA-L into the CVLM, axonal and presumptive terminal labeling was found bilaterally throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the SFO, although most of the projections were observed within the rostral half of the nucleus. Within the SFO, labeling was found primarily in the lateral aspects of the nucleus, often in close proximity to blood vessels. In addition, CVLM injections resulted in labeling within the organum vasculosum of the laminae terminalis (OVLT) and within the ventral and dorsal components of the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) bilaterally, but with an ipsilateral predominance. In contrast, PHA-L injections into the RVLM did not result in axonal labeling in the SFO or OVLT, although a few labeled axons were found to course through the region of the ventral component of MnPO. These data have demonstrated that neurons within the cardiovascular responsive region of the CVLM send direct axonal projections to the SFO and other structures of the laminae terminalis, and suggest that the CVLM may function in the modulation of the activity of neurons of circumventricular organs to intra- and extracellular signals of body fluid balance. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Babic:2004b, author = {Babic, T. and Roder, S. and Ciriello, J.}, title = {Direct projections from caudal ventrolateral medullary depressor sites to the subfornical organ}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2004}, volume = {1003}, number = {1-2}, pages = {113-121}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1542358737&partnerID=40&md5=68f6be51cd37282f3673b397485d0223}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2003.12.029} }
Babický, A., Pavelka, S. and Vobecký, M.	Biological half-lives of bromide and sodium in the rat are connected and dependent on the physiological state. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Biol Trace Elem Res Vol. 103(1), pp. 49-58School: Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The parallel course of the excretion rates of sodium and bromide ions was demonstrated in adult male rats administered simultaneously with 24Na-sodium chloride and 82Br-bromide. These excretion rates were inversely proportional to the magnitude of sodium intake in the animals. The biological half-life of bromide, as a substitute for sodium or chloride, was investigated with the aid of the radionuclide 82Br in animals situated in very different physiological states (i.e., in lactating and nonlactating female rats as well as in young rats of varying ages [2, 4, 6, and 10 wk of age]). The 82Br radioactivity retained in mothers and in whole litters was measured in vivo at appropriate time intervals (up to 240 h) after the application of 82Br-bromide to the mothers. The time-course of the changes in the 82Br radioactivity of the young was calculated as the difference between the rate of 82Br intake in the mother's milk and the 82Br excretion through the kidneys into the urine. The rate of 82Br excretion through the kidneys of the dam could be calculated also. Nonweaned young rats (12 d) had the highest half-life (269 h) and lactating dams had the lowest (44 h). The determined values demonstrated that nonweaned young apparently conserve sodium, because of its relatively low concentration in mother's milk, whereas lactating dams, because of their large food intake, waste sodium.
BibTeX: @article{Babicky:2005, author = {Babický, Arnost and Pavelka, Stanislav and Vobecký, Miloslav}, title = {Biological half-lives of bromide and sodium in the rat are connected and dependent on the physiological state.}, journal = {Biol Trace Elem Res}, school = {Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.}, year = {2005}, volume = {103}, number = {1}, pages = {49--58}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/BTER:103:1:049}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:103:1:049} }
Babmindra, V., Grachev, I., Chernysheva, M., Pavlenko, I. and Kariakin, M.	[Morphofunctional interrelationships between the hippocampus and hypothalamus in rats]. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1979	Neirofiziologiia Vol. 11(5), pp. 427-434	article
Abstract: Evoked reactions of the hypothalamic arcuate and medial preoptic nuclei neurons were recorded when the hippocampus was stimulated by single stimuli in anaesthetized rats. In the arcuate nucleus phasic responses and primary inhibition were found to be dominant and in the medial preoptic nucleus--both phasic and nonspecifical responses. After injection of the horseradish peroxidase into the stimulated hippocampal region stained cells were found in the nuclei of the mammillary complex, mediobasal hypothalamus and in the medial preoptic nucleus. Groups of stained neurons were observed in the periphery of ventro- and dorsomedial, lateral and mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus. In all the studied structures, except the medial mammillary nucleus, reticular-like cells were found alongside with spindle-like and triangle neurons. The data obtained are discussed in connection with the problem of hypothalamo-hippocampal interaction.
BibTeX: @article{Babmindra:1979, author = {Babmindra, VP and Grachev, II and Chernysheva, MP and Pavlenko, IN and Kariakin, MG}, title = {[Morphofunctional interrelationships between the hippocampus and hypothalamus in rats].}, journal = {Neirofiziologiia}, year = {1979}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {427--434} }
Babmindra, V.P., Lenkov, D.N., Tolchenova, G.A., Imankulova, C.S. and Bragina, T.A.	[Experience with the use of horseradish peroxidase for light and electron microscope studies of interneuronal connections]. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1976	Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol Vol. 70(1), pp. 101-105	article
Abstract: By the method based on a retrograde axonal transport of exogenous horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the origins of afferentation of the motor cortex of adult cats, kittens and albino rats were studied. HRP-positive neurons were found by light and electron microscopy in the somatosensory cortex (C1) of the ipsilateral hemisphere and in the portions of the cortex of the contralateral hemisphere which were symmetrical to the site of injection of HRP. The disposition of neurons, marked by HRP, in the Vth layer of the motor cortex suggest that these neurons may send their axons into the bundles of comissural fibres going to the motor cortex of the opposite hemisphere. This method considerably expands possibilities of revealing the origins of afferentation of the investigated portion of the nervous system and allows more complete and reliable investigation of interneuronal connections.
BibTeX: @article{Babmindra:1976, author = {Babmindra, V. P. and Lenkov, D. N. and Tolchenova, G. A. and Imankulova, Ch S. and Bragina, T. A.}, title = {[Experience with the use of horseradish peroxidase for light and electron microscope studies of interneuronal connections].}, journal = {Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol}, year = {1976}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, pages = {101--105} }
Babmindra, V.P., Lenkov, D.N., Tolchenova, G.A., Imankulova, C.S. and Bragina, T.A.	[Experience with the use of horseradish peroxidase for light and electron microscope studies of interneuronal connections]. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1976	Arkhiv anatomii, gistologii i embriologii Vol. 70, pp. 101-105	article
Abstract: By the method based on a retrograde axonal transport of exogenous horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the origins of afferentation of the motor cortex of adult cats, kittens and albino rats were studied. HRP-positive neurons were found by light and electron microscopy in the somatosensory cortex (C1) of the ipsilateral hemisphere and in the portions of the cortex of the contralateral hemisphere which were symmetrical to the site of injection of HRP. The disposition of neurons, marked by HRP, in the Vth layer of the motor cortex suggest that these neurons may send their axons into the bundles of comissural fibres going to the motor cortex of the opposite hemisphere. This method considerably expands possibilities of revealing the origins of afferentation of the investigated portion of the nervous system and allows more complete and reliable investigation of interneuronal connections.
BibTeX: @article{Babmindra:1976a, author = {Babmindra, V P and Lenkov, D N and Tolchenova, G A and Imankulova, Ch S and Bragina, T A}, title = {[Experience with the use of horseradish peroxidase for light and electron microscope studies of interneuronal connections].}, journal = {Arkhiv anatomii, gistologii i embriologii}, year = {1976}, volume = {70}, pages = {101--105}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Babstock, D., Malsbury, C. and Harley, C.	The dorsal locus coeruleus is larger in male than in female Sprague-Dawley rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 224(3), pp. 157-160	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Previous studies indicate that the locus coeruleus (LC) can be divided into sub-areas depending upon dominant efferent projection zones. Ascending projections to the forebrain originate within the dorsal half and projections to the spinal cord and the cerebellum course from the ventral half of the LC. Using Sprague-Dawley rats, the present study analyzed sex differences in LC volume and in ascending and descending projection zones. Horizontal sections were stained with cresyl violet or by using antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase. It was found that the dorsal ascending projection zone is larger in the male. One of the well-defined sub-areas within the dorsal half of the LC provides noradrenergic innervation of the hippocampus, a structure that exhibits various male-dominated sex differences in the rat, and post hoc analysis localized the sex difference to this region of the LC. No difference was found in total LC volume. As well, a sex difference in shape of the LC is indicated by a longer anterior- posterior extent in males, while females have a greater dorso-ventral extent.
BibTeX: @article{Babstock:1997, author = {Babstock, D. and Malsbury, C.W. and Harley, C.W.}, title = {The dorsal locus coeruleus is larger in male than in female Sprague-Dawley rats}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1997}, volume = {224}, number = {3}, pages = {157-160}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030894355&partnerID=40&md5=ad2ece477e37152c40ed4a9959adda32}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(97)13462-0} }
Babu, P. and Rao, P.	Retinal projections in the catfish, Mystus vittatus (Bloch) as revealed by tracer studies with horseradish peroxidase [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Cell and Tissue Research Vol. 253(1), pp. 259-262	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The retinal efferents of the catfish, Mystus vittatus, were investigated with the use of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. Most retinal fibres extended contralateral to the eye that had received HRP label, while a few fascicles projected to the ipsilateral side without decussation in the optic chiasma. The contralateral fibres projected to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the nucleus opticus dorsolateralis, the nucleus of the posterior commissure, the nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pretectal nuclear complex, and to two layers of the optic tectum, i.e., stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale and stratum griseum centrale. The accessory optic tract arose from the inner area of the optic tract and extended ventromedially to the accessory optic nucleus. The ipsilateral fascicles projected to almost all the above mentioned nuclei, but these projections were comparatively sparse. The ipsilateral retinal projection was restricted to the rostral tectum. © 1988 Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX: @article{Babu:1988, author = {Babu, P.R. and Rao, P.D.P.}, title = {Retinal projections in the catfish, Mystus vittatus (Bloch) as revealed by tracer studies with horseradish peroxidase}, journal = {Cell and Tissue Research}, year = {1988}, volume = {253}, number = {1}, pages = {259-262}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024044383&partnerID=40&md5=737b90f8cfff36d2da2bf41d7d1f3501}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00221762} }
Baby, S., Ueck, M. and Prasada Rao, P.	Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive neurons and associated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase-positive neurons in the brain of a teleost, Rhodeus amarus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	General and Comparative Endocrinology Vol. 120(1), pp. 44-54	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Using combined nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry and salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sGnRH) immunocytochemistry, it is reported for the first time that possible potential contacts occur between the nitric oxide (NO)- and the GnRH-containing neurons in the brain of a freshwater teleost, Rhodeus amarus. GnRH-immunoreactive (ir) neurons were observed in the olfactory nerve (OLN), olfactory bulb (OB), medial olfactory tract (MOT), ventral telencephalon (VT), nucleus preopticus periventricularis (NPP), nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT), and midbrain tegmentum (MT). Although NADPHd neurons were widely distributed in the brain, only those having an association with GnRH-ir neurons are described. Based on the nature of the association between the GnRH and the NADPHd neurons, the former were classified into three types. The Type I GnRH neurons were characterized by the presence of NADPHd-positive granules in the perikarya and processes and occurred in the OLN, OB, MOT, and VT. The Type II GnRH neurons, having soma-soma or soma-process contacts with the NADPHd neurons, were restricted to the MT; the long processes of NADPHd cells crossed over either the perikarya or the thick processes of GnRH cells. However, the Type III GnRH neurons, found in the NPP and NLT, did not show direct contact, but a few NADPHd fibers were present in the vicinity. The terminal-soma contacts in the olfactory system and the VT and the soma-soma contacts in the MT represent the sites of possible potential contacts indicating a direct NO involvement in GnRH function, although NO action by diffusion remains possible. NO may influence the NPP and NLT GnRH cells by diffusion only, since a direct contact was not observed. (C) 2000 Academic Press.
BibTeX: @article{Baby:2000, author = {Baby, S.M. and Ueck, M. and Prasada Rao, P.D.}, title = {Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive neurons and associated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase-positive neurons in the brain of a teleost, Rhodeus amarus}, journal = {General and Comparative Endocrinology}, year = {2000}, volume = {120}, number = {1}, pages = {44-54}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033757585&partnerID=40&md5=cec1e1399923a73aa985fd366c0c047b}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/gcen.2000.7541} }
Baccei, M.L. and Kocsis, J.D.	Voltage-gated calcium currents in axotomized adult rat cutaneous afferent neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	J Neurophysiol Vol. 83(4), pp. 2227-2238School: Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven 06510, USA.	article
Abstract: The effect of sciatic nerve injury on the somatic expression of voltage-gated calcium currents in adult rat cutaneous afferent dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons identified via retrograde Fluoro-gold labeling was studied using whole cell patch-clamp techniques. Two weeks after a unilateral ligation and transection of the sciatic nerve, the L(4)-L(5) DRG were dissociated and barium currents were recorded from cells 3-10 h later. Cutaneous afferents (35-50 microm diam) were classified as type 1 (possessing only high-voltage-activated currents; HVA) or type 2 (having both high- and low-voltage-activated currents). Axotomy did not change the percentage of neurons exhibiting a type 2 phenotype or the properties of low-threshold T-type current found in type 2 neurons. However, in type 1 neurons the peak density of HVA current available at a holding potential of -60 mV was reduced in axotomized neurons (83.9 +/- 5.6 pA/pF, n = 53) as compared with control cells (108.7 +/- 6.9 pA/pF, n = 58, P < 0. 01, unpaired t-test). A similar reduction was observed at more negative holding potentials, suggesting differences in steady-state inactivation are not responsible for the effect. Separation of the type 1 cells into different size classes indicates that the reduction in voltage-gated barium current occurs selectively in the larger (capacitance >80 pF) cutaneous afferents (control: 112.4 +/- 10.6 pA/pF, n = 30; ligated: 72.6 +/- 5.0 pA/pF, n = 36; P < 0.001); no change was observed in cells with capacitances of 45-80 pF. Isolation of the N- and P¿Q-type components of the HVA current in the large neurons using omega-conotoxin GVIA and omega-agatoxin TK suggests a selective reduction in N-type barium current after nerve injury, as the density of omega-CgTx GVIA-sensitive current decreased from 56.9 +/- 6.6 pA/pF in control cells (n = 13) to 31.3 +/- 4.6 pA/pF in the ligated group (n = 12; P < 0.005). The HVA barium current of large cutaneous afferents also demonstrates a depolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of inactivation after axotomy. Injured type 1 cells exhibited faster inactivation kinetics than control neurons, although the rate of recovery from inactivation was similar in the two groups. The present results indicate that nerve injury leads to a reorganization of the HVA calcium current properties in a subset of cutaneous afferent neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Baccei:2000, author = {Baccei, M. L. and Kocsis, J. D.}, title = {Voltage-gated calcium currents in axotomized adult rat cutaneous afferent neurons.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, school = {Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven 06510, USA.}, year = {2000}, volume = {83}, number = {4}, pages = {2227--2238}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Bacci, E., Bertrand, C., Geppetti, P., Baker, J., Nadel, J.A., Laitinen, L.A. and Petersson, G.	Budesonide inhibits plasma extravasation induced by capsaicin and by substance P in the rat nasal mucosa. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Regul Pept Vol. 49(2), pp. 159-166School: Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143.	article	DOI
Abstract: We studied the effect of the locally administered glucocorticoid budesonide on plasma extravasation induced by capsaicin and by substance P (SP) in the nasal mucosa of pathogen-free rats. Using Evans blue dye as a tracer, we measured plasma extravasation induced by capsaicin (150 micrograms kg-1 i.v.) or SP (0.5 and 2.5 micrograms kg-1 i.v.) in the rat naso- and maxilloturbinates after pretreatment with budesonide (0.1-50 micrograms twice/day for 2 days in the right nostril; 50 micrograms only for SP) or its vehicle. We found that budesonide inhibits plasma extravasation induced by capsaicin in a dose-dependent fashion in the nasal cavity. After the highest dose (50 micrograms) of budesonide, the values of Evans blue in the nasal mucosa were not different from the values observed after capsaicin vehicle alone. Budesonide also reduced plasma extravasation induced by capsaicin in the trachea and the urinary bladder of the rats in a dose-dependent fashion. Budesonide (50 micrograms) delivered to the nose inhibited the plasma extravasation caused by 0.5 but not by 2.5 micrograms SP kg-1 in the nasal mucosa. We conclude that the postjunctional part of the neurogenic pathway is a target for glucocorticoid antiinflammatory action in the nasal mucosa, at least of the rat. Budesonide's effect on organs other than the nose can be explained by systemic absorption.
BibTeX: @article{Bacci:1993, author = {Bacci, E. and Bertrand, C. and Geppetti, P. and Baker, J. and Nadel, J. A. and Laitinen, L. A. and Petersson, G.}, title = {Budesonide inhibits plasma extravasation induced by capsaicin and by substance P in the rat nasal mucosa.}, journal = {Regul Pept}, school = {Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143.}, year = {1993}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {159--166}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-0115(93)90437-d} }
Bacci, J.-J., Absi, E., Manrique, C., Baunez, C., Salin, P. and Kerkerian-Le Goff, L.	Differential effects of prolonged high frequency stimulation and of excitotoxic lesion of the subthalamic nucleus on dopamine denervation-induced cellular defects in the rat striatum and globus pallidus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	European Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 20(12), pp. 3331-3341	article	DOI URL
Abstract: This study examined the effects of prolonged (4 days) high frequency stimulation (HFS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN), in comparison with those of STN lesion, on the dopamine denervation-mediated cellular changes in the basal ganglia in a Wistar rat model of Parkinson's disease. STN HFS counteracted the dopamine lesion-induced increase in GAD67 mRNA expression in the output structures of the basal ganglia, as shown previously after STN lesion, providing cellular support for the similar antiparkinsonian benefits produced by the two surgical procedures. The dopamine denervation-induced increase in GAD67 mRNA levels in the globus pallidus was partially antagonized after HFS and totally reversed after ibotenate-induced STN lesion. The overexpression of striatal enkephalin mRNA tended to be further increased by HFS but was antagonized by STN lesion. The decrease in striatal substance P mRNA levels was affected neither by STN HFS nor lesion. As STN HFS for two hours was previously found not to interfere with the effects of dopamine lesion in the globus pallidus and striatum, the present data provide strong evidence that the effects of STN surgery in these structures involve long-term adaptive processes and that the rearrangements mediated by HFS and lesion are, at least in part, different.
BibTeX: @article{Bacci:2004, author = {Bacci, J.-J. and Absi, E.H. and Manrique, C. and Baunez, C. and Salin, P. and Kerkerian-Le Goff, L.}, title = {Differential effects of prolonged high frequency stimulation and of excitotoxic lesion of the subthalamic nucleus on dopamine denervation-induced cellular defects in the rat striatum and globus pallidus}, journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2004}, volume = {20}, number = {12}, pages = {3331-3341}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-10944222774&partnerID=40&md5=79b62d5ca744f08cbfe2f1aaaf30ce99}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03792.x} }
Bachelard, H., Gardiner, S. and Bennett, T.	Cardiovascular responses elicited by chemical stimulation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla in conscious, unrestrained rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System Vol. 31(3), pp. 185-190	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The cardiovascular effects of microinjection of l-glutamic acid into the rostral ventrolateral medulla have been investigated in anaesthetized and in conscious, unrestrained rats. In conscious rats l-glutamic acid (0.36, 1.2 and 2.4 nmol) produced significant increases in blood pressure, generally accompanied by a bradycardia. A lower dose of l-glutamic acid (0.12 nmol) had no effect on blood pressure or heart rate. The cardiovascular responses elicited by l-glutamic acid (2.4 nmol) were completely abolished by intravenous infusion of the ganglion blocker, pentolinium. However, in urethane-anaesthetized rats, the pressor response (+27 ± 2/ + 21 ± 2 mmHg) to microinjection of l-glutamic acid (2.4 nmol) was markedly less than that seen in conscious rats (+64 ± 6/ + 47 ± 3 mmHg) and there was a tachycardia (+21 ± 2 beats/min) rather than a bradycardia. These results corroborate previous studies, carried out in anaesthetized animals, indicating that stimulation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla provides direct and/or indirect excitatory drive to the preganglionic sympathetic neurons of the spinal cord to increase blood pressure, but demonstrate a marked difference in sensitivity in conscious vs urethane-anaesthetized animals. © 1990.
BibTeX: @article{Bachelard:1990, author = {Bachelard, H. and Gardiner, S.M. and Bennett, T.}, title = {Cardiovascular responses elicited by chemical stimulation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla in conscious, unrestrained rats}, journal = {Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System}, year = {1990}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {185-190}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025681583&partnerID=40&md5=627f211dc7644342887d7ed542cff376}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1838(90)90184-K} }
Bachevalier, J., Brickson, M., Hagger, C. and Mishkin, M.	Age and Sex Differences in the Effects of Selective Temporal Lobe Lesion on the Formation of Visual Discrimination Habits in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Behavioral Neuroscience Vol. 104(6), pp. 885-899	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Three-month-old infant monkeys with neonatal ablations of either cortical area TE or the amygdala and hippocampus and age-matched normal infants were trained in a concurrent object discrimination task with 24-hr intertrial intervals. Neonatal area TE lesions yielded a transient deficit in visual habit formation, present in the female monkeys only, whereas the same lesions in adult monkeys yielded a severe and long-lasting deficit in both males and females. Although pointing to a greater neural compensation for the early loss as compared with the later loss of cortical area TE, the results also corroborate a recent suggestion (Bachevalier, Hagger, & Bercu, 1989) that, at 3 months of age, area TE is more fully functional in females than in males. Neither early nor late amygdalohippocampal lesions impaired the ability to form visual discrimination habits, strengthening the proposal that the habit system uses a corticononlimbic circuit.
BibTeX: @article{Bachevalier:1990, author = {Bachevalier, J. and Brickson, M. and Hagger, C. and Mishkin, M.}, title = {Age and Sex Differences in the Effects of Selective Temporal Lobe Lesion on the Formation of Visual Discrimination Habits in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)}, journal = {Behavioral Neuroscience}, year = {1990}, volume = {104}, number = {6}, pages = {885-899}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025675567&partnerID=40&md5=bf134a7394eecb76ef39c44527adef9a}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.104.6.885} }
Bachevalier, J. and Mishkin, M.	Mnemonic and neuropathological effects of occluding the posterior cerebral artery in Macaca mulatta [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Neuropsychologia Vol. 27(1), pp. 83-105	article	DOI URL
Abstract: To investigate experimentally the mnemonic and neuropathological effects of blockage of the posterior cerebral arteries (PCA), a cerebrovascular accident that can lead to global anterograde amnesia in humans, we permanently occluded these arteries bilaterally in six monkeys and then evaluated their performance on a visual recognition task, after which we assessed the extent of their ischemic infarcts. The latter showed substantial individual variation, ranging from almost no damage in one case to massive unilateral injury of both the ventromedial occipitotemporal cortex and hippocampal formation in another. In the four remaining cases, however, the infarcts fell within a narrow range, being confined almost entirely to the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal gyrus, and then only to restricted portions of these structures, unilaterally in one case, and bilaterally in the three others. Performance on the recognition task was related to the presence and bilaterality of the hippocampal injury. Thus, the case without any hippocampal damage performed at a rate equal to that of normal controls; the case with unilateral hippocampal damage was mildly impaired; and the three cases with bilateral infarctions, involving between 20 and 55% of the hippocampal formation, showed substantial impairment, with scores averaging 20% below those of normal controls. The only subfields of the hippocampus damaged in common in these cases were CA1 and CA2. Paradoxically, the memory loss found in these three animals with only partial bilateral hippocampal damage was significantly greater than that found in animals with total bilateral ablation of the hippocampal formation, whose scores averaged only 10% below those of normal controls. Possible explanations for this extremely puzzling outcome are proposed. © 1989.
BibTeX: @article{Bachevalier:1989, author = {Bachevalier, J. and Mishkin, M.}, title = {Mnemonic and neuropathological effects of occluding the posterior cerebral artery in Macaca mulatta}, journal = {Neuropsychologia}, year = {1989}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {83-105}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024507149&partnerID=40&md5=7b62517ae46e6435d103bee122e2109a}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(89)90092-4} }
Bachus, S. and Gale, K.	Muscimol microinfused into the nigrotegmental target area blocks selected components of behavior elicited by amphetamine or cocaine [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology Vol. 333(2), pp. 143-148	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We examined whether behaviors elicited by systemic administration of the stimulants amphetamine and cocaine involve the relay of outflow from basal ganglia to the target region of the GABAergic nigrotegmental pathway (nigrotegmental target area: NTT), in the region of the pedunculopontine nucleus. Bilateral microinfusions of the GABAA agonist muscimol (25 ng in each side) were administered into the NTT in stimulant-treated rats. Amphetamine- and cocaine-induced stereotyped sniffing and repetitive head movements were totally abolished by muscimol infusions. In contrast, stimulant-induced locomotion and snout contact fixation were spared or enhanced. These observations, which extend those of Childs and Gale (1983b) with apomorphine-induced gnawing, further implicate the GABAergic nigrotegmental pathway in the mediation of basal ganglia-related motor dysfunction. On the other hand, cocaine- and amphetamine-induced locomotion and snout contact fixation do not appear to depend upon mediation through GABA-receptive neurons in the NTT. Thus, the NTT may be selective for the processing of outflow from the basal ganglia. © 1986 Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX: @article{Bachus:1986, author = {Bachus, S.E. and Gale, K.}, title = {Muscimol microinfused into the nigrotegmental target area blocks selected components of behavior elicited by amphetamine or cocaine}, journal = {Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology}, year = {1986}, volume = {333}, number = {2}, pages = {143-148}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022573664&partnerID=40&md5=abbeab94f720f0666259aa8977e630b8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00506517} }
Back, N., Soinila, S. and Virtanen, I.	Endocytotic pathways in the melanotroph of the rat pituitary. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	The Histochemical journal Vol. 25, pp. 133-9	article
Abstract: The internalization of the extracellular markers horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and cationized ferritin (CF) by the melanotrophs of the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary was studied during short-time incubation of mechanically dissociated cells or in cell culture after 5 days. After a 30 min exposure, the tracers were found in electron-lucent granules or vacuoles of approximately the same size as the secretory granules, situated 200-500 nm from the cell membrane. In the cultured cells, which showed a higher rate of tracer uptake, internalization was followed for 1, 2 and 5 min after labelling and during 2 h of exposure. Initially, the label was seen only in coated pits and coated vesicles at the cell membrane. Larger vacuoles were first seen after 2-5 min of incubation. After 2 h of exposure the labelling pattern was distinctly different for the two tracers. CF was found in larger vacuoles of varying morphology, in dilatations at the base of cilia, within Golgi saccules and at the edge of the electron-dense core of forming secretory granules. HRP was found in an extensive array of tubulovesicular structures extending throughout the cytoplasm. The Golgi complex and forming granules were, however, not labelled with HRP. The study identifies part of the electron-lucent granules or vacuoles in the melanotroph as endosomes, and shows that the melanotrophs sort CF and HRP via diverting pathways after internalization, suggesting that granule membrane, and possibly its functional components, can be recycled in these cells.
BibTeX: @article{Back:1993, author = {Back, N. and Soinila, S. and Virtanen, I.}, title = {Endocytotic pathways in the melanotroph of the rat pituitary.}, journal = {The Histochemical journal}, year = {1993}, volume = {25}, pages = {133-9}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Bäck, N., Soinila, S. and Virtanen, I.	Endocytotic pathways in the melanotroph of the rat pituitary. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Histochem J Vol. 25(2), pp. 133-139School: Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Finland.	article	DOI
Abstract: The internalization of the extracellular markers horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and cationized ferritin (CF) by the melanotrophs of the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary was studied during short-time incubation of mechanically dissociated cells or in cell culture after 5 days. After a 30 min exposure, the tracers were found in electron-lucent granules or vacuoles of approximately the same size as the secretory granules, situated 200-500 nm from the cell membrane. In the cultured cells, which showed a higher rate of tracer uptake, internalization was followed for 1, 2 and 5 min after labelling and during 2 h of exposure. Initially, the label was seen only in coated pits and coated vesicles at the cell membrane. Larger vacuoles were first seen after 2-5 min of incubation. After 2 h of exposure the labelling pattern was distinctly different for the two tracers. CF was found in larger vacuoles of varying morphology, in dilatations at the base of cilia, within Golgi saccules and at the edge of the electron-dense core of forming secretory granules. HRP was found in an extensive array of tubulovesicular structures extending throughout the cytoplasm. The Golgi complex and forming granules were, however, not labelled with HRP. The study identifies part of the electron-lucent granules or vacuoles in the melanotroph as endosomes, and shows that the melanotrophs sort CF and HRP via diverting pathways after internalization, suggesting that granule membrane, and possibly its functional components, can be recycled in these cells.
BibTeX: @article{Baeck:1993, author = {N. Bäck and S. Soinila and I. Virtanen}, title = {Endocytotic pathways in the melanotroph of the rat pituitary.}, journal = {Histochem J}, school = {Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Finland.}, year = {1993}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {133--139}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00157985} }
Bäck, N., Soinila, S. and Virtanen, I.	Endocytotic pathways in the melanotroph of the rat pituitary. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Histochem J Vol. 25(2), pp. 133-139School: Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Finland.	article	DOI
Abstract: The internalization of the extracellular markers horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and cationized ferritin (CF) by the melanotrophs of the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary was studied during short-time incubation of mechanically dissociated cells or in cell culture after 5 days. After a 30 min exposure, the tracers were found in electron-lucent granules or vacuoles of approximately the same size as the secretory granules, situated 200-500 nm from the cell membrane. In the cultured cells, which showed a higher rate of tracer uptake, internalization was followed for 1, 2 and 5 min after labelling and during 2 h of exposure. Initially, the label was seen only in coated pits and coated vesicles at the cell membrane. Larger vacuoles were first seen after 2-5 min of incubation. After 2 h of exposure the labelling pattern was distinctly different for the two tracers. CF was found in larger vacuoles of varying morphology, in dilatations at the base of cilia, within Golgi saccules and at the edge of the electron-dense core of forming secretory granules. HRP was found in an extensive array of tubulovesicular structures extending throughout the cytoplasm. The Golgi complex and forming granules were, however, not labelled with HRP. The study identifies part of the electron-lucent granules or vacuoles in the melanotroph as endosomes, and shows that the melanotrophs sort CF and HRP via diverting pathways after internalization, suggesting that granule membrane, and possibly its functional components, can be recycled in these cells.
BibTeX: @article{Baeck:1993a, author = {Bäck, N. and Soinila, S. and Virtanen, I.}, title = {Endocytotic pathways in the melanotroph of the rat pituitary.}, journal = {Histochem J}, school = {Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Finland.}, year = {1993}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {133--139}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00157985} }
Back, S.A. and Gorenstein, C.	Fluorescent histochemical localization of neutral endopeptidase-24.11 (enkephalinase) in the rat brainstem. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	J Comp Neurol Vol. 296(1), pp. 130-158School: Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine 92717.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Characterization of the distribution of the peptide-degrading enzyme neutral endopeptidase-24.11 (E.C. 3.4.24.11; NEP; enkephalinase) in the rat brainstem was examined by means of a unique fluorescent histochemical method. Enzyme staining was completely blocked by three potent NEP inhibitors (thiorphan, phosphoramidon, and JHF-26) at a concentration of 50 nM, supporting the specificity of this method to visualize sites of NEP activity selectively. At all levels of the brainstem, NEP was localized to cell bodies, cell processes or terminal-like fields and was localized to more than 90 distinct nuclei or subnuclei. In the mesencephalon these included the central gray, cuneiform n., dorsal and lateral tegmental n., inferior colliculus, interpeduncular n., lateral and medial geniculate n., central linear raphe n., mesencephalic n. of the trigeminal nerve, mammillary nuclei, occulomotor n., red n., superior colliculus, ventral n. of the lateral lemniscus, substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area, and the zona incerta. In the pons, NEP staining was restricted to fewer regions or nuclei, including the dorsal and ventral cochlear n., facial n., motor trigeminal n., principal sensory trigeminal n., parabrachial nuclei, pontine n., the oral and caudal pontine reticular n., pontine olivary nuclei, several pontine tegmental nuclei, pontine raphe nuclei, and the trapezoid n. In the cerebellum, staining was localized largely to the granule cell layer of the cerebellar cortex. Scattered staining was observed in the molecular cell layer. The medulla contained extensive NEP staining localized to nuclei that included the ambiguous n., dorsal motor n. of the vagus, hypoglossal n., inferior olivary n., prepositus hypoglossus n., solitary tract n., nuclei of the spinal tract of the trigeminal n., and the lateral, medial, and superior vestibular nuclei. Nuclei of the medullary reticular formation that were also richly stained for NEP included the raphe magnus n., raphe obscurus n., raphe pallidus n., dorsal, lateral, and ventral reticular nuclei of the medulla, and the gigantocellular, lateral paragigantocellular, linear, paramedian and parvicellular reticular nuclei. The widespread distribution of NEP in the brainstem suggests the existence of a number of functional systems, including the pathways involved in the mechanisms of pain and analgesia, which are potential targets of NEP inhibitors. In most regions, the distribution of NEP closely overlapped with that reported for the enkephalins, and showed a more restricted overlap with the reported distribution of substance P.
BibTeX: @article{Back:1990, author = {Back, S. A. and Gorenstein, C.}, title = {Fluorescent histochemical localization of neutral endopeptidase-24.11 (enkephalinase) in the rat brainstem.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine 92717.}, year = {1990}, volume = {296}, number = {1}, pages = {130--158}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902960109}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902960109} }
Backes, H., Walberer, M., Endepols, H., Neumaier, B., Graf, R., Wienhard, K. and Mies, G.	Whiskers area as extracerebral reference tissue for quantification of rat brain metabolism using (18)F-FDG PET: application to focal cerebral ischemia. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine Vol. 52, pp. 1252-1260	article	DOI
Abstract: Diseases and dysfunction of the central nervous system are often associated with regional changes in cerebral glucose metabolism, which can be measured in vivo by PET using (18)F-FDG as the tracer. For quantification, the arterial tracer input function must be determined. For rodents in particular, direct measurement of blood radioactivity concentration is scarcely feasible for follow-up of individual animals because of the invasiveness of blood sampling. We show that the whiskers area of the rat's muzzle serves as an extracerebral reference region. The derived model also takes into account local variations of the lumped constant, which is crucial in pathologic tissue. In 11 rats, the reference tissue kinetic parameters were determined from PET data and measured whole blood radioactivity concentration. Parametric images of cerebral kinetic rate constants were calculated using the directly measured input function, the reference tissue time-activity curve with individually fitted reference kinetic parameters, and the reference time-activity curve with fixed reference kinetic parameters calculated from the fitted parameters averaged over all animals. The need for kinetic modeling in disease models is demonstrated in 5 rats subjected to acute focal cerebral ischemia. (18)F-FDG metabolism and transport rate constants and local cerebral glucose metabolic rates were calculated. Cerebral kinetic constants derived from the 3 methods corresponded closely. The maximum difference in whole-brain kinetic parameters observed between the directly measured input function and the reference tissue time-activity curve with individually fitted reference kinetic parameters was less than 5%. Taking fixed reference parameters (the reference time-activity curve with fixed reference kinetic parameters calculated from the fitted parameters averaged over all animals) still provided whole-brain kinetic parameters with an accuracy of approximately 90%. In the rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia, (18)F-FDG kinetic parameters in healthy tissue were not significantly different from whole-brain kinetic parameters in naive rats. The ischemic region was characterized by preserved glucose metabolism, although (18)F-FDG uptake was elevated significantly-that is, the lumped constant in the ischemic region was different from that of healthy brain tissue. The method presented here allows for the quantitative noninvasive determination of cerebral glucose consumption in rats, takes into account local variations of the lumped constant, and is suitable for follow-up measurements of individuals.
BibTeX: @article{Backes:2011, author = {Backes, Heiko and Walberer, Maureen and Endepols, Heike and Neumaier, Bernd and Graf, Rudolf and Wienhard, Klaus and Mies, Günter}, title = {Whiskers area as extracerebral reference tissue for quantification of rat brain metabolism using (18)F-FDG PET: application to focal cerebral ischemia.}, journal = {Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine}, year = {2011}, volume = {52}, pages = {1252--1260}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.110.085266} }
Bacon, S.J., Headlam, A.J., Gabbott, P.L. and Smith, A.D.	Amygdala input to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the rat: a light and electron microscope study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Brain Res Vol. 720(1-2), pp. 211-219School: University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: This paper describes the termination pattern and synaptic connectivity of the pathway from the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC; areas 25, 32, and 24b) of the rat. Discrete injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were made in the BLA and detailed light microscopical observations made of the distribution of PHA-L labelled fibres and boutons in the mPFC. Labelled fibres were distributed in two tiers: predominantly within deep layer 1/layer 2 and also in layers 5/6. Fibre plexi in layers 2 and 5 were highly varicose. Electron microscopical examination of 120 labelled boutons in area 32 (60 in layer 2 and 60 in layer 5) indicated that 116 (97 established asymmetrical synaptic contacts with dendritic spines and 4 (3 were in synaptic contact with small dendritic shafts. No significant differences in target structures were found between layers 2 and 5. The results indicate that BLA input to mPFC in the rat predominantly innervates spine bearing dendrites in layers 2 and 5. This suggests that the neuronal operations of these processes are influenced by direct feedforward excitation from the BLA.
BibTeX: @article{Bacon:1996, author = {S. J. Bacon and A. J. Headlam and P. L. Gabbott and A. D. Smith}, title = {Amygdala input to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the rat: a light and electron microscope study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK.}, year = {1996}, volume = {720}, number = {1-2}, pages = {211--219}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(96)00155-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(96)00155-2} }
Bacon, S.J., Headlam, A.J., Gabbott, P.L. and Smith, A.D.	Amygdala input to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the rat: a light and electron microscope study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Brain research Vol. 720, pp. 211-9	article
Abstract: This paper describes the termination pattern and synaptic connectivity of the pathway from the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC; areas 25, 32, and 24b) of the rat. Discrete injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were made in the BLA and detailed light microscopical observations made of the distribution of PHA-L labelled fibres and boutons in the mPFC. Labelled fibres were distributed in two tiers: predominantly within deep layer 1/layer 2 and also in layers 5/6. Fibre plexi in layers 2 and 5 were highly varicose. Electron microscopical examination of 120 labelled boutons in area 32 (60 in layer 2 and 60 in layer 5) indicated that 116 (97%) established asymmetrical synaptic contacts with dendritic spines and 4 (3%) were in synaptic contact with small dendritic shafts. No significant differences in target structures were found between layers 2 and 5. The results indicate that BLA input to mPFC in the rat predominantly innervates spine bearing dendrites in layers 2 and 5. This suggests that the neuronal operations of these processes are influenced by direct feedforward excitation from the BLA.
BibTeX: @article{Bacon:1996a, author = {Bacon, S. J. and Headlam, A. J. and Gabbott, P. L. and Smith, A. D.}, title = {Amygdala input to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the rat: a light and electron microscope study.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1996}, volume = {720}, pages = {211-9}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Bacon, S.J. and Smith, A.D.	Preganglionic sympathetic neurones innervating the rat adrenal medulla: immunocytochemical evidence of synaptic input from nerve terminals containing substance P, GABA or 5-hydroxytryptamine. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	J Auton Nerv Syst Vol. 24(1-2), pp. 97-122School: University of Oxford, Department of Pharmacology, U.K.	article	DOI
Abstract: Sympathetic preganglionic neurones that innervate the adrenal medulla were identified for subsequent light and electron microscopic study by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or a conjugate of HRP and cholera B-chain. Most labelled neurones were found in the intermediolateral column, but some occurred in the intercalated nucleus and in the lateral funiculus of the thoracic spinal cord. Three morphologically distinct types of neurone were retrogradely labelled, two of which had dendrites that extended medially towards the central canal and laterally across the entire lateral funiculus. A combination of retrograde labelling with pre-embedding immunocytochemistry allowed us to demonstrate synaptic contacts between boutons immunoreactive for substance P or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and the cell bodies or proximal dendrites of sympathoadrenal neurones. The 5-HT-immunoreactive boutons appeared to be of two morphologically distinct types. Postembedding immunocytochemistry enabled us to show that sympathoadrenal neurones receive a heavy synaptic innervation from GABA-immunoreactive boutons: 32% of a random series of boutons in synaptic contact with cell bodies were GABA-immunoreactive. Proximal dendrites and also distal dendrites within the white matter were ensheathed in synaptic boutons, 37% of which were GABA-immunoreactive. It is concluded that sympathoadrenal neurones receive at least 4 distinct types of afferent synaptic input: from neurones containing substance P, or GABA and from two types of neurones containing 5-HT. The presence of synaptic inputs on distal dendrites that extend across the white matter adds further complexities to the control of the activity of sympathetic preganglionic neurones.
BibTeX: @article{Bacon:1988, author = {Bacon, S. J. and Smith, A. D.}, title = {Preganglionic sympathetic neurones innervating the rat adrenal medulla: immunocytochemical evidence of synaptic input from nerve terminals containing substance P, GABA or 5-hydroxytryptamine.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, school = {University of Oxford, Department of Pharmacology, U.K.}, year = {1988}, volume = {24}, number = {1-2}, pages = {97--122}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1838(88)90140-3} }
Bacon, S.J. and Smith, A.D.	A monosynaptic pathway from an identified vasomotor centre in the medial prefrontal cortex to an autonomic area in the thoracic spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Neuroscience Vol. 54(3), pp. 719-728	article	DOI
Abstract: Chemical microstimulation (1 mM L-glutamate or 25 mM KCl) of the medial prefrontal cortex of anaesthetized rats produced falls in systolic and diastolic blood pressure of similar magnitude, without a change in heart rate. Application of the lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin by iontophoresis from an adjacent barrel of the same micropipette revealed a direct projection to the central autonomic area of the thoracic spinal cord from this vasomotor area, which is equivalent to the region called prelimbic cortex by Krettek and Price [J. comp. Neurol. (1977) 171, 157-192] or Cg3 by Paxinos and Watson [The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates (1986)]. Labelled axons descended in the dorsal corticospinal tract in the cervical spinal cord, where they displayed a few varicosities. In the thoracic spinal cord, labelled fibres occurred bilaterally in the gray matter, predominantly in the central autonomic area, where they displayed many varicosities. Electron microscope studies revealed that the anterogradely labelled varicosities in the central autonomic area were vesicle-filled boutons that formed asymmetric synaptic contacts. The synaptic targets were small dendrites or dendritic protrusions that were characterized by a high incidence of multivesicular bodies and coated vesicles. We conclude that a monosynaptic pathway that originates from a physiologically-defined vasomotor area in the medial prefrontal cortex terminates on a characteristic type of neuron in the central autonomic area of the thoracic spinal cord.
BibTeX: @article{Bacon:1993, author = {S. J. Bacon and A. D. Smith}, title = {A monosynaptic pathway from an identified vasomotor centre in the medial prefrontal cortex to an autonomic area in the thoracic spinal cord.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1993}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, pages = {719--728}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(93)90242-8} }
Bacon, S.J., Zagon, A. and Smith, A.D.	Electron microscopic evidence of a monosynaptic pathway between cells in the caudal raphé nuclei and sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Exp Brain Res Vol. 79(3), pp. 589-602School: University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, U.K.	article	DOI
Abstract: Electrophysiological and anatomical studies have suggested the existence of a pathway between the caudal raphé nuclei and regions of the spinal cord containing the sympathetic preganglionic neurons. However synaptic connections between cells in the raphé nuclei and identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons have not yet been shown. We have used a combination of anterograde tracing using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), retrograde tracing using a conjugate of cholera B chain and HRP and electron microscopy to look for such a pathway in rats. When PHA-L had been injected into the regions mainly restricted to the raphé pallidus and raphé magnus, synaptic contacts were found between PHA-L containing terminals and preganglionic neurons retrogradely labelled from the adrenal medulla. Out of the 43 synaptic contacts analysed, 26 were onto somata and 14 onto dendrites. 75% of the total appeared to have symmetric membrane specialisations, 20% asymmetric and the remainder could not be classified. Synaptic contacts were not seen in an animal in which the PHA-L injection site involved cells in the ventral raphé obscurus and surrounding gigantocellular reticular formation. These findings provide evidence of the existence of a direct monosynaptic pathway between cells in the raphé pallidus and/or caudal raphé magnus, and identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons and give further support for a role for the caudal raphé nuclei in sympathetic autonomic regulation.
BibTeX: @article{Bacon:1990, author = {S. J. Bacon and A. Zagon and A. D. Smith}, title = {Electron microscopic evidence of a monosynaptic pathway between cells in the caudal raphé nuclei and sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat spinal cord.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, school = {University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, U.K.}, year = {1990}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, pages = {589--602}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00229327} }
Bacon, S.J., Zagon, A. and Smith, A.D.	Electron microscopic evidence of a monosynaptic pathway between cells in the caudal raphe nuclei and sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Experimental brain research Vol. 79, pp. 589-602	article
Abstract: Electrophysiological and anatomical studies have suggested the existence of a pathway between the caudal raphe nuclei and regions of the spinal cord containing the sympathetic preganglionic neurons. However synaptic connections between cells in the raphe nuclei and identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons have not yet been shown. We have used a combination of anterograde tracing using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), retrograde tracing using a conjugate of cholera B chain and HRP and electron microscopy to look for such a pathway in rats. When PHA-L had been injected into the regions mainly restricted to the raphe pallidus and raphe magnus, synaptic contacts were found between PHA-L containing terminals and preganglionic neurons retrogradely labelled from the adrenal medulla. Out of the 43 synaptic contacts analysed, 26 were onto somata and 14 onto dendrites. 75% of the total appeared to have symmetric membrane specialisations, 20% asymmetric and the remainder could not be classified. Synaptic contacts were not seen in an animal in which the PHA-L injection site involved cells in the ventral raphe obscurus and surrounding gigantocellular reticular formation. These findings provide evidence of the existence of a direct monosynaptic pathway between cells in the raphe pallidus and/or caudal raphe magnus, and identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons and give further support for a role for the caudal raphe nuclei in sympathetic autonomic regulation.
BibTeX: @article{Bacon:1990a, author = {Bacon, S. J. and Zagon, A. and Smith, A. D.}, title = {Electron microscopic evidence of a monosynaptic pathway between cells in the caudal raphe nuclei and sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat spinal cord.}, journal = {Experimental brain research}, year = {1990}, volume = {79}, pages = {589-602}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Bácskai, T., Székely, G. and Matesz, C.	Ascending and descending projections of the lateral vestibular nucleus in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Acta Biol Hung Vol. 53(1-2), pp. 7-21School: Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Hungary.	article	DOI
Abstract: The tracer neurobiotin was injected into the lateral vestibular nucleus in rat and the efferent fiber connections of the nucleus were studied. The labeled fibers reached the diencephalon rostrally and the sacral segments of the spinal cord caudally. In the diencephalon, the ventral posteromedial and the gustatory nuclei received the most numerous labeled fibers. In the mesencephalon, the inferior colliculus, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the nucleus of Darkschewitch, the periaqueductal gray matter and the red nucleus received large numbers of labeled fibers. In the rhombencephalon, commissural and internuclear connections originated from the lateral vestibular nucleus to all other vestibular nuclei. The medioventral (motor) part of the reticular formation was richly supplied, whereas fewer fibers were seen in the lateral (vegetative) part. In the spinal cord, the descending fibers were densely packed in the anterior funiculus and in the ventral part of the lateral funiculus. Collaterals invaded the entire gray matter from lamina IX up to lamina III; the fibers and terminals were most numerous in laminae VII and VIII. Collateral projections were rich in the cervical and lumbosacral segments, whereas they were relatively poor in the thoracic segments of the spinal cord. It was concluded that the fiber projection in the rostral direction was primarily aimed at sensory-motor centers; in the rhombencephalon and spinal cord, fibers projected onto structures subserving various motor functions.
BibTeX: @article{Bacskai:2002, author = {Timea Bácskai and G. Székely and Clara Matesz}, title = {Ascending and descending projections of the lateral vestibular nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Acta Biol Hung}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Hungary.}, year = {2002}, volume = {53}, number = {1-2}, pages = {7--21}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1556/abiol.53.2002.1-2.3} }
Bácskai, T., Székely, G. and Matesz, C.	Ascending and descending projections of the lateral vestibular nucleus in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Acta Biol Hung Vol. 53(1-2), pp. 7-21School: Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Hungary.	article	DOI
Abstract: The tracer neurobiotin was injected into the lateral vestibular nucleus in rat and the efferent fiber connections of the nucleus were studied. The labeled fibers reached the diencephalon rostrally and the sacral segments of the spinal cord caudally. In the diencephalon, the ventral posteromedial and the gustatory nuclei received the most numerous labeled fibers. In the mesencephalon, the inferior colliculus, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the nucleus of Darkschewitch, the periaqueductal gray matter and the red nucleus received large numbers of labeled fibers. In the rhombencephalon, commissural and internuclear connections originated from the lateral vestibular nucleus to all other vestibular nuclei. The medioventral (motor) part of the reticular formation was richly supplied, whereas fewer fibers were seen in the lateral (vegetative) part. In the spinal cord, the descending fibers were densely packed in the anterior funiculus and in the ventral part of the lateral funiculus. Collaterals invaded the entire gray matter from lamina IX up to lamina III; the fibers and terminals were most numerous in laminae VII and VIII. Collateral projections were rich in the cervical and lumbosacral segments, whereas they were relatively poor in the thoracic segments of the spinal cord. It was concluded that the fiber projection in the rostral direction was primarily aimed at sensory-motor centers; in the rhombencephalon and spinal cord, fibers projected onto structures subserving various motor functions.
BibTeX: @article{Bacskai:2002a, author = {Bácskai, Timea and Székely, G. and Matesz, Clara}, title = {Ascending and descending projections of the lateral vestibular nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Acta Biol Hung}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Hungary.}, year = {2002}, volume = {53}, number = {1-2}, pages = {7--21}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1556/abiol.53.2002.1-2.3} }
Bácskai, T., Székely, G. and Matesz, C.	Ascending and descending projections of the lateral vestibular nucleus in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Acta biologica Hungarica Vol. 53, pp. 7-21	article	DOI
Abstract: The tracer neurobiotin was injected into the lateral vestibular nucleus in rat and the efferent fiber connections of the nucleus were studied. The labeled fibers reached the diencephalon rostrally and the sacral segments of the spinal cord caudally. In the diencephalon, the ventral posteromedial and the gustatory nuclei received the most numerous labeled fibers. In the mesencephalon, the inferior colliculus, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the nucleus of Darkschewitch, the periaqueductal gray matter and the red nucleus received large numbers of labeled fibers. In the rhombencephalon, commissural and internuclear connections originated from the lateral vestibular nucleus to all other vestibular nuclei. The medioventral (motor) part of the reticular formation was richly supplied, whereas fewer fibers were seen in the lateral (vegetative) part. In the spinal cord, the descending fibers were densely packed in the anterior funiculus and in the ventral part of the lateral funiculus. Collaterals invaded the entire gray matter from lamina IX up to lamina III; the fibers and terminals were most numerous in laminae VII and VIII. Collateral projections were rich in the cervical and lumbosacral segments, whereas they were relatively poor in the thoracic segments of the spinal cord. It was concluded that the fiber projection in the rostral direction was primarily aimed at sensory-motor centers; in the rhombencephalon and spinal cord, fibers projected onto structures subserving various motor functions.
BibTeX: @article{Bacskai:2002b, author = {Bácskai, Timea and Székely, G and Matesz, Clara}, title = {Ascending and descending projections of the lateral vestibular nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Acta biologica Hungarica}, year = {2002}, volume = {53}, pages = {7--21}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1556/abiol.53.2002.1-2.3} }
Baculis, B. and Valenzuela, C.	Ethanol exposure during the third trimester equivalent does not affect GABAA or AMPA receptor-mediated spontaneous synaptic transmission in rat CA3 pyramidal neurons [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine Vol. 14(1)	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Background: Ethanol exposure during the rodent equivalent to the 3rd trimester of human pregnancy (i.e., first 1-2 weeks of neonatal life) has been shown to produce structural and functional alterations in the CA3 hippocampal sub-region, which is involved in associative memory. Synaptic plasticity mechanisms dependent on retrograde release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) driven by activation of L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (L-VGCCs) are thought to play a role in stabilization of both GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses in CA3 pyramidal neurons. We previously showed that ethanol exposure during the first week of life blocks BDNF/L-VGCC-dependent long-term potentiation of GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in these neurons. Here, we tested whether this effect is associated with lasting alterations in GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission. Methods: Rats were exposed to air or ethanol for 3 h/day between postnatal days three and five in vapor inhalation chambers, a paradigm that produces peak serum ethanol levels near 0.3 g/dl. Whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings of spontaneous inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs and sEPSCs, respectively) were obtained from CA3 pyramidal neurons in coronal brain slices prepared at postnatal days 13-17. Results: Ethanol exposure did not significantly affect the frequency, amplitude, rise-time and half-width of either sIPSCs or sEPSCs. Conclusions: We show that an ethanol exposure paradigm known to inhibit synaptic plasticity mechanisms that may participate in the stabilization of GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses in CA3 pyramidal neurons does not produce lasting functional alterations in these synapses, suggesting that compensatory mechanisms restored the balance of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. © 2015 Baculis and Valenzuela.
BibTeX: @article{Baculis:2015, author = {Baculis, B.C. and Valenzuela, C.F.}, title = {Ethanol exposure during the third trimester equivalent does not affect GABAA or AMPA receptor-mediated spontaneous synaptic transmission in rat CA3 pyramidal neurons}, journal = {Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine}, year = {2015}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84949668380&partnerID=40&md5=3e7c006ccb41a50e544a1b427fdb5ccf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12952-015-0041-9} }
Badalyan, S., Ipekchyan, M. and Sarkisyan, V.	Neuron Populations Giving Rise to Corticothalamic Projections to the Partially Deafferented Ventrolateral Nucleus of the Thalamus [BibTeX]	2015	Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology Vol. 45(7), pp. 750-759	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{Badalyan:2015, author = {Badalyan, S.A. and Ipekchyan, M. and Sarkisyan, V.A.}, title = {Neuron Populations Giving Rise to Corticothalamic Projections to the Partially Deafferented Ventrolateral Nucleus of the Thalamus}, journal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology}, publisher = {Springer US}, year = {2015}, volume = {45}, number = {7}, pages = {750-759}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11055-015-0139-z}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-015-0139-z} }
Badami, V.M., Rice, C.D., Lois, J.H., Madrecha, J. and Yates, B.J.	Distribution of hypothalamic neurons with orexin (hypocretin) or melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) immunoreactivity and multisynaptic connections with diaphragm motoneurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Brain Res Vol. 1323, pp. 119-126School: Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Prior work showed that neurons in the lateral, dorsal, and perifornical regions of the tuberal and mammillary levels of the hypothalamus participate in the control of breathing. The same areas also contain large numbers of neurons that produce either orexins (hypocretins) or melanin concentrating hormone (MCH). These peptides have been implicated in regulating energy balance and physiological changes that occur in transitions between sleep and wakefulness, amongst other functions. The goal of this study was to determine if hypothalamic neurons involved in respiratory control, which were identified in cats by the retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus from the diaphragm, were immunopositive for either orexin-A or MCH. In animals with limited rabies infection of the hypothalamus (<10 infected cells/section), where the neurons with the most direct influences on diaphragm motoneurons were presumably labeled, a large fraction (28-75 of the infected hypothalamic neurons contained orexin-A. In the same cases, 6-33% of rabies-infected hypothalamic cells contained MCH. However, in animals with more extensive infection, where rabies had presumably passed transneuronally through more synapses, the fraction of infected cells that contained orexin-A was lower. The findings from these experiments thus support the notion that hypothalamic influences on breathing are substantially mediated through orexins or MCH.
BibTeX: @article{Badami:2010, author = {Badami, Varun M. and Rice, Cory D. and Lois, James H. and Madrecha, Jayesh and Yates, Bill J.}, title = {Distribution of hypothalamic neurons with orexin (hypocretin) or melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) immunoreactivity and multisynaptic connections with diaphragm motoneurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.}, year = {2010}, volume = {1323}, pages = {119--126}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.002}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.002} }
Badauê-Passos Jr., D., Godino, A., Johnson, A., Vivas, L. and Antunes-Rodrigues, J.	Dorsal raphe nuclei integrate allostatic information evoked by depletion-induced sodium ingestion [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Experimental Neurology Vol. 206(1), pp. 86-94	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Structures of the lamina terminalis (LT) sense and integrate information reflecting the state of body water and sodium content. Output from the LT projects into a neural network that regulates body fluid balance. Serotonin (5-HT) and the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) have been implicated in the inhibitory control of salt intake (i.e., sodium appetite). Signals arriving from the LT evoked by fluid depletion-induced sodium ingestion interact with this inhibitory serotonergic system. We investigated the role of neurons along the LT that directly project to the DRN. We analyzed the pattern of immunoreactivity (ir) of LT cells double-labeled for Fos (a marker of neural activity) and Fluorogold (FG; a retrograde tracer) following sodium depletion-induced sodium intake. Seven days after injection of FG into the DRN, sodium appetite was induced by furosemide injection and overnight access to only a low sodium diet (Furo-LSD) and distilled water. Twenty-four hours later, access to 0.3 M NaCl was given to depleted or sham-depleted rats and sodium intake was measured over the following 60 min. Ninety minutes after the termination of the intake test, the animals were perfused and their brains were processed for immunohistochemical detection of Fos and FG. Compared to sham-depleted animals there was a significantly greater number of Fos-/FG-ir double-labeled cells in the subfornical organ, the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and the median preoptic nucleus in rats that ingested NaCl. Projections from the LT cells may contribute to inhibitory mechanisms involving 5-HT neurons in the DRN that limit the intake of sodium and prevent excess volume expansion. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Badaue-PassosJr.:2007a, author = {Badauê-Passos Jr., D. and Godino, A. and Johnson, A.K. and Vivas, L. and Antunes-Rodrigues, J.}, title = {Dorsal raphe nuclei integrate allostatic information evoked by depletion-induced sodium ingestion}, journal = {Experimental Neurology}, year = {2007}, volume = {206}, number = {1}, pages = {86-94}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34250620976&partnerID=40&md5=7db76351aaa2f5c5eb8919f14e945516}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.04.008} }
Badaue-Passos, D.J., Godino, A., Johnson, A.K., Vivas, L. and Antunes-Rodrigues, J.	Dorsal raphe nuclei integrate allostatic information evoked by depletion-induced sodium ingestion. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Experimental neurology Vol. 206, pp. 86-94	article
Abstract: Structures of the lamina terminalis (LT) sense and integrate information reflecting the state of body water and sodium content. Output from the LT projects into a neural network that regulates body fluid balance. Serotonin (5-HT) and the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) have been implicated in the inhibitory control of salt intake (i.e., sodium appetite). Signals arriving from the LT evoked by fluid depletion-induced sodium ingestion interact with this inhibitory serotonergic system. We investigated the role of neurons along the LT that directly project to the DRN. We analyzed the pattern of immunoreactivity (ir) of LT cells double-labeled for Fos (a marker of neural activity) and Fluorogold (FG; a retrograde tracer) following sodium depletion-induced sodium intake. Seven days after injection of FG into the DRN, sodium appetite was induced by furosemide injection and overnight access to only a low sodium diet (Furo-LSD) and distilled water. Twenty-four hours later, access to 0.3 M NaCl was given to depleted or sham-depleted rats and sodium intake was measured over the following 60 min. Ninety minutes after the termination of the intake test, the animals were perfused and their brains were processed for immunohistochemical detection of Fos and FG. Compared to sham-depleted animals there was a significantly greater number of Fos-/FG-ir double-labeled cells in the subfornical organ, the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and the median preoptic nucleus in rats that ingested NaCl. Projections from the LT cells may contribute to inhibitory mechanisms involving 5-HT neurons in the DRN that limit the intake of sodium and prevent excess volume expansion.
BibTeX: @article{Badaue-Passos:2007b, author = {Badaue-Passos, Daniel Jr and Godino, Andrea and Johnson, Alan Kim and Vivas, Laura and Antunes-Rodrigues, Jose}, title = {Dorsal raphe nuclei integrate allostatic information evoked by depletion-induced sodium ingestion.}, journal = {Experimental neurology}, year = {2007}, volume = {206}, pages = {86-94}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Badauê-Passos Jr, D., Godino, A., Johnson, A.K., Vivas, L. and Antunes-Rodrigues, J.	Dorsal raphe nuclei integrate allostatic information evoked by depletion-induced sodium ingestion. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Exp Neurol Vol. 206(1), pp. 86-94School: Departmento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. daniel-passosjunior@uiowa.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Structures of the lamina terminalis (LT) sense and integrate information reflecting the state of body water and sodium content. Output from the LT projects into a neural network that regulates body fluid balance. Serotonin (5-HT) and the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) have been implicated in the inhibitory control of salt intake (i.e., sodium appetite). Signals arriving from the LT evoked by fluid depletion-induced sodium ingestion interact with this inhibitory serotonergic system. We investigated the role of neurons along the LT that directly project to the DRN. We analyzed the pattern of immunoreactivity (ir) of LT cells double-labeled for Fos (a marker of neural activity) and Fluorogold (FG; a retrograde tracer) following sodium depletion-induced sodium intake. Seven days after injection of FG into the DRN, sodium appetite was induced by furosemide injection and overnight access to only a low sodium diet (Furo-LSD) and distilled water. Twenty-four hours later, access to 0.3 M NaCl was given to depleted or sham-depleted rats and sodium intake was measured over the following 60 min. Ninety minutes after the termination of the intake test, the animals were perfused and their brains were processed for immunohistochemical detection of Fos and FG. Compared to sham-depleted animals there was a significantly greater number of Fos-/FG-ir double-labeled cells in the subfornical organ, the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and the median preoptic nucleus in rats that ingested NaCl. Projections from the LT cells may contribute to inhibitory mechanisms involving 5-HT neurons in the DRN that limit the intake of sodium and prevent excess volume expansion.
BibTeX: @article{Badaue-Passos:2007, author = {Badauê-Passos, Jr, Daniel and Godino, Andrea and Johnson, Alan Kim and Vivas, Laura and Antunes-Rodrigues, José}, title = {Dorsal raphe nuclei integrate allostatic information evoked by depletion-induced sodium ingestion.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, school = {Departmento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. daniel-passosjunior@uiowa.edu}, year = {2007}, volume = {206}, number = {1}, pages = {86--94}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.04.008}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.04.008} }
Badauê-Passos Jr, D., Godino, A., Johnson, A.K., Vivas, L. and Antunes-Rodrigues, J.	Dorsal raphe nuclei integrate allostatic information evoked by depletion-induced sodium ingestion. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Exp Neurol Vol. 206(1), pp. 86-94School: Departmento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. daniel-passosjunior@uiowa.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Structures of the lamina terminalis (LT) sense and integrate information reflecting the state of body water and sodium content. Output from the LT projects into a neural network that regulates body fluid balance. Serotonin (5-HT) and the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) have been implicated in the inhibitory control of salt intake (i.e., sodium appetite). Signals arriving from the LT evoked by fluid depletion-induced sodium ingestion interact with this inhibitory serotonergic system. We investigated the role of neurons along the LT that directly project to the DRN. We analyzed the pattern of immunoreactivity (ir) of LT cells double-labeled for Fos (a marker of neural activity) and Fluorogold (FG; a retrograde tracer) following sodium depletion-induced sodium intake. Seven days after injection of FG into the DRN, sodium appetite was induced by furosemide injection and overnight access to only a low sodium diet (Furo-LSD) and distilled water. Twenty-four hours later, access to 0.3 M NaCl was given to depleted or sham-depleted rats and sodium intake was measured over the following 60 min. Ninety minutes after the termination of the intake test, the animals were perfused and their brains were processed for immunohistochemical detection of Fos and FG. Compared to sham-depleted animals there was a significantly greater number of Fos-/FG-ir double-labeled cells in the subfornical organ, the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and the median preoptic nucleus in rats that ingested NaCl. Projections from the LT cells may contribute to inhibitory mechanisms involving 5-HT neurons in the DRN that limit the intake of sodium and prevent excess volume expansion.
BibTeX: @article{Badaue-Passos:2007a, author = {Badauê-Passos, Jr, Daniel and Godino, Andrea and Johnson, Alan Kim and Vivas, Laura and Antunes-Rodrigues, José}, title = {Dorsal raphe nuclei integrate allostatic information evoked by depletion-induced sodium ingestion.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, school = {Departmento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. daniel-passosjunior@uiowa.edu}, year = {2007}, volume = {206}, number = {1}, pages = {86--94}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.04.008}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.04.008} }
Baddeley, A., Bueno, O., Cahill, L., Fuster, J., Izquierdo, I., McGaugh, J., Morris, R., Nadel, L., Routtenberg, A., Xavier, G. and Da Cunha, C.	The brain decade in debate: I. Neurobiology of learning and memory [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research Vol. 33(9), pp. 993-1002	article	URL
Abstract: This article is a transcription of an electronic symposium in which some active researchers were invited by the Brazilian Society for Neuroscience and Behavior (SBNeC) to discuss the last decade's advances in neurobiology of learning and memory. The way different parts of the brain are recruited during the storage of different kinds of memory (e.g., short-term vs long-term memory, declarative vs procedural memory) and even the property of these divisions were discussed. It was pointed out that the brain does not really store memories, but stores traces of information that are later used to create memories, not always expressing a completely veridical picture of the past experienced reality. To perform this process different parts of the brain act as important nodes of the neural network that encode, store and retrieve the information that will be used to create memories. Some of the brain regions are recognizably active during the activation of short-term working memory (e.g., prefrontal cortex), or the storage of information retrieved as long-term explicit memories (e.g., hippocampus and related cortical areas) or the modulation of the storage of memories related to emotional events (e.g., amygdala). This does not mean that there is a separate neural structure completely supporting the storage of each kind of memory but means that these memories critically depend on the functioning of these neural structures. The current view is that there is no sense in talking about hippocampus-based or amygdala-based memory since this implies that there is a one-to-one correspondence. The present question to be solved is how systems interact in memory. The pertinence of attributing a critical role to cellular processes like synaptic tagging and protein kinase A activation to explain the memory storage processes at the cellular level was also discussed.
BibTeX: @article{Baddeley:2000, author = {Baddeley, A. and Bueno, O. and Cahill, L. and Fuster, J.M. and Izquierdo, I. and McGaugh, J.L. and Morris, R.G.M. and Nadel, L. and Routtenberg, A. and Xavier, G. and Da Cunha, C.}, title = {The brain decade in debate: I. Neurobiology of learning and memory}, journal = {Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research}, year = {2000}, volume = {33}, number = {9}, pages = {993-1002}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034266077&partnerID=40&md5=badfccef0fd2cf7fdf9faa1b211533ab} }
Bader, A., Breer, H. and Strotmann, J.	Untypical connectivity from olfactory sensory neurons expressing OR37 into higher brain centers visualized by genetic tracing. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Histochem Cell BiolSchool: Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The OR37 subfamily of odorant receptors (ORs) exists exclusively in mammals. In contrast to ORs in general, they are highly conserved within and across species. These unique features raise the question, whether olfactory information gathered by the OR37 sensory cells is processed in specially designated brain areas. To elucidate the wiring of projection neurons from OR37 glomeruli into higher brain areas, tracing experiments were performed. The application of DiI onto the ventral area of the olfactory bulb, which harbors the OR37 glomeruli, led to the labeling of fibers not only in the typical olfactory cortical regions, but also in the medial amygdala and the hypothalamus. To visualize the projections from a defined OR37 glomerulus more precisely, transgenic mice were studied in which olfactory sensory neurons co-express the receptor subtype OR37C and the transsynaptic tracer wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). WGA became visible not only in the OR37C sensory neurons and the corresponding OR37C glomerulus, but also in cell somata located in the mitral/tufted cell layer adjacent to the OR37C glomerulus, indicating a transfer of WGA onto projection neurons. In the brain, WGA immunoreactivity was not detectable in typical olfactory cortical areas, but instead in distinct areas of the medial amygdala. Detailed mapping revealed that the WGA immunoreactivity was restricted to the posterior-dorsal subnucleus of the medial amygdala. In addition, WGA immunoreactivity was visible in some well-circumscribed areas of the hypothalamus. These results are indicative for a unique connectivity from OR37C sensory cells into higher brain centers.
BibTeX: @article{Bader:2012, author = {Bader, Andrea and Breer, Heinz and Strotmann, Jörg}, title = {Untypical connectivity from olfactory sensory neurons expressing OR37 into higher brain centers visualized by genetic tracing.}, journal = {Histochem Cell Biol}, school = {Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.}, year = {2012}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00418-012-0919-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-012-0919-2} }
Badia, J., Pascual-Font, A., Vivó, M., Udina, E. and Navarro, X.	Topographical distribution of motor fascicles in the sciatic-tibial nerve of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Muscle Nerve Vol. 42(2), pp. 192-201School: Neuroplasticity and Regeneration Group, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra E-08193, Spain.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Knowledge of the intraneural topography of peripheral nerves may help to improve nerve repair after injuries and the selectivity of neural interfaces. We studied the fascicular pattern of motor fibers of the rat sciatic-tibial nerve. We carried out an anatomical dissection of the muscular tributaries of the tibial nerve in the leg. Immunohistochemistry against choline acetyltransferase was used to identify motor axons. Retrograde tracing allowed localization of the muscular fascicles at proximal levels of the sciatic trunk. The distribution of motor fibers in transverse section of the tibial nerve is not homogeneous; two clusters were identified, each one containing fibers of functionally related muscles. Retrograde tracing allowed for the identification of motor fascicles, each one well localized along the sciatic nerve. In the rat there is a somatotopic organization of the sciatic nerve, with muscular fascicles maintaining the same relative position along the entire nerve.
BibTeX: @article{Badia:2010, author = {Badia, Jordi and Pascual-Font, Arán and Vivó, Meritxell and Udina, Esther and Navarro, Xavier}, title = {Topographical distribution of motor fascicles in the sciatic-tibial nerve of the rat.}, journal = {Muscle Nerve}, school = {Neuroplasticity and Regeneration Group, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra E-08193, Spain.}, year = {2010}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {192--201}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.21652}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.21652} }
Badoer, E.	Neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla are not activated by hypotension. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Brain Res Vol. 801(1-2), pp. 224-227School: Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton Rd., Clayton 3168, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. emilio.badoer@med.monash.edu.au	article	DOI
Abstract: The retrogradely-transported tracer, rhodamine-tagged microspheres was injected into the pressor region of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) to enable detection of paraventricular neurons in the hypothalamus that project to the RVLM. The protein, Fos, was detected immunohistochemically and used to highlight neurons that were activated by hypotension (-16+/-5 mmHg) induced by diazoxide (30 mg/kg s.c.). Compared to controls, Fos production was increased by three-fold in the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus but there was no significant increase in the number of retrogradely-labelled cells that expressed Fos. The results suggest paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons projecting to the RVLM are not activated by hypotension.
BibTeX: @article{Badoer:1998, author = {Badoer, E.}, title = {Neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla are not activated by hypotension.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton Rd., Clayton 3168, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. emilio.badoer@med.monash.edu.au}, year = {1998}, volume = {801}, number = {1-2}, pages = {224--227}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00560-5} }
Badoer, E.	Neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla are not activated by hypotension [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Brain Research Vol. 801(1-2), pp. 224-227	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The retrogradely-transported tracer, rhodamine-tagged microspheres was injected into the pressor region of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) to enable detection of paraventricular neurons in the hypothalamus that project to the RVLM. The protein, Fos, was detected immunohistochemically and used to highlight neurons that were activated by hypotension (-16 ± 5 mmHg) induced by diazoxide (30 mg/kg s.c.). Compared to controls, Fos production was increased by three-fold in the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus but there was no significant increase in the number of retrogradely-labelled cells that expressed Fos. The results suggest paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons projecting to the RVLM are not activated by hypotension.
BibTeX: @article{Badoer:1998b, author = {Badoer, E.}, title = {Neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla are not activated by hypotension}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1998}, volume = {801}, number = {1-2}, pages = {224-227}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032504567&partnerID=40&md5=a176acbd01ea0780694d471b0a7b631b}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00560-5} }
Badoer, E.	Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and cardiovascular regulation. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol Vol. 28(1-2), pp. 95-99School: Department of Medical Laboratory Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. emilio.badoer@rmit.edu.au	article
Abstract: 1. The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is an important integrative site within the brain composed of magnocellular and parvocellular neurons. It is known to influence sympathetic nerve activity. 2. The parvocellular PVN contains neurons that project to the intermediolateral cell column of the thoraco-lumbar spinal cord (IML). This defines the PVN as an autonomic 'premotor nucleus', one of only five present within the brain. 3. Another projection arising from the PVN is a prominent innervation of the pressor region of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), also a premotor nucleus. The distribution of the PVN neurons projecting to the RVLM is similar to that of the PVN neurons that project to the IML. 4. It has been found that up to 30% of spinally projecting neurons in the PVN also send collaterals to the RVLM. Thus, there are neurons in the PVN that can: (i) directly influence sympathetic nerve activity (via PVN-IML connections); (ii) indirectly influence sympathetic nerve activity (via PVN-RVLM connections); and (iii) both directly and indirectly influence sympathetic nerve activity (via neurons with collaterals to the IML and RVLM). 5. In the rat, results of studies using the protein Fos to identify activated neurons in the brain suggest that neurons in the PVN with projections to the IML or RVLM may be activated by decreases in blood volume. 6. In conclusion, the PVN can influence sympathetic nerve activity. Within the PVN are neurons with anatomical connections that enable them to affect sympathetic nerve activity either directly, indirectly or via both mechanisms (via collaterals). Studies that have examined the role of specific subgroups within the PVN suggest that PVN neurons with connections to the IML or to the RVLM may play a role in the reflex changes in sympathetic nerve activity that are involved in blood volume regulation.
BibTeX: @article{Badoer:2001, author = {Badoer, E.}, title = {Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and cardiovascular regulation.}, journal = {Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol}, school = {Department of Medical Laboratory Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. emilio.badoer@rmit.edu.au}, year = {2001}, volume = {28}, number = {1-2}, pages = {95--99}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Badoer, E.	Retrogradely transported neuronal tracers combined with immunohistochemistry using free-floating brain sections. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Methods Mol Biol Vol. 611, pp. 73-85School: School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Immunohistochemistry has been used widely for the detection of proteins in brain tissue. The process can be performed on free-floating sections, but thicker sections are required than those required for processing on slides due to the "wear and tear" of the constant agitation that free-floating sections undergo. Immunohistochemical detection of molecules of interest such as receptors, neurotransmitters or intracellular signaling molecules is used to determine the distribution of these molecules in tissues. However, it is often of interest to simultaneously determine where the neurons under investigation may project and whether they are activated by a specific stimulus. In this chapter, we will focus on protocols that we use to combine the detection of (i) Fos-positive neurons to detect increased neuronal activity, (ii) nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) to detect nitric oxide synthase, and (iii) retrogradely transported tracers to identify specific projections.
BibTeX: @article{Badoer:2010, author = {Badoer, Emilio}, title = {Retrogradely transported neuronal tracers combined with immunohistochemistry using free-floating brain sections.}, journal = {Methods Mol Biol}, school = {School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.}, year = {2010}, volume = {611}, pages = {73--85}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-345-9_6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-345-9_6} }
Badoer, E.	Retrogradely transported neuronal tracers combined with immunohistochemistry using free-floating brain sections. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) Vol. 611, pp. 73-85	article	URL
Abstract: Immunohistochemistry has been used widely for the detection of proteins in brain tissue. The process can be performed on free-floating sections, but thicker sections are required than those required for processing on slides due to the "wear and tear" of the constant agitation that free-floating sections undergo. Immunohistochemical detection of molecules of interest such as receptors, neurotransmitters or intracellular signaling molecules is used to determine the distribution of these molecules in tissues. However, it is often of interest to simultaneously determine where the neurons under investigation may project and whether they are activated by a specific stimulus. In this chapter, we will focus on protocols that we use to combine the detection of (i) Fos-positive neurons to detect increased neuronal activity, (ii) nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) to detect nitric oxide synthase, and (iii) retrogradely transported tracers to identify specific projections.
BibTeX: @article{Badoer:2010a, author = {Badoer, E.}, title = {Retrogradely transported neuronal tracers combined with immunohistochemistry using free-floating brain sections.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, year = {2010}, volume = {611}, pages = {73-85}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77449086065&partnerID=40&md5=1e1865b3f09f7467f98507f2c4d0f628} }
Badoer, E., Head, G., Aberdeen, J. and Korner, P.	Localization of the main noradrenergic neuron groups in the pons and medulla of the rabbit and the importance of cathodal lesions for prolonged survival [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Journal of Neuroscience Methods Vol. 19(1), pp. 11-27	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Methods for stereotaxically localizing the major noradrenergic (NA) cell groups (i.e. A1, A2, A5 and A6+A7) in the rabbit are described. Using a modified Kopf head holder we used surface landmarks including the obex for making lesions of the A1 and A2 cells in the medulla. Localization of the pontine cell groups was done by mapping intracerebral structures including (1) the facial nerve for A5 and (2) the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve for A6 + A7. In the initial experiments we made A1 lesions by passing anodal currents through stainless steel electrodes, which was associated with pulmonary oedema, neurological complications and a high mortality. This syndrome was probably related to toxic effects of ferric ion deposition, and disappeared when cathodal currents were employed. We have now made 106 bilateral cathodal lesions in the different groups, with a 20% intraoperative mortality. But virtually all survivors remained indefinitely in clinically good condition for the 2-4 weeks duration of our experiments. In 65 of these rabbits we achieved greater than 75% of NA cell destruction (average 84%). From the cardiovascular viewpoint 'non-specific' damage by the lesions was relatively small, except after A2 lesions where there was some impairment in the baroreceptor-heart rate reflex, though a considerable amount of residual function remained. © 1987.
BibTeX: @article{Badoer:1987, author = {Badoer, E. and Head, G.A. and Aberdeen, J.A. and Korner, P.I.}, title = {Localization of the main noradrenergic neuron groups in the pons and medulla of the rabbit and the importance of cathodal lesions for prolonged survival}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods}, year = {1987}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {11-27}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023281244&partnerID=40&md5=767a4ceae6fe82f1bce4c2574096c91c}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(87)90017-3} }
Badoer, E. and McKinlay, D.	Effect of intravenous angiotensin II on Fos distribution and drinking behavior in rabbits [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology Vol. 272(5 41-5), pp. R1515-R1524	article	URL
Abstract: We investigated the effect of intravenous infusion of angiotensin II (ANG II, 40 ng · kg-1 · min-1) on the distribution of Fos in the subfornical organ (SFO), organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), and the medulla of the conscious rabbit. ANG II elicited significant increases in the number of Fos-positive cell nuclei in the SFO and OVLT (15- and 10-fold, respectively). Raising blood pressure with phenylephrine did not elicit Fos in these nuclei. These nuclei are believed to be responsible for the dipsogenic actions of ANG II; however, ANG II was not dipsogenic. When blood pressure was held at preinfusion levels by the coadministration of sodium nitroprusside and ANG II, the rabbits did not drink but Fos production in the lamina terminalis was elevated. In the medulla, ANG II did not significantly increase Fos production in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) or ventrolateral medulla (VLM). However, with the coadministration of sodium nitroprusside, there were marked increases in the NTS and VLM. The results suggest that neurons in the SFO and OVLT are either not involved in the dipsogenic pathways or there is disruption further downstream in the central pathways that would normally mediate a drinking response to ANG II.
BibTeX: @article{Badoer:1997, author = {Badoer, E. and McKinlay, D.}, title = {Effect of intravenous angiotensin II on Fos distribution and drinking behavior in rabbits}, journal = {American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology}, year = {1997}, volume = {272}, number = {5 41-5}, pages = {R1515-R1524}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030962561&partnerID=40&md5=08834e7b2d5aa0b116c2069114a0e179} }
Badoer, E., McKinley, M.J., Oldfield, B.J. and McAllen, R.M.	Localization of barosensitive neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla which project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Brain Res Vol. 657(1-2), pp. 258-268School: Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.	article	DOI
Abstract: A population of depressor neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla may mediate the baroreceptor reflex. The aim of the present study was to determine the anatomical distribution of the population of neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that mediate the baroreceptor reflex. Injection of the retrogradely transported tracer, rhodamine-labelled latex beads, into the pressor area of the rostral ventrolateral medulla of rats was used to identify neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla with projections to that area. Barosensitive neurons were identified by immunohistochemical detection of the protein Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, following infusion of the pressor agent phenylephrine (10 micrograms/kg/min, i.v. for 2 h n = 5). Isotonic saline was infused into control animals (n = 4). Neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla with projections to the rostral ventrolateral medulla were located at all rostrocaudal levels examined between 1 mm caudal and 0.4 mm rostral of the obex. Compared to saline infused rats, phenylephrine infusion induced a significant increase in the proportion of those neurons that expressed Fos (14% vs. 1% P < 0.000.1). These barosensitive neurons were found mainly at the level of the obex, between the lateral reticular nucleus and the nucleus ambiguus. In conclusion, this study is the first to show the distribution of the population of barosensitive neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that project to the pressor region of the rostroventrolateral medulla. The results suggest there is a subpopulation of depressor neurons, confined to a small region of the rostral part of the caudal ventrolateral medulla, that are likely to be the interneurons that mediate the baroreceptor-reflex response.
BibTeX: @article{Badoer:1994, author = {Badoer, E. and McKinley, M. J. and Oldfield, B. J. and McAllen, R. M.}, title = {Localization of barosensitive neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla which project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.}, year = {1994}, volume = {657}, number = {1-2}, pages = {258--268}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(94)90975-x} }
Badoer, E., McKinley, M.J., Oldfield, B.J. and McAllen, R.M.	Localization of barosensitive neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla which project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Brain research Vol. 657, pp. 258-68	article
Abstract: A population of depressor neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla may mediate the baroreceptor reflex. The aim of the present study was to determine the anatomical distribution of the population of neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that mediate the baroreceptor reflex. Injection of the retrogradely transported tracer, rhodamine-labelled latex beads, into the pressor area of the rostral ventrolateral medulla of rats was used to identify neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla with projections to that area. Barosensitive neurons were identified by immunohistochemical detection of the protein Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, following infusion of the pressor agent phenylephrine (10 micrograms/kg/min, i.v. for 2 h n = 5). Isotonic saline was infused into control animals (n = 4). Neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla with projections to the rostral ventrolateral medulla were located at all rostrocaudal levels examined between 1 mm caudal and 0.4 mm rostral of the obex. Compared to saline infused rats, phenylephrine infusion induced a significant increase in the proportion of those neurons that expressed Fos (14% vs. 1% P < 0.000.1). These barosensitive neurons were found mainly at the level of the obex, between the lateral reticular nucleus and the nucleus ambiguus. In conclusion, this study is the first to show the distribution of the population of barosensitive neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that project to the pressor region of the rostroventrolateral medulla. The results suggest there is a subpopulation of depressor neurons, confined to a small region of the rostral part of the caudal ventrolateral medulla, that are likely to be the interneurons that mediate the baroreceptor-reflex response.
BibTeX: @article{Badoer:1994a, author = {Badoer, E. and McKinley, M. J. and Oldfield, B. J. and McAllen, R. M.}, title = {Localization of barosensitive neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla which project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1994}, volume = {657}, pages = {258-68}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Badoer, E. and Merolli, J.	Neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla are activated by haemorrhage. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Brain Res Vol. 791(1-2), pp. 317-320School: Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton Rd., Clayton 3168, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. emilio@badoer@med.monash.edu.au	article	DOI
Abstract: The retrogradely-transported tracer, rhodamine-tagged microspheres, was injected into the pressor region of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) to identify paraventricular neurons in the hypothalamus that project to the RVLM. The protein, Fos, was detected immunohistochemically and used to highlight neurons that were activated by a hypotensive haemorrhage. Compared to controls, Fos production was increased by approximately 3-fold in the paraventricular nucleus (P<0.009) and there was a significant increase in the number of retrogradely-labelled cells that expressed Fos. These represented 5% of the retrogradely-labelled cell population. The results suggest that a small subpopulation of PVN neurons projecting to the RVLM are activated by haemorrhage and may be involved in the reflex responses initiated by that stimulus.
BibTeX: @article{Badoer:1998a, author = {Badoer, E. and Merolli, J.}, title = {Neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla are activated by haemorrhage.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton Rd., Clayton 3168, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. emilio@badoer@med.monash.edu.au}, year = {1998}, volume = {791}, number = {1-2}, pages = {317--320}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00140-1} }
Badoer, E. and Merolli, J.	Neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla are activated by haemorrhage [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Brain Research Vol. 791(1-2), pp. 317-320	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The retrogradely-transported tracer, rhodamine-tagged microspheres, was injected into the pressor region of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) to identify paraventricular neurons in the hypothalamus that project to the RVLM. The protein, Fos, was detected immunohistochemically and used to highlight neurons that were activated by a hypotensive haemorrhage. Compared to controls, Fos production was increased by approximately 3-fold in the paraventricular nucleus (P < 0.009) and there was a significant increase in the number of retrogradely-labelled cells that expressed Fos. These represented 5% of the retrogradely-labelled cell population. The results suggest that a small subpopulation of PVN neurons projecting to the RVLM are activated by haemorrhage and may be involved in the reflex responses initiated by that stimulus.
BibTeX: @article{Badoer:1998c, author = {Badoer, E. and Merolli, J.}, title = {Neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla are activated by haemorrhage}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1998}, volume = {791}, number = {1-2}, pages = {317-320}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032571743&partnerID=40&md5=f7dfc609d4366850080ffa0b09836a9b}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00140-1} }
Badoer, E. and Ryan, A.	Effects of leptin on spinally projecting neurons in the PVN of the hypothalamus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Brain Res Vol. 844(1-2), pp. 210-215School: Rd., Clayton 3168, Melbourne, Australia. emilio9.badoer@med.monash.edu.au	article	DOI
Abstract: The study examined whether intravenous (i.v.) leptin increased Fos-production in spinally projecting neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). We combined (i) rhodamine tagged microspheres injected into the upper thoracic spinal cord and (ii) Fos (marker of neuronal activation) immunohistochemistry. Effects of recombinant murine leptin were compared to vehicle (containing lipopolysaccharide a contaminant present in the leptin solution). Following leptin, 10% of the spinally projecting neurons contained Fos. However, vehicle elicited similar effects and there was no significant difference between the groups.
BibTeX: @article{Badoer:1999, author = {Badoer, E. and Ryan, A.}, title = {Effects of leptin on spinally projecting neurons in the PVN of the hypothalamus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Rd., Clayton 3168, Melbourne, Australia. emilio9.badoer@med.monash.edu.au}, year = {1999}, volume = {844}, number = {1-2}, pages = {210--215}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01902-2} }
Badura, L., Kelly, K. and Nunez, A.	Knife Cuts Lateral but Not Dorsal to the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Abolish Gonadal Responses to Photoperiod in Female Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Journal of Biological Rhythms Vol. 4(1), pp. 79-91	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Horizontal and parasagittal knife cuts in the hypothalamus of female hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were employed to investigate the neural pathways that mediate go nadal responses to photoperiod. Bilateral horizontal knife cuts placed dorsal to the paraven tricular nucleus (PVN) did not prevent short-day-induced acyclicity and uterine regression. On the other hand, regardless of photoperiod, animals with bilateral parasagittal knife cuts placed lateral to the PVN continued to exhibit regular 4-day estrous cycles and stimulated uteri. Thus, parasagittal cuts prevented the effects of short days on reproductive physiology. This finding suggests that the lateral efferent projections from the PVN represent an important component of the neural pathway mediating reproductive photoperiodism in female hamsters. © 1989, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Badura:1989, author = {Badura, L.L. and Kelly, K.K. and Nunez, A.A.}, title = {Knife Cuts Lateral but Not Dorsal to the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Abolish Gonadal Responses to Photoperiod in Female Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)}, journal = {Journal of Biological Rhythms}, year = {1989}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {79-91}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024619499&partnerID=40&md5=3fa446794e46e429828fe782bf85167e}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/074873048900400106} }
Badura, L. and Nunez, A.	Photoperiodic modulation of sexual and aggressive behavior in female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus): Role of the pineal gland [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Hormones and Behavior Vol. 23(1), pp. 27-42	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Pinealectomized female hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) housed in a short-day photoperiod were ovariectomized and tested for hormone-induced sexual receptivity in order to investigate the role of the pineal gland in the control of behavioral sensitivity to exogenous ovarian steroid hormones (Experiment 1). Behavioral sensitivity to hormones was further investigated in females maintained in a long-day photoperiod and rendered acyclic by daily administration of exogenous melatonin (Experiment 2). Female aggressive behavior was also monitored in all tests. Pinealectomy did not affect the reduced behavioral sensitivity to exogenous estrogen (E) induced by short days. These animals were also partially refractory to the effects of E when combined with low doses of progesterone. In addition, although melatonin administration mimicked the effects of short days on estrous cyclicity, the expression of hormone-dependent behaviors in these animals resembled the pattern displayed by control animals kept in long days. Thus, these findings suggest that the pineal gland plays a negligible role in the photoperiodic modulation of hormone-dependent sociosexual behaviors in female hamsters. © 1989.
BibTeX: @article{Badura:1989a, author = {Badura, L.L. and Nunez, A.A.}, title = {Photoperiodic modulation of sexual and aggressive behavior in female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus): Role of the pineal gland}, journal = {Hormones and Behavior}, year = {1989}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {27-42}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024564237&partnerID=40&md5=a2d0404541b16e20a50894255568519d}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0018-506X(89)90072-X} }
Bae, Y.C., Ihn, H.J., Park, M.J., Ottersen, O.P., Moritani, M., Yoshida, A. and Shigenaga, Y.	Identification of signal substances in synapses made between primary afferents and their associated axon terminals in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclei. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	J Comp Neurol Vol. 418(3), pp. 299-309School: Department of Oral Anatomy, Kyungpook University School of Dentistry, Jung-Ku Taegu, Korea. ycbae@kyungpook.ac.kr	article	DOI
Abstract: The relationships between primary afferent terminals (PATs) and their associated presynaptic terminals in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC) were examined with special reference to amino acid transmitters glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Primary afferent terminals anterogradely labeled from the trigeminal ganglion with the B subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CTB-HRP) were sectioned for electron microscopy. Serial sections from the principal nucleus (Vp), dorsomedial parts of the oral and interpolar nuclei (Vdm), and lamina III/IV of caudal nucleus (Vc) were immunostained for Glu and GABA by using a postembedding immunogold technique. The tracer, CTB-HRP to the trigeminal ganglion, preferentially labeled myelinated primary afferents. Sections immunostained with Glu antiserum showed that most labeled PATs were enriched with immunoreactivity (IR) for Glu. The Glu-IR PATs contained clear, round, synaptic vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic contacts with somata or dendrites. They were frequently postsynaptic to, unlabeled axon terminals filled with a mixture of clear, round, oval, and flattened vesicles (p-endings), with symmetric synaptic junctions. The frequency of synapses onto somata or primary dendrites per Glu-IR PAT was higher in the Vdm than in either the Vp or Vc lamina III/IV. The frequency of contacts of the p-endings per Glu-IR PAT was higher in the Vp than in the Vdm and Vc lamina III/IV. Sections immunostained with GABA antiserum showed that most axon terminals presynaptic to PATs were enriched with GABA in the three nuclei. The GABA-IR axon terminals and their postsynaptic PATs had a similar ultrastructural character to p-endings and their postsynaptic Glu-IR PATs, respectively. The present study suggests that primary afferent neurons with large-caliber fibers use glutamate as a neurotransmitter and are subject to presynaptic modulation by GABAergic fibers.
BibTeX: @article{Bae:2000, author = {Y. C. Bae and H. J. Ihn and M. J. Park and O. P. Ottersen and M. Moritani and A. Yoshida and Y. Shigenaga}, title = {Identification of signal substances in synapses made between primary afferents and their associated axon terminals in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclei.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Oral Anatomy, Kyungpook University School of Dentistry, Jung-Ku Taegu, Korea. ycbae@kyungpook.ac.kr}, year = {2000}, volume = {418}, number = {3}, pages = {299--309}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000313)418:3%3C299::aid-cne5%3E3.0.co;2-i} }
Bae, Y.C., Ihn, H.J., Park, M.J., Ottersen, O.P., Moritani, M., Yoshida, A. and Shigenaga, Y.	Identification of signal substances in synapses made between primary afferents and their associated axon terminals in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclei. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 418, pp. 299-309	article
Abstract: The relationships between primary afferent terminals (PATs) and their associated presynaptic terminals in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC) were examined with special reference to amino acid transmitters glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Primary afferent terminals anterogradely labeled from the trigeminal ganglion with the B subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CTB-HRP) were sectioned for electron microscopy. Serial sections from the principal nucleus (Vp), dorsomedial parts of the oral and interpolar nuclei (Vdm), and lamina III/IV of caudal nucleus (Vc) were immunostained for Glu and GABA by using a postembedding immunogold technique. The tracer, CTB-HRP to the trigeminal ganglion, preferentially labeled myelinated primary afferents. Sections immunostained with Glu antiserum showed that most labeled PATs were enriched with immunoreactivity (IR) for Glu. The Glu-IR PATs contained clear, round, synaptic vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic contacts with somata or dendrites. They were frequently postsynaptic to, unlabeled axon terminals filled with a mixture of clear, round, oval, and flattened vesicles (p-endings), with symmetric synaptic junctions. The frequency of synapses onto somata or primary dendrites per Glu-IR PAT was higher in the Vdm than in either the Vp or Vc lamina III/IV. The frequency of contacts of the p-endings per Glu-IR PAT was higher in the Vp than in the Vdm and Vc lamina III/IV. Sections immunostained with GABA antiserum showed that most axon terminals presynaptic to PATs were enriched with GABA in the three nuclei. The GABA-IR axon terminals and their postsynaptic PATs had a similar ultrastructural character to p-endings and their postsynaptic Glu-IR PATs, respectively. The present study suggests that primary afferent neurons with large-caliber fibers use glutamate as a neurotransmitter and are subject to presynaptic modulation by GABAergic fibers.
BibTeX: @article{Bae:2000a, author = {Bae, Y. C. and Ihn, H. J. and Park, M. J. and Ottersen, O. P. and Moritani, M. and Yoshida, A. and Shigenaga, Y.}, title = {Identification of signal substances in synapses made between primary afferents and their associated axon terminals in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclei.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {2000}, volume = {418}, pages = {299-309}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Bae, Y.C., Kim, J.P., Choi, B.J., Park, K.P., Choi, M.K., Moritani, M., Yoshida, A. and Shigenaga, Y.	Synaptic organization of tooth pulp afferent terminals in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclei. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	J Comp Neurol Vol. 463(1), pp. 13-24School: Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 700-422, Korea. ycbae@knu.ac.kr	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Previous studies provide evidence that a structure/function correlation exists in the distinct zones of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. To evaluate this relationship, we examined the ultrastructure of afferent terminals from the tooth pulp in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclei: the principalis (Vp), the dorsomedial part of oral nucleus (Vdm), and the superficial layers of caudalis (Vc), by using transganglionic transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). A total of 93 labeled boutons were serially sectioned, in which some sections were incubated with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antiserum. Almost all labeled boutons formed asymmetric contact with nonprimary dendrites, in which more than half of labeled boutons in the Vc made synapses with their spines. The labeled boutons could be divided into two types on the basis of numbers of dense-cored vesicles (DCVs) in a boutons: S-type and DCV-type. Almost all labeled boutons in the Vp and Vdm were S-type, whereas two types were distributed evenly in the Vc. In contrast to DCV-type boutons, the S-type was frequently postsynaptic to unlabeled axon terminals containing a mixture of round, oval, and flattened vesicles (p-endings) and forming symmetrical synapses. Most p-endings examined were immunoreactive to GABA. The frequency of axoaxonic contacts was higher for labeled boutons in the Vp than in the Vdm and Vc. These results suggest that the three structures of trigeminal sensory nuclei serve distinct functions in nociceptive processing.
BibTeX: @article{Bae:2003, author = {Bae, Yong Chul and Kim, Jong Pil and Choi, Byung Ju and Park, Kuk Pil and Choi, Min Ki and Moritani, Masayuki and Yoshida, Atsushi and Shigenaga, Yoshio}, title = {Synaptic organization of tooth pulp afferent terminals in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclei.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 700-422, Korea. ycbae@knu.ac.kr}, year = {2003}, volume = {463}, number = {1}, pages = {13--24}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10741}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.10741} }
Bae, Y.C., Paik, S.K., Park, K.P., Ma, S.K., Jin, J.G., Ahn, D.K., Kim, S.K., Moritani, M. and Yoshida, A.	Quantitative analysis of tooth pulp afferent terminals in the rat brain stem. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Neuroreport Vol. 15(16), pp. 2485-2489School: Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 188-1, 2-Ga, Samdeok-Dong, Jung-Gu, Daegu 700-412, Korea. ycbae@knu.ac.kr	article	DOI
Abstract: This study analyzed quantitatively the ultrastructural features of tooth pulp afferent terminals and their presynaptic axonal endings (p-endings) in the trigeminal principal (Vp), dorsomedial oral (Vdm), and caudal nuclei (Vc). Mitochondrial volume, active zone area, apposed surface area, and vesicle number were highly correlated with afferent bouton volume. The afferent bouton volume varied widely in Vp, compared to that in Vdm and Vc. The values of all parameters of p-endings were within a narrow range, and were smaller than those of afferent boutons. The afferent bouton volume correlated with the number of postsynaptic dendrites and p-endings. These results suggest that pulpal afferent information is regulated in a unique manner in the each trigeminal sensory nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Bae:2004, author = {Bae, Yong Chul and Paik, Sang Kyoo and Park, Kuk Pil and Ma, Su Kyung and Jin, Jong Gil and Ahn, Dong Kuk and Kim, Sung Kyo and Moritani, Masayuki and Yoshida, Atsushi}, title = {Quantitative analysis of tooth pulp afferent terminals in the rat brain stem.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, school = {Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 188-1, 2-Ga, Samdeok-Dong, Jung-Gu, Daegu 700-412, Korea. ycbae@knu.ac.kr}, year = {2004}, volume = {15}, number = {16}, pages = {2485--2489}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200411150-00011} }
Bae, Y.-J., Kim, J.-Y., Choi, M.-K., Chung, Y.-S. and Kim, M.-H.	Short-term administration of water-soluble silicon improves mineral density of the femur and tibia in ovariectomized rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Biol Trace Elem Res Vol. 124(2), pp. 157-163School: Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Silicon is important for the proper growth and development of bone and connective tissues. This study was designed to investigate if water-soluble silicon could be used for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Silicon (Si 20 mg/kg body weight/day) was administrated orally to 17-week-old ovariectomized (OVX) rats for 4 weeks. Silicon did not alter weight gain in OVX rats. Silicon supplementation significantly increased the bone mineral density of the femur (p < 0.05, vs. OVX control group) and tibia in OVX rats (p < 0.05, vs. OVX control group). Serum alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, two bone formation biomarkers tested, were not significantly altered, but urinary calcium and phosphorous excretion tended to decrease with silicon supplementation. OVX rats with silicon supplementation showed a relatively higher serum CTx compared to the nonsupplemented OVX group (p < 0.01, vs. OVX control group). According to these results, short-term soluble silicon supplementation improved bone mineral density in OVX-induced osteoporosis.
BibTeX: @article{Bae:2008, author = {Bae, Yun-Jung and Kim, Jae-Young and Choi, Mi-Kyeong and Chung, Yoon-Sok and Kim, Mi-Hyun}, title = {Short-term administration of water-soluble silicon improves mineral density of the femur and tibia in ovariectomized rats.}, journal = {Biol Trace Elem Res}, school = {Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea.}, year = {2008}, volume = {124}, number = {2}, pages = {157--163}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-008-8138-3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-008-8138-3} }
Baeg, E.H., Kim, Y.B., Jang, J., Kim, H.T., Mook-Jung, I. and Jung, M.W.	Fast spiking and regular spiking neural correlates of fear conditioning in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Cereb Cortex Vol. 11(5), pp. 441-451School: Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Medical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Korea.	article	DOI
Abstract: In order to investigate whether and how medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of the rat is involved in processing of information related to fear conditioning, we recorded from single units in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortex of fear-conditioned rats in response to an explicit conditional stimulus (CS; an auditory tone) or contextual cues (conditioning box). The majority of units changed their activities significantly in response to the CS in a delay or trace conditioning paradigm. Both transient and tonic activity changes, including delay cell activity, were observed as in other behavioral tasks. When exposed to the context without CS delivery, most units changed their activities as well. These results show that both tone and contextual information are processed in the rat mPFC in expectation of the delivery of an aversive stimulus (electric foot shock). Interestingly, fast spiking cells (putative inhibitory interneurons) and regular spiking cells (putative projection neurons) showed different patterns of responses. Fast spiking cells tended to show transient responses and increased their firing rates following CS presentation, whereas a complementary pattern was observed in the regular spiking cells. Our results enhance our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying prediction of an aversive stimulus in the mPFC.
BibTeX: @article{Baeg:2001, author = {E. H. Baeg and Y. B. Kim and J. Jang and H. T. Kim and I. Mook-Jung and M. W. Jung}, title = {Fast spiking and regular spiking neural correlates of fear conditioning in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat.}, journal = {Cereb Cortex}, school = {Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Medical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Korea.}, year = {2001}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {441--451}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/11.5.441} }
Baeg, E.H., Kim, Y.B., Jang, J., Kim, H.T., Mook-Jung, I. and Jung, M.W.	Fast spiking and regular spiking neural correlates of fear conditioning in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) Vol. 11, pp. 441-51	article
Abstract: In order to investigate whether and how medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of the rat is involved in processing of information related to fear conditioning, we recorded from single units in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortex of fear-conditioned rats in response to an explicit conditional stimulus (CS; an auditory tone) or contextual cues (conditioning box). The majority of units changed their activities significantly in response to the CS in a delay or trace conditioning paradigm. Both transient and tonic activity changes, including delay cell activity, were observed as in other behavioral tasks. When exposed to the context without CS delivery, most units changed their activities as well. These results show that both tone and contextual information are processed in the rat mPFC in expectation of the delivery of an aversive stimulus (electric foot shock). Interestingly, fast spiking cells (putative inhibitory interneurons) and regular spiking cells (putative projection neurons) showed different patterns of responses. Fast spiking cells tended to show transient responses and increased their firing rates following CS presentation, whereas a complementary pattern was observed in the regular spiking cells. Our results enhance our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying prediction of an aversive stimulus in the mPFC.
BibTeX: @article{Baeg:2001a, author = {Baeg, E. H. and Kim, Y. B. and Jang, J. and Kim, H. T. and Mook-Jung, I. and Jung, M. W.}, title = {Fast spiking and regular spiking neural correlates of fear conditioning in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat.}, journal = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)}, year = {2001}, volume = {11}, pages = {441-51}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Baek, S.Y., Yamano, M., Shiotani, Y. and Tohyama, M.	Distribution and origin of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive fibers in the central amygdaloid nucleus of the rat: an immunocytochemical analysis. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Peptides Vol. 9(3), pp. 661-668School: Department of Neuroanatomy, Osaka University Medical School, Japan.	article	DOI
Abstract: We studied the distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive (VIPLI) fibers in the central amygdaloid (AC) nucleus of the rat, using indirect immunofluorescence and the origins of such fibers using a combination of retrograde tracing with immunocytochemistry. VIPLI fibers formed a dense fiber plexus in the lateral subdivision of the AC nucleus, but other subdivisions showed little immunoreactivity. Destruction of the supramammillary (SuM) region and the adjacent lateral hypothalamus, both of which contained a group of VIPLI neurons, resulted in the marked reduction of VIPLI fibers in the ipsilateral AC nucleus, indicating that many of the fibers in the AC nucleus originate from these two areas. This assumption was supported by the finding that injection of fast blue dye into the AC nucleus labeled the VIPLI neurons in the SuM region and lateral hypothalamus.
BibTeX: @article{Baek:1988, author = {S. Y. Baek and M. Yamano and Y. Shiotani and M. Tohyama}, title = {Distribution and origin of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive fibers in the central amygdaloid nucleus of the rat: an immunocytochemical analysis.}, journal = {Peptides}, school = {Department of Neuroanatomy, Osaka University Medical School, Japan.}, year = {1988}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {661--668}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-9781(88)90179-9} }
Baeres, F. and Møller, M.	Demonstration of PACAP-immunoreactive intrapineal nerve fibers in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) originating from the trigeminal ganglion [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Journal of Pineal Research Vol. 38(2), pp. 116-122	article	DOI URL
Abstract: By using immunohistochemistry, a network of nerve fibers containing pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) was demonstrated in the pineal gland of the golden hamster, a photoperiodic species often used in pineal and circadian rhythm research. The nerve fibers are present in the capsule from where they permeate into the pineal perivascular spaces and parenchyma. Immuno-electron microscopy showed the PACAPergic nerve terminals, with clear transmitter vesicles, to terminate in the interstitial spaces between the pinealocytes or in the perivascular spaces. Some of the PACAPergic nerve terminals made synapse-like contacts with the pinealocytes. The origin of the PACAP-containing nerve fibers innervating the pineal gland of the hamster was investigated by combined retrograde tracing with fluorogold and immunohistochemistry for PACAP. A 2% fluorogold solution was injected iontophoretically into the superficial pineal gland and the animals were allowed to survive for 1 wk. After perfusion fixation of the rats, the location of the tracer was investigated in the brain, the parasympathetic sphenopalatine, and otic ganglia, as well as in the sensory trigeminal ganglia. The tracer was found in perikarya of all the investigated ganglia. However, co-localization with PACAP was found only in the trigeminal ganglion. © Blackwell Munksgaard, 2004.
BibTeX: @article{Baeres:2005, author = {Baeres, F.M.M. and Møller, M.}, title = {Demonstration of PACAP-immunoreactive intrapineal nerve fibers in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) originating from the trigeminal ganglion}, journal = {Journal of Pineal Research}, year = {2005}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, pages = {116-122}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-14344258976&partnerID=40&md5=fe0b85832f1bdf368f2fc58d353386e2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2004.00183.x} }
Baeschlin, D., Chaperon, A., Green, L., Hahn, M., Ince, S. and Ley, S.	1,2-Diacetals in synthesis: Total synthesis of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor of Trypanosoma brucei [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Chemistry - A European Journal Vol. 6(1), pp. 172-186	article	DOI URL
Abstract: A full account on a total synthesis of GPI anchor 1 employing butanediacetal (BDA) groups and a chiral bis(dihydropyran) is presented. The reactivity of selenium and thio glycosides was tuned by the use of BDA groups. This allowed the assembly of an appropriately protected GPI anchor precursor 2 in just six steps from the six building blocks 5-10 including only one protecting group manipulation (see Scheme 1). myo-Inositol was desymmetrised with the bis(dihydropyran) derivative 15 and appropriately protected to give inositol acceptor 21 in nine steps and 17% overall yield (see Scheme 3). The use of common starting materials and BDA-protections give efficient access to building blocks 5, 6, 7 and 8 (see Scheme 5). A new and improved synthesis of the glucosamine donor 28 is included. In summary, a highly convergent and efficient synthesis of GPI anchor 1, which is clearly adaptable to other GPI anchors, has been reported.
BibTeX: @article{Baeschlin:2000, author = {Baeschlin, D.K. and Chaperon, A.R. and Green, L.G. and Hahn, M.G. and Ince, S.J. and Ley, S.V.}, title = {1,2-Diacetals in synthesis: Total synthesis of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor of Trypanosoma brucei}, journal = {Chemistry - A European Journal}, year = {2000}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {172-186}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033985424&partnerID=40&md5=1d6c14264c282aeb44570410f5dae7c5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3765(20000103)6:1%3C172::aid-chem172%3E3.3.co;2-x} }
Baetens, K., Ma, N., Steen, J. and Van Overwalle, F.	Involvement of the mentalizing network in social and non-social high construal [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Vol. 9(6), pp. 817-824	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) is consistently involved in tasks requiring the processing of mental states, and much rarer so by tasks that do not involve mental state inferences. We hypothesized that the dmPFC might be more generally involved in high construal of stimuli, defined as the formation of concepts or ideas by omitting non-essential features of stimuli, irrespective of their social or non-social nature. In an fMRI study, we presented pictures of a person engaged in everyday activities (social stimuli) or of objects (non-social stimuli) and induced a higher level of construal by instructing participants to generate personality traits of the person or categories to which the objects belonged. This was contrasted against a lower level task where participants had to describe these same pictures visually. As predicted, we found strong involvement of the dmPFC in high construal, with substantial overlap across social and non-social stimuli, including shared activation in the vmPFC/ OFC, parahippocampal, fusiform and angular gyrus, precuneus, posterior cingulate and right cerebellum. © The Author (2013). Published by Oxford University Press.
BibTeX: @article{Baetens:2013, author = {Baetens, K. and Ma, N. and Steen, J. and Van Overwalle, F.}, title = {Involvement of the mentalizing network in social and non-social high construal}, journal = {Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience}, year = {2013}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {817-824}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84896736043&partnerID=40&md5=2d33589e402e6103d3991c76b8b9b922}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst048} }
Bagaev, V.A. and Makarov, F.N.	[The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and its role in innervating the digestive tract]. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Morfologiia Vol. 111(1), pp. 7-14	article
Abstract: Findings on topography of dorsal motor vagal nucleus neurons from which axons towards functionally different regions of digestive tract extend were analysed. Based on that and on the data available in literature main peculiarities of these cells topical organization were formulated. It is noted that "gastrointestinal" neurons are localised in dorsal motor nucleus as narrow stripes oriented caudo-rostrad. Stripes (or columns) of neurons from axons towards the digestive trace different parts arise do not cross. Digestive tract oral parts receive parasympathetic efferent inputs from neurons of medial and dorsomedial parts of the nucleus and caudal--from ventromedial cells of dorsal motor nucleus. Sites of maximal accumulation of initial "gastrointestinal" neurons that occupy an area within +0.5-(+)2.0 mm of functionally different regions of stomach and gut were demonstrated in cat and rat.
BibTeX: @article{Bagaev:1997, author = {Bagaev, V. A. and Makarov, F. N.}, title = {[The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and its role in innervating the digestive tract].}, journal = {Morfologiia}, year = {1997}, volume = {111}, number = {1}, pages = {7--14} }
Bagaev, V. and Aleksandrov, V.	Visceral-related area in the rat insular cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Auton Neurosci Vol. 125(1-2), pp. 16-21School: Pavlov Institute of Physiology, nab.Makarova 6, Sankt-Petersburg 199034, Russia.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The insular cortex interacts with the bulbar autonomic nuclei providing autonomic manifestations accompanying several neurological and psychosomatic disorders. The aim of our study was to identify the sites within the insular cortex, which could be responsible for the gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular responses. The main methods used were microinjections of HRP into several parts of the bulbar dorsal vagal complex and microstimulation of the insular cortex. It has been found that a compact group of neurons located in the middle level of the rat insular cortex projects directly to the specific "gastric" part of the dorsal vagal complex. Retrograde labelled cell bodies were revealed in the V layer of the disgranular and agranular insular cortex. Microstimulation of the sites within the middle level of the rat insular cortex produced gastric motor responses and a decrease in inspiratory airflow without significant alteration in respiratory cycle duration. More caudal microstimulation produced an increase in respiratory airflow and decreased respiratory cycle duration. These responses were usually accompanied by changes in the level of blood pressure. It is concluded that autonomic representation in the rat insular cortex is organised in a viscerotopic manner. The inhibitory respiratory zone overlaps with the gastrointestinal control area in the middle part of the insular cortex. More caudally, the excitatory respiratory zone overlaps with the cardiovascular area. On the basis of these experimental results and the data of others authors the general scheme of autonomic representation in the rat insular cortex is discussed.
BibTeX: @article{Bagaev:2006, author = {V. Bagaev and V. Aleksandrov}, title = {Visceral-related area in the rat insular cortex.}, journal = {Auton Neurosci}, school = {Pavlov Institute of Physiology, nab.Makarova 6, Sankt-Petersburg 199034, Russia.}, year = {2006}, volume = {125}, number = {1-2}, pages = {16--21}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2006.01.006}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2006.01.006} }
Bagaev, V. and Aleksandrov, V.	Visceral-related area in the rat insular cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical Vol. 125, pp. 16-21	article
Abstract: The insular cortex interacts with the bulbar autonomic nuclei providing autonomic manifestations accompanying several neurological and psychosomatic disorders. The aim of our study was to identify the sites within the insular cortex, which could be responsible for the gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular responses. The main methods used were microinjections of HRP into several parts of the bulbar dorsal vagal complex and microstimulation of the insular cortex. It has been found that a compact group of neurons located in the middle level of the rat insular cortex projects directly to the specific "gastric" part of the dorsal vagal complex. Retrograde labelled cell bodies were revealed in the V layer of the disgranular and agranular insular cortex. Microstimulation of the sites within the middle level of the rat insular cortex produced gastric motor responses and a decrease in inspiratory airflow without significant alteration in respiratory cycle duration. More caudal microstimulation produced an increase in respiratory airflow and decreased respiratory cycle duration. These responses were usually accompanied by changes in the level of blood pressure. It is concluded that autonomic representation in the rat insular cortex is organised in a viscerotopic manner. The inhibitory respiratory zone overlaps with the gastrointestinal control area in the middle part of the insular cortex. More caudally, the excitatory respiratory zone overlaps with the cardiovascular area. On the basis of these experimental results and the data of others authors the general scheme of autonomic representation in the rat insular cortex is discussed.
BibTeX: @article{Bagaev:2006a, author = {Bagaev, V. and Aleksandrov, V.}, title = {Visceral-related area in the rat insular cortex.}, journal = {Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical}, year = {2006}, volume = {125}, pages = {16-21}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Bagdan, B. and Pittman, Q.	Responses of electrophysiologically identified rat paraventricular neurons to cholecystokinin and other stimuli [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Neuroscience Vol. 65(3), pp. 869-878	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Extracellular recordings were carried out in the paraventricular nucleus of halothaneanesthetized male rats. Responses of neurons identified by antidromic criteria with projections to the nucleus tractus solitarius or to the ventral lateral medulla were compared to those of neurohypophysial neurons following alterations in blood pressure and osmolarity, hemorrhage and after intravenous injection of cholecystokinin. Neurohypophysial neurons displayed the well-described responses to blood pressure for putative vasopressin neurons and increases in excitability after cholecystokinin for putative oxytocin neurons. Twenty per cent of the ventral lateral medulla-projecting neurons were responsive to cardiovascular perturbations, with these displaying reduced activity after either decreases or increases in blood pressure. None of nine neurons projecting to the ventral lateral medulla responded to i.v. cholecystokinin. Two of 20 nucleus tractus solitarius-projecting neurons showed reduced activity after cholecystokinin and none increased their firing rate. Nitroprusside-induced hypotension was associted with reduced activity in 10% of this population. Three neurons displayed axon projections to both pituitary and medulla; two of these which projected to the nucleus tractus solitarius were activated by cholecystokinin. We conclude that some of the paraventricular nucleus neurons projecting to the medulla respond to recognized cardiovascular stimuli for neurohypophysial neurons, but neurons in these populations are generally unresponsive to cholecystokinin. The former group of neurons may act to coordinate autonomic and endocrine responses to cardiovascular perturbation; however, there may be other stimuli, such as cholecystokinin, which act only on one of the populations of paraventricular nucleus neurons. Furthermore, many neurons in the descending pathways may respond to stimuli not presently associated with activation of magnocellular neurons. © 1995 IBRO.
BibTeX: @article{Bagdan:1995, author = {Bagdan, B. and Pittman, Q.J.}, title = {Responses of electrophysiologically identified rat paraventricular neurons to cholecystokinin and other stimuli}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1995}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, pages = {869-878}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028903239&partnerID=40&md5=08bbb55758cf8911cf1d2c3a3077435f}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(94)00547-I} }
Bagdy, G. and Kalogeras, K.	Stimulation of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2/5-HT1C receptors induce oxytocin release in the male rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Brain Research Vol. 611(2), pp. 330-332	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Plasma oxytocin responses to the 5-HT1A receptor agonists 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), buspirone and ipsapirone, and the 5-HT2/5-HT1C receptor agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)2-aminopropane (DOI) have been studied in conscious, freely moving male rats. All four compounds caused dose-related increases in plasma oxytocin concentrations after intravenous administration. Oxytocin responses to 8-OH-DPAT were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist NAN-190 while responses to DOI were blocked by pretreatment with the 5-HT2/5-HT1C receptor antagonist ritanserin. Since vasopressin concentration did not change despite the marked elevation in plasma oxytocin, these results suggest that 5-HT1A and 5-HT2/5-HT1C receptors all stimulate oxytocin secretion, and this effect does not reflect a general neurohypophyseal hormone release. © 1993.
BibTeX: @article{Bagdy:1993, author = {Bagdy, G. and Kalogeras, K.T.}, title = {Stimulation of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2/5-HT1C receptors induce oxytocin release in the male rat}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1993}, volume = {611}, number = {2}, pages = {330-332}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027336406&partnerID=40&md5=85fe8857e16851578fc92ca814468fff}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(93)90521-N} }
Baginskas, A., Kuraite, , V. and Kuras, A.	Nicotinic potentiation of frog retinotectal transmission in tectum layer F by α3β2, α4β2, α2β4, α6β2, or α7 acetylcholine receptor subtypes [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Medicina (Lithuania) Vol. 51(2), pp. 117-125	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Objective: The aim of the study was to explore the effect of semi-specific antagonists and agonists of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the paired-pulse facilitation and nicotinic tonic and phasic potentiation of the frog retinotectal synaptic transmission. Materials and methods: The experiments were performed in vivo on adult frogs, Rana temporaria. An individual retina ganglion cell (or its retinotectal fiber) was stimulated by current pulses delivered through multichannel stimulating electrode positioned on the retina. Responses to a discharge of a single retinal ganglion cell were recorded in the tectum by an extracellular carbon-fiber microelectrode positioned in the terminal arborization of the retinotectal fiber in the tectum layer F. The effect of the antagonists and agonists of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the tectal responses has been tested. Results: We found that the antagonists, MLA and DHβE, and agonists, RJR-2403 and choline, of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of the α3β2, α4β2, α2β4, α6β2 or α7 subtypes have had no effect on the phasic and tonic potentiation of the retinotectal transmission. The paired-pulse facilitation of the retinotectal transmission was not appreciably affected by the antagonists, but the choline, agonist of the α7 subtype receptor, has significantly decreased the paired-pulse facilitation. Conclusions: The tonic and phasic potentiation of the retinotectal transmission in the tectum layer F were not mediated by the receptors of α3β2, α4β2, α2β4, α6β2 or α7 subtype. The results suggest that presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of the frog optic fibers are different from those of the mammalian optic fibers. © 2015 Lithuanian University of Health Sciences.
BibTeX: @article{Baginskas:2015, author = {Baginskas, A. and Kuraite;, V. and Kuras, A.}, title = {Nicotinic potentiation of frog retinotectal transmission in tectum layer F by α3β2, α4β2, α2β4, α6β2, or α7 acetylcholine receptor subtypes}, journal = {Medicina (Lithuania)}, year = {2015}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, pages = {117-125}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84952049947&partnerID=40&md5=71d42b3fddc072a0b99dc831c23e3a13}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medici.2015.03.002} }
Bagnall, M.W., Zingg, B., Sakatos, A., Moghadam, S.H., Zeilhofer, H.U. and du Lac, S.	Glycinergic projection neurons of the cerebellum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	J Neurosci Vol. 29(32), pp. 10104-10110School: University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The cerebellum funnels its entire output through a small number of presumed glutamatergic premotor projection neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei and GABAergic neurons that feed back to the inferior olive. Here we use transgenic mice selectively expressing green fluorescent protein in glycinergic neurons to demonstrate that many premotor output neurons in the medial cerebellar (fastigial) nuclei are in fact glycinergic, not glutamatergic as previously thought. These neurons exhibit similar firing properties as neighboring glutamatergic neurons and receive direct input from both Purkinje cells and excitatory fibers. Glycinergic fastigial neurons make functional projections to vestibular and reticular neurons in the ipsilateral brainstem, whereas their glutamatergic counterparts project contralaterally. Together, these data suggest that the cerebellum can influence motor outputs via two distinct and complementary pathways.
BibTeX: @article{Bagnall:2009, author = {Bagnall, Martha W. and Zingg, Brian and Sakatos, Alexandra and Moghadam, Setareh H. and Zeilhofer, Hanns Ulrich and du Lac, Sascha}, title = {Glycinergic projection neurons of the cerebellum.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA.}, year = {2009}, volume = {29}, number = {32}, pages = {10104--10110}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2087-09.2009}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2087-09.2009} }
Bagnoli, P., Beaudet, A. and Cuenod, M.	Central cholinergic pathways identified by retrograde radioautographic labeling with (3H)choline [BibTeX]	1981	Anatomical Record Vol. 199(3), pp. 15A	article	URL
BibTeX: @article{Bagnoli:1981b, author = {Bagnoli, P. and Beaudet, A. and Cuenod, M.}, title = {Central cholinergic pathways identified by retrograde radioautographic labeling with (3H)choline}, journal = {Anatomical Record}, year = {1981}, volume = {199}, number = {3}, pages = {15A}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0019460764&partnerID=40&md5=d1c74f8b458d67158c8d2aa6f05696d7} }
Bagnoli, P., Beaudet, A., Stella, M. and Cuenod, M.	Selective retrograde labeling of cholinergic neurons with [3H]choline. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Vol. 1, pp. 691-5	article	URL
Abstract: Evidence is presented which is consistent with a specific retrograde labeling of cholinergic neurons following [3H]choline application in their zone of termination. [3H]Choline injection in the rat hippocampus leads to perikaryal retrograde labeling in the ipsilateral medial septal nuclease and nucleus of the diagonal band, thus delineating an established cholinergic pathway, while only diffuse presumably anterograde labeling was observed in the lateral septum, the entorhinal cortex, and the opposite hippocampus. After [3H]choline injection in the pigeon visual Wulst, only the ipsilateral thalamic relay, of all inputs, showed similar perikaryal retrograde labeling, an observation supporting the suggestion that at least some thalamo-Wulst neurons are cholinergic.
BibTeX: @article{Bagnoli:1981c, author = {Bagnoli, P. and Beaudet, A. and Stella, M. and Cuenod, M.}, title = {Selective retrograde labeling of cholinergic neurons with [3H]choline.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, year = {1981}, volume = {1}, pages = {691-5}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/1/7/691.long} }
Bagnoli, P., Beaudet, A., Stella, M. and Cuénod, M.	Selective retrograde labeling of cholinergic neurons with [3H]choline. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	J Neurosci Vol. 1(7), pp. 691-695	article	URL
Abstract: Evidence is presented which is consistent with a specific retrograde labeling of cholinergic neurons following [3H]choline application in their zone of termination. [3H]Choline injection in the rat hippocampus leads to perikaryal retrograde labeling in the ipsilateral medial septal nuclease and nucleus of the diagonal band, thus delineating an established cholinergic pathway, while only diffuse presumably anterograde labeling was observed in the lateral septum, the entorhinal cortex, and the opposite hippocampus. After [3H]choline injection in the pigeon visual Wulst, only the ipsilateral thalamic relay, of all inputs, showed similar perikaryal retrograde labeling, an observation supporting the suggestion that at least some thalamo-Wulst neurons are cholinergic.
BibTeX: @article{Bagnoli:1981, author = {P. Bagnoli and A. Beaudet and M. Stella and M. Cuénod}, title = {Selective retrograde labeling of cholinergic neurons with [3H]choline.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1981}, volume = {1}, number = {7}, pages = {691--695}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/1/7/691.long} }
Bagnoli, P., Beaudet, A., Stella, M. and Cuénod, M.	Selective retrograde labeling of cholinergic neurons with [3H]choline. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	J Neurosci Vol. 1(7), pp. 691-695	article	URL
Abstract: Evidence is presented which is consistent with a specific retrograde labeling of cholinergic neurons following [3H]choline application in their zone of termination. [3H]Choline injection in the rat hippocampus leads to perikaryal retrograde labeling in the ipsilateral medial septal nuclease and nucleus of the diagonal band, thus delineating an established cholinergic pathway, while only diffuse presumably anterograde labeling was observed in the lateral septum, the entorhinal cortex, and the opposite hippocampus. After [3H]choline injection in the pigeon visual Wulst, only the ipsilateral thalamic relay, of all inputs, showed similar perikaryal retrograde labeling, an observation supporting the suggestion that at least some thalamo-Wulst neurons are cholinergic.
BibTeX: @article{Bagnoli:1981a, author = {Bagnoli, P. and Beaudet, A. and Stella, M. and Cuénod, M.}, title = {Selective retrograde labeling of cholinergic neurons with [3H]choline.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1981}, volume = {1}, number = {7}, pages = {691--695}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/1/7/691.long} }
Bago, M., Marson, L. and Dean, C.	Serotonergic projections to the rostroventrolateral medulla from midbrain and raphe nuclei. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Brain Res Vol. 945(2), pp. 249-258School: Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 151 Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: Double-label fluoresence immunohistochemistry was performed to define serotonergic projections from the raphe and midbrain to the sympathoexcitatory region of the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Immunolabelling of cholera toxin B subunit retrogradely transported from the pressor region of the RVLM was combined with serotonin (5-HT) immunohistochemistry. Major sources of serotonergic input to the RVLM were shown to include the raphe obscurus, raphe pallidus and raphe magnus with a minor contribution from the ventrolateral, lateral and ventral regions of the periaqueductal gray matter, and the dorsal raphe nucleus. Serotonergic modulation of sympathoexcitatory neurons may establish patterns of sympathetic nerve activity evident in many aspects of cardiovascular regulation.
BibTeX: @article{Bago:2002, author = {Bago, M. and Marson, L. and Dean, C.}, title = {Serotonergic projections to the rostroventrolateral medulla from midbrain and raphe nuclei.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 151 Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA.}, year = {2002}, volume = {945}, number = {2}, pages = {249--258}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02811-1} }
Bago, M., Marson, L. and Dean, C.	Serotonergic projections to the rostroventrolateral medulla from midbrain and raphe nuclei. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Brain research Vol. 945, pp. 249-58	article	DOI
Abstract: Double-label fluoresence immunohistochemistry was performed to define serotonergic projections from the raphe and midbrain to the sympathoexcitatory region of the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Immunolabelling of cholera toxin B subunit retrogradely transported from the pressor region of the RVLM was combined with serotonin (5-HT) immunohistochemistry. Major sources of serotonergic input to the RVLM were shown to include the raphe obscurus, raphe pallidus and raphe magnus with a minor contribution from the ventrolateral, lateral and ventral regions of the periaqueductal gray matter, and the dorsal raphe nucleus. Serotonergic modulation of sympathoexcitatory neurons may establish patterns of sympathetic nerve activity evident in many aspects of cardiovascular regulation.
BibTeX: @article{Bago:2002a, author = {Bago, M. and Marson, L. and Dean, C.}, title = {Serotonergic projections to the rostroventrolateral medulla from midbrain and raphe nuclei.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {2002}, volume = {945}, pages = {249-58}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02811-1} }
Bago, M., Sprtel, B.M. and Dean, C.	Modulation of sympathetic nerve activity by microinjection of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT into the rostroventrolateral medulla. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	J Auton Nerv Syst Vol. 76(2-3), pp. 127-134School: Department of Anesthesiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53295, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: In the present study, renal sympathetic nerve activity was recorded simultaneously with sympathetic nerve activity to skeletal muscle vasculature to determine if the sympatho-inhibition evoked by microinjection of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)teralin (8-OH-DPAT) into the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM) was uniform or regional. Three patterns of sympatho-inhibition were observed in these sympathetic outflows and the type of response depended upon location of microinjection within the subretrofacial nucleus (SRF). Inhibition of renal nerve activity only was elicited by microinjections at rostral sites at the caudal pole of the facial nucleus. In contrast, inhibition of muscle sympathetic nerve activity was evoked from more caudal injections at the rostral pole of the inferior olives. Microinjection in the area between these two regions produced inhibition of both sympathetic outflows. This study demonstrates that differential inhibition of regional sympathetic outflows can be elicited by microinjection of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT into the RVLM. These data suggests that this modulation is due to differences in anatomical arrangement of the medullary neurons rather than differences in neuron sensitivity to the serotonergic agonist.
BibTeX: @article{Bago:1999, author = {Bago, M. and Sprtel, B. M. and Dean, C.}, title = {Modulation of sympathetic nerve activity by microinjection of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT into the rostroventrolateral medulla.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, school = {Department of Anesthesiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53295, USA.}, year = {1999}, volume = {76}, number = {2-3}, pages = {127--134}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1838(99)00021-1} }
Bagri, A., Marín, O., Plump, A.S., Mak, J., Pleasure, S.J., Rubenstein, J.L.R. and Tessier-Lavigne, M.	Slit proteins prevent midline crossing and determine the dorsoventral position of major axonal pathways in the mammalian forebrain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Neuron Vol. 33(2), pp. 233-248School: Department of Anatomy, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, CA, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: We report that Slit proteins, a family of secreted chemorepellents, are crucial for the proper development of several major forebrain tracts. Mice deficient in Slit2 and, even more so, mice deficient in both Slit1 and Slit2 show significant axon guidance errors in a variety of pathways, including corticofugal, callosal, and thalamocortical tracts. Analysis of multiple pathways suggests several generalizations regarding the functions of Slit proteins in the brain, which appear to contribute to (1) the maintenance of dorsal position by prevention of axonal growth into ventral regions, (2) the prevention of axonal extension toward and across the midline, and (3) the channeling of axons toward particular regions.
BibTeX: @article{Bagri:2002, author = {Bagri, Anil and Marín, Oscar and Plump, Andrew S. and Mak, Judy and Pleasure, Samuel J. and Rubenstein, John L R. and Tessier-Lavigne, Marc}, title = {Slit proteins prevent midline crossing and determine the dorsoventral position of major axonal pathways in the mammalian forebrain.}, journal = {Neuron}, school = {Department of Anatomy, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, CA, USA.}, year = {2002}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {233--248}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00561-5} }
Bahar, A., Samuel, A., Hazvi, S. and Dudai, Y.	The amygdalar circuit that acquires taste aversion memory differs from the circuit that extinguishes it. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 17(7), pp. 1527-1530School: .il	article	DOI
Abstract: Experimental extinction is the decline in the frequency or intensity of a conditioned behaviour resulting from repetitive performance of the behaviour in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus or reinforcer (Pavlov, 1927). Ample behavioural evidence indicates that experimental extinction does not reflect unlearning of the original trace, but rather a relearning process, in which the new association of the conditioned stimulus with the absence of the original reinforcer comes to control behaviour (Rescorla, 1996). If experimental extinction is indeed learning rather than forgetting, are the neuronal circuits that subserve learning and extinction identical? We address this question by double dissociation analysis of the role of the central (CeA) and the basolateral (BLA) nuclei of the rat's amygdala in the acquisition and extinction, respectively, of conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Whereas local blockade of protein synthesis or beta-adrenergic receptors in the CeA blocks acquisition but not extinction of CTA, a similar intervention in the BLA blocks extinction but not acquisition. Hence, the amygdalar circuit that acquires taste aversion memory differs functionally from the circuit that extinguishes it.
BibTeX: @article{Bahar:2003, author = {Bahar, Amir and Samuel, Anat and Hazvi, Shoshi and Dudai, Yadin}, title = {The amygdalar circuit that acquires taste aversion memory differs from the circuit that extinguishes it.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {.il}, year = {2003}, volume = {17}, number = {7}, pages = {1527--1530}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02551.x} }
Bahar, A., Samuel, A., Hazvi, S. and Dudai, Y.	The amygdalar circuit that acquires taste aversion memory differs from the circuit that extinguishes it. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	The European journal of neuroscience Vol. 17, pp. 1527-30	article	DOI
Abstract: Experimental extinction is the decline in the frequency or intensity of a conditioned behaviour resulting from repetitive performance of the behaviour in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus or reinforcer (Pavlov, 1927). Ample behavioural evidence indicates that experimental extinction does not reflect unlearning of the original trace, but rather a relearning process, in which the new association of the conditioned stimulus with the absence of the original reinforcer comes to control behaviour (Rescorla, 1996). If experimental extinction is indeed learning rather than forgetting, are the neuronal circuits that subserve learning and extinction identical? We address this question by double dissociation analysis of the role of the central (CeA) and the basolateral (BLA) nuclei of the rat's amygdala in the acquisition and extinction, respectively, of conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Whereas local blockade of protein synthesis or beta-adrenergic receptors in the CeA blocks acquisition but not extinction of CTA, a similar intervention in the BLA blocks extinction but not acquisition. Hence, the amygdalar circuit that acquires taste aversion memory differs functionally from the circuit that extinguishes it.
BibTeX: @article{Bahar:2003a, author = {Bahar, Amir and Samuel, Anat and Hazvi, Shoshi and Dudai, Yadin}, title = {The amygdalar circuit that acquires taste aversion memory differs from the circuit that extinguishes it.}, journal = {The European journal of neuroscience}, year = {2003}, volume = {17}, pages = {1527-30}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02551.x} }
Bahar, E., Kim, J.-Y. and Yoon, H.	Quercetin Attenuates Manganese-Induced Neuroinflammation by Alleviating Oxidative Stress through Regulation of Apoptosis, iNOS/NF-κB and HO-1/Nrf2 Pathways. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2017	International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 18	article	DOI
Abstract: Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element required for the development of human body and acts as an enzyme co-factor or activator for various reactions of metabolism. While essential in trace amounts, excessive Mn exposure can result in toxic accumulations in human brain tissue and resulting extrapyramidal symptoms called manganism similar to idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). Quercetin (QCT) has been demonstrated to play an important role in altering the progression of neurodegenerative diseases by protecting against oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of QCT on Mn-induced neurotoxicity and the underlying mechanism in SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma cell line and Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rat brain. The results showed that Mn treatment significantly decreased the cell viability of SK-N-MC cell and increased the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which was attenuated by QCT pretreatment at 10 and 20 µg/mL. Compared to the Mn alone group, QCT pretreatment significantly attenuated Mn-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Meanwhile, QCT pretreatment markedly downregulated the NF-κB but upregulated the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and Nrf2 proteins, compared to the Mn alone group. Our result showed the beneficial effect of QCT on hematological parameters against Mn in rat brain. QCT decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protein carbonyl levels and increased Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity induced in Mn-treated rats. QCT administration caused a significant reduction in the Mn-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). QCT lowered the Mn elevated levels of various downstream apoptotic markers, including Bax, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3 and polymerase-1 (PARP-1), while QCT treatment upregulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins and prevented Mn-induced neurodegeneration. Furthermore, administration of QCT (25 and 50 mg/kg) to Mn-exposed rats showed improvement of histopathological alteration in comparison to Mn-treated rats. Moreover, administration of QCT to Mn-exposed rats showed significant reduction of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), Bax, activated caspase-3 and PARP-1 immunoreactivity. These results indicate that QCT could effectively inhibit Mn induced apoptosis and inflammatory response in SK-N-MC cells and SD rats, which may involve the activation of HO-1/Nrf2 and inhibition of NF-κB pathway.
BibTeX: @article{Bahar:2017, author = {Bahar, Entaz and Kim, Ji-Ye and Yoon, Hyonok}, title = {Quercetin Attenuates Manganese-Induced Neuroinflammation by Alleviating Oxidative Stress through Regulation of Apoptosis, iNOS/NF-κB and HO-1/Nrf2 Pathways.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, year = {2017}, volume = {18}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18091989} }
Bahr, M. and Eschweiler, G.W.	Formation of functional synapses by regenerating adult rat retinal ganglion cell axons in midbrain target regions in vitro. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Journal of neurobiology Vol. 24, pp. 456-73	article	DOI
Abstract: The ability of adult rat retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons to reinnervate normal target regions was examined in vitro. In co-culture experiments, adult rat retinal explants were placed adjacent to fetal rat midbrain sections that contained the superior colliculus (SC) which is the main target for RGC axons. Adult rat RGCs regrew axons over more than 500 microns on a polylysine-laminin substrate to reach the co-cultured explants. By using neurofilament immunohistochemistry and the fluorescent dye DiI for anterograde and retrograde tracing, it was shown that (1) adult rat RGCs with a stereotyped morphology survived in explant cultures for more than 4 weeks in the presence of fetal midbrain explants, (2) regenerating RGC axons preferentially terminated within midbrain target regions, and (3) RGCs formed functional synapses. In addition, the maturation of the SC region in midbrain explants was examined histologically and ultrastructurally to demonstrate appropriate target development.
BibTeX: @article{Bahr:1993, author = {Bahr, M. and Eschweiler, G. W.}, title = {Formation of functional synapses by regenerating adult rat retinal ganglion cell axons in midbrain target regions in vitro.}, journal = {Journal of neurobiology}, year = {1993}, volume = {24}, pages = {456-73}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/neu.480240405} }
Bähr, M. and Eschweiler, G.W.	Formation of functional synapses by regenerating adult rat retinal ganglion cell axons in midbrain target regions in vitro. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	J Neurobiol Vol. 24(4), pp. 456-473School: Max-Planck Institut for Developmental Biology.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The ability of adult rat retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons to reinnervate normal target regions was examined in vitro. In co-culture experiments, adult rat retinal explants were placed adjacent to fetal rat midbrain sections that contained the superior colliculus (SC) which is the main target for RGC axons. Adult rat RGCs regrew axons over more than 500 microns on a polylysine-laminin substrate to reach the co-cultured explants. By using neurofilament immunohistochemistry and the fluorescent dye DiI for anterograde and retrograde tracing, it was shown that (1) adult rat RGCs with a stereotyped morphology survived in explant cultures for more than 4 weeks in the presence of fetal midbrain explants, (2) regenerating RGC axons preferentially terminated within midbrain target regions, and (3) RGCs formed functional synapses. In addition, the maturation of the SC region in midbrain explants was examined histologically and ultrastructurally to demonstrate appropriate target development.
BibTeX: @article{Baehr:1993, author = {M. Bähr and G. W. Eschweiler}, title = {Formation of functional synapses by regenerating adult rat retinal ganglion cell axons in midbrain target regions in vitro.}, journal = {J Neurobiol}, school = {Max-Planck Institut for Developmental Biology.}, year = {1993}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {456--473}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/neu.480240405}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/neu.480240405} }
Bähr, M. and Eschweiler, G.W.	Formation of functional synapses by regenerating adult rat retinal ganglion cell axons in midbrain target regions in vitro. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	J Neurobiol Vol. 24(4), pp. 456-473School: Max-Planck Institut for Developmental Biology.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The ability of adult rat retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons to reinnervate normal target regions was examined in vitro. In co-culture experiments, adult rat retinal explants were placed adjacent to fetal rat midbrain sections that contained the superior colliculus (SC) which is the main target for RGC axons. Adult rat RGCs regrew axons over more than 500 microns on a polylysine-laminin substrate to reach the co-cultured explants. By using neurofilament immunohistochemistry and the fluorescent dye DiI for anterograde and retrograde tracing, it was shown that (1) adult rat RGCs with a stereotyped morphology survived in explant cultures for more than 4 weeks in the presence of fetal midbrain explants, (2) regenerating RGC axons preferentially terminated within midbrain target regions, and (3) RGCs formed functional synapses. In addition, the maturation of the SC region in midbrain explants was examined histologically and ultrastructurally to demonstrate appropriate target development.
BibTeX: @article{Baehr:1993a, author = {Bähr, M. and Eschweiler, G. W.}, title = {Formation of functional synapses by regenerating adult rat retinal ganglion cell axons in midbrain target regions in vitro.}, journal = {J Neurobiol}, school = {Max-Planck Institut for Developmental Biology.}, year = {1993}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {456--473}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/neu.480240405}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/neu.480240405} }
Bai, D. and Renaud, L.	Median preoptic nucleus neurons: an in vitro patch-clamp analysis of their intrinsic properties and noradrenergic receptors in the rat [BibTeX]	1998	Neuroscience Vol. 83(3), pp. 905-916	article	URL
BibTeX: @article{Bai:1998, author = {Bai, D and Renaud, LP}, title = {Median preoptic nucleus neurons: an in vitro patch-clamp analysis of their intrinsic properties and noradrenergic receptors in the rat}, journal = {Neuroscience}, publisher = {Elsevier}, year = {1998}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, pages = {905--916}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452297004351} }
Bai, L.M. and Qiu, S.H.	Afferent connections of the hippocampus in the rat. [BibTeX]	1984	Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn Vol. 61(4), pp. 235-243	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Bai:1984, author = {Bai, L. M. and Qiu, S. H.}, title = {Afferent connections of the hippocampus in the rat.}, journal = {Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn}, year = {1984}, volume = {61}, number = {4}, pages = {235--243}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2535/ofaj1936.61.4_235} }
Bai, L.M., Qiu, S.H., Xu, H. and Wu, H.X.	[The afferent pathway of the hippocampus on participation in acupuncture analgesia. A study of retrograde transport method]. [BibTeX]	1985	Zhen Ci Yan Jiu Vol. 10(4), pp. 250-254	article
BibTeX: @article{Bai:1985, author = {Bai, L. M. and Qiu, S. H. and Xu, H. and Wu, H. X.}, title = {[The afferent pathway of the hippocampus on participation in acupuncture analgesia. A study of retrograde transport method].}, journal = {Zhen Ci Yan Jiu}, year = {1985}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {250--254} }
Bai, W.Z., Meguro, R., Kaiya, T. and Norita, M.	Postnatal development of the retinal projection to the nucleus of the optic tract and accessory optic nuclei in the hooded rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Arch Histol Cytol Vol. 64(1), pp. 69-79School: Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Japan.	article	DOI
Abstract: Retinal projections to the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) and accessory optic nuclei (AON) were studied in the postnatal hooded rat after monocular injection of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) into the vitreous chamber of the eye. At all postnatal ages, retinal axons were labeled sensitively; they revealed dense projections to the contralateral, and sparse but distinct projections to the ipsilateral, NOT and AON. The CTB labeling enabled the first delineation of the complete morphology of developing retinal axons in the ipsilateral NOT and AON. From postnatal day (P) 1 to P3, axons with complex growth cones were seen, and unbranched collaterals with simple growth cones increased and extended gradually. At P6, complex growth cones disappeared while branched collaterals with simple growth cones as well as small-sized varicosities increased. By P12 (two days before eye-opening) the adult-like pattern of terminal arbors appeared. The branched collaterals with tiny, small-sized varicosities present probably represented developing synaptic boutons. At P16 (after eye opening), the pattern of terminal arbors was well developed, almost to the same extent as in the adult. By contrast, a broadly distributed, transient retinal projection around NOT and AON was gradually eliminated; it started to disappear during the first few postnatal days, and was fully retracted by the time of eye-opening time to a pattern normal for the adult.
BibTeX: @article{Bai:2001, author = {Bai, W. Z. and Meguro, R. and Kaiya, T. and Norita, M.}, title = {Postnatal development of the retinal projection to the nucleus of the optic tract and accessory optic nuclei in the hooded rat.}, journal = {Arch Histol Cytol}, school = {Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Japan.}, year = {2001}, volume = {64}, number = {1}, pages = {69--79}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1679/aohc.64.69} }
Bai, W.-Z., Ishida, M. and Arimatsu, Y.	Chemically defined feedback connections from infragranular layers of sensory association cortices in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Neuroscience Vol. 123(1), pp. 257-267School: Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, 11 Minamiooya, Machida-shi, 194-8511, Tokyo, Japan.	article	DOI
Abstract: The primary visual (V1), auditory (AI), and somatosensory (SI) cortices are reciprocally connected with their respective sensory association cortices. In the rat, we have previously demonstrated that some of the connections arising from the secondary somatosensory (SII) and parietal insular (PA) cortices and terminating in the SI, are characterized by the expression of latexin, a candidate protein of carboxypeptidase A inhibitor. Here, by using retrograde tracing and latexin-immunohistochemistry, we show that latexin-expressing neurons in other association cortices of different sensory modalities also contribute to the feedback projections to the corresponding primary sensory cortices. These are the lateral part of the secondary visual cortex (V2L), temporal association cortex, and the dorsal and ventral (AIIv) parts of the secondary auditory belt cortex. Within sublayer VIa of the V2L, AIIv and SII, the majority of the V1-, AI- and SI-projecting neurons respectively, are latexin- immunopositive. In contrast to feedback connections, far fewer latexin-expressing neurons participate in callosal or intrahemispheric feedforward connections. The latexin-expressing neurons constitute a virtually completely different population from corticothalamic neurons within the infragranular layers. Given that latexin might participate in the modulation of neuronal activity by controlling the protease activity, latexin-expressing feedback pathways would play a unique role in the modulation of sensory perception.
BibTeX: @article{Bai:2004, author = {W-Z. Bai and M. Ishida and Y. Arimatsu}, title = {Chemically defined feedback connections from infragranular layers of sensory association cortices in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, 11 Minamiooya, Machida-shi, 194-8511, Tokyo, Japan.}, year = {2004}, volume = {123}, number = {1}, pages = {257--267}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.08.056} }
Bailey, C., Hawkins, R. and Chen, M.	Uptake of [3H]serotonin in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia california. Further studies on the morphological and biochemical basis of presynaptic facilitation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Brain Research Vol. 272(1), pp. 71-81	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Sensitization of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia california is mediated, in part, by a group of identified neurons, the L29 cells, which produce presynaptic facilitation of transmitter release from siphon sensory neurons. Physiological and pharmacological studies have provided indirect evidence that the L29 cells are serotonergic. In the present study we have used the specific uptake [3H]serotonin ([3H]5-HT) and electron-microscopic autoradiography in combination with horseradish peroxidase-labeling of identified neurons to characterize the fine structure of Aplysia serotonergic terminals and to examine more directly the transmitter biochemistry of the L29 neurons. Abdominal ganglia were incubated for 2 h in 10-6 M [3H]5-HT and thick and thin plastic sections examined with the light and electron microscope. L29 varicosities, identified by labeling with HRP, were found to accumulate [3H]5-HT. In addition, [3H]5-HT was localized to unidentified varicosities within the neuropil as well as to vesicle-filled terminals that formed axosomatic contacts in the cortical regions of the ganglion. The processes that accumulated [3H]5-HT contained conspicuous dense core vesicles identical in morphology to those previously described for L29. Some processes were found to make contact with HRP-labeled varicosities of sensory neurons. Comparison with results obtained from ganglia exposed to [3H]5-HT in the presence of either non-radioactive 5-HT or non-radioactive dopamine indicate that the iptake process is transmitter-specific. These studies provide additional evidence that the L29 cells are serotonergic and are consistent with the notion that aminergic neurons may be preferentially involved in modulatory synaptic actions. © 1983.
BibTeX: @article{Bailey:1983, author = {Bailey, C.H. and Hawkins, R.D. and Chen, M.C.}, title = {Uptake of [3H]serotonin in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia california. Further studies on the morphological and biochemical basis of presynaptic facilitation}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1983}, volume = {272}, number = {1}, pages = {71-81}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020646098&partnerID=40&md5=01a075ce12d60800d7e5b03fffce09b8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(83)90365-7} }
Bailey, K. and Mair, R.	Dissociable effects of frontal cortical lesions on measures of visuospatial attention and spatial working memory in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Cerebral Cortex Vol. 14(9), pp. 974-985	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Frontal cortex controls voluntary movement through projections to striatum that continue as parallel pallido-thalamic loops. In previous studies we found evidence of a double dissociation in rat striatum between visuospatial response time (RT) and radial maze delayed non-matching (DNM) tasks. Horm we compare the effects of frontal cortical lesions an these tasks. We found that lesions involving sensorimotor areas in dorsolateral cortex affect RT for responding to visuospatial stimuli without affecting other measures of response speed or producing signs of attentional or sensory impairment. These deficits were equivalent to impairments observed with lesions in sensorimotor areas of dorsolateral striatum. Dorsal prefrontal lesions produced RT deficits indicative of attentional impairment that have not been observed with striatal or thalamic lesions. This suggests contributions of prefrontal cortex to attention independent of striatum and thalamus. Prefrontal lesions had significant but circumscribed effects on DNM consistent with effects of lesions in anatomically related areas of striatum or thalamus observed in earlier studies. These results are consistent with evidence implicating prefrontal cortex in aspects of spatial memory mediated by anatomically related pathways in the basal ganglia and thalamus.
BibTeX: @article{Bailey:2004, author = {Bailey, K.R. and Mair, R.G.}, title = {Dissociable effects of frontal cortical lesions on measures of visuospatial attention and spatial working memory in the rat}, journal = {Cerebral Cortex}, year = {2004}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {974-985}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-4344665031&partnerID=40&md5=30346555944967d86d7d45e1ad9f479a}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh058} }
Bailey, T. and Dimicco, J.	Chemical stimulation of the dorsomedial hypothalamus elevates plasma ACTH in conscious rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology Vol. 280(1 49-1), pp. R8-R15	article	URL
Abstract: The hallmark neuroendocrine response to stress is increased plasma ACTH. Inhibition of neurons in the region of the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) attenuates experimental air stress-induced elevation of heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and plasma ACTH. We hypothesized that, under basal conditions, stimulation of the DMH would mimic the neuroendocrine and cardiovascular response to air stress. We examined the effects of unilateral microinjection (100-nl vol) of bicuculline methiodide (BMI, 10 pmol), kainate (KA, 1 or 3 pmol), and N-methyl-D-aspartate (5 pmol) into the DMH or the paraventicular nucleus (PVN) on HR, MAP, locomotor activity, and plasma ACTH in conscious rats. Chemical stimulation of the DMH with KA or BMI produced increased locomotor activity and effects on HR, MAP, and plasma ACTH that together mimicked the pattern seen in experimental stress. Similar treatment in the PVN produced only small increases in MAP Thus activation of neurons in the region of the DMH results in increased secretion of ACTH along with other changes typically seen in experimental stress.
BibTeX: @article{Bailey:2001, author = {Bailey, T.W. and Dimicco, J.A.}, title = {Chemical stimulation of the dorsomedial hypothalamus elevates plasma ACTH in conscious rats}, journal = {American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology}, year = {2001}, volume = {280}, number = {1 49-1}, pages = {R8-R15}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035012138&partnerID=40&md5=5b8f112b870b95679b67c57758cb3d7f} }
Bailey, T., Hermes, S., Whittier, K., Aicher, S. and Andresen, M.	A-type potassium channels differentially tune afferent pathways from rat solitary tract nucleus to caudal ventrolateral medulla or paraventricular hypothalamus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Journal of Physiology Vol. 582(2), pp. 613-628	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The solitary tract nucleus (NTS) conveys visceral information to diverse central networks involved in homeostatic regulation. Although afferent information content arriving at various CNS sites varies substantially, little is known about the contribution of processing within the NTS to these differences. Using retrograde dyes to identify specific NTS projection neurons, we recently reported that solitary tract (ST) afferents directly contact NTS neurons projecting to caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) but largely only indirectly contact neurons projecting to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Since intrinsic properties impact information transmission, here we evaluated potassium channel expression and somatodendritic morphology of projection neurons and their relation to afferent information output directed to PVN or CVLM pathways. In slices, tracer-identified projection neurons were classified as directly or indirectly (polysynaptically) coupled to ST afferents by EPSC latency characteristics (directly coupled, jitter < 200 μs). In each neuron, voltage-dependent potassium currents (IK) were evaluated and, in representative neurons, biocytin-filled structures were quantified. Both CVLM- and PVN-projecting neurons had similar, tetraethylammonium-sensitive IK. However, only PVN-projecting NTS neurons displayed large transient, 4aminopyridine-sensitive, A-type currents (IKA). PVN-projecting neurons had larger cell bodies with more elaborate dendritic morphology than CVLM-projecting neurons. ST shocks faithfully (> 75%) triggered action potentials in CVLM-projecting neurons but spike output was uniformly low (< 20%) in PVN-projecting neurons. Pre-conditioning hyperpolarization removed IKA inactivation and attenuated ST-evoked spike generation along PVN but not CVLM pathways. Thus, multiple differences in structure, organization, synaptic transmission and ion channel expression tune the overall fidelity of afferent signals that reach these destinations. © 2007 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2007 The Physiological Society.
BibTeX: @article{Bailey:2007a, author = {Bailey, T.W. and Hermes, S.M. and Whittier, K.L. and Aicher, S.A. and Andresen, M.C.}, title = {A-type potassium channels differentially tune afferent pathways from rat solitary tract nucleus to caudal ventrolateral medulla or paraventricular hypothalamus}, journal = {Journal of Physiology}, year = {2007}, volume = {582}, number = {2}, pages = {613-628}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34447283297&partnerID=40&md5=5492273a22f3b27b83dea97de1be7b3e}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.132365} }
Bailey, T., Jin, Y.-H., Doyle, M. and Andresen, M.	Vanilloid-sensitive afferents activate neurons with prominent A-type potassium currents in nucleus tractus solitarius [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 22(18), pp. 8230-8237	article	URL
Abstract: Cranial visceral afferents innervate second-order nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons via myelinated (A-type) and unmyelinated (C-type) axons in the solitary tract (ST). A- and C-type afferents often evoke reflexes with distinct performance differences, especially with regard to their frequency-dependent properties. In horizontal brainstem slices, we used the vanilloid receptor 1 agonist capsaicin (CAP; 100 nM) to identify CAP-sensitive and CAP-resistant ST afferent pathways to second-order NTS neurons and tested whether these two groups of neurons had similar intrinsic potassium currents. ST stimulation evoked monosynaptic EPSCs identified by minimal synaptic jitter (<150 μsec) and divided-into two groups: CAP-sensitive (n = 37) and CAP-resistant (n = 22). EPSCs in CAP-sensitive neurons had longer latencies (5.1 ± 0.3 vs 3.6 ± 0.3 msec; p = 0.001) but similar jitter (p = 0.57) compared with CAP-resistant neurons, respectively. Transient outward currents (TOCs) were significantly greater in CAP-sensitive than in CAP-resistant neurons. Steady-state currents were similar in both groups. 4-Aminopyridine or depolarized conditioning blocked the TOC, but tetraethylammonium had no effect. Voltage-dependent activation and inactivation of TOC were consistent: with an A-type K+ current, IKA. In current clamp, the activation of IKA reduced neuronal excitability and action potential responses to ST transmission. Our results suggest that the potassium-channel differences of second-order NTS neurons contribute to the differential processing of A- and C-type cranial visceral afferents beginning as early as this first central neuron. IKA can act as a frequency transmission filter and may represent a key target for the modulation of temporal processing of reflex responsiveness such as within the baroreflex arc.
BibTeX: @article{Bailey:2002, author = {Bailey, T.W. and Jin, Y.-H. and Doyle, M.W. and Andresen, M.C.}, title = {Vanilloid-sensitive afferents activate neurons with prominent A-type potassium currents in nucleus tractus solitarius}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2002}, volume = {22}, number = {18}, pages = {8230-8237}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037107160&partnerID=40&md5=797f55f21e50ec4eb24dcb3ff505d457} }
Bailey, T.W., Hermes, S.M., Andresen, M.C. and Aicher, S.A.	Cranial visceral afferent pathways through the nucleus of the solitary tract to caudal ventrolateral medulla or paraventricular hypothalamus: target-specific synaptic reliability and convergence patterns. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	J Neurosci Vol. 26(46), pp. 11893-11902School: Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA. bailey.ohsu@gmail.com	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Cranial visceral afferents activate central pathways that mediate systemic homeostatic processes. Afferent information arrives in the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and is relayed to other CNS sites for integration into autonomic responses and complex behaviors. Little is known about the organization or nature of processing within NTS. We injected fluorescent retrograde tracers into two nuclei to identify neurons that project to sites involved in autonomic regulation: the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) or paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). We found distinct differences in synaptic connections and performance in the afferent path through NTS to these neurons. Anatomical studies using confocal and electron microscopy found prominent, primary afferent synapses directly on somata and dendrites of CVLM-projecting NTS neurons identifying them as second-order neurons. In brainstem slices, afferent activation evoked large, constant latency EPSCs in CVLM-projecting NTS neurons that were consistent with the precise timing and rare failures of monosynaptic contacts on second-order neurons. In contrast, most PVN-projecting NTS neurons lacked direct afferent input and responded to afferent stimuli with highly variable, intermittently failing synaptic responses, indicating polysynaptic pathways to higher-order neurons. The afferent-evoked EPSCs in most PVN-projecting NTS neurons were smaller and unreliable but also often included multiple, convergent polysynaptic responses not observed in CVLM-projecting neurons. A few PVN-projecting NTS neurons had monosynaptic EPSC characteristics. Together, we found that cranial visceral afferent pathways are structured distinctly within NTS depending on the projection target. Such, intra-NTS pathway architecture will substantially impact performance of autonomic or neuroendocrine reflex arcs.
BibTeX: @article{Bailey:2006, author = {Bailey, Timothy W. and Hermes, Sam M. and Andresen, Michael C. and Aicher, Sue A.}, title = {Cranial visceral afferent pathways through the nucleus of the solitary tract to caudal ventrolateral medulla or paraventricular hypothalamus: target-specific synaptic reliability and convergence patterns.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = { Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA. bailey.ohsu@gmail.com}, year = {2006}, volume = {26}, number = {46}, pages = {11893--11902}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2044-06.2006}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2044-06.2006} }
Bailey, T.W., Hermes, S.M., Andresen, M.C. and Aicher, S.A.	Cranial visceral afferent pathways through the nucleus of the solitary tract to caudal ventrolateral medulla or paraventricular hypothalamus: target-specific synaptic reliability and convergence patterns. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Vol. 26, pp. 11893-11902	article	DOI
Abstract: Cranial visceral afferents activate central pathways that mediate systemic homeostatic processes. Afferent information arrives in the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and is relayed to other CNS sites for integration into autonomic responses and complex behaviors. Little is known about the organization or nature of processing within NTS. We injected fluorescent retrograde tracers into two nuclei to identify neurons that project to sites involved in autonomic regulation: the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) or paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). We found distinct differences in synaptic connections and performance in the afferent path through NTS to these neurons. Anatomical studies using confocal and electron microscopy found prominent, primary afferent synapses directly on somata and dendrites of CVLM-projecting NTS neurons identifying them as second-order neurons. In brainstem slices, afferent activation evoked large, constant latency EPSCs in CVLM-projecting NTS neurons that were consistent with the precise timing and rare failures of monosynaptic contacts on second-order neurons. In contrast, most PVN-projecting NTS neurons lacked direct afferent input and responded to afferent stimuli with highly variable, intermittently failing synaptic responses, indicating polysynaptic pathways to higher-order neurons. The afferent-evoked EPSCs in most PVN-projecting NTS neurons were smaller and unreliable but also often included multiple, convergent polysynaptic responses not observed in CVLM-projecting neurons. A few PVN-projecting NTS neurons had monosynaptic EPSC characteristics. Together, we found that cranial visceral afferent pathways are structured distinctly within NTS depending on the projection target. Such, intra-NTS pathway architecture will substantially impact performance of autonomic or neuroendocrine reflex arcs.
BibTeX: @article{Bailey:2006b, author = {Bailey, Timothy W and Hermes, Sam M and Andresen, Michael C and Aicher, Sue A}, title = {Cranial visceral afferent pathways through the nucleus of the solitary tract to caudal ventrolateral medulla or paraventricular hypothalamus: target-specific synaptic reliability and convergence patterns.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {26}, pages = {11893--11902}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2044-06.2006} }
Bailey, T.W., Hermes, S.M., Whittier, K.L., Aicher, S.A. and Andresen, M.C.	A-type potassium channels differentially tune afferent pathways from rat solitary tract nucleus to caudal ventrolateral medulla or paraventricular hypothalamus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	J Physiol Vol. 582(Pt 2), pp. 613-628School: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 972393098, USA. bailey.ohsu@gmail.com	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The solitary tract nucleus (NTS) conveys visceral information to diverse central networks involved in homeostatic regulation. Although afferent information content arriving at various CNS sites varies substantially, little is known about the contribution of processing within the NTS to these differences. Using retrograde dyes to identify specific NTS projection neurons, we recently reported that solitary tract (ST) afferents directly contact NTS neurons projecting to caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) but largely only indirectly contact neurons projecting to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Since intrinsic properties impact information transmission, here we evaluated potassium channel expression and somatodendritic morphology of projection neurons and their relation to afferent information output directed to PVN or CVLM pathways. In slices, tracer-identified projection neurons were classified as directly or indirectly (polysynaptically) coupled to ST afferents by EPSC latency characteristics (directly coupled, jitter < 200 micros). In each neuron, voltage-dependent potassium currents (IK) were evaluated and, in representative neurons, biocytin-filled structures were quantified. Both CVLM- and PVN-projecting neurons had similar, tetraethylammonium-sensitive IK. However, only PVN-projecting NTS neurons displayed large transient, 4-aminopyridine-sensitive, A-type currents (IKA). PVN-projecting neurons had larger cell bodies with more elaborate dendritic morphology than CVLM-projecting neurons. ST shocks faithfully (> 75 triggered action potentials in CVLM-projecting neurons but spike output was uniformly low (< 20 in PVN-projecting neurons. Pre-conditioning hyperpolarization removed IKA inactivation and attenuated ST-evoked spike generation along PVN but not CVLM pathways. Thus, multiple differences in structure, organization, synaptic transmission and ion channel expression tune the overall fidelity of afferent signals that reach these destinations.
BibTeX: @article{Bailey:2007, author = {T. W. Bailey and S. M. Hermes and K. L. Whittier and S. A. Aicher and M. C. Andresen}, title = {A-type potassium channels differentially tune afferent pathways from rat solitary tract nucleus to caudal ventrolateral medulla or paraventricular hypothalamus.}, journal = {J Physiol}, school = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 972393098, USA. bailey.ohsu@gmail.com}, year = {2007}, volume = {582}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {613--628}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.132365}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.132365} }
Bailey, T.W., Hermes, S.M., Whittier, K.L., Aicher, S.A. and Andresen, M.C.	A-type potassium channels differentially tune afferent pathways from rat solitary tract nucleus to caudal ventrolateral medulla or paraventricular hypothalamus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	The Journal of physiology Vol. 582, pp. 613-628	article	DOI
Abstract: The solitary tract nucleus (NTS) conveys visceral information to diverse central networks involved in homeostatic regulation. Although afferent information content arriving at various CNS sites varies substantially, little is known about the contribution of processing within the NTS to these differences. Using retrograde dyes to identify specific NTS projection neurons, we recently reported that solitary tract (ST) afferents directly contact NTS neurons projecting to caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) but largely only indirectly contact neurons projecting to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Since intrinsic properties impact information transmission, here we evaluated potassium channel expression and somatodendritic morphology of projection neurons and their relation to afferent information output directed to PVN or CVLM pathways. In slices, tracer-identified projection neurons were classified as directly or indirectly (polysynaptically) coupled to ST afferents by EPSC latency characteristics (directly coupled, jitter < 200 micros). In each neuron, voltage-dependent potassium currents (IK) were evaluated and, in representative neurons, biocytin-filled structures were quantified. Both CVLM- and PVN-projecting neurons had similar, tetraethylammonium-sensitive IK. However, only PVN-projecting NTS neurons displayed large transient, 4-aminopyridine-sensitive, A-type currents (IKA). PVN-projecting neurons had larger cell bodies with more elaborate dendritic morphology than CVLM-projecting neurons. ST shocks faithfully (> 75%) triggered action potentials in CVLM-projecting neurons but spike output was uniformly low (< 20%) in PVN-projecting neurons. Pre-conditioning hyperpolarization removed IKA inactivation and attenuated ST-evoked spike generation along PVN but not CVLM pathways. Thus, multiple differences in structure, organization, synaptic transmission and ion channel expression tune the overall fidelity of afferent signals that reach these destinations.
BibTeX: @article{Bailey:2007b, author = {Bailey, T W and Hermes, S M and Whittier, K L and Aicher, S A and Andresen, M C}, title = {A-type potassium channels differentially tune afferent pathways from rat solitary tract nucleus to caudal ventrolateral medulla or paraventricular hypothalamus.}, journal = {The Journal of physiology}, year = {2007}, volume = {582}, pages = {613--628}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.132365} }
Bailey, T.W., Jin, Y.-H., Doyle, M.W., Smith, S.M. and Andresen, M.C.	Vasopressin inhibits glutamate release via two distinct modes in the brainstem. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	J Neurosci Vol. 26(23), pp. 6131-6142School: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA. bailey.ohsu@gmail.com	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The hypothalamus coordinates autonomic responses in part through arginine vasopressin (AVP) released in medial nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). However, the mechanisms and sites of AVP action within NTS pathways are uncertain. In brainstem slices, we activated solitary tract (ST) primary afferents to release glutamate and tested whether AVP modulated synaptic transmission to second-order neurons. NTS neurons were classified as second order by ST synaptic characteristics or the presence of anterograde tracers from peripheral baroreceptor afferents. Stimulus recruitment curves indicated ST-EPSCs on individual neurons were evoked by stimulation of single ST axons. Variance-mean (V-M) analysis of ST-EPSCs in individual neurons revealed uniformly high release probability (p approximately 0.9) from an average of 19 release sites (N) and a quantal size (q) of 34.0 +/- 4.7 pA. In 26 of 49 neurons, AVP inhibited afferent synaptic transmission. In most neurons, AVP reduced ST-EPSC amplitudes (n = 20) by decreasing p to 0.65, whereas q, N, and conduction times were unaffected. The V1a antagonist SR49059 alone decreased ST-EPSC V and increased M, suggesting tonic AVP actions, and blocked exogenous AVP action (n = 4). In other neurons with identical ST release properties, AVP induced synaptic failures and increased conduction time without altering the V-M relationship of successful ST-EPSCs (n = 6). Interestingly, frequency-depressed ST-EPSCs were not affected by AVP. AVP failed to alter holding or voltage-dependent potassium currents. Thus, AVP regulates NTS neurons by two distinct novel and state-dependent mechanisms: one, an analog, graded presynaptic inhibition of terminal glutamate release and the other, a binary, extraterminal block of conducted excitation.
BibTeX: @article{Bailey:2006a, author = {Bailey, Timothy W. and Jin, Young-Ho and Doyle, Mark W. and Smith, Stephen M. and Andresen, Michael C.}, title = {Vasopressin inhibits glutamate release via two distinct modes in the brainstem.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA. bailey.ohsu@gmail.com}, year = {2006}, volume = {26}, number = {23}, pages = {6131--6142}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5176-05.2006}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5176-05.2006} }
Bailey, T.W., Jin, Y.-H., Doyle, M.W., Smith, S.M. and Andresen, M.C.	Vasopressin inhibits glutamate release via two distinct modes in the brainstem. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Vol. 26, pp. 6131-42	article
Abstract: The hypothalamus coordinates autonomic responses in part through arginine vasopressin (AVP) released in medial nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). However, the mechanisms and sites of AVP action within NTS pathways are uncertain. In brainstem slices, we activated solitary tract (ST) primary afferents to release glutamate and tested whether AVP modulated synaptic transmission to second-order neurons. NTS neurons were classified as second order by ST synaptic characteristics or the presence of anterograde tracers from peripheral baroreceptor afferents. Stimulus recruitment curves indicated ST-EPSCs on individual neurons were evoked by stimulation of single ST axons. Variance-mean (V-M) analysis of ST-EPSCs in individual neurons revealed uniformly high release probability (p approximately 0.9) from an average of 19 release sites (N) and a quantal size (q) of 34.0 +/- 4.7 pA. In 26 of 49 neurons, AVP inhibited afferent synaptic transmission. In most neurons, AVP reduced ST-EPSC amplitudes (n = 20) by decreasing p to 0.65, whereas q, N, and conduction times were unaffected. The V1a antagonist SR49059 alone decreased ST-EPSC V and increased M, suggesting tonic AVP actions, and blocked exogenous AVP action (n = 4). In other neurons with identical ST release properties, AVP induced synaptic failures and increased conduction time without altering the V-M relationship of successful ST-EPSCs (n = 6). Interestingly, frequency-depressed ST-EPSCs were not affected by AVP. AVP failed to alter holding or voltage-dependent potassium currents. Thus, AVP regulates NTS neurons by two distinct novel and state-dependent mechanisms: one, an analog, graded presynaptic inhibition of terminal glutamate release and the other, a binary, extraterminal block of conducted excitation.
BibTeX: @article{Bailey:2006c, author = {Bailey, Timothy W. and Jin, Young-Ho and Doyle, Mark W. and Smith, Stephen M. and Andresen, Michael C.}, title = {Vasopressin inhibits glutamate release via two distinct modes in the brainstem.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {26}, pages = {6131-42}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Baillie, T.A., Eriksson, H., Herz, J.E. and Sjövall, J.	Specific deuterium labelling and computerized gas chromatography -- mass spectrometry in studies on the metabolism in vivo of a steroid sulphate in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1975	Eur J Biochem Vol. 55(1), pp. 157-165	article	DOI
Abstract: The metabolism of 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one sulphate was studied in bile fistula rats and in isolated perfused livers. Computerized gas chromatography--mass spectrometry, in combination with specific deuterium-labelling, was employed to follow the metabolic transformations. Male animals excreted metabolites into bile more rapidly than females, a finding which could be correlated with the preferential formation of glucuronide conjugates in the male liver. The major metabolic pathway in male rats involved the steps: hydrolysis, 2alpha-hydroxylation, oxidoreduction at C-3 and glucuronide conjugation, yielding 2alpha, 3alpha-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one glucuronide as the major metabolite. Only traces of the injected steroid sulphate were detected in bile from male animals. In contrast, the administered compound was the major steroid excreted in bile of female rats, where the main metabolite was identified as 3beta,15beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one sulphate. A minor metabolite, 3beta,16alpha-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one, was found as a monosulphate in female rats and as both a disulphate and a glucuronide conjugate in male rats. The deuterium content of the sulphated 15beta-and 16alpha-hydroxylated metabolites was consistent with metabolic pathways involving direct hydroxylation of the injected steroid sulphate. The results obtained from the liver perfusions were essentially the same as those from the experiments with bile fistula animals. This indicates that all the observed metabolic reactions took place in the liver.
BibTeX: @article{Baillie:1975, author = {Baillie, T. A. and Eriksson, H. and Herz, J. E. and Sjövall, J.}, title = {Specific deuterium labelling and computerized gas chromatography -- mass spectrometry in studies on the metabolism in vivo of a steroid sulphate in the rat.}, journal = {Eur J Biochem}, year = {1975}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, pages = {157--165}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb02148.x} }
Baillien, M. and Balthazart, J.	A direct dopaminergic control of aromatase activity in the quail preoptic area [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Vol. 63(1-3), pp. 99-113	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In the quail preoptic area (POA) anatomical and pharmacological data suggest that catecholamines may be implicated in the control of testosterone (T) aromatization into estrogens. The biochemical mechanism(s) mediating this control of the enzyme activity is (are) however unexplored. The present studies were carried out to investigate whether the catecholamines, dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) are able to directly affect aromatase activity (AA) measured during in vitro incubations of POA homogenates. AA was quantified in the POA-hypothalamus of adult male Japanese quail by measuring the tritiated water production from [1β-3H]-androstenedione. Enzyme activity was linear as a function of the incubation time and of the protein content of homogenates. It exhibited a typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with an apparent K(m) of 2.8 nM and a V(max) of 266.6 fmol h-1 mg wet weight-1. AA was then measured at a substrate concentration of 25 nM in the presence of catecholamines and some of their receptor agonists or antagonists, at two concentrations, 10-3 and 10-6 M. Norepinephrine and prazosin (α1-adrenergic antagonist) had no or very limited effects on AA at both concentrations. In contrast, DA and some D1 and/or D2 receptor agonists (apomorphine[D1/D2], SKF-38393 [D1] and RU-24213 [D2]) depressed AA by 40 to 70% at the 10-3 M concentration. One D2 receptor antagonist also produced a major inhibition of AA (sulpiride) while other antagonists either had no significant effect or only produced moderate decreases in enzyme activity (SCH-23390 [D1], spiperone [D2], pimozide [D2]) as did two DA indirect agonists, amfonelic acid and nomifensine. The inhibitory effect of the agonists was not antagonized by the less active antagonists, SCH-23390 [D1] or spiperone [D2]. Taken together these results suggest that the inhibitory effects do not involve specific binding of DA or its agonists/antagonists to dopaminergic receptors mediating changes in cAMP concentration. This conclusion is also supported by the observation that addition of dibutyryl cAMP did not change brain AA. It appears more likely that DA and dopaminergic drugs inhibit AA by a direct effect on the enzyme, as suggested by the competitive nature of DA and SKF-38393 inhibition of AA (K(i)'s of 59 and 84 μM, respectively). The functional significance of this effect should still be demonstrated but this mechanism may represent an important physiological pathway through which neurotransmitters could rapidly affect steroid-dependent processes such as the neural synthesis of estrogens. This would provide a mean by which environmental stimuli could affect reproductive behavior and physiology.
BibTeX: @article{Baillien:1997, author = {Baillien, M. and Balthazart, J.}, title = {A direct dopaminergic control of aromatase activity in the quail preoptic area}, journal = {Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology}, year = {1997}, volume = {63}, number = {1-3}, pages = {99-113}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031474295&partnerID=40&md5=c5ee5c9744eaef81873c15441400c458}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0760(97)00080-0} }
Bain, J.M., Ziegler, A., Yang, Z., Levison, S.W. and Sen, E.	TGFbeta1 stimulates the over-production of white matter astrocytes from precursors of the "brain marrow" in a rodent model of neonatal encephalopathy. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	PLoS One Vol. 5(3), pp. e9567School: Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, UH Cancer Center and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In children born prematurely and those surviving cerebral ischemia there are white matter abnormalities that correlate with neurological dysfunction. Since this injury occurs in the immature brain, when the majority of subventricular zone (SVZ) cells generate white matter oligodendrocytes, we sought to study the effect this injury has on gliogenesis from the SVZ. We hypothesized that there is aberrant glial cell generation from the SVZ after neonatal hypoxia ischemia (H/I) that contributes to an increased astrogliogenesis with concomitant oligodendroglial insufficiency. Mechanistically we hypothesized that an increase in specific locally produced cytokines during recovery from injury were modifying the differentiation of glial progenitors towards astrocytes at the expense of the more developmentally-appropriate oligodendrocytes.For these studies we used the Vannucci H/I rat model where P6 rats are subjected to unilateral common carotid ligation followed by 75 min of systemic hypoxia. Retroviral lineage tracing studies combined with morphological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed the preferential generation of SVZ-derived white matter astrocytes instead of oligodendrocytes post hypoxia/ischemia. Microarray and QRT-PCR analyses of the damaged SVZ showed increased expression of several cytokines and receptors that are known to promote astrocyte differentiation, such as EGF, LIF and TGFbeta1 signaling components. Using gliospheres to model the neonatal SVZ, we evaluated the effects of these cytokines on signal transduction pathways regulating astrocyte generation, proliferation and differentiation. These studies demonstrated that combinations of EGF, LIF and TGFbeta1 reconstituted the increased astrogliogenesis. TGFbeta1-induced Smad 2/3 phosphorylation and the combination of EGF, LIF and TGFbeta1 synergistically increased STAT3 phosphorylation over single or double cytokine combinations. Pharmacologically inhibiting ALK5 signaling in vitro antagonized the TGFbeta1-induced increase in astrocyte generation and antagonizing ALK5 signaling in vivo similarly inhibited astrogliogenesis within the SVZ during recovery from H/I.Altogether, these data indicate that there is aberrant specification of glial precursors within the neonatal SVZ during recovery from neonatal H/I that is a consequence of altered cytokine signaling. Our studies further suggest that antagonizing the ALK5 receptor will restore the normal pattern of cell differentiation after injury to the immature brain.
BibTeX: @article{Bain:2010, author = {Bain, Jennifer M. and Ziegler, Amber and Yang, Zhengang and Levison, Steven W. and Sen, Ellora}, title = {TGFbeta1 stimulates the over-production of white matter astrocytes from precursors of the "brain marrow" in a rodent model of neonatal encephalopathy.}, journal = {PLoS One}, school = {Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, UH Cancer Center and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America.}, year = {2010}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {e9567}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009567}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009567} }
Bains, J. and Ferguson, A.	Nitric oxide regulates NMDA-driven GABAergic inputs to type I neurones of the rat paraventricular nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Journal of Physiology Vol. 499(3), pp. 733-746	article	URL
Abstract: 1. Whole-cell recordings were obtained from type I paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurones in coronal slices of rat hypothalamus to study the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the modulation of inhibitory transmission resulting from the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors by the high affinity receptor agonist D,L-tetrazol-5-ylglycine. 2. A brief pulse of NMDA agonist (0.1-10 μM) faithfully elicited increases in action potential firing frequency in all type I cells tested ( n = 55). In cells with membrane potentials positive to -75 mV, this excitation was accompanied by an underlying depolarization (> 2 mV) in the majority of cases (n = 45). At membrane potentials negative to -75 mV, NMDA agonist application elicited an initial monotonic depolarization, which was auxiliary to profound, rhythmic oscillations of the membrane potential, resulting in the emergence of burst-like activity in these cells (n = 8). 3. In addition to depolarizing the neurones, the NMDA agonist also elicited inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in 40% (n = 22) of the cells tested. The IPSPs were inhibited by the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI). 4. Microdialysis of NO into the PVN has been shown to increase local levels of inhibitory neurotransmitters, including GABA. The possibility that NO-induced increases in GABA lead to an increase in inhibitory synaptic activity in PVN was investigated by administering NO by three different methods. Bath application of the donor compound, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP; n = 7), bubbled NO solution (n = 5), or the NO precursor L-arginine (n = 6) all elicited increases in IPSP frequency. 5. Production of NO in other brain centres has been linked to the activation of the NMDA receptor. In order to determine whether the increase in IPSPs following NMDA was the result of activation of NO, the production of NO was blocked with the NO synthase inhibitor N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME). Subsequent NMDA receptor activation elicited more pronounced depolarizations, but there was no accompanying increase in IPSP frequency (n = 5). 6. This study demonstrates that GABAergic inhibition resulting from NMDA receptor activation can be regulated profoundly by NO. By increasing inhibitory transmission within a nucleus, NO may serve as an important intermediary in the regulation of neuronal excitability in the central nervous system.
BibTeX: @article{Bains:1997, author = {Bains, J.S. and Ferguson, A.V.}, title = {Nitric oxide regulates NMDA-driven GABAergic inputs to type I neurones of the rat paraventricular nucleus}, journal = {Journal of Physiology}, year = {1997}, volume = {499}, number = {3}, pages = {733-746}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031002723&partnerID=40&md5=36772c1c47e565375ed8aabf31ee12ac} }
Bains, J., Potyok, A. and Ferguson, A.	Angiotensin II actions is paraventricular nucleus: functional evidence for neurotransmitter role in efferents originating in subfornical organ [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Brain Research Vol. 599(2), pp. 223-229	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Angiotensin II (ANG) has been suggested to be the neurotransmitter utilised by subfornical organ (SFO) efferents projecting to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). The PVN has been shown to been involved in mediating the cardiovascular response elicited by electrical stimulation of SFO. The possible role of ANG as a neurotransmitter in these pathways has been examined in the present study. The cardiovascular effects of ANG microinjection into the PVN were examined in urethane anaesthetized, male Sprague-Dawley rats. Microinjection of 20 ng or 50 ng ANG into PVN resulted in mean increases in blood pressure of 12.8±0.6 mmHg (P < 0.0005), and 16.2±1.4 mmHg (P < 0.0001) respectively, without effect on heart rate. These responses were significantly attenuated following systemic administration of losartan, an ANG type 1 receptor (AT1) antagonist (Control, +12.8±0.6 mmHg; post-losartan, + 5.6±1.7 mmHg), but were unaffected by the AT2 receptor antagonist, PD123319 (Control, + 10.8±1. 6 mmHg; post- PD12319, + 11.6±2.4 mmHg). Initial and later components of the biphasic pressor response elicited by electrical stimulation of SFO (200 μA, 10 Hz, 1 ms pulse width, 10 s) were also significantly attenuated by losartan, but unaffected by PD123319. The short latency increase in mean arterial pressure was 16.6±2.3 mmHg in comparison to a post-losartan increase of 9.3±1.6 mmHg (P < 0.001). Similarly, the secondary response consisted of a control increase of 9.6±1.3 mmHg and a post-losartan increase of 3.4±0.9 mmHg (P < 0.001). In contrast, neither the initial (control response of + 15.6±1.5 mmHg and post-PD123319 response of 15.2±1.3 mmHg (P > 0.5), nor the secondary response (+6.0±1.0 mmHg control value and a post-PD123319 value of +6.3±1.3 mmHg (P > 0.8), were affected by administration of PD123319. These findings demonstrate that ANG elicits pressor effects when microinjected into PVN through actions mediated by the AT1 receptor, and support the hypothesis that ANG may be utilised as a neurotransmitter by efferents originating in SFO. © 1992.
BibTeX: @article{Bains:1992, author = {Bains, J.S. and Potyok, A. and Ferguson, A.V.}, title = {Angiotensin II actions is paraventricular nucleus: functional evidence for neurotransmitter role in efferents originating in subfornical organ}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1992}, volume = {599}, number = {2}, pages = {223-229}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027053682&partnerID=40&md5=63f8e61cfdbb0d2fd65cd6669b0e24ed}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)90395-P} }
Baird, G.D., Hibbitt, K.G. and Lee, J.	Enzymes involved in acetoacetate formation in various bovine tissues. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1970	Biochem J Vol. 117(4), pp. 703-709	article	DOI
Abstract: 1. The activities of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase and lyase and acetoacetyl-CoA deacylase were measured in homogenates of samples of liver, rumen epithelium (long papillae), kidney and lactating mammary gland derived from slaughtered cows. 2. The activities of the four enzymes in bovine liver were similar to the activities previously reported for the corresponding enzymes in rat liver. 3. Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase and lyase were present in rumen epithelium. The activities of the enzymes were all lower on a wet weight basis than in liver. Only very slight deacylase activity was detected. 4. Kidney contained acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase and acetoacetyl-CoA deacylase, but only trace amounts of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase. 5. Mammary gland contained acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and some hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase, but virtually no hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase or acetoacetyl-CoA deacylase. 6. Since physiologically significant ketogenesis probably occurs solely via the hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA pathway, it is evident that, of the four tissues examined, such ketogenesis must be restricted to the liver and the rumen epithelium. 7. All the enzymes except hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase were also assayed in the four tissues derived from cows suffering from bovine lactational ketosis. Ketosis did not cause a statistically significant change in the activity of any of the enzymes measured. 8. Hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase and lyase were found to be associated mainly with the particulate fraction, as in the rat. A considerably greater proportion of these enzymes was found to be present in the cytoplasmic fraction from rumen epithelium, although it was not excluded that this was due to mitochondrial damage during homogenization. 9. Appreciable hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase was also present in epithelium from the dorsal region of the rumen, from the reticulum and from the omasum, but not from the abomasum.
BibTeX: @article{Baird:1970, author = {Baird, G. D. and Hibbitt, K. G. and Lee, J.}, title = {Enzymes involved in acetoacetate formation in various bovine tissues.}, journal = {Biochem J}, year = {1970}, volume = {117}, number = {4}, pages = {703--709}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1042/bj1170703} }
Bairstow, B. and Harvey, A.	The morphology and connectivity of dissociated and reaggregated fetal tectal tissue transplanted to the midbrain of newborn rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Exp Brain Res Vol. 89(3), pp. 560-570School: Department of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth.	article	DOI
Abstract: Tectal tissue from E15 or E16 Wistar rat embryos was dissociated and reaggregated (DR) prior to transplantation on to the midbrain of newborn host rats. We wished to determine how complete disruption of the donor tissue (i) affected the subsequent morphological development of the grafts in the host brain, and (ii) whether this procedure affected the selectivity with which host retinal axons innervated target regions in the tectal transplants. Forty-three to 135 days after transplantation, host rats received binocular injections of wheatgerm agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase. After perfusion, frozen sections of the grafts and underlying host brainstem were cut and reacted with tetramethylbenzidine to identify retinal projections, or stained for either acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Nissl or neurofibrils. All host brains contained identifiable DR grafts. Each brain contained at least one large transplant and numerous smaller pieces of graft tissue. The fragmentation of DR grafts was greater than that seen in direct, undissociated tectal transplants; however the morphology of individual DR grafts was markedly similar to direct grafts. Of particular interest was the presence in DR grafts of localized, often oval or circular regions, that possessed high AChE activity and contained mostly small (5 to 10 microns) close-packed neurons. AChE-dense patches were found both superficially and deep within DR grafts and appeared identical to those seen in direct transplants. These regions are thought to be homologous to the superficial, retinorecipient layers of normal superior colliculus (SC) and it is likely that the formation of these localized areas resulted from the selective association of presumptive SGS neurons within the reaggregating neuropil. In almost all cases, host retinal input to DR grafts was confined to the localized AChE-dense patches, suggesting that despite the dissociation procedure, specific retinal innervation of regions containing at least some of the appropriate target cells was maintained in DR tectal grafts.
BibTeX: @article{Bairstow:1992, author = {Bairstow, BM and Harvey, AR}, title = {The morphology and connectivity of dissociated and reaggregated fetal tectal tissue transplanted to the midbrain of newborn rats.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth.}, year = {1992}, volume = {89}, number = {3}, pages = {560--570}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00229881} }
Baisch, A.L., Larrue, J. and Freslon, J.L.	Involvement of endothelium-derived NO in the basal tone and in the vasodilator responses to muscarinic agonists in the rat isolated mesenteric arterial bed. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Fundam Clin Pharmacol Vol. 8(1), pp. 54-63School: INSERM U8, Pessac, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: To investigate the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) derived from endothelial cells in the control of vascular tone in the rat mesenteric vascular bed, the effects of different procedures known to interfere with the NO-cyclic GMP pathway were evaluated both on the basal tone and on the vasodilatory responses to four muscarinic agonists. To this aim, rat isolated mesenteric vascular beds were perfused at constant pressure. Water infusion significantly increased the resting perfusion pressure whereas L-NOARG, L-NAME and methylene blue were devoid of effect. In noradrenaline-preconstricted vascular bed, the perfusion pressure was significantly increased after water or L-NAME infusion. The vasodilator response induced by subsequent addition of acetylcholine in bolus was not significantly modified by pre-treatment with indomethacin but was significantly reduced by water infusion. Responses to acetylcholine and to three other muscarinic agonists--carbachol, oxotremorine or McNeil A 343--were assessed. Incubation with L-NAME did not modify the initial peak falls of the agonists except for McNeil A 343, whereas it significantly reduced the area under the pressure trace for all the substances. The latter effect was reversed after a subsequent incubation with L-Arginine. Finally, L-NAME strongly and significantly increased the drop in perfusion pressure and the area under the pressure trace following bolus of glyceryl trinitrate. These results suggest that in the mesenteric arterial bed of the rat, which can be considered as a resistant arteries preparation, basal tone appears to be controlled by a factor other than NO. Moreover, the vasodilator responses of muscarinic agonists are affected by L-NAME in their second late sustained phase only, which probably relies on a de novo synthesis of endothelium derived-NO. Finally, endothelium derived-NO exerts inhibitory effects both on the sensitivity of the vascular smooth muscle to glyceryl trinitrate and on the magnitude of its contraction in the presence of noradrenaline, two types of effects which are sensitive to L-NAME.
BibTeX: @article{Baisch:1994, author = {Baisch, A. L. and Larrue, J. and Freslon, J. L.}, title = {Involvement of endothelium-derived NO in the basal tone and in the vasodilator responses to muscarinic agonists in the rat isolated mesenteric arterial bed.}, journal = {Fundam Clin Pharmacol}, school = {INSERM U8, Pessac, France.}, year = {1994}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {54--63}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.1994.tb00779.x} }
Baisden, R., Woodruff, M. and Hoover, D.	Cholinergic and non-cholinergic septo-hippocampal projections: a double-label horseradish peroxidase-acetylcholinesterase study in the rabbit [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Brain Research Vol. 290(1), pp. 146-151	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The existence of a massive cholinergic projection from cells in the medical septal nucleus (MS) and nucleus of the diagonal band (DB) to the hippocampal formation has been recognized for some time. However, the actual percentages of cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons in the MS and DB which project to the hippocampus have not been reported. A procedure which combines horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry in the same tissue was used to determine these percentages in the rabbit. Less than 50% of the neurons in the MS and DB which were labeled with reaction product following an HRP injection into the dorsal hippocampus also stained for AChE. Moreover, 70% of all neurons containing HRP reaction product were located in the DB, but neurons in the DB could not be differentiated from those in the MS on the basis of size or morphology. These data are taken to indicate that much of the MS-DB hippocampal projection is not cholinergic. Substance P is suggested as another possible transmitter within this anatomical system. © 1984.
BibTeX: @article{Baisden:1984, author = {Baisden, R.H. and Woodruff, M.L. and Hoover, D.B.}, title = {Cholinergic and non-cholinergic septo-hippocampal projections: a double-label horseradish peroxidase-acetylcholinesterase study in the rabbit}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1984}, volume = {290}, number = {1}, pages = {146-151}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021349943&partnerID=40&md5=37ffa03d021baa6cb2da94849eb477eb}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(84)90745-5} }
Baisden, R.H. and Hoover, D.B.	Cells of origin of the hippocampal afferent projection from the nucleus reuniens thalami. A combined Golgi-HRP study in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1979	Cell Tissue Res Vol. 203(3), pp. 387-391	article	DOI
Abstract: Neurons of the nucleus reuniens thalami stained with Golgi methods are compared to cells in this nucleus labelled in retrograde fashion after hippocampal injections of horseradish peroxidase. The cellular morphology ranges from fusiform to multiangular with most cells showing radiating processes characteristic of neurons in the reticular core. Dendrites are long and relatively smooth, with a few sparsely distributed spinous processes. These cells are comparable to the cholinergic cells of the median septal/diagonal band area which also project into the hippocampal formation.
BibTeX: @article{Baisden:1979, author = {R. H. Baisden and D. B. Hoover}, title = {Cells of origin of the hippocampal afferent projection from the nucleus reuniens thalami. A combined Golgi-HRP study in the rat.}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, year = {1979}, volume = {203}, number = {3}, pages = {387--391}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00233268} }
Baisden, R.H. and Hoover, D.B.	Cells of origin of the hippocampal afferent projection from the nucleus reuniens thalami. A combined Golgi-HRP study in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1979	Cell and tissue research Vol. 203, pp. 387-391	article	DOI
Abstract: Neurons of the nucleus reuniens thalami stained with Golgi methods are compared to cells in this nucleus labelled in retrograde fashion after hippocampal injections of horseradish peroxidase. The cellular morphology ranges from fusiform to multiangular with most cells showing radiating processes characteristic of neurons in the reticular core. Dendrites are long and relatively smooth, with a few sparsely distributed spinous processes. These cells are comparable to the cholinergic cells of the median septal/diagonal band area which also project into the hippocampal formation.
BibTeX: @article{Baisden:1979c, author = {Baisden, R H and Hoover, D B}, title = {Cells of origin of the hippocampal afferent projection from the nucleus reuniens thalami. A combined Golgi-HRP study in the rat.}, journal = {Cell and tissue research}, year = {1979}, volume = {203}, pages = {387--391}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00233268} }
Baisden, R.H., Hoover, D.B. and Cowie, R.J.	Retrograde demonstration of hippocampal afferents from the interpeduncular and reuniens nuclei. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1979	Neurosci Lett Vol. 13(2), pp. 105-109	article	DOI
Abstract: The origin of hippocampal afferent projections was studied after horseradish peroxidase injections into the hippocampal formation. Labeled cells were found in the dorsal and ventrolateral aspects of the interpeduncular nucleus and in the ipsilateral portion of the nucleus reuniens thalami. In addition, neurons containing HRP were observed in the cortical, hypothalamic and brain stem areas reported by previous investigators.
BibTeX: @article{Baisden:1979a, author = {Baisden, R. H. and Hoover, D. B. and Cowie, R. J.}, title = {Retrograde demonstration of hippocampal afferents from the interpeduncular and reuniens nuclei.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1979}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {105--109}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(79)90025-9} }
Baisden, R.H., Hoover, D.B. and Cowie, R.J.	Retrograde demonstration of hippocampal afferents from the interpeduncular and reuniens nuclei. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1979	Neuroscience letters Vol. 13, pp. 105-109	article	DOI
Abstract: The origin of hippocampal afferent projections was studied after horseradish peroxidase injections into the hippocampal formation. Labeled cells were found in the dorsal and ventrolateral aspects of the interpeduncular nucleus and in the ipsilateral portion of the nucleus reuniens thalami. In addition, neurons containing HRP were observed in the cortical, hypothalamic and brain stem areas reported by previous investigators.
BibTeX: @article{Baisden:1979b, author = {Baisden, R H and Hoover, D B and Cowie, R J}, title = {Retrograde demonstration of hippocampal afferents from the interpeduncular and reuniens nuclei.}, journal = {Neuroscience letters}, year = {1979}, volume = {13}, pages = {105--109}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(79)90025-9} }
Bajetto, A., Barbero, S., Bonavia, R., Chimini, G. and Schettini, G.	Immunofluorescence and biochemical techniques to detect nuclear localization of ciliary neurotrophic factor in glial cells. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Brain Res Brain Res Protoc Vol. 5(3), pp. 273-281School: Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy. bajetto@sirio.cba.unige.it	article	DOI
Abstract: Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) promotes the survival of several populations of neurons, including sensory and motor neurons. It is mainly produced by Schwann cells and astrocytes and exerts its biological function via a specific membrane receptor. We recently determined the nuclear localization of CNTF in producing cells, after transfection and in the heterologous system of Xenopus oocytes. In the present paper, we describe in detail the techniques for the detection of CNTF in the nucleus of rat astrocytes, transfected cells, isolated nuclei and injected Xenopus oocytes.
BibTeX: @article{Bajetto:2000, author = {Bajetto, A. and Barbero, S. and Bonavia, R. and Chimini, G. and Schettini, G.}, title = {Immunofluorescence and biochemical techniques to detect nuclear localization of ciliary neurotrophic factor in glial cells.}, journal = {Brain Res Brain Res Protoc}, school = {Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy. bajetto@sirio.cba.unige.it}, year = {2000}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {273--281}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s1385-299x(00)00023-4} }
Bajic, D. and Proudfit, H.K.	Projections of neurons in the periaqueductal gray to pontine and medullary catecholamine cell groups involved in the modulation of nociception. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	J Comp Neurol Vol. 405(3), pp. 359-379School: Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: Stimulation of neurons in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) produces antinociception that is mediated in part by noradrenergic neurons that innervate the spinal cord dorsal horn. Because norepinephrine-containing neurons are not found in the PAG, noncatecholamine neurons in the PAG must project to, and activate, spinally projecting catecholamine neurons located in the pons or medulla. The present studies determined the projections of neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to the A5, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A7 catecholamine cell groups that are known to contain spinally projecting noradrenergic neurons. The anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the ventrolateral PAG, and labeled axon terminal profiles were identified near noradrenergic neurons that were visualized by processing tissue sections for tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Highly varicose, anterogradely labeled terminal profiles were found apposed to the dendrites and somata of tyrosine-hydroxylase- immunoreactive neurons and non-tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral pontine tegmentum. These axon terminal profiles were more dense on the side ipsilateral to the BDA deposit, and both A7 and locus coeruleus neurons received a more dense innervation than did the A5 neurons. Although definitive evidence for a direct pathway from PAG neurons to spinally projecting A7 neurons requires ultrastructural studies, the results of the present studies provide presumptive evidence for direct projections from neurons in the PAG to noradrenergic A7 neurons that innervate the spinal cord dorsal horn and modulate pain perception. If neurons in the ventrolateral PAG do form synapses with noradrenergic A7 neurons, these spinally projecting catecholamine neurons may mediate part of the analgesic effect produced by systemic administration of morphine. In contrast, the projections of PAG neurons to the A5 cell group and the locus coeruleus may mediate the cardiovascular and motor effects produced by stimulation of sites in the ventrolateral PAG.
BibTeX: @article{Bajic:1999, author = {Bajic, D. and Proudfit, H. K.}, title = {Projections of neurons in the periaqueductal gray to pontine and medullary catecholamine cell groups involved in the modulation of nociception.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA.}, year = {1999}, volume = {405}, number = {3}, pages = {359--379}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990315)405:3%3C359::aid-cne6%3E3.0.co;2-w} }
Bajic, D. and Proudfit, H.K.	Projections of neurons in the periaqueductal gray to pontine and medullary catecholamine cell groups involved in the modulation of nociception. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 405, pp. 359-79	article
Abstract: Stimulation of neurons in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) produces antinociception that is mediated in part by noradrenergic neurons that innervate the spinal cord dorsal horn. Because norepinephrine-containing neurons are not found in the PAG, noncatecholamine neurons in the PAG must project to, and activate, spinally projecting catecholamine neurons located in the pons or medulla. The present studies determined the projections of neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to the A5, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A7 catecholamine cell groups that are known to contain spinally projecting noradrenergic neurons. The anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the ventrolateral PAG, and labeled axon terminal profiles were identified near noradrenergic neurons that were visualized by processing tissue sections for tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Highly varicose, anterogradely labeled terminal profiles were found apposed to the dendrites and somata of tyrosine-hydroxylase- immunoreactive neurons and non-tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral pontine tegmentum. These axon terminal profiles were more dense on the side ipsilateral to the BDA deposit, and both A7 and locus coeruleus neurons received a more dense innervation than did the A5 neurons. Although definitive evidence for a direct pathway from PAG neurons to spinally projecting A7 neurons requires ultrastructural studies, the results of the present studies provide presumptive evidence for direct projections from neurons in the PAG to noradrenergic A7 neurons that innervate the spinal cord dorsal horn and modulate pain perception. If neurons in the ventrolateral PAG do form synapses with noradrenergic A7 neurons, these spinally projecting catecholamine neurons may mediate part of the analgesic effect produced by systemic administration of morphine. In contrast, the projections of PAG neurons to the A5 cell group and the locus coeruleus may mediate the cardiovascular and motor effects produced by stimulation of sites in the ventrolateral PAG.
BibTeX: @article{Bajic:1999a, author = {Bajic, D. and Proudfit, H. K.}, title = {Projections of neurons in the periaqueductal gray to pontine and medullary catecholamine cell groups involved in the modulation of nociception.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1999}, volume = {405}, pages = {359-79}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Bajic, D. and Proudfit, H.K.	Projections from the rat cuneiform nucleus to the A7, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A5 pontine noradrenergic cell groups. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	J Chem Neuroanat Vol. 50-51, pp. 11-20School: Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. dusica.bajic@childrens.harvard.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Stimulation of neurons in the cuneiform nucleus (CnF) produces antinociception and cardiovascular responses that could be mediated, in part, by noradrenergic neurons that innervate the spinal cord dorsal horn. The present study determined the projections of neurons in the CnF to the pontine noradrenergic neurons in the A5, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A7 cell groups that are known to project to the spinal cord. Injections of the anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine in the CnF of Sasco Sprague-Dawley rats labeled axons located near noradrenergic neurons that were visualized by processing tissue sections for tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity. Anterogradely labeled axons were more dense on the side ipsilateral to the BDA deposit. Both A7 and A5 cell groups received dense projections from neurons in the CnF, whereas locus coeruleus received only a sparse projection. Highly varicose anterogradely labeled axons from the CnF were found in close apposition to dendrites and somata of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in pontine tegmentum. Although definitive evidence for direct pathways from CnF neurons to the pontine noradrenergic cell groups requires ultrastructural analysis, the results of the present studies provide presumptive evidence of direct projections from neurons in the CnF to the pontine noradrenergic neurons of the A7, locus coeruleus, and A5 cell groups. These results support the suggestion that the analgesia and cardiovascular responses produced by stimulation of neurons in the CnF may be mediated, in part, by pontine noradrenergic neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Bajic:2013, author = {Bajic, Dusica and Proudfit, Herbert K.}, title = {Projections from the rat cuneiform nucleus to the A7, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A5 pontine noradrenergic cell groups.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. dusica.bajic@childrens.harvard.edu}, year = {2013}, volume = {50-51}, pages = {11--20}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.03.001}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.03.001} }
Bajic, D. and Proudfit, H.K.	Projections from the rat cuneiform nucleus to the A7, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A5 pontine noradrenergic cell groups. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Journal of chemical neuroanatomy Vol. 50-51, pp. 11-20	article	DOI
Abstract: Stimulation of neurons in the cuneiform nucleus (CnF) produces antinociception and cardiovascular responses that could be mediated, in part, by noradrenergic neurons that innervate the spinal cord dorsal horn. The present study determined the projections of neurons in the CnF to the pontine noradrenergic neurons in the A5, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A7 cell groups that are known to project to the spinal cord. Injections of the anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine in the CnF of Sasco Sprague-Dawley rats labeled axons located near noradrenergic neurons that were visualized by processing tissue sections for tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity. Anterogradely labeled axons were more dense on the side ipsilateral to the BDA deposit. Both A7 and A5 cell groups received dense projections from neurons in the CnF, whereas locus coeruleus received only a sparse projection. Highly varicose anterogradely labeled axons from the CnF were found in close apposition to dendrites and somata of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in pontine tegmentum. Although definitive evidence for direct pathways from CnF neurons to the pontine noradrenergic cell groups requires ultrastructural analysis, the results of the present studies provide presumptive evidence of direct projections from neurons in the CnF to the pontine noradrenergic neurons of the A7, locus coeruleus, and A5 cell groups. These results support the suggestion that the analgesia and cardiovascular responses produced by stimulation of neurons in the CnF may be mediated, in part, by pontine noradrenergic neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Bajic:2013a, author = {Bajic, Dusica and Proudfit, Herbert K.}, title = {Projections from the rat cuneiform nucleus to the A7, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A5 pontine noradrenergic cell groups.}, journal = {Journal of chemical neuroanatomy}, year = {2013}, volume = {50-51}, pages = {11-20}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.03.001} }
Bajic, D., Proudfit, H.K. and Bockstaele, E.J.V.	Periaqueductal gray neurons monosynaptically innervate extranuclear noradrenergic dendrites in the rat pericoerulear region. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	J Comp Neurol Vol. 427(4), pp. 649-662School: Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: Previous reports using light microscopy have provided anatomical evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG) innervate the medial pericoerulear dendrites of noradrenergic neurons in the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). The present study used anterograde tracing and electron microscopic analysis to provide more definitive evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral PAG form synapses with the somata or dendrites of noradrenergic LC neurons. Deposits of either biotinylated dextran amine or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the rat ventrolateral PAG labeled a moderate to high number of axons in the region of the medial pericoerulear region and Barrington's nucleus, but a relatively low number were labeled in the nuclear core of the LC. Ultrastructural analysis of anterogradely labeled terminals at the levels of the rostral (n = 233) and caudal (n = 272) subdivisions of the LC indicated that approximately 20% of these form synapses with tyrosine hydroxylase- immunoreactive dendrites; most of these were located in the medial pericoerulear region. In rostral sections, about 12% of these were symmetric synapses, 9% were asymmetric synapses, and 79% were membrane appositions without clear synaptic specializations. In caudal sections, about 30% were symmetric synapses, 11% were asymmetric synapses, and 59% were appositions. In both rostral and caudal sections, 60% of the anterogradely labeled terminals formed synapses with noncatecholamine dendrites, and 20% formed axoaxonic synapses. These results provide direct evidence for monosynaptic projections from neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to the extranuclear dendrites of noradrenergic LC neurons. This monosynaptic pathway may mediate in part the analgesia, reduced responsiveness to external stimuli, and decreased excitability of somatic motoneurons produced by stimulation of neurons in the ventrolateral PAG.
BibTeX: @article{Bajic:2000, author = {D. Bajic and H. K. Proudfit and E. J. Van Bockstaele}, title = {Periaqueductal gray neurons monosynaptically innervate extranuclear noradrenergic dendrites in the rat pericoerulear region.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.}, year = {2000}, volume = {427}, number = {4}, pages = {649--662}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9861(20001127)427:4%3C649::aid-cne11%3E3.0.co;2-m} }
Bajic, D., Proudfit, H.K. and Van Bockstaele, E.J.	Periaqueductal gray neurons monosynaptically innervate extranuclear noradrenergic dendrites in the rat pericoerulear region. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	J Comp Neurol Vol. 427(4), pp. 649-662School: Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: Previous reports using light microscopy have provided anatomical evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG) innervate the medial pericoerulear dendrites of noradrenergic neurons in the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). The present study used anterograde tracing and electron microscopic analysis to provide more definitive evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral PAG form synapses with the somata or dendrites of noradrenergic LC neurons. Deposits of either biotinylated dextran amine or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the rat ventrolateral PAG labeled a moderate to high number of axons in the region of the medial pericoerulear region and Barrington's nucleus, but a relatively low number were labeled in the nuclear core of the LC. Ultrastructural analysis of anterogradely labeled terminals at the levels of the rostral (n = 233) and caudal (n = 272) subdivisions of the LC indicated that approximately 20% of these form synapses with tyrosine hydroxylase- immunoreactive dendrites; most of these were located in the medial pericoerulear region. In rostral sections, about 12% of these were symmetric synapses, 9% were asymmetric synapses, and 79% were membrane appositions without clear synaptic specializations. In caudal sections, about 30% were symmetric synapses, 11% were asymmetric synapses, and 59% were appositions. In both rostral and caudal sections, 60% of the anterogradely labeled terminals formed synapses with noncatecholamine dendrites, and 20% formed axoaxonic synapses. These results provide direct evidence for monosynaptic projections from neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to the extranuclear dendrites of noradrenergic LC neurons. This monosynaptic pathway may mediate in part the analgesia, reduced responsiveness to external stimuli, and decreased excitability of somatic motoneurons produced by stimulation of neurons in the ventrolateral PAG.
BibTeX: @article{Bajic:2000a, author = {Bajic, D. and Proudfit, H. K. and Van Bockstaele, E. J.}, title = {Periaqueductal gray neurons monosynaptically innervate extranuclear noradrenergic dendrites in the rat pericoerulear region.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.}, year = {2000}, volume = {427}, number = {4}, pages = {649--662}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9861(20001127)427:4%3C649::aid-cne11%3E3.0.co;2-m} }
Bajic, D., Proudfit, H.K. and Van Bockstaele, E.J.	Periaqueductal gray neurons monosynaptically innervate extranuclear noradrenergic dendrites in the rat pericoerulear region. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 427, pp. 649-62	article
Abstract: Previous reports using light microscopy have provided anatomical evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG) innervate the medial pericoerulear dendrites of noradrenergic neurons in the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). The present study used anterograde tracing and electron microscopic analysis to provide more definitive evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral PAG form synapses with the somata or dendrites of noradrenergic LC neurons. Deposits of either biotinylated dextran amine or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the rat ventrolateral PAG labeled a moderate to high number of axons in the region of the medial pericoerulear region and Barrington's nucleus, but a relatively low number were labeled in the nuclear core of the LC. Ultrastructural analysis of anterogradely labeled terminals at the levels of the rostral (n = 233) and caudal (n = 272) subdivisions of the LC indicated that approximately 20% of these form synapses with tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive dendrites; most of these were located in the medial pericoerulear region. In rostral sections, about 12% of these were symmetric synapses, 9% were asymmetric synapses, and 79% were membrane appositions without clear synaptic specializations. In caudal sections, about 30% were symmetric synapses, 11% were asymmetric synapses, and 59% were appositions. In both rostral and caudal sections, 60% of the anterogradely labeled terminals formed synapses with noncatecholamine dendrites, and 20% formed axoaxonic synapses. These results provide direct evidence for monosynaptic projections from neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to the extranuclear dendrites of noradrenergic LC neurons. This monosynaptic pathway may mediate in part the analgesia, reduced responsiveness to external stimuli, and decreased excitability of somatic motoneurons produced by stimulation of neurons in the ventrolateral PAG.
BibTeX: @article{Bajic:2000b, author = {Bajic, D. and Proudfit, H. K. and Van Bockstaele, E. J.}, title = {Periaqueductal gray neurons monosynaptically innervate extranuclear noradrenergic dendrites in the rat pericoerulear region.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {2000}, volume = {427}, pages = {649-62}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Bajic, D., Van Bockstaele, E.J. and Proudfit, H.K.	Ultrastructural analysis of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray projections to the A7 catecholamine cell group. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Neuroscience Vol. 104(1), pp. 181-197School: Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: Stimulation of neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray produces antinociception that is mediated in part by pontine noradrenergic neurons. Previous light microscopic analysis provided suggestive evidence for a direct projection from neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray to noradrenergic neurons in the A7 cell group that innervate the spinal cord dorsal horn. Therefore, the present ultrastructural study used anterograde tracing combined with tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity to provide definitive evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray form synapses with the somata and dendrites of noradrenergic neurons of the A7 cell group. Injections of the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray of Sasco Sprague-Dawley rats yielded a dense innervation in the region of the lateral pons containing the A7 cell group. Electron microscopic analysis of anterogradely labeled terminals (n=401) in the region of the A7 cell group indicated that approximately 10% of these formed plasmalemmal appositions to tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive dendrites with no intervening astrocytic processes. About 23% of these were asymmetric synapses, 10% were symmetric synapses, and 67% did not exhibit clearly differentiated synaptic specializations. The majority of anterogradely labeled terminals (60 formed plasmalemmal appositions with dendrites and somata that lacked detectable tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. About 35% of these were symmetric synapses, 9% were asymmetric synapses and 56% did not form synaptic specializations. Approximately 30% of all anterogradely labeled terminals displayed features characteristic of axo-axonic synapses.The present results provide direct ultrastructural evidence to support the hypothesis that the analgesia produced by stimulation of neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray is mediated, in part, by activation of spinally projecting noradrenergic neurons in the A7 catecholamine cell group.
BibTeX: @article{Bajic:2001, author = {Bajic, D. and Van Bockstaele, E. J. and Proudfit, H. K.}, title = {Ultrastructural analysis of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray projections to the A7 catecholamine cell group.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.}, year = {2001}, volume = {104}, number = {1}, pages = {181--197}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00052-5} }
Bajic, D., Van Bockstaele, E.J. and Proudfit, H.K.	Ultrastructural analysis of rat ventrolateral periaqueductal gray projections to the A5 cell group. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Neuroscience Vol. 224, pp. 145-159School: Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. dusica.bajic@childrens.harvard.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Stimulation of neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG) produces antinociception as well as cardiovascular depressor responses that are mediated in part by pontine noradrenergic neurons. A previous report using light microscopy has described a pathway from neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to noradrenergic neurons in the A5 cell group that may mediate these effects. The present study used anterograde tracing and electron microscopic analysis to provide more definitive evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral PAG form synapses with noradrenergic and non-catecholaminergic A5 neurons in Sasco Sprague-Dawley rats. Deposits of anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine, into the rat ventrolateral PAG labeled a significant number of axons in the region of the rostral subdivision of the A5 cell group, and a relatively lower number in the caudal A5 cell group. Electron microscopic analysis of anterogradely-labeled terminals in both rostral (n=127) and caudal (n=70) regions of the A5 cell group indicated that approximately 10% of these form synapses with noradrenergic dendrites. In rostral sections, about 31% of these were symmetric synapses, 19% were asymmetric synapses, and 50% were membrane appositions without clear synaptic specializations. In caudal sections, about 22% were symmetric synapses, and the remaining 78% were appositions. In both rostral and caudal subdivisions of the A5, nearly 40% of the anterogradely-labeled terminals formed synapses with non-catecholaminergic dendrites, and about 45% formed axoaxonic synapses. These results provide direct evidence for a monosynaptic pathway from neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to noradrenergic and non-catecholaminergic neurons in the A5 cell group. Further studies should evaluate if this established monosynaptic pathway may contribute to the cardiovascular depressor effects or the analgesia produced by the activation of neurons in the ventrolateral PAG.
BibTeX: @article{Bajic:2012, author = {Bajic, D. and Van Bockstaele, E. J. and Proudfit, H. K.}, title = {Ultrastructural analysis of rat ventrolateral periaqueductal gray projections to the A5 cell group.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. dusica.bajic@childrens.harvard.edu}, year = {2012}, volume = {224}, pages = {145--159}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.021}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.021} }
Bajo, V.M., Merchán, M.A., López, D.E. and Rouiller, E.M.	Neuronal morphology and efferent projections of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	J Comp Neurol Vol. 334(2), pp. 241-262School: Departamento de Biología Celular y Patología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DLL) is the main source of inhibitory influence in the auditory brainstem of mammals. The cytoarchitecture and connectional properties of DLL were established in the cat in contrast to the rat. The goal of the present study was to establish to what extent the anatomical properties of the rat DLL compare to those of the cat, thus providing a basis of interpretation for future functional studies in the rat, an animal model used more and more in the auditory system. DLL of the rat contains four well-differentiated neuronal types, as seen in Nissl-stained material. Type I neurons are large and multipolar with abundant cytoplasm and darkly stained Nissl substance. Type II neurons are large, bipolar and darkly stained in Nissl material. Type III neurons are medium in size and their soma is round or ovoid. Type IV neurons are small and round with scant cytoplasm; they seem to be also the least common neuronal type of the DLL. After Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin or biocytin injections in the DLL, fibers and terminals labeled by orthograde transport were observed in the corresponding region of the contralateral DLL and in the inferior colliculus, bilaterally. A few labeled fibers and terminal fields were seen in the deep layers of the superior colliculus bilaterally, as well as in the medial division of the medial geniculate body and, even more rostrally, in the posterior nucleus of the thalamus. Descending projections from DLL terminated in the periolivary regions of the ipsilateral superior olivary complex. Retrograde tracing based on injections of horseradish peroxidase in the various targets of the DLL confirmed the connections established with orthograde labeling.
BibTeX: @article{Bajo:1993, author = {V. M. Bajo and M. A. Merchán and D. E. López and E. M. Rouiller}, title = {Neuronal morphology and efferent projections of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Departamento de Biología Celular y Patología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain.}, year = {1993}, volume = {334}, number = {2}, pages = {241--262}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903340207}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903340207} }
Bajo, V.M., Merchán, M.A., López, D.E. and Rouiller, E.M.	Neuronal morphology and efferent projections of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	J Comp Neurol Vol. 334(2), pp. 241-262School: Departamento de Biología Celular y Patología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DLL) is the main source of inhibitory influence in the auditory brainstem of mammals. The cytoarchitecture and connectional properties of DLL were established in the cat in contrast to the rat. The goal of the present study was to establish to what extent the anatomical properties of the rat DLL compare to those of the cat, thus providing a basis of interpretation for future functional studies in the rat, an animal model used more and more in the auditory system. DLL of the rat contains four well-differentiated neuronal types, as seen in Nissl-stained material. Type I neurons are large and multipolar with abundant cytoplasm and darkly stained Nissl substance. Type II neurons are large, bipolar and darkly stained in Nissl material. Type III neurons are medium in size and their soma is round or ovoid. Type IV neurons are small and round with scant cytoplasm; they seem to be also the least common neuronal type of the DLL. After Phaseolus vulgaris- leucoagglutinin or biocytin injections in the DLL, fibers and terminals labeled by orthograde transport were observed in the corresponding region of the contralateral DLL and in the inferior colliculus, bilaterally. A few labeled fibers and terminal fields were seen in the deep layers of the superior colliculus bilaterally, as well as in the medial division of the medial geniculate body and, even more rostrally, in the posterior nucleus of the thalamus. Descending projections from DLL terminated in the periolivary regions of the ipsilateral superior olivary complex. Retrograde tracing based on injections of horseradish peroxidase in the various targets of the DLL confirmed the connections established with orthograde labeling.
BibTeX: @article{Bajo:1993a, author = {Bajo, V. M. and Merchán, M. A. and López, D. E. and Rouiller, E. M.}, title = {Neuronal morphology and efferent projections of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Departamento de Biología Celular y Patología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain.}, year = {1993}, volume = {334}, number = {2}, pages = {241--262}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903340207}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903340207} }
Bajo, V.M., Merchán, M.A., López, D.E. and Rouiller, E.M.	Neuronal morphology and efferent projections of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 334, pp. 241-262	article	DOI
Abstract: The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DLL) is the main source of inhibitory influence in the auditory brainstem of mammals. The cytoarchitecture and connectional properties of DLL were established in the cat in contrast to the rat. The goal of the present study was to establish to what extent the anatomical properties of the rat DLL compare to those of the cat, thus providing a basis of interpretation for future functional studies in the rat, an animal model used more and more in the auditory system. DLL of the rat contains four well-differentiated neuronal types, as seen in Nissl-stained material. Type I neurons are large and multipolar with abundant cytoplasm and darkly stained Nissl substance. Type II neurons are large, bipolar and darkly stained in Nissl material. Type III neurons are medium in size and their soma is round or ovoid. Type IV neurons are small and round with scant cytoplasm; they seem to be also the least common neuronal type of the DLL. After Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin or biocytin injections in the DLL, fibers and terminals labeled by orthograde transport were observed in the corresponding region of the contralateral DLL and in the inferior colliculus, bilaterally. A few labeled fibers and terminal fields were seen in the deep layers of the superior colliculus bilaterally, as well as in the medial division of the medial geniculate body and, even more rostrally, in the posterior nucleus of the thalamus. Descending projections from DLL terminated in the periolivary regions of the ipsilateral superior olivary complex. Retrograde tracing based on injections of horseradish peroxidase in the various targets of the DLL confirmed the connections established with orthograde labeling.
BibTeX: @article{Bajo:1993b, author = {Bajo, V M and Merchán, M A and López, D E and Rouiller, E M}, title = {Neuronal morphology and efferent projections of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1993}, volume = {334}, pages = {241--262}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903340207} }
Bajrović, F. and Sketelj, J.	Prior collateral sprouting of sensory axons delays recovery of pain sensitivity after subsequent nerve crush [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Experimental Neurology Vol. 141(2), pp. 207-213	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Regeneration of motor axons is enhanced if they have sprouted prior to nerve injury. We examined whether sensory axon regeneration and recovery of pain response was affected by previous collateral sprouting. In the experimental group of rats, the right saphenous, tibial, and sural nerves were transected and ligated. The peroneal nerve was left to sprout into the adjacent denervated skin. Two months later, the axons of the peroneal nerve were crushed in the sciatic nerve. In the control group, the right sciatic nerve was crushed at the same time that the saphenous, tibial, and sural nerves were transected. Recovery of pain response in the foot was determined by the skin pinch test. Sensory axon elongation rate was measured by the nerve pinch test. The number of myelinated axons was determined in nerve cross sections stained by Azur blue. Recovery of pain sensitivity in the animals of the experimental group was delayed for 2-3 weeks in comparison to the control group. Moreover, the spatial pattern of pain response in the experimental group was irregular, displaying residual regions of insensitive skin which were not present in controls. The elongation rate of regenerating sensory axons in the experimental group was not decreased, and the number of myelinated axons in the peroneal nerves was even about 10% higher than in the control group. Therefore, we assume that the terminal arborization of the neurilemmal tubes pertaining to the former axon sprouts delayed regrowth of sensory axon terminals in the skin.
BibTeX: @article{Bajrovic:1996, author = {Bajrović, F. and Sketelj, J.}, title = {Prior collateral sprouting of sensory axons delays recovery of pain sensitivity after subsequent nerve crush}, journal = {Experimental Neurology}, year = {1996}, volume = {141}, number = {2}, pages = {207-213}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030272007&partnerID=40&md5=c3fcc95a95e1f97c340b6d63cc0fe5a3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1996.0155} }
Bak, B. and Jensen, K.S.	Standardization of tibial fractures in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Bone Vol. 13(4), pp. 289-295School: Department of Connective Tissue Biology, University of Aarhus, Denmark.	article	DOI
Abstract: The influence of the fracture level on the biomechanical properties of healing rat tibial fractures has not been investigated so far, despite the widespread use of rats in fracture healing studies. Fractures were produced in four different zones in the right rat tibia and immobilized with a K-wire. A fifth group of rats was not fractured. After 40 days of healing the fractures and the non-fractured bones were tested in three-point bending. A distinct correlation was found between fracture level and mechanical parameters: maximum load, maximum stiffness, and maximum stress decreased the more distal the fracture was located. In the non-fractured bones, maximum load and maximum stress were constant in all four zones tested, whereas energy absorption increased in the distal part of the tibia. No influence of the healing fracture was found on the contralateral, non-fractured tibia, compared with the animals left undisturbed, and the mechanical properties of the right and the left tibia were found to be symmetrical in terms of mean values. Four different methods of determining the area moment of inertia were investigated, and the simple method of approximating the cross section to an elliptical annulus was found to correlate well with the area moment of inertia, determined from computer tracings of bone slices prepared from the test specimens after the bending test. The computer tracings were corrected for the compression of the specimens caused by the mechanical test.
BibTeX: @article{Bak:1992, author = {Bak, B. and Jensen, K. S.}, title = {Standardization of tibial fractures in the rat.}, journal = {Bone}, school = {Department of Connective Tissue Biology, University of Aarhus, Denmark.}, year = {1992}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {289--295}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(92)90073-6} }
Bak, I.J., Markham, C.H., Cook, M.L. and Stevens, J.G.	Intraaxonal transport of Herpes simplex virus in the rat central nervous system. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1977	Brain Res Vol. 136(3), pp. 415-429	article	DOI
Abstract: Light and electron microscopic observation 3--4 days after microinjection of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) into the left neostriatum of rat demonstrated the following results. (1) Virus labeled nerve cells were found in the ipsilateral substantia nigra; a large number of infected neurons were in the zona compacta and some were in the zona reticulata. No virus infection was evident in the contralateral side. (2) Virus labeled neurons were found in the cortex, a greater number ipsilaterally than contralaterally, and in the dorsal raphé nuclei. Cortical microinjection of HSV led to infection of some cortical cells but no neostriatal cells. We conclude, therefore, that spread of the virus to the cortex, the substantia nigra and the dorsal raphé following neostriatal injection was by retrograde axonal transport. (3) The left neostriatum, where HSV was injected, showed a surprisingly small number of virus infected neurons. The infected neurons were mostly the large neurons; the majority of medium sized neurons were well preserved. There was massive degeneration of nerve terminals throughout the neuropil. Most of these degenerating nerve terminals are considered to be afferent fibers.
BibTeX: @article{Bak:1977, author = {Bak, I. J. and Markham, C. H. and Cook, M. L. and Stevens, J. G.}, title = {Intraaxonal transport of Herpes simplex virus in the rat central nervous system.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1977}, volume = {136}, number = {3}, pages = {415--429}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(77)90067-1} }
Bak, I.J., Markham, C.H., Cook, M.L. and Stevens, J.G.	Intraaxonal transport of Herpes simplex virus in the rat central nervous system. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1977	Brain research Vol. 136, pp. 415-429	article	DOI
Abstract: Light and electron microscopic observation 3--4 days after microinjection of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) into the left neostriatum of rat demonstrated the following results. (1) Virus labeled nerve cells were found in the ipsilateral substantia nigra; a large number of infected neurons were in the zona compacta and some were in the zona reticulata. No virus infection was evident in the contralateral side. (2) Virus labeled neurons were found in the cortex, a greater number ipsilaterally than contralaterally, and in the dorsal raphé nuclei. Cortical microinjection of HSV led to infection of some cortical cells but no neostriatal cells. We conclude, therefore, that spread of the virus to the cortex, the substantia nigra and the dorsal raphé following neostriatal injection was by retrograde axonal transport. (3) The left neostriatum, where HSV was injected, showed a surprisingly small number of virus infected neurons. The infected neurons were mostly the large neurons; the majority of medium sized neurons were well preserved. There was massive degeneration of nerve terminals throughout the neuropil. Most of these degenerating nerve terminals are considered to be afferent fibers.
BibTeX: @article{Bak:1977a, author = {Bak, I J and Markham, C H and Cook, M L and Stevens, J G}, title = {Intraaxonal transport of Herpes simplex virus in the rat central nervous system.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1977}, volume = {136}, pages = {415--429}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(77)90067-1} }
Bak, I.J., Markham, C.H., Cook, M.L. and Stevens, J.G.	Ultrastructural and immunoperoxidase study of striatonigral neurons by means of retrograde axonal transport of herpes simplex virus. [BibTeX]	1978	Brain Res Vol. 143(2), pp. 361-368	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Bak:1978, author = {Bak, I. J. and Markham, C. H. and Cook, M. L. and Stevens, J. G.}, title = {Ultrastructural and immunoperoxidase study of striatonigral neurons by means of retrograde axonal transport of herpes simplex virus.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1978}, volume = {143}, number = {2}, pages = {361--368}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(78)90576-0} }
Bak, I.J., Markham, C.H., Cook, M.L. and Stevens, J.G.	Ultrastructural and immunoperoxidase study of striatonigral neurons by means of retrograde axonal transport of herpes simplex virus. [BibTeX]	1978	Brain research Vol. 143, pp. 361-368	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Bak:1978a, author = {Bak, I J and Markham, C H and Cook, M L and Stevens, J G}, title = {Ultrastructural and immunoperoxidase study of striatonigral neurons by means of retrograde axonal transport of herpes simplex virus.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1978}, volume = {143}, pages = {361--368}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(78)90576-0} }
Baker, D., Specio, S., Tran-Nguyen, L. and Neisewander, J.	Amphetamine infused into the ventrolateral striatum produces oral stereotypies and conditioned place preference [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior Vol. 61(1), pp. 107-111	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The effects of amphetamine infused into the ventrolateral striatum (VLS) on locomotion, stereotypies, and conditioned place preference (CPP) were investigated. Five 2-day conditioning trials were conducted over 10 consecutive days. On 1 day of each trial, animals received an infusion of amphetamine (0, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 mg/0.5 ml/side) and were placed into a distinct compartment for 30 min. On the other day, animals received sham intracranial infusions and were placed into a different compartment for 30 min. Locomotion and stereotypies were assessed following the first and last amphetamine infusions. CPP was assessed the day following the last conditioning trial. Intra-VLS infusions of amphetamine did not alter sniffing or locomotion. Acute administration of amphetamine into the VLS dose dependently produced oral stereotypies, however, tolerance developed to this effect following repeated administrations. Also, intra-VLS infusions of amphetamine dose dependently produced CPP. These results suggest that the VLS is involved in amphetamine-induced oral stereotypies and reward. Copyright (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Baker:1998, author = {Baker, D.A. and Specio, S.E. and Tran-Nguyen, L.T.L. and Neisewander, J.L.}, title = {Amphetamine infused into the ventrolateral striatum produces oral stereotypies and conditioned place preference}, journal = {Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior}, year = {1998}, volume = {61}, number = {1}, pages = {107-111}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031721041&partnerID=40&md5=a1903ec0e65baaaace2e1bbc668d8123}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(98)00070-7} }
Baker, G.E. and Jeffery, G.	Distribution of uncrossed axons along the course of the optic nerve and chiasm of rodents. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	J Comp Neurol Vol. 289(3), pp. 455-461School: Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford, England.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The distribution of the ipsilaterally projecting population of retinofugal axons has been analyzed following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the optic tract of adult hamsters and rats to determine whether the topographical segregation of the cells of origin seen in the retina is maintained by their axons throughout the course of the optic nerve and chiasm. Axons are limited to a roughly appropriate topographic location within the intraorbital course of the nerve but this organization changes at levels progressively closer to the optic chiasm. Immediately rostral to the chiasm labelled profiles are found dispersed across most of the cross-sectional area of the nerve. This dispersal is maintained within the region of the optic chiasm where a complex rearrangement of ipsilaterally projecting axons takes place. The results show that axons are not retinotopically organized along the entire length of the optic nerve. The order of axons changes along the course of the nerve and in the optic chiasm. The change seen within the intracranial course may indicate a chronotopic re-sorting of axons prior to the optic tract where the organization of axons has previously been interpreted as a map of time of axon arrival.
BibTeX: @article{Baker:1989, author = {Baker, G. E. and Jeffery, G.}, title = {Distribution of uncrossed axons along the course of the optic nerve and chiasm of rodents.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford, England.}, year = {1989}, volume = {289}, number = {3}, pages = {455--461}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902890309}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902890309} }
Baker, H. and Spencer, R.F.	Transneuronal transport of peroxidase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) from the olfactory epithelium to the brain of the adult rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Exp Brain Res Vol. 63(3), pp. 461-473	article	DOI
Abstract: The sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium, as a consequence of their odor detection function, contact both the external environment and the central nervous system. The possibility that substances applied to the epithelium might reach the central nervous system was investigated by the intranasal application of peroxidase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP). WGA-HRP was transported through olfactory receptor axons to the glomerulus of the olfactory bulb. Reaction product was localized electron microscopically to tubulovesicular profiles and dense bodies in sensory axons. Evidence of transneuronal transport was indicated by reaction product localized in dense bodies in dendrites postsynaptic to receptor cell axons. Periglomerular, tufted and mitral cells in the olfactory bulb also were transneuronally labeled. Anterograde transneuronal labeling occurred in the olfactory tubercle, piriform cortex and surrounding the lateral olfactory tract. Retrograde transneuronal label was found in neurons of the basal forebrain with the largest number of perikarya in the lateral nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, a major source of cholinergic afferents to the olfactory bulb. These data suggest that substances, specifically those which bind to receptors, are transported from the olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal epithelium to the brain. Thus, the olfactory system may provide a route of entry for exogenous substances to the basal forebrain.
BibTeX: @article{Baker:1986, author = {H. Baker and R. F. Spencer}, title = {Transneuronal transport of peroxidase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) from the olfactory epithelium to the brain of the adult rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {63}, number = {3}, pages = {461--473}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00237470} }
Baker, H. and Spencer, R.F.	Transneuronal transport of peroxidase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) from the olfactory epithelium to the brain of the adult rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Experimental brain research Vol. 63, pp. 461-73	article
Abstract: The sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium, as a consequence of their odor detection function, contact both the external environment and the central nervous system. The possibility that substances applied to the epithelium might reach the central nervous system was investigated by the intranasal application of peroxidase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP). WGA-HRP was transported through olfactory receptor axons to the glomerulus of the olfactory bulb. Reaction product was localized electron microscopically to tubulovesicular profiles and dense bodies in sensory axons. Evidence of transneuronal transport was indicated by reaction product localized in dense bodies in dendrites postsynaptic to receptor cell axons. Periglomerular, tufted and mitral cells in the olfactory bulb also were transneuronally labeled. Anterograde transneuronal labeling occurred in the olfactory tubercle, piriform cortex and surrounding the lateral olfactory tract. Retrograde transneuronal label was found in neurons of the basal forebrain with the largest number of perikarya in the lateral nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, a major source of cholinergic afferents to the olfactory bulb. These data suggest that substances, specifically those which bind to receptors, are transported from the olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal epithelium to the brain. Thus, the olfactory system may provide a route of entry for exogenous substances to the basal forebrain.
BibTeX: @article{Baker:1986a, author = {Baker, H. and Spencer, R. F.}, title = {Transneuronal transport of peroxidase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) from the olfactory epithelium to the brain of the adult rat.}, journal = {Experimental brain research}, year = {1986}, volume = {63}, pages = {461-73}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Baker, J.L., Perez-Rosello, T., Migliore, M., Barrionuevo, G. and Ascoli, G.A.	A computer model of unitary responses from associational/commissural and perforant path synapses in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	J Comput Neurosci Vol. 31(1), pp. 137-158School: Plasticity, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS 2A1, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Despite the central position of CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampal circuit, the experimental investigation of their synaptic properties has been limited. Recent slice experiments from adult rats characterized AMPA and NMDA receptor unitary synaptic responses in CA3b pyramidal cells. Here, excitatory synaptic activation is modeled to infer biophysical parameters, aid analysis interpretation, explore mechanisms, and formulate predictions by contrasting simulated somatic recordings with experimental data. Reconstructed CA3b pyramidal cells from the public repository NeuroMorpho.Org were used to allow for cell-specific morphological variation. For each cell, synaptic responses were simulated for perforant pathway and associational/commissural synapses. Means and variability for peak amplitude, time-to-peak, and half-height width in these responses were compared with equivalent statistics from experimental recordings. Synaptic responses mediated by AMPA receptors are best fit with properties typical of previously characterized glutamatergic receptors where perforant path synapses have conductances twice that of associational/commissural synapses (0.9 vs. 0.5 nS) and more rapid peak times (1.0 vs. 3.3 ms). Reanalysis of passive-cell experimental traces using the model shows no evidence of a CA1-like increase of associational/commissural AMPA receptor conductance with increasing distance from the soma. Synaptic responses mediated by NMDA receptors are best fit with rapid kinetics, suggestive of NR2A subunits as expected in mature animals. Predictions were made for passive-cell current clamp recordings, combined AMPA and NMDA receptor responses, and local dendritic depolarization in response to unitary stimulations. Models of synaptic responses in active cells suggest altered axial resistivity and the presence of synaptically activated potassium channels in spines.
BibTeX: @article{Baker:2011, author = {Baker, John L. and Perez-Rosello, Tamara and Migliore, Michele and Barrionuevo, Germán and Ascoli, Giorgio A.}, title = {A computer model of unitary responses from associational/commissural and perforant path synapses in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells.}, journal = {J Comput Neurosci}, school = {Plasticity, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS 2A1, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.}, year = {2011}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {137--158}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10827-010-0304-x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10827-010-0304-x} }
Baker, J.L., Perez-Rosello, T., Migliore, M., Barrionuevo, G. and Ascoli, G.A.	A computer model of unitary responses from associational/commissural and perforant path synapses in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Journal of computational neuroscience Vol. 31, pp. 137-58	article	DOI
Abstract: Despite the central position of CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampal circuit, the experimental investigation of their synaptic properties has been limited. Recent slice experiments from adult rats characterized AMPA and NMDA receptor unitary synaptic responses in CA3b pyramidal cells. Here, excitatory synaptic activation is modeled to infer biophysical parameters, aid analysis interpretation, explore mechanisms, and formulate predictions by contrasting simulated somatic recordings with experimental data. Reconstructed CA3b pyramidal cells from the public repository NeuroMorpho.Org were used to allow for cell-specific morphological variation. For each cell, synaptic responses were simulated for perforant pathway and associational/commissural synapses. Means and variability for peak amplitude, time-to-peak, and half-height width in these responses were compared with equivalent statistics from experimental recordings. Synaptic responses mediated by AMPA receptors are best fit with properties typical of previously characterized glutamatergic receptors where perforant path synapses have conductances twice that of associational/commissural synapses (0.9 vs. 0.5 nS) and more rapid peak times (1.0 vs. 3.3 ms). Reanalysis of passive-cell experimental traces using the model shows no evidence of a CA1-like increase of associational/commissural AMPA receptor conductance with increasing distance from the soma. Synaptic responses mediated by NMDA receptors are best fit with rapid kinetics, suggestive of NR2A subunits as expected in mature animals. Predictions were made for passive-cell current clamp recordings, combined AMPA and NMDA receptor responses, and local dendritic depolarization in response to unitary stimulations. Models of synaptic responses in active cells suggest altered axial resistivity and the presence of synaptically activated potassium channels in spines.
BibTeX: @article{Baker:2011a, author = {Baker, John L. and Perez-Rosello, Tamara and Migliore, Michele and Barrionuevo, German and Ascoli, Giorgio A.}, title = {A computer model of unitary responses from associational/commissural and perforant path synapses in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells.}, journal = {Journal of computational neuroscience}, year = {2011}, volume = {31}, pages = {137-58}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10827-010-0304-x} }
Baker, K.A., Nakashima, S. and Hagg, T.	Dorsal column sensory axons lack TrkC and are not rescued by local neurotrophin-3 infusions following spinal cord contusion in adult rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Exp Neurol Vol. 205(1), pp. 82-91School: Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, MDR Building, Room 616, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: By reducing the progressive degeneration and disconnection of axons following spinal cord injury the functional outcome should improve. After direct transection of dorsal column sensory axons, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) treatment can reduce degeneration and promote regeneration of the proximal stumps. Here, we tested in adult rats whether NT-3 infusion at the site of a moderate T9 spinal cord contusion would rescue sensory connections to the gracile nucleus in the medulla. Sensory projections were anterogradely traced bilaterally with injections of cholera toxin B (CTB) into the sciatic nerve 3 days before analysis. Seven days after the contusion plus intrathecal (subarachnoid) vehicle infusion as a control, the CTB-positive innervation of the gracile nucleus was reduced to approximately 25% of sham-operated rats. Intrathecal infusion of 10 microg/day of NT-3 did not affect this reduced innervation. To ensure good tissue penetration and high concentrations of NT-3 early after the injury, other rats received intraparenchymal infusions of vehicle or NT-3 near the injury site starting 2 days before until 7 days after the injury. This NT-3 treatment also did not affect the reduced innervation. This suggests that local NT-3 treatments cannot protect sensory axons from secondary degeneration after a contusive spinal cord injury. These results are likely because TrkC is not present in axons of the dorsal columns or gracile nucleus, or in other dorsal column cell types, even after the contusion. Together with published results, our data suggest that NT-3 is a peripherally--but not centrally--derived neurotrophic factor for sensory neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Baker:2007, author = {Baker, K Adam and Nakashima, Shojiro and Hagg, Theo}, title = {Dorsal column sensory axons lack TrkC and are not rescued by local neurotrophin-3 infusions following spinal cord contusion in adult rats.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, school = {Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, MDR Building, Room 616, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.}, year = {2007}, volume = {205}, number = {1}, pages = {82--91}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.01.018}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.01.018} }
Baker, K.A., Nakashima, S. and Hagg, T.	Dorsal column sensory axons lack TrkC and are not rescued by local neurotrophin-3 infusions following spinal cord contusion in adult rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Experimental neurology Vol. 205, pp. 82-91	article
Abstract: By reducing the progressive degeneration and disconnection of axons following spinal cord injury the functional outcome should improve. After direct transection of dorsal column sensory axons, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) treatment can reduce degeneration and promote regeneration of the proximal stumps. Here, we tested in adult rats whether NT-3 infusion at the site of a moderate T9 spinal cord contusion would rescue sensory connections to the gracile nucleus in the medulla. Sensory projections were anterogradely traced bilaterally with injections of cholera toxin B (CTB) into the sciatic nerve 3 days before analysis. Seven days after the contusion plus intrathecal (subarachnoid) vehicle infusion as a control, the CTB-positive innervation of the gracile nucleus was reduced to approximately 25% of sham-operated rats. Intrathecal infusion of 10 microg/day of NT-3 did not affect this reduced innervation. To ensure good tissue penetration and high concentrations of NT-3 early after the injury, other rats received intraparenchymal infusions of vehicle or NT-3 near the injury site starting 2 days before until 7 days after the injury. This NT-3 treatment also did not affect the reduced innervation. This suggests that local NT-3 treatments cannot protect sensory axons from secondary degeneration after a contusive spinal cord injury. These results are likely because TrkC is not present in axons of the dorsal columns or gracile nucleus, or in other dorsal column cell types, even after the contusion. Together with published results, our data suggest that NT-3 is a peripherally--but not centrally--derived neurotrophic factor for sensory neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Baker:2007a, author = {Baker, K. Adam and Nakashima, Shojiro and Hagg, Theo}, title = {Dorsal column sensory axons lack TrkC and are not rescued by local neurotrophin-3 infusions following spinal cord contusion in adult rats.}, journal = {Experimental neurology}, year = {2007}, volume = {205}, pages = {82-91}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Baker, M., Javid, M. and Edgley, SA	Activation of cerebellar climbing fibres to rat cerebellar posterior lobe from motor cortical output pathways [BibTeX]	2001	J Physiol Vol. 536.3, pp. 825-839	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Baker:2001, author = {Baker, MR and Javid, M and Edgley SA}, title = {Activation of cerebellar climbing fibres to rat cerebellar posterior lobe from motor cortical output pathways}, journal = {J Physiol}, year = {2001}, volume = {536.3}, pages = {825-839}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00825.x} }
Baker, M.L. and Giesler, G.J.	Anatomical studies of the spinocervical tract of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Somatosens Res Vol. 2(1), pp. 1-18	article
Abstract: The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to identify and examine the cells of origin of the spinocervical tract (SCt) in the rat. Initially, precise data on the boundaries of the rat lateral cervical nucleus (LCn) were gathered after injecting HRP into the ventrobasal thalamus. These data indicated that the LCn of the rat is restricted to a region on the extreme lateral edge of the dorsalmost portion of the lateral funiculus (DLf) within spinal segment C2. Following small iontophoretic injections of HRP that were restricted to this area, labeled SCt neurons were found in the ipsilateral nucleus proprius at all levels of the spinal cord but were most numerous in the cervical enlargement. Lesion studies indicated that the overwhelming majority of SCt axons ascend to the LCn within the DLf. In an attempt to determine whether our injection techniques labeled a significant number of cells through axons of passage, HRP injections were made in the DLf ventral to the LCn. Such injections labeled, presumably through axons of passage, cells in several areas of the spinal cord gray matter, including a large number in the contralateral marginal zone. Injections in areas immediately rostral to the LCn labeled 20% or less of the total number of cells within the enlargements that were labeled by injections into the LCn. Thus, the majority of cells labeled by injections of HRP into the LCn were labeled through preterminal fibers or terminals themselves. The cells of origin of the SCt in the rat are similar in location to those in the cat but far fewer in number.
BibTeX: @article{Baker:1984, author = {M. L. Baker and G. J. Giesler}, title = {Anatomical studies of the spinocervical tract of the rat.}, journal = {Somatosens Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {1--18} }
Baker, R.A. and Herkenham, M.	Arcuate nucleus neurons that project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: neuropeptidergic identity and consequences of adrenalectomy on mRNA levels in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	J Comp Neurol Vol. 358(4), pp. 518-530School: Section of Functional Neuroanatomy, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The possible role that the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus might play in mediating the increase in paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels following adrenalectomy was investigated in two series of experiments. In the first series in situ hybridization histochemistry was used to quantify levels of eight accurate nucleus neuropeptide and neurotransmitter mRNAs in neurons that potentially relay adrenal steroid feedback to the paraventricular nucleus. In the second series of experiments, arcuate neuropeptidergic projections to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus were characterized using retrograde tracing in combination with in situ hybridization histochemistry. Despite an increase in paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing hormone (60 and pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels (sixfold), arcuate mRNA levels for proopiomelanocortin, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, galanin, dynorphin, tyrosine hydroxylase, glutamate decarboxylase, and the glucocorticoid receptor were unchanged 14 days following adrenalectomy. Neuropeptidergic characterization of arcuatoparaventricular projections was achieved by injection of the retrograde tracer fluorogold into the paraventricular nucleus; retrogradely labeled neurons were characterized with polyclonal antisera against fluorogold in combination with oligonucleotide probes directed against neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, or somatostatin. Out of these three arcuate neuropeptide Y mRNA was contained in 18% of the fluorogold-positive neurons in the arcuate, proopiomelanocortin mRNA was contained in 8 and somatostatin mRNA was contained in 6%. Overall, the results from both experiments suggest that the arcuatoparaventricular neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, and somatostatin projections are not sensitive to a chronic (14 day) lack of adrenal steroids. These projections as well as the other arcuate neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems appear not to contribute to the persistent elevations in paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels or pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels found in 14 day adrenalectomized rats.
BibTeX: @article{Baker:1995, author = {R. A. Baker and M. Herkenham}, title = {Arcuate nucleus neurons that project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: neuropeptidergic identity and consequences of adrenalectomy on mRNA levels in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Section of Functional Neuroanatomy, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.}, year = {1995}, volume = {358}, number = {4}, pages = {518--530}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903580405}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903580405} }
Baker, R.A. and Herkenham, M.	Arcuate nucleus neurons that project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: neuropeptidergic identity and consequences of adrenalectomy on mRNA levels in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 358, pp. 518-30	article
Abstract: The possible role that the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus might play in mediating the increase in paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels following adrenalectomy was investigated in two series of experiments. In the first series in situ hybridization histochemistry was used to quantify levels of eight accurate nucleus neuropeptide and neurotransmitter mRNAs in neurons that potentially relay adrenal steroid feedback to the paraventricular nucleus. In the second series of experiments, arcuate neuropeptidergic projections to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus were characterized using retrograde tracing in combination with in situ hybridization histochemistry. Despite an increase in paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing hormone (60%) and pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels (sixfold), arcuate mRNA levels for proopiomelanocortin, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, galanin, dynorphin, tyrosine hydroxylase, glutamate decarboxylase, and the glucocorticoid receptor were unchanged 14 days following adrenalectomy. Neuropeptidergic characterization of arcuatoparaventricular projections was achieved by injection of the retrograde tracer fluorogold into the paraventricular nucleus; retrogradely labeled neurons were characterized with polyclonal antisera against fluorogold in combination with oligonucleotide probes directed against neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, or somatostatin. Out of these three arcuate neuropeptide Y mRNA was contained in 18% of the fluorogold-positive neurons in the arcuate, proopiomelanocortin mRNA was contained in 8%, and somatostatin mRNA was contained in 6%. Overall, the results from both experiments suggest that the arcuatoparaventricular neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, and somatostatin projections are not sensitive to a chronic (14 day) lack of adrenal steroids. These projections as well as the other arcuate neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems appear not to contribute to the persistent elevations in paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels or pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels found in 14 day adrenalectomized rats.
BibTeX: @article{Baker:1995b, author = {Baker, R. A. and Herkenham, M.}, title = {Arcuate nucleus neurons that project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: neuropeptidergic identity and consequences of adrenalectomy on mRNA levels in the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1995}, volume = {358}, pages = {518-30}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Baker, R. and Herkenham, M.	Arcuate nucleus neurons that project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: Neuropeptidergic identity and consequences of adrenalectomy on mRNA levels in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Journal of Comparative Neurology Vol. 358(4), pp. 518-530	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The possible role that the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus might play in mediating the increase in paraventricular nucleus corticotropin‐releasing hormone mRNA levels following adrenalectomy was investigated in two series of experiments. In the first series, in situ hybridization histochemistry was used to quantify levels of eight arcuate nucleus neuropeptide and neurotransmitter mRNAs in neurons that potentially relay adrenal steroid feedback to the paraventricular nucleus. In the second series of experiments, arcuate neuropeptidergic projections to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus were characterized using retrograde tracing in combination with in situ hybridization histochemistry. Despite an increase in paraventricular nucleus corticotropin‐releasing hormone (60%) and pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels (sixfold), arcuate mRNA levels for proopiomelanocortin, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, galanin, dynorphin, tyrosine hydroxylase, glutamate decarboxylase, and the glucocorticoid receptor were unchanged 14 days following adrenalectomy. Neuropeptidergic characterization of arcuatoparaventricular projections was achieved by injection of the retrograde tracer fluorogold into the paraventricular nucleus; retrogradely labeled neurons were characterized with polyclonal antisera against fluorogold in combination with oligonucleotide probes directed against neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, or somatostatin. Out of these three arcuate neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y mRNA was contained in 18% of the fluorogold‐positive neurons in the arcuate, proopiornelanocortin mRNA was contained in 8%, and somatostatin mRNA was contained in 6%. Overall, the results from both experiments suggest that the arcuatoparaventricular neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, and somatostatin projections are not sensitive to a chronic (14 day) lack of adrenal steroids. These projections as well as the other arcuate neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems appear not to contribute to the persistent elevations in paraventricular nucleus corticotropin‐releasing hormone mRNA levels or pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels found in 14 day adremlectomized rats. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Copyright © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Baker:1995a, author = {Baker, R.A. and Herkenham, M.}, title = {Arcuate nucleus neurons that project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: Neuropeptidergic identity and consequences of adrenalectomy on mRNA levels in the rat}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, year = {1995}, volume = {358}, number = {4}, pages = {518-530}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029099078&partnerID=40&md5=50d79b4005a608e68aab85b53618cf18}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903580405} }
Baker, R.E., Corner, M.A. and van Pelt, J.	Spontaneous neuronal discharge patterns in developing organotypic mega-co-cultures of neonatal rat cerebral cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Brain Res Vol. 1101(1), pp. 29-35School: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 33, 1105-AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Sagittal slices of neonatal rat neocortex, extending from the prefrontal to the occipital area, were cultured separately or in pairs, oriented in such a way that axons projecting from the ventricular surface of each explant could innervate the other one. Functional connections were made between as well as within the explants, and spontaneous field potentials and associated action potentials occurred in variable bursts, and with varying degrees of synchrony. Spike-train analysis revealed that the activity patterns seen in these 'mega' co-cultures closely mimic 'tracé alternant' patterns, consisting of trains of burst discharges recurring several times per minute, which are characteristic for the immature intact cerebral cortex during slow-wave sleep. The prefrontal region was consistently less active than the occipital area but the two were qualitatively similar with respect to their patterns of neuronal firing. Isolated mega-cultures, on the other hand, despite their large size, exhibited only intermittent brief bursts that closely resembled those observed both in occipital cortex tissue fragments and in dissociated cell cultures. The mega-co-culture preparation thus appears to give the best currently available approximation to intrinsic cerebral discharge patterns in vivo.
BibTeX: @article{Baker:2006, author = {Robert E Baker and Michael A Corner and Jaap van Pelt}, title = {Spontaneous neuronal discharge patterns in developing organotypic mega-co-cultures of neonatal rat cerebral cortex.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 33, 1105-AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.}, year = {2006}, volume = {1101}, number = {1}, pages = {29--35}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.028}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.028} }
Baker, R.E., Corner, M.A. and van Pelt, J.	Spontaneous neuronal discharge patterns in developing organotypic mega-co-cultures of neonatal rat cerebral cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Brain research Vol. 1101, pp. 29-35	article
Abstract: Sagittal slices of neonatal rat neocortex, extending from the prefrontal to the occipital area, were cultured separately or in pairs, oriented in such a way that axons projecting from the ventricular surface of each explant could innervate the other one. Functional connections were made between as well as within the explants, and spontaneous field potentials and associated action potentials occurred in variable bursts, and with varying degrees of synchrony. Spike-train analysis revealed that the activity patterns seen in these 'mega' co-cultures closely mimic 'trace alternant' patterns, consisting of trains of burst discharges recurring several times per minute, which are characteristic for the immature intact cerebral cortex during slow-wave sleep. The prefrontal region was consistently less active than the occipital area but the two were qualitatively similar with respect to their patterns of neuronal firing. Isolated mega-cultures, on the other hand, despite their large size, exhibited only intermittent brief bursts that closely resembled those observed both in occipital cortex tissue fragments and in dissociated cell cultures. The mega-co-culture preparation thus appears to give the best currently available approximation to intrinsic cerebral discharge patterns in vivo.
BibTeX: @article{Baker:2006a, author = {Baker, Robert E. and Corner, Michael A. and van Pelt, Jaap}, title = {Spontaneous neuronal discharge patterns in developing organotypic mega-co-cultures of neonatal rat cerebral cortex.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {2006}, volume = {1101}, pages = {29-35}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Bakke, J., Struble, C., Gustafsson, J.A. and Gustafsson, B.	Catabolism of premercapturic acid pathway metabolites of naphthalene to naphthols and methylthio-containing metabolites in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Vol. 82(3), pp. 668-671	article	DOI
Abstract: [14C]Naphthalene was given orally to rats with cannulated bile ducts and to germ-free rats. Bile and urine from the cannulated rats and urine from the germ-free rats contained no radioactive 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-methylthionaphthalene and only trace amounts of radioactive naphthols or naphthol conjugates. Urine of control rats contained 4.6% of the 14C dose as naphthols and/or naphthol glucuronides. Appreciable quantities of 1- and 2-naphthol (7-20% of dose) and 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-methylthionaphthalene (1-35% of dose) were in urine from rats dosed orally or intracecally with 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-S-cysteinylnaphthalene and 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-S-(N-acetyl)cysteinylnaphthalene. Apparently, in vivo, naphthols and methylthio-containing metabolites of naphthalene are formed during enterohepatic circulation of 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-S-cysteinylnaphthalene and 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-S-(N-acetyl)cysteinylnaphthalene in a process dependent upon intestinal microflora. A possible pathway for the formation of naphthols is aromatization of the precursor compounds by elimination of the appropriate substituent group from these metabolites. This discovery of the essential role of the intestinal microflora in the formation of naphthols from naphthalene indicates the existence of a novel pathway for hydroxylation of aromatic systems and challenges the current concept of the in vivo relevance of the in vitro production of naphthols from naphthalene 1,2-oxide.
BibTeX: @article{Bakke:1985, author = {Bakke, J. and Struble, C. and Gustafsson, J. A. and Gustafsson, B.}, title = {Catabolism of premercapturic acid pathway metabolites of naphthalene to naphthols and methylthio-containing metabolites in rats.}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, year = {1985}, volume = {82}, number = {3}, pages = {668--671}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.82.3.668} }
Bakker, R., Wachtler, T. and Diesmann, M.	CoCoMac 2.0 and the future of tract-tracing databases. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Front Neuroinform Vol. 6, pp. 30School: artment Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich, Germany.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The CoCoMac database contains the results of several hundred published axonal tract-tracing studies in the macaque monkey brain. The combined results are used for constructing the macaque macro-connectome. Here we discuss the redevelopment of CoCoMac and compare it to six connectome-related projects: two online resources that provide full access to raw tracing data in rodents, a connectome viewer for advanced 3D graphics, a partial but highly detailed rat connectome, a brain data management system that generates custom connectivity matrices, and a software package that covers the complete pipeline from connectivity data to large-scale brain simulations. The second edition of CoCoMac features many enhancements over the original. For example, a search wizard is provided for full access to all tables and their nested dependencies. Connectivity matrices can be computed on demand in a user-selected nomenclature. A new data entry system is available as a preview, and is to become a generic solution for community-driven data entry in manually collated databases. We conclude with the question whether neuronal tracing will remain the gold standard to uncover the wiring of brains, thereby highlighting developments in human connectome construction, tracer substances, polarized light imaging, and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy.
BibTeX: @article{Bakker:2012, author = {Bakker, Rembrandt and Wachtler, Thomas and Diesmann, Markus}, title = {CoCoMac 2.0 and the future of tract-tracing databases.}, journal = {Front Neuroinform}, school = {artment Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich, Germany.}, year = {2012}, volume = {6}, pages = {30}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2012.00030}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2012.00030} }
Bakker, R., Wachtler, T. and Diesmann, M.	CoCoMac 2.0 and the future of tract-tracing databases. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Frontiers in neuroinformatics Vol. 6, pp. 30	article	DOI
Abstract: The CoCoMac database contains the results of several hundred published axonal tract-tracing studies in the macaque monkey brain. The combined results are used for constructing the macaque macro-connectome. Here we discuss the redevelopment of CoCoMac and compare it to six connectome-related projects: two online resources that provide full access to raw tracing data in rodents, a connectome viewer for advanced 3D graphics, a partial but highly detailed rat connectome, a brain data management system that generates custom connectivity matrices, and a software package that covers the complete pipeline from connectivity data to large-scale brain simulations. The second edition of CoCoMac features many enhancements over the original. For example, a search wizard is provided for full access to all tables and their nested dependencies. Connectivity matrices can be computed on demand in a user-selected nomenclature. A new data entry system is available as a preview, and is to become a generic solution for community-driven data entry in manually collated databases. We conclude with the question whether neuronal tracing will remain the gold standard to uncover the wiring of brains, thereby highlighting developments in human connectome construction, tracer substances, polarized light imaging, and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy.
BibTeX: @article{Bakker:2012a, author = {Bakker, Rembrandt and Wachtler, Thomas and Diesmann, Markus}, title = {CoCoMac 2.0 and the future of tract-tracing databases.}, journal = {Frontiers in neuroinformatics}, year = {2012}, volume = {6}, pages = {30}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2012.00030} }
Bakshi, V. and Kelley, A.	Dopaminergic regulation of feeding behavior: I. Differential effects of haloperidol microinfusion into three striatal subregions [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Psychobiology Vol. 19(3), pp. 223-232	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In the present study, the role of dopaminergic mechanisms within different striatal subregions in feeding behavior was examined in food-deprived (19 h) rats. Specifically, the dopamine (DA) antagonist haloperidol (0, 0.025, 0.25, 2.5 μg/0.5 μl) was infused bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc), the ventrolateral striatum (VLS), or the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), and a microanalysis of ingestive behavior and spontaneous motor behavior was carried out. When infused into the N. Ace, haloperidol increased feeding duration, food intake, and the average duration of a feeding bout. Locomotor activity and drinking behavior were reduced by N.Acc. haloperidol infusion. In contrast, feeding was attenuated when haloperidol was infused into the VLS. Drinking and locomotion were unaffected. Few changes in ingestive behavior were noted following DA-antagonist treatment of the dorsolateral site. It is hypothesized that DA transmission in the N.Acc. normally facilitates switching between different competing behaviors, that the VLS is critical for control of oral motor mechanisms, and that the DLS is minimally involved in modulating ingestive behavior. © 1991, Psychonomic Society, Inc.. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Bakshi:1991, author = {Bakshi, V.P. and Kelley, A.E.}, title = {Dopaminergic regulation of feeding behavior: I. Differential effects of haloperidol microinfusion into three striatal subregions}, journal = {Psychobiology}, year = {1991}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {223-232}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026003140&partnerID=40&md5=bb2deb407211123d360bda845201aaca}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03332072} }
Bakst, I., Avendano, C., Morrison, J.H. and Amaral, D.G.	An experimental analysis of the origins of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	J Neurosci Vol. 6(5), pp. 1452-1462	article	URL
Abstract: In previous studies, fibers demonstrating somatostatin-like immunoreactivity were observed in the outer half of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in the rat and monkey. They occupy the same region as those of the perforant pathway that originates in the entorhinal cortex. Numerous somatostatin immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were also observed in the hilar region, though stained axonal profiles could not be followed from these cells into the molecular layer. In the present study, several experimental procedures were employed to determine the origin of the somatostatin-positive fibers in the molecular layer. Transection of the perforant path fibers resulted in such characteristic changes as shrinkage of the molecular layer and sprouting of AChE-positive fibers. There was no apparent decrease, however, in the density of somatostatin-positive fibers. In fact, since the stained fibers occupied a narrower band in the shrunken molecular layer, their density appeared greater. Injections of kainic acid into the hilar region produced a lesion of hilar neurons, including those positive for somatostatin. In the region of cell loss, there was a marked reduction of somatostatin-immunoreactive fibers in the ipsilateral molecular layer, with no detectable changes in the homotopic contralateral molecular layer. The distribution of AChE fibers, which presumably have an extrinsic origin, was not altered by the treatment. In a final series of experiments, the retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into the hilar region and sections were prepared for the simultaneous demonstration of the tracer and of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. Somatostatin-positive neurons demonstrating WGA-HRP reaction product were observed primarily in the ipsilateral hilar region, but a few double-labeled cells were also seen in the same area of the contralateral side. These studies indicate that a population of intrinsic neurons located in the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus projects to the outer half of the ipsilateral molecular layer. A similar, but very much smaller, projection also extends to the contralateral dentate gyrus. Taken together, these projections appear to account for much of the somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus.
BibTeX: @article{Bakst:1986, author = {I. Bakst and C. Avendano and J. H. Morrison and D. G. Amaral}, title = {An experimental analysis of the origins of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus of the rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1986}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {1452--1462}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/6/5/1452.long} }
Baks-Te Bulte, L., Wouterlood, F.G., Vinkenoog, M. and Witter, M.P.	Entorhinal projections terminate onto principal neurons and interneurons in the subiculum: a quantitative electron microscopical analysis in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Neuroscience Vol. 136(3), pp. 729-739School: Graduate School of Neurosciences Amsterdam, Research Institute Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, MF-G-102C, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The synaptic organization of projections to the subiculum from superficial layers of the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex was analyzed in the rat, using anterograde neuroanatomical tracing followed by electron microscopical quantification. Our aim was to assess the synaptic organization and whether the two projection components (lateral, medial) within the perforant pathway are qualitatively and quantitatively similar with respect to the types of synapses formed and with respect to the postsynaptic targets of these entorhinal projections. The tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex, respectively, and resulting anterograde labeling in the subiculum was studied. For each of the two projection components, we analyzed in four animals (2 x 2) a total of 100 synapses/animal with respect to features of the synapse type, i.e. asymmetrical or symmetrical, as well as regarding their postsynaptic target, i.e. dendritic shaft or spine. No clear differences were observed between the two pathways. The majority of the synapses were of the asymmetrical type, making contact with spines (78 or with dendritic shafts (14. A low percentage of symmetrical synapses targeted dendritic shafts (4.2 or spines (1.3. About 2.5% of the synapses remained undetermined. The findings indicate that the majority of entorhinal fibers reaching the subiculum exert an excitatory influence primarily onto principal neurons, with a much smaller feed forward inhibitory component. Only a small percentage of entorhinal fibers in the subiculum appears to be inhibitory, largely influencing interneurons.
BibTeX: @article{Baks-TeBulte:2005, author = {Baks-Te Bulte, L. and Wouterlood, F. G. and Vinkenoog, M. and Witter, M. P.}, title = {Entorhinal projections terminate onto principal neurons and interneurons in the subiculum: a quantitative electron microscopical analysis in the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Graduate School of Neurosciences Amsterdam, Research Institute Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, MF-G-102C, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.}, year = {2005}, volume = {136}, number = {3}, pages = {729--739}, note = {Duplicate!}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.001}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.001} }
Balaban, C.D.	Projections from the parabrachial nucleus to the vestibular nuclei: potential substrates for autonomic and limbic influences on vestibular responses. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Brain Res Vol. 996(1), pp. 126-137School: Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurobiology, Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. cbalaban@pitt.edu	article	DOI
Abstract: Previous anatomical studies in rabbits and rats have shown that the superior vestibular nucleus (SVN), medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and inferior vestibular nucleus (IVN) project to the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and Kölliker-Fuse (KF) nucleus. Adult male albino rabbits and Long-Evans rats received iontophoretic injections of biotinylated dextran amine, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, Fluoro-Gold or tetramethylrhodamine dextran amine into either the vestibular nuclei or the PBN and KF nuclei. The results were similar in both rats and rabbits. Injections of retrograde tracers into the vestibular nuclei produced retrogradely labeled neurons bilaterally in caudal third of the medial, external medial, and external lateral PBN in both species, with more variable labeling in KF. Rats also had consistent bilateral (predominantly contralateral) labeling in the ventrolateral PBN. The most prominent labeling was produced from injections that included the SVN, with fewer labeled neurons observed from injections in the caudal MVN and the IVN. Anterograde transport of BDA from injections into the PBN and KF nuclei of rabbits revealed prominent projections to the SVN, dorsal aspect of the rostral MVN, caudal MVN, pars beta of the LVN and IVN. These connections appear to contain a component that is reciprocal to the vestibulo-parabrachial pathway and a non-reciprocal component to regions connected with the vestibulocerebellum and vestibulo-motor reflex pathways. These connections support the concept that a synthesis of autonomic, vestibular and limbic information is an integral property of pathways related to balance control in both the brain stem and forebrain. It is suggested that these projections may contribute broadly to both performance tradeoffs in vestibular-related pathways during variations in the behavioral context and affective state and the close association between anxiety and balance function.
BibTeX: @article{Balaban:2004, author = {Balaban, Carey D.}, title = {Projections from the parabrachial nucleus to the vestibular nuclei: potential substrates for autonomic and limbic influences on vestibular responses.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurobiology, Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. cbalaban@pitt.edu}, year = {2004}, volume = {996}, number = {1}, pages = {126--137}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2003.10.026} }
Balaban, C.D.	Projections from the parabrachial nucleus to the vestibular nuclei: potential substrates for autonomic and limbic influences on vestibular responses. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Brain research Vol. 996, pp. 126-137	article	DOI
Abstract: Previous anatomical studies in rabbits and rats have shown that the superior vestibular nucleus (SVN), medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and inferior vestibular nucleus (IVN) project to the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and Kölliker-Fuse (KF) nucleus. Adult male albino rabbits and Long-Evans rats received iontophoretic injections of biotinylated dextran amine, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, Fluoro-Gold or tetramethylrhodamine dextran amine into either the vestibular nuclei or the PBN and KF nuclei. The results were similar in both rats and rabbits. Injections of retrograde tracers into the vestibular nuclei produced retrogradely labeled neurons bilaterally in caudal third of the medial, external medial, and external lateral PBN in both species, with more variable labeling in KF. Rats also had consistent bilateral (predominantly contralateral) labeling in the ventrolateral PBN. The most prominent labeling was produced from injections that included the SVN, with fewer labeled neurons observed from injections in the caudal MVN and the IVN. Anterograde transport of BDA from injections into the PBN and KF nuclei of rabbits revealed prominent projections to the SVN, dorsal aspect of the rostral MVN, caudal MVN, pars beta of the LVN and IVN. These connections appear to contain a component that is reciprocal to the vestibulo-parabrachial pathway and a non-reciprocal component to regions connected with the vestibulocerebellum and vestibulo-motor reflex pathways. These connections support the concept that a synthesis of autonomic, vestibular and limbic information is an integral property of pathways related to balance control in both the brain stem and forebrain. It is suggested that these projections may contribute broadly to both performance tradeoffs in vestibular-related pathways during variations in the behavioral context and affective state and the close association between anxiety and balance function.
BibTeX: @article{Balaban:2004a, author = {Balaban, Carey D}, title = {Projections from the parabrachial nucleus to the vestibular nuclei: potential substrates for autonomic and limbic influences on vestibular responses.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {2004}, volume = {996}, pages = {126--137}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2003.10.026} }
Balaban, C.D. and Beryozkin, G.	Vestibular nucleus projections to nucleus tractus solitarius and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve: potential substrates for vestibulo-autonomic interactions. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Exp Brain Res Vol. 98(2), pp. 200-212School: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Eye and Ear Institute, PA 15213.	article	DOI
Abstract: Autonomic effects of vestibular stimulation are important components of phenomena as diverse as acute vestibular dysfunction and motion sickness. However, the organization of neural circuits mediating these responses is poorly understood. This study presents evidence for direct vestibular nucleus projections to brain stem regions that mediate autonomic function. One group of albino rabbits received injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the vestibular nuclei. The tracer was visualized immunocytochemically with standard techniques. Anterogradely labeled axons from the caudal medial vestibular nucleus (cMVN) and inferior vestibular nucleus (IVN) could be traced bilaterally to nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Fewer axons ended near the somata of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMX). A second group of rabbits received pressure or iontophoretic injections of cholera toxin B-HRP or Fluoro-Gold into a region including NTS and DMX. Retrogradely labeled neurons were observed bilaterally in the caudal half of cMVN and ipsilaterally in IVN. The labeled somata were small and they tended to occupy the center of cMVN in transverse sections. These previously unreported vestibular nucleus projections to NTS and DMX are a potential substrate for vestibular influences on autonomic function. In particular, they may contribute to both cardiovascular control during head movements (e.g., orthostatic reflexes) and autonomic manifestions of vestibular dysfunction, motion sickness and exposure to altered gravitational environments.
BibTeX: @article{Balaban:1994, author = {Balaban, C. D. and Beryozkin, G.}, title = {Vestibular nucleus projections to nucleus tractus solitarius and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve: potential substrates for vestibulo-autonomic interactions.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, school = {Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Eye and Ear Institute, PA 15213.}, year = {1994}, volume = {98}, number = {2}, pages = {200--212}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00228409} }
Balaban, C.D., Ogburn, S.W., Warshafsky, S.G., Ahmed, A. and Yates, B.J.	Identification of neural networks that contribute to motion sickness through principal components analysis of fos labeling induced by galvanic vestibular stimulation. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	PLoS One Vol. 9(1), pp. e86730School: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America ; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Motion sickness is a complex condition that includes both overt signs (e.g., vomiting) and more covert symptoms (e.g., anxiety and foreboding). The neural pathways that mediate these signs and symptoms are yet to identified. This study mapped the distribution of c-fos protein (Fos)-like immunoreactivity elicited during a galvanic vestibular stimulation paradigm that is known to induce motion sickness in felines. A principal components analysis was used to identify networks of neurons activated during this stimulus paradigm from functional correlations between Fos labeling in different nuclei. This analysis identified five principal components (neural networks) that accounted for greater than 95% of the variance in Fos labeling. Two of the components were correlated with the severity of motion sickness symptoms, and likely participated in generating the overt signs of the condition. One of these networks included neurons in locus coeruleus, medial, inferior and lateral vestibular nuclei, lateral nucleus tractus solitarius, medial parabrachial nucleus and periaqueductal gray. The second included neurons in the superior vestibular nucleus, precerebellar nuclei, periaqueductal gray, and parabrachial nuclei, with weaker associations of raphe nuclei. Three additional components (networks) were also identified that were not correlated with the severity of motion sickness symptoms. These networks likely mediated the covert aspects of motion sickness, such as affective components. The identification of five statistically independent component networks associated with the development of motion sickness provides an opportunity to consider, in network activation dimensions, the complex progression of signs and symptoms that are precipitated in provocative environments. Similar methodology can be used to parse the neural networks that mediate other complex responses to environmental stimuli.
BibTeX: @article{Balaban:2014, author = {Balaban, Carey D. and Ogburn, Sarah W. and Warshafsky, Susan G. and Ahmed, Abdul and Yates, Bill J.}, title = {Identification of neural networks that contribute to motion sickness through principal components analysis of fos labeling induced by galvanic vestibular stimulation.}, journal = {PLoS One}, school = {Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America ; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.}, year = {2014}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {e86730}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086730}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086730} }
Balaban, C.D., Schuerger, R.J. and Porter, J.D.	Zonal organization of flocculo-vestibular connections in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Neuroscience Vol. 99(4), pp. 669-682School: Ear Institute, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. cbalaban@pitt.edu	article	DOI
Abstract: Anatomical and electrophysiological evidence has contributed to the hypothesis that microzones in the mammalian flocculus are organized to reflect control of eye movements in the planes of semicircular canals. Adult male Long-Evans rats received iontophoretic injections of FluoroGold and/or tetramethylrhodamine dextran amine (10,000 molecular weight, "FluoroRuby") into the vestibular nuclei. The distribution of retrogradely labeled Purkinje cells revealed that efferent projections from the dorsal surface of the flocculus and the ventral paraflocculus to the superior vestibular nucleus, rostral medial vestibular nucleus, ventral lateral vestibular nucleus, and caudal aspect of the vestibular nuclear complex (caudal medial vestibular nucleus, inferior vestibular nucleus and nucleus prepositus hypoglossi) tended to correspond to previously identified climbing fiber zones [Ruigrok et al. (1992) J. comp. Neurol. 316, 129-150] in a manner consistent with other mammals. However, vestibular nucleus projections from the ventral surface of the flocculus did not appear to respect climbing fiber zonal boundaries. Rather, climbing fiber zones each contained interdigitated groups of Purkinje cells that project to different vestibular nuclear regions. It is suggested that this pattern of flocculus efferent organization is a specialization for controlling the activity of primary and accessory extraocular muscle pairs to confine vestibulo-ocular reflexes within semicircular canal planes when the "center of regard" is located at different eccentricities.
BibTeX: @article{Balaban:2000, author = {Balaban, C. D. and Schuerger, R. J. and Porter, J. D.}, title = {Zonal organization of flocculo-vestibular connections in rats.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Ear Institute, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. cbalaban@pitt.edu}, year = {2000}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, pages = {669--682}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00232-3} }
Balaratnasingam, C., Morgan, W.H., Bass, L., Matich, G., Cringle, S.J. and Yu, D.-Y.	Axonal transport and cytoskeletal changes in the laminar regions after elevated intraocular pressure. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Vol. 48(8), pp. 3632-3644School: Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: To investigate the axonal cytoskeleton changes occurring in the prelaminar region, lamina cribrosa, and postlaminar region of the porcine optic nerve after an acute increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) and whether this corresponds with axonal transport abnormalities.Six white Landrace pigs were used. The left eye IOP was elevated to 40 to 45 mm Hg for 6 hours, and the right eye IOP was maintained between 10 and 15 mm Hg. Rhodamine-beta-isothiocyanate (RITC) was injected into the vitreous of each eye at the beginning of the experiment, to study axonal transport. After euthanasia, optic nerves were removed and prepared for axonal transport and cytoskeleton studies. Antibodies to phosphorylated neurofilament heavy (NFHp), phosphorylation-independent neurofilament heavy (NFH), neurofilament light (NFL), neurofilament medium (NFM), microtubule, and microtubule-associated protein (MAP) were used to study the axonal cytoskeleton. Montages of confocal microscopy images were quantitatively analyzed to investigate simultaneous changes in optic nerve axonal transport and cytoskeletal proteins in the high-IOP and control eyes.Axonal transport of RITC was reduced in the prelaminar, lamina cribrosa, and proximal 400 mum of the postlaminar optic nerve regions in the high-IOP eye. NFHp, NFM, and NFH were significantly reduced in the prelaminar, lamina cribrosa, and proximal postlaminar regions in the high-IOP eye. No differences in NFL, MAP, and tubulin staining were detected.Elevated IOP induced both axonal transport and cytoskeleton changes in the optic nerve head. Changes to the cytoskeleton may contribute to the axonal transport abnormalities that occur in elevated IOP.
BibTeX: @article{Balaratnasingam:2007, author = {Balaratnasingam, Chandrakumar and Morgan, William H. and Bass, Louise and Matich, Graeme and Cringle, Stephen J. and Yu, Dao-Yi}, title = {Axonal transport and cytoskeletal changes in the laminar regions after elevated intraocular pressure.}, journal = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci}, school = {Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.}, year = {2007}, volume = {48}, number = {8}, pages = {3632--3644}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.06-1002}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.06-1002} }
Balcioglu, A. and Wurtman, R.	Dexfenfluramine enhances striatal dopamine release in conscious rats via a serotoninergic mechanism [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol. 284(3), pp. 991-997	article	URL
Abstract: The effects of dexfenfluramine on the release of brain dopamine and serotonin into striatal dialysates were measured in freely moving rats. Samples collected every 20 min were assayed for dopamine and serotonin by high-performance liquid chromatography in a single run. The administration of a lower anorectic dose of dexfenfluramine (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg intraperitoneally) significantly increased dialysate serotonin concentrations without affecting those of dopamine. A higher dexfenfluramine dose (2.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) increased both serotonin and dopamine. The increase in dopamine could be blocked by administering the mixed-acting serotonin antagonist methiothepin (20 μM), and was reproduced by applying serotonin (3-10 μM) directly to striatal neurons. Tetrodotoxin (1 μM) added to the striatal perfusates decreased the basal release of dopamine and serotonin; it also blocked the effect of dexfenfluramine (2.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) on dopamine release and decreased the increment in serotonin release (by ≃70%). Amphetamine (1 mg/kg subcutaneously) or phentermine (2 mg/kg intraperitoneally) increased dialysate dopamine concentrations without affecting those of serotonin, and tetrodotoxin (1 μM) failed to block the response to amphetamine. These findings suggest that (1) lower anorectic doses of dexfenfluramine release serotonin but not dopamine, and (2) higher doses of dexfenfluramine also increase dopamine release by an indirect mechanism mediated via serotonin.
BibTeX: @article{Balcioglu:1998, author = {Balcioglu, A. and Wurtman, R.J.}, title = {Dexfenfluramine enhances striatal dopamine release in conscious rats via a serotoninergic mechanism}, journal = {Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics}, year = {1998}, volume = {284}, number = {3}, pages = {991-997}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031951628&partnerID=40&md5=e030d4bf7f803d77f5c41cf40f4db90d} }
Balcioglu, A. and Wurtman, R.	Sibutramine, a serotonin uptake inhibitor, increases dopamine concentrations in rat striatal and hypothalamic extracellular fluid [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Neuropharmacology Vol. 39(12), pp. 2352-2359	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We measured, using microdialysis, the effects of sibutramine, given intraperitoneally, on brain dopamine and serotonin flux into striatal and hypothalamic dialysates of freely moving rats, and on the uptake of [3H]-DA into striatal synaptosomes. For microdialysis experiments, samples collected every 30 min were assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography, in a single run. Administration of a low dose of sibutramine (2.0 mg/kg, i.p) had no effect on dopamine or serotonin concentrations in striatal dialysates but higher doses increased both: 5 mg/kg increased these concentrations to 196±24% (p<0.01) and 221±28% (p<0.01) of baseline, respectively; 10 mg/kg increased dopamine to 260±66% (p<0.01) and serotonin to 160±20% (p<0.05) of baseline. In hypothalamus, the 5 mg/kg sibutramine dose increased the dopamine concentration to 186±40% (p<0.05) and that of serotonin to 312±86% (p<0.01) of baseline, while the 10 mg/kg (i.p.) dose increased dopamine to 392±115% (p< 0.01), and serotonin to 329±104% (p<0.01) of baseline. In vitro, sibutramine blocked [3H]-dopamine uptake into striatal synaptosomes, with an IC50 value of 3.8 μM.These findings indicate that sibutramine has at least as great an effect on brain extracellular dopamine levels as on brain serotonin, and suggest that the drug's antiobesity action may result from the changes it produces in brain dopamine as well as serotonin metabolism. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Balcioglu:2000, author = {Balcioglu, A. and Wurtman, R.J.}, title = {Sibutramine, a serotonin uptake inhibitor, increases dopamine concentrations in rat striatal and hypothalamic extracellular fluid}, journal = {Neuropharmacology}, year = {2000}, volume = {39}, number = {12}, pages = {2352-2359}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033894420&partnerID=40&md5=7f30fbf077ca19d60d7071a2368f349b}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3908(00)00083-6} }
Balcita-Pedicino, J.J., Omelchenko, N., Bell, R. and Sesack, S.R.	The inhibitory influence of the lateral habenula on midbrain dopamine cells: ultrastructural evidence for indirect mediation via the rostromedial mesopontine tegmental nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	J Comp Neurol Vol. 519(6), pp. 1143-1164School: Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The lateral habenula (LHb) provides an important source of negative reinforcement signals to midbrain dopamine (DA) cells in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA). This profound and consistent inhibitory influence involves a disynaptic connection from glutamate neurons in the LHb to some population of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) cells that, in turn, innervates DA neurons. Previous studies demonstrated that the GABA cells intrinsic to the VTA receive insufficient synaptic input from the LHb to serve as the primary source of this intermediate connection. In this investigation, we sought ultrastructural evidence supporting the hypothesis that a newly identified region of the brainstem, the rostromedial mesopontine tegmental nucleus (RMTg), is a more likely candidate for inhibiting midbrain DA cells in response to LHb activation. Electron microscopic examination of rat brain sections containing dual immunoreactivity for an anterograde tracing agent and a phenotypic marker revealed that: 1) more than 55% of the synapses formed by LHb axons in the RMTg were onto GABA-labeled dendrites; 2) more than 80% of the synapses formed by RMTg axons in the VTA contacted dendrites immunoreactive for the DA synthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase; and 3) nearly all RMTg axons formed symmetric synapses and contained postembedding immunoreactivity for GABA. These findings indicate that the newly identified RMTg region is an intermediate structure in a disynaptic pathway that connects the LHb to VTA DA neurons. The results have important implications for understanding mental disorders characterized by a dysregulation of reward circuitry involving LHb and DA cell populations.
BibTeX: @article{Balcita-Pedicino:2011, author = {Judith Joyce Balcita-Pedicino and Natalia Omelchenko and Roland Bell and Susan R Sesack}, title = {The inhibitory influence of the lateral habenula on midbrain dopamine cells: ultrastructural evidence for indirect mediation via the rostromedial mesopontine tegmental nucleus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.}, year = {2011}, volume = {519}, number = {6}, pages = {1143--1164}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22561}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.22561} }
Balcita-Pedicino, J.J., Omelchenko, N., Bell, R. and Sesack, S.R.	The inhibitory influence of the lateral habenula on midbrain dopamine cells: ultrastructural evidence for indirect mediation via the rostromedial mesopontine tegmental nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 519, pp. 1143-64	article	DOI
Abstract: The lateral habenula (LHb) provides an important source of negative reinforcement signals to midbrain dopamine (DA) cells in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA). This profound and consistent inhibitory influence involves a disynaptic connection from glutamate neurons in the LHb to some population of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) cells that, in turn, innervates DA neurons. Previous studies demonstrated that the GABA cells intrinsic to the VTA receive insufficient synaptic input from the LHb to serve as the primary source of this intermediate connection. In this investigation, we sought ultrastructural evidence supporting the hypothesis that a newly identified region of the brainstem, the rostromedial mesopontine tegmental nucleus (RMTg), is a more likely candidate for inhibiting midbrain DA cells in response to LHb activation. Electron microscopic examination of rat brain sections containing dual immunoreactivity for an anterograde tracing agent and a phenotypic marker revealed that: 1) more than 55% of the synapses formed by LHb axons in the RMTg were onto GABA-labeled dendrites; 2) more than 80% of the synapses formed by RMTg axons in the VTA contacted dendrites immunoreactive for the DA synthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase; and 3) nearly all RMTg axons formed symmetric synapses and contained postembedding immunoreactivity for GABA. These findings indicate that the newly identified RMTg region is an intermediate structure in a disynaptic pathway that connects the LHb to VTA DA neurons. The results have important implications for understanding mental disorders characterized by a dysregulation of reward circuitry involving LHb and DA cell populations.
BibTeX: @article{Balcita-Pedicino:2011a, author = {Balcita-Pedicino, Judith Joyce and Omelchenko, Natalia and Bell, Roland and Sesack, Susan R.}, title = {The inhibitory influence of the lateral habenula on midbrain dopamine cells: ultrastructural evidence for indirect mediation via the rostromedial mesopontine tegmental nucleus.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {2011}, volume = {519}, pages = {1143-64}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.22561} }
Balcita-Pedicino, J.J. and Rinaman, L.	Noradrenergic axon terminals contact gastric preautonomic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	J Comp Neurol Vol. 501(4), pp. 608-618School: Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Hypothalamic neural activity is modulated by viscerosensory signals that are carried in large part by noradrenergic (NA) inputs to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). The present study examined the ultrastructural relationship of NA axon varicosities with the somata and dendrites of identified gastric preautonomic PVN neurons in adult male rats. NA varicosities were visualized by immunoperoxidase labeling of dopamine beta hydroxylase (DbH), and gastric preautonomic PVN neurons were identified by immunogold labeling of pseudorabies virus (PRV) transported retrogradely and transneuronally from injection sites in the stomach wall. Among 1,136 DbH-positive varicosities identified within the parvocellular PVN in four rats, approximately 36% formed either a close apposition or a synaptic contact with a somatic or dendritic profile. The majority of identified contacts between DbH- and PRV-positive profiles were classified as close appositions that lacked clear synaptic specializations. Approximately 65% of identified synaptic contacts between DbH- and PRV-positive profiles were classified as symmetric (Gray's type II) synapses. DbH-positive terminals formed close appositions and synaptic contacts with dendritic and somatic compartments of PRV-positive neurons, although dendrites were contacted nearly five times more often than somata. These findings invite continued work to delineate the functional role of NA signaling pathways in conveying interoceptive signals to preautonomic PVN neurons under normal and pathophysiological conditions.
BibTeX: @article{Balcita-Pedicino:2007, author = {Balcita-Pedicino, J. J. and Rinaman, L.}, title = {Noradrenergic axon terminals contact gastric preautonomic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.}, year = {2007}, volume = {501}, number = {4}, pages = {608--618}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21267}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.21267} }
Balcita-Pedicino, J.J. and Rinaman, L.	Noradrenergic axon terminals contact gastric preautonomic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 501, pp. 608-18	article
Abstract: Hypothalamic neural activity is modulated by viscerosensory signals that are carried in large part by noradrenergic (NA) inputs to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). The present study examined the ultrastructural relationship of NA axon varicosities with the somata and dendrites of identified gastric preautonomic PVN neurons in adult male rats. NA varicosities were visualized by immunoperoxidase labeling of dopamine beta hydroxylase (DbH), and gastric preautonomic PVN neurons were identified by immunogold labeling of pseudorabies virus (PRV) transported retrogradely and transneuronally from injection sites in the stomach wall. Among 1,136 DbH-positive varicosities identified within the parvocellular PVN in four rats, approximately 36% formed either a close apposition or a synaptic contact with a somatic or dendritic profile. The majority of identified contacts between DbH- and PRV-positive profiles were classified as close appositions that lacked clear synaptic specializations. Approximately 65% of identified synaptic contacts between DbH- and PRV-positive profiles were classified as symmetric (Gray's type II) synapses. DbH-positive terminals formed close appositions and synaptic contacts with dendritic and somatic compartments of PRV-positive neurons, although dendrites were contacted nearly five times more often than somata. These findings invite continued work to delineate the functional role of NA signaling pathways in conveying interoceptive signals to preautonomic PVN neurons under normal and pathophysiological conditions.
BibTeX: @article{Balcita-Pedicino:2007a, author = {Balcita-Pedicino, J. J. and Rinaman, L.}, title = {Noradrenergic axon terminals contact gastric preautonomic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {2007}, volume = {501}, pages = {608-18}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Baldi, A., Calia, E., Ciampini, A., Riccio, M., Vetuschi, A., Persico, A.M. and Keller, F.	Deafferentation-induced apoptosis of neurons in thalamic somatosensory nuclei of the newborn rat: critical period and rescue from cell death by peripherally applied neurotrophins. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 12(7), pp. 2281-2290School: Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Libera Università 'Campus Bio-Medico', Rome, Italy.	article	DOI
Abstract: This study shows that unilateral transection of the infraorbital nerve (ION) in newborn (P0) rats induces apoptosis in the contralateral ventrobasal thalamic (VB) complex, as evidenced by terminal transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labelling (TUNEL) and electron miscroscopy. Double-labelling experiments using retrograde transport of labelled microspheres injected into the barrel cortex, followed by TUNEL staining, show that TUNEL-positive cells are thalamocortical neurons. The number of TUNEL-positive cells had begun to increase by 24 h postlesion, increased further 48 h after nerve section, and decreased to control levels after 120 h. Lesion-induced apoptosis in the VB complex is less pronounced if ION section is performed at P4, and disappears if the lesion is performed at P7. This time course closely matches the critical period of lesion-induced plasticity in the barrel cortex. Nerve growth factor (NGF) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), applied on the ION stump alone or in combination, are able to partially rescue thalamic neurons from apoptosis. Total cell counts in the VB complex of P7 animals that underwent ION section at P0 confirm the rescuing effect of BDNF and NGF. Blockade of axonal transport in the ION mimics the effect of ION section. These data suggest that survival-promoting signals from the periphery, maybe neurotrophins, are required for the survival of higher-order neurons in the somatosensory system during the period of fine-tuning of neuronal connections. We also propose that anterograde transneuronal degeneration in the neonatal rat trigeminal system may represent a new animal model for studying the pathways of programmed cell death in vivo.
BibTeX: @article{Baldi:2000, author = {A. Baldi and E. Calia and A. Ciampini and M. Riccio and A. Vetuschi and A. M. Persico and F. Keller}, title = {Deafferentation-induced apoptosis of neurons in thalamic somatosensory nuclei of the newborn rat: critical period and rescue from cell death by peripherally applied neurotrophins.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Libera Università 'Campus Bio-Medico', Rome, Italy.}, year = {2000}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {2281--2290}, note = {Descibes induced apoptosis in thalamic nuclei of newborn rats.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00119.x} }
Baldi, A., Calia, E., Ciampini, A., Riccio, M., Vetuschi, A., Persico, A.M. and Keller, F.	Deafferentation-induced apoptosis of neurons in thalamic somatosensory nuclei of the newborn rat: critical period and rescue from cell death by peripherally applied neurotrophins. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	The European journal of neuroscience Vol. 12, pp. 2281-90	article
Abstract: This study shows that unilateral transection of the infraorbital nerve (ION) in newborn (P0) rats induces apoptosis in the contralateral ventrobasal thalamic (VB) complex, as evidenced by terminal transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labelling (TUNEL) and electron miscroscopy. Double-labelling experiments using retrograde transport of labelled microspheres injected into the barrel cortex, followed by TUNEL staining, show that TUNEL-positive cells are thalamocortical neurons. The number of TUNEL-positive cells had begun to increase by 24 h postlesion, increased further 48 h after nerve section, and decreased to control levels after 120 h. Lesion-induced apoptosis in the VB complex is less pronounced if ION section is performed at P4, and disappears if the lesion is performed at P7. This time course closely matches the critical period of lesion-induced plasticity in the barrel cortex. Nerve growth factor (NGF) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), applied on the ION stump alone or in combination, are able to partially rescue thalamic neurons from apoptosis. Total cell counts in the VB complex of P7 animals that underwent ION section at P0 confirm the rescuing effect of BDNF and NGF. Blockade of axonal transport in the ION mimics the effect of ION section. These data suggest that survival-promoting signals from the periphery, maybe neurotrophins, are required for the survival of higher-order neurons in the somatosensory system during the period of fine-tuning of neuronal connections. We also propose that anterograde transneuronal degeneration in the neonatal rat trigeminal system may represent a new animal model for studying the pathways of programmed cell death in vivo.
BibTeX: @article{Baldi:2000b, author = {Baldi, A. and Calia, E. and Ciampini, A. and Riccio, M. and Vetuschi, A. and Persico, A. M. and Keller, F.}, title = {Deafferentation-induced apoptosis of neurons in thalamic somatosensory nuclei of the newborn rat: critical period and rescue from cell death by peripherally applied neurotrophins.}, journal = {The European journal of neuroscience}, year = {2000}, volume = {12}, pages = {2281-90}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Baldi, E., Ambrogi Lorenzini, C., Sacchetti, B., Tassoni, G. and Bucherelli, C.	Effects of coupled perirhinal cortex and medial septal area, fimbria- fornix, entorhinal cortex tetrodotoxin inactivations on passive avoidance consolidation in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 280(2), pp. 91-94	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In order to ascertain the rat perirhinal cortex (PC) function during early consolidation of a passive avoidance response (PAR), and to ascertain whether there are some functional interactions with the medial septal area (MSA), the fimbria-fornix complex (FF) and the entorhinal cortex (EC), PC- MSA, PC-FF, and PC-EC coupled inactivations were performed immediately after the PAR acquisition session. Anesthetized male adult Wistar rats aged 60 days were treated with stereotaxical bilateral injections of TTX (5 ng in 0.5 μl saline) in the appropriate sites. Retrieval testing was performed 48 h later. It was shown that all three coupled inactivations were followed by significant PAR disruption. It may be concluded that PC is somehow active even during the first mnemonic phase following the acquisition session, thus better defining PC mnemonic involvement chronology. These results may be taken as indicating that during initial consolidation the engram is concurrently processed in more than one septal and parahippocampal site, each of which by itself is not absolutely necessary for the final engram formation. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Baldi:2000a, author = {Baldi, E. and Ambrogi Lorenzini, C. and Sacchetti, B. and Tassoni, G. and Bucherelli, C.}, title = {Effects of coupled perirhinal cortex and medial septal area, fimbria- fornix, entorhinal cortex tetrodotoxin inactivations on passive avoidance consolidation in the rat}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {2000}, volume = {280}, number = {2}, pages = {91-94}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033976534&partnerID=40&md5=e5d25c9331bc3b6ee0a53f5741d56525}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(00)00783-7} }
Baldi, E., Mariottini, C. and Bucherelli, C.	The role of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis in fear conditioning consolidation in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Learn Mem Vol. 14(12), pp. 855-860School: Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 63, I-50134, Florence, Italy.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) is known to be involved in the memorization of several conditioned responses. To investigate the role of the NBM in fear conditioning memorization, this neural site was subjected to fully reversible tetrodotoxin (TTX) inactivation during consolidation in adult male Wistar rats that had undergone fear training to acoustic conditioned stimulus (CS) and context. TTX was stereotaxically administered to different groups of rats at increasing intervals after the acquisition session. Memory was assessed as the conditioned freezing duration measured during retention testing, always performed 72 and 96 h after TTX administration. In this way, there was no interference with normal NBM function during either acquisition or retrieval phases, allowing any amnesic effect to be due only to consolidation disruption. The results show that for contextual fear response memory consolidation, NBM functional integrity is necessary up to 24 h post-acquisition. On the other hand, NBM functional integrity was shown to be necessary for memory consolidation of the acoustic CS fear response only immediately after acquisition and not 24-h post-acquisition. The present findings help to elucidate the role of the NBM in memory consolidation and better define the neural circuits involved in fear memories.
BibTeX: @article{Baldi:2007, author = {Baldi, Elisabetta and Mariottini, Chiara and Bucherelli, Corrado}, title = {The role of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis in fear conditioning consolidation in the rat.}, journal = {Learn Mem}, school = {Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 63, I-50134, Florence, Italy.}, year = {2007}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {855--860}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.675907}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.675907} }
Baldi, E., Mariottini, C. and Bucherelli, C.	The role of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis in fear conditioning consolidation in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Learning and Memory Vol. 14(12), pp. 855-860	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) is known to be involved in the memorization of several conditioned responses. To investigate the role of the NBM in fear conditioning memorization, this neural site was subjected to fully reversible tetrodotoxin (TTX) inactivation during consolidation in adult male Wistar rats that had undergone fear training to acoustic conditioned stimulus (CS) and context. TTX was stereotaxically administered to different groups of rats at increasing intervals after the acquisition session. Memory was assessed as the conditioned freezing duration measured during retention testing, always performed 72 and 96 h after TTX administration. In this way, there was no interference with normal NBM function during either acquisition or retrieval phases, allowing any amnesic effect to be due only to consolidation disruption. The results show that for contextual fear response memory consolidation, NBM functional integrity is necessary up to 24 h post-acquisition. On the other hand, NBM functional integrity was shown to be necessary for memory consolidation of the acoustic CS fear response only immediately after acquisition and not 24-h post-acquisition. The present findings help to elucidate the role of the NBM in memory consolidation and better define the neural circuits involved in fear memories. © 2007 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
BibTeX: @article{Baldi:2007a, author = {Baldi, E. and Mariottini, C. and Bucherelli, C.}, title = {The role of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis in fear conditioning consolidation in the rat}, journal = {Learning and Memory}, year = {2007}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {855-860}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-38049072670&partnerID=40&md5=ac5919771d653fd0ed986f7e6d8ea16f}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.675907} }
Baldi, E., Mariottini, C. and Bucherelli, C.	Substantia nigra role in fear conditioning consolidation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Neurobiology of Learning and Memory Vol. 87(1), pp. 133-139	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The substantia nigra (SN) is known to be involved in the memorization of several conditioned responses. To investigate the role of the SN in fear conditioning consolidation this neural site was subjected to fully reversible tetrodotoxin (TTX) inactivation during consolidation in adult male Wistar rats which had undergone fear training to acoustic CS and context. TTX was stereotaxically administered to different groups of rats at increasing intervals after the acquisition session. Memory was assessed as conditioned freezing duration measured during retention testing, always performed 72 and 96 h after TTX administration. In this way there was no interference with normal SN function during either acquisition or retrieval phases, so that any amnesic effect could be due only to consolidation disruption. The results show that SN functional integrity is necessary for contextual fear response consolidation up to the 24-h after-acquisition delay. On the contrary SN functional integrity was shown not to be necessary for the consolidation of acoustic CS fear responses. The present findings help to elucidate the role of the SN in memory consolidation and better define the neural circuits involved in fear memories. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Baldi:2007b, author = {Baldi, E. and Mariottini, C. and Bucherelli, C.}, title = {Substantia nigra role in fear conditioning consolidation}, journal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory}, year = {2007}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, pages = {133-139}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33750512352&partnerID=40&md5=798ca3bc98310ee0c0dd0bba9fe4a488}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2006.07.006} }
Baldi, E., Mariottini, C. and Bucherelli, C.	Differential roles of the basolateral amygdala and nucleus basalis magnocellularis during post-reactivation contextual fear conditioning reconsolidation in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Neurobiology of Learning and Memory Vol. 90(4), pp. 604-609	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The roles of the basolateral amygdala and nucleus basalis magnocellularis in fear conditioning reconsolidation were investigated by means of tetrodotoxin bilateral inactivation performed 96 h after conditioning, immediately after reactivation training. Footshocks of 1.2 mA intensity were employed to induce the generalization phenomenon. Basolateral amygdala inactivation disrupts the contextual fear response and its generalization but not acoustic CS trace retention, when measured 72 and 96 h after tetrodotoxin administration. Nucleus basalis magnocellularis functional inactivation does not affect memory post-reactivation phase of any of the three conditioned fear responses. The present findings show a differential role of the two structures in fear memory reconsolidation and can be a starting point for future investigation of the neural circuits subserving generalization. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Baldi:2008, author = {Baldi, E. and Mariottini, C. and Bucherelli, C.}, title = {Differential roles of the basolateral amygdala and nucleus basalis magnocellularis during post-reactivation contextual fear conditioning reconsolidation in rats}, journal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory}, year = {2008}, volume = {90}, number = {4}, pages = {604-609}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-55149122439&partnerID=40&md5=8f6ce7760c64486a4e5311bf2abedf6e}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2008.07.009} }
BALDING F., J., DEUTCH, A., R.H., ROTH and LEWIS, M.	In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Messenger RNA in Rat Brain [BibTeX]	1988	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Vol. 537(1), pp. 484-487	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{BALDING:1988, author = {BALDING, F., Jr. and DEUTCH, A.Y. and ROTH, R.H. and LEWIS, M.E.}, title = {In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Messenger RNA in Rat Brain}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, year = {1988}, volume = {537}, number = {1}, pages = {484-487}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024271025&partnerID=40&md5=c23328c20ad6d595808cb41f7e013870}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb42133.x} }
Baldissera, F., Bruggencate, G.T. and Lundberg, A.	Rubrospinal monosynaptic connexion with last-order interneurones of polysynaptic reflex paths. [BibTeX]	1971	Brain Res Vol. 27(2), pp. 390-392	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Baldissera:1971, author = {Baldissera, F. and Bruggencate, G. T. and Lundberg, A.}, title = {Rubrospinal monosynaptic connexion with last-order interneurones of polysynaptic reflex paths.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1971}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {390--392}, note = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(71)90268-x} }
Baldissera, F., Di Loreto, S., Florio, T. and Scarnati, E.	Short-latency excitation of hindlimb motoneurons induced by electrical stimulation of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 169(1-2), pp. 13-16	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The monosynaptic reflex response evoked by stimulating the dorsal root L6 was greatly facilitated when a low intensity conditioning stimulus was applied to the pontomesencephalic tegmentum (PT) 1-2 ms in advance. When increasing the stimulus strength or the number of stimuli, motor discharges were recorded in the ventral roots and in nerves innervating hindlimb muscles. The lowest threshold site for reflex facilitation was found in a region just ventral to the superior colliculus. A descending volley was recorded from the medulla midline, in the region of the medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF) and from the spinal cord surface at thoracic and lumbar level. The latency of the descending volley and of the motor responses indicates that excitation of hindlimb motoneurons was due to activation of a disynaptic pathway having a relay in the lower brainstem. All spinal and peripheral responses evoked by PT stimulation disappeared when a small electrolytic lesion was placed in the MLF 1-2 mm rostral to the obex. The results show that in the rat the PT region may exert a powerful facilitatory action on hindlimb motoneurons. © 1994.
BibTeX: @article{Baldissera:1994, author = {Baldissera, F. and Di Loreto, S. and Florio, T. and Scarnati, E.}, title = {Short-latency excitation of hindlimb motoneurons induced by electrical stimulation of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum in the rat}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1994}, volume = {169}, number = {1-2}, pages = {13-16}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028213721&partnerID=40&md5=7700cb0111d910965d31f1ff3ef7d0f4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(94)90345-X} }
Baldo, B., Daniel, R., Berridge, C. and Kelley, A.	Overlapping distributions of orexin/hypocretin- and dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers in rat brain regions mediating arousal, motivation, and stress [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Journal of Comparative Neurology Vol. 464(2), pp. 220-237	article	DOI URL
Abstract: A double-label immunohistochemical study was carried out to investigate overlap between dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH)-immunopositive projections and the projections of hypothalamic neurons containing the arousal- and feeding-related peptide, orexin/hypocretin (HCRT), in rat brain. Numerous intermingled HCRT-immunopositive and DβH-immunopositive fibers were seen in a ventrally situated corridor extending from the hypothalamus to deep layers of the infralimbic cortex. Both fiber types avoided the nucleus accumbens core, caudate putamen, and the globus pallidus. In the diencephalon, overlap was observed in several hypothalamic areas, including the perifornical, dorsomedial, and paraventricular nuclei, as well as in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, Intermingled HCRT-containing and DβH-containing fibers extended from the hypothalamus into areas within the medial and central amygdala, terminating at the medial border of the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus of the amygdala. Dense overlap between the two fiber types was also observed in the periaqueductal gray, particularly in the vicinity of the dorsal raphe, as well as (to a lesser extent) in the ventral tegmental area, the retrorubral field, and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, Hypocretin-containing cell bodies, located in the perifornical and lateral hypothalamus, were embedded within a dense plexus of DβH-immunopositive fibers and boutons, with numerous cases of apparent contacts of DβH-containing boutons onto HCRT-immunopositive soma and dendrites, HCRT-containing fibers were observed amid the noradrenergic cells of the locus coeruleus, and in the vicinity of the A1, A2, and A5 cell groups. Hence, the projections of these two arousal-related systems, originating in distinctly different parts of the brain, jointly target several forebrain regions and brainstem monoaminergic nuclei involved in regulating core motivational processes. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Baldo:2003, author = {Baldo, B.A. and Daniel, R.A. and Berridge, C.W. and Kelley, A.E.}, title = {Overlapping distributions of orexin/hypocretin- and dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers in rat brain regions mediating arousal, motivation, and stress}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, year = {2003}, volume = {464}, number = {2}, pages = {220-237}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0042123759&partnerID=40&md5=ab89b775d316ed8a6c74a250b4319e35}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.10783} }
Balercia, G., Bentivoglio, M. and Kruger, L.	Fine structural organization of the ependymal region of the paraventricular nucleus of the rat thalamus and its relation with projection neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	J Neurocytol Vol. 21(2), pp. 105-119School: e, University of Verona, Italy.	article	DOI
Abstract: The ependymal lining of the diencephalic third ventricle is known to exhibit significant variation in zonal architecture and the relations of neurites to the ventricular surface in different regions remains obscure. The present study explores the fine structural organization of the ependymal region of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus. Methodology was developed for tracing neurites of cells retrogradely labelled with horseradish peroxidase based on our recent observation that paraventricular neurons projecting to the amygdaloid complex cluster near the ventricle and emit numerous dendrites extending toward the ependymal surface. A relatively uniform population of cuboidal 'pale' ependymocytes dominates the ventricular lining of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus, although a few 'dark' ependymocytes are interspersed. The subependymal region displays a variety of glial elements. Dendrites of thalamic paraventricular projection neurons terminate in proximity to the ependymal layer from which they are generally separated by thin cytoplasmic processes of putative astrocytes, and few indent the basal portion of ependymal cells. Thin 'terminal' (i.e., serially traced) horseradish peroxidase-labelled dendrites filled with lipid and lysosome-like dense bodies were often enveloped by astrocyte membrane whorls. This feature may constitute a reactive glial response in horseradish peroxidase-labelled dendritic terminals. A distinctive arrangement of tortuous astrocyte leaflets was insinuated between the basal portion of ependymocytes in a zone exhibiting numerous caveolae, apparently isolating neurites from direct contact with the cerebrospinal fluid. These findings indicate that the ependymal region of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus is not characterized by those features of the basal third ventricle suspected to confer neuroendocrine interaction between neurons and cerebrospinal fluid. The structural arrangement between ependymocytes and thalamic paraventricular projection cells indicate a specialized relation of these neurons with the ependymal interface, but apparently not directly with the overlying cerebrospinal fluid.
BibTeX: @article{Balercia:1992, author = {G. Balercia and M. Bentivoglio and L. Kruger}, title = {Fine structural organization of the ependymal region of the paraventricular nucleus of the rat thalamus and its relation with projection neurons.}, journal = {J Neurocytol}, school = {e, University of Verona, Italy.}, year = {1992}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {105--119}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01189009} }
Balercia, G., Bentivoglio, M. and Kruger, L.	Fine structural organization of the ependymal region of the paraventricular nucleus of the rat thalamus and its relation with projection neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Journal of neurocytology Vol. 21, pp. 105-19	article
Abstract: The ependymal lining of the diencephalic third ventricle is known to exhibit significant variation in zonal architecture and the relations of neurites to the ventricular surface in different regions remains obscure. The present study explores the fine structural organization of the ependymal region of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus. Methodology was developed for tracing neurites of cells retrogradely labelled with horseradish peroxidase based on our recent observation that paraventricular neurons projecting to the amygdaloid complex cluster near the ventricle and emit numerous dendrites extending toward the ependymal surface. A relatively uniform population of cuboidal 'pale' ependymocytes dominates the ventricular lining of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus, although a few 'dark' ependymocytes are interspersed. The subependymal region displays a variety of glial elements. Dendrites of thalamic paraventricular projection neurons terminate in proximity to the ependymal layer from which they are generally separated by thin cytoplasmic processes of putative astrocytes, and few indent the basal portion of ependymal cells. Thin 'terminal' (i.e., serially traced) horseradish peroxidase-labelled dendrites filled with lipid and lysosome-like dense bodies were often enveloped by astrocyte membrane whorls. This feature may constitute a reactive glial response in horseradish peroxidase-labelled dendritic terminals. A distinctive arrangement of tortuous astrocyte leaflets was insinuated between the basal portion of ependymocytes in a zone exhibiting numerous caveolae, apparently isolating neurites from direct contact with the cerebrospinal fluid. These findings indicate that the ependymal region of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus is not characterized by those features of the basal third ventricle suspected to confer neuroendocrine interaction between neurons and cerebrospinal fluid. The structural arrangement between ependymocytes and thalamic paraventricular projection cells indicate a specialized relation of these neurons with the ependymal interface, but apparently not directly with the overlying cerebrospinal fluid.
BibTeX: @article{Balercia:1992b, author = {Balercia, G. and Bentivoglio, M. and Kruger, L.}, title = {Fine structural organization of the ependymal region of the paraventricular nucleus of the rat thalamus and its relation with projection neurons.}, journal = {Journal of neurocytology}, year = {1992}, volume = {21}, pages = {105-19}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Balercia, G., Chen, S. and Bentivoglio, M.	Electron microscopic analysis of fluorescent neuronal labeling after photoconversion [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Journal of Neuroscience Methods Vol. 45(1-2), pp. 87-98	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Ultrastructural visualization of non-electron-dense fluorescent retrograde neuronal labeling was attempted by means of photo-oxidation. This procedure was used to convert the fluorescence of neurons labeled by the tracers propidium iodide, rhodamine latex microspheres and fluorogold into a stable diaminobenzidine reaction product. The ultrastructural study revealed an accumulation of electron-dense material in these cells both within lysosomes and scattered in the cytoplasmic matrix. Comparison with several different sets of control samples indicated that this material, on the basis of its amount, electron density and appearance, specifically represents the photoconversion reaction product. The effects of the intensity of the fluorescent labeling and of a prolonged photoconversion on the fine structural features of the reaction product are also described and discussed. The present findings indicate that photoconversion can be effectively applied to ultrastructural study of fluorescent retrogradely labeled neurons. The specificity of the photoconversion reaction product should be tested routinely for each fluorochrome and tissue sample. © 1992.
BibTeX: @article{Balercia:1992a, author = {Balercia, G. and Chen, S. and Bentivoglio, M.}, title = {Electron microscopic analysis of fluorescent neuronal labeling after photoconversion}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods}, year = {1992}, volume = {45}, number = {1-2}, pages = {87-98}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026448285&partnerID=40&md5=b8fbcf31ee8caa690ca8c986cd52f451}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(92)90046-G} }
Balfour, M.E., Brown, J.L., Yu, L. and Coolen, L.M.	Potential contributions of efferents from medial prefrontal cortex to neural activation following sexual behavior in the male rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Neuroscience Vol. 137(4), pp. 1259-1276School: Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, 3125 Eden Avenue, ML-521, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The limbic system plays an important role in the regulation of sexual motivation and reward. At the core of this system is an interconnected mesocorticolimbic circuit, comprised of the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex. Previously, our laboratory showed that sexual behavior causes neural activation in the ventral tegmental area of male rats. The main goal of this study is to identify afferent inputs to ventral tegmental area neurons that may contribute to their activation during sexual behavior. Hence, the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine was injected into subregions of the rat medial prefrontal cortex, which is known to project to the ventral tegmental area. Visualization of biotinylated dextran amine-labeled axons was combined with immunostaining for sex-induced Fos expression. Quantitative analysis showed that the majority of sex-activated ventral tegmental area neurons receive putative contacts from the infralimbic and prelimbic--but not the anterior cingulate--subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex. Thus, inputs from infralimbic area and prelimbic are in an anatomical position to provide a major source of input during sexual behavior. A second goal of this study was to determine if the medial prefrontal cortex projects to sex-activated neurons in other brain regions important for sexual behavior and motivation. Infralimbic area and prelimbic area sent projections to nucleus accumbens, medial preoptic area, principal nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, basolateral amygdala, and parvocellular subparafasicular thalamic nucleus. Thus, the infralimbic and prelimbic subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex may also influence sexual behavior and motivation via brain regions other than the ventral tegmental area.
BibTeX: @article{Balfour:2006, author = {M. E. Balfour and J. L. Brown and L. Yu and L. M. Coolen}, title = {Potential contributions of efferents from medial prefrontal cortex to neural activation following sexual behavior in the male rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, 3125 Eden Avenue, ML-521, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA.}, year = {2006}, volume = {137}, number = {4}, pages = {1259--1276}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.11.013}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.11.013} }
Balin, B.J., Broadwell, R.D., Salcman, M. and el-Kalliny, M.	Avenues for entry of peripherally administered protein to the central nervous system in mouse, rat, and squirrel monkey. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	J Comp Neurol Vol. 251(2), pp. 260-280	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Pathways traversed by peripherally administered protein tracers for entry to the mammalian brain were investigated by light and electron microscopy. Native horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) conjugated to peroxidase were administered intranasally, intravenously, or intraventricularly to mice; native HRP was delivered intranasally or intravenously to rats and squirrel monkeys. Unlike WGA-HRP, native HRP administered intranasally passed freely through intercellular junctions of the olfactory epithelia to reach the olfactory bulbs of the CNS extracellularly within 45-90 minutes in all species. The olfactory epithelium labeled with intravenously delivered HRP, which readily escaped vasculature supplying this epithelium. Blood-borne peroxidase also exited fenestrated vessels of the dura mater and circumventricular organs. This HRP in the mouse, but not in the other species, passed from the dura mater through patent intercellular junctions within the arachnoid mater; in time, peroxidase reaction product in the mouse brain was associated with the pial surface, the Virchow-Robin spaces of vessels penetrating the pial surface, perivascular clefts, and with phagocytic pericytes located on the abluminal surface of superficial and deep cerebral microvasculature. Blood-borne HRP was endocytosed avidly at the luminal face of the cerebral endothelium in all species. WGA-HRP and native HRP delivered intraventricularly to the mouse were not endocytosed appreciably at the abluminal surface of the endothelium; hence, the endocytosis of protein and internalization of cell surface membrane within the cerebral endothelium are vectorial. The low to non-existent endocytic activity and internalization of membrane from the abluminal endothelial surface suggests that vesicular transport through the cerebral endothelium from blood to brain and from brain to blood does not occur. The extracellular pathways through which probe molecules enter the mammalian brain offer potential routes of passage for blood-borne and air-borne toxic, carcinogenic, infectious, and neurotoxic agents and addictive drugs, and for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to combat CNS infections and deficiency states. Methodological considerations are discussed for the interpretation of data derived from application of peroxidase to study the blood-brain barrier.
BibTeX: @article{Balin:1986, author = {B. J. Balin and R. D. Broadwell and M. Salcman and M. el-Kalliny}, title = {Avenues for entry of peripherally administered protein to the central nervous system in mouse, rat, and squirrel monkey.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1986}, volume = {251}, number = {2}, pages = {260--280}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat. Uncleat sources and target definitions.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902510209}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902510209} }
Balkowiec, A., Kunze, D.L. and Katz, D.M.	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor acutely inhibits AMPA-mediated currents in developing sensory relay neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	J Neurosci Vol. 20(5), pp. 1904-1911School: Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.	article	URL
Abstract: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is expressed by many primary sensory neurons that no longer require neurotrophins for survival, indicating that BDNF may be used as a signaling molecule by the afferents themselves. Because many primary afferents also express glutamate, we investigated the possibility that BDNF modulates glutamatergic AMPA responses of newborn second-order sensory relay neurons. Perforated-patch, voltage-clamp recordings were made from dissociated neurons of the brainstem nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS), a region that receives massive primary afferent input from BDNF-containing neurons in the nodose and petrosal cranial sensory ganglia. Electrophysiological analysis was combined in some experiments with anterograde labeling of primary afferent terminals to specifically analyze responses of identified second-order neurons. Our data demonstrate that BDNF strongly inhibits AMPA-mediated currents in a large subset of nTS cells. Specifically, AMPA responses were either completely abolished or markedly inhibited by BDNF in 73% of postnatal day (P0) cells and in 82% of identified P5 second-order sensory relay neurons. This effect of BDNF is mimicked by NT-4, but not NGF, and blocked by the Trk tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a, consistent with a requirement for TrkB receptor activation. Moreover, analysis of TrkB expression in culture revealed a close correlation between the percentage of nTS neurons in which BDNF inhibits AMPA currents and the percentage of neurons that exhibit TrkB immunoreactivity. These data document a previously undefined mechanism of acute modulation of AMPA responses by BDNF and indicate that BDNF may regulate glutamatergic transmission at primary afferent synapses.
BibTeX: @article{Balkowiec:2000, author = {Balkowiec, A. and Kunze, D. L. and Katz, D. M.}, title = {Brain-derived neurotrophic factor acutely inhibits AMPA-mediated currents in developing sensory relay neurons.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.}, year = {2000}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {1904--1911}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/5/1904.long} }
Balkowiec, A., Kunze, D.L. and Katz, D.M.	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor acutely inhibits AMPA-mediated currents in developing sensory relay neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Vol. 20, pp. 1904-11	article
Abstract: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is expressed by many primary sensory neurons that no longer require neurotrophins for survival, indicating that BDNF may be used as a signaling molecule by the afferents themselves. Because many primary afferents also express glutamate, we investigated the possibility that BDNF modulates glutamatergic AMPA responses of newborn second-order sensory relay neurons. Perforated-patch, voltage-clamp recordings were made from dissociated neurons of the brainstem nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS), a region that receives massive primary afferent input from BDNF-containing neurons in the nodose and petrosal cranial sensory ganglia. Electrophysiological analysis was combined in some experiments with anterograde labeling of primary afferent terminals to specifically analyze responses of identified second-order neurons. Our data demonstrate that BDNF strongly inhibits AMPA-mediated currents in a large subset of nTS cells. Specifically, AMPA responses were either completely abolished or markedly inhibited by BDNF in 73% of postnatal day (P0) cells and in 82% of identified P5 second-order sensory relay neurons. This effect of BDNF is mimicked by NT-4, but not NGF, and blocked by the Trk tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a, consistent with a requirement for TrkB receptor activation. Moreover, analysis of TrkB expression in culture revealed a close correlation between the percentage of nTS neurons in which BDNF inhibits AMPA currents and the percentage of neurons that exhibit TrkB immunoreactivity. These data document a previously undefined mechanism of acute modulation of AMPA responses by BDNF and indicate that BDNF may regulate glutamatergic transmission at primary afferent synapses.
BibTeX: @article{Balkowiec:2000a, author = {Balkowiec, A. and Kunze, D. L. and Katz, D. M.}, title = {Brain-derived neurotrophic factor acutely inhibits AMPA-mediated currents in developing sensory relay neurons.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, year = {2000}, volume = {20}, pages = {1904-11}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Ball, K. and Slane, M.	Differential involvement of prelimbic and infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex in discrete cue-induced reinstatement of 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy) seeking in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Psychopharmacology Vol. 224(3), pp. 377-385	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Rationale The amphetamine derivative 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) is a widely abused drug, particularly in adolescent and young adult populations. Although it was shown that MDMA-associated cues reinstate extinguished MDMA seeking in an animal relapse model, there is little information regarding the neural mechanisms underlying this behavior. Objectives Because the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays an important role in relapse to cocaine and methamphetamine seeking, we tested the effects of lidocaine inactivation of prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) subregions of mPFC on cue-induced relapse to MDMA seeking. Methods Rats were trained to respond for MDMA infusions (0.50 mg/kg/infusion, i.v.) paired with a discrete cue in daily 2-h sessions. Responding was reinforced contingent on a modified fixed ratio 5 schedule of reinforcement. Cueinduced reinstatement tests were conducted after responding was extinguished in the absence of MDMA and the conditioned cues. Prior to reinstatement tests, rats received bilateral microinjections of either lidocaine (100 μg/0.5 μl/side) or physiological saline (0.5 μl/side) delivered to either PL or IL mPFC. Results Microinjections of lidocaine into PL completely blocked reinstatement of MDMA-seeking behavior compared with saline microinjections into the same region. Lidocaine microinjections did not, however, have an effect on food-maintained responding, ruling out a nonspecific disruption of motor performance. Conversely, lidocaine inactivation of IL had no effect on reinstatement of MDMA seeking or food-maintained responding. Conclusions Our results provide direct support for PL activation in reinstatement of MDMA-seeking behavior. Moreover, akin to cocaine seeking, there appears to be differential involvement of PL and IL subregions in this behavior. © Springer-Verlag 2012.
BibTeX: @article{Ball:2012, author = {Ball, K.T. and Slane, M.}, title = {Differential involvement of prelimbic and infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex in discrete cue-induced reinstatement of 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy) seeking in rats}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = {2012}, volume = {224}, number = {3}, pages = {377-385}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84871663421&partnerID=40&md5=72a4511b398fb47e92927a086d107ad4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2762-5} }
Balla, A., Vereb, G., Gülkan, H., Gehrmann, T., Gergely, P., Heilmeyer Jr., L. and Antal, M.	Immunohistochemical localisation of two phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase isoforms, PI4K230 and PI4K92, in the central nervous system of rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Experimental Brain Research Vol. 134(3), pp. 279-288	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The distribution and cellular localisation of the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase isoforms, PI4K230 and PI4K92, that are believed to play important roles in the intracellular signalling mechanisms were studied in the rat brain (cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus and spinal cord) using immunocytochemistry with light and electron microscopy. PI4K230 was detected with a specific antibody purified by affinity chromatography from the egg yolk of chicken immunised with a 33-kDa fragment of bovine PI4K230, comprising amino acids 873-1175 of the native protein. PI4K92 was immunostained with a commercially available antibody raised in rabbit against amino acid residues 410-537 of human PI4K92. At the light microscopic level, the immunostaining of PI4K230 and PI4K92 showed a very similar distribution throughout the neurons and appeared as dense punctate labelling in the cytoplasm of perikarya and stem dendrites of various neurons. In addition to neurons, a strongly stained cell population was observed in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex that resembled Bergmann glia cells. Electron microscopy of neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord showed dense granular immunoprecipitates for both PI4K230 and PI4K92, mostly associated with the outer membrane of mitochondria and membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, immunostaining of PI4K92 was also frequently found on the outer surface of cisterns and vesicles of Golgi complexes, whereas PI4K230 immunoreactivity was colocalised with some multivesicular bodies. Neither nuclear localisation nor a regular attachment to the cell membrane of these enzymes were observed. Our findings indicate that PI4K230 and PI4K92 are not involved directly in the ligand-stimulated turnover of phosphoinositides at the plasma membrane of neurons. However, they may provide regulatory phosphoinositides for intracellular vesicular traffic being associated with various organelles.
BibTeX: @article{Balla:2000, author = {Balla, A. and Vereb, G. and Gülkan, H. and Gehrmann, T. and Gergely, P. and Heilmeyer Jr., L.M.G. and Antal, M.}, title = {Immunohistochemical localisation of two phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase isoforms, PI4K230 and PI4K92, in the central nervous system of rats}, journal = {Experimental Brain Research}, year = {2000}, volume = {134}, number = {3}, pages = {279-288}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033807922&partnerID=40&md5=ecd785490d6b95f0ee210bac69d8ae4e}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s002210000469} }
Ballain, T., Martiel, J.-L. and Cattarelli, M.	Implications of relaxation dynamics in the synaptic control of olfactory cortex activity [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	BioSystems Vol. 51(3), pp. 181-193	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In a previous work (Ballain et al., 1998. Biol. Cyber. 79, 323-336) we reported the analysis of a model for the piriform cortex activity in rats based on experimental data. In this paper, we study an extension of this model by supplementing it with equations for the post-synaptic conductance and/or the pre-synaptic activation threshold. We use the present model's outputs to account for experimental data based on paired stimulation in the opossum or the rat, obtained either through electrical recording or optical mapping of the cortex activity. The model exhibits great robustness when it comes to large variation in synaptic characteristics. Model outputs mimic satisfactorily the three kind of responses to paired stimuli (Litaudon and Cattarelli, 1996. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8, 21-29) and the recovery of the excitable capacities as demonstrated by Haberly (1973. J. Neurophysiol. 36 (4), 789-802) and Ferreyra-Moyano et al. (1985. Brain Res. Bull. 15, 237-248). Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Ballain:1999, author = {Ballain, T. and Martiel, J.-L. and Cattarelli, M.}, title = {Implications of relaxation dynamics in the synaptic control of olfactory cortex activity}, journal = {BioSystems}, year = {1999}, volume = {51}, number = {3}, pages = {181-193}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032874504&partnerID=40&md5=1cc2a11b29c8d75c025c725b6f0d5b02}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0303-2647(99)00054-4} }
Ballantyne, B. and Cawley, T.J.	Acute and repeated vapor exposure toxicology of 3-(methylthio)propionaldehyde. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Vet Hum Toxicol Vol. 42(6), pp. 330-336School: Applied Toxicology Group, Union Carbide Corporation, Danbury, Connecticut 06817-0001, USA.	article
Abstract: Because of its vapor pressure (0.6 torr at 20 C) there is a potential for vapor exposure to 3-(methylthio)propionaldehyde (3-MTP) vapor. Liquid 3-MTP may contain trace amounts of acrolein (up to 0.1, and therefore acrolein vapor may also be present. Acute exposure (24 min to 4 h) of rats to substantially saturated atmospheres of 3-MTP generated statically (measured concentrations of 261-951 ppm) resulted in marked ocular and respiratory irritancy followed by death. Deaths occurred either during exposure or a few days postexposure, depending on exposure time. Measured acrolein vapor concentrations in these static studies were 16.7-216 ppm. In contrast, when substantially saturated vapor atmospheres were generated dynamically (277-320 ppm 3-MTP) only minor transient signs of irritancy were present, and only 1/40 exposed animals died. Acrolein vapor concentrations ranged 0-6.8 ppm. These findings indicate that the toxicity associated with acute static exposures to 3-MTP vapor was due to accumulated acrolein vapor, and that 3-MTP per se has a low order of acute vapor inhalation toxicity. In a first 9-d repeated vapor exposure study (6 h/d) rats were exposed to 0, 23.6, 96.8 or 246.2 ppm 3-MTP vapor; the mean acrolein concentration was 1.34 ppm (range 1.08-1.72 ppm). There were no mortalities, but exposure concentration-related indications of toxicity were present. These included reduced body weights, hematology (increased lymphocytes), serum chemistry (reduced total protein and globulin), and respiratory tract histopathology. The latter consisted mainly of squamous metaplasia in the anterior nasal passages at all concentrations, being minimal at 23.6 ppm. At the high concentration there was also olfactory atrophy and squamous metaplasia in the larynx, trachea, and larger bronchi; 23.6 ppm was a threshold effect level. The respiratory tract histopathology was compatible with exposure to acrolein vapor. In a second 9-d study, rats were exposed to 0, 0.47, 4.99 or 50.5 ppm (6 h/d); no acrolein could be detected in the chamber air samples. There were no differences between the controls (air alone) and 3-MTP exposed animals with respect to signs, body weights, food consumption, hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, and gross and microscopic pathology. Without detectable acrolein vapor, 50.5 ppm 3-MTP was a no observable effects level.
BibTeX: @article{Ballantyne:2000, author = {Ballantyne, B. and Cawley, T. J.}, title = {Acute and repeated vapor exposure toxicology of 3-(methylthio)propionaldehyde.}, journal = {Vet Hum Toxicol}, school = {Applied Toxicology Group, Union Carbide Corporation, Danbury, Connecticut 06817-0001, USA.}, year = {2000}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, pages = {330--336}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Ballantyne, B., Dodd, D.E., Pritts, I.M., Nachreiner, D.J. and Fowler, E.H.	Acute vapour inhalation toxicity of acrolein and its influence as a trace contaminant in 2-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Hum Toxicol Vol. 8(3), pp. 229-235School: Applied Toxicology Department, Union Carbide Corporation, Danbury, Connecticut 06817.	article	DOI
Abstract: 1. The LC50 values for acrolein (AC) vapour to Sprague-Dawley rats (combined sexes) were determined to be 26 ppm (1 h) and 8.3 ppm (4 h). Signs of severe irritancy were present, and death was due to lung injury. 2. Exposure of rats to a 2-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (MDP) saturated vapour atmosphere statistically generated from liquid MDP containing 0.037% AC, caused severe irritancy and death from accumulation of AC vapour. Sparging the impure material with nitrogen gas before atmosphere generation significantly reduced or abolished lethal toxicity. 3. Dynamically generated MDP vapour atmosphere produced transient respiratory and ocular irritancy, but no mortalities. The intrinsic acute vapour inhalation toxicity of MDP is low. 4. The presence of highly volatile toxic impurities in a material may confer a significant acute inhalation toxicity and hazard under conditions of low air movement. Assessment of potential inhalation hazards from liquid mixtures may require investigation by static and dynamic methods for vapour generation.
BibTeX: @article{Ballantyne:1989, author = {Ballantyne, B. and Dodd, D. E. and Pritts, I. M. and Nachreiner, D. J. and Fowler, E. H.}, title = {Acute vapour inhalation toxicity of acrolein and its influence as a trace contaminant in 2-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran.}, journal = {Hum Toxicol}, school = {Applied Toxicology Department, Union Carbide Corporation, Danbury, Connecticut 06817.}, year = {1989}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {229--235}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/096032718900800305} }
Ballatori, N., Miles, E. and Clarkson, T.W.	Homeostatic control of manganese excretion in the neonatal rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Am J Physiol Vol. 252(5 Pt 2), pp. R842-R847	article	URL
Abstract: Previous studies in neonatal and suckling animals showed that immature animals have a greatly diminished capacity to excrete manganese and therefore were considered to be unable to regulate tissue manganese concentrations. In contrast, the present studies indicate that suckling rats have the capacity to excrete excess manganese at rates nearly comparable to those of adults. Eight- to 10-day-old rats given a tracer dose of 54MnCl2 (essentially carrier free), either via gavage or by intraperitoneal injection showed little elimination of the 54Mn until the 18-19th day of life, when there was an abrupt increase in the rate of the metal's excretion. However, when manganese was given in doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg, the young animals excreted from 30-70% of the dose in only 4 days, at which time a new rate of excretion was achieved. This enhanced rate of excretion remained constant until the 18-19th day of life, when it was again accelerated. Biliary excretion of manganese, the primary route for the elimination of the metal, was only 30-60% lower in 14-day-old rats compared with adults at doses ranging from tracer to 10 mg 54Mn/kg. For both the 14-day-old and adult rats, an apparent biliary transport maximum was reached at a dose of 10 mg Mn/kg. These studies indicate that the excretory pathways for manganese are well developed in the neonatal rat. The avid retention of tracer quantities of manganese by the neonate may be a consequence of the scarcity of this essential trace metal in its diet.
BibTeX: @article{Ballatori:1987, author = {Ballatori, N. and Miles, E. and Clarkson, T. W.}, title = {Homeostatic control of manganese excretion in the neonatal rat.}, journal = {Am J Physiol}, year = {1987}, volume = {252}, number = {5 Pt 2}, pages = {R842--R847}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/ajpregu/252/5/R842.full.pdf} }
Balleine, B. and Dickinson, A.	The effect of lesions of the insular cortex on instrumental conditioning: Evidence for a role in incentive memory [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 20(23), pp. 8954-8964	article	URL
Abstract: In three experiments, we assessed the effect of lesions aimed at the gustatory region of the insular cortex on instrumental conditioning in rats. In experiment 1, the lesion had no effect on the acquisition of either lever pressing or chain pulling in food-deprived rats whether these actions earned food pellets or a maltodextrin solution. The lesion did, however, attenuate the impact of outcome devaluation, induced by sensory-specific satiety, on instrumental performance but only when assessed in an extinction test. This effect was not secondary to an impairment in instrumental learning; in experiment 2, no evidence was found to suggest that the lesioned rats differed from shams in their ability to encode the specific action-outcome contingencies to which they were exposed during training. In experiment 3, however, lesioned rats were found to be insensitive to the impact of an incentive learning treatment conducted when they were undeprived; although, again, this deficit was confined to a test conducted in extinction. These results are consistent with the view that, in instrumental conditioning, the gustatory region of the insular cortex is involved in encoding the taste of food outcomes in memory and, hence, in encoding the incentive value assigned to these outcomes on the basis of prevailing motivational conditions.
BibTeX: @article{Balleine:2000, author = {Balleine, B.W. and Dickinson, A.}, title = {The effect of lesions of the insular cortex on instrumental conditioning: Evidence for a role in incentive memory}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2000}, volume = {20}, number = {23}, pages = {8954-8964}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034548880&partnerID=40&md5=2891083451fd6157a6442b8b2e7d0eb7} }
Ballesteros, C., De Oliveira Galvão, B., Maisonette, S. and Landeira-Fernandez, J.	Effect of dorsal and ventral hippocampal lesions on contextual fear conditioning and unconditioned defensive behavior induced by electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	PLoS ONE Vol. 9(1)	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The dorsal (DH) and ventral (VH) subregions of the hippocampus are involved in contextual fear conditioning. However, it is still unknown whether these two brain areas also play a role in defensive behavior induced by electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG). In the present study, rats were implanted with electrodes into the dPAG to determine freezing and escape response thresholds after sham or bilateral electrolytic lesions of the DH or VH. The duration of freezing behavior that outlasted electrical stimulation of the dPAG was also measured. The next day, these animals were subjected to contextual fear conditioning using footshock as an unconditioned stimulus. Electrolytic lesions of the DH and VH impaired contextual fear conditioning. Only VH lesions disrupted conditioned freezing immediately after footshock and increased the thresholds of aversive freezing and escape responses to dPAG electrical stimulation. Neither DH nor VH lesions disrupted post-dPAG stimulation freezing. These results indicate that the VH but not DH plays an important role in aversively defensive behavior induced by dPAG electrical stimulation. Interpretations of these findings should be made with caution because of the fact that a non-fiber-sparing lesion method was employed. © 2014 Ballesteros et al.
BibTeX: @article{Ballesteros:2014, author = {Ballesteros, C.I. and De Oliveira Galvão, B. and Maisonette, S. and Landeira-Fernandez, J.}, title = {Effect of dorsal and ventral hippocampal lesions on contextual fear conditioning and unconditioned defensive behavior induced by electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, year = {2014}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84896767628&partnerID=40&md5=65e3ac7b8d29f30b620fb1e0e33b0aa6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083342} }
BALLINGER, L., CROSS, S. and ROBERTS, M.	Availability and Mean Transit Times of Phenol and Its Metabolites in the Isolated Perfused Rat Liver: Normal and Retrograde Studies Using Tracer Concentrations of Phenol [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 47(11), pp. 949-956	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Phenolic compounds are frequently detoxified by the formation of sulphate and glucuronic acid conjugates in the liver. These conjugates are formed in the hepatocytes and then either transported into the bile or back into the blood. In this study, we examined the transport kinetics of phenol and its metabolites in the isolated perfused rat liver by monitoring the outflow profiles of these compounds after a bolus input in a single pass preparation. Phenol was almost exclusively metabolized to phenyl sulphate (97%) at the trace concentrations used, with the amount of phenol and metabolites excreted into the bile being minimal (3.5%). The metabolite formed was rapidly transported back into the perfusate, with mean transit times of 17.4 and 12.3 s anterograde and 24.9 and 24.2 s retrograde at flow rates of 15 and 30 mL min−1 respectively, which were intermediate between those of Evans blue and water. The outflow concentration‐time profile for phenyl sulphate formation was unaffected by the addition of another organic anion (bromosulphophthalein). The effect of enzyme zonation on outflow concentration‐time profiles was also investigated using retrograde perfusions. The transit time ratios for generated metabolite to water for anterograde perfusions (0.6) was found to be more than twice that for retrograde perfusions (0.23) at 15mL min−1 and approximately 1.6 times greater at 30mL min−1, being 0.58 and 0.37 respectively. The relative ratios obtained are consistent with previous findings that normalized variance of solutes in the retrograde perfusions is greater than that for anterograde perfusions. 1995 Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain
BibTeX: @article{BALLINGER:1995, author = {BALLINGER, L.N. and CROSS, S.E. and ROBERTS, M.S.}, title = {Availability and Mean Transit Times of Phenol and Its Metabolites in the Isolated Perfused Rat Liver: Normal and Retrograde Studies Using Tracer Concentrations of Phenol}, journal = {Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology}, year = {1995}, volume = {47}, number = {11}, pages = {949-956}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029563274&partnerID=40&md5=817834f6990ca9a89f9dc5a1b37524e8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1995.tb03276.x} }
Ballion, B., Morin, D. and Viala, D.	Forelimb locomotor generators and quadrupedal locomotion in the neonatal rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 14(10), pp. 1727-1738School: CNRS UMR 5816, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence cedex, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: The spinal localization of the forelimb locomotor generators and their interactions with other spinal segments were investigated on in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparations of new-born rats. Superfusion of the cervicothoracic cord (C1-T4) with high K+/low Mg2+ artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) evoked rhythmic motor root activity that was limited to low cervical (C7, C8) and high thoracic (T1) spinal levels. This activity consisted of synchronous, homolateral bursts and a typical alternating bilateral pattern. Rhythmic activity with similar locomotor-like characteristics could be induced with either serotonin (5-HT, 5 microm), N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA, 5 microm), kainate (10 microm) or a "cocktail" of 5-HT (5 microm) and NMDA (5 microm). During 5-HT/NMDA perfusion of the cervicothoracic cord, induced bursting was no longer restricted to C7-T1 levels, but also occurred at cervical C3-C5 levels and with C5-C8 homolateral alternation. Spinal transections between C6 and C7 cervical segments did not abolish rhythmic activity in C7-T1, but suppressed locomotor-like rhythmicity at C3-C5 levels. Reduced regions comprising the C7-C8 or C8-T1 segments maintained rhythmicity. Superfusion of the whole cord with 5-HT/NMDA induced ventral root bursting with similar frequencies at all recorded segments (cervical, thoracic and lumbar). After isolation, the T3-T10 cord was unable to sustain any rhythmic activity while cervical and lumbar segmental levels continued to burst, albeit at different frequencies. We also found that the faster caudal and the slower rostral locomotor generators interact to produce coordinated locomotor-like activity in all segments of the intact spinal cord. In conclusion, C7-T1 spinal levels display a strong motor rhythmogenic ability; with the lumbar generators, they contribute to coordinated rhythmic activity along the entire spinal cord of a quadrupedal locomoting mammal.
BibTeX: @article{Ballion:2001, author = {Ballion, B. and Morin, D. and Viala, D.}, title = {Forelimb locomotor generators and quadrupedal locomotion in the neonatal rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {CNRS UMR 5816, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence cedex, France.}, year = {2001}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {1727--1738}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01794.x} }
Ballsmider, L.A., Vaughn, A.C., David, M., Hajnal, A., Di Lorenzo, P.M. and Czaja, K.	Sleeve Gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Alter the Gut-Brain Communication. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Neural Plast Vol. 2015, pp. 601985School: Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: This study investigated the anatomical integrity of vagal innervation of the gastrointestinal tract following vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) operations. The retrograde tracer fast blue (FB) was injected into the stomach to label vagal neurons originating from nodose ganglion (NG) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). Microglia activation was determined by quantifying changes in the fluorescent staining of hindbrain sections against an ionizing calcium adapter binding molecule 1 (Iba1). Reorganization of vagal afferents in the hindbrain was studied by fluorescent staining against isolectin 4 (IB4). The density of Iba1- and IB4-immunoreactivity was analyzed using Nikon Elements software. There was no difference in the number of FB-labeled neurons located in NG and DMV between VSG and VSG-sham rats. RYGB, but not RYGB-sham rats, showed a dramatic reduction in number of FB-labeled neurons located in the NG and DMV. VSG increased, while the RYGB operation decreased, the density of vagal afferents in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). The RYGB operation, but not the VSG procedure, significantly activated microglia in the NTS and DMV. Results of this study show that the RYGB, but not the VSG procedure, triggers microglia activation in vagal structures and remodels gut-brain communication.
BibTeX: @article{Ballsmider:2015, author = {Ballsmider, L. A. and Vaughn, A. C. and David, M. and Hajnal, A. and Di Lorenzo, P. M. and Czaja, K.}, title = {Sleeve Gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Alter the Gut-Brain Communication.}, journal = {Neural Plast}, school = {Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.}, year = {2015}, volume = {2015}, pages = {601985}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/601985}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/601985} }
Ballsmider, L.A., Vaughn, A.C., David, M., Hajnal, A., Di Lorenzo, P.M. and Czaja, K.	Sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass alter the gut-brain communication. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Neural plasticity Vol. 2015, pp. 601985	article	DOI
Abstract: This study investigated the anatomical integrity of vagal innervation of the gastrointestinal tract following vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) operations. The retrograde tracer fast blue (FB) was injected into the stomach to label vagal neurons originating from nodose ganglion (NG) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). Microglia activation was determined by quantifying changes in the fluorescent staining of hindbrain sections against an ionizing calcium adapter binding molecule 1 (Iba1). Reorganization of vagal afferents in the hindbrain was studied by fluorescent staining against isolectin 4 (IB4). The density of Iba1- and IB4-immunoreactivity was analyzed using Nikon Elements software. There was no difference in the number of FB-labeled neurons located in NG and DMV between VSG and VSG-sham rats. RYGB, but not RYGB-sham rats, showed a dramatic reduction in number of FB-labeled neurons located in the NG and DMV. VSG increased, while the RYGB operation decreased, the density of vagal afferents in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). The RYGB operation, but not the VSG procedure, significantly activated microglia in the NTS and DMV. Results of this study show that the RYGB, but not the VSG procedure, triggers microglia activation in vagal structures and remodels gut-brain communication.
BibTeX: @article{Ballsmider:2015a, author = {Ballsmider, L. A. and Vaughn, A. C. and David, M. and Hajnal, A. and Di Lorenzo, P. M. and Czaja, K.}, title = {Sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass alter the gut-brain communication.}, journal = {Neural plasticity}, year = {2015}, volume = {2015}, pages = {601985}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/601985} }
Balthazart, J. and Ball, G.F.	Topography in the preoptic region: differential regulation of appetitive and consummatory male sexual behaviors. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Front Neuroendocrinol Vol. 28(4), pp. 161-178School: Center for Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Research Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, University of Liège, 1 Avenue de 1'Hôpital (Bat. B36), B-4000 Liège 1, Belgium. jbalthazart@ulg.ac.be	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Several studies have suggested dissociations between neural circuits underlying the expression of appetitive (e.g., courtship behavior) and consummatory components (i.e., copulatory behavior) of vertebrate male sexual behavior. The medial preoptic area (mPOA) clearly controls the expression of male copulation but, according to a number of experiments, is not necessarily implicated in the expression of appetitive sexual behavior. In rats for example, lesions to the mPOA eliminate male-typical copulatory behavior but have more subtle or no obvious effects on measures of sexual motivation. Rats with such lesions still pursue and attempt to mount females. They also acquire and perform learned instrumental responses to gain access to females. However, recent lesions studies and measures of the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos demonstrate that, in quail, sub-regions of the mPOA, in particular of its sexually dimorphic component the medial preoptic nucleus, can be specifically linked with either the expression of appetitive or consummatory sexual behavior. In particular more rostral regions can be linked to appetitive components while more caudal regions are involved in consummatory behavior. This functional sub-region variation is associated with neurochemical and hodological specializations (i.e., differences in chemical phenotype of the cells or in their connectivity), especially those related to the actions of androgens in relation to the activation of male sexual behavior, that are also present in rodents and other species. It could thus reflect general principles about POA organization and function in the vertebrate brain.
BibTeX: @article{Balthazart:2007, author = {Balthazart, Jacques and Ball, Gregory F.}, title = {Topography in the preoptic region: differential regulation of appetitive and consummatory male sexual behaviors.}, journal = {Front Neuroendocrinol}, school = {Center for Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Research Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, University of Liège, 1 Avenue de 1'Hôpital (Bat. B36), B-4000 Liège 1, Belgium. jbalthazart@ulg.ac.be}, year = {2007}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, pages = {161--178}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.05.003}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.05.003} }
Balthazart, J., Foidart, A., Absil, P. and Harada, N.	Effects of testosterone and its metabolites on aromatase-immunoreactive cells in the quail brain: relationship with the activation of male reproductive behavior. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology Vol. 56, pp. 185-200	article
Abstract: The enzyme aromatase converts testosterone (T) into 17 beta-estradiol and plays a pivotal role in the control of reproduction. In particular, the aromatase activity (AA) located in the preoptic area (POA) of male Japanese quail is a limiting step in the activation by T of copulatory behavior. Aromatase-immunoreactive (ARO-ir) cells of the POA are specifically localized within the cytoarchitectonic boundaries of the medial preoptic nucleus(POM), a sexually dimorphic and steroid-sensitive structure that is a necessary and sufficient site of steroid action in the activation of behavior. Stereotaxic implantation of aromatase inhibitors in but not around the POM strongly decreases the behavioral effects of a systemic treatment with T of castrated males. AA is decreased by castration and increased by aromatizable androgens and by estrogens. These changes have been independently documented at three levels of analysis: the enzymatic activity measured by radioenzymatic assays in vitro, the enzyme concentration evaluated semi-quantitatively by immunocytochemistry and the concentration of its messenger RNA quantified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). These studies demonstrate that T acting mostly through its estrogenic metabolites regulates brain aromatase by acting essentially at the transcriptional level. Estrogens produced by central aromatization of T therefore have two independent roles: they activate male copulatory behavior and they regulate the synthesis of aromatase. Double label immunocytochemical studies demonstrate that estrogen receptors(ER) are found in all brain areas containing ARO-ir cells but the extent to which these markers are colocalized varies from one brain region to the other. More than 70% of ARO-ir cells contain detectable ER in the tuberal hypothalamus but less than 20% of the cells display this colocalization in the POA. This absence of ER in ARO-ir cells is also observed in the POA of the rat brain. This suggests that locally formed estrogens cannot control the behavior and the aromatase synthesis in an autocrine fashion in the cells where they were formed. Multi-neuronal networks need therefore to be considered. The behavioral activation could result from the action of estrogens in ER-positive cells located in the vicinity of the ARO-ir cells where they were produced (paracrine action). Alternatively, actions that do not involve the nuclear ER could be important. Immunocytochemical studies at the electron microscope level and biochemical assays of AA in purified synaptosomes indicate the presence of aromatase in presynaptic boutons. Estrogens formed at this level could directly affect the pre-and post-synaptic membrane or could directly modulate neurotransmission namely through their metabolization into catecholestrogens (CE) which are known to be powerful inhibitors of the catechol- omicron - methyl transferase (COMT). The inhibition of COMT should increase the catecholaminergic transmission. It is significant to note, in this respect, that high levels of 2-hydroxylase activity, the enzyme that catalyzes the transformation of estrogens in CE, are found in all brain areas that contain aromatase. On the other hand, the synthesis of aromatase should also be controlled by estrogens in an indirect, transynaptic manner very reminiscent of the way in which steroids indirectly control the production of LHRH. Fibers that are immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (synthesis of dopamine), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (synthesis of norepinephrine) or vasotocine have been identified in the close vicinity of ARO-ir cells in the POM and retrograde tracing has identified the origin of the dopaminergic and noradrenergic innervation of these areas. A few preliminary physiological experiments suggest that these catecholaminergic inputs regulate AA and presumably synthesis.
BibTeX: @article{Balthazart:1996, author = {Balthazart, J. and Foidart, A. and Absil, P. and Harada, N.}, title = {Effects of testosterone and its metabolites on aromatase-immunoreactive cells in the quail brain: relationship with the activation of male reproductive behavior.}, journal = {The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology}, year = {1996}, volume = {56}, pages = {185-200}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Baluk, P., Nadel, J.A. and McDonald, D.M.	Calcitonin gene-related peptide in secretory granules of serous cells in the rat tracheal epithelium. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol Vol. 8(4), pp. 446-453School: Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0130.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The tracheal epithelium of pathogen-free rats consists mainly of serous-type secretory cells, ciliated cells, basal cells, and a few neuroendocrine cells. Mucus-containing goblet cells are rare. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is known to exist in the neuroendocrine cells and in sensory nerves of the tracheal mucosa and is released into the airway lumen by sensory nerve stimulation. In this study, we determined whether epithelial serous cells are another source of CGRP. Tracheas of adult male specific pathogen-free F344 rats were immunostained by an avidin-biotin technique either as whole mounts or as cryostat sections using two different polyclonal primary antibodies to rat CGRP. Some specimens were stained for CGRP-like immunofluorescence and examined with a confocal microscope. CGRP immunoreactivity was present in granules of serous cells throughout the trachea. In whole mounts, the stained cells were most abundant between the cartilaginous rings, especially in the rostral trachea, where they constituted 56% of the epithelial cells in contact with the tracheal lumen. Serous cells were easily distinguished from neuroendocrine cells and nerve fibers with CGRP immunoreactivity. In evidence that the CGRP immunoreactivity was specific, the staining of serous cells was abolished by omitting the primary antibody and by absorption with 10 micrograms/ml CGRP. Antibodies to substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and tyrosine hydroxylase did not stain epithelial serous cells. An antibody to protein gene product 9.5 labeled neuroendocrine cells, but not serous cells. Injection of capsaicin (150 micrograms/kg intravenously), a substance known to degranulate epithelial serous cells, reduced the staining of the serous cells for CGRP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Baluk:1993, author = {Baluk, P. and Nadel, J. A. and McDonald, D. M.}, title = {Calcitonin gene-related peptide in secretory granules of serous cells in the rat tracheal epithelium.}, journal = {Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol}, school = {Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0130.}, year = {1993}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {446--453}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/ajrcmb/8.4.446}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1165/ajrcmb/8.4.446} }
Ba-M'Hamed, S., Roy, J., Bennis, M., Poulain, P. and Sequeira, H.	Corticospinal collaterals to medullary cardiovascular nuclei in the rat: an anterograde and a retrograde double-labeling study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Journal für Hirnforschung Vol. 37(3), pp. 367-375	article	URL
Abstract: There is little evidence allowing the hypothesis of the existence of direct pathways from the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) to main cardiovascular medullary nuclei: the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The purpose of this study was to identify in the rat direct SMC-NTS/DMV and-RVLM projections descending through the pyramidal tract (PT) and corticospinal neurones projecting to spinal somatic centers and sending collaterals to the NTS/DMV and the RVLM. The first group of animals (N = 15) received injections of anterograde tracers into the SMC: wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxydase (WGA-HRP) or rhodamine-conjugated dextran (DR). In the second group (n = 35), retrograde tracers were injected: fluorogold (FG) into the NTS/DMV or into the RVLM and DR into the lateral thoracic cord (Th2-Th4). Anterograde transport of WGA-HRP and DR allowed corticofugal fibers to be followed inside the PT ipsilaterally to the site of cortical injection and showed bilateral labeled projections to the NTS/DMV and RVLM. After retrograde transport, bilateral FG or DR labeled cells were distributed in the SMC, mainly in the medial (AGm) and lateral (AGl) agranular cortex. After spinal and bulbar injections, double-labeled cells were distributed in same cortical areas. After injections in RVLM, 49% of labeled cells showed a double-labeling in the frontal cortex (rostral AGm and premotor cortex) while only 24% were observed in the posterior SMC (caudal AGl). On the contrary, when injections were done in NTS/DMV, double-labeled neurons were respectively of 11% in the frontal cortex and 4% in the posterior SMC. In the present work it was shown that the SMC sent direct projections to bulbar cardiovascular nuclei by means of fibers descending through the PT and corticospinal collaterals. The hypothesis which may be drawn from this study is that cortical motor areas probably program cardiovascular adjustments, preparatory or concomitant to the control of striate muscles.
BibTeX: @article{Ba-MHamed:1996, author = {Ba-M'Hamed, S. and Roy, J.C. and Bennis, M. and Poulain, P. and Sequeira, H.}, title = {Corticospinal collaterals to medullary cardiovascular nuclei in the rat: an anterograde and a retrograde double-labeling study.}, journal = {Journal für Hirnforschung}, year = {1996}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {367-375}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030346144&partnerID=40&md5=c458dde92efd4ea4fd95ea80c195263f} }
Ba-M'Hamed, S., Roy, J.C., Bennis, M., Poulain, P. and Sequeira, H.	Corticospinal collaterals to medullary cardiovascular nuclei in the rat: an anterograde and a retrograde double-labeling study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	J Hirnforsch Vol. 37(3), pp. 367-375School: Laboratoire de Neurosciences du Comportement, Dpt. de Biologie, UCA-FS Semlalia, Marrakech, Maroc.	article
Abstract: There is little evidence allowing the hypothesis of the existence of direct pathways from the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) to main cardiovascular medullary nuclei: the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The purpose of this study was to identify in the rat direct SMC-NTS/DMV and-RVLM projections descending through the pyramidal tract (PT) and corticospinal neurones projecting to spinal somatic centers and sending collaterals to the NTS/DMV and the RVLM. The first group of animals (N = 15) received injections of anterograde tracers into the SMC: wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxydase (WGA-HRP) or rhodamine-conjugated dextran (DR). In the second group (n = 35), retrograde tracers were injected: fluorogold (FG) into the NTS/DMV or into the RVLM and DR into the lateral thoracic cord (Th2-Th4). Anterograde transport of WGA-HRP and DR allowed corticofugal fibers to be followed inside the PT ipsilaterally to the site of cortical injection and showed bilateral labeled projections to the NTS/DMV and RVLM. After retrograde transport, bilateral FG or DR labeled cells were distributed in the SMC, mainly in the medial (AGm) and lateral (AGl) agranular cortex. After spinal and bulbar injections, double-labeled cells were distributed in same cortical areas. After injections in RVLM, 49% of labeled cells showed a double-labeling in the frontal cortex (rostral AGm and premotor cortex) while only 24% were observed in the posterior SMC (caudal AGl). On the contrary, when injections were done in NTS/DMV, double-labeled neurons were respectively of 11% in the frontal cortex and 4% in the posterior SMC. In the present work it was shown that the SMC sent direct projections to bulbar cardiovascular nuclei by means of fibers descending through the PT and corticospinal collaterals. The hypothesis which may be drawn from this study is that cortical motor areas probably program cardiovascular adjustments, preparatory or concomitant to the control of striate muscles.
BibTeX: @article{Ba-M'Hamed:1996, author = {S. Ba-M'Hamed and J. C. Roy and M. Bennis and P. Poulain and H. Sequeira}, title = {Corticospinal collaterals to medullary cardiovascular nuclei in the rat: an anterograde and a retrograde double-labeling study.}, journal = {J Hirnforsch}, school = {Laboratoire de Neurosciences du Comportement, Dpt. de Biologie, UCA-FS Semlalia, Marrakech, Maroc.}, year = {1996}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {367--375} }
Ba-M'Hamed, S., Roy, J.C., Bennis, M., Poulain, P. and Sequeira, H.	Corticospinal collaterals to medullary cardiovascular nuclei in the rat: an anterograde and a retrograde double-labeling study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Journal fur Hirnforschung Vol. 37, pp. 367-375	article
Abstract: There is little evidence allowing the hypothesis of the existence of direct pathways from the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) to main cardiovascular medullary nuclei: the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The purpose of this study was to identify in the rat direct SMC-NTS/DMV and-RVLM projections descending through the pyramidal tract (PT) and corticospinal neurones projecting to spinal somatic centers and sending collaterals to the NTS/DMV and the RVLM. The first group of animals (N = 15) received injections of anterograde tracers into the SMC: wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxydase (WGA-HRP) or rhodamine-conjugated dextran (DR). In the second group (n = 35), retrograde tracers were injected: fluorogold (FG) into the NTS/DMV or into the RVLM and DR into the lateral thoracic cord (Th2-Th4). Anterograde transport of WGA-HRP and DR allowed corticofugal fibers to be followed inside the PT ipsilaterally to the site of cortical injection and showed bilateral labeled projections to the NTS/DMV and RVLM. After retrograde transport, bilateral FG or DR labeled cells were distributed in the SMC, mainly in the medial (AGm) and lateral (AGl) agranular cortex. After spinal and bulbar injections, double-labeled cells were distributed in same cortical areas. After injections in RVLM, 49% of labeled cells showed a double-labeling in the frontal cortex (rostral AGm and premotor cortex) while only 24% were observed in the posterior SMC (caudal AGl). On the contrary, when injections were done in NTS/DMV, double-labeled neurons were respectively of 11% in the frontal cortex and 4% in the posterior SMC. In the present work it was shown that the SMC sent direct projections to bulbar cardiovascular nuclei by means of fibers descending through the PT and corticospinal collaterals. The hypothesis which may be drawn from this study is that cortical motor areas probably program cardiovascular adjustments, preparatory or concomitant to the control of striate muscles.
BibTeX: @article{Ba-MHamed:1996a, author = {Ba-M'Hamed, S and Roy, J C and Bennis, M and Poulain, P and Sequeira, H}, title = {Corticospinal collaterals to medullary cardiovascular nuclei in the rat: an anterograde and a retrograde double-labeling study.}, journal = {Journal fur Hirnforschung}, year = {1996}, volume = {37}, pages = {367--375}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Ba-M'Hamed, S., Viltart, O., Poulain, P. and Sequeira, H.	Distribution of cortical fibers and Fos immunoreactive neurons in ventrolateral medulla and in nucleus tractus solitarius following the motor cortex stimulation in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Brain Research Vol. 813(2), pp. 411-415	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The present study demonstrates that the motor cortex (MC) stimulation induces expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in the rostro-caudal parts of ventrolateral medulla (VLM) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). The coupling of biotinylated dextran (BD) injections with the MC stimulation also permits to identify cortical labeled fibers in the vicinity of FLI neurons in the VLM. Results suggest that the MC is involved in a direct and an indirect modulation of bulbar cardiovascular nuclei.
BibTeX: @article{Ba-MHamed:1998, author = {Ba-M'Hamed, S. and Viltart, O. and Poulain, P. and Sequeira, H.}, title = {Distribution of cortical fibers and Fos immunoreactive neurons in ventrolateral medulla and in nucleus tractus solitarius following the motor cortex stimulation in the rat}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1998}, volume = {813}, number = {2}, pages = {411-415}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032495146&partnerID=40&md5=0792b84e62658301be6feeb4977918ad}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(98)01041-5} }
Bamber, N., Li, H., Lu, X., Oudega, M., Aebischer, P. and Xu, X.	Neurotrophins BDNF and NT-3 promote axonal re-entry into the distal host spinal cord through Schwann cell-seeded mini-channels [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	European Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 13(2), pp. 257-268	article	DOI URL
Abstract: To promote axonal regeneration in the injured adult spinal cord, a two-phase repair strategy was employed to (i) bridge a spinal cord hemilesion cavity with a grafted Schwann cell (SC)-seeded mini-channel, and (ii) promote axonal re-entry into the distal cord by infusing two neurotrophins, BDNF and/or NT-3, directly into the distal cord parenchyma. Here we report that infusion of two neurotrophins, delivered alone or in combination, effectively promotes axonal outgrowth from SC-seeded mini-channels into the distal host spinal cord. When an anterogradely transported marker, PHA-L or BDA, was injected into the spinal cord 3 mm rostral to the graft, a large number of axons was observed to regenerate from the SC graft into the distal cord in neurotrophin-treated groups. A subpopulation of these axons was found to grow up to 6 mm within the distal spinal cord. These axons, which were confined mainly within the grey matter, arborized and formed structures which resemble terminal boutons. In channels containing no SCs, the infusion of neurotrophins did not promote axonal ingrowth from the proximal cord stump. In cases which received SC grafts but no neurotrophin infusion, axonal re-entry into the distal cord was limited. Thus, the present study demonstrates that regenerating axons not only cross a lesion site when a permissive cellular bridge is provided but also penetrate into the distal host spinal cord and elongate for a distance of several cord segments after the infusion of two neurotrophins. The latter event is prerequisite for establishment of appropriate connections between regenerating axons and target neurons and thus, functional recovery.
BibTeX: @article{Bamber:2001a, author = {Bamber, N.I. and Li, H. and Lu, X. and Oudega, M. and Aebischer, P. and Xu, X.M.}, title = {Neurotrophins BDNF and NT-3 promote axonal re-entry into the distal host spinal cord through Schwann cell-seeded mini-channels}, journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2001}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {257-268}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035122596&partnerID=40&md5=8371f63a4b26296f58876a09cef30612}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2001.01387.x} }
Bamber, N.I., Li, H., Lu, X., Oudega, M., Aebischer, P. and Xu, X.M.	Neurotrophins BDNF and NT-3 promote axonal re-entry into the distal host spinal cord through Schwann cell-seeded mini-channels. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 13(2), pp. 257-268School: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, St Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63104, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: To promote axonal regeneration in the injured adult spinal cord, a two-phase repair strategy was employed to (i) bridge a spinal cord hemilesion cavity with a grafted Schwann cell (SC)-seeded mini-channel, and (ii) promote axonal re-entry into the distal cord by infusing two neurotrophins, BDNF and/or NT-3, directly into the distal cord parenchyma. Here we report that infusion of two neurotrophins, delivered alone or in combination, effectively promotes axonal outgrowth from SC-seeded mini-channels into the distal host spinal cord. When an anterogradely transported marker, PHA-L or BDA, was injected into the spinal cord 3 mm rostral to the graft, a large number of axons was observed to regenerate from the SC graft into the distal cord in neurotrophin-treated groups. A subpopulation of these axons was found to grow up to 6 mm within the distal spinal cord. These axons, which were confined mainly within the grey matter, arborized and formed structures which resemble terminal boutons. In channels containing no SCs, the infusion of neurotrophins did not promote axonal ingrowth from the proximal cord stump. In cases which received SC grafts but no neurotrophin infusion, axonal re-entry into the distal cord was limited. Thus, the present study demonstrates that regenerating axons not only cross a lesion site when a permissive cellular bridge is provided but also penetrate into the distal host spinal cord and elongate for a distance of several cord segments after the infusion of two neurotrophins. The latter event is prerequisite for establishment of appropriate connections between regenerating axons and target neurons and thus, functional recovery.
BibTeX: @article{Bamber:2001, author = {Bamber, N. I. and Li, H. and Lu, X. and Oudega, M. and Aebischer, P. and Xu, X. M.}, title = {Neurotrophins BDNF and NT-3 promote axonal re-entry into the distal host spinal cord through Schwann cell-seeded mini-channels.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, St Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63104, USA.}, year = {2001}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {257--268}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2001.01387.x} }
Bamber, N.I., Li, H., Lu, X., Oudega, M., Aebischer, P. and Xu, X.M.	Neurotrophins BDNF and NT-3 promote axonal re-entry into the distal host spinal cord through Schwann cell-seeded mini-channels. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	The European journal of neuroscience Vol. 13, pp. 257-68	article
Abstract: To promote axonal regeneration in the injured adult spinal cord, a two-phase repair strategy was employed to (i) bridge a spinal cord hemilesion cavity with a grafted Schwann cell (SC)-seeded mini-channel, and (ii) promote axonal re-entry into the distal cord by infusing two neurotrophins, BDNF and/or NT-3, directly into the distal cord parenchyma. Here we report that infusion of two neurotrophins, delivered alone or in combination, effectively promotes axonal outgrowth from SC-seeded mini-channels into the distal host spinal cord. When an anterogradely transported marker, PHA-L or BDA, was injected into the spinal cord 3 mm rostral to the graft, a large number of axons was observed to regenerate from the SC graft into the distal cord in neurotrophin-treated groups. A subpopulation of these axons was found to grow up to 6 mm within the distal spinal cord. These axons, which were confined mainly within the grey matter, arborized and formed structures which resemble terminal boutons. In channels containing no SCs, the infusion of neurotrophins did not promote axonal ingrowth from the proximal cord stump. In cases which received SC grafts but no neurotrophin infusion, axonal re-entry into the distal cord was limited. Thus, the present study demonstrates that regenerating axons not only cross a lesion site when a permissive cellular bridge is provided but also penetrate into the distal host spinal cord and elongate for a distance of several cord segments after the infusion of two neurotrophins. The latter event is prerequisite for establishment of appropriate connections between regenerating axons and target neurons and thus, functional recovery.
BibTeX: @article{Bamber:2001b, author = {Bamber, N. I. and Li, H. and Lu, X. and Oudega, M. and Aebischer, P. and Xu, X. M.}, title = {Neurotrophins BDNF and NT-3 promote axonal re-entry into the distal host spinal cord through Schwann cell-seeded mini-channels.}, journal = {The European journal of neuroscience}, year = {2001}, volume = {13}, pages = {257-68}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Bamshad, M., Aoki, V.T., Adkison, M.G., Warren, W.S. and Bartness, T.J.	Central nervous system origins of the sympathetic nervous system outflow to white adipose tissue. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	The American journal of physiology Vol. 275, pp. R291-9	article
Abstract: White adipose tissue (WAT) is innervated by postganglionic sympathetic nervous system (SNS) neurons, suggesting that lipid mobilization could be regulated by the SNS [T. G. Youngstrom and T. J. Bartness. Am. J. Physiol. 268 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 37): R744-R751, 1995]. A viral transsynaptic retrograde tract tracer, the pseudorabies virus (PRV), was used to identify the origins of the SNS outflow from the brain to WAT neuroanatomically. PRV was injected into epididymal or inguinal WAT (EWAT and IWAT, respectively) of Siberian hamsters and IWAT of rats. PRV-infected neurons were visualized by immunocytochemistry and found in the spinal cord, brain stem (medulla, nucleus of the solitary tract, caudal raphe nucleus, C1 and A5 regions), midbrain (central gray), and several areas within the forebrain. The general pattern of infection of WAT in both species was more similar than different and resembled that seen after PRV injections into the adrenal medulla in rats (A. M. Strack, W. B. Sawyer, J. H. Hughes, K. B. Platt, and A. D. Loewy. Brain Res. 491: 156-162, 1989). EWAT versus IWAT injected hamsters had relatively less labeling in the suprachiasmatic, dorsomedial, and arcuate nuclei. Overall, it appeared that the SNS innervation of WAT originates from the general SNS outflow of the central nervous system and therefore may play a significant role in lipid mobilization.
BibTeX: @article{Bamshad:1998, author = {Bamshad, M. and Aoki, V. T. and Adkison, M. G. and Warren, W. S. and Bartness, T. J.}, title = {Central nervous system origins of the sympathetic nervous system outflow to white adipose tissue.}, journal = {The American journal of physiology}, year = {1998}, volume = {275}, pages = {R291-9}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Bamshad, M., Song, C. and Bartness, T.	CNS origins of the sympathetic nervous system outflow to brown adipose tissue [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology Vol. 276(6 45-6), pp. R1569-R1578	article	URL
Abstract: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a critical role in cold- and diet- induced thermogenesis. Although BAT is densely innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), little is known about the central nervous system (CNS) origins of this innervation. The purpose of the present experiment was to determine the neuroanatomic chain of functionally connected neurons from the CNS to BAT. A transneuronal viral tract tracer, Bartha's K strain of the pseudorabies virus (PRV), was injected into the interscapular BAT of Siberian hamsters. The animals were killed 4 and 6 days postinjection, and the infected neurons were visualized by immunocytochemistry. PRV-infected neurons were found in the spinal cord, brain stem, midbrain, and forebrain. The intensity of labeled neurons in the forebrain varied from heavy infections in the medial preoptic area and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus to few infections in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, with moderate infections in the suprachiasmatic and lateral hypothalamic nuclei. These results define the SNS outflow from the brain to BAT for the first time in any species.
BibTeX: @article{Bamshad:1999, author = {Bamshad, M. and Song, C.K. and Bartness, T.J.}, title = {CNS origins of the sympathetic nervous system outflow to brown adipose tissue}, journal = {American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology}, year = {1999}, volume = {276}, number = {6 45-6}, pages = {R1569-R1578}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033036199&partnerID=40&md5=561a341c1a66114e73f25aa6fb20db2d} }
Ban, D.-X., Kong, X.-H., Feng, S.-Q., Ning, G.-Z., Chen, J.-T. and Guo, S.-F.	Intraspinal cord graft of autologous activated Schwann cells efficiently promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery after rat's spinal cord injury. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Brain Res Vol. 1256, pp. 149-161School: Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Heping District Anshan Road 154, Tianjin 300052, PR China.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Basic research in spinal cord injury (SCI) has made great strides in recent years, and some new insights and strategies have been applied in promoting effective axonal regrowth and sprouting. However, a relatively safe and efficient transplantation technique remains undetermined. This study, therefore, was aimed to address a question of how to graft Schwann cells to achieve the best possible therapeutic effects. To clarify the issue, the rats were subjected to spinal cord injury at T10. Autologous activated Schwann cells (AASCs) were obtained by prior ligation of saphenous nerve and subsequently isolated and purified in vitro and then grafted into spinal cord-injured rats via three different routes (group I: intravenous, group II: intrathecal and group III: intraspinal cord). Neurologic function was serially evaluated by Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan locomotor rating scale and footprint analysis. We also evaluated the migration of the transplanted cells at 2 weeks after transplantation. Using biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) anterograde tracing, we demonstrated that more regenerative axons of corticospinal tract (CST) surrounding the injured cavity in group III than those in the other two groups, and we also confirmed it further by quantitative analysis. The microenvironment surrounding the injured spinal cord has been improved to the greatest extent in group III, as determined by immunohistological staining. Relatively complete myelin sheaths and more neurofilaments in axons were found in groups II and III than those in group I under electron microscopy. The results showed that intraspinal cord injection of AASCs promoted recovery of hindlimb locomotor function of injured rats more efficiently than the other grafting routes. In addition, intact myelin sheaths and sufficient neurofilaments in axons were not adequate for full functional recovery after SCI, suggesting that reestablishment of normal synaptic connection is indispensable. The findings in this study strongly suggest that transplantation of AASCs directly into the spinal cord may be one of the promising candidates for potential scaffold for injured spinal cord, and such strategy of transplantation of AASCs could be hopeful to treat patients with SCI.
BibTeX: @article{Ban:2009, author = {Ban, De-Xiang and Kong, Xiao-Hong and Feng, Shi-Qing and Ning, Guang-Zhi and Chen, Jia-Tong and Guo, Shi-Fu}, title = {Intraspinal cord graft of autologous activated Schwann cells efficiently promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery after rat's spinal cord injury.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Heping District Anshan Road 154, Tianjin 300052, PR China.}, year = {2009}, volume = {1256}, pages = {149--161}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.098}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.098} }
Ban, D.-X., Kong, X.-H., Feng, S.-Q., Ning, G.-Z., Chen, J.-T. and Guo, S.-F.	Intraspinal cord graft of autologous activated Schwann cells efficiently promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery after rat's spinal cord injury. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Brain research Vol. 1256, pp. 149-61	article
Abstract: Basic research in spinal cord injury (SCI) has made great strides in recent years, and some new insights and strategies have been applied in promoting effective axonal regrowth and sprouting. However, a relatively safe and efficient transplantation technique remains undetermined. This study, therefore, was aimed to address a question of how to graft Schwann cells to achieve the best possible therapeutic effects. To clarify the issue, the rats were subjected to spinal cord injury at T10. Autologous activated Schwann cells (AASCs) were obtained by prior ligation of saphenous nerve and subsequently isolated and purified in vitro and then grafted into spinal cord-injured rats via three different routes (group I: intravenous, group II: intrathecal and group III: intraspinal cord). Neurologic function was serially evaluated by Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan locomotor rating scale and footprint analysis. We also evaluated the migration of the transplanted cells at 2 weeks after transplantation. Using biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) anterograde tracing, we demonstrated that more regenerative axons of corticospinal tract (CST) surrounding the injured cavity in group III than those in the other two groups, and we also confirmed it further by quantitative analysis. The microenvironment surrounding the injured spinal cord has been improved to the greatest extent in group III, as determined by immunohistological staining. Relatively complete myelin sheaths and more neurofilaments in axons were found in groups II and III than those in group I under electron microscopy. The results showed that intraspinal cord injection of AASCs promoted recovery of hindlimb locomotor function of injured rats more efficiently than the other grafting routes. In addition, intact myelin sheaths and sufficient neurofilaments in axons were not adequate for full functional recovery after SCI, suggesting that reestablishment of normal synaptic connection is indispensable. The findings in this study strongly suggest that transplantation of AASCs directly into the spinal cord may be one of the promising candidates for potential scaffold for injured spinal cord, and such strategy of transplantation of AASCs could be hopeful to treat patients with SCI.
BibTeX: @article{Ban:2009a, author = {Ban, De-Xiang and Kong, Xiao-Hong and Feng, Shi-Qing and Ning, Guang-Zhi and Chen, Jia-Tong and Guo, Shi-Fu}, title = {Intraspinal cord graft of autologous activated Schwann cells efficiently promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery after rat's spinal cord injury.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {2009}, volume = {1256}, pages = {149-61}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Banasiak, D. and Burcher, E.	Effect of capsaicin on distribution of binding sites for tachykinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat urinary bladder: A quantitative autoradiographic study [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Peptides Vol. 15(2), pp. 333-339	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The autoradiographic localization of binding sites for [125I]BH-[Sar9,Met(O2)11]SP, [125I]NKA, and [125I]CGRP was investigated in adjacent sections of urinary bladder body, from adult rats pretreated 14 days before with capsaicin or vehicle. Location of silver grains was assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively using computerized densitometry. Dense labeling of smooth muscle was seen with both [125I]BH-[Sar9,Met(O2)11]SP ([125I]BHSar-SP) and [125I]NKA; in addition, [125I]BHSar-SP labeled submucosal blood vessels. For these radioligands, no differences were apparent between sections from capsaicin- and vehicle-pretreated rats. Specific binding of [125I]CGRP was observed over the epithelium and weakly over submucosal arterioles, but not over smooth muscle. The density of [125I]CGRP binding sites on the epithelium, but not blood vessels, was increased (p < 0.05) by 22% after chronic capsaicin pretreatment, suggesting receptor upregulation. This study demonstrates that although all three peptides are colocalized in primary afferent sensory fibers in rat urinary bladder, the receptors for these neuropeptides are located on different cell types and may be subject to different neural influences. © 1994.
BibTeX: @article{Banasiak:1994, author = {Banasiak, D. and Burcher, E.}, title = {Effect of capsaicin on distribution of binding sites for tachykinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat urinary bladder: A quantitative autoradiographic study}, journal = {Peptides}, year = {1994}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {333-339}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028258050&partnerID=40&md5=f9bb8ff067fa65b89252797e0e18028d}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-9781(94)90021-3} }
Banci, L., Bertini, I., Ciofi-Baffoni, S., Kozyreva, T., Zovo, K. and Palumaa, P.	Affinity gradients drive copper to cellular destinations. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Nature Vol. 465(7298), pp. 645-648School: Magnetic Resonance Center CERM and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Copper is an essential trace element for eukaryotes and most prokaryotes. However, intracellular free copper must be strictly limited because of its toxic side effects. Complex systems for copper trafficking evolved to satisfy cellular requirements while minimizing toxicity. The factors driving the copper transfer between protein partners along cellular copper routes are, however, not fully rationalized. Until now, inconsistent, scattered and incomparable data on the copper-binding affinities of copper proteins have been reported. Here we determine, through a unified electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)-based strategy, in an environment that mimics the cellular redox milieu, the apparent Cu(I)-binding affinities for a representative set of intracellular copper proteins involved in enzymatic redox catalysis, in copper trafficking to and within various cellular compartments, and in copper storage. The resulting thermodynamic data show that copper is drawn to the enzymes that require it by passing from one copper protein site to another, exploiting gradients of increasing copper-binding affinity. This result complements the finding that fast copper-transfer pathways require metal-mediated protein-protein interactions and therefore protein-protein specific recognition. Together with Cu,Zn-SOD1, metallothioneins have the highest affinity for copper(I), and may play special roles in the regulation of cellular copper distribution; however, for kinetic reasons they cannot demetallate copper enzymes. Our study provides the thermodynamic basis for the kinetic processes that lead to the distribution of cellular copper.
BibTeX: @article{Banci:2010, author = {Banci, Lucia and Bertini, Ivano and Ciofi-Baffoni, Simone and Kozyreva, Tatiana and Zovo, Kairit and Palumaa, Peep}, title = {Affinity gradients drive copper to cellular destinations.}, journal = {Nature}, school = {Magnetic Resonance Center CERM and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.}, year = {2010}, volume = {465}, number = {7298}, pages = {645--648}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09018}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09018} }
Bancila, M., Giuliano, F., Rampin, O., Mailly, P., Brisorgueil, M.-J., Calas, A. and Vergé, D.	Evidence for a direct projection from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to putative serotoninergic neurons of the nucleus paragigantocellularis involved in the control of erection in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 16(7), pp. 1240-1248School: Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires, CNRS UMR 7101, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: In the male rat, serotoninergic neurons of the ventrolateral medulla send direct projections onto spinal preganglionic neurons that innervate the penis. The role of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the control of penile erection is well recognized. Our aim was to demonstrate anatomical relation between paraventricular neurons and medullary serotoninergic neurons innervating the penis. In adult male rats, stereotaxic iontophoretic injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin were performed in the paraventricular nucleus. Neurons in the ventrolateral medulla were retrogradely labelled using transneuronal retrograde transport of pseudorabies virus injected in the corpus cavernosum. Sections of the ventro-lateral medulla were processed for double immunofluorescence to reveal both Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin and pseudorabies virus using specific antibodies. Sections were also processed for the simultaneous detection of pseudorabies virus and serotonin. Pseudorabies virus-infected neurons in the ventrolateral medulla were present in the nucleus paragigantocellularis, reticular formation of the medulla, raphe pallidus and raphe magnus. In the nucleus paragigantocellularis, all pseudorabies virus-infected-neurons were immunoreactive for serotonin. Some of them received Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin-labelled varicose fibres that ran along the soma of pseudorabies virus-infected neurons. Confocal microscopy suggested the presence of several close appositions between them, which were demonstrated using three-dimensional reconstruction of serial optical sections. Our results show that paraventricular neurons send direct projections in the nucleus paragigantocellularis onto neurons that innervate the penis. They suggest a possible role of the paraventricular nucleus in penile erection through the control of descending serotoninergic raphe-spinal neurons. The neurotransmitter used in this pathway remains to be determined.
BibTeX: @article{Bancila:2002, author = {Bancila, M. and Giuliano, F. and Rampin, O. and Mailly, P. and Brisorgueil, M-J. and Calas, A. and Vergé, D.}, title = {Evidence for a direct projection from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to putative serotoninergic neurons of the nucleus paragigantocellularis involved in the control of erection in rats.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires, CNRS UMR 7101, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.}, year = {2002}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {1240--1248}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02184.x} }
Bancila, M., Giuliano, F., Rampin, O., Mailly, P., Brisorgueil, M.-J., Calas, A. and Vergé, D.	Evidence for a direct projection from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to putative serotoninergic neurons of the nucleus paragigantocellularis involved in the control of erection in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	European Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 16(7), pp. 1240-1248	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In the male rat, serotoninergic neurons of the ventrolateral medulla send direct projections onto spinal preganglionic neurons that innervate the penis. The role of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the control of penile erection is well recognized. Our aim was to demonstrate anatomical relation between paraventricular neurons and medullary serotoninergic neurons innervating the penis. In adult male rats, stereotaxic iontophoretic injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin were performed in the paraventricular nucleus. Neurons in the ventrolateral medulla were retrogradely labelled using transneuronal retrograde transport of pseudorabies virus injected in the corpus cavernosum. Sections of the ventro-lateral medulla were processed for double immunofluorescence to reveal both Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin and pseudorabies virus using specific antibodies. Sections were also processed for the simultaneous detection of pseudorabies virus and serotonin. Pseudorabies virus- infected neurons in the ventrolateral medulla were present in the nucleus paragigantocellularis, reticular formation of the medulla, raphe pallidus and raphe magnus. In the nucleus paragigantocellularis, all pseudorabies virus-infected-neurons were immunoreactive for serotonin. Some of them received Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin-labelled varicose fibres that ran along the soma of pseudorabies virus-infected neurons. Confocal microscopy suggested the presence of several close appositions between them, which were demonstrated using three-dimensional reconstruction of serial optical sections. Our results show that paraventricular neurons send direct projections in the nucleus paragigantocellularis onto neurons that innervate the penis. They suggest a possible role of the paraventricular nucleus in penile erection through the control of descending serotoninergic raphe-spinal neurons. The neurotransmitter used in this pathway remains to be determined.
BibTeX: @article{Bancila:2002a, author = {Bancila, M. and Giuliano, F. and Rampin, O. and Mailly, P. and Brisorgueil, M.-J. and Calas, A. and Vergé, D.}, title = {Evidence for a direct projection from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to putative serotoninergic neurons of the nucleus paragigantocellularis involved in the control of erection in rats}, journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2002}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {1240-1248}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036431689&partnerID=40&md5=ddfd3c379c71863b8f674b46efe34cc8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02184.x} }
Bancila, M., Giuliano, F., Rampin, O., Mailly, P., Brisorgueil, M.-J., Calas, A. and Vergé, D.	Evidence for a direct projection from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to putative serotoninergic neurons of the nucleus paragigantocellularis involved in the control of erection in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	The European journal of neuroscience Vol. 16, pp. 1240-1248	article	DOI
Abstract: In the male rat, serotoninergic neurons of the ventrolateral medulla send direct projections onto spinal preganglionic neurons that innervate the penis. The role of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the control of penile erection is well recognized. Our aim was to demonstrate anatomical relation between paraventricular neurons and medullary serotoninergic neurons innervating the penis. In adult male rats, stereotaxic iontophoretic injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin were performed in the paraventricular nucleus. Neurons in the ventrolateral medulla were retrogradely labelled using transneuronal retrograde transport of pseudorabies virus injected in the corpus cavernosum. Sections of the ventro-lateral medulla were processed for double immunofluorescence to reveal both Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin and pseudorabies virus using specific antibodies. Sections were also processed for the simultaneous detection of pseudorabies virus and serotonin. Pseudorabies virus-infected neurons in the ventrolateral medulla were present in the nucleus paragigantocellularis, reticular formation of the medulla, raphe pallidus and raphe magnus. In the nucleus paragigantocellularis, all pseudorabies virus-infected-neurons were immunoreactive for serotonin. Some of them received Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin-labelled varicose fibres that ran along the soma of pseudorabies virus-infected neurons. Confocal microscopy suggested the presence of several close appositions between them, which were demonstrated using three-dimensional reconstruction of serial optical sections. Our results show that paraventricular neurons send direct projections in the nucleus paragigantocellularis onto neurons that innervate the penis. They suggest a possible role of the paraventricular nucleus in penile erection through the control of descending serotoninergic raphe-spinal neurons. The neurotransmitter used in this pathway remains to be determined.
BibTeX: @article{Bancila:2002b, author = {Bancila, M and Giuliano, F and Rampin, O and Mailly, P and Brisorgueil, M-J and Calas, A and Vergé, D}, title = {Evidence for a direct projection from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to putative serotoninergic neurons of the nucleus paragigantocellularis involved in the control of erection in rats.}, journal = {The European journal of neuroscience}, year = {2002}, volume = {16}, pages = {1240--1248}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02184.x} }
Bancila, M., Vergé, D., Rampin, O., Backstrom, J., Sanders-Bush, E., McKenna, K., Marson, L., Calas, A. and Giuliano, F.	5-hydroxytryptamine(2C) receptors on spinal neurons controlling penile erection in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Neuroscience Vol. 92(4), pp. 1523-1537	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The localization of 5-hydroxytryptamine(2C) receptors in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the rat was investigated using selective antibodies raised against the carboxyl-terminal part of the rat receptor. The distribution of immunoperoxidase labelling at the light microscope level revealed numerous labelled neurons in the gray matter, with a higher intensity in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus, the dorsal gray commissure and particularly the motoneurons of the ventral horn. Confocal microscope analysis showed that immunostaining was mainly intracellular (moroneurons), but could also be associated with the membrane of cell bodies and dendrites. Actually, electron microscope immunogold experiments demonstrated an exclusive staining of the cis-Golgi apparatus. Following pseudo-rabies virus transsynaptic retrograde labelling from the corpus cavernosum, labelled neurons were found in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus and the dorsal gray commissure of the L6-S1 segments. All virus- labelled neurons exhibited 5-hydroxytryptamine(2C) receptor immunoreactivity. These results indicate that all parasympathetic preganglionic neurons and their related interneurons which contribute to the innervation of cavernosal tissue bear 5-hydroxytryptamine(2C) receptors. In the sacral parasympathetic nucleus, most neurons which were retrogradely- labelled from the pelvic ganglion with Fast Blue also showed 5- hydroxytryptamine(2C) receptor immunoreactivity. In the ventral horn, motoneurons retrogradely labelled from the ischiocavernosus muscle and the bulbospongiosus muscle, both of which are involved in erection and ejaculation, were also 5-hydroxytryptamine(2C) receptor-immunopositive. The supraspinal serotoninergic control of erection at the lumbosacral level therefore appears to be strongly associated with the activation of 5- hydroxytryptamine(2C) receptors, consistent with the proerectile properties of 5-hydroxytryptamine(2C) agonists.
BibTeX: @article{Bancila:1999, author = {Bancila, M. and Vergé, D. and Rampin, O. and Backstrom, J.R. and Sanders-Bush, E. and McKenna, K.E. and Marson, L. and Calas, A. and Giuliano, F.}, title = {5-hydroxytryptamine(2C) receptors on spinal neurons controlling penile erection in the rat}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1999}, volume = {92}, number = {4}, pages = {1523-1537}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032586675&partnerID=40&md5=15f87c5f66ff3076922fdc483cdc9293}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00082-2} }
Band, G. and Van Boxtel, G.	Inhibitory motor control in stop paradigms: Review and reinterpretation of neural mechanisms [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Acta Psychologica Vol. 101(2-3), pp. 179-211	article	URL
Abstract: What is the neurophysiological locus of inhibition when preparation for a manual response is countermanded? This paper evaluates data and models that pertain to inhibitory mechanisms operating in stop paradigms. In a model of De Jong, Coles and Logan (1995), (Strategies and mechanisms in nonselective and selective inhibitory motor control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 3, 498-511), a mechanism for nonselective inhibition operates peripheral to the motor cortex, while a selective mechanism operates at a central cortical level. We argue, however, that a peripheral mechanism of inhibition is incorrectly inferred from inhibition data available to date. Neurophysiological and psychophysiological data suggest that inhibitory processes always involve the cortex, and inhibitory effects are exerted upstream from the primary motor cortex. The prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia are candidate agents of response inhibition, whereas possible sites of inhibition are the thalamus and motor cortex. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Band:1999, author = {Band, G.P.H. and Van Boxtel, G.J.M.}, title = {Inhibitory motor control in stop paradigms: Review and reinterpretation of neural mechanisms}, journal = {Acta Psychologica}, year = {1999}, volume = {101}, number = {2-3}, pages = {179-211}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033113166&partnerID=40&md5=5053c26a4cfd65889fec563f9897155f} }
Bandle, E.F., Wendt, G., Ranalder, U.B. and Trautmann, K.H.	2-Pyrrolidinone and succinimide endogenously present in several mammalian species. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Life Sci Vol. 35(22), pp. 2205-2212	article	DOI
Abstract: 2-Pyrrolidinone and succinimide were identified in blood plasma of man, rat, and mouse. Dog plasma contained only traces of 2-pyrrolidinone not exceeding significantly the detection limit of our GCMS-method. Succinimide but not 2-pyrrolidinone could also be found in the brains of rat and mouse. Evidence is presented for a metabolic pathway leading from 2-pyrrolidinone to succinimide, with 5-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinone as an intermediate.
BibTeX: @article{Bandle:1984, author = {E. F. Bandle and G. Wendt and U. B. Ranalder and K. H. Trautmann}, title = {2-Pyrrolidinone and succinimide endogenously present in several mammalian species.}, journal = {Life Sci}, year = {1984}, volume = {35}, number = {22}, pages = {2205--2212}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(84)90461-2} }
Bandler, R., Tork, I. and Cher, L.	Anatomical demonstration of the involvement of the substantia nigra in contraversive circling elicited by electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in the cat: a retrograde transport study using horseradish peroxidase subsequent to an electrolytic lesion. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	Neuroscience letters Vol. 26, pp. 17-23	article
Abstract: A method is described for the anatomical identification of groups of neurones likely involved in the elaboration of component acts of a centrally elicited behaviour, when involvement of fibres of passage is suspected. The contraversive circling which accompanied the predatory attack of a cat upon a rat elicited electrical stimulation within the hypothalamic and ventral midbrain trajectory of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) was used as a model because of the established role played by the nigrostriatal dopamine system in the production of the circling. Following horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections, made after electrolytic lesion at such MFB sites, substantial numbers of labelled cells were found in the substantia nigra, pars compacta (SNC). In contrast, many fewer SNC neurones were labelled following:(1) HRP injections made after electrolytic lesion at MFB sites at which the elicited predatory behaviour was not accompanied by contraversive circling; and (2) HRP injections made without a prior lesion at MFB sites at which the elicited predatory behaviour was accompanied by contraversive circling.
BibTeX: @article{Bandler:1981b, author = {Bandler, R. and Tork, I. and Cher, L.}, title = {Anatomical demonstration of the involvement of the substantia nigra in contraversive circling elicited by electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in the cat: a retrograde transport study using horseradish peroxidase subsequent to an electrolytic lesion.}, journal = {Neuroscience letters}, year = {1981}, volume = {26}, pages = {17-23}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Bandler, R., Törk, I. and Cher, L.	Anatomical demonstration of the involvement of the substantia nigra in contraversive circling elicited by electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in the cat: a retrograde transport study using horseradish peroxidase subsequent to an electrolytic lesion. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	Neurosci Lett Vol. 26(1), pp. 17-23	article	DOI
Abstract: A method is described for the anatomical identification of groups of neurones likely involved in the elaboration of component acts of a centrally elicited behaviour, when involvement of fibres of passage is suspected. The contraversive circling which accompanied the predatory attack of a cat upon a rat elicited electrical stimulation within the hypothalamic and ventral midbrain trajectory of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) was used as a model because of the established role played by the nigrostriatal dopamine system in the production of the circling. Following horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections, made after electrolytic lesion at such MFB sites, substantial numbers of labelled cells were found in the substantia nigra, pars compacta (SNC). In contrast, many fewer SNC neurones were labelled following:(1) HRP injections made after electrolytic lesion at MFB sites at which the elicited predatory behaviour was not accompanied by contraversive circling; and (2) HRP injections made without a prior lesion at MFB sites at which the elicited predatory behaviour was accompanied by contraversive circling.
BibTeX: @article{Bandler:1981, author = {R. Bandler and I. Törk and L. Cher}, title = {Anatomical demonstration of the involvement of the substantia nigra in contraversive circling elicited by electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in the cat: a retrograde transport study using horseradish peroxidase subsequent to an electrolytic lesion.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1981}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {17--23}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(81)90419-5} }
Bandler, R., Törk, I. and Cher, L.	Anatomical demonstration of the involvement of the substantia nigra in contraversive circling elicited by electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in the cat: a retrograde transport study using horseradish peroxidase subsequent to an electrolytic lesion. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	Neurosci Lett Vol. 26(1), pp. 17-23	article	DOI
Abstract: A method is described for the anatomical identification of groups of neurones likely involved in the elaboration of component acts of a centrally elicited behaviour, when involvement of fibres of passage is suspected. The contraversive circling which accompanied the predatory attack of a cat upon a rat elicited electrical stimulation within the hypothalamic and ventral midbrain trajectory of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) was used as a model because of the established role played by the nigrostriatal dopamine system in the production of the circling. Following horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections, made after electrolytic lesion at such MFB sites, substantial numbers of labelled cells were found in the substantia nigra, pars compacta (SNC). In contrast, many fewer SNC neurones were labelled following:(1) HRP injections made after electrolytic lesion at MFB sites at which the elicited predatory behaviour was not accompanied by contraversive circling; and (2) HRP injections made without a prior lesion at MFB sites at which the elicited predatory behaviour was accompanied by contraversive circling.
BibTeX: @article{Bandler:1981a, author = {Bandler, R. and Törk, I. and Cher, L.}, title = {Anatomical demonstration of the involvement of the substantia nigra in contraversive circling elicited by electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in the cat: a retrograde transport study using horseradish peroxidase subsequent to an electrolytic lesion.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1981}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {17--23}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(81)90419-5} }
Banerjee, B., Medda, B.K., Schmidt, J., Zheng, Y., Zhang, Z., Shaker, R. and Sengupta, J.N.	Altered expression of P2X3 in vagal and spinal afferents following esophagitis in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Histochem Cell Biol Vol. 132(6), pp. 585-597School: Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. banerjee@mcw.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Purinergic P2X(3) receptors are predominantly expressed in small diameter primary afferent neurons and activation of these receptors by adenosine triphosphate is reported to play an important role in nociceptive signaling. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of P2X(3) receptors in spinal and vagal sensory neurons and esophageal tissues following esophagitis in rats. Two groups of rats were used including 7 days fundus-ligated (7D-ligated) esophagitis and sham-operated controls. Esophagitis was produced by ligating the fundus and partial obstruction of pylorus that initiated reflux of gastric contents. The sham-operated rats underwent midline incision without surgical manipulation of the stomach. Expressions of P2X(3) receptors in thoracic dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), nodose ganglia (NGs), and esophageal tissues were evaluated by RT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Esophageal neurons were identified by retrograde transport of Fast Blue from the esophagus. There were no significant differences in P2X(3) mRNA expressions in DRGs (T1-T3) and NGs between 7D-ligated and sham-operated rats. However, there was an upregulation of P2X(3) mRNA in DRGs (T6-T12) and in the esophageal muscle. At protein level, P2X(3) exhibited significant upregulation both in DRGs and in NGs of rats having chronic esophagitis. Immunohistochemical analysis exhibited a significant increase in P2X(3) and TRPV1 co-expression in DRGs and NGs in 7D-ligated rats compared to sham-operated rats. The present findings suggest that chronic esophagitis results in upregulation of P2X(3) and its co-localization with TRPV1 receptor in vagal and spinal afferents. Changes in P2X(3) expression in vagal and spinal sensory neurons may contribute to esophageal hypersensitivity following acid reflux-induced esophagitis.
BibTeX: @article{Banerjee:2009, author = {Banerjee, Banani and Medda, Bidyut K. and Schmidt, Jamie and Zheng, Yue and Zhang, Zhihong and Shaker, Reza and Sengupta, Jyoti N.}, title = {Altered expression of P2X3 in vagal and spinal afferents following esophagitis in rats.}, journal = {Histochem Cell Biol}, school = { Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. banerjee@mcw.edu}, year = {2009}, volume = {132}, number = {6}, pages = {585--597}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00418-009-0639-4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-009-0639-4} }
Banerjee, P. and Bandyopadhyay, A.	Cytosolic dynamics of annexin A6 trigger feedback regulation of hypertrophy via atrial natriuretic peptide in cardiomyocytes. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	J Biol Chem Vol. 289(9), pp. 5371-5385School: From the Cell Biology and Physiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700 032, West Bengal, India.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Malfunctions in regulatory pathways that control cell size are prominent in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Here, we show annexin A6 (Anxa6) to be a crucial regulator of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-mediated counterhypertrophic responses in cardiomyocytes. Adrenergic stimulation of H9c2 cardiomyocytes by phenylephrine (PE) increased the cell size with enhanced expression of biochemical markers of hypertrophy, concomitant with elevated expression and subcellular redistribution of Anxa6. Stable cell lines with controlled increase in Anxa6 levels were protected against PE-induced adverse changes, whereas Anxa6 knockdown augmented the hypertrophic responses. Strikingly, Anxa6 knockdown also abrogated PE-induced juxtanuclear accumulation of secretory granules (SG) containing ANP propeptides (pro-ANP), a signature of maladaptive hypertrophy having counteractive functions. Mechanistically, PE treatment prompted a dynamic association of Anxa6 with pro-ANP-SG, parallel to their participation in anterograde traffic, in an isoform-specific fashion. Moreover, Anxa6 mutants that failed to associate with pro-ANP hindered ANP-mediated protection against hypertrophy, which was rescued, at least partially, by WT Anxa6. Additionally, elevated intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) stimulated Anxa6-pro-ANP colocalization and membrane association. It also rescued pro-ANP translocation in cells expressing an Anxa6 mutant (Anxa6(ΔC)). Furthermore, stable overexpression of Anxa6(T356D), a mutant with superior flexibility, provided enhanced protection against PE, compared with WT, presumably due to enhanced membrane-binding capacity. Together, the present study delivers a cooperative mechanism where Anxa6 potentiates ANP-dependent counterhypertrophic responses in cardiomyocytes by facilitating regulated traffic of pro-ANP.
BibTeX: @article{Banerjee:2014, author = {Banerjee, Priyam and Bandyopadhyay, Arun}, title = {Cytosolic dynamics of annexin A6 trigger feedback regulation of hypertrophy via atrial natriuretic peptide in cardiomyocytes.}, journal = {J Biol Chem}, school = {From the Cell Biology and Physiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700 032, West Bengal, India.}, year = {2014}, volume = {289}, number = {9}, pages = {5371--5385}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.514810}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.514810} }
Banerjee, S.B., Rajendran, R., Dias, B.G., Ladiwala, U., Tole, S. and Vaidya, V.A.	Recruitment of the Sonic hedgehog signalling cascade in electroconvulsive seizure-mediated regulation of adult rat hippocampal neurogenesis. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 22(7), pp. 1570-1580School: Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) induces structural remodelling in the adult mammalian brain, including an increase in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. The molecular mechanisms that underlie this increase in the proliferation of adult hippocampal progenitors are at present not well understood. We hypothesized that ECS may recruit the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway to mediate its effects on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, as Shh is known to enhance the proliferation of neuronal progenitors and is expressed in the adult basal forebrain, a region that sends robust projections to the hippocampus. Here we demonstrate that the ECS-induced increase in proliferation of adult hippocampal progenitors was completely blocked in animals treated with cyclopamine, a pharmacological inhibitor of Shh signalling. Our results suggest that both acute and chronic ECS enhance Shh signalling in the adult hippocampus, as we observed a robust upregulation of Patched (Ptc) mRNA, a component of the Shh receptor complex and a downstream transcriptional target of Shh signalling. This increase was rapid and restricted to the dentate gyrus, where the adult hippocampal progenitors reside. In addition, both acute and chronic ECS decreased Smoothened (Smo) mRNA, the other component of the Shh receptor complex, selectively within the dentate gyrus. However, ECS did not appear to influence Shh expression within the basal forebrain, the site from which it has been suggested to be anterogradely transported to the hippocampus. Together, our findings demonstrate that ECS regulates the Shh signalling cascade and indicate that the Shh pathway may be an important mechanism through which ECS enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
BibTeX: @article{Banerjee:2005, author = {Sunayana B Banerjee and Rajeev Rajendran and Brian G Dias and Uma Ladiwala and Shubha Tole and Vidita A Vaidya}, title = {Recruitment of the Sonic hedgehog signalling cascade in electroconvulsive seizure-mediated regulation of adult rat hippocampal neurogenesis.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India.}, year = {2005}, volume = {22}, number = {7}, pages = {1570--1580}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04317.x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04317.x} }
Banerjee, S.B., Rajendran, R., Dias, B.G., Ladiwala, U., Tole, S. and Vaidya, V.A.	Recruitment of the Sonic hedgehog signalling cascade in electroconvulsive seizure-mediated regulation of adult rat hippocampal neurogenesis. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	The European journal of neuroscience Vol. 22, pp. 1570-80	article
Abstract: Electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) induces structural remodelling in the adult mammalian brain, including an increase in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. The molecular mechanisms that underlie this increase in the proliferation of adult hippocampal progenitors are at present not well understood. We hypothesized that ECS may recruit the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway to mediate its effects on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, as Shh is known to enhance the proliferation of neuronal progenitors and is expressed in the adult basal forebrain, a region that sends robust projections to the hippocampus. Here we demonstrate that the ECS-induced increase in proliferation of adult hippocampal progenitors was completely blocked in animals treated with cyclopamine, a pharmacological inhibitor of Shh signalling. Our results suggest that both acute and chronic ECS enhance Shh signalling in the adult hippocampus, as we observed a robust upregulation of Patched (Ptc) mRNA, a component of the Shh receptor complex and a downstream transcriptional target of Shh signalling. This increase was rapid and restricted to the dentate gyrus, where the adult hippocampal progenitors reside. In addition, both acute and chronic ECS decreased Smoothened (Smo) mRNA, the other component of the Shh receptor complex, selectively within the dentate gyrus. However, ECS did not appear to influence Shh expression within the basal forebrain, the site from which it has been suggested to be anterogradely transported to the hippocampus. Together, our findings demonstrate that ECS regulates the Shh signalling cascade and indicate that the Shh pathway may be an important mechanism through which ECS enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
BibTeX: @article{Banerjee:2005a, author = {Banerjee, Sunayana B. and Rajendran, Rajeev and Dias, Brian G. and Ladiwala, Uma and Tole, Shubha and Vaidya, Vidita A.}, title = {Recruitment of the Sonic hedgehog signalling cascade in electroconvulsive seizure-mediated regulation of adult rat hippocampal neurogenesis.}, journal = {The European journal of neuroscience}, year = {2005}, volume = {22}, pages = {1570-80}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Banfield, B.W., Kaufman, J.D., Randall, J.A. and Pickard, G.E.	Development of pseudorabies virus strains expressing red fluorescent proteins: new tools for multisynaptic labeling applications. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	J Virol Vol. 77(18), pp. 10106-10112School: Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Campus Box B175, Denver, CO 80262, USA. bruce.banfield@uchsc.edu	article	DOI
Abstract: The transsynaptic retrograde transport of the pseudorabies virus Bartha (PRV-Bartha) strain has become an important neuroanatomical tract-tracing technique. Recently, dual viral transneuronal labeling has been introduced by employing recombinant strains of PRV-Bartha engineered to express different reporter proteins. Dual viral transsynaptic tracing has the potential of becoming an extremely powerful method for defining connections of single neurons to multiple neural circuits in the brain. However, the present use of recombinant strains of PRV expressing different reporters that are driven by different promoters, inserted in different regions of the viral genome, and detected by different methods limits the potential of these recombinant virus strains as useful reagents. We previously constructed and characterized PRV152, a PRV-Bartha derivative that expresses the enhanced green fluorescent protein. The development of a strain isogenic to PRV152 and differing only in the fluorescent reporter would have great utility for dual transsynaptic tracing. In this report, we describe the construction, characterization, and application of strain PRV614, a PRV-Bartha derivative expressing a novel monomeric red fluorescent protein, mRFP1. In contrast to viruses expressing DsRed and DsRed2, PRV614 displayed robust fluorescence both in cell culture and in vivo following transsynaptic transport through autonomic circuits afferent to the eye. Transneuronal retrograde dual PRV labeling has the potential to be a powerful addition to the neuroanatomical tools for investigation of neuronal circuits; the use of strain PRV614 in combination with strain PRV152 will eliminate many of the pitfalls associated with the presently used pairs of PRV recombinants.
BibTeX: @article{Banfield:2003, author = {Banfield, Bruce W. and Kaufman, Jessica D. and Randall, Jessica A. and Pickard, Gary E.}, title = {Development of pseudorabies virus strains expressing red fluorescent proteins: new tools for multisynaptic labeling applications.}, journal = {J Virol}, school = {Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Campus Box B175, Denver, CO 80262, USA. bruce.banfield@uchsc.edu}, year = {2003}, volume = {77}, number = {18}, pages = {10106--10112}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.18.10106-10112.2003} }
Banfield, B.W., Kaufman, J.D., Randall, J.A. and Pickard, G.E.	Development of pseudorabies virus strains expressing red fluorescent proteins: new tools for multisynaptic labeling applications. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Journal of virology Vol. 77, pp. 10106-12	article
Abstract: The transsynaptic retrograde transport of the pseudorabies virus Bartha (PRV-Bartha) strain has become an important neuroanatomical tract-tracing technique. Recently, dual viral transneuronal labeling has been introduced by employing recombinant strains of PRV-Bartha engineered to express different reporter proteins. Dual viral transsynaptic tracing has the potential of becoming an extremely powerful method for defining connections of single neurons to multiple neural circuits in the brain. However, the present use of recombinant strains of PRV expressing different reporters that are driven by different promoters, inserted in different regions of the viral genome, and detected by different methods limits the potential of these recombinant virus strains as useful reagents. We previously constructed and characterized PRV152, a PRV-Bartha derivative that expresses the enhanced green fluorescent protein. The development of a strain isogenic to PRV152 and differing only in the fluorescent reporter would have great utility for dual transsynaptic tracing. In this report, we describe the construction, characterization, and application of strain PRV614, a PRV-Bartha derivative expressing a novel monomeric red fluorescent protein, mRFP1. In contrast to viruses expressing DsRed and DsRed2, PRV614 displayed robust fluorescence both in cell culture and in vivo following transsynaptic transport through autonomic circuits afferent to the eye. Transneuronal retrograde dual PRV labeling has the potential to be a powerful addition to the neuroanatomical tools for investigation of neuronal circuits; the use of strain PRV614 in combination with strain PRV152 will eliminate many of the pitfalls associated with the presently used pairs of PRV recombinants.
BibTeX: @article{Banfield:2003a, author = {Banfield, Bruce W. and Kaufman, Jessica D. and Randall, Jessica A. and Pickard, Gary E.}, title = {Development of pseudorabies virus strains expressing red fluorescent proteins: new tools for multisynaptic labeling applications.}, journal = {Journal of virology}, year = {2003}, volume = {77}, pages = {10106-12}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Bangasser, D.A., Santollo, J. and Shors, T.J.	The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is critically involved in enhancing associative learning after stressful experience. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Behav Neurosci Vol. 119(6), pp. 1459-1466School: Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Exposure to an acute stressful event enhances trace eyeblink conditioning in male rats, even when rats begin training days after the stressor (Shors, 2001). The authors examined whether the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), an area involved in stress and anxiety, is critically involved in this effect and, if so, when. The authors found that excitotoxic lesions to the BNST prevented the enhanced conditioning after stressor exposure. In addition, temporary inactivation of the BNST during the stressor did not alter enhanced responding, whereas inactivation during training prevented the enhancement. These data indicate that stressful experience induces persistent changes in the BNST that are necessary for enhancing learning well after the stressful event has ceased.
BibTeX: @article{Bangasser:2005, author = {Bangasser, Debra A. and Santollo, Jessica and Shors, Tracey J.}, title = {The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is critically involved in enhancing associative learning after stressful experience.}, journal = {Behav Neurosci}, school = {Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.}, year = {2005}, volume = {119}, number = {6}, pages = {1459--1466}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.119.6.1459}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.119.6.1459} }
Bangma, G. and ten Donkelaar, H.	Cerebellar efferents in the lizard Varanus exanthematicus. I. Corticonuclear projections. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	J Comp Neurol Vol. 228(3), pp. 447-459	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The organization of the cerebellar corticonuclear projections, i.e., the projections from the Purkinje cell layer to the cerebellar nuclei and the vestibular nuclear complex, was investigated with the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique in the lizard Varanus exanthematicus. After HRP slow-release gels were implanted in the cerebellar nuclei or various parts of the vestibular nuclear complex, the following longitudinally oriented zones of labeled Purkinje cells could be distinguished: a medial zone projecting to the medial cerebellar nucleus; an intermediate zone projecting to the vestibular nuclear complex, especially the ventrolateral vestibular nucleus, but probably also the dorsolateral vestibular nucleus; a caudolaterally located area of the cerebellar cortex projecting to the lateral cerebellar nucleus; and the flocculus and the adjacent lateral part of the Purkinje cell layer with projections to the middle and caudal parts of the vestibular nuclear complex, i.e., the descending and ventromedial vestibular nuclei. All projections of the Purkinje cells appeared to be strictly ipsilateral. It can be concluded that in reptiles a longitudinal organization of cerebellar corticonuclear projections exists, which may be basic for terrestrial vertebrates.
BibTeX: @article{Bangma:1984, author = {Bangma, GC and ten Donkelaar, HJ}, title = {Cerebellar efferents in the lizard Varanus exanthematicus. I. Corticonuclear projections.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1984}, volume = {228}, number = {3}, pages = {447--459}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in normal adult rats.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902280311}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902280311} }
Banihashemi, L., O'Neill, E.J. and Rinaman, L.	Central neural responses to restraint stress are altered in rats with an early life history of repeated brief maternal separation. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Neuroscience Vol. 192, pp. 413-428	article	DOI
Abstract: Repeated brief maternal separation (i.e. 15 min daily, MS15) of rat pups during the first one to two postnatal weeks enhances active maternal care received by the pups and attenuates their later behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to stress. In previous work, we found that MS15 also alters the developmental assembly and later structure of central neural circuits that control autonomic outflow to the viscera, suggesting that MS15 may alter central visceral circuit responses to stress. To examine this, juvenile rats with a developmental history of either MS15 or no separation (NS) received microinjection of retrograde neural tracer, FluoroGold (FG), into the hindbrain dorsal vagal complex (DVC). After 1 week, FG-injected rats and surgically intact littermates were exposed to either a 15-min restraint stress or an unrestrained control condition, and then perfused 1 h later. Brain tissue sections from surgically intact littermates were processed for Fos alone or in combination with phenotypic markers to examine stress-induced activation of neurons within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and hindbrain DVC. Compared to NS controls, MS15 rats displayed less restraint-induced Fos activation within the dorsolateral BNST (dBNST), the caudal PVN, and noradrenergic neurons within the caudal DVC. To examine whether these differences corresponded with altered neural inputs to the DVC, sections from tracer-injected rats were double-labeled for FG and Fos to quantify retrogradely labeled neurons within hypothalamic and limbic forebrain regions of interest, and the proportion of these neurons activated after restraint. Only the dBNST displayed a significant effect of postnatal experience on restraint-induced Fos activation of DVC-projecting neurons. The distinct regional effects of MS15 on stress-induced recruitment of neurons within hypothalamic, limbic forebrain, and hindbrain regions has interesting implications for understanding how early life experience shapes the functional organization of stress-responsive circuits.
BibTeX: @article{Banihashemi:2011, author = {Banihashemi, L and O'Neill, E J and Rinaman, L}, title = {Central neural responses to restraint stress are altered in rats with an early life history of repeated brief maternal separation.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {2011}, volume = {192}, pages = {413--428}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.052} }
Banihashemi, L. and Rinaman, L.	Repeated brief postnatal maternal separation enhances hypothalamic gastric autonomic circuits in juvenile rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Neuroscience Vol. 165(1), pp. 265-277School: Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. labst94@pitt.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Maternal separation of rat pups for 15 min each day over the first one to two postnatal weeks (MS15) has been shown to increase the active maternal care received by pups and to decrease their later neuroendocrine and behavioral stress reactivity compared to non-separated (NS) controls. Stress responses prominently feature altered gastric secretion and motility, and we previously reported that the developmental assembly of forebrain circuits underlying gastric autonomic control, including gastric responses to stress, is delayed by MS15 in neonatal rats [Card JP, Levitt P, Gluhovsky M, Rinaman L (2005) J Neurosci 25(40):9102-9111]. To determine how this early delay affects the later organization of central gastric autonomic circuits, the present study examined the effects of neonatal MS15 on central pre-gastric circuits assessed in post-weaning, juvenile rats. For this purpose, the retrograde transynaptic viral tracer, pseudorabies virus (PRV), was microinjected into the stomach wall of 28-30 day old male rats with an earlier developmental history of either MS15 or NS. Rats were perfused 72 h later and tissue was processed to reveal PRV-positive cells. Transynaptic PRV immunolabeling was quantified in selected preautonomic brainstem and forebrain regions, including the area postrema, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central nucleus of the amygdala, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and visceral cortices. Compared to NS controls, MS15 rats displayed a significantly greater amount of PRV labeling within the PVN, including both the dorsal cap and ventral subnuclei. There were no postnatal group differences in the amount of PRV labeling within any other brain region examined in this study. This effect of MS15 to enhance hypothalamic preautonomic circuit structure indicates a strengthening of this pathway and may provide insight into how early life experience produces differential effects on later stress reactivity, including gastric secretory and motor responses to stress.
BibTeX: @article{Banihashemi:2010, author = {Banihashemi, L. and Rinaman, L.}, title = {Repeated brief postnatal maternal separation enhances hypothalamic gastric autonomic circuits in juvenile rats.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. labst94@pitt.edu}, year = {2010}, volume = {165}, number = {1}, pages = {265--277}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.081}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.081} }
Banin, V.V. and Gasymov, E.K.	[Distribution of proteins in neural membranes as a factor of reabsorption of endoneural (interstitial) fluid]. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol Vol. 99(9), pp. 47-54	article
Abstract: An investigation on distribution of horseradish peroxidase (HP) product in the sciatic nerve membranes of albino rats, after HP intravenous injection, has been performed. Getting into the interstitial space of epineurium across the microvessel walls, HP spreads as far as the internal layer of the perineural membrane, forming a distinct gradient of concentration of protein at its border. In 60 min after injection of the tracer the value of the perineural-endoneural gradient for proteins is about 70-80% of the value of the plasma-endoneural gradient. A possible mechanism of the endoneural fluid evacuation, connected with various values of protein concentration in the endoneural space and within the nerve perineural membrane is discussed.
BibTeX: @article{Banin:1990, author = {Banin, V. V. and Gasymov, E. K.}, title = {[Distribution of proteins in neural membranes as a factor of reabsorption of endoneural (interstitial) fluid].}, journal = {Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol}, year = {1990}, volume = {99}, number = {9}, pages = {47--54}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Bankoul, S. and Neuhuber, W.L.	A cervical primary afferent input to vestibular nuclei as demonstrated by retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Exp Brain Res Vol. 79(2), pp. 405-411School: Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich-Irchel, Switzerland.	article	DOI
Abstract: Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) was microiontophoretically injected into the vestibular nuclear complex of the rat. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found in ipsilateral spinal ganglia C2-C3 only if the injection site was in the caudal part of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN). Injections into rostral parts of the MVN, the superior, lateral and descending vestibular nuclei (SVN, LVN, DVN), the nucleus of the solitary tract (STN) and the reticular formation did not result in spinal ganglion labeling. Thus, the caudal part of the MVN appears to be the main vestibular termination site for rostral cervical primary afferents.
BibTeX: @article{Bankoul:1990, author = {S. Bankoul and W. L. Neuhuber}, title = {A cervical primary afferent input to vestibular nuclei as demonstrated by retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase in the rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, school = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich-Irchel, Switzerland.}, year = {1990}, volume = {79}, number = {2}, pages = {405--411}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00608252} }
Bankoul, S. and Neuhuber, W.L.	A cervical primary afferent input to vestibular nuclei as demonstrated by retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Experimental brain research Vol. 79, pp. 405-11	article
Abstract: Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) was microiontophoretically injected into the vestibular nuclear complex of the rat. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found in ipsilateral spinal ganglia C2-C3 only if the injection site was in the caudal part of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN). Injections into rostral parts of the MVN, the superior, lateral and descending vestibular nuclei (SVN, LVN, DVN), the nucleus of the solitary tract (STN) and the reticular formation did not result in spinal ganglion labeling. Thus, the caudal part of the MVN appears to be the main vestibular termination site for rostral cervical primary afferents.
BibTeX: @article{Bankoul:1990a, author = {Bankoul, S. and Neuhuber, W. L.}, title = {A cervical primary afferent input to vestibular nuclei as demonstrated by retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase in the rat.}, journal = {Experimental brain research}, year = {1990}, volume = {79}, pages = {405-11}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Bankoul, S. and Neuhuber, W.L.	A direct projection from the medial vestibular nucleus to the cervical spinal dorsal horn of the rat, as demonstrated by anterograde and retrograde tracing. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Anat Embryol (Berl) Vol. 185(1), pp. 77-85School: Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich-Irchel, Switzerland.	article	DOI
Abstract: Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were iontophoretically injected into different parts of the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) of the rat. Injections centered into the caudal part of the medial vestibular nucleus revealed a vestibulospinal projection predominantly to the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord, besides the expected projection to the intermediate zone (IZ) and ventral horn (VH). While most of the anterogradely labelled fibres could be localized in laminae III to V, some scattered fibres were also seen in laminae I and VI. Lamina II remained free of labelling. The dorsal horn (DH) area with detectable anterograde labelling showed a rostrocaudal extension from C1-C6. Injections into other parts of the VNC labelled fibres and terminals in the IZ and VH while the DH remained almost free of labelling. Additionally, fluorogold and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were pressure- or iontophoretically injected at different levels into the spinal cord to confirm the projection to the dorsal horn by means of retrograde tracing. Labelled neurons in the area of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN), from which anterograde labelling in the DH was obtained, were only detectable after fluorogold and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase injections into the cervical spinal cord, in particular its DH. This projection from the caudal medial vestibular nucleus to the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord probably enables the VNC to influence sensory processing in the DH, in addition to its well-established influence on posture and locomotion via projections to the intermediate zone and ventral horn.
BibTeX: @article{Bankoul:1992, author = {S. Bankoul and W. L. Neuhuber}, title = {A direct projection from the medial vestibular nucleus to the cervical spinal dorsal horn of the rat, as demonstrated by anterograde and retrograde tracing.}, journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)}, school = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich-Irchel, Switzerland.}, year = {1992}, volume = {185}, number = {1}, pages = {77--85}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00213603} }
Bankoul, S. and Neuhuber, W.L.	A direct projection from the medial vestibular nucleus to the cervical spinal dorsal horn of the rat, as demonstrated by anterograde and retrograde tracing. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Anatomy and embryology Vol. 185, pp. 77-85	article	DOI
Abstract: Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were iontophoretically injected into different parts of the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) of the rat. Injections centered into the caudal part of the medial vestibular nucleus revealed a vestibulospinal projection predominantly to the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord, besides the expected projection to the intermediate zone (IZ) and ventral horn (VH). While most of the anterogradely labelled fibres could be localized in laminae III to V, some scattered fibres were also seen in laminae I and VI. Lamina II remained free of labelling. The dorsal horn (DH) area with detectable anterograde labelling showed a rostrocaudal extension from C1-C6. Injections into other parts of the VNC labelled fibres and terminals in the IZ and VH while the DH remained almost free of labelling. Additionally, fluorogold and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were pressure- or iontophoretically injected at different levels into the spinal cord to confirm the projection to the dorsal horn by means of retrograde tracing. Labelled neurons in the area of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN), from which anterograde labelling in the DH was obtained, were only detectable after fluorogold and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase injections into the cervical spinal cord, in particular its DH. This projection from the caudal medial vestibular nucleus to the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord probably enables the VNC to influence sensory processing in the DH, in addition to its well-established influence on posture and locomotion via projections to the intermediate zone and ventral horn.
BibTeX: @article{Bankoul:1992a, author = {Bankoul, S and Neuhuber, W L}, title = {A direct projection from the medial vestibular nucleus to the cervical spinal dorsal horn of the rat, as demonstrated by anterograde and retrograde tracing.}, journal = {Anatomy and embryology}, year = {1992}, volume = {185}, pages = {77--85}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00213603} }
Banks, M.I. and Smith, P.H.	Intracellular recordings from neurobiotin-labeled cells in brain slices of the rat medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	J Neurosci Vol. 12(7), pp. 2819-2837School: Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.	article	URL
Abstract: Principal cells in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) are believed to be critical components in the circuit subserving sound localization. These cells, located in the superior olivary complex, convert excitatory inputs, arriving from the contralateral cochlear nucleus by way of large somatic synapses (the calyces of Held), to inhibitory projections onto principal cells in the ipsilateral lateral superior olive (LSO). We have characterized a population of cells in the rat MNTB using intracellular recording and labeling techniques in a brain slice preparation. MNTB principal cells had spherical or ellipsoid somata that gave rise to single large-diameter dendrites, which branched extensively and often extended beyond the borders of MNTB. Commonly observed axonal projection targets included LSO, the superior paraolivary nucleus, and the medial superior olive, and occasionally the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body. The projections of individual MNTB cells showed an orderly topography that is consistent with the known tonotopic maps of the nuclei. In response to current injection, principal cells exhibited several nonlinearities, including rectification for depolarizing currents and a "sag" in the membrane potential for hyperpolarizing currents. Superthreshold depolarizing currents elicited transient firing behavior. Application of the potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine reduced or eliminated the rectification in the current-voltage relationships and caused depolarizing currents to elicit repetitive firing. Stimulation of afferent inputs elicited short-latency spikes, presumably driven by calyceal synaptic inputs; long-latency, presumably polysynaptic, EPSPs; and short- and long-latency IPSPs. The duration of synaptic events was strongly dependent on membrane potential, and this effect was probably due to the intrinsic membrane properties of the cell. In all cases tested, EPSPs were blocked by CNQX or DNQX, and IPSPs were blocked by strychnine. Two injected non-principal cells differed from principal cells in their morphologies and physiological characteristics.
BibTeX: @article{Banks:1992, author = {Banks, M. I. and Smith, P. H.}, title = {Intracellular recordings from neurobiotin-labeled cells in brain slices of the rat medial nucleus of the trapezoid body.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.}, year = {1992}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {2819--2837}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/12/7/2819.long} }
Banks, P.	Retrograde transport in axons [BibTeX]	1980	Nature Vol. 287(5777), pp. 12-13	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{Banks:1980, author = {Banks, P.}, title = {Retrograde transport in axons}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1980}, volume = {287}, number = {5777}, pages = {12-13}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0019316541&partnerID=40&md5=b8c2d6a1dee10ffa061d7789a5bebdd8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/287012a0} }
Banks, P., Burroughs, A., Barker, G., Brown, J., Warburton, E. and Bashir, Z.	Disruption of hippocampal-prefrontal cortex activity by dopamine D2R-dependent LTD of NMDAR transmission [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol. 112(35), pp. 11096-11101	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Functional connectivity between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) is essential for associative recognition memory and working memory. Disruption of hippocampal - PFC synchrony occurs in schizophrenia, which is characterized by hypofunction of NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated transmission. We demonstrate that activity of dopamine D2-like receptors (D2Rs) leads selectively to long-term depression (LTD) of hippocampal - PFC NMDAR-mediated synaptic transmission. We show that dopamine-dependent LTD of NMDAR-mediated transmission profoundly disrupts normal synaptic transmission between hippocampus and PFC. These results show how dopaminergic activation induces long-term hypofunction of NMDARs, which can contribute to disordered functional connectivity, a characteristic that is a hallmark of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. © 2015, National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserve.
BibTeX: @article{Banks:2015, author = {Banks, P.J. and Burroughs, A.C. and Barker, G.R.I. and Brown, J.T. and Warburton, E.C. and Bashir, Z.I.}, title = {Disruption of hippocampal-prefrontal cortex activity by dopamine D2R-dependent LTD of NMDAR transmission}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, year = {2015}, volume = {112}, number = {35}, pages = {11096-11101}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84940983277&partnerID=40&md5=5cbb790fbaef1a75a39c83ebbf0916eb}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1512064112} }
Bannatyne, B.A., Edgley, S.A., Hammar, I., Jankowska, E. and Maxwell, D.J.	Networks of inhibitory and excitatory commissural interneurons mediating crossed reticulospinal actions. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 18(8), pp. 2273-2284School: Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasglow, Glasglow G12 8QQ, UK.	article	DOI
Abstract: Axonal projections and neurotransmitters used by commissural interneurons mediating crossed actions of reticulospinal neurons were investigated in adult cats. Eighteen interneurons, located in or close to lamina VIII in midlumbar segments, that were monosynaptically excited by reticulospinal tract fibres and projected to contralateral motor nuclei were labelled by intracellular injection of tetramethylrhodamine-dextran and Neurobiotin. The nine most completely labelled interneurons were analysed with combined confocal and light microscopy. None of the stem axons gave off ipsilateral axon collaterals. Seven cells had axon collaterals that arborized in the contralateral grey matter in the ventral horn of the same segments. Transmitters were identified by using antibodies raised against vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2, glutamic acid decarboxylase and the glycine transporter 2. The axons of two cells were immunoreactive for the glycine transporter 2 and hence were glycinergic. Three cells were immunoreactive for the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 and hence were glutamatergic. None of the axons displayed immunoreactivity for glutamic acid decarboxylase. Electron microscopy of two cells revealed direct synaptic connections with motoneurons and other neurons. Axonal swellings of one neuron formed synapses with profiles in motor nuclei whereas those of the other formed synapses with other structures, including cell bodies in lamina VII. The results show that this population of commissural interneurons includes both excitatory and inhibitory cells that may excite or inhibit contralateral motoneurons directly. They may also influence the activity of motoneurons indirectly by acting through interneurons located outside motor nuclei in the contralateral grey matter but are unlikely to have direct actions on interneurons in the ipsilateral grey matter.
BibTeX: @article{Bannatyne:2003, author = {Bannatyne, B Anne and Edgley, Stephen A. and Hammar, Ingela and Jankowska, Elzbieta and Maxwell, David J.}, title = {Networks of inhibitory and excitatory commissural interneurons mediating crossed reticulospinal actions.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasglow, Glasglow G12 8QQ, UK.}, year = {2003}, volume = {18}, number = {8}, pages = {2273--2284}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02973.x} }
Bannerman, D., Butcher, S. and Morris, R.	Intracerebroventricular injection of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor does not affect long-term slope potentiation in vivo [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Neuropharmacology Vol. 33(11), pp. 1387-1397	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Although there is evidence from in vitro studies to suggest that NO synthesis may be involved in the induction of hippocampal LTP, other in vitro studies and experiments conducted in vivo have provided conflicting results. In agreement with previous work conducted in this laboratory using an i.p. route of administration, this paper reports that i.c.v. injections of the NO synthase inhibitor, Nω -nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), at a dose sufficient to inhibit hippocampal NO synthase by 90-95%, failed to block the induction of LTP in the dentate gyrus in vivo (as measured by the change in the slope of the early rising phase of the field EPSP). The failure to block LTP occurred following both a strong and a weak tetanus. l-NAME injections did, however, result in a small but transient increase in the baseline slope of the field EPSP, a more prolonged enhancement of the baseline population spike, and a significant attenuation of spike potentiation induced by a strong tetanus. These results offer no support for the hypothesis that NO synthase is required for the induction of the synaptic component of LTP, but do suggest a role for NO in the control of cell excitability in the hippocampus. © 1994.
BibTeX: @article{Bannerman:1994, author = {Bannerman, D.M. and Butcher, S.P. and Morris, R.G.M.}, title = {Intracerebroventricular injection of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor does not affect long-term slope potentiation in vivo}, journal = {Neuropharmacology}, year = {1994}, volume = {33}, number = {11}, pages = {1387-1397}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028034110&partnerID=40&md5=84ddcd5b7b46616f9b7c0d251910bb0d}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(94)90040-X} }
Bannerman, D., Chapman, P., Kelly, P., Butcher, S. and Morris, R.	Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase does not impair spatial learning [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 14(12), pp. 7404-7414	article	URL
Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO), a putative intercellular messenger in the CNS, may be involved in certain forms of synaptic plasticity and learning. This article reports a series of experiments investigating the effects of N(ω)-nitro-L- arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) upon various forms of learning and memory in the watermaze. L-NAME (75 mg/kg, i.p., sufficient to bring about >90% inhibition of NO synthesis in brain) produced an apparent impairment in spatial learning when given to naive rats during acquisition (3 d, six training trials per day). This impairment was dose related, stereoselective, and attenuated by coadministration of L-arginine. A second study showed that L-NAME did not affect the retention of a previously learned spatial task. In addition, in a visual discrimination task, the rate at which criterion levels of performance were reached was unaffected by L-NAME. Thus, inhibition of NO synthase may cause a selective impairment of spatial learning without effect upon retention. However, analysis of the early training trials of the visual discrimination task revealed significantly elevated escape latencies in the L-NAME-treated rats, suggesting that inhibition of NO synthase may have more general effects. As normal rats learn the spatial task very rapidly, the possibility arises that the apparent deficit in learning is due to a disruption of some process other than learning per se. A further series of experiments investigated this possibility. L-NAME was found not to impair the learning of a new platform position in the same spatial environment. Surprisingly, L-NAME also had no effect on spatial learning in a second watermaze located in a novel spatial environment by rats well practiced with all aspects of watermaze training. Finally, L-NAME had no effect on spatial learning in naive rats trained with just one trial per day. Thus, systemic injection of an NO synthase inhibitor impairs behavioral performance in two tasks during their initial acquisition, but the basis of this functional disruption is unlikely to be due to any direct effect upon the mechanisms of spatial learning.
BibTeX: @article{Bannerman:1994a, author = {Bannerman, D.M. and Chapman, P.F. and Kelly, P.A.T. and Butcher, S.P. and Morris, R.G.M.}, title = {Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase does not impair spatial learning}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {1994}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {7404-7414}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027996852&partnerID=40&md5=bc82f8d1906d58269b58428c2dc14adc} }
Bannerman, D., Matthews, P., Deacon, R. and Rawlins, J.	Medial septal lesions mimic effects of both selective dorsal and ventral hippocampal lesions [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Behavioral Neuroscience Vol. 118(5), pp. 1033-1041	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Electrolytic medial septal (MS) lesions, which depleted acetylcholinesterase staining in both dorsal and ventral hippocampus, produced a constellation of behaviors, combining aspects of both selective dorsal and ventral hippocampal lesion effects. MS lesions impaired spatial working memory on the T maze, thus resembling the effects of dorsal hippocampal lesions. In addition, MS lesions reduced anxiety during successive alleys (a modified form of the elevated plus-maze), social interaction, and hyponeophagia tests. MS lesions also reduced postshock freezing. These effects more closely resemble those of ventral hippocampal lesions. Therefore, the effects of electrolytic MS lesions derive from the resulting combined deafferentation of dorsal and ventral hippocampal regions, suggesting that previously reported effects of cytotoxic dorsal hippocampal lesions are unlikely to be due to a demyelination of fibers of passage coursing through the septal pole.
BibTeX: @article{Bannerman:2004, author = {Bannerman, D.M. and Matthews, P. and Deacon, R.M.J. and Rawlins, J.N.P.}, title = {Medial septal lesions mimic effects of both selective dorsal and ventral hippocampal lesions}, journal = {Behavioral Neuroscience}, year = {2004}, volume = {118}, number = {5}, pages = {1033-1041}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-5144228554&partnerID=40&md5=fd359e6baf36c61a33a97516aac5411f}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.118.5.1033} }
Bannerman, D., Yee, B., Lemaire, M., Jarrard, L., Iversen, S., Rawlins, J. and Good, M.	Contextual fear conditioning is disrupted by lesions of the subcortical, but not entorhinal, connections to the hippocampus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Experimental Brain Research Vol. 141(3), pp. 304-311	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Recent studies have questioned the importance of the entorhinal cortex (ERC) for normal hippocampal function. For example, fibre-sparing ERC lesions have been found to have no effect on spatial learning in the watermaze. There is also doubt as to the importance of the ERC for contextual fear conditioning, with previous studies having yielded conflicting results. In an attempt to resolve this issue, the present study compared aspiration and cytotoxic ERC lesioned rats, along with fimbria-fornix (FFX) lesioned animals and sham operated controls, on an unsignalled contextual fear conditioning paradigm. The results of the present study show that whereas lesions of the FFX disrupted contextual freezing, neither aspiration nor cytotoxic ERC lesions had any effect on this behaviour. Aspiration ERC lesioned rats, however, like FFX lesioned animals, did display hyper-activity prior to the delivery of footshock. These results suggest that whereas projections between the hippocampus and subcortical structures are important for normal levels of contextual freezing, projections from the entorhinal cortex are not essential.
BibTeX: @article{Bannerman:2001, author = {Bannerman, D.M. and Yee, B.K. and Lemaire, M. and Jarrard, L. and Iversen, S.D. and Rawlins, J.N.P. and Good, M.A.}, title = {Contextual fear conditioning is disrupted by lesions of the subcortical, but not entorhinal, connections to the hippocampus}, journal = {Experimental Brain Research}, year = {2001}, volume = {141}, number = {3}, pages = {304-311}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035165222&partnerID=40&md5=3830a681665c8f38c2a1636ea314bac6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s002210100869} }
Bannister, A.P.	Inter- and intra-laminar connections of pyramidal cells in the neocortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Neuroscience research Vol. 53, pp. 95-103	article	DOI
Abstract: The flow of excitation through cortical columns has long since been predicted by studying the axonal projection patterns of excitatory neurones situated within different laminae. In grossly simplified terms and assuming random connectivity, such studies predict that input from the thalamus terminates primarily in layer 4, is relayed 'forward' to layer 3, then to layers 5 and 6 from where the modified signal may exit the cortex. Projection patterns also indicate 'back' projections from layer 5 to 3 and layer 6 to 4. More recently it has become clear that the interconnections between these layers are not random; forward projections primarily contact specific pyramidal subclasses and intracortical back projections innervate interneurones. This indicates that presynaptic axons or postsynaptic dendrites are capable of selecting their synaptic partners and that this selectivity is layer dependent. For the past decade, we and others have studied pyramidal cell targeting in circuits both within, and between laminae using paired intracellular recordings with biocytin filling and have begun to identify further levels of selectivity through the preferential targeting of electrophysiologically and/or morphologically distinct pyramidal subtypes. Presented here, therefore, is a brief overview of current thinking on the layer and subclass specific connectivity of neocortical principle excitatory cells.
BibTeX: @article{Bannister:2005, author = {Bannister, A Peter}, title = {Inter- and intra-laminar connections of pyramidal cells in the neocortex.}, journal = {Neuroscience research}, year = {2005}, volume = {53}, pages = {95--103}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2005.06.019} }
Bannister, A.P. and Thomson, A.M.	Dynamic properties of excitatory synaptic connections involving layer 4 pyramidal cells in adult rat and cat neocortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Cereb Cortex Vol. 17(9), pp. 2190-2203School: Department of Pharmacology, The School of Pharmacy, London University, London WC1N 1AX, UK.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: To investigate the properties of excitatory connections between layer 4 pyramidal cells and whether these differed between rat and cat, paired intracellular recordings were made with biocytin filling in slices of adult neocortex. These connections were also compared with those from layer 4 spiny cells to layer 3 pyramids and connections between layer 3 pyramids. Connectivity ratios for layer 4 pyramid-pyramid pairs (1:14 cat, 1:18 rat) appeared lower than for the other types of connections studied in parallel, but excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) amplitudes and time course were not significantly different either between species or across types of connection. Layer 4 pyramids targeted postsynaptic basal dendrites in both species, whether the pyramidal target was in layer 4 or layer 3. Within layer 4, relationships between mean EPSP amplitude, numbers of putative contacts, and distance between connected pairs indicated a rapid decline in connectivity strength with distance, equivalent to 3.4 mV and 10 synapses per 100 microm separation, from a maximum of 4 mV and 10 synapses at 0 microm. However, a subset, of burst-firing layer 4 pyramids, appeared to make no connections with other layer 4 spiny cells. Second EPSPs were depressed by 36% in rat and 28% in cat relative to first EPSPs at interspike intervals <15 ms. Subsequent EPSPs in brief trains were further depressed. Depression was predominantly presynaptic in origin. Recovery from depression could not be described adequately by a simple exponential for individual connections; it included peaks and troughs with periodicities of 10-15 ms. Complex relationships between the first 2 interspike intervals and third EPSP amplitude were also apparent in all connections so studied. Large third EPSPs followed specific combinations of first and second interspike intervals so that increasing, or decreasing, one without changing the other resulted in a smaller third EPSP. Finally, the outputs of layer 4 spiny cells to layer 3 exhibited partial recovery from depression during longer high-frequency trains, a property not apparent in the other connections studied.
BibTeX: @article{Bannister:2007, author = {Bannister, A Peter and Thomson, Alex M}, title = {Dynamic properties of excitatory synaptic connections involving layer 4 pyramidal cells in adult rat and cat neocortex.}, journal = {Cereb Cortex}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, The School of Pharmacy, London University, London WC1N 1AX, UK.}, year = {2007}, volume = {17}, number = {9}, pages = {2190--2203}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl126}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl126} }
Bannon, M., Deutch, A., Tam, S.-Y., Zamir, N., Eskay, R., Lee, J.-M., Maggio, J. and Roth, R.	Mild footshock stress dissociates substance P from substance K and dynorphin from Met- and Leu-enkephalin [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Brain Research Vol. 381(2), pp. 393-396	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Mild footshock stress selectively activates ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons innervating the prefrontal cortex. The same stressor rapidly dissociates ventral tegmental substance P from its preprotachykinin-derived co-transmitter substance K, and preproenkephalin B-derived dynorphin B from preproenkephalin A-derived Met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu and Leu-enkephalin. Mild footshock stress may provide a paradigm for studying both peptidergic modulation of brain dopaminergic neurons and the dynamic regulation of tachykinin and opioid peptide transcription, processing and utilization. © 1986.
BibTeX: @article{Bannon:1986, author = {Bannon, M.J. and Deutch, A.Y. and Tam, S.-Y. and Zamir, N. and Eskay, R.L. and Lee, J.-M. and Maggio, J.E. and Roth, R.H.}, title = {Mild footshock stress dissociates substance P from substance K and dynorphin from Met- and Leu-enkephalin}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1986}, volume = {381}, number = {2}, pages = {393-396}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022495668&partnerID=40&md5=e0e07123618752f8107e8d8ef92f9f12}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(86)90097-1} }
Bannykh, S.I., Rowe, T. and Balch, W.E.	The organization of endoplasmic reticulum export complexes. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	J Cell Biol Vol. 135(1), pp. 19-35School: Scripps Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology, La Jolla, California 92130, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: Export of cargo from the ER occurs through the formation of 60-70nm COPII-coated vesicular carriers. We have applied serial-thin sectioning and stereology to quantitatively characterize the three-dimensional organization of ER export sites in vivo and in vitro. We find that ER buds in vivo are nonrandomly distributed, being concentrated in regional foci we refer to as export complexes. The basic organization of an export complex can be divided into an active COPII-containing budding zone on a single ER cisterna, which is adjacent to budding zones found on distantly connected ER cisternae. These budding foci surround and face a central cluster of morphologically independent vesicular-tubular elements that contain COPI coats involved in retrograde transport. Vesicles within these export complexes contain concentrated cargo molecules. The structure of vesicular-tubular clusters in export complexes is particularly striking in replicas generated using a quick-freeze, deep-etch approach to visualize for the first time their three-dimensional organization and cargo composition. We conclude that budding from the ER through recruitment of COPII is confined to highly specialized export complexes that topologically restrict anterograde transport to regional foci to facilitate efficient coupling to retrograde recycling by COPI.
BibTeX: @article{Bannykh:1996, author = {Bannykh, S. I. and Rowe, T. and Balch, W. E.}, title = {The organization of endoplasmic reticulum export complexes.}, journal = {J Cell Biol}, school = {Scripps Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology, La Jolla, California 92130, USA.}, year = {1996}, volume = {135}, number = {1}, pages = {19--35}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.135.1.19} }
Banrezes, B., Andrey, P., Menetrey, A., Mailly, P., Deniau, J.-M. and Maurin, Y.	Distribution of substantia nigra pars compacta neurons with respect to pars reticulata striato-nigral afferences: computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstructions [BibTeX]	2003	The basal ganglia VI, pp. 359-367	incollection	DOI
BibTeX: @incollection{Banrezes:2003, author = {Banrezes, B and Andrey, P and Menetrey, A and Mailly, P and Deniau, J-M and Maurin, Y}, title = {Distribution of substantia nigra pars compacta neurons with respect to pars reticulata striato-nigral afferences: computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstructions}, booktitle = {The basal ganglia VI}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {2003}, pages = {359--367}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0179-4_36} }
Bantli, H. and Bloedel, J.R.	Spinal input to the lateral cerebellum mediated by infratentorial structures. [BibTeX]	1977	Neuroscience Vol. 2(4), pp. 555-568	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Bantli:1977, author = {Bantli, H. and Bloedel, J. R.}, title = {Spinal input to the lateral cerebellum mediated by infratentorial structures.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1977}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {555--568}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(77)90051-3} }
Bantli, H., Bloedel, J.R. and Tolbert, D.	Activation of neurons in the cerebellar nuclei and ascending reticular formation by stimulation of the cerebellar surface. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1976	J Neurosurg Vol. 45(5), pp. 539-554	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Electrical stimulation of the cerebellar surface has been used therapeutically for the control of certain epileptic seizure and motor disorders. Recent hypotheses suggest that the therapeutic results in the treatment of epilepsy might be a consequence of the activation of Purkinje cells which subsequently inhibit the epileptic activity in the cerebrocellular loop. These experiments establish that an anatomical substrate exists whereby the effects of stimulating the cerebellar surface might be mediated by the ascending reticular formation and the non-specific thalamic nuclei. Specifically, the stimulation of the cerebellar surface activates not only Purkinje cells but also cerebellar afferent systems, climbing fibers and mossy fibers, and neurons in the cerebellar nuclei and reticular formation. In addition, recordings from neurons in the ascending reticular formation suggest that stimulation of the cerebellar surface can affect processing of ascending sensory information, thus influencing neural integration of non-specific sensory system.
BibTeX: @article{Bantli:1976, author = {Bantli, H. and Bloedel, J. R. and Tolbert, D.}, title = {Activation of neurons in the cerebellar nuclei and ascending reticular formation by stimulation of the cerebellar surface.}, journal = {J Neurosurg}, year = {1976}, volume = {45}, number = {5}, pages = {539--554}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1976.45.5.0539}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1976.45.5.0539} }
Bao, L., Wang, H.F., Cai, H.-J., Tong, Y.-G., Jin, S.-X., Lu, Y.-J., Grant, G., Hökfelt, T. and Zhang, X.	Peripheral axotomy induces only very limited sprouting of coarse myelinated afferents into inner lamina II of rat spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 16(2), pp. 175-185School: Laboratory of Sensory System, Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China.	article	DOI
Abstract: Peripheral axotomy-induced sprouting of thick myelinated afferents (A-fibers) from laminae III-IV into laminae I-II of the spinal cord is a well-established hypothesis for the structural basis of neuropathic pain. However, we show here that the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), a neuronal tracer used to demonstrate the sprouting of A-fibers in several earlier studies, also labels unmyelinated afferents (C-fibers) in lamina II and thin myelinated afferents in lamina I, when applied after peripheral nerve transection. The lamina II afferents also contained vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and galanin, two neuropeptides mainly expressed in small dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and C-fibers. In an attempt to label large DRG neurons and A-fibers selectively, CTB was applied four days before axotomy (pre-injury-labelling), and sprouting was monitored after axotomy. We found that only a small number of A-fibers sprouted into inner lamina II, a region normally innervated by C-fibers, but not into outer lamina II or lamina I. Such sprouts made synaptic contact with dendrites in inner lamina II. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) was found in these sprouts in inner lamina II, an area very rich in Y1 receptor-positive processes. These results suggest that axotomy-induced sprouting from deeper to superficial layers is much less pronounced than previously assumed, in fact it is only marginal. This limited reorganization involves large NPY immunoreactive DRG neurons sprouting into the Y1 receptor-rich inner lamina II. Even if quantitatively small, it cannot be excluded that this represents a functional circuitry involved in neuropathic pain.
BibTeX: @article{Bao:2002, author = {Bao, Lan and Wang, Hui Fredrik and Cai, Hai-Jiang and Tong, Yong-Guang and Jin, Shan-Xue and Lu, Ying-Jin and Grant, Gunnar and Hökfelt, Tomas and Zhang, Xu}, title = {Peripheral axotomy induces only very limited sprouting of coarse myelinated afferents into inner lamina II of rat spinal cord.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Laboratory of Sensory System, Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China.}, year = {2002}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {175--185}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02080.x} }
Bao, X.-Q., Kong, X.-C., Kong, L.-B., Wu, L.-Y., Sun, H. and Zhang, D.	Squamosamide derivative FLZ protected dopaminergic neuron by activating Akt signaling pathway in 6-OHDA-induced in vivo and in vitro Parkinson's disease models [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Brain Research Vol. 1547, pp. 49-57	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting up to 80% of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway. FLZ, a novel synthetic squamosamide derivative from a Chinese herb, has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in experimental PD models. In this study, we carried out a set of in vitro and in vivo experiments to address the neuroprotective effect of FLZ and related mechanism. The results showed that FLZ significantly improved motor dysfunction and dopaminergic neuronal loss of rats injured by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The beneficial effects of FLZ attributed to the elevation of dopaminergic neuron number, dopamine level and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity. Mechanistic study showed that FLZ protected TH activity and dopaminergic neurons through decreasing α-synuclein (α-Syn) expression and the interaction between α-Syn and TH. Further studies indicated the involvement of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway in the protective effect of FLZ since it showed that blocking PI3K/Akt signaling pathway prevented the expression of α-Syn and attenuated the neuroprotection of FLZ. In addition, FLZ treatment reduced the expression of RTP801, an important protein involved in the pathogenesis of PD. Taken together, these results revealed that FLZ suppressed α-Syn expression and elevated TH activity in dopaminergic neuron through activating Akt survival pathway in 6-OHDA-induced PD models. The data also provided evidence that FLZ had potent neuroprotecive effects and might become a new promising agent for PD treatment. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. © 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Bao:2014, author = {Bao, X.-Q. and Kong, X.-C. and Kong, L.-B. and Wu, L.-Y. and Sun, H. and Zhang, D.}, title = {Squamosamide derivative FLZ protected dopaminergic neuron by activating Akt signaling pathway in 6-OHDA-induced in vivo and in vitro Parkinson's disease models}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2014}, volume = {1547}, pages = {49-57}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892915464&partnerID=40&md5=f5dee40b848e0f4557a13e48071382fd}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2013.12.026} }
Baptista, V., Browning, K. and Travagli, R.	Effects of cholecystokinin-8s in the nucleus tractus solitarius of vagally deafferented rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology Vol. 292(3), pp. R1092-R1100	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We have shown recently that cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8s) increases glutamate release from nerve terminals onto neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius pars centralis (cNTS). The effects of CCK on gastrointestinal-related functions have, however, been attributed almost exclusively to its paracrine action on vagal afferent fibers. Because it has been reported that systemic or perivagal capsaicin pretreatment abolishes the effects of CCK, the aim of the present work was to investigate the response of cNTS neurons to CCK-8s in vagally deafferented rats. In surgically deafferented rats, intraperitoneal administration of 1 or 3 μg/kg CCK-8s increased c-Fos expression in cNTS neurons (139 and 251% of control, respectively), suggesting that CCK-8s' effects are partially independent of vagal afferent fibers. Using whole cell patch-clamp techniques in thin brain stem slices, we observed that CCK-8s increased the frequency of spontaneous and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in 43% of the cNTS neurons via a presynaptic mechanism. In slices from deafferented rats, the percentage of cNTS neurons receiving glutamatergic inputs responding to CCK-8s decreased by ∼50%, further suggesting that central terminals of vagal afferent fibers are not the sole site for the action of CCK-8s in the brain stem. Taken together, our data suggest that the sites of action of CCK-8s include the brain stem, and in cNTS, the actions of CCK-8s are not restricted to vagal central terminals but that nonvagal synapses are also involved. Copyright © 2007 the American Physiological Society.
BibTeX: @article{Baptista:2007, author = {Baptista, V. and Browning, K.N. and Travagli, R.A.}, title = {Effects of cholecystokinin-8s in the nucleus tractus solitarius of vagally deafferented rats}, journal = {American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology}, year = {2007}, volume = {292}, number = {3}, pages = {R1092-R1100}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33847749522&partnerID=40&md5=eb12e98ca56192ddbdb7d5612a55a943}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00517.2006} }
Baptista, V., Zheng, Z., Coleman, F., Rogers, R. and Travagli, R.	Cholecystokinin octapeptide increases spontaneous glutamatergic synaptic transmission to neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius centralis [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 94(4), pp. 2763-2771	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released from enteroendocrine cells after ingestion of nutrients and induces multiple effects along the gastrointestinal tract, including gastric relaxation and short-term satiety. We used whole cell patch-clamp and immunohistochemical techniques in rat brain stem slices to characterize the effects of CCK. In 45% of the neurons of nucleus tractus solitarius subnucleus centralis (cNTS), perfusion with the sulfated form of CCK (CCK-8s) increased the frequency of spontaneous excitatory currents (sEPSCs) in a concentration-dependent manner (1-300 nM). The threshold for the CCK-8s excitatory effect was 1 nM, the EC50 was 20 nM, and Emax was 100 nM. The excitatory effects of CCK-8s were still present when the slices were preincubated with tetrodotoxin or bicuculline or when the recordings were conducted with Cs+ electrodes. Pretreatment with the CCK-A receptor antagonist, lorglumide (1 μM), antagonized the effects of CCK-8s, whereas perfusion with the CCK-B preferring agonist CCK- 8 nonsulfated (CCK-ns, 1 μM) did not affect the frequency of sEPSCs. Similarly, pretreatment with the CCK-B receptor antagonist, triglumide (1 μM), did not prevent the actions of CCK-8s. Although the majority (i.e., 76%) of CCK-8s unresponsive cNTS neurons had a bipolar somata shape and were TH-IR negative, no differences were found in either the morphological or the neurochemical phenotype of cNTS neurons responsive to CCK-8s. Our results suggest that the excitatory effects of CCK-8s on terminals impinging on a subpopulation of cNTS neurons are mediated by CCK-A receptors; these responsive neurons, however, do not have morphological or neurochemical characteristics that automatically distinguish them from nonresponsive neurons. Copyright © 2005 The American Physiological Society.
BibTeX: @article{Baptista:2005, author = {Baptista, V. and Zheng, Z.L. and Coleman, F.H. and Rogers, R.C. and Travagli, R.A.}, title = {Cholecystokinin octapeptide increases spontaneous glutamatergic synaptic transmission to neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius centralis}, journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology}, year = {2005}, volume = {94}, number = {4}, pages = {2763-2771}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-24944570025&partnerID=40&md5=157871a4bbacaf70b6a683df3f567683}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00351.2005} }
Barajas, L., Powers, K., Carretero, O., Scicli, A.G. and Inagami, T.	Immunocytochemical localization of renin and kallikrein in the rat renal cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Kidney Int Vol. 29(5), pp. 965-970	article	DOI
Abstract: Immunocytochemical studies in the past, using alternate serial sections to localize individual antigens, concluded that there was no close relationship between renin- and kallikrein-containing structures in the rat kidney. We have investigated this relationship by simultaneously localizing renin and kallikrein in the same section using immunoperoxidase with two different chromogens. Analysis of serial kidney sections from three rats indicated that kallikrein-containing late distal tubular cells corresponded in their distribution to connecting tubule cells. They were observed in the proximity (less than 3 micrograms) of renin-containing JG cells in 66.6% of the superficial (N = 30), 46.6% of the midcortical (N = 15) and 26.7% of the juxtamedullary (N = 15) afferent arterioles surveyed. When traced through serial sections, 90% of the afferent arterioles from superficial glomeruli (N = 30), 86.7% of the afferent arterioles from midcortical glomeruli (N = 15) and 73.3% of those from juxtamedullary glomeruli (N = 15) came within 3 micrograms of a late distal tubule showing some kallikrein-positive cells. These cells were adjacent to the afferent arteriole in 67 to 80% of the arterioles surveyed. This spatial relationship suggests an anatomical basis for a possible interaction between the afferent arteriole, containing renin-positive JG cells, and kallikrein-positive late distal tubular cells.
BibTeX: @article{Barajas:1986, author = {Barajas, L. and Powers, K. and Carretero, O. and Scicli, A. G. and Inagami, T.}, title = {Immunocytochemical localization of renin and kallikrein in the rat renal cortex.}, journal = {Kidney Int}, year = {1986}, volume = {29}, number = {5}, pages = {965--970}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1986.94} }
Barajon, I., Vizzotto, L., Pizzini, G. and Tredici, G.	Different neuronal types in transneuronally WGA-HRP-labeled premotor interneurons of the rat spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Behav Brain Res Vol. 38(1), pp. 77-81School: Istituto di Anatomia, Università di Milano, Italy.	article	DOI
Abstract: Interneurons presynaptic to motoneurons were labeled by retrograde transneuronal transport of WGA-HRP. The tracer was injected either into the quadriceps muscles or into the posterior biceps muscles, thus labeling interneurons presynaptic to the quadriceps motoneurons (QINs) or interneurons presynaptic to posterior biceps motoneurons (PBINs). Statistical cluster analysis of area, perimeter, equivalent diameter and form factor of the labeled interneurons permitted the identification of 4 different types of premotor interneurons in the lumbar enlargement of the rat. Type I are small elongated interneurons which prevail in PBINs. Type II are medium-sized ellipsoidal cells prevailing in the QINs. Type 3 are small ellipsoidal neurons, slightly more frequent in PBINs. Type 4 is the smallest group and it is composed of large multipolar neurons. A different distribution of the 4 morphological neuronal types was found between the population of the QINs and the PBINs and in the laminae of ventral horn for each group.
BibTeX: @article{Barajon:1990, author = {Barajon, I. and Vizzotto, L. and Pizzini, G. and Tredici, G.}, title = {Different neuronal types in transneuronally WGA-HRP-labeled premotor interneurons of the rat spinal cord.}, journal = {Behav Brain Res}, school = {Istituto di Anatomia, Università di Milano, Italy.}, year = {1990}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {77--81}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(90)90026-b} }
Barajon, I., Vizzotto, L., Pizzini, G. and Tredici, G.	Different neuronal types in transneuronally WGA-HRP-labeled premotor interneurons of the rat spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Behavioural brain research Vol. 38, pp. 77-81	article
Abstract: Interneurons presynaptic to motoneurons were labeled by retrograde transneuronal transport of WGA-HRP. The tracer was injected either into the quadriceps muscles or into the posterior biceps muscles, thus labeling interneurons presynaptic to the quadriceps motoneurons (QINs) or interneurons presynaptic to posterior biceps motoneurons (PBINs). Statistical cluster analysis of area, perimeter, equivalent diameter and form factor of the labeled interneurons permitted the identification of 4 different types of premotor interneurons in the lumbar enlargement of the rat. Type I are small elongated interneurons which prevail in PBINs. Type II are medium-sized ellipsoidal cells prevailing in the QINs. Type 3 are small ellipsoidal neurons, slightly more frequent in PBINs. Type 4 is the smallest group and it is composed of large multipolar neurons. A different distribution of the 4 morphological neuronal types was found between the population of the QINs and the PBINs and in the laminae of ventral horn for each group.
BibTeX: @article{Barajon:1990a, author = {Barajon, I. and Vizzotto, L. and Pizzini, G. and Tredici, G.}, title = {Different neuronal types in transneuronally WGA-HRP-labeled premotor interneurons of the rat spinal cord.}, journal = {Behavioural brain research}, year = {1990}, volume = {38}, pages = {77-81}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Barakat, D.J., Gaglani, S.M., Neravetla, S.R., Sanchez, A.R., Andrade, C.M., Pressman, Y., Puzis, R., Garg, M.S., Bunge, M.B. and Pearse, D.D.	Survival, integration, and axon growth support of glia transplanted into the chronically contused spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Cell Transplant Vol. 14(4), pp. 225-240School: The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: Due to an ever-growing population of individuals with chronic spinal cord injury, there is a need for experimental models to translate efficacious regenerative and reparative acute therapies to chronic injury application. The present study assessed the ability of fluid grafts of either Schwann cells (SCs) or olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) to facilitate the growth of supraspinal and afferent axons and promote restitution of hind limb function after transplantation into a 2-month-old, moderate, thoracic (T8) contusion in the rat. The use of cultured glial cells, transduced with lentiviral vectors encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), permitted long-term tracking of the cells following spinal cord transplantation to examine their survival, migration, and axonal association. At 3 months following grafting of 2 million SCs or OEG in 6 microl of DMEM/F12 medium into the injury site, stereological quantification of the three-dimensional reconstructed spinal cords revealed that an average of 17.1 +/- 6.8% of the SCs and 2.3 +/- 1.4% of the OEG survived from the number transplanted. In the OEG grafted spinal cord, a limited number of glia were unable to prevent central cavitation and were found in patches around the cavity rim. The transplanted SCs, however, formed a substantive graft within the injury site capable of supporting the ingrowth of numerous, densely packed neurofilament-positive axons. The SC grafts were able to support growth of both ascending calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive and supraspinal serotonergic axons and, although no biotinylated dextran amine (BDA)-traced corticospinal axons were present within the center of the grafts, the SC transplants significantly increased corticospinal axon numbers immediately rostral to the injury-graft site compared with injury-only controls. Moreover, SC grafted animals demonstrated modest, though significant, improvements in open field locomotion and exhibited less foot position errors (base of support and foot rotation). Whereas these results demonstrate that SC grafts survive, support axon growth, and can improve functional outcome after chronic contusive spinal cord injury, further development of OEG grafting procedures in this model and putative combination strategies with SC grafts need to be further explored to produce substantial improvements in axon growth and function.
BibTeX: @article{Barakat:2005, author = {Barakat, D. J. and Gaglani, S. M. and Neravetla, S. R. and Sanchez, A. R. and Andrade, C. M. and Pressman, Y. and Puzis, R. and Garg, M. S. and Bunge, M. B. and Pearse, D. D.}, title = {Survival, integration, and axon growth support of glia transplanted into the chronically contused spinal cord.}, journal = {Cell Transplant}, school = {The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.}, year = {2005}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {225--240}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3727/000000005783983106} }
Baranowska-Bosiacka, I. and Hlynczak, A.J.	Effect of lead ions on rat erythrocyte purine content. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Biol Trace Elem Res Vol. 100(3), pp. 259-273School: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The influence of short-term exposure to lead on the energetic status of erythrocytes in rats is reported in this study. The male Wistar rats selected for this study drank water containing 1% lead(II) acetate and/or intraperitoneal injections of 1 or 2 mg/kg body wt every 4 d starting on the eighth of the experiment, over a period of 1 mo. The whole-blood lead concentration measured after 4 wk was 1.51-35.31 microg/dL. The concentrations of adenosine, adenosine triphosphates, diphosphates, and monophosphates (ATP, ADP, and AMP), guanine triphosphates, diphosphates and monophosphates (GTP, GDP, and GMP), guanosine (Guo), inosine (Ino), inosine monophosphate (IMP), hypoxantine (Hyp), and nicotinamide dinucleotide and its phosphate (NAD(+) and NADP(+)) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mean concentrations of ATP, GTP, NAD(+), and NADP(+) and those of adenylate (AEC) and guanylate (GEC) were significantly reduced in erythrocytes from the animals exposed to lead when compared to untreated controls. These results suggest that a lead ion disrupts the erythrocyte energy pathways. The decreases of NAD(+) and ATP could be used as an indicator of the extent of exposure to low levels of lead.
BibTeX: @article{Baranowska-Bosiacka:2004, author = {Baranowska-Bosiacka, Irena and Hlynczak, Alina Joanna}, title = {Effect of lead ions on rat erythrocyte purine content.}, journal = {Biol Trace Elem Res}, school = {Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.}, year = {2004}, volume = {100}, number = {3}, pages = {259--273}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/BTER:100:3:259}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:100:3:259} }
Baranowski, A.P., Priestley, J.V. and McMahon, S.	Substance P in cutaneous primary sensory neurons--a comparison of models of nerve injury that allow varying degrees of regeneration. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Neuroscience Vol. 55(4), pp. 1025-1036School: Sherrington School of Physiology, UMDS, London, U.K.	article	DOI
Abstract: We have studied changes in neuropeptide expression in four different models of nerve injury in adult rats. The models involved the cutaneous sural and saphenous nerves, and were associated with different degrees of regrowth and peripheral target reinnervation. These were: simple crush of the nerve, complete cut and self-anastomosis; cut and ligation, and cut and anastomosis of the nerve to an isolated stump of peripheral nerve. Thus, in the first two models a partial or complete reinnervation of peripheral targets was possible, while in the third and fourth it was not. The last model allowed regenerating fibres to come into contact with Schwann cells in the distal stump. We measured substance P-like immunoreactivity in the manipulated nerves (by radioimmunoassay) and the number of manipulated afferents expressing the peptide in dorsal root ganglion cells (by combined immunohistochemistry and retrograde labelling), at time points up to 12 weeks after the nerve manipulations. The retrograde labelling also allowed estimates of cell death. Two weeks after the nerve injuries, when no cell death had occurred, the nerves subjected to a cut lesion (last three models) all showed very low levels of substance P-like immunoreactivity, both in the amounts in peripheral nerve, and in the number of manipulated cell staining positively (P < 0.01). In contrast, the crush model showed no significant change in substance P levels in the nerve (P > 0.05), but a significant increase in the number of immunopositive cells (P < 0.01). Twelve weeks after the nerve manipulations, a variable degree of cell death was seen. Only 9% of afferents in the crush model were lost (P > 0.05 compared with normal) but a 39 and 45% loss was seen in tie and resuture models, respectively, (P < 0.05) for both, compared with normal), and a 63% loss in the stump model (P < 0.01 compared to normal, and P < 0.05 compared to tie and resuture models). An analysis of cell size distributions indicated that cell death affected both large and small cells. At 12 weeks, the levels of substance P in the first two models (associated with peripheral reinnervation) had returned towards, but did not reach, normal (P < 0.01), whilst the stump model showed no significant recovery and the tie model was intermediate. Proportionately more manipulated cells were found to express substance P immunoreactivity in the stump model than expected after allowing for cell death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Baranowski:1993, author = {Baranowski, A. P. and Priestley, J. V. and McMahon, S.}, title = {Substance P in cutaneous primary sensory neurons--a comparison of models of nerve injury that allow varying degrees of regeneration.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Sherrington School of Physiology, UMDS, London, U.K.}, year = {1993}, volume = {55}, number = {4}, pages = {1025--1036}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(93)90316-8} }
Barasi, S. and Pay, S.	Electrophysiological investigation of the connection between the substantia nigra and the amygdala in rat. [BibTeX]	1980	Neurosci Lett Vol. 17(3), pp. 265-269	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Barasi:1980, author = {Barasi, S. and Pay, S.}, title = {Electrophysiological investigation of the connection between the substantia nigra and the amygdala in rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1980}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {265--269}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(80)90034-8} }
Barassin, S., Raison, S., Saboureau, M., Bienvenu, C., Maître, M., Malan, A. and Pévet, P.	Circadian tryptophan hydroxylase levels and serotonin release in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	European Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 15(5), pp. 833-840	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in the regulation of the time-keeping system in rodents. In the present study, we have investigated the interplay between the rhythms of 5-HT synthesis and release in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the rat. The quantitative distribution of tryptophan hydroxylase (TpH) protein was used as an index of 5-HT synthesis, in perikarya and terminals areas. In the raphe medianus, the maximal levels of TpH was reached in the early daytime period, followed by a decrease before the onset of darkness. Conversely, in the axon terminals of the SCN the highest levels of TpH were found before the onset of the dark-period. Furthermore, TpH amount in SCN displays variations depending on the anatomical area of the SCN. Extracellular 5-HT peaked at the beginning of the night, as evidenced by in vivo microdialysis in the SCN. The 5-HT metabolite, 5-HIAA, presented a similar pattern, but the acrophase occurred in the middle of the dark period. These results suggest that TpH is transported from the soma to the nerve terminals in which 5-HT is synthesized during daytime. This would fill the intracellular stores of 5-HT to provide for its nocturnal release.
BibTeX: @article{Barassin:2002, author = {Barassin, S. and Raison, S. and Saboureau, M. and Bienvenu, C. and Maître, M. and Malan, A. and Pévet, P.}, title = {Circadian tryptophan hydroxylase levels and serotonin release in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat}, journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2002}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {833-840}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036455137&partnerID=40&md5=64da2a5ee26325bd4ea3357ad0994882}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01928.x} }
Baratta, M., Zarza, C., Gomez, D., Campeau, S., Watkins, L. and Maier, S.	Selective activation of dorsal raphe nucleus-projecting neurons in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex by controllable stress [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	European Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 30(6), pp. 1111-1116	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Exposure to uncontrollable stressors produces a variety of behavioral consequences (e.g. exaggerated fear, reduced social exploration) that do not occur if the stressor is controllable. In addition, an initial experience with a controllable stressor can block the behavioral and neural responses to a later uncontrollable stressor. The serotonergic (5-HT) dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has come to be viewed as a critical structure in mediating the behavioral effects of uncontrollable stress. Recent work suggests that the buffering effects of behavioral control on the DRN-dependent behavioral outcomes of uncontrollable stress require ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFCv) activation at the time of behavioral control. The present studies were conducted to directly determine whether or not controllable stress selectively activates DRN-projecting neurons within the mPFCv. To examine this possibility in the rat, we combined retrograde tracing (fluorogold iontophoresed into the DRN) with Fos immunohistochemistry, a marker for neural activation. Exposure to controllable, relative to uncontrollable, stress increased Fos expression in fluorogold-labeled neurons in the prelimbic region (PL) of the mPFCv. Furthermore, in a separate experiment, a prior experience with controllable stress led to potentiation of Fos expression in retrogradely labeled PL neurons in response to an uncontrollable stressor 1 week later. These results suggest that the PL selectively responds to behavioral control and utilizes such information to regulate the brainstem response to ongoing and subsequent stressors. © Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Baratta:2009a, author = {Baratta, M.V. and Zarza, C.M. and Gomez, D.M. and Campeau, S. and Watkins, L.R. and Maier, S.F.}, title = {Selective activation of dorsal raphe nucleus-projecting neurons in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex by controllable stress}, journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2009}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, pages = {1111-1116}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70349206355&partnerID=40&md5=ddcd9643debf3bfb8e45f2d039cb14d8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06867.x} }
Baratta, M.V., Zarza, C.M., Gomez, D.M., Campeau, S., Watkins, L.R. and Maier, S.F.	Selective activation of dorsal raphe nucleus-projecting neurons in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex by controllable stress. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 30(6), pp. 1111-1116School: Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA. baratta@mit.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Exposure to uncontrollable stressors produces a variety of behavioral consequences (e.g. exaggerated fear, reduced social exploration) that do not occur if the stressor is controllable. In addition, an initial experience with a controllable stressor can block the behavioral and neural responses to a later uncontrollable stressor. The serotonergic (5-HT) dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has come to be viewed as a critical structure in mediating the behavioral effects of uncontrollable stress. Recent work suggests that the buffering effects of behavioral control on the DRN-dependent behavioral outcomes of uncontrollable stress require ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFCv) activation at the time of behavioral control. The present studies were conducted to directly determine whether or not controllable stress selectively activates DRN-projecting neurons within the mPFCv. To examine this possibility in the rat, we combined retrograde tracing (fluorogold iontophoresed into the DRN) with Fos immunohistochemistry, a marker for neural activation. Exposure to controllable, relative to uncontrollable, stress increased Fos expression in fluorogold-labeled neurons in the prelimbic region (PL) of the mPFCv. Furthermore, in a separate experiment, a prior experience with controllable stress led to potentiation of Fos expression in retrogradely labeled PL neurons in response to an uncontrollable stressor 1 week later. These results suggest that the PL selectively responds to behavioral control and utilizes such information to regulate the brainstem response to ongoing and subsequent stressors.
BibTeX: @article{Baratta:2009, author = {Michael V Baratta and Christina M Zarza and Devan M Gomez and Serge Campeau and Linda R Watkins and Steven F Maier}, title = {Selective activation of dorsal raphe nucleus-projecting neurons in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex by controllable stress.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA. baratta@mit.edu}, year = {2009}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, pages = {1111--1116}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06867.x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06867.x} }
Baratta, M.V., Zarza, C.M., Gomez, D.M., Campeau, S., Watkins, L.R. and Maier, S.F.	Selective activation of dorsal raphe nucleus-projecting neurons in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex by controllable stress. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	The European journal of neuroscience Vol. 30, pp. 1111-6	article
Abstract: Exposure to uncontrollable stressors produces a variety of behavioral consequences (e.g. exaggerated fear, reduced social exploration) that do not occur if the stressor is controllable. In addition, an initial experience with a controllable stressor can block the behavioral and neural responses to a later uncontrollable stressor. The serotonergic (5-HT) dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has come to be viewed as a critical structure in mediating the behavioral effects of uncontrollable stress. Recent work suggests that the buffering effects of behavioral control on the DRN-dependent behavioral outcomes of uncontrollable stress require ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFCv) activation at the time of behavioral control. The present studies were conducted to directly determine whether or not controllable stress selectively activates DRN-projecting neurons within the mPFCv. To examine this possibility in the rat, we combined retrograde tracing (fluorogold iontophoresed into the DRN) with Fos immunohistochemistry, a marker for neural activation. Exposure to controllable, relative to uncontrollable, stress increased Fos expression in fluorogold-labeled neurons in the prelimbic region (PL) of the mPFCv. Furthermore, in a separate experiment, a prior experience with controllable stress led to potentiation of Fos expression in retrogradely labeled PL neurons in response to an uncontrollable stressor 1 week later. These results suggest that the PL selectively responds to behavioral control and utilizes such information to regulate the brainstem response to ongoing and subsequent stressors.
BibTeX: @article{Baratta:2009b, author = {Baratta, Michael V. and Zarza, Christina M. and Gomez, Devan M. and Campeau, Serge and Watkins, Linda R. and Maier, Steven F.}, title = {Selective activation of dorsal raphe nucleus-projecting neurons in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex by controllable stress.}, journal = {The European journal of neuroscience}, year = {2009}, volume = {30}, pages = {1111-6}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Baratz, K.H., Proia, A.D., Klintworth, G.K. and Lapetina, E.G.	Cholinergic stimulation of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis by rat corneal epithelium in vitro. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Curr Eye Res Vol. 6(5), pp. 691-701	article	DOI
Abstract: Phosphatidic acid (PA) is an obligate intermediate in the phosphatidylinositol (PI) cycle and may serve as a sensitive marker for this pathway of reactions. Previously, we have shown that acetylcholine (ACh) stimulates formation of labeled PA in whole rat corneas whose phospholipids were prelabeled with [14C]arachidonate. To determine which layer of the cornea exhibits the ACh effect, intact epithelium was isolated from the rest of the corneal tissue (designated "stroma/endothelium") by incubating rat corneas with neutral protease and then stripping off the epithelium using forceps. The epithelium was ultrastructurally normal and avidly incorporated [14C]arachidonate into phospholipids; the stroma/endothelium had only trace incorporation. [14C]Arachidonyl-PA formation by the epithelium was significantly increased after a 37 second (+58 and was maximal after a 5.0 minute (+188 incubation in the presence of 1 mM ACh. The stimulation by ACh was blocked by atropine and scopolamine but not by d-tubocurarine. The epithelium also incorporated significant quantities of [3H]inositol into phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol monophosphate (PIP), and phosphatidyl-inositol bisphosphate (PIP 2). When [3H]inositol-labeled epithelia were incubated for 5 minutes with 1 mM ACh, [3H]inositol monophosphate (IP) was increased 200 [3H]inositol bisphosphate (IP2) was increased 225 and [3H]inositol 2 trisphosphate (IP3) was increased 74%. These results suggest that muscarinic cholinergic receptors may be an important regulator of the PI cycle in corneal epithelium and thus may affect intracellular calcium mobilization and epithelial proliferation and regeneration.
BibTeX: @article{Baratz:1987, author = {Baratz, K. H. and Proia, A. D. and Klintworth, G. K. and Lapetina, E. G.}, title = {Cholinergic stimulation of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis by rat corneal epithelium in vitro.}, journal = {Curr Eye Res}, year = {1987}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {691--701}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3109/02713688709034832} }
Barbaresi, P. and Manfrini, E.	Glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive neurons and terminals in the periaqueductal gray of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Neuroscience Vol. 27, pp. 183-191	article	URL
Abstract: The periaqueductal gray of 5 rats was processed for immunocytochemistry using an antiserum to glutamate decarboxylase. In both colchicine-pretreated (4 rats) and untreated (1 rat) animals, glutamate decarboxylase-positive cell bodies were present in all periaqueductal gray subdivisions, especially in the dorsal and ventrolateral subdivision. The perikaryal cross-sectional area of labelled neurons was smaller than that of periaqueductal gray projecting neurons retrogradely labelled with horseradish peroxidase in separate experiments. The morphology of glutamate decarboxylase-containing neurons resembled that of small polygonal, triangular and fusiform cells described in previous Golgi studies. Glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity was also observed in a large number of terminal-like structures, most of which were distributed close to the somata and dendrites of both glutamate decarboxylate-positive and -negative neurons. At all rostrocaudal levels the highest concentration of these elements was observed around the aqueduct. These results suggest that two sub-populations of neurons are present in the periaqueductal gray of rats, one consisting of small-sized glutamate decarboxylase-positive neurons (intrinsic neurons) and the other of large-sized glutamate decarboxylase-negative neurons (projecting neurons). Intrinsic circuits could be present between glutamate decarboxylase-positive and -negative neurons and between glutamate decarboxylase-positive neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Barbaresi:1988, author = {Barbaresi, P and Manfrini, E}, title = {Glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive neurons and terminals in the periaqueductal gray of the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1988}, volume = {27}, pages = {183--191}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306452288902291/pdf?md5=5bacc8277742d24dab956b04695a5dda&pid=1-s2.0-0306452288902291-main.pdf&_valck=1} }
Barbaresi, P. and Mensa, E.	Connections from the rat dorsal column nuclei (DCN) to the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG). [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2016	Neuroscience research Vol. 109, pp. 35-47	article	DOI
Abstract: Electrical stimulation of the dorsal columns (DCs; spinal cord stimulation; SCS) has been proposed to treat chronic neuropathic pain. SCS may activate a dual mechanism that would affect both the spinal cord and supraspinal levels. Stimulation of DCs or DC nuclei (DCN) in animals where neuropathic pain has been induced causes activation of brainstem centers including the periaqueductal gray (PAG), which is involved in the endogenous pain suppression system. Biotinylated dextran-amine (BDA) was iontophoretically injected into the DCN to analyze the ascending projection directed to the PAG. Separate injections into the gracile nucleus (GrN) and the cuneate nucleus (CunN) showed BDA-positive fibers terminating in different regions of the contralateral PAG. GrN-PAG afferents terminated in the caudal and middle portions of PAG-l, whereas CunN-PAG fibers terminated in the middle and rostral portions of PAG-l. Based on the DCN somatotopic map, the GrN sends information to the PAG from the contralateral hindlimb and the tail and the CunN from the contralateral forelimb, shoulder, neck and ear. This somatotopic organization is consistent with earlier electrophysiological and PAG stimulation studies. These fibers could form part of the DCs-brainstem-spinal cord loop, which may be involved in the inhibitory effects of SCS on neuropathic pain.
BibTeX: @article{Barbaresi:2016a, author = {Barbaresi, Paolo and Mensa, Emanuela}, title = {Connections from the rat dorsal column nuclei (DCN) to the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG).}, journal = {Neuroscience research}, year = {2016}, volume = {109}, pages = {35-47}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2016.02.003} }
Barbaresi, P. and Mensà, E.	Connections from the rat dorsal column nuclei (DCN) to the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG). [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2016	Neurosci ResSchool: Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/A, Torrette di Ancona, I-60020 Ancona, Italy.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Electrical stimulation of the dorsal columns (DCs; spinal cord stimulation; SCS) has been proposed to treat chronic neuropathic pain. SCS may activate a dual mechanism that would affect both the spinal cord and supraspinal levels. Stimulation of DCs or DC nuclei (DCN) in animals where neuropathic pain has been induced causes activation of brainstem centers including the periaqueductal gray (PAG), which is involved in the endogenous pain suppression system. Biotinylated dextran-amine (BDA) was iontophoretically injected into the DCN to analyze the ascending projection directed to the PAG. Separate injections into the gracile nucleus (GrN) and the cuneate nucleus (CunN) showed BDA-positive fibers terminating in different regions of the contralateral PAG. GrN-PAG afferents terminated in the caudal and middle portions of PAG-l, whereas CunN-PAG fibers terminated in the middle and rostral portions of PAG-l. Based on the DCN somatotopic map, the GrN sends information to the PAG from the contralateral hindlimb and the tail and the CunN from the contralateral forelimb, shoulder, neck and ear. This somatotopic organization is consistent with earlier electrophysiological and PAG stimulation studies. These fibers could form part of the DCs-brainstem-spinal cord loop, which may be involved in the inhibitory effects of SCS on neuropathic pain.
BibTeX: @article{Barbaresi:2016, author = {Barbaresi, Paolo and Mensà, Emanuela}, title = {Connections from the rat dorsal column nuclei (DCN) to the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG).}, journal = {Neurosci Res}, school = {Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/A, Torrette di Ancona, I-60020 Ancona, Italy.}, year = {2016}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2016.02.003}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2016.02.003} }
Barbaresi, P., Rustioni, A. and Cuénod, M.	Retrograde labeling of dorsal root ganglion neurons after injection of tritiated amino acids in the spinal cord of rats and cats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Somatosens Res Vol. 3(1), pp. 57-74	article	DOI
Abstract: The present experiments are based upon evidence that neurons may selectively take up at their terminals, and retrogradely transport, the same chemical they use as a neurotransmitter or its analogues. In an attempt to identify dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that use glutamic acid as a neurotransmitter, [3H]D-aspartate ([3H]D-Asp) was chosen as a marker, since it is a metabolically inert amino acid known to be taken up by the same affinity mechanism as L-aspartate and L-glutamate. Adult rats and cats received injections of 50 nl to 1.5 microliter of [3H]D-Asp (500 microCi/microliter) in the dorsal horn of cervical segments (C3 to C6). At 9 to 48 hr after injection, all animals were perfused with 5% glutaraldehyde. After sections were processed for autoradiography, the DRG neurons situated most closely to the injection site were chosen from representative cases, and the number and cross-sectional area of labeled and unlabeled perikarya with a nucleolus in the plane of the section were calculated. In rats, about 4% of the sampled DRG neurons were autoradiographically labeled, and the mean perikaryal area of these neurons was about twice that of unlabeled perikarya. In cats, the percentage of labeled perikarya ranged between 6.5% and 13.27% of the sampled population. The ratio of the mean perikaryal area of labeled neurons to that of unlabeled neurons ranged between 1.6 and 2.5. In a control cat injected with [3H]proline at C7, all perikarya in the C7 DRG were autoradiographically labeled. However, with injection of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) selective retrograde labeling was observed. Quantitative data in rat showed that perikarya labeled at the C6 level after injection of this amino acid constituted about 8% of the sample population in C6 DRG. The ratio of the size of labeled to unlabeled perikarya was 2.02. In one cat injected with [3H]GABA at caudal C3, the largest number of labeled perikarya were in C4 DRG and comprised up to 5.32% of the sampled population. The ratio of the size of labeled to unlabeled perikarya was 1.57. The results in cases of injection with [3H]D-Asp may be interpreted as consistent with the idea that a fraction of DRG neurons use glutamate and/or aspartate as neurotransmitter(s).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Barbaresi:1985, author = {Barbaresi, P. and Rustioni, A. and Cuénod, M.}, title = {Retrograde labeling of dorsal root ganglion neurons after injection of tritiated amino acids in the spinal cord of rats and cats.}, journal = {Somatosens Res}, year = {1985}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {57--74}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3109/07367228509144577} }
Barbaresi, P., Spreafico, R., Frassoni, C. and Rustioni, A.	GABAergic neurons are present in the dorsal column nuclei but not in the ventroposterior complex of rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Brain Res Vol. 382(2), pp. 305-326	article	DOI
Abstract: Neurons containing glutamatic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are known to exist in the spinal dorsal horn, dorsal column nuclei (DCN), n. ventralis posterior (VP), and somatosensory cortex of cats. Recent work suggested that species differences exist concerning the presence and/or density of GAD-positive neurons in VP. The present experiments demonstrate that, in contrast with carnivores and primates, the rat's VP contains virtually no GAD-positive neurons and that virtually all neurons in it project to the cortex. This conclusion is supported by the failure to find, in Golgi-impregnated material, neurons with characteristics commonly attributed to Golgi type II neurons in VP of cats. The lack of GAD-positive neurons in VP of rats contrasts also with the presence of such neurons in the DCN in the same species. As in cats, about one third of the neurons in the cuneate n. are GAD-positive; these have mostly small perikarya and they are present throughout the nucleus. It is likely that these are intrinsic neurons, i.e. non-projecting beyond the limits of the DCN since a comparable percentage of neurons are unlabeled by simultaneous injections of horseradish peroxidase in multiple targets of the DCN. Like GAD-positive neurons, neurons unlabeled by the retrograde transport of HRP have, for the most part, small perikarya. It is possible that inhibitory mechanisms necessary for basic transfer functions in VP of rats are sustained through projections to this nucleus from the n. reticularis thalami. Extrinsic source of GABAergic input to the DCN seem to be absent or very weak. From this and previous evidence it may be proposed that intrinsic inhibitory interneurons have gradually developed in VP of rabbits, carnivores, and primates in parallel with more elaborate levels of thalamic integration of somatosensation.
BibTeX: @article{Barbaresi:1986, author = {Barbaresi, P. and Spreafico, R. and Frassoni, C. and Rustioni, A.}, title = {GABAergic neurons are present in the dorsal column nuclei but not in the ventroposterior complex of rats.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1986}, volume = {382}, number = {2}, pages = {305--326}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(86)91340-5} }
Barbaresi, P., Spreafico, R., Frassoni, C. and Rustioni, A.	GABAergic neurons are present in the dorsal column nuclei but not in the ventroposterior complex of rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Brain research Vol. 382, pp. 305-26	article
Abstract: Neurons containing glutamatic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are known to exist in the spinal dorsal horn, dorsal column nuclei (DCN), n. ventralis posterior (VP), and somatosensory cortex of cats. Recent work suggested that species differences exist concerning the presence and/or density of GAD-positive neurons in VP. The present experiments demonstrate that, in contrast with carnivores and primates, the rat's VP contains virtually no GAD-positive neurons and that virtually all neurons in it project to the cortex. This conclusion is supported by the failure to find, in Golgi-impregnated material, neurons with characteristics commonly attributed to Golgi type II neurons in VP of cats. The lack of GAD-positive neurons in VP of rats contrasts also with the presence of such neurons in the DCN in the same species. As in cats, about one third of the neurons in the cuneate n. are GAD-positive; these have mostly small perikarya and they are present throughout the nucleus. It is likely that these are intrinsic neurons, i.e. non-projecting beyond the limits of the DCN since a comparable percentage of neurons are unlabeled by simultaneous injections of horseradish peroxidase in multiple targets of the DCN. Like GAD-positive neurons, neurons unlabeled by the retrograde transport of HRP have, for the most part, small perikarya. It is possible that inhibitory mechanisms necessary for basic transfer functions in VP of rats are sustained through projections to this nucleus from the n. reticularis thalami. Extrinsic source of GABAergic input to the DCN seem to be absent or very weak. From this and previous evidence it may be proposed that intrinsic inhibitory interneurons have gradually developed in VP of rabbits, carnivores, and primates in parallel with more elaborate levels of thalamic integration of somatosensation.
BibTeX: @article{Barbaresi:1986a, author = {Barbaresi, P. and Spreafico, R. and Frassoni, C. and Rustioni, A.}, title = {GABAergic neurons are present in the dorsal column nuclei but not in the ventroposterior complex of rats.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1986}, volume = {382}, pages = {305-26}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Barbas, H. and De Olmos, J.	Projections from the amygdala to basoventral and mediodorsal prefrontal regions in the rhesus monkey. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	J Comp Neurol Vol. 300(4), pp. 549-571School: Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Massachusetts 02215.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The sources of ipsilateral projections from the amygdala to basoventral and mediodorsal prefrontal cortices were studied with retrograde tracers (horseradish peroxidase or fluorescent dyes) in 13 rhesus monkeys. The basoventral regions injected with tracers included the orbital periallocortex and proisocortex, orbital areas 13, 11, and 12, lateral area 12, and ventral area 46. The mediodorsal regions included portions of medial areas 25, 32, 14, and dorsal area 8. The above sites represent areas within two architectonic series of cortices referred to as basoventral or mediodorsal on the basis of their anatomic location. Each series consists of areas that show a gradual increase in the number of layers and their delineation in a direction from the caudal orbital and medial limbic cortices, which have an incipient laminar organization, towards the eulaminated periarcuate cortices (Barbas and Pandya, J. Comp. Neurol. 286: 353-375, '89). Labeled neurons projecting to the prefrontal cortex were found in the basolateral, basomedial (also known as accessory basal), lateral, and ventral cortical nuclei, and in the anterior amygdaloid and amygdalopiriform areas. The distribution of labeled neurons differed both quantitatively and qualitatively depending on whether the injection sites were in basoventral or mediodorsal prefrontal cortices. Cases with caudal orbital injections had the most labeled neurons in the amygdala, followed by cases with injections in cortices situated medioventrally. The latter received a high proportion of their amygdaloid projections from the basomedial nucleus. The lateral amygdaloid nucleus sent a robust projection to the least architectonically differentiated orbital periallocortex, and a weaker projection to the adjoining orbital proisocortical regions, but did not appear to project to either medial proisocortical sites or to the more differentiated ventrolateral or dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. In addition, there were topographical differences in the origin of projections from one amygdaloid nucleus directed to various prefrontal cortices. These differences were correlated either with the destination of the axons of afferent amygdaloid neurons to basoventral or to mediodorsal prefrontal cortices and/or with their projection to areas with varying degrees of laminar organization within the basoventral or mediodorsal sector. The clearest topography was observed for projections originating in the basolateral nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Barbas:1990, author = {Barbas, H. and De Olmos, J.}, title = {Projections from the amygdala to basoventral and mediodorsal prefrontal regions in the rhesus monkey.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Massachusetts 02215.}, year = {1990}, volume = {300}, number = {4}, pages = {549--571}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903000409}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903000409} }
Barbé, C., Rochetaing, A. and Kreher, P.	Mechanisms underlying the coronary vasodilation in the isolated perfused hearts of rats submitted to one week of high carbon monoxide exposure in vivo. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Inhal Toxicol Vol. 14(3), pp. 273-285School: Laboratoire de Préconditionnement et de Remodelage du Myocarde, UFR Sciences, Angers Cedex, France.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We examined the possible mechanisms for carbon monoxide (CO)-induced effects in hearts isolated from Wistar rats exposed for 1 wk to 530 ppm CO. They were treated by daily intraperitoneal injections of either methylene blue (10 mg/kg), glibenclamide (3 mg/kg), or apamin (125 nmol/kg), known to inhibit vasodilatory mechanisms. Hearts were excised, cannulated, and retrogradely perfused through the coronary artery, using the Langendorff method with a constant perfusion pressure. After stabilization, we investigated the degree of resistance to an in vitro transient global low-flow ischemia. One-week CO exposure induced a significant increase in hematocrit and a cardiomegaly, which were not affected by any of these drugs. An enhancement of coronary flow was observed concomitantly with a decrease in ischemic contracture after CO exposure. However, no improvement of contractile recovery was noted. Since methylene blue did not interact with the CO effects, a cGMP signaling pathway can be excluded. On the contrary, as glibenclamide and to a greater extend apamin blocked the vasodilatory effects of CO, we conclude that K+ channels may be involved in these CO effects.
BibTeX: @article{Barbe:2002, author = {Barbé, Christine and Rochetaing, Annie and Kreher, Paul}, title = {Mechanisms underlying the coronary vasodilation in the isolated perfused hearts of rats submitted to one week of high carbon monoxide exposure in vivo.}, journal = {Inhal Toxicol}, school = {Laboratoire de Préconditionnement et de Remodelage du Myocarde, UFR Sciences, Angers Cedex, France.}, year = {2002}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {273--285}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08958370252809059}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370252809059} }
Barbelivien, A., Noël, C., MacKenzie, E. and Dauphin, F.	Cerebrovascular evidence for a GABAergic modulation of the cholinergic vasodilatatory basalocortical system in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Brain Research Vol. 834(1-2), pp. 223-227	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The present work is aimed to study the functional relevance of GABAergic-cholinergic interactions on the modulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) exerted by the basalocortical system. Injections of GABA into the substantia innominata (SI) induce increases in blood flow in several cortical areas and inhibit partly the increases in cortical blood flow induced by cholinergic activation of this structure. Blockade of local GABAergic receptors by picrotoxin induced almost similar effects. These findings suggest that local GABAergic neurones of the SI exert a complex cortical cerebrovascular modulation at a resting and an activated state.
BibTeX: @article{Barbelivien:1999a, author = {Barbelivien, A. and Noël, C. and MacKenzie, E.T. and Dauphin, F.}, title = {Cerebrovascular evidence for a GABAergic modulation of the cholinergic vasodilatatory basalocortical system in the rat}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1999}, volume = {834}, number = {1-2}, pages = {223-227}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0344731309&partnerID=40&md5=e907451e8ee08eb976ad7cf87ffcd6ff}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01597-8} }
Barbelivien, A., Noël, C., MacKenzie, E.T. and Dauphin, F.	Cerebrovascular evidence for a GABAergic modulation of the cholinergic vasodilatatory basalocortical system in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Brain Res Vol. 834(1-2), pp. 223-227School: University of Caen, UMR 6551 CNRS, Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074, Caen, Cedex, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: The present work is aimed to study the functional relevance of GABAergic-cholinergic interactions on the modulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) exerted by the basalocortical system. Injections of GABA into the substantia innominata (SI) induce increases in blood flow in several cortical areas and inhibit partly the increases in cortical blood flow induced by cholinergic activation of this structure. Blockade of local GABAergic receptors by picrotoxin induced almost similar effects. These findings suggest that local GABAergic neurones of the SI exert a complex cortical cerebrovascular modulation at a resting and an activated state.
BibTeX: @article{Barbelivien:1999, author = {Barbelivien, A. and Noël, C. and MacKenzie, E. T. and Dauphin, F.}, title = {Cerebrovascular evidence for a GABAergic modulation of the cholinergic vasodilatatory basalocortical system in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {University of Caen, UMR 6551 CNRS, Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074, Caen, Cedex, France.}, year = {1999}, volume = {834}, number = {1-2}, pages = {223--227}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01597-8} }
Barbeliview, A., MacKenzie, E. and Dauphin, F.	Regional cerebral blood flow responses to neurochemical stimulation of the substantia innominata in the anaesthetized rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 190(2), pp. 81-84	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Since electrical stimulation of neurones may activate not only cell bodies but also neuronal fibres, this study aimed to test a selectively cholinergic neurochemical stimulation of the rat substantia innominata (SI) by the local microinjection of carbachol; the effects of this acetylcholine agonist were compared with glutamate. Cortical and subcortical cerebral blood flow (CBF) were measured in anaesthetized rats with the [14C]iodoantipyrine method by the tissue sampling technique immediately following the intracerebral (SI) microinjection of saline, 50 nmol of carbachol or glutamate. Carbachol microinjection into the SI induced a transient but significant vasodilatation in frontoparietal motor (+28%) and temporal (+41%) cortices, that lasted for less than 10 min. Glutamate did not elicit any significant CBF modifications when compared to control rats although a significant interhemispheric asymmetry after microinjection was observed in the frontoparietal motor cortex. This latter observation would suggest that the glutamate-induced cortical response is less pronounced than that elicited by carbachol. Overall, these results demonstrate that a selective cholinergic stimulation of the SI can induce a transient cortical vasodilatation and further confirms the hypothesis of a muscarinic modulation of CBF via this basal structure. © 1995.
BibTeX: @article{Barbeliview:1995, author = {Barbeliview, A. and MacKenzie, E.T. and Dauphin, F.}, title = {Regional cerebral blood flow responses to neurochemical stimulation of the substantia innominata in the anaesthetized rat}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1995}, volume = {190}, number = {2}, pages = {81-84}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028914990&partnerID=40&md5=6747674adde4c39bac0e84fbedb28033}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(95)11506-R} }
Barber, R.P., Phelps, P.E. and Vaughn, J.E.	Generation patterns of immunocytochemically identified cholinergic neurons at autonomic levels of the rat spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	J Comp Neurol Vol. 311(4), pp. 509-519School: Division of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The time at which a neuron is "born" appears to have significant consequences for the cell's subsequent differentiation. As part of a continuing investigation of cholinergic neuronal development, we have combined ChAT immunocytochemistry and [3H]thymidine autoradiography to determine the generation patterns of somatic and autonomic motor neurons at upper thoracic (T1-3), upper lumbar (L1-3), and lumbosacral (L6-S1) levels of the rat spinal cord. Additionally, the generation patterns of two subsets of cholinergic interneurons (partition cells and central canal cluster cells) were compared with those of somatic and autonomic motor neurons. Embryonic day 11 (E11) was the first day of cholinergic neuronal generation at each of the three spinal levels studied, and it also was the peak generation day for somatic and autonomic neurons in the upper thoracic spinal cord. The peak generation of homologous neurons at upper lumbar and lumbosacral spinal levels occurred at E12 and E13, respectively. Somatic and autonomic motor neurons were generated synchronously, and their production at each rostrocaudal level was virtually completed within a 2-day period. Cholinergic interneurons were generated 1 or 2 days later than motor neurons at the same rostrocaudal level. In summary, the birthdays of all spinal cholinergic neurons studied followed the general rostrocaudal spatiotemporal gradient of spinal neurogenesis. In addition, the generation of cholinergic interneurons also followed the general ventrodorsal gradient. In contrast, however, autonomic motor neurons disobeyed the rule of a ventral-to-dorsal progression of spinal neuronal generation, thus adding another example in which autonomic motor neurons display unusual developmental patterns.
BibTeX: @article{Barber:1991, author = {Barber, R. P. and Phelps, P. E. and Vaughn, J. E.}, title = {Generation patterns of immunocytochemically identified cholinergic neurons at autonomic levels of the rat spinal cord.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Division of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010.}, year = {1991}, volume = {311}, number = {4}, pages = {509--519}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903110406}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903110406} }
Barber, R.P., Phelps, P.E. and Vaughn, J.E.	Preganglionic autonomic motor neurons display normal translocation patterns in slice cultures of embryonic rat spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	J Neurosci Vol. 13(11), pp. 4898-4907School: Division of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Durate, California 91010.	article	URL
Abstract: Phenotypic differences between somatic and autonomic motor neurons (SMNs and AMNs, respectively) may be modulated by epigenetic factors during the histogenic migrations of these cells. In order to study this problem experimentally, we have developed an in vitro, organotypic slice preparation of embryonic rat spinal cord. Our main objectives for this preparation were to determine whether in vivo patterns of motor neuronal translocations were mimicked in vitro, and, if they were, to begin to analyze such movements with experimental procedures that cannot be applied to the study of mammalian spinal cord development in vivo. Using a modification of existing organotypic slice procedures, we have shown that ChAT, an axonal surface glycoprotein and a low-molecular-weight neurofilament protein are expressed in slices cultured for up to 21 d, thus indicating that spinal neurons remained viable in vitro for relatively long periods. Most importantly, retrograde labeling and subsequent confocal microscopy have shown that the SMNs and AMNs of the slice preparations become segregated ventrodorsally into two distinct subcolumns as seen in vivo. The formation of separate AMN and SMN subcolumns appears to result from a dorsal translocation of AMNs. The fact that this cellular movement occurs in the slice preparation has allowed us to follow this phenomenon directly within the same specimen over a period of days. In addition, we have been able to observe the translocation of AMNs following the removal of their peripheral synaptic targets. The results of these experiments provide further evidence that AMNs undergo a dorsal translocation during the course of spinal cord development, and that this cellular movement may be due to an active migration. They also indicate that AMN movement is not dependent upon continual connection of these neurons with the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.
BibTeX: @article{Barber:1993, author = {Barber, R. P. and Phelps, P. E. and Vaughn, J. E.}, title = {Preganglionic autonomic motor neurons display normal translocation patterns in slice cultures of embryonic rat spinal cord.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Division of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Durate, California 91010.}, year = {1993}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {4898--4907}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/13/11/4898.long} }
Barberio, M., Elmer, D., Laird, R., Lee, K., Gladden, B. and Pascoe, D.	Systemic LPS and inflammatory response during consecutive days of exercise in heat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	International Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 36(3), pp. 262-270	article	DOI URL
Abstract: This investigation studied circulating LPS activity, potential intestinal damage, and the systemic inflammatory response (SIR) during the exercise heat acclimation process. 8 healthy males (Age=24±3 years) ran in a hot environment on 5 consecutive days until core temperature (Tc) was elevated 2°C above rest. Plasma was obtained pre-, post-, 1 h post-, and 3 h post-exercise on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th day of exercise and analyzed for TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1ra, LPS, and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP). Plasma LPS (1.1 EU·ml-1±0.1 vs. 0.7 EU·ml-1±0.03; P<0.01) and I-FABP (930.7 pg·ml-1±149.0 vs. 640.2 pg·ml-1±125.0; P<0.001) were significantly increased post-exercise each. The SIR remained largely unchanged during the study except for TNF-α. Plasma TNF-α was significantly lower on Day 5 at 1 h (3.2 pg·ml-1±0.6 vs. 4.5 pg·ml-1±0.8; P=0.01) and 3 h (3.6 pg·ml-1±0.8 vs. 4.8 pg·ml-1±0.9; P=0.05) post-exercise as compared to Day 1. Findings indicate that adaptations to exercise in the heat resulting in reductions of intestinal damage and plasma LPS activity require longer time periods in moderately trained males. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart New York.
BibTeX: @article{Barberio:2015, author = {Barberio, M.D. and Elmer, D.J. and Laird, R.H. and Lee, K.A. and Gladden, B. and Pascoe, D.D.}, title = {Systemic LPS and inflammatory response during consecutive days of exercise in heat}, journal = {International Journal of Sports Medicine}, year = {2015}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {262-270}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84924282578&partnerID=40&md5=3c6601f9c8c08b6107cf3428253c629f}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1389904} }
Barbier, M., Houdayer, C., Franchi, G., Poncet, F. and Risold, P.-Y.	MCH axons, but not orexin or tyrosine hydroxylase axons, innervate the claustrum in the rat: An immunohistochemical study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2016	J Comp NeurolSchool: EA3922, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, IFR IBCT, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 25030, Besançon cedex.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The claustrum is a small, elongated nucleus close to the external capsule and deep in the insular cortex. In rodents, this nucleus is characterized by a dense cluster of parvalbumin labeling. The claustrum is connected with the cerebral cortex. It does not project to the brainstem, but brainstem structures can influence this nucleus. To identify some specific projections from the lateral hypothalamus and midbrain, we analyzed the distribution of projections labeled with antibodies against tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and hypocretin (Hcrt) in the region of the claustrum. The claustrum contains a significant projection by MCH axons, whereas it is devoid of TH projections. Unlike TH and MCH axons, Hcrt axons are scattered throughout the region. This observation is mainly discussed with regard to the role of the claustrum in cognitive functions and that of MCH in REM sleep. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Barbier:2016, author = {Barbier, Marie and Houdayer, Christophe and Franchi, Gabrielle and Poncet, Fabrice and Risold, Pierre-Yves}, title = {MCH axons, but not orexin or tyrosine hydroxylase axons, innervate the claustrum in the rat: An immunohistochemical study.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {EA3922, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, IFR IBCT, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 25030, Besançon cedex.}, year = {2016}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.24110}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.24110} }
Barbiers, M., Timmermans, J.-P., Adriaensen, D., De Groodt-Lasseel, M. and Scheuermann, D.	Projections of neurochemically specified neurons in the porcine colon [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Histochemistry and Cell Biology Vol. 103(2), pp. 115-126	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The intramural projections of nerve cells containing serotonin (5-HT), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and nitric oxide synthase or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NOS/NADPHd) were studied in the ascending colon of 5- to 6-week-old pigs by means of immunocytochemistry and histochemistry in combination with myectomy experiments. In control tissue of untreated animals, positive nerve cells and fibres were common in the myenteric and outer submucous plexus and, except for 5-HT-positive perikarya, immunoreactive cell bodies and fibres were also observed in the inner submucous plexus. VIP- and NOS/NADPHd-positive nerve fibres occurred in the ciruclar muscle layer while VIP was also abundant in nerve fibres of the mucosal layer. 5-HT- and CGRP-positive nerve fibres were virtually absent from the aganglionic nerve networks. In the submucosal layer, numerous paravascular CGRP-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibres were encountered. Myectomy studies revealed that 5-HT-, CGRP-, VIP- and NOS/NADPHd-positive myenteric neurons all displayed anal projections within the myenteric plexus. In addition, some of the serotonergic myenteric neurons projected anally to the outer submucous plexus, whereas a great number of the VIP-ergic and nitrergic myenteric neurons send their axons towards the circular muscle layer. The possible function of these nerve cells in descending nerve pathways in the porcine colon is discussed in relation to the distribution pattern of their perikarya and processes and some of their morphological characteristics. © 1995 Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX: @article{Barbiers:1995, author = {Barbiers, M. and Timmermans, J.-P. and Adriaensen, D. and De Groodt-Lasseel, M.H.A. and Scheuermann, D.W.}, title = {Projections of neurochemically specified neurons in the porcine colon}, journal = {Histochemistry and Cell Biology}, year = {1995}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, pages = {115-126}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028985801&partnerID=40&md5=5b84c400e0d43e5680607860ac460017}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01454008} }
Barbosa, F.F., Pontes, I.M.d.O., Ribeiro, S., Ribeiro, A.M. and Silva, R.H.	Differential roles of the dorsal hippocampal regions in the acquisition of spatial and temporal aspects of episodic-like memory. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Behav Brain Res Vol. 232(1), pp. 269-277School: Memory Studies Laboratory, Physiology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Episodic memory refers to the recollection of what, where and when an event occurred. Computational models suggest that the dentate gyrus (DG) and the CA3 hippocampal subregions are involved in pattern separation and the rapid acquisition of episodes, while CA1 is involved in the formation of a temporal context. Most of the studies performed to test this hypothesis failed to simultaneously address the aspects of episodic memory. Recently, a new task of object recognition was validated in rats. In the first sample trial, the rat is exposed to four copies of an object. In second sample, the rat is exposed to four copies of a different object. In the test trial, two copies of each of the previous objects are presented. One copy of the object used in sample trial one is located in a different place, and it is expected to be the most explored. Our goal was to evaluate whether the pharmacological inactivation of the dorsal DG/CA3 and CA1 subregions could differentially impair the acquisition of the task. Inactivation of the DG/CA3 subregions impaired the spatial discrimination, while the temporal discrimination was preserved. Rats treated with muscimol in CA1 explored all the objects equally well, irrespective of place or presentation time. Our results are consistent with computational models that postulate a role for DG/CA3 in rapid encoding and in spatial pattern separation, and a role for CA1 in the in the formation of the temporal context of events and as well as in detecting spatial novelty.
BibTeX: @article{Barbosa:2012, author = {Barbosa, Flávio Freitas and Pontes, Isabella Maria de Oliveira and Ribeiro, Sidarta and Ribeiro, Alessandra Mussi and Silva, Regina Helena}, title = {Differential roles of the dorsal hippocampal regions in the acquisition of spatial and temporal aspects of episodic-like memory.}, journal = {Behav Brain Res}, school = {Memory Studies Laboratory, Physiology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.}, year = {2012}, volume = {232}, number = {1}, pages = {269--277}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.04.022}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.04.022} }
Barbour, H.R., Plant, C.D., Harvey, A.R. and Plant, G.W.	Tissue sparing, behavioral recovery, supraspinal axonal sparing/regeneration following sub-acute glial transplantation in a model of spinal cord contusion. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	BMC Neurosci Vol. 14, pp. 106School: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Stanford University, Lorry I Lokey Stem Cell Research Building, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. gplant@stanford.edu.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: It has been shown that olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) and Schwann cell (SCs) transplantation are beneficial as cellular treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI), especially acute and sub-acute time points. In this study, we transplanted DsRED transduced adult OEG and SCs sub-acutely (14 days) following a T10 moderate spinal cord contusion injury in the rat. Behaviour was measured by open field (BBB) and horizontal ladder walking tests to ascertain improvements in locomotor function. Fluorogold staining was injected into the distal spinal cord to determine the extent of supraspinal and propriospinal axonal sparing/regeneration at 4 months post injection time point. The purpose of this study was to investigate if OEG and SCs cells injected sub acutely (14 days after injury) could: (i) improve behavioral outcomes, (ii) induce sparing/regeneration of propriospinal and supraspinal projections, and (iii) reduce tissue loss.OEG and SCs transplanted rats showed significant increased locomotion when compared to control injury only in the open field tests (BBB). However, the ladder walk test did not show statistically significant differences between treatment and control groups. Fluorogold retrograde tracing showed a statistically significant increase in the number of supraspinal nuclei projecting into the distal spinal cord in both OEG and SCs transplanted rats. These included the raphe, reticular and vestibular systems. Further pairwise multiple comparison tests also showed a statistically significant increase in raphe projecting neurons in OEG transplanted rats when compared to SCs transplanted animals. Immunohistochemistry of spinal cord sections short term (2 weeks) and long term (4 months) showed differences in host glial activity, migration and proteoglycan deposits between the two cell types. Histochemical staining revealed that the volume of tissue remaining at the lesion site had increased in all OEG and SCs treated groups. Significant tissue sparing was observed at both time points following glial SCs transplantation. In addition, OEG transplants showed significantly decreased chondroitin proteoglycan synthesis in the lesion site, suggesting a more CNS tolerant graft.These results show that transplantation of OEG and SCs in a sub-acute phase can improve anatomical outcomes after a contusion injury to the spinal cord, by increasing the number of spared/regenerated supraspinal fibers, reducing cavitation and enhancing tissue integrity. This provides important information on the time window of glial transplantation for the repair of the spinal cord.
BibTeX: @article{Barbour:2013, author = {Barbour, Helen R. and Plant, Christine D. and Harvey, Alan R. and Plant, Giles W.}, title = {Tissue sparing, behavioral recovery, supraspinal axonal sparing/regeneration following sub-acute glial transplantation in a model of spinal cord contusion.}, journal = {BMC Neurosci}, school = {Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Stanford University, Lorry I Lokey Stem Cell Research Building, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. gplant@stanford.edu.}, year = {2013}, volume = {14}, pages = {106}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-14-106}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-14-106} }
Barbour, W.M. and Hopwood, D.	Uptake of cationized ferritin by colonic epithelium. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	J Pathol Vol. 139(2), pp. 167-178	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Guinea-pig, rat and mouse were used in this electron microscopic study to demonstrate endocytosis in absorptive and goblet cells of the surface epithelium of the colon. Cationised ferritin was used as the electron dense tracer which attached in vivo to negatively charged membrane components. Both coated and uncoated vesicles entered the cells. The major pathway for the vesicles was to the secondary lysosomes and occurred within 10-30 min. This demonstrates a new pathway of absorption in the adult rodent colon with potential for the uptake of macromolecules. It may provide new clues to the immunology, physiology and pathology of the tissue.
BibTeX: @article{Barbour:1983, author = {Barbour, W. M. and Hopwood, D.}, title = {Uptake of cationized ferritin by colonic epithelium.}, journal = {J Pathol}, year = {1983}, volume = {139}, number = {2}, pages = {167--178}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.1711390208}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1711390208} }
Barceló, A.C., Fillipini, B. and Pazo, J.H.	Study of the neural basis of striatal modulation of the jaw-opening reflex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	J Neural Transm Vol. 117(2), pp. 171-181School: Cátedra de Fisiología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Previous experimental data from this laboratory demonstrated the participation of the striatum and dopaminergic pathways in central nociceptive processing. The objective of this study was to examine the possible pathways and neural structures associated with the analgesic action of the striatum. The experiments were carried out in rats anesthetized with urethane. The jaw-opening reflex (JOR) was evoked by electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp of lower incisors and recorded in the anterior belly of the digastric muscles. Intrastriatal microinjection of apomorphine, a nonspecific dopamine agonist, reduced or abolished the JOR amplitude. Electrolytic or kainic acid lesions, unilateral to the apomorphine-injected striatum, of the globus pallidus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, subthalamic nucleus and bilateral lesion the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM), blocked the inhibition of the JOR by striatal stimulation. These findings suggest that the main output nuclei of the striatum and the RVM may be critical elements in the neural pathways mediating the inhibition of the reflex response, evoked in jaw muscles by noxious stimulation of dental pulp.
BibTeX: @article{Barcelo:2010, author = {Barceló, Ana C. and Fillipini, B. and Pazo, Jorge Horacio}, title = {Study of the neural basis of striatal modulation of the jaw-opening reflex.}, journal = {J Neural Transm}, school = {Cátedra de Fisiología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.}, year = {2010}, volume = {117}, number = {2}, pages = {171--181}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-009-0348-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-009-0348-0} }
Bardgett, M., Jackson, J., Taylor, G. and Csernansky, J.	Kainic acid decreases hippocampal neuronal number and increases dopamine receptor binding in the nucleus accumbens: an animal model of schizophrenia [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Behavioural Brain Research Vol. 70(2), pp. 153-164	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of kainic acid (KA) produces graded neuronal loss in the hippocampus and other regions of the medial temporal lobe. Many of these brain regions send excitatory projections to the nucleus accumbens, a dopaminergic brain area implicated in psychotomimetic and antipsychotic drug action. In the present study, neurochemical function in the nucleus accumbens and anterior caudate-putamen was examined one week after i.c.v. administration of 1.5, 4.5, or 6.6 nmol of KA. As expected, i.c.v. KA produced dose-dependent neuronal loss in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Extrahippocampal neuronal loss was also observed in the thalamus and piriform cortex in some of the KA-treated rats. While ambient levels of dopamine turnover and excitatory amino acids in the nucleus accumbens were unaltered by KA, administration of the highest KA dose elevated [3H]spiperone binding exclusively in the accumbens. Finally, behavioral hyperactivity was observed in KA-treated rats over a five-week period following i.c.v. administration. The pattern of neuronal loss, receptor upregulation, and behavioral hyperactivity found after i.c.v. KA administration may provide a useful animal model of the limbic neuropathology and neurochemical dysfunction associated with schizophrenia. © 1995.
BibTeX: @article{Bardgett:1995, author = {Bardgett, M.E. and Jackson, J.L. and Taylor, G.T. and Csernansky, J.G.}, title = {Kainic acid decreases hippocampal neuronal number and increases dopamine receptor binding in the nucleus accumbens: an animal model of schizophrenia}, journal = {Behavioural Brain Research}, year = {1995}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, pages = {153-164}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028858579&partnerID=40&md5=c88320221829759390b419d65171f481}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(95)80005-0} }
Bareyre, F.M., Kerschensteiner, M., Raineteau, O., Mettenleiter, T.C., Weinmann, O. and Schwab, M.E.	The injured spinal cord spontaneously forms a new intraspinal circuit in adult rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Nat Neurosci Vol. 7(3), pp. 269-277School: Department of Neuromorphology, Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich, Switzerland. florence@pcg.wustl.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In contrast to peripheral nerves, central axons do not regenerate. Partial injuries to the spinal cord, however, are followed by functional recovery. We investigated the anatomical basis of this recovery and found that after incomplete spinal cord injury in rats, transected hindlimb corticospinal tract (CST) axons sprouted into the cervical gray matter to contact short and long propriospinal neurons (PSNs). Over 12 weeks, contacts with long PSNs that bridged the lesion were maintained, whereas contacts with short PSNs that did not bridge the lesion were lost. In turn, long PSNs arborize on lumbar motor neurons, creating a new intraspinal circuit relaying cortical input to its original spinal targets. We confirmed the functionality of this circuit by electrophysiological and behavioral testing before and after CST re-lesion. Retrograde transynaptic tracing confirmed its integrity, and revealed changes of cortical representation. Hence, after incomplete spinal cord injury, spontaneous extensive remodeling occurs, based on axonal sprout formation and removal. Such remodeling may be crucial for rehabilitation in humans.
BibTeX: @article{Bareyre:2004, author = {Bareyre, Florence M. and Kerschensteiner, Martin and Raineteau, Olivier and Mettenleiter, Thomas C. and Weinmann, Oliver and Schwab, Martin E.}, title = {The injured spinal cord spontaneously forms a new intraspinal circuit in adult rats.}, journal = {Nat Neurosci}, school = {Department of Neuromorphology, Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich, Switzerland. florence@pcg.wustl.edu}, year = {2004}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {269--277}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1195}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1195} }
Bareyre, F.M., Kerschensteiner, M., Raineteau, O., Mettenleiter, T.C., Weinmann, O. and Schwab, M.E.	The injured spinal cord spontaneously forms a new intraspinal circuit in adult rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Nature neuroscience Vol. 7, pp. 269-77	article
Abstract: In contrast to peripheral nerves, central axons do not regenerate. Partial injuries to the spinal cord, however, are followed by functional recovery. We investigated the anatomical basis of this recovery and found that after incomplete spinal cord injury in rats, transected hindlimb corticospinal tract (CST) axons sprouted into the cervical gray matter to contact short and long propriospinal neurons (PSNs). Over 12 weeks, contacts with long PSNs that bridged the lesion were maintained, whereas contacts with short PSNs that did not bridge the lesion were lost. In turn, long PSNs arborize on lumbar motor neurons, creating a new intraspinal circuit relaying cortical input to its original spinal targets. We confirmed the functionality of this circuit by electrophysiological and behavioral testing before and after CST re-lesion. Retrograde transynaptic tracing confirmed its integrity, and revealed changes of cortical representation. Hence, after incomplete spinal cord injury, spontaneous extensive remodeling occurs, based on axonal sprout formation and removal. Such remodeling may be crucial for rehabilitation in humans.
BibTeX: @article{Bareyre:2004a, author = {Bareyre, Florence M. and Kerschensteiner, Martin and Raineteau, Olivier and Mettenleiter, Thomas C. and Weinmann, Oliver and Schwab, Martin E.}, title = {The injured spinal cord spontaneously forms a new intraspinal circuit in adult rats.}, journal = {Nature neuroscience}, year = {2004}, volume = {7}, pages = {269-77}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Barg, J., Belcheva, M. and Coscia, C.	Evidence for the implication of phosphoinositol signal transduction in mu-opioid inhibition of DNA synthesis. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	J Neurochem Vol. 59(3), pp. 1145-1152School: E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri 63104-1079.	article	DOI
Abstract: An opioid receptor agonist, [D-Ala2,Me-Phe4,Glyol5]enkephalin (DAMGE), decreased [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA of fetal rat brain cell aggregates. This action proved to depend on the dose of this enkephalin analog and the interval the aggregates were maintained in culture. The opioid antagonist naltrexone and the mu-specific antagonist cyclic D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr amide (CTOP) reversed the DAMGE effect, arguing for a receptor-mediated mechanism. The mu-opioid nature of this receptor was further established by inhibiting DNA synthesis with the highly mu-selective agonist morphiceptin and blocking its action with CTOP. Several other opioids, pertussis toxin, and LiCl also diminished DNA synthesis, whereas cholera toxin elicited a modest increase. Naltrexone completely reversed the inhibition elicited by the combination of DAMGE and low doses of LiCl but not by that of high levels of LiCl alone. The enkephalin analog also reduced basal [3H]inositol trisphosphate and glutamate-stimulated [3H]inositol monophosphate and [3H]inositol bisphosphate accumulation in the aggregates. These DAMGE effects were reversed by naltrexone and were temporally correlated with the inhibition of DNA synthesis. A selective protein kinase C inhibitor, chelerythrine, also inhibited thymidine incorporation dose-dependently. The effect of DAMGE was not additive in the presence of chelerythrine but appeared to be consistent with their actions being mediated via a common signaling pathway. These results suggest the involvement of the phosphoinositol signal transduction system in the modulation of thymidine incorporation into DNA by DAMGE.
BibTeX: @article{Barg:1992, author = {Barg, J and Belcheva, MM and Coscia, CJ}, title = {Evidence for the implication of phosphoinositol signal transduction in mu-opioid inhibition of DNA synthesis.}, journal = {J Neurochem}, school = {E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri 63104-1079.}, year = {1992}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, pages = {1145--1152}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb08357.x} }
Barger, Z., Easton, C.R., Neuzil, K.E. and Moody, W.J.	Early network activity propagates bidirectionally between hippocampus and cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Dev NeurobiolSchool: Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Spontaneous activity in the developing brain helps refine neuronal connections before the arrival of sensory-driven neuronal activity. In mouse neocortex during the first postnatal week, waves of spontaneous activity originating from pacemaker regions in the septal nucleus and piriform cortex propagate through the neocortex. Using high-speed Ca(2+) imaging to resolve the spatiotemporal dynamics of wave propagation in parasagittal mouse brain slices, we show that the hippocampus can act as an additional source of neocortical waves. Some waves that originate in the hippocampus remain restricted to that structure, while others pause at the hippocampus-neocortex boundary and then propagate into the neocortex. Blocking GABAergic neurotransmission decreases the likelihood of wave propagation into neocortex, whereas blocking glutamatergic neurotransmission eliminates spontaneous and evoked hippocampal waves. A subset of hippocampal and cortical waves trigger Ca(2+) waves in astrocytic networks after a brief delay. Hippocampal waves accompanied by Ca(2+) elevation in astrocytes are more likely to propagate into the neocortex. Finally, we show that two structures in our preparation that initiate waves-the hippocampus and the piriform cortex-can be electrically stimulated to initiate propagating waves at lower thresholds than the neocortex, indicating that the intrinsic circuit properties of those regions are responsible for their pacemaker function. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Barger:2015, author = {Barger, Zeke and Easton, Curtis R. and Neuzil, Kevin E. and Moody, William J.}, title = {Early network activity propagates bidirectionally between hippocampus and cortex.}, journal = {Dev Neurobiol}, school = {Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195.}, year = {2015}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22351}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22351} }
Barik, S. and De Beaurepaire, R.	Hypothermic effects of dopamine D3 receptor agonists in the island of Calleja Magna. Potentiation by D1 activation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior Vol. 60(2), pp. 313-319	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The selective functions of D3 receptors in the brain are still poorly understood, mainly because all the ligands active at dopamine D3 receptors have also a high affinity for the D2 receptors. However, it is possible to study selectively D3 receptor function because some brain structures, such as the islands of Calleja, contain D3 and not D2 receptors. The position of the island of Calleja Magna in the rat brain makes it possible to inject dopamine D3 ligands into the vicinity of these D3 receptors, and to study their behavioral role, with no concomitant action on D2 receptors. We studied the effects on body temperature and on locomotion of unilateral microinjections of D2/D3 receptors ligands into the island of Calleja Magna and into the adjacent nucleus accumbens. The results show that D3 agonists injected into the island of Calleja Magna decrease body temperature and that this effect is potentiated by simultaneous injection of the D1 agonist SKF 38393. D3 agonists have no effect on locomotor activity in the island of Calleja Magna. In the nucleus accumbens, the D3 agonists have only weak effects on body temperature, but, when associated with a D1 agonist, strongly stimulate locomotor activity. The effects on body temperature of unilateral microinjections of dopamine agonists into unilaterally dopamine- depleted animals are the same as those in nondepleted ones. This indicates that the D3 receptors are localized postsynaptically in the island of Calleja Magna.
BibTeX: @article{Barik:1998, author = {Barik, S. and De Beaurepaire, R.}, title = {Hypothermic effects of dopamine D3 receptor agonists in the island of Calleja Magna. Potentiation by D1 activation}, journal = {Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior}, year = {1998}, volume = {60}, number = {2}, pages = {313-319}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032101538&partnerID=40&md5=d5f9822463098e8a43c9bf6fdeb986b5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(97)00560-1} }
Barja, F. and Mathison, R.	Sensory innervation of the rat portal vein and the hepatic artery. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	J Auton Nerv Syst Vol. 10(2), pp. 117-125	article	DOI
Abstract: Several neuroanatomical and neurophysiological experiments suggest that the hepatic portal vein is not only richly innervated with sympathetic efferents, but also it is an important source of afferent information. By combining retrograde tracing (with True Blue as a marker) and immunological techniques, the cell bodies for the substance P-containing nerves that surround the portal vein and the hepatic artery of the rat have been localized to the spinal sensory ganglia (T8-T13). Since dorsal root rhizotomy abolished all substance P immunoreactive material from nerve fibres that surround these blood vessels, and since no double-labelled cells were detected in the nodose ganglia, an exclusive spinal origin for the substance P-containing sensory nerves is suggested.
BibTeX: @article{Barja:1984, author = {Barja, F. and Mathison, R.}, title = {Sensory innervation of the rat portal vein and the hepatic artery.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, year = {1984}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {117--125}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1838(84)90050-x} }
Barkats, M., Bilang-Bleuel, A., Buc-Caron, M.H., Castel-Barthe, M.N., Corti, O., Finiels, F., Horellou, P., Revah, F., Sabate, O. and Mallet, J.	Adenovirus in the brain: recent advances of gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Prog Neurobiol Vol. 55(4), pp. 333-341School: Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, UMR CNRS C9923, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: Adenovirus is an efficient vector for neuronal gene therapy due to its ability to infect post-mitotic cells, its high efficacy of cell transduction and its low pathogenicity. Recombinant adenoviruses encoding for therapeutical agents can be delivered in vivo after direct intracerebral injection into specific brain areas. They can be transported in a retrograde manner from the injection site to the projection cell bodies offering promising applications for the specific targeting of selected neuronal populations not easily accessible by direct injection, such as the motor neurons in the spinal cord. Adenoviral vectors are also efficient tools for the ex vivo gene therapy, that is, the genetical modification of cells prior to their transplantation into the nervous system. Recently, the efficacy of the adenovirus as a gene vector system has been demonstrated in several models of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD) and motor neuron diseases. In rat models of PD, adenoviruses encoding for either tyrosine hydroxylase, superoxide dismutase or glial-derived neurotrophic factor improved the survival and the functional efficacy of dopaminergic cells. Similarly, the intramuscular injection of an adenovirus encoding for neurotrophin-3 had substantial therapeutic effects in a mutant mouse model of motor neuron degenerative disease. However, although adenoviruses are highly attractive for neuronal gene transfer, they can trigger a strong inflammatory reaction leading in particular to the destruction of infected cells. The recent development of new generations of adenoviral vectors could shed light on the nature of the immune reaction caused by adenoviral vectors in the brain. The use of these new vectors, combined with that of neurospecific and regulatable promoters, should improve adenovirus gene transfer into the central nervous system.
BibTeX: @article{Barkats:1998, author = {Barkats, M. and Bilang-Bleuel, A. and Buc-Caron, M. H. and Castel-Barthe, M. N. and Corti, O. and Finiels, F. and Horellou, P. and Revah, F. and Sabate, O. and Mallet, J.}, title = {Adenovirus in the brain: recent advances of gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.}, journal = {Prog Neurobiol}, school = {Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, UMR CNRS C9923, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.}, year = {1998}, volume = {55}, number = {4}, pages = {333--341}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00028-8} }
Barker, G. and Warburton, E.	When is the hippocampus involved in recognition memory? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 31(29), pp. 10721-10731	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The role of the hippocampus in recognition memory is controversial. Recognition memory judgments may be made using different types of information, including object familiarity, an object's spatial location, or when an object was encountered. Experiment 1 examined the role of the hippocampus in recognition memory tasks that required the animals to use these different types of mnemonic information. Rats with bilateral cytotoxic lesions in the hippocampus or perirhinal or prefrontal cortex were tested on a battery of spontaneous object recognition tasks requiring the animals to make recognition memory judgments using familiarity (novel object preference); object-place information (object-in-place memory), or recency information (temporal order memory). Experiment 2 examined whether, when using different types of recognition memory information, the hippocampus interacts with either the perirhinal or prefrontal cortex. Thus, groups of rats were prepared with a unilateral cytotoxic lesion in the hippocampus combined with a lesion in either the contralateral perirhinal or prefrontal cortex. Rats were then tested in a series of object recognition memory tasks. Experiment 1 revealed that the hippocampus was crucial for object location, object-in-place, and recency recognition memory, but not for the novel object preference task. Experiment 2 revealed that object-in-place and recency recognition memory performance depended on a functional interaction between the hippocampus and either the perirhinal or medial prefrontal cortices. Thus, the hippocampus plays a role in recognition memorywhensuchmemoryinvolves remembering that a particular stimulus occurred in a particular place orwhenthememorycontains a temporal or object recency component. © 2011 the authors.
BibTeX: @article{Barker:2011, author = {Barker, G.R.I. and Warburton, E.C.}, title = {When is the hippocampus involved in recognition memory?}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2011}, volume = {31}, number = {29}, pages = {10721-10731}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960678522&partnerID=40&md5=a2e05d75b1f1fd2711b94dd6dd51655e}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6413-10.2011} }
Barker, J.R., Thomas, C.F. and Behan, M.	Serotonergic projections from the caudal raphe nuclei to the hypoglossal nucleus in male and female rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Respir Physiol Neurobiol Vol. 165(2-3), pp. 175-184School: Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1102, United States.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The respiratory control system is sexually dimorphic. In many brain regions, including respiratory motor nuclei, serotonin (5HT) levels are higher in females than in males. We hypothesized that there could be sex differences in 5HT input to the hypoglossal nucleus, a region of the brainstem involved in upper airway control. Adult Fischer 344 rats were anesthetized and a retrograde transsynaptic neuroanatomical tracer, Bartha pseudorabies virus (PRV), was injected into the tongue. Sections through the medulla were reacted immunocytochemically for the presence of (i) PRV, (ii) tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH; marker of 5HT neurons), (iii) PRV combined with TPH, and (iv) 5HT. Sex hormone levels were measured in female rats and correlated with TPH immunoreactivity, as hypoglossal 5HT levels vary with the estrous cycle. The number of PRV neurons was comparable in male and female rats. The number and distribution of TPH immunoreactive neurons in the caudal raphe nuclei were similar in male and female rats. The subset of 5HT neurons that innervate hypoglossal motoneurons was also similar in male and female rats. With the exception of the ventrolateral region of the hypoglossal nucleus, 5HT immunoreactivity was similar in male and female rats. These data suggest that sex differences in 5HT modulation of hypoglossal motoneurons in male and female rats are not the result of sex differences in TPH or 5HT, but may result from differences in neurotransmitter release and reuptake, location of 5HT synaptic terminals on hypoglossal motoneurons, pre- and postsynaptic 5HT receptor expression, or the distribution of sex hormone receptors on hypoglossal or caudal raphe neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Barker:2009, author = {Barker, Jessica R. and Thomas, Cathy F. and Behan, Mary}, title = {Serotonergic projections from the caudal raphe nuclei to the hypoglossal nucleus in male and female rats.}, journal = {Respir Physiol Neurobiol}, school = {Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1102, United States.}, year = {2009}, volume = {165}, number = {2-3}, pages = {175--184}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2008.11.008}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2008.11.008} }
Barker, J.R., Thomas, C.F. and Behan, M.	Serotonergic projections from the caudal raphe nuclei to the hypoglossal nucleus in male and female rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Respiratory physiology & neurobiology Vol. 165, pp. 175-84	article
Abstract: The respiratory control system is sexually dimorphic. In many brain regions, including respiratory motor nuclei, serotonin (5HT) levels are higher in females than in males. We hypothesized that there could be sex differences in 5HT input to the hypoglossal nucleus, a region of the brainstem involved in upper airway control. Adult Fischer 344 rats were anesthetized and a retrograde transsynaptic neuroanatomical tracer, Bartha pseudorabies virus (PRV), was injected into the tongue. Sections through the medulla were reacted immunocytochemically for the presence of (i) PRV, (ii) tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH; marker of 5HT neurons), (iii) PRV combined with TPH, and (iv) 5HT. Sex hormone levels were measured in female rats and correlated with TPH immunoreactivity, as hypoglossal 5HT levels vary with the estrous cycle. The number of PRV neurons was comparable in male and female rats. The number and distribution of TPH immunoreactive neurons in the caudal raphe nuclei were similar in male and female rats. The subset of 5HT neurons that innervate hypoglossal motoneurons was also similar in male and female rats. With the exception of the ventrolateral region of the hypoglossal nucleus, 5HT immunoreactivity was similar in male and female rats. These data suggest that sex differences in 5HT modulation of hypoglossal motoneurons in male and female rats are not the result of sex differences in TPH or 5HT, but may result from differences in neurotransmitter release and reuptake, location of 5HT synaptic terminals on hypoglossal motoneurons, pre- and postsynaptic 5HT receptor expression, or the distribution of sex hormone receptors on hypoglossal or caudal raphe neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Barker:2009b, author = {Barker, Jessica R. and Thomas, Cathy F. and Behan, Mary}, title = {Serotonergic projections from the caudal raphe nuclei to the hypoglossal nucleus in male and female rats.}, journal = {Respiratory physiology & neurobiology}, year = {2009}, volume = {165}, pages = {175-84}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Barker, M., Billups, B. and Hamann, M.	Focal macromolecule delivery in neuronal tissue using simultaneous pressure ejection and local electroporation. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	J Neurosci Methods Vol. 177(2), pp. 273-284School: Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, Leicester University, Medical Sciences Building, P.O. Box 138, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Electroporation creates transient pores in the plasma membrane to introduce macromolecules within a cell or cell population. Generally, electrical pulses are delivered between two electrodes separated from each other, making electroporation less likely to be localised. We have developed a new device combining local pressure ejection with local electroporation through a double-barrelled glass micropipette to transfer impermeable macromolecules in brain slices or in cultured HEK293 cells. The design achieves better targeting of the site of pressure ejection with that of electroporation. With this technique, we have been able to limit the delivery of propidium iodide or dextran amine within areas of 100-200 micrometer. We confirm that local electroporation is transient and show that when combined with pressure ejection, it allows local transfection of EGFP plasmids within HEK293 cells or within cerebellar and hippocampal slice cultures. We further show that local electroporation is less damaging when compared to global electroporation using two separate electrodes. Focal delivery of dextran amine dyes within trapezoid body fibres allowed tracing axonal tracts within brainstem slices, enabling the study of identified calyx of Held presynaptic terminals in living brain tissue. This labelling method can be used to target small nuclei in neuronal tissue and is generally applicable to the study of functional synaptic connectivity, or live axonal tracing in a variety of brain areas.
BibTeX: @article{Barker:2009a, author = {Barker, Matthew and Billups, Brian and Hamann, Martine}, title = {Focal macromolecule delivery in neuronal tissue using simultaneous pressure ejection and local electroporation.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, school = {Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, Leicester University, Medical Sciences Building, P.O. Box 138, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.}, year = {2009}, volume = {177}, number = {2}, pages = {273--284}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.10.021}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.10.021} }
Barker, M., Solinski, H.J., Hashimoto, H., Tagoe, T., Pilati, N. and Hamann, M.	Acoustic overexposure increases the expression of VGLUT-2 mediated projections from the lateral vestibular nucleus to the dorsal cochlear nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	PLoS One Vol. 7(5), pp. e35955School: Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, Leicester University, Leicester, United Kingdom.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) is a first relay of the central auditory system as well as a site for integration of multimodal information. Vesicular glutamate transporters VGLUT-1 and VGLUT-2 selectively package glutamate into synaptic vesicles and are found to have different patterns of organization in the DCN. Whereas auditory nerve fibers predominantly co-label with VGLUT-1, somatosensory inputs predominantly co-label with VGLUT-2. Here, we used retrograde and anterograde transport of fluorescent conjugated dextran amine (DA) to demonstrate that the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) exhibits ipsilateral projections to both fusiform and deep layers of the rat DCN. Stimulating the LVN induced glutamatergic synaptic currents in fusiform cells and granule cell interneurones. We combined the dextran amine neuronal tracing method with immunohistochemistry and showed that labeled projections from the LVN are co-labeled with VGLUT-2 by contrast to VGLUT-1. Wistar rats were exposed to a loud single tone (15 kHz, 110 dB SPL) for 6 hours. Five days after acoustic overexposure, the level of expression of VGLUT-1 in the DCN was decreased whereas the level of expression of VGLUT-2 in the DCN was increased including terminals originating from the LVN. VGLUT-2 mediated projections from the LVN to the DCN are likely to play a role in the head position in response to sound. Amplification of VGLUT-2 expression after acoustic overexposure could be a compensatory mechanism from vestibular inputs in response to hearing loss and to a decrease of VGLUT-1 expression from auditory nerve fibers.
BibTeX: @article{Barker:2012, author = {Barker, Matthew and Solinski, Hans Jürgen and Hashimoto, Haruka and Tagoe, Thomas and Pilati, Nadia and Hamann, Martine}, title = {Acoustic overexposure increases the expression of VGLUT-2 mediated projections from the lateral vestibular nucleus to the dorsal cochlear nucleus.}, journal = {PLoS One}, school = {Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, Leicester University, Leicester, United Kingdom.}, year = {2012}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, pages = {e35955}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035955}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035955} }
Barkhimer, T.V., Kirchhoff, J.R., Hudson, R.A., Messer Jr, W.S. and Viranga Tillekeratne, L.M.	Electrochemical detection of acetylcholine and choline: application to the quantitative nonradiochemical evaluation of choline transport. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Anal Bioanal Chem Vol. 392(4), pp. 651-662School: Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The development of analytical methods for determining the cholinergic biomarkers acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) is important for assessing their role in neurological and cognitive functions. In this review, electrochemical (EC) strategies to detect ACh and Ch are summarized and compared to other analysis methods. Recent research focusing on the development of a versatile nonradiochemical in vitro assay to evaluate Ch transport is also described. The assay coupled to analysis by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with indirect EC detection at an enzyme-modified microelectrode affords exceptional selectivity and sensitivity. Femtomole or lower mass detection limits for ACh (1 fmol) and Ch (100 amol) have been readily achieved, opening up a new range of possible experiments for investigating transport or turnover of Ch and ACh in neurobiological systems. The value of this method is illustrated through the evaluation of the pharmacological efficacy and mode of inhibition of a new class of quaternary ammonium alkyl-substituted catechol-based inhibitors of high-affinity choline transport (CHT). This microanalytical approach is particularly useful when knowledge of endogenous concentrations of Ch or ACh is desired or when the amount of available compounds or the sample size is limited. A brief description of the principles of CE is also provided.
BibTeX: @article{Barkhimer:2008, author = {Barkhimer, Tatyana V. and Kirchhoff, Jon R. and Hudson, Richard A. and Messer, Jr, William S and Viranga Tillekeratne, L. M.}, title = {Electrochemical detection of acetylcholine and choline: application to the quantitative nonradiochemical evaluation of choline transport.}, journal = {Anal Bioanal Chem}, school = {Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.}, year = {2008}, volume = {392}, number = {4}, pages = {651--662}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-2307-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-2307-2} }
Barkova, E., Turnbull, G. and Downie, J.	Colonic nociception via nucleus submedius is modulated by pontine centres in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 384(1-2), pp. 193-197	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The rat thalamic nucleus submedius responds to noxious pressure stimuli in the colon. Some neurons in and near Barrington's nucleus, a pontine center related to bladder function, also respond to colon distension. We hypothesized that colonic nociception may be relayed via Barrington's nucleus to the nucleus submedius. Experiments were carried out in 22 urethane-anesthetized male rats. Noxious stimuli were applied to the toes using standardized clips and to the colon by inflation of the balloon to 80 mmHg for 30 s using a barostat. The brain was exposed to allow recording from the nucleus submedius with a monopolar tungsten electrode and the activity of rectus muscle was assessed via silver wire electrodes. A glass pipette was inserted into Barrington's nucleus for injection of 5 mM CoCl2, a temporary neural blocker. The site of CoCl2 injection was confirmed by the presence of FluoroGold which was incorporated into the CoCl2 solution. We recorded 51 units in submedius that were excited by noxious toe pinch, 4 were inhibited. Colon distension to 80 mmHg produced visceromotor responses, excited 23 units in submedius and inhibited 13 units. Injection of CoCl2 into the region of Barrington's nucleus blocked the response to colon distension in 10 of 12 Sm units tested, but had no influence on the accompanying visceromotor response. These data point to a previously unrecognized relationship between Barrington's nucleus and submedius that may subserve colon nociception. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Barkova:2005a, author = {Barkova, E. and Turnbull, G.K. and Downie, J.W.}, title = {Colonic nociception via nucleus submedius is modulated by pontine centres in the rat}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {2005}, volume = {384}, number = {1-2}, pages = {193-197}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-20444478191&partnerID=40&md5=59dc3156bc7d8413a342b5e555549781}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.04.075} }
Barkova, E., Turnbull, G.K. and Downie, J.W.	Colonic nociception via nucleus submedius is modulated by pontine centres in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Neurosci Lett Vol. 384(1-2), pp. 193-197School: Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1X5.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The rat thalamic nucleus submedius responds to noxious pressure stimuli in the colon. Some neurons in and near Barrington's nucleus, a pontine center related to bladder function, also respond to colon distension. We hypothesized that colonic nociception may be relayed via Barrington's nucleus to the nucleus submedius. Experiments were carried out in 22 urethane-anesthetized male rats. Noxious stimuli were applied to the toes using standardized clips and to the colon by inflation of the balloon to 80 mmHg for 30 s using a barostat. The brain was exposed to allow recording from the nucleus submedius with a monopolar tungsten electrode and the activity of rectus muscle was assessed via silver wire electrodes. A glass pipette was inserted into Barrington's nucleus for injection of 5 mM CoCl2, a temporary neural blocker. The site of CoCl2 injection was confirmed by the presence of FluoroGold which was incorporated into the CoCl2 solution. We recorded 51 units in submedius that were excited by noxious toe pinch, 4 were inhibited. Colon distension to 80 mmHg produced visceromotor responses, excited 23 units in submedius and inhibited 13 units. Injection of CoCl2 into the region of Barrington's nucleus blocked the response to colon distension in 10 of 12 Sm units tested, but had no influence on the accompanying visceromotor response. These data point to a previously unrecognized relationship between Barrington's nucleus and submedius that may subserve colon nociception.
BibTeX: @article{Barkova:2005, author = {Barkova, Eva and Turnbull, Geoffrey K and Downie, John W}, title = {Colonic nociception via nucleus submedius is modulated by pontine centres in the rat.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, school = {Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1X5.}, year = {2005}, volume = {384}, number = {1-2}, pages = {193--197}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.04.075}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.04.075} }
Barmack, N.H., Baughman, R.W. and Eckenstein, F.P.	Cholinergic innervation of the cerebellum of the rat by secondary vestibular afferents. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Ann N Y Acad Sci Vol. 656, pp. 566-579School: Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97209.	article	DOI
Abstract: The cholinergic innervation of the cerebellar cortex of the rat was studied by immunohistochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase, radiochemical measurement of ChAT activity, and double labeling of ChAT-positive neurons with HRP injected into the cerebellum. ChAT immunohistochemistry revealed large mossy fiber rosettes as well as finely beaded terminals with different morphological characterization, laminar distribution within the cerebellar cortex, and regional differences within the cerebellum. Large "grapelike" ChAT-positive mossy fiber rosettes that were distributed primarily in the granule cell layer were concentrated, but not exclusively located, in three separate regions of the cerebellum: (1) the uvula-nodulus (lobules 9 and 10); (2) the flocculus, and (3) the anterior lobe vermis (lobules 1 and 2). Regional differences in ChAT-positive afferent terminations in the cerebellar cortex demonstrated by immunohistochemistry were confirmed by regional biochemical measurements of ChAT activity. Using ChAT immunohistochemistry in combination with HRP injections into the uvula-nodulus, we have studied the origin of the cholinergic projection. The caudal medial vestibular nucleus and to a lesser extent the nucleus prepositus hypglossus contain ChAT-positive neurons that were double labeled following HRP injections into the uvula-nodulus. We conclude that (1) there is a prominent cholinergic mossy fiber pathway to the vestibulocerebellum, (2) this pathway originates primarily in the caudal third of the medial vestibular nucleus, and (3) this cholinergic pathway likely mediates secondary vestibular information related to postural adjustment.
BibTeX: @article{Barmack:1992a, author = {Barmack, N. H. and Baughman, R. W. and Eckenstein, F. P.}, title = {Cholinergic innervation of the cerebellum of the rat by secondary vestibular afferents.}, journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci}, school = {Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97209.}, year = {1992}, volume = {656}, pages = {566--579}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25236.x} }
Barmack, N.H., Baughman, R.W., Eckenstein, F.P. and Shojaku, H.	Secondary vestibular cholinergic projection to the cerebellum of rabbit and rat as revealed by choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry, retrograde and orthograde tracers. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	J Comp Neurol Vol. 317(3), pp. 250-270School: Medical Center Portland, Oregon 97209.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Previously we have shown that four regions of the cerebellum, the uvula-nodulus, flocculus, ventral paraflocculus, and anterior lobe 1, receive extensive, but not exclusive, cholinergic mossy fiber projections. In the present experiment we have studied the origin of three of these projections in the rat and rabbit (uvula-nodulus, flocculus, ventral paraflocculus), using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry in combination with a double label, retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP). We have demonstrated that in both the rat and rabbit the caudal medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and to a lesser extent the nucleus prepositus hypoglossus (NPH) contain ChAT-positive neurons. Neurons of the caudal MVN are double-labeled following HRP injections into the uvula-nodulus. HRP injections into the uvula-nodulus also labeled less than 5% of the neurons in the cholinergic vestibular efferent complex. Fewer ChAT-positive neurons in the MVN and some ChAT-positive neurons in the NPH are double-labeled following HRP injections into the flocculus. Almost no ChAT-positive neurons in the MVN and some ChAT-positive neurons in the NPH are double-labeled following HRP injections into the ventral paraflocculus. Injections of Phaseolus leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into the caudal MVN of both the rat and rabbit demonstrated projection patterns to the uvula-nodulus and flocculus that were qualitatively similar to those observed using ChAT immunohistochemistry. We conclude that the cholinergic mossy fiber pathway to the cerebellum in general and the uvula-nodulus in particular is likely to mediate secondary vestibular information related to postural adjustments.
BibTeX: @article{Barmack:1992, author = {N. H. Barmack and R. W. Baughman and F. P. Eckenstein and H. Shojaku}, title = {Secondary vestibular cholinergic projection to the cerebellum of rabbit and rat as revealed by choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry, retrograde and orthograde tracers.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = { Medical Center Portland, Oregon 97209.}, year = {1992}, volume = {317}, number = {3}, pages = {250-270}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903170304}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903170304} }
Barmack, N.H., Baughman, R.W., Eckenstein, F.P. and Shojaku, H.	Secondary vestibular cholinergic projection to the cerebellum of rabbit and rat as revealed by choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry, retrograde and orthograde tracers. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 317, pp. 250-270	article	DOI
Abstract: Previously we have shown that four regions of the cerebellum, the uvula-nodulus, flocculus, ventral paraflocculus, and anterior lobe 1, receive extensive, but not exclusive, cholinergic mossy fiber projections. In the present experiment we have studied the origin of three of these projections in the rat and rabbit (uvula-nodulus, flocculus, ventral paraflocculus), using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry in combination with a double label, retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP). We have demonstrated that in both the rat and rabbit the caudal medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and to a lesser extent the nucleus prepositus hypoglossus (NPH) contain ChAT-positive neurons. Neurons of the caudal MVN are double-labeled following HRP injections into the uvula-nodulus. HRP injections into the uvula-nodulus also labeled less than 5% of the neurons in the cholinergic vestibular efferent complex. Fewer ChAT-positive neurons in the MVN and some ChAT-positive neurons in the NPH are double-labeled following HRP injections into the flocculus. Almost no ChAT-positive neurons in the MVN and some ChAT-positive neurons in the NPH are double-labeled following HRP injections into the ventral paraflocculus. Injections of Phaseolus leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into the caudal MVN of both the rat and rabbit demonstrated projection patterns to the uvula-nodulus and flocculus that were qualitatively similar to those observed using ChAT immunohistochemistry. We conclude that the cholinergic mossy fiber pathway to the cerebellum in general and the uvula-nodulus in particular is likely to mediate secondary vestibular information related to postural adjustments.
BibTeX: @article{Barmack:1992b, author = {Barmack, N H and Baughman, R W and Eckenstein, F P and Shojaku, H}, title = {Secondary vestibular cholinergic projection to the cerebellum of rabbit and rat as revealed by choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry, retrograde and orthograde tracers.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1992}, volume = {317}, pages = {250--270}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903170304} }
Barmack, N.H., Fagerson, M. and Errico, P.	Cholinergic projection to the dorsal cap of the inferior olive of the rat, rabbit, and monkey. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	J Comp Neurol Vol. 328(2), pp. 263-281School: Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97209.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The inferior olive is divided into several subnuclei that receive specific sensory information. The caudal dorsal cap of the medial accessory subdivision of the inferior olive receives horizontal optokinetic information from the nucleus of the optic tract. The immediately subjacent beta-nucleus receives vertical vestibular information mediated by a GABAergic pathway originating from the ipsilateral descending and medial vestibular nuclei. None of the transmitters to the dorsal cap have been identified. Using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry, we have identified a cholinergic pathway that terminates exclusively in the dorsal cap of rats and monkeys. No other division of the inferior olive received a significant cholinergic innervation. In the rabbit, immunostaining for ChAT reveals a weaker and more diffuse cholinergic innervation of both the dorsal cap and the subjacent beta-nucleus. In rats and rabbits we injected iontophoretically the orthograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into the medial and descending vestibular nuclei (MVN, DVN) as well as the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH) in order to trace the possible origin of the cholinergic projection. PHA-L injections into the NPH and medial aspect of the MVN labeled terminals within the contralateral dorsal cap. PHA-L injections in the central and lateral aspects of the MVN as well as the DVN labeled the ipsilateral beta-nucleus. Pressure injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the caudal dorsal cap of the rabbit inferior olive demonstrated a predominantly contralateral projection to the dorsal cap from the lateral aspect of the NPH. However, pressure injections of HRP into the caudal dorsal cap combined with ChAT immunohistochemistry in the rabbit demonstrated that most of the neurons of the NPH that projected to the dorsal cap were not cholinergic, and that most of the ChAT-positive neurons within the NPH occupied a more ventral location than the neurons within the NPH that were retrogradely labeled from the HRP injection into the contralateral dorsal cap. In the rat, we made lesions in the MVN, DVN and NPH by injection of ibotenic acid (0.3-0.5 microliter), in an attempt to deplete the dorsal cap of the inferior olive of its cholinergic input. Lesions confined to the NPH and medial aspect of the MVN of the rat caused a loss of ChAT staining in the contralateral dorsal cap. Lesions placed more laterally within the MVN or DVN failed to deplete ChAT-positive terminals in the contralateral or ipsilateral dorsal caps. The dorsal cap of the rat and monkey receives a discrete cholinergic projection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Barmack:1993, author = {N. H. Barmack and M. Fagerson and P. Errico}, title = {Cholinergic projection to the dorsal cap of the inferior olive of the rat, rabbit, and monkey.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = { Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97209.}, year = {1993}, volume = {328}, number = {2}, pages = {263--281}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903280208}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903280208} }
Barmack, N.H., Fredette, B.J. and Mugnaini, E.	Parasolitary nucleus: a source of GABAergic vestibular information to the inferior olive of rat and rabbit. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	J Comp Neurol Vol. 392(3), pp. 352-372School: R.S. Dow Neurological Sciences Institute, Legacy Good Samaritan Hospital, Portland, Oregon 97209, USA. barmackn@ohsu.edu	article	DOI
Abstract: At least two subnuclei of the inferior olive, the beta-nucleus, and the dorsomedial cell column (dmcc), contain vestibularly responsive neurons that receive a dense descending projection that uses gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as the transmitter. In contrast to the GABAergic innervation of other olivary subnuclei, the terminal boutons that terminate on neurons in the beta-nucleus and the dorsomedial cell column remain intact after cerebellectomy, ruling out both the cerebellum and the cerebellar nuclei as afferent sources. By using both immunohistochemical as well as orthograde and retrograde tracer methods, we have identified the source of the GABAergic pathway to the beta-nucleus and dmcc in both rat and rabbit. Under physiologic recording of single olivary neurons to guide electrode placement, we injected the bidirectional tracer, wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the beta-nucleus and dmcc of the inferior olive. These injections retrogradely labeled neurons in the parasolitary nucleus (Psol) near the vestibular complex. Psol neurons were identified as GABAergic with an antibody to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). In the rat, Psol neurons are small (5-7 microm in diameter) and number approximately 1,800. In the rabbit, they are slightly larger (6-9 microm in diameter) and number approximately 2,200. WGA-HRP injections in conjunction with GAD immunohistochemistry double labeled a high percentage of neurons in both the rat and rabbit Psol. Injection of the orthograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin into the area of the Psol revealed a projection from this region to both the beta-nucleus and dmcc. Subtotal electrolytic lesions of this division of the Psol caused a substantial reduction in GAD-positive synaptic terminals in both the ipsilateral beta-nucleus and dmcc. The location of these GABAergic neurons, bordering both the nucleus solitarius and caudal vestibular complex, emphasizes the importance of the Psol in the processing of both vestibular and autonomic information pertinent to postural control.
BibTeX: @article{Barmack:1998, author = {N. H. Barmack and B. J. Fredette and E. Mugnaini}, title = {Parasolitary nucleus: a source of GABAergic vestibular information to the inferior olive of rat and rabbit.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {R.S. Dow Neurological Sciences Institute, Legacy Good Samaritan Hospital, Portland, Oregon 97209, USA. barmackn@ohsu.edu}, year = {1998}, volume = {392}, number = {3}, pages = {352-372}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980316)392:3%3C352::aid-cne6%3E3.0.co;2-0} }
Barmack, N.H., Fredette, B.J. and Mugnaini, E.	Parasolitary nucleus: a source of GABAergic vestibular information to the inferior olive of rat and rabbit. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 392, pp. 352-72	article
Abstract: At least two subnuclei of the inferior olive, the beta-nucleus, and the dorsomedial cell column (dmcc), contain vestibularly responsive neurons that receive a dense descending projection that uses gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as the transmitter. In contrast to the GABAergic innervation of other olivary subnuclei, the terminal boutons that terminate on neurons in the beta-nucleus and the dorsomedial cell column remain intact after cerebellectomy, ruling out both the cerebellum and the cerebellar nuclei as afferent sources. By using both immunohistochemical as well as orthograde and retrograde tracer methods, we have identified the source of the GABAergic pathway to the beta-nucleus and dmcc in both rat and rabbit. Under physiologic recording of single olivary neurons to guide electrode placement, we injected the bidirectional tracer, wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the beta-nucleus and dmcc of the inferior olive. These injections retrogradely labeled neurons in the parasolitary nucleus (Psol) near the vestibular complex. Psol neurons were identified as GABAergic with an antibody to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). In the rat, Psol neurons are small (5-7 microm in diameter) and number approximately 1,800. In the rabbit, they are slightly larger (6-9 microm in diameter) and number approximately 2,200. WGA-HRP injections in conjunction with GAD immunohistochemistry double labeled a high percentage of neurons in both the rat and rabbit Psol. Injection of the orthograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin into the area of the Psol revealed a projection from this region to both the beta-nucleus and dmcc. Subtotal electrolytic lesions of this division of the Psol caused a substantial reduction in GAD-positive synaptic terminals in both the ipsilateral beta-nucleus and dmcc. The location of these GABAergic neurons, bordering both the nucleus solitarius and caudal vestibular complex, emphasizes the importance of the Psol in the processing of both vestibular and autonomic information pertinent to postural control.
BibTeX: @article{Barmack:1998a, author = {Barmack, N. H. and Fredette, B. J. and Mugnaini, E.}, title = {Parasolitary nucleus: a source of GABAergic vestibular information to the inferior olive of rat and rabbit.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1998}, volume = {392}, pages = {352-72}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Barman, S.M. and Gebber, G.L.	The axons of raphespinal sympathoinhibitory neurons branch in the cervical spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Brain Res Vol. 441(1-2), pp. 371-376School: Department of Pharmacology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.	article	DOI
Abstract: This study shows that the axons of some raphespinal sympathoinhibitory neurons projecting to the third thoracic spinal segment emit branches in the third-fourth cervical spinal segments of cats. This was demonstrated by using time-controlled collision of neuronal action potentials initiated by stimuli applied at these spinal levels. Antidromic mapping revealed that the cervical branches of these neurons likely terminated in Rexed's lamina VII. In contrast to these raphe neurons, the axons of ventrolateral medullospinal sympathoexcitatory neurons did not emit cervical branches.
BibTeX: @article{Barman:1988, author = {Barman, S. M. and Gebber, G. L.}, title = {The axons of raphespinal sympathoinhibitory neurons branch in the cervical spinal cord.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.}, year = {1988}, volume = {441}, number = {1-2}, pages = {371--376}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)91417-5} }
Barna, B.F., Takakura, A.C. and Moreira, T.S.	Acute exercise-induced activation of Phox2b-expressing neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in rats may involve the hypothalamus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Neuroscience Vol. 258, pp. 355-363School: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: tmoreira@icb.usp.br.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The rat retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains neurons that have a well-defined phenotype characterized by the presence of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) mRNA and a paired-like homeobox 2b (Phox2b)-immunoreactive (ir) nucleus and the absence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). These neurons are important to chemoreception. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the chemically-coded RTN neurons (ccRTN) (Phox2b(+)/TH(-)) are activated during an acute episode of running exercise. Since most RTN neurons are excited by the activation of perifornical and lateral hypothalamus (PeF/LH), a region that regulates breathing during exercise, we also tested the hypothesis that PeF/LH projections to RTN neurons contribute to their activation during acute exercise. In adult male Wistar rats that underwent an acute episode of treadmill exercise, there was a significant increase in c-Fos immunoreactive (c-Fos-ir) in PeF/LH neurons and RTN neurons that were Phox2b(+)TH(-) (p<0.05) compared to rats that did not exercise. Also the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold that was injected into RTN was detected in c-Fos-ir PeF/LH (p<0.05). In summary, the ccRTN neurons (Phox2b(+)TH(-)) are excited by running exercise. Thus, ccRTN neurons may contribute to both the chemical drive to breath and the feed-forward control of breathing associated with exercise.
BibTeX: @article{Barna:2014, author = {Barna, B. F. and Takakura, A. C. and Moreira, T. S.}, title = {Acute exercise-induced activation of Phox2b-expressing neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in rats may involve the hypothalamus.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: tmoreira@icb.usp.br.}, year = {2014}, volume = {258}, pages = {355--363}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.031}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.031} }
Barna, I. and Koenig, J.	Effects of mediobasal hypothalamic lesion on immunoreactive ACTH/β-endorphin levels in cerebrospinal fluid, in discrete brain regions, in plasma, and in pituitary of the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Brain Research Vol. 593(1), pp. 69-76	article	DOI URL
Abstract: One week after complete destruction of the mediobasal hypothalamus, immunoreactive adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and β-endorphin levels were determined in cerebrospinal fluid, trunk blood, as well as in brain and pituitary tissue samples collected from anaesthetized and cisternally cannulated rats. Control rats were sham operated. In lesioned rats we observed: (a) 60% decrease in the immunoreactive β-endorphin concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid, (b) decreased immunoreactive ACTH and β-endorphin levels in the hypothalamus, in the thalamus and in the amygdala, (c) unaffected immunoreactive ACTH/β-endorphin levels in the septum and in the hippocampus, (d) decreased immunoreactive β-endorphin levels both in the anterior and neurointermediate pituitary but unchanged immunoreactive ACTH contents in the anterior lobe, and (e) unaffected immunoreactive ACTH and β-endorphin levels in the plasma under stressful conditions. From these findings the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) more than 50% of the β-endorphin-like peptide content of the cerebrospinal fluid originates from the periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and thalamus in the rat; (2) the loss of the hypothalamic control probably enhances the intracellular proteolytic degradation of β-endorphin both in the anterior and neurointermediate pituitary lobe; (3) rats with mediobasal hyphothalamic lesion cannot react to the stressful stimuli of either anaesthesia or cisternal cannulation with elevated plasma immunoreactive ACTH and β-endorphin levels. © 1992.
BibTeX: @article{Barna:1992, author = {Barna, I. and Koenig, J.I.}, title = {Effects of mediobasal hypothalamic lesion on immunoreactive ACTH/β-endorphin levels in cerebrospinal fluid, in discrete brain regions, in plasma, and in pituitary of the rat}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1992}, volume = {593}, number = {1}, pages = {69-76}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026756815&partnerID=40&md5=93af9a86b3606d3a7e6c664ac33c8fa7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)91265-G} }
Barna, I., Koenig, J. and Makara, G.	Effects of anterolateral and posterolateral cuts around the medial hypothalamus on the immunoreactive ACTH and β-endorphin levels in selected brain regions of the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Brain Research Bulletin Vol. 42(5), pp. 353-357	article	DOI URL
Abstract: To evaluate the relative weight of the ACTH-ergic and β-endorphin- ergic pathway(s) leaving the medial hypothalamus (MH) in anterior or posterior directions immunoreactive ACTH and β-endorphin (ir-ACTH and ir- βE) were quantified in selected brain regions of the rat 7-8 days after placing anterolateral (ALC) or posterolateral (PLC) cut around the MH. Retrograde accumulation of both peptides was observed in the MH after ALC, but not after PLC. ALC resulted in dramatic decrease in ir-ACTH/ir-βE concentrations in all extra-MH brain regions tested (extra-MH hypothalamus, septum, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and medulla oblongata). In contrast, ir-ACTH and ir-βE levels decreased only in the thalamus and in the medulla oblongata after PLC. The present data indicate (a) ACTH-and βE-like substances synthesized in the arcuate region of the hypothalamus are axonally transported to extrahypothalamic brain regions by neuronal pathways leaving the MH primarily anterolateral, anterodorsal, or anteromedial direction (even the fibers of certain posteromedial or posterolateral projections leave the MH some anterior directions); (b) the posterior ACTH/βE-ergic projections seem to be of minor importance except for the thalamus and the medulla oblongata where it contributes to about one-third of the peptide content. Our biochemical study provide quantitative complementary data to the detailed immunohistochemical picture of the ACTH/βE-ergic projections in the rat brain described by Khachaturian et al.
BibTeX: @article{Barna:1997a, author = {Barna, I. and Koenig, J.I. and Makara, G.B.}, title = {Effects of anterolateral and posterolateral cuts around the medial hypothalamus on the immunoreactive ACTH and β-endorphin levels in selected brain regions of the rat}, journal = {Brain Research Bulletin}, year = {1997}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, pages = {353-357}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030937644&partnerID=40&md5=b470e82f86f603c7ad00d203ad51c9a2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-9230(96)00298-5} }
Barna, I., Koenig, J.I. and Makara, G.B.	Effects of anterolateral and posterolateral cuts around the medial hypothalamus on the immunoreactive ACTH and beta-endorphin levels in selected brain regions of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Brain Res Bull Vol. 42(5), pp. 353-357School: Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.	article
Abstract: To evaluate the relative weight of the ACTH-ergic and beta-endorphin-ergic pathway(s) leaving the medial hypothalamus (MH) in anterior or posterior directions immunoreactive ACTH and beta-endorphin (ir-ACTH and ir-betaE) were quantified in selected brain regions of the rat 7-8 days after placing anterolateral (ALC) or posterolateral (PLC) cut around the MH. Retrograde accumulation of both peptides was observed in the MH after ALC, but not after PLC. ALC resulted in dramatic decrease in ir-ACTH/ir-betaE concentrations in all extra-MH brain regions tested (extra-MH hypothalamus, septum, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and medulla oblongata). In contrast, ir-ACTH and ir-betaE levels decreased only in the thalamus and in the medulla oblongata after PLC. The present data indicate (a) ACTH- and betaE-like substances synthesized in the arcuate region of the hypothalamus are axonally transported to extrahypothalamic brain regions by neuronal pathways leaving the MH primarily anterolateral, anterodorsal, or anteromedial direction (even the fibers of certain posteromedial or posterolateral projections leave the MH some anterior directions); (b) the posterior ACTH-/betaE-ergic projections seem to be of minor importance except for the thalamus and the medulla oblongata where it contributes to about one-third of the peptide content. Our biochemical study provide quantitative complementary data to the detailed immunohistochemical picture of the ACTH/betaE-ergic projections in the rat brain described by Khachaturian et al.
BibTeX: @article{Barna:1997, author = {I. Barna and J. I. Koenig and G. B. Makara}, title = {Effects of anterolateral and posterolateral cuts around the medial hypothalamus on the immunoreactive ACTH and beta-endorphin levels in selected brain regions of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.}, year = {1997}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, pages = {353--357} }
Barnéoud, P., Descombris, E., Aubin, N. and Abrous, D.	Evaluation of simple and complex sensorimotor behaviours in rats with a partial lesion of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	European Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 12(1), pp. 322-336	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We have examined the behavioural consequences of a partial unilateral dopaminergic denervation of the rat striatum. This partial lesion was obtained by an intrastriatal 6-hydroxy-dopamine injection (6-OHDA, 20 or 10 mg divided between two injection sites) and was compared with a unilateral complete lesion resulting from an injection of 6-OHDA (2 x 6 mg) into the medial forebrain bundle. Quantification of striatal dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, and the immunohistochemical evaluation of the nigrostriatal DA system confirmed the complete and partial lesions. Animals with complete striatal denervation displayed both apomorphine- and amphetamine-induced rotations whereas the partial denervation elicited amphetamine-induced rotations only. However, the rates of amphetamine-induced rotation were not correlated with the size of the lesion. In contrast, the paw-reaching impairments were significantly correlated with the striatal dopaminergic depletion. When evaluated in the staircase test, animals with partial denervation were impaired exclusively for the paw contralateral to the side of the lesion. This motor deficit (50-75) included all components of the skilled paw use (i.e. attempt, motor coordination and success) and was observed at least 12 weeks after the lesion. However, these animals were able to perform normal stepping adjustments with the impaired paw, indicating that the partial lesion induced a coordination deficit of the paw rather than a deficit of movement initiation. After a complete lesion, stepping adjustments of the contralateral paw were dramatically impaired (by 80), an akinesia which almost certainly accounted for the great deficit in skilled paw use. The paw-reaching impairments resulting from the partial striatal denervation are proposed as a model of the early symptoms of Parkinson's disease and may be useful for the development of restorative therapies.
BibTeX: @article{Barneoud:2000, author = {Barnéoud, P. and Descombris, E. and Aubin, N. and Abrous, D.N.}, title = {Evaluation of simple and complex sensorimotor behaviours in rats with a partial lesion of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system}, journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2000}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {322-336}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033959547&partnerID=40&md5=fb64f556ca61088bc11a97488976635c}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00896.x} }
Barnes, K.L., Chernicky, C.L., Block, C.H. and Ferrario, C.M.	Distribution of catecholaminergic neuronal systems in the canine medulla oblongata and pons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	J Comp Neurol Vol. 274(1), pp. 127-141School: Department of Brain and Vascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The distribution of catecholamine-containing neurons, fibers, and varicosities in the brainstem of both adult and juvenile dogs was mapped in detail with glyoxylic acid histofluorescence. Four separate groups of catecholamine-fluorescent neurons were identified within the canine medulla and pons in locations comparable to the A1, A2, A5, and A6 regions reported in other species. However, aspects of the pattern and density of the catecholaminergic neuronal systems appeared to be unique to the dog. The A1 neurons of the caudal ventrolateral medulla were much more scattered than in rats or rabbits, but relatively similar to cats. In the A2 region of the dorsomedial medulla, catecholaminergic cells and fibers were uniquely distributed compared to other species: fluorescent neurons were scattered only within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and a distinctive pattern of fibers and varicosities outlined the nucleus of the solitary tract and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The A5 neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla appeared at the rostral limit of the A1 region. Fluorescent A5 cells were more sparse than in rats or primates, and were patterned similarly to cats and rabbits. The canine A6 region contained the most extensive and dense grouping of catecholamine neurons and was similar in pattern to the rabbits but less extensive than that seen in cats or primates. An ascending catecholaminergic fiber pathway was traced through the central tegmental field of the canine medulla and pons, with features similar to the primate. The present study provides the first description of the catecholaminergic neuronal systems of the canine medulla.
BibTeX: @article{Barnes:1988, author = {Barnes, K. L. and Chernicky, C. L. and Block, C. H. and Ferrario, C. M.}, title = {Distribution of catecholaminergic neuronal systems in the canine medulla oblongata and pons.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Brain and Vascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195.}, year = {1988}, volume = {274}, number = {1}, pages = {127--141}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902740112}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902740112} }
Barnes, K.L., Chernicky, C.L., Block, C.H. and Ferrario, C.M.	Distribution of catecholaminergic neuronal systems in the canine medulla oblongata and pons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 274, pp. 127-41	article
Abstract: The distribution of catecholamine-containing neurons, fibers, and varicosities in the brainstem of both adult and juvenile dogs was mapped in detail with glyoxylic acid histofluorescence. Four separate groups of catecholamine-fluorescent neurons were identified within the canine medulla and pons in locations comparable to the A1, A2, A5, and A6 regions reported in other species. However, aspects of the pattern and density of the catecholaminergic neuronal systems appeared to be unique to the dog. The A1 neurons of the caudal ventrolateral medulla were much more scattered than in rats or rabbits, but relatively similar to cats. In the A2 region of the dorsomedial medulla, catecholaminergic cells and fibers were uniquely distributed compared to other species: fluorescent neurons were scattered only within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and a distinctive pattern of fibers and varicosities outlined the nucleus of the solitary tract and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The A5 neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla appeared at the rostral limit of the A1 region. Fluorescent A5 cells were more sparse than in rats or primates, and were patterned similarly to cats and rabbits. The canine A6 region contained the most extensive and dense grouping of catecholamine neurons and was similar in pattern to the rabbits but less extensive than that seen in cats or primates. An ascending catecholaminergic fiber pathway was traced through the central tegmental field of the canine medulla and pons, with features similar to the primate. The present study provides the first description of the catecholaminergic neuronal systems of the canine medulla.
BibTeX: @article{Barnes:1988a, author = {Barnes, K. L. and Chernicky, C. L. and Block, C. H. and Ferrario, C. M.}, title = {Distribution of catecholaminergic neuronal systems in the canine medulla oblongata and pons.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1988}, volume = {274}, pages = {127-41}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Barnes, K.L., McQueeney, A.J., Barrett, W.R. and Knowles, W.D.	Morphology and projections of neurobiotin-labeled nucleus tractus solitarii neurons recorded in vitro. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Brain Res Bull Vol. 34(4), pp. 339-348School: Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195-5286.	article	DOI
Abstract: The suitability of the anterograde tracer neurobiotin to provide information about the morphology and projections of extracellularly or intracellularly recorded medial nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS) neurons was evaluated in horizontally oriented rat dorsal medulla in vitro slices. After responsiveness to angiotensin (Ang) II, substance P (SP), and L-glutamate was evaluated, neurons were labeled by electrophoresis of neurobiotin at the recording site. Extracellular application (2 microA for 2 min) produced discrete injection sites (40-70 microns) with a small group of labeled neurons. Ejections into the solitary tract documented that the tracer was not taken up by axons traversing the injection site. Neuronal perikarya, primary and secondary dendrites, and axons exhibited a dense Golgi-like appearance, with well-defined dendritic spines and axonal varicosities. Dendritic or axonal processes could be followed for more than 1 mm from the cell soma in a 50 microns thick section, documenting the horizontal architecture of the medial nTS. Intracellular electrophoresis filled the soma, primary and secondary dendrites, and axons of neurons characterized for responsiveness to peptides, L-glutamate and solitary tract stimulation. The location within the nTS and axonal projections of neurons responsive to Ang II and SP appeared to differ from those of cells responsive to Ang II and L-glutamate. Thus, either extracellular or intracellular application of neurobiotin in the in vitro slice can reveal differences in axonal or dendritic targets of neuronal subgroups responsive to different neurotransmitters or peptides and provide evidence for the likely autonomic significance of the neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Barnes:1994, author = {K. L. Barnes and A. J. McQueeney and W. R. Barrett and W. D. Knowles}, title = {Morphology and projections of neurobiotin-labeled nucleus tractus solitarii neurons recorded in vitro.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195-5286.}, year = {1994}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {339--348}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(94)90027-2} }
Barnes, K.L., McQueeney, A.J., Barrett, W.R. and Knowles, W.D.	Morphology and projections of neurobiotin-labeled nucleus tractus solitarii neurons recorded in vitro. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Brain research bulletin Vol. 34, pp. 339-48	article
Abstract: The suitability of the anterograde tracer neurobiotin to provide information about the morphology and projections of extracellularly or intracellularly recorded medial nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS) neurons was evaluated in horizontally oriented rat dorsal medulla in vitro slices. After responsiveness to angiotensin (Ang) II, substance P (SP), and L-glutamate was evaluated, neurons were labeled by electrophoresis of neurobiotin at the recording site. Extracellular application (2 microA for 2 min) produced discrete injection sites (40-70 microns) with a small group of labeled neurons. Ejections into the solitary tract documented that the tracer was not taken up by axons traversing the injection site. Neuronal perikarya, primary and secondary dendrites, and axons exhibited a dense Golgi-like appearance, with well-defined dendritic spines and axonal varicosities. Dendritic or axonal processes could be followed for more than 1 mm from the cell soma in a 50 microns thick section, documenting the horizontal architecture of the medial nTS. Intracellular electrophoresis filled the soma, primary and secondary dendrites, and axons of neurons characterized for responsiveness to peptides, L-glutamate and solitary tract stimulation. The location within the nTS and axonal projections of neurons responsive to Ang II and SP appeared to differ from those of cells responsive to Ang II and L-glutamate. Thus, either extracellular or intracellular application of neurobiotin in the in vitro slice can reveal differences in axonal or dendritic targets of neuronal subgroups responsive to different neurotransmitters or peptides and provide evidence for the likely autonomic significance of the neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Barnes:1994a, author = {Barnes, K. L. and McQueeney, A. J. and Barrett, W. R. and Knowles, W. D.}, title = {Morphology and projections of neurobiotin-labeled nucleus tractus solitarii neurons recorded in vitro.}, journal = {Brain research bulletin}, year = {1994}, volume = {34}, pages = {339-48}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Barnes, M. and Mitchell, C.	Differential effects of colchicine lesions of dentate granule cells on wet dog shakes and seizures elicited by direct hippocampal stimulation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Physiology and Behavior Vol. 48(1), pp. 131-138	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Direct electrical stimulation of either the dorsal or ventral hippocampal formation elicits wet dog shakes and overt seizures. Destruction of dentate granule cells in the dorsal hippocampal formation does not significantly reduce the number of wet dog shakes elicited by ventral hippocampal stimualtion. However, destruction of dentate granule cells in the ventral hippocampus virtually eliminates wet dog shaking elicited by dorsal hippocampal stimulation. Destruction of either dorsal or ventral dentate granule cells lowers the threshold for eliciting forelimb clonus with rearing. These results suggest that dentate granule cells in the ventral hippocampus are essential for wet dog shakes elicited by intrahippocampal stimulation. However, dentate granule cells throughout the hippocampal formation appear to play an important inhibitory role in the spread of seizure activity within the hippocampus. © 1990.
BibTeX: @article{Barnes:1990, author = {Barnes, M.I. and Mitchell, C.L.}, title = {Differential effects of colchicine lesions of dentate granule cells on wet dog shakes and seizures elicited by direct hippocampal stimulation}, journal = {Physiology and Behavior}, year = {1990}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, pages = {131-138}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025182461&partnerID=40&md5=90f106d32d7adbe8b386f8141beef04b}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(90)90273-7} }
Barnet, R. and Hunt, P.	The expression of fear-potentiated startle during development: Integration of learning and response systems [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Behavioral Neuroscience Vol. 120(4), pp. 861-872	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Relative to freezing, fear-potentiated startle (FPS) is developmentally delayed. Rats trained on Postnatal Day (PD) 18 expressed conditioned stimulus learning on PD 19 in freezing but not in FPS, whereas rats trained on PD 24 and tested on PD 25 expressed both freezing and FPS (Experiment 1). According to a neural maturation hypothesis, this delay results from functional immaturity of pathways mediating FPS. When rats were trained on PD 18, neither delaying the FPS test, allowing FPS pathways to develop, nor administrating the "reminder" treatment, the expression of FPS was promoted (Experiments 1, 2, and 2A). PD 18 learning was expressed in FPS on PD 25 when nontarget conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus training occurred prior to the test, and this effect was modality dependent (Experiments 3 and 4). The authors conclude that engaging mechanisms of associative encoding when FPS pathways are functional is a critical condition for integrating learning and FPS response systems in development. Copyright 2006 by the American Psychological Association.
BibTeX: @article{Barnet:2006, author = {Barnet, R.C. and Hunt, P.S.}, title = {The expression of fear-potentiated startle during development: Integration of learning and response systems}, journal = {Behavioral Neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {120}, number = {4}, pages = {861-872}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33747361769&partnerID=40&md5=d97ded2808f578f3b662e14a2997494e}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.120.4.861} }
Barnett, E.M., Evans, G.D., Sun, N., Perlman, S. and Cassell, M.D.	Anterograde tracing of trigeminal afferent pathways from the murine tooth pulp to cortex using herpes simplex virus type 1. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	J Neurosci Vol. 15(4), pp. 2972-2984School: Neuroscience Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.	article	URL
Abstract: Due to its predominantly nociceptive innervation, viral tracing from the tooth pulp provides a potential means for tracing central pain pathways. The neural pathways from the tooth pulp to cortex were determined using in situ hybridization to detect the anterograde transneuronal spread of herpes simplex virus type 1 strain H129 following inoculation into the murine mandibular incisor pulp. Virus first appeared in the brain at day 3 in the dorsomedial region of all three subnuclei of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the principal sensory nucleus. By days 5-6 virus had spread to the contralateral medial nucleus of the medial geniculate complex, posterior thalamus, and ventroposteromedial thalamus. At days 7-8 virus was detected in laminae IV and Va of the primary somatosensory cortex and lamina IV of the secondary somatosensory cortex in regions previously shown to receive input from the lower jaw. Several mice also showed infection of laminae II/III of the ipsilateral dysgranular insular cortex, along with labeling for virus in the ipsilateral external lateral parabrachial nucleus, posterior thalamus, and posterior basolateral amygdala. Our results are highly consistent with previous tracing and electrophysiological studies utilizing the tooth pulp and with studies implicating the infected structures in nociception. Viral spread appeared to define two separate afferent systems with infection of structures which have been implicated in the sensory-discriminative aspects of pain, such as the ventroposteromedial thalamus and somatosensory cortex, as well as in the dysgranular insular cortex and related subcortical nuclei which may have a role in the affective-motivational aspects of pain.
BibTeX: @article{Barnett:1995, author = {Barnett, E. M. and Evans, G. D. and Sun, N. and Perlman, S. and Cassell, M. D.}, title = {Anterograde tracing of trigeminal afferent pathways from the murine tooth pulp to cortex using herpes simplex virus type 1.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Neuroscience Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.}, year = {1995}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {2972--2984}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/15/4/2972.long} }
Baron, R. and Jänig, W.	Afferent and sympathetic neurons projecting into lumbar visceral nerves of the male rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	J Comp Neurol Vol. 314(3), pp. 429-436School: Physiologisches Institut, Christan-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The cell bodies of thoracolumbar sensory and sympathetic pre- and postganglionic neurons that project to the colon and pelvic organs of the male rat were labeled retrogradely with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in order to study numbers, segmental distribution, and location of the somata of these neurons quantitatively. HRP was applied to one hypogastric nerve (HGN), to the lumbar colonic nerves (LCN) and to the intermesenteric nerve (IMN). In order to estimate the significance of the branching of one axon into both hypogastric nerves a double-labeling technique with fluorogold and HRP was used. About 2640 neurons project into the two HGN added together (800 afferent, 1320 pre-, and 520 postganglionic), 4650 neurons into the LCN (360 afferent, 0 pre- and 4290 postganglionic), and 5990 into the IMN (1500 afferent, 1250 pre-, and 3240 postganglionic). About 4190 sympathetic postganglionic prevertebral neurons innervate the colon and pelvic organs, 1900 are located in the inferior mesenteric ganglion and 2290 in ganglia of the IMN. Considering the efferent component, the HGN mainly are preganglionic and the LCN exclusively postganglionic nerves. Branching of one axon into both HGN is a rare event and quantitatively negligible (less than 3. Afferent neurons of all three nerves were found in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) T12-L2 with the maximum in L1 and L2. The distribution of afferent neurons projecting into the LCN is shifted slightly more rostrally compared to neurons projecting into the HGN. The IMN distribution is located in a position in between. Preganglionic neurons projecting into the IMN are located in the spinal cord segments T12-L3 with the maximum in L1 and L2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Baron:1991, author = {Baron, R. and Jänig, W.}, title = {Afferent and sympathetic neurons projecting into lumbar visceral nerves of the male rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Physiologisches Institut, Christan-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany.}, year = {1991}, volume = {314}, number = {3}, pages = {429--436}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903140302}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903140302} }
Baron, R., Jänig, W. and Kollmann, W.	Sympathetic and afferent somata projecting in hindlimb nerves and the anatomical organization of the lumbar sympathetic nervous system of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	J Comp Neurol Vol. 275(3), pp. 460-468School: Physiologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The anatomy of the sympathetic pathways from the spinal cord to the lumbar sympathetic trunk and the inferior mesenteric ganglion was studied systematically in the rat. Details of the arrangements of white and gray rami communicantes, sympathetic trunk ganglia, the intermesenteric nerve, and the lumbar splanchnic nerves are summarized. A modified nomenclature for the segmental ganglia of the paravertebral sympathetic chain is proposed. Cell bodies of sensory and sympathetic axons projecting to the skin and skeletal muscle of the rat hindlimb were labeled retrogradely with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in order to study numbers, segmental distribution, and location of the somata of these neurons quantitatively. HRP was applied to the nerves supplying skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius-soleus, GS), hairy skin (sural, SU; saphenous, SA) and to a mixed nerve (tibial, TI). All sensory somata and 96.4% of the sympathetic cell bodies were located ipsilaterally. Sensory somata were commonly restricted to two adjacent dorsal root ganglia (usually L3-4 for SA; L4-5 for GS, TI; L5-6 for SU). Although the sympathetic somata were more widely distributed rostrocaudally (four to six segments), their maximum was always located one or two segments more cranially than the sensory outflow, i.e., corresponding to the rami communicantes grisei. From the data, it is estimated that 420 sympathetic and 530 afferent neurons project into GS, 590 and 3,610 into SU, 920 and 3,750 into SA, and 1,070 and 5,760 into TI. These absolute neuron numbers are compared with electron microscopic fiber counts from the literature.
BibTeX: @article{Baron:1988, author = {Baron, R. and Jänig, W. and Kollmann, W.}, title = {Sympathetic and afferent somata projecting in hindlimb nerves and the anatomical organization of the lumbar sympathetic nervous system of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Physiologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany.}, year = {1988}, volume = {275}, number = {3}, pages = {460--468}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902750310}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902750310} }
Baron, R., Jänig, W. and With, H.	Sympathetic and afferent neurones projecting into forelimb and trunk nerves and the anatomical organization of the thoracic sympathetic outflow of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	J Auton Nerv Syst Vol. 53(2-3), pp. 205-214School: Klinik für Neurologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Germany.	article	DOI
Abstract: The anatomy of the cervicothoracic sympathetic nerves was studied in the rat. Details of the arrangements of white and grey rami communicantes and superior cervical, middle cervical and stellate ganglia are given. Dorsal root and sympathetic ganglion neurones projecting to skin and muscle of the forelimb and trunk were labelled retrogradely with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in order to study their number, segmental distribution and location. HRP was applied to forelimb nerves supplying skeletal muscles (Ramus profundus of radial nerve, RP) or hairy skin (N. cutaneus brachii lateralis superior of axillary nerve, CB), to mixed nerves (median nerve, ME; ulnar nerve, UL; radial nerve, RA) and to segmental thoracic nerves supplying hairy skin of the back (dorsal cutaneous nerve, CD) and to mixed internal intercostal nerves (IC). All sensory and sympathetic neurones were located ipsilaterally. In the forelimb nerves sensory somata were commonly restricted to two or three adjacent dorsal root ganglia (usually C6-7 for CB; C7-8 for ME; C7-Th1 for RA and RP; C8-Th1 for UL). Nearly all of the sympathetic somata were located in the middle cervical and stellate ganglia (fusion of C6-Th3). Some 0-0.4% lay in Th4 and Th5, none in the superior cervical ganglia. In the trunk nerves sensory somata were strictly segmentally organized. Sympathetic somata were distributed more widely over 4-5 segments with 50-55% in the segmental ganglion and up to 41% in the next caudal segment. From the data, it is estimated that 400 sympathetic (28 and 1050 afferent neurones project into CB, 1660 (29 and 4050 into RA, 540 (42 and 760 into RP, 1010 (22 and 3670 into ME, 880 (22 and 3040 into UL, 350 (25 and 1040 into IC and 500 (27 and 1370 into CD.
BibTeX: @article{Baron:1995, author = {Baron, R. and Jänig, W. and With, H.}, title = {Sympathetic and afferent neurones projecting into forelimb and trunk nerves and the anatomical organization of the thoracic sympathetic outflow of the rat.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, school = {Klinik für Neurologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Germany.}, year = {1995}, volume = {53}, number = {2-3}, pages = {205--214}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1838(94)00171-f} }
Baron, R. and Saguer, M.	Axon-reflex reactions in affected and homologous contralateral skin after unilateral peripheral injury of thoracic segmental nerves in humans. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Neurosci Lett Vol. 165(1-2), pp. 97-100School: Klinik für Neurologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Germany.	article	DOI
Abstract: Transection and regeneration of a rat peripheral nerve on one side reduces the ability of the contralateral nerve to evoke plasma extravasation after antidromic excitation of afferent C-fibers induced by electrical nerve stimulation (afferent axon reflex). An unknown transneuronal signalling substance was postulated. In humans, axon-reflex vasodilatation was studied using cutaneous iontophoresis of histamine for C-fiber stimulation and laser Doppler flowmetry for measuring vasodilatation. As a model of peripheral nerve lesion with regeneration, patients with severe unilateral zoster neuropathy of thoracic segmental nerves were examined. Axon-reflex reactions were considerably impaired within the affected dermatome compared with the unaffected side and compared with controls. In contrast, no significant differences could be found between the unaffected corresponding sites of patients and similar dermatomes of healthy controls, indicating that this type of nerve injury does not influence the ability of the contralateral nerve to evoke axon-reflex vasodilatation.
BibTeX: @article{Baron:1994, author = {Baron, R. and Saguer, M.}, title = {Axon-reflex reactions in affected and homologous contralateral skin after unilateral peripheral injury of thoracic segmental nerves in humans.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, school = {Klinik für Neurologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Germany.}, year = {1994}, volume = {165}, number = {1-2}, pages = {97--100}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(94)90718-8} }
Barone, F.C., Cheng, J.T. and Wayner, M.J.	Reticular thalamic inhibitory input to lateral hypothalamic neurons: a functional and histochemical determination. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Brain Res Bull Vol. 33(5), pp. 575-582School: Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Smith Kline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406.	article	DOI
Abstract: Both the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and reticular thalamus (RT) have been implicated in the integration of a variety of vital functions. To determine relevant connections more specifically between cells of these two regions in the rat, functional neurophysiological and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemical techniques were utilized. Single pulse electrical stimulation of the RT modified the discharge frequency of the majority of LH neurons tested. LH neuronal responses to RT stimulation included; inhibition (66.32, excitation followed by inhibition (6.12, and excitation (7.14. Because RT stimulation resulted primarily in the inhibition of LH neuronal activity with a relative short mean latency of 1.87 +/- 0.23 ms, the existence of a possible direct inhibitory pathway from the RT to LH also was evaluated using HRP histochemistry. Retrogradely HPR labeled soma were identified in the RT after HRP was ejected extracellularly onto LH neurons, which exhibited a decrease in spontaneous activity in response to RT stimulation. These data demonstrate direct projections from the RT to the LH. In addition, HRP labeling of neurons and axons in the zona incerta-LH area following LH HRP ejections suggest this route as a synaptic pathway from RT to LH.
BibTeX: @article{Barone:1994, author = {F. C. Barone and J. T. Cheng and M. J. Wayner}, title = {Reticular thalamic inhibitory input to lateral hypothalamic neurons: a functional and histochemical determination.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Smith Kline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406.}, year = {1994}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, pages = {575--582}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(94)90083-3} }
Barone, F.C., Cheng, J.T. and Wayner, M.J.	Reticular thalamic inhibitory input to lateral hypothalamic neurons: a functional and histochemical determination. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Brain research bulletin Vol. 33, pp. 575-82	article
Abstract: Both the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and reticular thalamus (RT) have been implicated in the integration of a variety of vital functions. To determine relevant connections more specifically between cells of these two regions in the rat, functional neurophysiological and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemical techniques were utilized. Single pulse electrical stimulation of the RT modified the discharge frequency of the majority of LH neurons tested. LH neuronal responses to RT stimulation included; inhibition (66.32%), excitation followed by inhibition (6.12%), and excitation (7.14%). Because RT stimulation resulted primarily in the inhibition of LH neuronal activity with a relative short mean latency of 1.87 +/- 0.23 ms, the existence of a possible direct inhibitory pathway from the RT to LH also was evaluated using HRP histochemistry. Retrogradely HPR labeled soma were identified in the RT after HRP was ejected extracellularly onto LH neurons, which exhibited a decrease in spontaneous activity in response to RT stimulation. These data demonstrate direct projections from the RT to the LH. In addition, HRP labeling of neurons and axons in the zona incerta-LH area following LH HRP ejections suggest this route as a synaptic pathway from RT to LH.
BibTeX: @article{Barone:1994a, author = {Barone, F. C. and Cheng, J. T. and Wayner, M. J.}, title = {Reticular thalamic inhibitory input to lateral hypothalamic neurons: a functional and histochemical determination.}, journal = {Brain research bulletin}, year = {1994}, volume = {33}, pages = {575-82}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Barone, F.C., de Coronado, I.Z. and Wayner, M.J.	Gastric distension modulates hypothalamic neurons via a sympathetic afferent path through the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Brain Res Bull Vol. 38(3), pp. 239-251School: Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: The effects of gastric distension on extracellularly recorded single neuronal activity in the lateral hypothalamuslateral preoptic area-medial forebrain bundle (LPA-LH-MFB), other areas of the hypothalamus, mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG), and other areas associated with the mesencephalic reticular formation were determined in the anesthetized rat. Gastric distension was produced by filling a gastric balloon with water using a calibrated infusion pump. Experimental conditions were based on previous studies that simulated gastric distension during fluid consumption in the rat. The effects of stomach distension using water at body temperature and room temperature were compared. Neurons in both the hypothalamus and mesencephalon were modulated by gastric distension. Hypothalamic neurons exhibited responses associated with gastric distension and exhibited interactions between distension and temperature stimulation of the stomach. Neurons in the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG) and associated reticular formation also were modulated by these gastric stimuli. When the PAG was electrically stimulated, similar responses to gastric distension and PAG stimulation were observed for hypothalamic neurons. The effects of gastric distension on hypothalamic neurons were reduced or eliminated when the PAG stimulating electrode site was destroyed by electrocoagulation. In addition, the microiontophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase at hypothalamic neuronal recording sites where gastric distension effects were observed resulted in the retrograde labeling of neurons in the PAG. These gastric stimulation-induced effects on hypothalamic and mesencephalic neuronal activity were attenuated but were not permanently eliminated by bilateral cervical vagotomy. However, these effects were significantly reduced or eliminated by bilateral transection of the cervical sympathetic chain or spinal transection at the first cervical level. Because the filling of balloons placed into the abdominal cavity close to the stomach had no similar effects on neural activity, these results can be attributed primarily to the activation of gastric mechano-and temperature-sensitive receptors. These results indicate that the effects of gastric temperature/distension stimulation under these conditions are mediated to a large degree by sympathetic afferents. The PAG is clearly involved as one of the mesencephalic relays for gastric afferent input to the hypothalamus.
BibTeX: @article{Barone:1995, author = {F. C. Barone and I. Zarco de Coronado and M. J. Wayner}, title = {Gastric distension modulates hypothalamic neurons via a sympathetic afferent path through the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.}, year = {1995}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, pages = {239--251}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(95)00096-w} }
Barone, F.C., Wayner, M.J., Scharoun, S.L., Guevara-Aguilar, R. and Aguilar-Baturoni, H.U.	Afferent connections to the lateral hypothalamus: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	Brain Res Bull Vol. 7(1), pp. 75-88	article	DOI
Abstract: Horseradish peroxidase, 13% Sigma Type VI, was administered iontophoretically to the mid lateral hypothalamus (LH) of male hooded rats. Animals were perfused intracardially on the following day and brains were removed and sliced in the coronal or sagittal planes into 30-50 micrometer sections. Sections were processed with DAB and BDH for the brown and blue reaction products and later examined by bright and dark field microscopy for the presence and location of retrogradely labeled neurons. Results indicate that a significant number of afferent connections to the LH originate in the olfactory and accumbens nuclei, pyriform cortex, olfactory tracts, magnocellular and medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic regions, stria terminalis, stria hypothalamic tract, diagonal tract of Broca, caudate-putamen and globus pallidus, internal capsule, lateral septal nuclei, lateral preoptic area and anterior medial forebrain bundle, the various amygdaloid nuclei, zona incerta, perifornical region, dorsal and ventral medial hypothalamic areas, supraoptic, paraventricular and periventricular nuclei, posterior hypothalamus and medial forebrain bundle, ventral thalamic nuclei, the fields of Forel, arcuate and mammillary nuclei, adjacent to the fasciculus retroflexus, in the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, interpeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, mesencephalic reticular formation, periaqueductal gray, locus coeruleus and parabrachial region. Results are discussed in terms of previous anatomical and neurophysiological data, probable pathways, and the function of LH neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Barone:1981, author = {F. C. Barone and M. J. Wayner and S. L. Scharoun and R. Guevara-Aguilar and H. U. Aguilar-Baturoni}, title = {Afferent connections to the lateral hypothalamus: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1981}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {75--88}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(81)90101-5} }
Barone, F.C., Wayner, M.J., Scharoun, S.L., Guevara-Aguilar, R. and Aguilar-Baturoni, H.U.	Afferent connections to the lateral hypothalamus: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	Brain research bulletin Vol. 7, pp. 75-88	article	DOI
Abstract: Horseradish peroxidase, 13% Sigma Type VI, was administered iontophoretically to the mid lateral hypothalamus (LH) of male hooded rats. Animals were perfused intracardially on the following day and brains were removed and sliced in the coronal or sagittal planes into 30-50 micrometer sections. Sections were processed with DAB and BDH for the brown and blue reaction products and later examined by bright and dark field microscopy for the presence and location of retrogradely labeled neurons. Results indicate that a significant number of afferent connections to the LH originate in the olfactory and accumbens nuclei, pyriform cortex, olfactory tracts, magnocellular and medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic regions, stria terminalis, stria hypothalamic tract, diagonal tract of Broca, caudate-putamen and globus pallidus, internal capsule, lateral septal nuclei, lateral preoptic area and anterior medial forebrain bundle, the various amygdaloid nuclei, zona incerta, perifornical region, dorsal and ventral medial hypothalamic areas, supraoptic, paraventricular and periventricular nuclei, posterior hypothalamus and medial forebrain bundle, ventral thalamic nuclei, the fields of Forel, arcuate and mammillary nuclei, adjacent to the fasciculus retroflexus, in the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, interpeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, mesencephalic reticular formation, periaqueductal gray, locus coeruleus and parabrachial region. Results are discussed in terms of previous anatomical and neurophysiological data, probable pathways, and the function of LH neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Barone:1981a, author = {Barone, F C and Wayner, M J and Scharoun, S L and Guevara-Aguilar, R and Aguilar-Baturoni, H U}, title = {Afferent connections to the lateral hypothalamus: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat.}, journal = {Brain research bulletin}, year = {1981}, volume = {7}, pages = {75--88}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(81)90101-5} }
Barone, F.C., Zarco de Coronado, I. and Wayner, M.J.	Gastric distension modulates hypothalamic neurons via a sympathetic afferent path through the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Brain Res Bull Vol. 38(3), pp. 239-251School: Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: The effects of gastric distension on extracellularly recorded single neuronal activity in the lateral hypothalamuslateral preoptic area-medial forebrain bundle (LPA-LH-MFB), other areas of the hypothalamus, mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG), and other areas associated with the mesencephalic reticular formation were determined in the anesthetized rat. Gastric distension was produced by filling a gastric balloon with water using a calibrated infusion pump. Experimental conditions were based on previous studies that simulated gastric distension during fluid consumption in the rat. The effects of stomach distension using water at body temperature and room temperature were compared. Neurons in both the hypothalamus and mesencephalon were modulated by gastric distension. Hypothalamic neurons exhibited responses associated with gastric distension and exhibited interactions between distension and temperature stimulation of the stomach. Neurons in the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG) and associated reticular formation also were modulated by these gastric stimuli. When the PAG was electrically stimulated, similar responses to gastric distension and PAG stimulation were observed for hypothalamic neurons. The effects of gastric distension on hypothalamic neurons were reduced or eliminated when the PAG stimulating electrode site was destroyed by electrocoagulation. In addition, the microiontophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase at hypothalamic neuronal recording sites where gastric distension effects were observed resulted in the retrograde labeling of neurons in the PAG. These gastric stimulation-induced effects on hypothalamic and mesencephalic neuronal activity were attenuated but were not permanently eliminated by bilateral cervical vagotomy. However, these effects were significantly reduced or eliminated by bilateral transection of the cervical sympathetic chain or spinal transection at the first cervical level. Because the filling of balloons placed into the abdominal cavity close to the stomach had no similar effects on neural activity, these results can be attributed primarily to the activation of gastric mechano-and temperature-sensitive receptors. These results indicate that the effects of gastric temperature/distension stimulation under these conditions are mediated to a large degree by sympathetic afferents. The PAG is clearly involved as one of the mesencephalic relays for gastric afferent input to the hypothalamus.
BibTeX: @article{Barone:1995b, author = {Barone, F. C. and Zarco de Coronado, I. and Wayner, M. J.}, title = {Gastric distension modulates hypothalamic neurons via a sympathetic afferent path through the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.}, year = {1995}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, pages = {239--251}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(95)00096-w} }
Barone, F.C., Zarco de Coronado, I. and Wayner, M.J.	Gastric distension modulates hypothalamic neurons via a sympathetic afferent path through the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Brain research bulletin Vol. 38, pp. 239-51	article
Abstract: The effects of gastric distension on extracellularly recorded single neuronal activity in the lateral hypothalamuslateral preoptic area-medial forebrain bundle (LPA-LH-MFB), other areas of the hypothalamus, mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG), and other areas associated with the mesencephalic reticular formation were determined in the anesthetized rat. Gastric distension was produced by filling a gastric balloon with water using a calibrated infusion pump. Experimental conditions were based on previous studies that simulated gastric distension during fluid consumption in the rat. The effects of stomach distension using water at body temperature and room temperature were compared. Neurons in both the hypothalamus and mesencephalon were modulated by gastric distension. Hypothalamic neurons exhibited responses associated with gastric distension and exhibited interactions between distension and temperature stimulation of the stomach. Neurons in the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG) and associated reticular formation also were modulated by these gastric stimuli. When the PAG was electrically stimulated, similar responses to gastric distension and PAG stimulation were observed for hypothalamic neurons. The effects of gastric distension on hypothalamic neurons were reduced or eliminated when the PAG stimulating electrode site was destroyed by electrocoagulation. In addition, the microiontophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase at hypothalamic neuronal recording sites where gastric distension effects were observed resulted in the retrograde labeling of neurons in the PAG. These gastric stimulation-induced effects on hypothalamic and mesencephalic neuronal activity were attenuated but were not permanently eliminated by bilateral cervical vagotomy. However, these effects were significantly reduced or eliminated by bilateral transection of the cervical sympathetic chain or spinal transection at the first cervical level. Because the filling of balloons placed into the abdominal cavity close to the stomach had no similar effects on neural activity, these results can be attributed primarily to the activation of gastric mechano-and temperature-sensitive receptors. These results indicate that the effects of gastric temperature/distension stimulation under these conditions are mediated to a large degree by sympathetic afferents. The PAG is clearly involved as one of the mesencephalic relays for gastric afferent input to the hypothalamus.
BibTeX: @article{Barone:1995c, author = {Barone, F. C. and Zarco de Coronado, I. and Wayner, M. J.}, title = {Gastric distension modulates hypothalamic neurons via a sympathetic afferent path through the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray.}, journal = {Brain research bulletin}, year = {1995}, volume = {38}, pages = {239-51}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Barone, P., Dehay, C., Berland, M., Bullier, J. and Kennedy, H.	Developmental remodeling of primate visual cortical pathways. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Cereb Cortex Vol. 5(1), pp. 22-38School: Cerveau et Vision, INSERM U371, Bron, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: The pre- and postnatal developmental changes of the cortical afferents to area 17 were studied in the macaque monkey. Paired injections of the retrograde tracers fast blue and diamidino yellow were made in area 17. Quantitative techniques were used to examine the spatial patterns of labeling in three distinct locations of the extrastriate cortex that correspond to known visual areas. In the adult, each cortical region has a characteristic laminar distribution. In the fetus the proportion of supragranular layer neurons in all cortical regions was much higher than in the adult. The present study shows that despite the very high levels of labeled supragranular layer neurons, there is some early areal specialization so that the adult configuration does not emerge from a uniform distribution. The developmental decline in the proportion of labeled supragranular neurons is complete by 1 month after birth. Each injection of tracer gave rise in each cortical area to dense labeling in a restricted region (projection zone). Areal measurements of projection zones in the supra- and infragranular layers showed that the developmental decrease in the proportion of labeled supragranular layer neurons is accompanied by a relative change of the dimensions of supra- and infragranular projection zones: the supragranular projection zone in the fetus is larger than the infragranular projection zone and vice versa in the adult. In the fetus, the two projection zones corresponding to each of the two tracers overlap in the supragranular layers whereas they are largely separated in the infragranular layers. During development there is a progressive decrease in the overlap of the supragranular projection zones and an increase in the overlap in the infragranular layers. Again, the adult configuration is achieved 1 month after birth. This developmental inversion of the areal dimensions of the projection zones in supra- and infragranular layers is accompanied by a drastic decrease in the proportion of double-labeled neurons located in supragranular layers. These results clearly show that early in development, axonal projections to area V1 are modified in very different ways according to whether they originate from supra- or infragranular layers. This developmental process lasts for about 80 d. These findings show that in the primate there is a prolonged remodeling of axonal projections that is a highly characteristic feature of this species.
BibTeX: @article{Barone:1995a, author = {Barone, P. and Dehay, C. and Berland, M. and Bullier, J. and Kennedy, H.}, title = {Developmental remodeling of primate visual cortical pathways.}, journal = {Cereb Cortex}, school = {Cerveau et Vision, INSERM U371, Bron, France.}, year = {1995}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {22--38}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/5.1.22} }
Barot, S., Chung, A., Kim, J. and Bernstein, I.	Functional imaging of stimulus convergence in amygdalar neurons during pavlovian fear conditioning [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	PLoS ONE Vol. 4(7)	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Background: Associative conditioning is a ubiquitous form of learning throughout the animal kingdom and fear conditioning is one of the most widely researched models for studying its neurobiological basis. Fear conditioning is also considered a model system for understanding phobias and anxiety disorders. A fundamental issue in fear conditioning regards the existence and location of neurons in the brain that receive convergent information about the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) during the acquisition of conditioned fear memory. Convergent activation of neurons is generally viewed as a key event for fear learning, yet there has been almost no direct evidence of this critical event in the mammalian brain. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, we used Arc cellular compartmental analysis of temporal gene transcription by fluorescence in situ hybridization (catFISH) to identify neurons activated during single trial contextual fear conditioning in rats. To conform to temporal requirements of catFISH analysis we used a novel delayed contextual fear conditioning protocol which yields significant single- trial fear conditioning with temporal parameters amenable to catFISH analysis. Analysis yielded clear evidence that a population of BLA neurons receives convergent CS and US information at the time of the learning, that this only occurs when the CS-US arrangement is supportive of the learning, and that this process requires N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation. In contrast, CS-US convergence was not observed in dorsal hippocampus. Conclusions/Significance: Based on the pattern of Arc activation seen in conditioning and control groups, we propose that a key requirement for CS-US convergence onto BLA neurons is the potentiation of US responding by prior exposure to a novel CS. Our results also support the view that contextual fear memories are encoded in the amygdala and that the role of dorsal hippocampus is to process and transmit contextual CS information. © 2009 Barot et al.
BibTeX: @article{Barot:2009, author = {Barot, S.K. and Chung, A. and Kim, J.J. and Bernstein, I.L.}, title = {Functional imaging of stimulus convergence in amygdalar neurons during pavlovian fear conditioning}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, year = {2009}, volume = {4}, number = {7}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67650249742&partnerID=40&md5=9ae88ef3bc140e5565c2478675ee0896}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006156} }
Barr, R., Marrott, H. and Rovee-Collier, C.	The role of sensory preconditioning in memory retrieval by preverbal infants [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Learning and Behavior Vol. 31(2), pp. 111-123	article	URL
Abstract: Infants' memories are highly specific to their training stimuli; they rarely transfer learned responding. In two experiments, we asked whether sensory preconditioning facilitates the transfer of deferred imitation. In Experiments 1A and 1B, 6-month-olds were simultaneously preexposed to Puppets A and B and then saw target actions modeled on Puppet A. The infants associated the paired puppets and imitated the actions on Puppet B. In Experiment 2, the preexposure procedure was repeated, but the actions were modeled on Puppet A with a toy train in view. The infants also associated Puppet A and the train: Either object effectively reactivated both forgotten memories; thereafter, the infants again imitated the actions on Puppet B. These findings reveal that infants form specific and enduring associations between stimuli they have merely seen together. These associations facilitate the transfer of deferred imitation, both directly and indirectly, through connections to other associations.
BibTeX: @article{Barr:2003, author = {Barr, R. and Marrott, H. and Rovee-Collier, C.}, title = {The role of sensory preconditioning in memory retrieval by preverbal infants}, journal = {Learning and Behavior}, year = {2003}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {111-123}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0043237512&partnerID=40&md5=a5f5218c56f53854b6e4149ec59dae20} }
Barraco, R., El-Ridi, M., Ergene, E. and Phillis, J.	Adenosine receptor subtypes in the brainstem mediate distinct cardiovascular response patterns [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Brain Research Bulletin Vol. 26(1), pp. 59-84	article	DOI URL
Abstract: A limited occipital craniotomy was conducted on urethane-chloralose anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats to expose the caudal medulla in the region of the obex. Microinjections of highly selective agonists for adenosine receptor subtypes were made into the medial region of the caudal nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) at the level of the posterior portion of the area postrema. Cardiorespiratory parameters were subsequently recorded for a 60-min test period following microinjection of drug or vehicle solutions. The following selective adenosine receptor agonists were used: the A, agonist, N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), which is 480-fold selective for A1 receptors in rat brain binding assays, and the A2 agonist, 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (COS 21680), which is 170-fold selective for A2 receptors in rat brain binding studies and over 1500-fold selective in functional assays. The results showed that distinct and converse cardiovascular response patterns were elicited by these selective agonists for adenosine receptor subtypes following micro-injections into the caudal NTS. Specifically, COS 21680 selectively elicited potent dose-related decreases in mean arterial blood pressure (ED50 = 0.064 nmol/kg) and dose-related decreases in pulse pressure (ED50= 0.058 nmol/kg). Conversely, CPA selectively elicited potent dose-related increases in mean arterial blood pressure (ED50 = 0.62 nmol/kg) and dose-related increases in pulse pressure (ED50 = 0.70 nmol/kg). Additionally, the overall agonist-mediated response patterns were dramatically different wherein the COS agonist exhibited a considerably more rapid time course in eliciting its hypotensive responses whereas CPA exhibited a more delayed and substantially longer time course to exert its hypertensive responses. Additionally, these distinct and converse cardiovascular response patterns were further shown to be receptor-selective since the depressor responses elicited by the A2 receptor agonist, COS 21680, and the pressor responses elicited by the A1 receptor agonist, CPA, were completely and selectively blocked, respectively, by the selective A2 receptor antagonist, COS 15943A, and the selective A, receptor antagonist, DPCPX. Taken together, these findings provide persuasive in vivo evidence showing that pharmacologic activation of adenosine receptor subtypes in the caudal NTS of rats elicits specific response patterns with selective and opposite actions on cardiorespiratory behavior. These data also indicate that separate physiologic responses are specifically mediated by A2 receptors in the intact nervous system and thereby lend additional support to the case for using in vivo models to assess the functional role of adenosine A2 receptors in brain function. © 1991.
BibTeX: @article{Barraco:1991, author = {Barraco, R.A. and El-Ridi, M.R. and Ergene, E. and Phillis, J.W.}, title = {Adenosine receptor subtypes in the brainstem mediate distinct cardiovascular response patterns}, journal = {Brain Research Bulletin}, year = {1991}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {59-84}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026030452&partnerID=40&md5=1931c4f7bc84a99085bc0bee3fa6e707}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(91)90192-M} }
Barraco, R., Ergene, E., Dunbar, J., Ganduri, Y. and Anderson, G.	Y2 receptors for neuropeptide Y in the nucleus of the solitary tract mediate depressor responses [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Peptides Vol. 12(4), pp. 691-698	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats, microinjections of selective agonists of neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor subtypes were made into the medial region of the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) at the level of the area postrema. This region of the rat NTS exhibits very high densities of NPY binding sites. Microinjections of the long C-terminal NPY fragment, NPY(13-36), a selective agonist at Y2 receptors, into the caudal NTS elicited pronounced, dose-related reductions in blood pressure and respiratory minute volume. Moreover, the specific pattern of cardiorespiratory responses elicited by NPY(13-36) was remarkably similar, over approximately the same dosage range, with the cardiorespiratory response pattern elicited by intact NPY. In contrast to the potent NTS-mediated responses evoked by NPY(13-36), similar microinjections conducted with either NPY(26-36), an inactive C-terminal NPY fragment, or [Leu31,Pro34]NPY, a NPY analog with specific agonist properties at Y1 receptors, into the same caudal NTS sites did not appreciably affect cardiorespiratory parameters even at 10-20-fold higher dosages. The present results with selective agonists for NPY receptor subtypes suggest that the depressor responses and reductions in minute volume elicited by microinjections of intact NPY and NPY(13-36) were mediated by Y2 receptors in the caudal NTS, likely distributed at presynaptic sites in the medial region of the subpostremal NTS. © 1991.
BibTeX: @article{Barraco:1991a, author = {Barraco, R.A. and Ergene, E. and Dunbar, J.C. and Ganduri, Y.L. and Anderson, G.F.}, title = {Y2 receptors for neuropeptide Y in the nucleus of the solitary tract mediate depressor responses}, journal = {Peptides}, year = {1991}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {691-698}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025918502&partnerID=40&md5=09738e24f829debddad4104ee8655142}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-9781(91)90121-5} }
Barreiro, K., Suárez, L., Lynch, V., Molina, V. and Delorenzi, A.	Memory expression is independent of memory labilization/reconsolidation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Neurobiology of Learning and Memory Vol. 106, pp. 283-291	article	DOI URL
Abstract: There is growing evidence that certain reactivation conditions restrict the onset of both the destabilization phase and the restabilization process or reconsolidation. However, it is not yet clear how changes in memory expression during the retrieval experience can influence the emergence of the labilization/reconsolidation process. To address this issue, we used the context-signal memory model of Chasmagnathus. In this paradigm a short reminder that does not include reinforcement allows us to evaluate memory labilization and reconsolidation, whereas a short but reinforced reminder restricts the onset of such a process. The current study investigated the effects of the glutamate antagonists, APV (0.6 or 1.5. μg/g) and CNQX (1. μg/g), prior to the reminder session on both behavioral expression and the reconsolidation process. Under conditions where the reminder does not initiate the labilization/reconsolidation process, APV prevented memory expression without affecting long-term memory retention. In contrast, APV induced amnesic effects in the long-term when administered before a reminder session that triggers reconsolidation. Under the present parametric conditions, the administration of CNQX prior to the reminder that allows memory to enter reconsolidation impairs this process without disrupting memory expression. Overall, the present findings suggest that memory reactivation - but not memory expression- is necessary for labilization and reconsolidation. Retrieval and memory expression therefore appear not to be interchangeable concepts. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Barreiro:2013, author = {Barreiro, K.A. and Suárez, L.D. and Lynch, V.M. and Molina, V.A. and Delorenzi, A.}, title = {Memory expression is independent of memory labilization/reconsolidation}, journal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory}, year = {2013}, volume = {106}, pages = {283-291}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84887324137&partnerID=40&md5=4db327a24c75c9079d252a425d5dd62a}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2013.10.006} }
Barrera, G., Hernandez, A., Poulin, J.-F., Laforest, S., Drolet, G. and Morilak, D.A.	Galanin-mediated anxiolytic effect in rat central amygdala is not a result of corelease from noradrenergic terminals. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Synapse Vol. 59(1), pp. 27-40School: Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, 78229, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Galanin is colocalized extensively with norepinephrine in brain. Although this suggests possible activity-dependent neurotransmitter interactions, the functional significance of such colocalization remains elusive. Previously, we showed that enhancing stress-activation of the noradrenergic system by yohimbine pretreatment released galanin in central amygdala, attenuating the anxiety-like behavioral response to stress on the elevated plus-maze. The present study was conducted to determine, in this context, whether galanin was indeed coreleased from noradrenergic terminals, or instead from another galanin afferent or local stress-responsive galanin neurons in the amygdala. In experiment 1, galanin-mediated anxiolytic effects on the plus-maze following yohimbine + stress were unaltered by lesioning the noradrenergic innervation of central amygdala. In experiment 2, combining immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, galanin neurons specifically activated by yohimbine + stress treatment were found only in the locus coeruleus and intraamygdalar bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, adjacent to central amygdala. In experiment 3, retrograde tracing combined with in situ hybridization revealed few if any galanin cells projecting to central amygdala in locus coeruleus or nucleus tractus solitarius, sources of noradrenergic innervation. Indeed, few retrogradely-labeled galanin neurons were observed anywhere in the brain, including a small number in the intraamygdalar bed nucleus. Together, these results suggest that stress following yohimbine may have induced galanin release from an afferent to central amygdala originating in the bed nucleus, or from local neurons in the intraamygdalar bed nucleus, but that anxiolytic effects exerted by galanin in this context of elevated noradrenergic activity were not the result of corelease from noradrenergic terminals innervating central amygdala.
BibTeX: @article{Barrera:2006, author = {Gabe Barrera and Angelica Hernandez and Jean-Francois Poulin and Sylvie Laforest and Guy Drolet and David A Morilak}, title = {Galanin-mediated anxiolytic effect in rat central amygdala is not a result of corelease from noradrenergic terminals.}, journal = {Synapse}, school = {Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, 78229, USA.}, year = {2006}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, pages = {27--40}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.20208}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/syn.20208} }
Barret, O., Thomae, D., Tavares, A., Alagille, D., Papin, C., Waterhouse, R., McCarthy, T., Jennings, D., Marek, K., Russell, D., Seibyl, J. and Tamagnan, G.	In vivo assessment and dosimetry of 2 novel PDE10A PET radiotracers in humans: 18F-MNI-659 and 18F-MNI-654. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	J Nucl Med Vol. 55(8), pp. 1297-1304School: Molecular NeuroImaging, LLC, New Haven, Connecticut; and.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 10A is an enzyme involved in the regulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate and is highly expressed in medium-sized spiny neurons of the striatum, making it an attractive target for novel therapies for a variety of neurologic and psychiatric disorders that involve striatal function. Potential ligands for PET imaging of PDE10A have been reported. Here, we report the first-in-human characterization of 2 new PDE10A radioligands, 2-(2-(3-(1-(2-fluoroethyl)-1H-indazol-6-yl)-7-methyl-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)ethyl)-4-isopropoxyisoindoline-1,3-dione ((18)F-MNI-654) and 2-(2-(3-(4-(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl)-7-methyl-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)ethyl)-4-isopropoxyisoindoline-1,3-dione ((18)F-MNI-659), with the goal of selecting the best one for use in future studies interrogating pathophysiologic changes in neuropsychiatric disorders and aiding pharmaceutical development targeting PDE10A.Eleven healthy volunteers participated in this study ((18)F-MNI-654 test-retest, 2 men; (18)F-MNI-659 test-retest, 4 men and 1 woman; (18)F-MNI-659 dosimetry, 2 men and 2 women). Brain PET images were acquired over 5.5 h for (18)F-MNI-654 and over 3.5 h for (18)F-MNI-659, and pharmacokinetic modeling with plasma- and reference-region (cerebellar cortex)-based methods was performed. Whole-body PET images were acquired over 6 h for (18)F-MNI-659 and radiation dosimetry estimated with OLINDA.Both radiotracers were similarly metabolized, with about 20% of intact parent remaining at 120 min after injection. PET time-activity data demonstrated that (18)F-MNI-654 kinetics were much slower than (18)F-MNI-659 kinetics. For (18)F-MNI-659, there was good agreement between the Logan and simplified reference tissue models for nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND), supporting noninvasive quantification, with test-retest variability less than 10% and intraclass correlation greater than 0.9. The (18)F-MNI-659 effective dose was estimated at 0.024 mSv/MBq.PET imaging in the human brain with 2 novel PDE10A (18)F tracers is being reported. Noninvasive quantification of (18)F-MNI-659 with the simplified reference tissue model using the cerebellum as a reference is possible. In addition, (18)F-MNI-659 kinetics are fast enough for a good estimate of BPND with 90 min of data, with values around 3.0 in the basal ganglia. Finally, (18)F-MNI-659 dosimetry is favorable and consistent with values reported for other PET radiotracers currently used in humans.
BibTeX: @article{Barret:2014, author = {Barret, Olivier and Thomae, David and Tavares, Adriana and Alagille, David and Papin, Caroline and Waterhouse, Rikki and McCarthy, Timothy and Jennings, Danna and Marek, Ken and Russell, David and Seibyl, John and Tamagnan, Gilles}, title = {In vivo assessment and dosimetry of 2 novel PDE10A PET radiotracers in humans: 18F-MNI-659 and 18F-MNI-654.}, journal = {J Nucl Med}, school = {Molecular NeuroImaging, LLC, New Haven, Connecticut; and.}, year = {2014}, volume = {55}, number = {8}, pages = {1297--1304}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.113.122895}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.113.122895} }
Barret, O., Thomae, D., Tavares, A., Alagille, D., Papin, C., Waterhouse, R., McCarthy, T., Jennings, D., Marek, K., Russell, D., Seibyl, J. and Tamagnan, G.	In vivo assessment and dosimetry of 2 novel PDE10A PET radiotracers in humans: 18F-MNI-659 and 18F-MNI-654. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine Vol. 55, pp. 1297-304	article	DOI
Abstract: UNLABELLED: Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 10A is an enzyme involved in the regulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate and is highly expressed in medium-sized spiny neurons of the striatum, making it an attractive target for novel therapies for a variety of neurologic and psychiatric disorders that involve striatal function. Potential ligands for PET imaging of PDE10A have been reported. Here, we report the first-in-human characterization of 2 new PDE10A radioligands, 2-(2-(3-(1-(2-fluoroethyl)-1H-indazol-6-yl)-7-methyl-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin- 2-yl)ethyl)-4-isopropoxyisoindoline-1,3-dione ((18)F-MNI-654) and 2-(2-(3-(4-(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl)-7-methyl-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)ethy l)-4-isopropoxyisoindoline-1,3-dione ((18)F-MNI-659), with the goal of selecting the best one for use in future studies interrogating pathophysiologic changes in neuropsychiatric disorders and aiding pharmaceutical development targeting PDE10A. METHODS: Eleven healthy volunteers participated in this study ((18)F-MNI-654 test-retest, 2 men; (18)F-MNI-659 test-retest, 4 men and 1 woman; (18)F-MNI-659 dosimetry, 2 men and 2 women). Brain PET images were acquired over 5.5 h for (18)F-MNI-654 and over 3.5 h for (18)F-MNI-659, and pharmacokinetic modeling with plasma- and reference-region (cerebellar cortex)-based methods was performed. Whole-body PET images were acquired over 6 h for (18)F-MNI-659 and radiation dosimetry estimated with OLINDA. RESULTS: Both radiotracers were similarly metabolized, with about 20% of intact parent remaining at 120 min after injection. PET time-activity data demonstrated that (18)F-MNI-654 kinetics were much slower than (18)F-MNI-659 kinetics. For (18)F-MNI-659, there was good agreement between the Logan and simplified reference tissue models for nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND), supporting noninvasive quantification, with test-retest variability less than 10% and intraclass correlation greater than 0.9. The (18)F-MNI-659 effective dose was estimated at 0.024 mSv/MBq. CONCLUSION: PET imaging in the human brain with 2 novel PDE10A (18)F tracers is being reported. Noninvasive quantification of (18)F-MNI-659 with the simplified reference tissue model using the cerebellum as a reference is possible. In addition, (18)F-MNI-659 kinetics are fast enough for a good estimate of BPND with 90 min of data, with values around 3.0 in the basal ganglia. Finally, (18)F-MNI-659 dosimetry is favorable and consistent with values reported for other PET radiotracers currently used in humans.
BibTeX: @article{Barret:2014a, author = {Barret, Olivier and Thomae, David and Tavares, Adriana and Alagille, David and Papin, Caroline and Waterhouse, Rikki and McCarthy, Timothy and Jennings, Danna and Marek, Ken and Russell, David and Seibyl, John and Tamagnan, Gilles}, title = {In vivo assessment and dosimetry of 2 novel PDE10A PET radiotracers in humans: 18F-MNI-659 and 18F-MNI-654.}, journal = {Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine}, year = {2014}, volume = {55}, pages = {1297-304}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.113.122895} }
Barrett, R., Bao, X., Miselis, R. and Altschuler, S.	Brain stem localization of rodent esophageal premotor neurons revealed by transneuronal passage of pseudorabies virus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Gastroenterology Vol. 107(3), pp. 728-737	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Background/Aims: Brain stem premotor neurons control swallowing through contacts with both afferent neurons and motoneurons. The location and connectivity of premotor neurons innervating the esophagus was determined using pseudorabies virus. Methods: In 30 rats, viral injections were made into either the cervical or subdiaphragmatic esophagus, cricothyroid muscle, or stomach. After a 48-62-hour survival, brain sections were processed immunocytochemically for the virus. Results: Neuronal labeling was limited to the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus for survivals of 48-54 hours. At 57-62-hour survivals, virus-labeled second-order neurons (premotor neurons) were localized to the central subnucleus of nucleus of the solitary tract. Injections in the cricothyroid muscle and stomach resulted in distinct patterns of motoneuronal labeling in the nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus and premotor neuronal labeling in the nucleus of the solitary tract. Conclusions: Virus- labeled premotor neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract occurred as a result of retrograde transport of the virus from the nucleus ambiguus because no viral antigen was present in the tractus solitarius. The esophagus is controlled by a central circuit whereby esophageal vagal afferents terminate on premotor neurons in the central subnucleus that in turn innervate esophageal motoneurons in the nucleus ambiguus. © 1994.
BibTeX: @article{Barrett:1994a, author = {Barrett, R.T. and Bao, X. and Miselis, R.R. and Altschuler, S.M.}, title = {Brain stem localization of rodent esophageal premotor neurons revealed by transneuronal passage of pseudorabies virus}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, year = {1994}, volume = {107}, number = {3}, pages = {728-737}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027932657&partnerID=40&md5=c52aeb378bb6ea5074fd624176cf1677}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(94)90120-1} }
Barrett, R.T., Bao, X., Miselis, R.R. and Altschuler, S.M.	Brain stem localization of rodent esophageal premotor neurons revealed by transneuronal passage of pseudorabies virus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Gastroenterology Vol. 107(3), pp. 728-737School: Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.	article	DOI
Abstract: Brain stem premotor neurons control swallowing through contacts with both afferent neurons and motoneurons. The location and connectivity of premotor neurons innervating the esophagus was determined using pseudorabies virus.In 30 rats, viral injections were made into either the cervical or subdiaphragmatic esophagus, cricothyroid muscle, or stomach. After a 48-62-hour survival, brain sections were processed immunocytochemically for the virus.Neuronal labeling was limited to the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus for survivals of 48-54 hours. At 57-62-hour survivals, virus-labeled second-order neurons (premotor neurons) were localized to the central subnucleus of nucleus of the solitary tract. Injections in the cricothyroid muscle and stomach resulted in distinct patterns of motoneuronal labeling in the nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus and premotor neuronal labeling in the nucleus of the solitary tract.Virus-labeled premotor neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract occurred as a result of retrograde transport of the virus from the nucleus ambiguus because no viral antigen was present in the tractus solitarius. The esophagus is controlled by a central circuit whereby esophageal vagal afferents terminate on premotor neurons in the central subnucleus that in turn innervate esophageal motoneurons in the nucleus ambiguus.
BibTeX: @article{Barrett:1994, author = {Barrett, R. T. and Bao, X. and Miselis, R. R. and Altschuler, S. M.}, title = {Brain stem localization of rodent esophageal premotor neurons revealed by transneuronal passage of pseudorabies virus.}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, school = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.}, year = {1994}, volume = {107}, number = {3}, pages = {728--737}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(94)90120-1} }
Barrett-Jolley, R., Pyner, S. and Coote, J.	Measurement of voltage-gated potassium currents in identified spinally-projecting sympathetic neurones of the paraventricular nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	J Neurosci Methods Vol. 102(1), pp. 25-33School: Department of Physiology, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. r.barrett-jolley@bham.ac.uk	article	DOI
Abstract: The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus modulates cardiovascular function via a sub-population of neurones which project directly to sympathetic centres of the spinal cord. Identification and patch-clamp recording from these neurones is difficult, however, because of the complex organisation and neuronal heterogeneity of the PVN. We report here on methods for the in vitro recording of voltage-gated potassium channel (K(V)) currents from those neurones within the PVN which project to the intermediolateral column of the rat spinal cord, and are believed to directly modulate cardiovascular function. We show K(V) channel currents of spinally projecting neurones to be slowly inactivating (tau > 100 ms) and weakly sensitive to TEA (K(d)>10 mM). These methods will be useful for the study of K(V) and other ion channel modulation in spinally projecting neurones of the PVN.
BibTeX: @article{Barrett-Jolley:2000, author = {Barrett-Jolley, R and Pyner, S and Coote, JH}, title = {Measurement of voltage-gated potassium currents in identified spinally-projecting sympathetic neurones of the paraventricular nucleus.}, journal = {J Neurosci Methods}, school = {Department of Physiology, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. r.barrett-jolley@bham.ac.uk}, year = {2000}, volume = {102}, number = {1}, pages = {25--33}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0270(00)00271-5} }
Barrière, G., Mellen, N. and Cazalets, J.-R.	Neuromodulation of the locomotor network by dopamine in the isolated spinal cord of newborn rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 19(5), pp. 1325-1335School: CNRS UMR 5543, Physiologie et Physiopathologie de la Signalisation Cellulaire, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We have analysed the action of the neuromodulatory catecholamine, dopamine (DA), on the lumbar locomotor network using an isolated in vitro newborn rat spinal cord preparation. We have also attempted to determine the respective contribution of the D1- and D2-like receptors on the dopamine-mediated effects. Bath application of DA-induced slow locomotor-like rhythmic activity (cycle-period 20-30 s) in ventral motor roots. Bursts were alternating between segmental right and left side and between ipsilateral flexor and extensor units. This rhythm was blocked by D1 (SCH-23390) and D2 (raclopride, sulpiride) receptor antagonists, but was unaffected by the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase blocker, fusaric acid, thereby ruling out indirect noradrenaline-mediated effects. The D1 agonist, SKF-81297 induced prolonged slow rhythmic bursting, while the selective D2 agonists, quinpirole and quinelorane, had no effect. DA and the D1 agonist, SKF-81297 also increased the period and burst amplitude of N-methyl-d-l- aspartate-induced locomotor activity. The effects of dopamine and SKF-81297 on the N-methyl-d-l-aspartate-induced rhythm were long-lasting; persisting for 1 hour after washout. The DA action was blocked by MDL-12 330 A, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, suggesting the involvement of cAMP. Together these results indicate that dopamine can exert neuromodulatory actions on mammalian motor networks via short-lasting permissive influences and a newly reported, long-lasting modulation of motor network activity.
BibTeX: @article{Barriere:2004, author = {Barrière, Grégory and Mellen, Nicholas and Cazalets, Jean-René}, title = {Neuromodulation of the locomotor network by dopamine in the isolated spinal cord of newborn rat.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {CNRS UMR 5543, Physiologie et Physiopathologie de la Signalisation Cellulaire, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.}, year = {2004}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, pages = {1325--1335}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03210.x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03210.x} }
Barrington-Ward, S., Kilpatrick, I., Phillipson, O. and Pycock, C.	Evidence that thalamic efferent neurones are non-cholinergic: a study in the rat with special reference to the thalamostriatal pathway [BibTeX]	1984	Brain Res Vol. 299(1), pp. 146-51	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Barrington-Ward:1984, author = {Barrington-Ward, S.J. and Kilpatrick, I.C. and Phillipson, O.T. and Pycock, C.J.}, title = {Evidence that thalamic efferent neurones are non-cholinergic: a study in the rat with special reference to the thalamostriatal pathway}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {299(1)}, pages = {146-51}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(84)90797-2} }
Barrio, D.A. and Etcheverry, S.B.	Vanadium and bone development: putative signaling pathways. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Can J Physiol Pharmacol Vol. 84(7), pp. 677-686School: Cátedra de Bioquímica Patológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, 47 y 115 (1900) La Plata, Argentina.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Vanadium is a trace element present in practically all cells in plants and animals. It exerts interesting actions in living systems. At pharmacological doses, vanadium compounds display relevant biological actions such as mimicking insulin and growth factors as well as having osteogenic activity. Some vanadium compounds also show antitumoral properties. The importance of vanadium in bone arises from the studies developed to establish the essentiality of this element in animals and humans. Bone tissue, where the element seems to play an important role, accumulates great amounts of vanadium. This paper reviews the physiology of osteoblasts, the involvement of different growth factors on bone development, and the effects of vanadium derivatives on the skeletal system of animal models and bone-related cells. Two cellular lines are discussed in particular; one derived from a rat osteosarcoma (UMR106) and the other is a nontransformed osteoblast cell line (MC3T3-E1). The effects of different growth factors and their mechanisms of action in these cellular lines are reviewed. These models of osteoblasts are especially useful in understanding the intracellular signaling pathways of vanadium derivatives in hard tissues. Vanadium uses an intricate interplay of intracellular mechanisms to exert different biochemical and pharmacological actions. The effects of vanadium derivatives on some cellular signaling pathways related to insulin are compiled in this review. The comprehension of these intracellular signaling pathways may facilitate the design of vanadium compounds with promising therapeutic applications as well as the understanding of secondary side effects derived from the use of vanadium as a therapeutic agent.
BibTeX: @article{Barrio:2006, author = {Barrio, D. A. and Etcheverry, S. B.}, title = {Vanadium and bone development: putative signaling pathways.}, journal = {Can J Physiol Pharmacol}, school = {Cátedra de Bioquímica Patológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, 47 y 115 (1900) La Plata, Argentina.}, year = {2006}, volume = {84}, number = {7}, pages = {677--686}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y06-022}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1139/y06-022} }
Barrio, D.A. and Etcheverry, S.B.	Potential use of vanadium compounds in therapeutics. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Curr Med Chem Vol. 17(31), pp. 3632-3642School: Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. 47 y 115 (1900) La Plata, Argentina.	article	DOI
Abstract: Vanadium is a trace element present in practically all cells in plants and animals. While the essentiality of vanadium for human beings remains to be well established, vanadium has become an increasingly important environmental metal. Vanadium compounds exert a variety of biological activities and responses. At pharmacological doses, vanadium compounds display relevant biological actions such as insulin and growth factor mimetic or enhancing effects, as well as osteogenic and cardioprotective activity. On the other hand, depending on the nature of compounds and their concentrations, toxicological actions and adverse side effects may also be shown. Nevertheless, the toxic effects may be useful to develop new antitumoral drugs. In this review, the authors summarize current knowledge and new advances on in vitro and in vivo effects of inorganic and organically-chelated vanadium compounds. The effects of vanadium derivatives on some cellular signaling pathways related to different diseases are compiled. In particular, the pathways relevant to the insulin mimetic, osteogenic, cadioprotective and antitumoral actions of vanadium compounds have been comprehensively reviewed. The knowledge of these intracellular signaling pathways may facilitate the rational design of new vanadium compounds with promising therapeutic applications as well as the understanding of secondary side effects derived from the use of vanadium as a therapeutic agent.
BibTeX: @article{Barrio:2010, author = {Barrio, D. A. and Etcheverry, S. B.}, title = {Potential use of vanadium compounds in therapeutics.}, journal = {Curr Med Chem}, school = {Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. 47 y 115 (1900) La Plata, Argentina.}, year = {2010}, volume = {17}, number = {31}, pages = {3632--3642}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2174/092986710793213805} }
Barron, K.D.	Ultrastructural changes in dendrites of central neurons during axon reaction. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1975	Adv Neurol Vol. 12, pp. 381-399	article
Abstract: Retrograde atrophy of rat thalamus is marked by the appearance of profound alterations in dendrites. Concurrently, similar changes occur in parent cell somata. Electron-dense and abnormally electron-lucent dendritic profiles appear and are removed over different time courses. The morphologic features of the abnormal dendrites are detailed. Electron-dense and electron-lucent dendritic profiles are not observed in cat red nucleus after rubrospinal tractotomy. Rather, neurofilamentous hyperplasia and proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum appear in affected dendrites and are identical to changes observable at the same time in the reacting parent nerve cells. The literature is reviewed and discussion is developed on the similarities of perikaryal and dendritic changes that occur in axon reaction and transneuronal degeneration.
BibTeX: @article{Barron:1975, author = {K. D. Barron}, title = {Ultrastructural changes in dendrites of central neurons during axon reaction.}, journal = {Adv Neurol}, year = {1975}, volume = {12}, pages = {381--399}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the rat (corticectomy, funiculotomy).} }
Barron, K.D.	Ultrastructural changes in dendrites of central neurons during axon reaction. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1975	Advances in neurology Vol. 12, pp. 381-399	article
Abstract: Retrograde atrophy of rat thalamus is marked by the appearance of profound alterations in dendrites. Concurrently, similar changes occur in parent cell somata. Electron-dense and abnormally electron-lucent dendritic profiles appear and are removed over different time courses. The morphologic features of the abnormal dendrites are detailed. Electron-dense and electron-lucent dendritic profiles are not observed in cat red nucleus after rubrospinal tractotomy. Rather, neurofilamentous hyperplasia and proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum appear in affected dendrites and are identical to changes observable at the same time in the reacting parent nerve cells. The literature is reviewed and discussion is developed on the similarities of perikaryal and dendritic changes that occur in axon reaction and transneuronal degeneration.
BibTeX: @article{Barron:1975a, author = {Barron, K D}, title = {Ultrastructural changes in dendrites of central neurons during axon reaction.}, journal = {Advances in neurology}, year = {1975}, volume = {12}, pages = {381--399}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Barros, D., Izquierdo, L., Mello E Souza, T., Ardenghi, P., Pereira, P., Medina, J. and Izquierdo, I.	Molecular signalling pathways in the cerebral cortex are required for retrieval of one-trial avoidance learning in rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Behavioural Brain Research Vol. 114(1-2), pp. 183-192	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Rats were implanted bilaterally with cannulae in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus, the entorhinal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior parietal cortex, or the basolateral complex of the amygdala. The animals were trained in one-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance and tested 24 h later. Prior (10 min) to the retention test, through the cannulae, they received 0.5 μl infusions of a vehicle (2% dimethylsulfoxide in saline), or of the following drugs dissolved in the vehicle: the glutamate NMDA receptor blocker, aminophosphonopentanoic acid (AP5, 2.0 or 5.0 μg), the AMPA receptor blocker, 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3 (1H,4H)dione (DNQX, 0.4 or 1.0 μg), the metabotropic receptor antagonist, methylcarboxyphenylglycine (MCPG, 0.5 or 2.5 μg), the inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), Rp- cAMPs (0.1 or 0.5 μg), the PKA stimulant, Sp-cAMPs (0.5 μg), or the inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), PD098059 (10 or 50 μM). All these drugs, at the same doses, had been previously found to alter long-term memory formation of this task. Here, retrieval test performance was blocked by DNQX, MCPG, Rp-cAMPs and PD098059 and enhanced by Sp-cAMPs infused into CA1 or the entorhinal cortex. The drugs had similar effects when infused into the parietal or anterior cingulate cortex, except that in these two areas AP5 also blocked retrieval, and in the cingulate cortex DNQX had no effect. Infusions into the basolateral amygdala were ineffective except for DNQX, which hindered retrieval. None of the treatments that affected retrieval had any influence on performance in an open field or in a plus maze; therefore, their effect on retention testing can not be attributed to an influence on locomotion, exploration or anxiety. The results indicate that the four cortical regions studied participate actively in, and are necessary for, retrieval of the one-trial avoidance task. They require metabotropic and/or NMDA glutamate receptors and PKA and MAPK activity. In contrast, the basolateral amygdala appears to participate only through a maintenance of its regular excitatory transmission mediated by glutamate AMPA receptors. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Barros:2000, author = {Barros, D.M. and Izquierdo, L.A. and Mello E Souza, T. and Ardenghi, P.G. and Pereira, P. and Medina, J.H. and Izquierdo, I.}, title = {Molecular signalling pathways in the cerebral cortex are required for retrieval of one-trial avoidance learning in rats}, journal = {Behavioural Brain Research}, year = {2000}, volume = {114}, number = {1-2}, pages = {183-192}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034283285&partnerID=40&md5=858c494d979a2ffae5bb1c35cd2d4d57}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(00)00226-6} }
Barros, F., Domínguez, P. and de la Peña, P.	Cytoplasmic domains and voltage-dependent potassium channel gating [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Frontiers in Pharmacology Vol. 3 MAR	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The basic architecture of the voltage-dependent K+ channels (Kv channels) corresponds to a transmembrane protein core in which the permeation pore, the voltage-sensing compo- nents and the gating machinery (cytoplasmic facing gate and sensor-gate coupler) reside. Usually, large protein tails are attached to this core, hanging toward the inside of the cell. These cytoplasmic regions are essential for normal channel function and, due to their acces- sibility to the cytoplasmic environment, constitute obvious targets for cell-physiological control of channel behavior. Here we review the present knowledge about the molecular organization of these intracellular channel regions and their role in both setting and con- trolling Kv voltage-dependent gating properties. This includes the influence that they exert on Kv rapid/N-type inactivation and on activation/deactivation gating of Shaker-like and eag-type Kv channels. Some illustrative examples about the relevance of these cytoplas- mic domains determining the possibilities for modulation of Kv channel gating by cellular components are also considered. © 2012 Barros, Domínguez and de la Peña.
BibTeX: @article{Barros:2012, author = {Barros, F. and Domínguez, P. and de la Peña, P.}, title = {Cytoplasmic domains and voltage-dependent potassium channel gating}, journal = {Frontiers in Pharmacology}, year = {2012}, volume = {3 MAR}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84866053486&partnerID=40&md5=53ed006e5a2c5c459f2ec775be704f0d}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2012.00049} }
Barroso-Chinea, P., Castle, M., Aymerich, M.S. and Lanciego, J.L.	Expression of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 in the cells of origin of the rat thalamostriatal pathway. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	J Chem Neuroanat Vol. 35(1), pp. 101-107School: Area de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA) and Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Spain.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The present study is focused on the analysis of the vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 (VGLUT1 and VGLUT2) used by thalamic neurons giving rise to the thalamostriatal system. Instead of studying the distribution of VGLUT proteins at the level of thalamostriatal terminals, this report is focused on identifying the expression of the VGLUT mRNAs within the parent cell bodies of thalamic neurons innervating the striatum. For this purpose, we have combined dual in situ hybridization to detect both VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 mRNAs together with retrograde tracing with cholera toxin. Our results show that VGLUT2 is the only vesicular glutamate transporter expressed in thalamostriatal-projecting neurons located in the midline and intralaminar nuclei, whereas all neurons from the ventral thalamic nuclei innervating the striatum express both VGLUTs, at least at the mRNA level. Indeed, the mRNAs encoding for VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 displayed a sharp complementary subcellular distribution within neurons from the ventral thalamic nuclei giving rise to thalamostriatal projections. The differential distribution of VGLUT mRNAs lead us to conclude that the thalamostriatal pathway is a dual system, composed by a preponderant projection arising from the midline and intralaminar nuclei using VGLUT2 as the glutamate transporter, together with another important source of striatal afferents arising from neurons in the ventral thalamic relay nuclei containing both kinds of vesicular glutamate transporters.
BibTeX: @article{Barroso-Chinea:2008, author = {Pedro Barroso-Chinea and María Castle and María S Aymerich and José L Lanciego}, title = {Expression of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 in the cells of origin of the rat thalamostriatal pathway.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, school = {Area de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA) and Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Spain.}, year = {2008}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, pages = {101--107}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.08.001}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.08.001} }
Barroso-Chinea, P., Castle, M., Aymerich, M.S. and Lanciego, J.L.	Expression of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 in the cells of origin of the rat thalamostriatal pathway. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Journal of chemical neuroanatomy Vol. 35, pp. 101-107	article	DOI
Abstract: The present study is focused on the analysis of the vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 (VGLUT1 and VGLUT2) used by thalamic neurons giving rise to the thalamostriatal system. Instead of studying the distribution of VGLUT proteins at the level of thalamostriatal terminals, this report is focused on identifying the expression of the VGLUT mRNAs within the parent cell bodies of thalamic neurons innervating the striatum. For this purpose, we have combined dual in situ hybridization to detect both VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 mRNAs together with retrograde tracing with cholera toxin. Our results show that VGLUT2 is the only vesicular glutamate transporter expressed in thalamostriatal-projecting neurons located in the midline and intralaminar nuclei, whereas all neurons from the ventral thalamic nuclei innervating the striatum express both VGLUTs, at least at the mRNA level. Indeed, the mRNAs encoding for VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 displayed a sharp complementary subcellular distribution within neurons from the ventral thalamic nuclei giving rise to thalamostriatal projections. The differential distribution of VGLUT mRNAs lead us to conclude that the thalamostriatal pathway is a dual system, composed by a preponderant projection arising from the midline and intralaminar nuclei using VGLUT2 as the glutamate transporter, together with another important source of striatal afferents arising from neurons in the ventral thalamic relay nuclei containing both kinds of vesicular glutamate transporters.
BibTeX: @article{Barroso-Chinea:2008a, author = {Barroso-Chinea, Pedro and Castle, María and Aymerich, María S and Lanciego, José L}, title = {Expression of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 in the cells of origin of the rat thalamostriatal pathway.}, journal = {Journal of chemical neuroanatomy}, year = {2008}, volume = {35}, pages = {101--107}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.08.001} }
Barroso-Chinea, P., Rico, A.J., Conte-Perales, L., Gomez-Bautista, V., Luquin, N., Sierra, S., Roda, E. and Lanciego, J.L.	Glutamatergic and cholinergic pedunculopontine neurons innervate the thalamic parafascicular nucleus in rats: changes following experimental parkinsonism. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Brain structure & function Vol. 216, pp. 319-30	article	DOI
Abstract: The tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a basal ganglia-related structure that has recently gained renewed interest as a potential surgical target for the treatment of several aspects of Parkinson's disease. However, the underlying anatomical substrates sustaining the choice of the PPN nucleus as a surgical candidate remain poorly understood. Here, we characterized the chemical phenotypes of different subtypes of PPN efferent neurons innervating the rat parafascicular (PF) nucleus. Emphasis was placed on elucidating the impact of unilateral nigrostriatal denervation on the expression patterns of the mRNA coding the vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 (vGlut2 mRNA). We found a bilateral projection from the PPN nucleus to the PF nucleus arising from cholinergic and glutamatergic efferent neurons, with a small fraction of projection neurons co-expressing both cholinergic and glutamatergic markers. Furthermore, the unilateral nigrostriatal depletion induced a bilateral twofold increase in the expression levels of vGlut2 mRNA within the PPN nucleus. Our results support the view that heterogeneous chemical profiles account for PPN efferent neurons innervating thalamic targets. Moreover, a bilateral enhancement of glutamatergic transmission arising from the PPN nucleus occurs following unilateral dopaminergic denervation, therefore sustaining the well-known hyperactivity of the PF nucleus in parkinsonian-like conditions. In conclusion, our data suggest that the ascending projections from the PPN that reach basal ganglia-related targets could play an important role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.
BibTeX: @article{Barroso-Chinea:2011a, author = {Barroso-Chinea, Pedro and Rico, Alberto J. and Conte-Perales, Lorena and Gomez-Bautista, Virginia and Luquin, Natasha and Sierra, Salvador and Roda, Elvira and Lanciego, Jose L.}, title = {Glutamatergic and cholinergic pedunculopontine neurons innervate the thalamic parafascicular nucleus in rats: changes following experimental parkinsonism.}, journal = {Brain structure & function}, year = {2011}, volume = {216}, pages = {319-30}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-011-0317-x} }
Barroso-Chinea, P., Rico, A.J., Conte-Perales, L., Gómez-Bautista, V., Luquin, N., Sierra, S., Roda, E. and Lanciego, J.L.	Glutamatergic and cholinergic pedunculopontine neurons innervate the thalamic parafascicular nucleus in rats: changes following experimental parkinsonism. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Brain Struct Funct Vol. 216(4), pp. 319-330School: Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA and CIBERNED), University of Navarra, Pio XII Ave 55, Edificio CIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a basal ganglia-related structure that has recently gained renewed interest as a potential surgical target for the treatment of several aspects of Parkinson's disease. However, the underlying anatomical substrates sustaining the choice of the PPN nucleus as a surgical candidate remain poorly understood. Here, we characterized the chemical phenotypes of different subtypes of PPN efferent neurons innervating the rat parafascicular (PF) nucleus. Emphasis was placed on elucidating the impact of unilateral nigrostriatal denervation on the expression patterns of the mRNA coding the vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 (vGlut2 mRNA). We found a bilateral projection from the PPN nucleus to the PF nucleus arising from cholinergic and glutamatergic efferent neurons, with a small fraction of projection neurons co-expressing both cholinergic and glutamatergic markers. Furthermore, the unilateral nigrostriatal depletion induced a bilateral twofold increase in the expression levels of vGlut2 mRNA within the PPN nucleus. Our results support the view that heterogeneous chemical profiles account for PPN efferent neurons innervating thalamic targets. Moreover, a bilateral enhancement of glutamatergic transmission arising from the PPN nucleus occurs following unilateral dopaminergic denervation, therefore sustaining the well-known hyperactivity of the PF nucleus in parkinsonian-like conditions. In conclusion, our data suggest that the ascending projections from the PPN that reach basal ganglia-related targets could play an important role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.
BibTeX: @article{Barroso-Chinea:2011, author = {Barroso-Chinea, Pedro and Rico, Alberto J. and Conte-Perales, Lorena and Gómez-Bautista, Virginia and Luquin, Natasha and Sierra, Salvador and Roda, Elvira and Lanciego, José L.}, title = {Glutamatergic and cholinergic pedunculopontine neurons innervate the thalamic parafascicular nucleus in rats: changes following experimental parkinsonism.}, journal = {Brain Struct Funct}, school = {Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA and CIBERNED), University of Navarra, Pio XII Ave 55, Edificio CIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.}, year = {2011}, volume = {216}, number = {4}, pages = {319--330}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-011-0317-x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-011-0317-x} }
Barrot, M., Calza, L., Pozza, M., Le Moal, M. and Piazza, P.V.	Differential calbindin-immunoreactivity in dopamine neurons projecting to the rat striatal complex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 12(12), pp. 4578-4582School: Psychobiologie des Comportements Adaptatifs, INSERM U259, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: The calcium-binding protein calbindin-D28K is an anatomical marker that has been associated with resistance to neurodegeneration and with the electrophysiological characteristics of neurons. In this study, we compared the presence of calbindin in dopamine neurons projecting to three distinct functional regions of the striatal complex: the striatum, and the core and the shell of the nucleus accumbens. After iontophoretic injections of Fluoro-Gold in the dopaminergic terminal fields, the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase and calbindin were immunohistochemically assessed in the mesencephalon. It was found that the proportion of cells expressing calbindin was highest in the dopamine cells projecting to the core (72, intermediate in the cells projecting to the shell (51 and lowest in the cells projecting to the dorsolateral striatum (2.6. These results do not support the idea that calbindin is a sufficient condition to confer resistance to neurodegeneration because shell-projecting neurons seem the most resistant to it. The present data also raise the question of the role of calbindin in the differences in firing characteristics among dopamine neurons projecting to the striatal complex.
BibTeX: @article{Barrot:2000, author = {Barrot, M. and Calza, L. and Pozza, M. and Le Moal, M. and Piazza, P. V.}, title = {Differential calbindin-immunoreactivity in dopamine neurons projecting to the rat striatal complex.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {Psychobiologie des Comportements Adaptatifs, INSERM U259, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France.}, year = {2000}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {4578--4582}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2000.01349.x} }
Barski, J., Lewin-Kowalik, J., Krause, M., Gołka, B., Górka, D. and Larysz-Brysz, M.	Autologous connective tissue chamber as a tool for introducing active substances into the CNS. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Acta Physiol Hung Vol. 84(1), pp. 43-53School: Department of Physiology, Silesian Medical School, Katowice, Poland.	article
Abstract: A new method of introducing active substances into the CNS is described. The autologous connective tissue chambers were obtained by implantation of a silicone tube under the back skin of rats. Subsequently they were filled with fibrine and additionally with NGF or submicrosomal fractions from nonpredegenerated and predegenerated peripheral nerves. Filled chambers were implanted stereotaxically into the injured hippocampus. The neurite outgrowth was examined by means of FITC-HRP and acetylcholinesterase-method. Implanted connective tissue chambers are very useful in getting active substances into the CNS. This method allows to avoid inflammatory processes and does not hinder the histological procedures.
BibTeX: @article{Barski:1996, author = {Barski, JJ and Lewin-Kowalik, J and Krause, M and Gołka, B and Górka, D and Larysz-Brysz, M}, title = {Autologous connective tissue chamber as a tool for introducing active substances into the CNS.}, journal = {Acta Physiol Hung}, school = {Department of Physiology, Silesian Medical School, Katowice, Poland.}, year = {1996}, volume = {84}, number = {1}, pages = {43--53}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Barski, J.J., Lewin-Kowalik, J., Krause, M., Gorka, D., Larysz-Brysz, M., Golka, B. and Swiech-Sabuda, E.	Autologous connective tissue bars as vehicles for the administration of growth-influencing substances to the brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Brain research. Brain research protocols Vol. 1, pp. 27-32	article
Abstract: One of the main problems in the introduction of growth factors or other substances into the CNS is that most of these do not pass the blood-brain barrier, and so they have to be delivered directly to the target cells. Recently, different methods of intracerebral administration have been introduced such as release of drugs from polymer matrix or hollow polymer fibres, implantation of solution-soaked gel foam pieces or genetically modified cells secreting growth factors. In our studies on regeneration in CNS, the problem of introducing active substances into the brain arose. For this reason we elaborated a new method for the administration of soluble factor by means of autologous connective tissue chambers filled with fibrin. This method is particularly suitable in studies in which the visualization of the regrowth of nerve fibres is one of the main purposes. Presence of an active substance inside the chamber fibres to grow in the direction of the chamber and such fibres can be visualized here. Such visualization is impossible while using other methods of trophic substance delivery into the CNS, e.g. intraventricular steel cannula connected to an osmotic minipump, because there is neither space nor appropriate milieu to allow the fibres' ingrowth. Retrograde tracing methods allow to establish the cells of origin of these fibres. This method is inexpensive, simple and adaptable to histological procedures.
BibTeX: @article{Barski:1997b, author = {Barski, J. J. and Lewin-Kowalik, J. and Krause, M. and Gorka, D. and Larysz-Brysz, M. and Golka, B. and Swiech-Sabuda, E.}, title = {Autologous connective tissue bars as vehicles for the administration of growth-influencing substances to the brain.}, journal = {Brain research. Brain research protocols}, year = {1997}, volume = {1}, pages = {27-32}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Barski, J.J., Lewin-Kowalik, J., Krause, M., Górka, D., Larysz-Brysz, M., Gołka, B. and Swiech-Sabuda, E.	Autologous connective tissue bars as vehicles for the administration of growth-influencing substances to the brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Brain Res Brain Res Protoc Vol. 1(1), pp. 27-32School: Department of Physiology, Silesian Medical School, Katowice, Poland.	article	DOI
Abstract: One of the main problems in the introduction of growth factors or other substances into the CNS is that most of these do not pass the blood-brain barrier, and so they have to be delivered directly to the target cells. Recently, different methods of intracerebral administration have been introduced such as release of drugs from polymer matrix or hollow polymer fibres, implantation of solution-soaked gel foam pieces or genetically modified cells secreting growth factors. In our studies on regeneration in CNS, the problem of introducing active substances into the brain arose. For this reason we elaborated a new method for the administration of soluble factor by means of autologous connective tissue chambers filled with fibrin. This method is particularly suitable in studies in which the visualization of the regrowth of nerve fibres is one of the main purposes. Presence of an active substance inside the chamber fibres to grow in the direction of the chamber and such fibres can be visualized here. Such visualization is impossible while using other methods of trophic substance delivery into the CNS, e.g. intraventricular steel cannula connected to an osmotic minipump, because there is neither space nor appropriate milieu to allow the fibres' ingrowth. Retrograde tracing methods allow to establish the cells of origin of these fibres. This method is inexpensive, simple and adaptable to histological procedures.
BibTeX: @article{Barski:1997, author = {Barski, J. J. and Lewin-Kowalik, J. and Krause, M. and Górka, D. and Larysz-Brysz, M. and Gołka, B. and Swiech-Sabuda, E.}, title = {Autologous connective tissue bars as vehicles for the administration of growth-influencing substances to the brain.}, journal = {Brain Res Brain Res Protoc}, school = {Department of Physiology, Silesian Medical School, Katowice, Poland.}, year = {1997}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {27--32}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s1385-299x(96)00005-0} }
Barski, J.J., Lewin-Kowalik, J., Krause, M., Górka, D., Larysz-Brysz, M., Gołka, B. and Swiech-Sabuda, E.	Autologous connective tissue bars as vehicles for the administration of growth-influencing substances to the brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Brain Res Brain Res Protoc Vol. 1(1), pp. 27-32School: Department of Physiology, Silesian Medical School, Katowice, Poland.	article	DOI
Abstract: One of the main problems in the introduction of growth factors or other substances into the CNS is that most of these do not pass the blood-brain barrier, and so they have to be delivered directly to the target cells. Recently, different methods of intracerebral administration have been introduced such as release of drugs from polymer matrix or hollow polymer fibres, implantation of solution-soaked gel foam pieces or genetically modified cells secreting growth factors. In our studies on regeneration in CNS, the problem of introducing active substances into the brain arose. For this reason we elaborated a new method for the administration of soluble factor by means of autologous connective tissue chambers filled with fibrin. This method is particularly suitable in studies in which the visualization of the regrowth of nerve fibres is one of the main purposes. Presence of an active substance inside the chamber fibres to grow in the direction of the chamber and such fibres can be visualized here. Such visualization is impossible while using other methods of trophic substance delivery into the CNS, e.g. intraventricular steel cannula connected to an osmotic minipump, because there is neither space nor appropriate milieu to allow the fibres' ingrowth. Retrograde tracing methods allow to establish the cells of origin of these fibres. This method is inexpensive, simple and adaptable to histological procedures.
BibTeX: @article{Barski:1997a, author = {Barski, J. J. and Lewin-Kowalik, J. and Krause, M. and Górka, D. and Larysz-Brysz, M. and Gołka, B. and Swiech-Sabuda, E.}, title = {Autologous connective tissue bars as vehicles for the administration of growth-influencing substances to the brain.}, journal = {Brain Res Brain Res Protoc}, school = {Department of Physiology, Silesian Medical School, Katowice, Poland.}, year = {1997}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {27--32}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s1385-299x(96)00005-0} }
Barski, J.-J., Lewin-Kowalik, J., Krause, M., Gołka, B., Górka, D. and Larysz-Brysz, M.	Autologous connective tissue chamber as a tool for introducing active substances into the CNS [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Acta Physiologica Hungarica Vol. 84(1), pp. 43-53	article	URL
Abstract: A new method of introducing active substances into the CNS is described. The autologous connective tissue chambers were obtained by implantation of a silicone tube under the back skin of rats. Subsequently they were filled with fibrine and additionally with NGF or submicrosomal fractions from nonpredegenerated and predegenerated peripheral nerves. Filled chambers were implanted stereotaxically into the injured hippocampus. The neunte outgrowth was examined by means of FITC-HRP and acetylcholinesterase-method. Implanted connective tissue chambers are very useful in getting active substances into the CNS. This method allows to avoid inflammatory processes and does not hinder the histological procedures.
BibTeX: @article{Barski:1996a, author = {Barski, J.-J. and Lewin-Kowalik, J. and Krause, M. and Gołka, B. and Górka, D. and Larysz-Brysz, M.}, title = {Autologous connective tissue chamber as a tool for introducing active substances into the CNS}, journal = {Acta Physiologica Hungarica}, year = {1996}, volume = {84}, number = {1}, pages = {43-53}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030338109&partnerID=40&md5=fc24307ad523749b9a1499fb6a05de73} }
Bartels, H., Vogt, B. and Jungermann, K.	Glycogen synthesis via the indirect gluconeogenic pathway in the periportal and via the direct glucose utilizing pathway in the perivenous zone of perfused rat liver. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Histochemistry Vol. 89(3), pp. 253-260School: Institut für Biochemie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany.	article	DOI
Abstract: The isolated liver from 24 h fasted rats was perfused in a non-recirculating manner in the ortho- and retrograde direction with erythrocyte-containing (20% v/v) media to provide adequate oxygenation of the liver. Glucose and/or gluconeogenic precursors were added as substrates. Glycogen formation was determined biochemically and demonstrated histochemically. With glucose as the sole exogenous substrate glycogen was deposited in the perivenous area, with gluconeogenic precursors it was formed in the periportal zone during ortho- and retrograde flow. When glucose and gluconeogenic compounds were offered together, glycogen was deposited in both zones. The results corroborate the model of metabolic zonation predicting that periportal glycogen is synthesized indirectly from gluconeogenic precursors while perivenous glycogen is formed directly from glucose.
BibTeX: @article{Bartels:1988, author = {Bartels, H. and Vogt, B. and Jungermann, K.}, title = {Glycogen synthesis via the indirect gluconeogenic pathway in the periportal and via the direct glucose utilizing pathway in the perivenous zone of perfused rat liver.}, journal = {Histochemistry}, school = {Institut für Biochemie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany.}, year = {1988}, volume = {89}, number = {3}, pages = {253--260}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00493149} }
Bartesaghi, R., Gessi, T. and Migliore, M.	Input‐output relations in the entorhinal‐hippocampal‐entorhinal loop: Entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Hippocampus Vol. 5(5), pp. 440-451	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The pattern of impulse transfer along the entorhinal‐hippocampal‐entorhinal loop has been analyzed in the guinea pig by field potential analysis. The loop was driven by impulse volleys conducted by presubicular commissural fibers, directly stimulated in the dorsal psalterium, which monosynaptically activated perforant path neurons in the medial entorhinal cortex. Perforant path volleys activated in sequence the dentate gyrus, field CA3, field CA1, subiculum, and entorhinal cortex. Input‐output curves were reconstructed from responses simultaneously recorded from different stations along the loop. The entorhinal response to the presubicular volley was found to increase gradually with respect to its input. The population excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) of the dentate gyrus granule cells had a similar behavior. By contrast, the input‐output relation between the granule cell population spike and population EPSP was described by a very steep sigmoid curve. The population spike of CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons as well as the response evoked in the entorhinal cortex by the hippocampal output had slightly higher threshold than the granule cell population spike and, like the latter, abruptly reached maximum amplitude. These findings show that the entorhinal‐hippocampal‐entorhinal loop transforms a linear input in a non‐linear, almost all‐or‐none output and that the dentate gyrus is the critical site where the transformation occurs. Beyond the dentate gyrus, the loop appears very permeant to impulse traffic. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Copyright © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Bartesaghi:1995, author = {Bartesaghi, R. and Gessi, T. and Migliore, M.}, title = {Input‐output relations in the entorhinal‐hippocampal‐entorhinal loop: Entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {1995}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, pages = {440-451}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029554976&partnerID=40&md5=17307ecfcb04f201a7de230befe03dbc}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450050506} }
Bartesaghi, R., Gessi, T. and Sperti, L.	Electrophysiological analysis of the hippocampal projections to the entorhinal area. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Neuroscience Vol. 30(1), pp. 51-62School: Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Bologna, Italy.	article	DOI
Abstract: Responses evoked in the entorhinal area by impulse volleys originating in the ipsilateral hippocampus were analysed in the guinea-pig by means of field potential analysis. Perforant path volleys, synaptically elicited by stimulation of the dorsal psalterium of one side, were used to activate the hippocampal lamellar circuit of the same side and, through interhippocampal impulses, the hippocampal pyramidal neurons of the contralateral side. Discharge of the hippocampal pyramidal neurons was followed by a response, a fast negative deflection preceded and followed by slow waves, in the dorsal third of the ipsilateral entorhinal area. Laminar distribution of the fast negative deflection and of the time-locked unit activity suggested that excitatory synaptic effects followed by neuron discharge were generated in neurons of layers VI-II of the entorhinal area. The increasing latency of the fast negative deflection and of unit firing over the cortical depth suggested that these synaptic effects were generated in temporal sequence, going from layer VI to layer II. The entorhinal response disappeared after a lesion at the caudal border of the hippocampus interrupting the caudally-directed hippocampal efferents. The anatomy of the hippocampal and subicular projections to the entorhinal area in the guinea-pig, together with electrophysiological data obtained in recordings from the ipsilateral subiculum, suggested that the hippocampal impulses were relayed to layers VI-V of the entorhinal area by the subiculum. The delayed activation of layers IV-II was possibly mediated by intracortical connections. Double-shock experiments showed that impulses of hippocampal origin inhibited the response to dorsal psalterium volleys of entorhinal neurons giving origin to perforant path fibers. The data show that the hippocampal output activates the deep layers of the entorhinal area from which it is possibly relayed to numerous cortical and subcortical regions. Moreover, the inhibitory effects exerted on neurons originating perforant path fibers give evidence of a negative feedback control system operating in the hippocampal region.
BibTeX: @article{Bartesaghi:1989, author = {Bartesaghi, R. and Gessi, T. and Sperti, L.}, title = {Electrophysiological analysis of the hippocampal projections to the entorhinal area.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Bologna, Italy.}, year = {1989}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {51--62}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(89)90352-7} }
Barth, D.S., Goldberg, N., Brett, B. and Di, S.	The spatiotemporal organization of auditory, visual, and auditory-visual evoked potentials in rat cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Brain Res Vol. 678(1-2), pp. 177-190School: Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0345, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: Four placements of an 8 x 8 channel microelectrode array were used to map auditory, visual, and combined auditory-visual evoked potentials (AEP, VEP, AVEP) from a total of 256 electrode sites over a 7 x 7 mm2 area including most of somatosensory, auditory, and visual cortex in the right hemisphere of the rat. The unimodal AEP and VEP consisted of an archetypal response sequence representing a systematic spatial and temporal activation of primary and secondary sensory cortex. Spatiotemporal analysis of these waveforms indicated that they could be decomposed into a small number of spatial and temporal components; components that are related to patterns of specific and non-specific thalamocortical projections connecting the auditory and visual nuclei of the thalamus with primary and secondary auditory and visual cortex. These data suggest that the AEP and VEP complex are the cortical reflection of asynchronous activation of parallel thalamocortical projection systems. The areal distribution of the AEP and VEP also overlapped, primarily in secondary auditory and visual cortex, indicating that these regions contain populations of cells responding to either modality. Polymodal auditory-visual stimulation resulted in unique activation of two isolated populations of neurons positioned in secondary auditory and secondary visual cortex which were revealed by difference waveforms, computed by subtracting the sum of the AEP and VEP from the AVEP complex. Retrograde labeling of the polymodal zones indicated that they receive parallel thalamocortical projections primarily from non-specific auditory and visual thalamic nuclei including the medial and dorsal divisions of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGm and MGd), the suprageniculate nucleus (SGN), and the lateral posterior nucleus (LP). The polymodal zone in visual cortex also receives specific projections from the dorsal division of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd). These data conform to a general model of thalamocortical organization in which specific thalamic nuclei with a high degree of modality specificity make restricted projections to primary sensory cortex and parts of secondary sensory cortex, and association thalamic nuclei with a high degree of sensory convergence make more divergent cortical projections. Primary and secondary sensory cortex, as well as distinct zones of polysensory cortex appear to be activated in tandem via parallel thalamocortical projections. Thus, the cerebral cortex must have simultaneous access to both unimodal and polymodal sensory information.
BibTeX: @article{Barth:1995, author = {D. S. Barth and N. Goldberg and B. Brett and S. Di}, title = {The spatiotemporal organization of auditory, visual, and auditory-visual evoked potentials in rat cortex.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0345, USA.}, year = {1995}, volume = {678}, number = {1-2}, pages = {177--190}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)00182-p} }
Barth, D.S., Goldberg, N., Brett, B. and Di, S.	The spatiotemporal organization of auditory, visual, and auditory-visual evoked potentials in rat cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Brain research Vol. 678, pp. 177-90	article
Abstract: Four placements of an 8 x 8 channel microelectrode array were used to map auditory, visual, and combined auditory-visual evoked potentials (AEP, VEP, AVEP) from a total of 256 electrode sites over a 7 x 7 mm2 area including most of somatosensory, auditory, and visual cortex in the right hemisphere of the rat. The unimodal AEP and VEP consisted of an archetypal response sequence representing a systematic spatial and temporal activation of primary and secondary sensory cortex. Spatiotemporal analysis of these waveforms indicated that they could be decomposed into a small number of spatial and temporal components; components that are related to patterns of specific and non-specific thalamocortical projections connecting the auditory and visual nuclei of the thalamus with primary and secondary auditory and visual cortex. These data suggest that the AEP and VEP complex are the cortical reflection of asynchronous activation of parallel thalamocortical projection systems. The areal distribution of the AEP and VEP also overlapped, primarily in secondary auditory and visual cortex, indicating that these regions contain populations of cells responding to either modality. Polymodal auditory-visual stimulation resulted in unique activation of two isolated populations of neurons positioned in secondary auditory and secondary visual cortex which were revealed by difference waveforms, computed by subtracting the sum of the AEP and VEP from the AVEP complex. Retrograde labeling of the polymodal zones indicated that they receive parallel thalamocortical projections primarily from non-specific auditory and visual thalamic nuclei including the medial and dorsal divisions of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGm and MGd), the suprageniculate nucleus (SGN), and the lateral posterior nucleus (LP). The polymodal zone in visual cortex also receives specific projections from the dorsal division of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd). These data conform to a general model of thalamocortical organization in which specific thalamic nuclei with a high degree of modality specificity make restricted projections to primary sensory cortex and parts of secondary sensory cortex, and association thalamic nuclei with a high degree of sensory convergence make more divergent cortical projections. Primary and secondary sensory cortex, as well as distinct zones of polysensory cortex appear to be activated in tandem via parallel thalamocortical projections. Thus, the cerebral cortex must have simultaneous access to both unimodal and polymodal sensory information.
BibTeX: @article{Barth:1995a, author = {Barth, D. S. and Goldberg, N. and Brett, B. and Di, S.}, title = {The spatiotemporal organization of auditory, visual, and auditory-visual evoked potentials in rat cortex.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1995}, volume = {678}, pages = {177-90}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Barth, K.N., Onesti, S.T., Krauss, W.E. and Solomon, R.A.	A simple and reliable technique to monitor intracranial pressure in the rat: technical note. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Neurosurgery Vol. 30(1), pp. 138-140School: Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York.	article	DOI
Abstract: A technique for intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring in the rat that uses a permanent cisterna magna cannula is described. The cannula is placed into the subarachnoid space through the atlanto-occipital membrane with the operating microscope and is secured with cement. The distal end is connected to a pressure transducer and a polygraph recorder. To study the consistency of this technique, 12 anesthetized adult rats were subjected to baseline ICP measurements 2 days after placement of the cannula. Baseline pressures ranged between 1.0 and 10.0 cm H2O, with a mean of 5.6 cm H2O. Respiratory variations were detected in all tracings, and manual abdominal compressions (Valsalva maneuver) correlated with immediate transient rises in ICP in all rats. While CSF pressure was being continuously monitored, rats were subjected to subarachnoid hemorrhage induced by transclival basilar artery puncture. Of the 12 rats, 10 showed a moderate transient rise in cerebrospinal fluid pressure, which peaked approximately 2 minutes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (mean peak change, 10.5 cm H2O; range, 0-32.5 cm H2O). Reliable pressure tracings were obtained in three of five animals examined 3 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage (ICP range, 4.0-4.5 cm H2O; mean, 4.2 cm H2O). We conclude that this cannula is easy and inexpensive to construct and that it provides reliable ICP tracings during experimental procedures in the rat.
BibTeX: @article{Barth:1992, author = {Barth, K. N. and Onesti, S. T. and Krauss, W. E. and Solomon, R. A.}, title = {A simple and reliable technique to monitor intracranial pressure in the rat: technical note.}, journal = {Neurosurgery}, school = {Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York.}, year = {1992}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {138--140}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199201000-00028} }
Barth, S. and Gerstberger, R.	Differential regulation of angiotensinogen and AT(1A) receptor mRNA within the rat subfornical organ during dehydration [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Molecular Brain Research Vol. 64(2), pp. 151-164	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The present study describes the differential rostro-caudal patterning of angiotensinogen (AoGen) and AT(1A) receptor mRNAs in the rat SFO using specific and validated oligodeoxynucleotide probes for in situ hybridization. Highest levels of AoGen-specific gene expression were observed in the rostral region of the SFO with gradually decreasing intensity towards the caudal region of this sensory circumventricular organ lacking blood-brain barrier function. AoGen-related hybridization signals proved to be specifically prominent above cells in lateral aspects of the SFO, surrounding septal venules. Maximal expression of the AT(1A) receptor-specific gene, on the other hand, could be detected in the neuron-enriched, ventro-medial core region and dorsal annulus of the SFO, with low-intensity hybridization signals in its rostral and caudal parts. Water deprivation for 48 h, leading to extracellular hypertonic hypovolemia with elevated circulating AngII concentrations within the physiological range, caused a significant increase in AoGen-specific hybridization signals in the rostral and medial SFO regions. AT(1A) receptor gene expression and AngII receptor binding were markedly stimulated in the medial and caudal regions of the SFO (core and annulus) as compared to euhydrated animals. These data indicate, that mild dehydration differentially up-regulates AoGen- and AT(1A) receptor-specific mRNA formation as well as AT1 receptor binding in distinct regions of the SFO, and supports the involvement of different cellular subgroups in the expression of two major components of the central nervous renin-angiotensin system in this sensory circumventricular organ.
BibTeX: @article{Barth:1999, author = {Barth, S.W. and Gerstberger, R.}, title = {Differential regulation of angiotensinogen and AT(1A) receptor mRNA within the rat subfornical organ during dehydration}, journal = {Molecular Brain Research}, year = {1999}, volume = {64}, number = {2}, pages = {151-164}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033524705&partnerID=40&md5=4c6ff1f425c223b2939add72352a7e26}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-328X(98)00308-8} }
Bartha, J. and Wüstenberg, P.W.	Accumulation of 42K and 86Rb in the organs of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1975	Acta physiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae Vol. 46, pp. 1-8	article
Abstract: 42K and 86Rb were administered in combination to anaesthetized rats by the intravenous route, and accumulation of the isotopes in the organs during a few cirulatory cycles (90 sec) and after 24 hours has been studied in the rat. a) Accumulation of the two elements was identical in skeletal and heart muscle at both points of time. b) Acute (90 sec) accumulation of 86Rb slightly exceeded that of 42K in the skin, liver, brain, external and internal medulla of the kidney. Therefore, the cardiac output fractions obtained with 42K and 86Rb according to Sapirstein's method must be compared with certain corrections, and they cannot be evaluated in a combined form. c) Considerable differences were found in the accumulation of the two elements after 24 hours. The differences were ascribed to the different intra- and extracellular concentrations of the natural isotopes of the two elements and, to a lesser extent to their presumbly different "lag phenomenon".
BibTeX: @article{Bartha:1975, author = {Bartha, J and Wüstenberg, P W}, title = {Accumulation of 42K and 86Rb in the organs of the rat.}, journal = {Acta physiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae}, year = {1975}, volume = {46}, pages = {1--8}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Barthas, F. and Kwan, A.C.	Secondary Motor Cortex: Where 'Sensory' Meets 'Motor' in the Rodent Frontal Cortex [BibTeX]	2016	Trends Neurosci.	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{Barthas:2016, author = {Barthas, F. and Kwan, A. C.}, title = {Secondary Motor Cortex: Where 'Sensory' Meets 'Motor' in the Rodent Frontal Cortex}, journal = {Trends Neurosci.}, year = {2016}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://www.cell.com/trends/neurosciences/fulltext/S0166-2236(16)30174-6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2016.11.006} }
von Bartheld, C. and Meyer, D.	Central projections of the nervus terminalis in the bichir, Polypterus palmas [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Cell and Tissue Research Vol. 244(1), pp. 181-186	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Central pathways of the nervus terminalis (n.t.) in the bichir, Polypterus palmas, were studied with the use of tracing techniques. After application of horseradish peroxidase to the unilateral olfactory mucosa labeled n.t. fibers were traced in seven distinct bundles through the subpallium. Projection areas are found in the precommissural ventral nucleus of the area ventralis telencephali ipsilaterally, the anterior commissure and commissural parts of the periventricular preoptic nucleus bilaterally; few n.t.-fibers cross via the anterior commissure to the contralateral side; no fibers were observed to turn rostrally to the contralateral olfactory bulb. Major targets of the n.t. include a restricted ventral part of the periventricular preoptic nucleus at the level of the optic chiasma bilaterally, and the periventricular nuclei located between the thalamic nuclei and the hypothalamus bilaterally. N.t. fibers continue their course through the ipsilateral hypothalamus and are traced as far as the mesencephalic tegmentum ipsilaterally. N.t. terminations are found consistently within the boundaries of periventricular cell nuclei, suggesting axosomatic synaptic contacts. We propose a differentiation of the n.t. ganglion cells into a distal (mucosal) and proximal (bulbar) type regarding the peripheral cell processes. Our findings are compared with those of other reports on the n.t. system. © 1986 Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX: @article{Bartheld:1986, author = {von Bartheld, C.S. and Meyer, D.L.}, title = {Central projections of the nervus terminalis in the bichir, Polypterus palmas}, journal = {Cell and Tissue Research}, year = {1986}, volume = {244}, number = {1}, pages = {181-186}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022619988&partnerID=40&md5=87baaa2f442794a921da8464fce9bb83}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00218396} }
von Bartheld, C., Rickmann, M. and Meyer, D.	A light- and electron-microscopic study of mesencephalic neurons projecting to the ganglion of the nervus terminalis in the goldfish [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Cell and Tissue Research Vol. 246(1), pp. 63-70	article	DOI URL
Abstract: After application of various neuronal tracers (horseradish peroxidase, cobalt-chloride lysine, true blue) to the ganglion of the nervus terminalis a small number of neurons was retrogradely labeled in the mesencephalon. As revealed by combined horseradish peroxidase and catecholamine-fluorescence techniques these neurons are located in the isthmic area immediately rostral to, but not within the locus coeruleus. Cobalt-labeled axons of the mesencephalic neurons were traced individually in serial sections. Neurons projecting contralaterally cross in the horizontal commissure. Tracing of single fibers provided no evidence for axon collaterals within this pathway. Retrograde labeling reveals two different types of isthmic neurons afferent to the ganglion of the nervus terminalis: One smaller-sized type is located bilaterally and consists of four to six neurons; another type possessing many dendritic processes was consistently found as only one single cell located contralateral to the side of injection. The existence of two types of neurons was confirmed by their cytological differences: The small-sized type receives only sparse perisomatic input, while the large-sized type shows heavy somatic and dendritic, probably monoaminergic innervation. © 1986 Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX: @article{Bartheld:1986a, author = {von Bartheld, C.S. and Rickmann, M.J. and Meyer, D.L.}, title = {A light- and electron-microscopic study of mesencephalic neurons projecting to the ganglion of the nervus terminalis in the goldfish}, journal = {Cell and Tissue Research}, year = {1986}, volume = {246}, number = {1}, pages = {63-70}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022446590&partnerID=40&md5=506781e05f4c81b74b3befe093adbeba}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00219000} }
von Bartheld, C.S., Patterson, S.L., Heuer, J.G., Wheeler, E.F., Bothwell, M. and Rubel, E.W.	Expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors in the developing inner ear of chick and rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Development Vol. 113(2), pp. 455-470School: Hearing Development Laboratories RL-30, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195.	article
Abstract: The expression of nerve growth factor receptors (NGFRs) was studied in the developing inner ear with in situ hybridization in chick embryos and with immunocytochemistry in rat embryos to determine sites of possible functions of NGF or NGF-like molecules in inner ear development. NGFR expression in the chick otocyst and acoustic ganglion is compared with epithelial differentiation and the onset of afferent innervation as determined with fluorescent carbocyanine tracers. In the inner ear of the chick embryo, NGFR mRNA expression shows an alternating pattern in mesenchymal and epithelial tissues. NGFR mRNA is heavily expressed in the mesenchyme surrounding the otocyst (E2-3), ceases at E3-5, and reappears in a thin layer of mesenchymal cells surrounding the membraneous epithelia (E5-13). In the otocyst epithelium, NGFR mRNA expression develops in one anterior and one posterior focus at E3-4.5. NGFR mRNA is expressed in the primordia of the ampullary cristae (E5-7) and possibly the anlage of the utricle; label transiently concentrates in the planum semilunatum of the cristae ampullares and in superior portions of the semicircular canals at E9, but is not seen in differentiating hair cells. In the acoustic ganglion, NGFR mRNA expression begins at E4; at the same time, the first peripheral acoustic nerve processes penetrate the otic epithelium (E4-4.5). The acoustic ganglia remain weakly NGFR mRNA-labeled in the posthatch animal. In the rat embryo, NGFR immunoreactivity is present in the auditory placode at E9, in the periotic mesenchyme at E9-10, and in the medial half of the otocyst at E10-11. At E12, epithelial NGFR expression becomes restricted anteriorly and posteriorly in a pattern similar to that of the chick otocyst and ceases at E13. NGFR immunoreactivity appears transiently in pillar cells of the cochlea in the third week of gestation. NGFR and NGFR mRNA is expressed after E11 in the acoustic ganglia. While NGFR transcripts are expressed in the cochlear ganglion cell bodies, NGFR protein becomes restricted to neuronal processes by the third week of gestation. The vestibular, but not the cochlear (spiral) ganglia remain NGFR-labeled in the adult rat. Onset of NGFR mRNA expression in the acoustic ganglion during the period of afferent fiber ingrowth into the otocyst epithelium is consistent with the hypothesis that NGF-like molecules may have a neurotrophic function for acoustic ganglion cells. Transient expression of NGFRs in secretory cells of the vestibular endorgan and pillar cells in the organ of Corti implicate a role for neurotrophins in the differentiation of these epithelial cell types.
BibTeX: @article{vonBartheld:1991, author = {von Bartheld, C. S. and Patterson, S. L. and Heuer, J. G. and Wheeler, E. F. and Bothwell, M. and Rubel, E. W.}, title = {Expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors in the developing inner ear of chick and rat.}, journal = {Development}, school = {Hearing Development Laboratories RL-30, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195.}, year = {1991}, volume = {113}, number = {2}, pages = {455--470}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normala dult rat.} }
von Bartheld, C.S., Wang, X. and Butowt, R.	Anterograde axonal transport, transcytosis, and recycling of neurotrophic factors: the concept of trophic currencies in neural networks. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Mol Neurobiol Vol. 24(1-3), pp. 1-28School: Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno 89557, USA. chrisvb@physio.unr.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Traditional views of neurotrophic factor biology held that trophic factors are released from target cells, retrogradely transported along their axons, and rapidly degraded upon arrival in cell bodies. Increasing evidence indicates that several trophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), can move anterogradely along axons. They can escape the degradative pathway upon internalization and are recycled for future uses. Internalized ligands can move through intermediary cells by transcytosis, presumably by endocytosis via endosomes to the Golgi system, by trafficking of the factor to dendrites or by sorting into anterograde axonal transport with subsequent release from axon terminals and uptake by second- or third-order target neurons. Such data suggest the existence of multiple "trophic currencies," which may be used over several steps in neural networks to enable nurturing relationships between connected neurons or glial cells, not unlike currency exchanges between trading partners in the world economy. Functions of multistep transfer of trophic material through neural networks may include regulation of neuronal survival, differentiation of phenotypes and dendritic morphology, synapse plasticity, as well as excitatory neurotransmission. The molecular mechanisms of sorting, trafficking, and release of trophic factors from distinct neuronal compartments are important for an understanding of neurotrophism, but they present challenging tasks owing to the low levels of the endogenous factors.
BibTeX: @article{Bartheld:2001, author = {von Bartheld, C. S. and Wang, X. and Butowt, R.}, title = {Anterograde axonal transport, transcytosis, and recycling of neurotrophic factors: the concept of trophic currencies in neural networks.}, journal = {Mol Neurobiol}, school = {Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno 89557, USA. chrisvb@physio.unr.edu}, year = {2001}, volume = {24}, number = {1-3}, pages = {1--28}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/MN:24:1-3:001}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1385/MN:24:1-3:001} }
von Bartheld, C.S., Wang, X. and Butowt, R.	Anterograde axonal transport, transcytosis, and recycling of neurotrophic factors: the concept of trophic currencies in neural networks. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Molecular neurobiology Vol. 24, pp. 1-28	article
Abstract: Traditional views of neurotrophic factor biology held that trophic factors are released from target cells, retrogradely transported along their axons, and rapidly degraded upon arrival in cell bodies. Increasing evidence indicates that several trophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), can move anterogradely along axons. They can escape the degradative pathway upon internalization and are recycled for future uses. Internalized ligands can move through intermediary cells by transcytosis, presumably by endocytosis via endosomes to the Golgi system, by trafficking of the factor to dendrites or by sorting into anterograde axonal transport with subsequent release from axon terminals and uptake by second- or third-order target neurons. Such data suggest the existence of multiple "trophic currencies," which may be used over several steps in neural networks to enable nurturing relationships between connected neurons or glial cells, not unlike currency exchanges between trading partners in the world economy. Functions of multistep transfer of trophic material through neural networks may include regulation of neuronal survival, differentiation of phenotypes and dendritic morphology, synapse plasticity, as well as excitatory neurotransmission. The molecular mechanisms of sorting, trafficking, and release of trophic factors from distinct neuronal compartments are important for an understanding of neurotrophism, but they present challenging tasks owing to the low levels of the endogenous factors.
BibTeX: @article{Bartheld:2001a, author = {von Bartheld, C. S. and Wang, X. and Butowt, R.}, title = {Anterograde axonal transport, transcytosis, and recycling of neurotrophic factors: the concept of trophic currencies in neural networks.}, journal = {Molecular neurobiology}, year = {2001}, volume = {24}, pages = {1-28}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Bartlett, E.L., Stark, J.M., Guillery, R.W. and Smith, P.H.	Comparison of the fine structure of cortical and collicular terminals in the rat medial geniculate body. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Neuroscience Vol. 100(4), pp. 811-828School: Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin Medical School, WI, Madison, 53706, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: Neurons throughout the rat medial geniculate body, including the dorsal and ventral divisions, display a variety of responses to auditory stimuli. To investigate possible structural determinants of this variability, measurements of axon terminal profile area and postsynaptic dendrite diameter were made on inferior colliculus and corticothalamic terminal profiles in the medial geniculate body identified by anterograde tracer labeling following injections into the inferior colliculus or cortex. Over 90% of the synapses observed were axodendritic, with few axosomatic synapses. Small (<0.5 microm(2)) and large (>1.0 microm(2)) collicular profiles were found throughout the medial geniculate, but were smaller on average in the dorsal division (0.49+/-0.49 microm(2)) than in the ventral division (0.70+/-0.64 microm(2)). Almost all corticothalamic profiles were small and ended on small-caliber dendrites (0.57+/-0.25 microm diameter) throughout the medial geniculate. A few very large (>2.0 microm(2)) corticothalamic profiles were found in the dorsal division and in the marginal zone of the medial geniculate. GABA immunostaining demonstrated the presence of GABAergic profiles arising from cells in the inferior colliculus. These profiles were compared with GABAergic profiles not labeled with anterograde tracer, which were presumed to be unlabeled inferior colliculus profiles or thalamic reticular nucleus profiles. The distributions of dendritic diameters postsynaptic to collicular, cortical and unlabeled GABAergic profiles were compared with dendritic diameters of intracellularly labeled medial geniculate neurons from rat brain slices. Our results demonstrate a corticothalamic projection to medial geniculate body that is similar to other sensory corticothalamic projections. However, the heterogeneous distributions of excitatory inferior collicular terminal sizes and postsynaptic dendritic diameters, along with the presence of a GABAergic inferior collicular projection to dendrites in the medial geniculate body, suggest a colliculogeniculate projection that is more complex than the ascending projections to other sensory thalamic nuclei. These findings may be useful in understanding some of the differences in the response characteristics of medial geniculate neurons in vivo.
BibTeX: @article{Bartlett:2000, author = {E. L. Bartlett and J. M. Stark and R. W. Guillery and P. H. Smith}, title = {Comparison of the fine structure of cortical and collicular terminals in the rat medial geniculate body.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin Medical School, WI, Madison, 53706, USA.}, year = {2000}, volume = {100}, number = {4}, pages = {811--828}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00340-7} }
Bartlett, L.E. and Mendez, I.	Dopaminergic reinnervation of the globus pallidus by fetal nigral grafts in the rodent model of Parkinson's disease. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Cell transplantation Vol. 14, pp. 119-27	article
Abstract: The current neural transplantation strategy for Parkinson's disease (PD) involves the dopaminergic reinnervation of the striatum (STR). Although up to 85% reinnervation of the STR has been attained by neural transplantation, functional recovery in animal models and transplanted patients is incomplete. This limitation may be due to an incomplete restoration of the dopaminergic input to other basal ganglia structures such as the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe, homologue of the rodent GP), which normally receives dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra (SN). As part of our investigation into a multiple grafting strategy for PD, we have explored the effects of dopaminergic grafts in the GP of rodents with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions. In this experiment, lesioned rats received either 300,000 fetal ventral mesencephalic (FVM) cells or a sham injection into the GP. Functional assessment consisted of rotational behavior at 3 and 6 weeks posttransplantation. A fluorogold tracer study was conducted to rule out any behavioral improvement due to striatal outgrowth of the GP graft. Sections were stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) to assess the degree of trauma in the GP by the graft in comparison to the sham injection. Immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was performed after transplantation to assess graft survival. Animals with GP grafts demonstrated a significant improvement in rotational behavior at 3 and 6 weeks posttransplantation (p < 0.05) while sham control animals did not improve. All animals receiving FVM cells showed TH-immunoreactive grafts in the GP posttransplantation. TH-positive neurons in the GP showed no double labeling with an intrastriatal injection of fluorogold, indicating that behavioral improvement was not due to striatal innervation by the GP graft. These observations suggest that functional recovery was the result of dopaminergic reinnervation of the GP and that this nucleus may be a potential target for neural transplantation in clinical PD.
BibTeX: @article{Bartlett:2005, author = {Bartlett, L. E. and Mendez, I.}, title = {Dopaminergic reinnervation of the globus pallidus by fetal nigral grafts in the rodent model of Parkinson's disease.}, journal = {Cell transplantation}, year = {2005}, volume = {14}, pages = {119-27}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Bartlett, S.E., Reynolds, A.J., Weible 2nd, M., Noakes, P.G. and Hendry, I.A.	Transport of endosomal early antigen 1 in the rat sciatic nerve and location in cultured neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Neuroreport Vol. 12(2), pp. 281-284School: Division of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT.	article	DOI
Abstract: Early endosomal antigen 1 (EEA1) is known to be a marker of early endosomes and in cultured hippocampal neurons it preferentially localizes to the dendritic but not the axonal compartment. We show in cultured dorsal root ganglia and superior cervical ganglia neurons that EEA1 localizes to the cell bodies and the neurites of both sensory and sympathetic neurons. We then show in vivo using a ligated rat sciatic nerve that EEA1 significantly accumulates on the proximal side and not on the distal side of the ligation. This suggests that EEA1 is transported in the anterograde direction in axons either as part of the homeostatic process or to the nerve ligation site in response to nerve injury.
BibTeX: @article{Bartlett:2001, author = {Bartlett, S. E. and Reynolds, A. J. and Weible, 2nd, M and Noakes, P. G. and Hendry, I. A.}, title = {Transport of endosomal early antigen 1 in the rat sciatic nerve and location in cultured neurons.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, school = {Division of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT.}, year = {2001}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {281--284}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200102120-00020} }
Bartness, T., Bittman, E. and Wade, G.	Paraventricular nucleus lesions exaggerate dietary obesity but block photoperiod-induced weight gains and suspension of estrous cyclicity in Syrian hamsters [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Brain Research Bulletin Vol. 14(5), pp. 427-430	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Lesions of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus block short photoperiod-induced testicular regression in Syrian hamsters. We examined the effects of PVN or sham lesions on the short photoperiod-induced increases in body weight and adiposity in female Syrian hamsters. PVN lesions did not affect body weight when hamsters were housed in a long photoperiod (LD, 16:8) and fed Purina laboratory rodent chow (No. 5001). However, when fed a high-fat diet both groups gained weight, and the hamsters with PVN lesions gained approximately twice as much as the sham-operated controls. When the hamsters were exposed to a short photoperiod (LD, 8:16), only the hamsters with sham lesions displayed the typical increase in body weight. No further increase in body weight or parametrial fat pad weight was seen when the hamsters with PVN lesions were exposed to the short photoperiod. The lack of a short photoperiod-induced increase in body weight gain in hamsters with PVN lesions seems unlikely to be due to a "ceiling effect" on body weight gain because we have routinely observed neurally intact, melatonin-treated female Syrian hamsters with body weight in excess of 250 g. Finally, the short photoperiod interrupted estrous cyclicity in sham-lesioned hamsters but not in those with PVN lesions. Thus, PVN lesions exaggerate dietary obesity but prevent short photoperiod-induced weight gains and vaginal acyclicity in female Syrian hamsters. © 1985.
BibTeX: @article{Bartness:1985, author = {Bartness, T.J. and Bittman, E.L. and Wade, G.N.}, title = {Paraventricular nucleus lesions exaggerate dietary obesity but block photoperiod-induced weight gains and suspension of estrous cyclicity in Syrian hamsters}, journal = {Brain Research Bulletin}, year = {1985}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {427-430}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021845048&partnerID=40&md5=287b709ab3fed032f4c0be103295227b}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(85)90020-6} }
Bartness, T.J.	Dual innervation of white adipose tissue: some evidence for parasympathetic nervous system involvement. [BibTeX]	2002	J Clin Invest Vol. 110(9), pp. 1235-1237School: Neurobiology and Behavior Program, Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-3088, USA. bartness@gsu.edu	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{Bartness:2002, author = {Bartness, Timothy J.}, title = {Dual innervation of white adipose tissue: some evidence for parasympathetic nervous system involvement.}, journal = {J Clin Invest}, school = {Neurobiology and Behavior Program, Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-3088, USA. bartness@gsu.edu}, year = {2002}, volume = {110}, number = {9}, pages = {1235--1237}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI17047}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI17047} }
Bartol, I., Skorupa, A.L., Scialfa, J.H. and Cipolla-Neto, J.	Pineal metabolic reaction to retinal photostimulation in ganglionectomized rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Brain Res Vol. 744(1), pp. 77-82School: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Sâo Paulo, Brazil.	article	DOI
Abstract: The aim of the present work was to test the pineal gland metabolic reactivity to nocturnal retinal short term photic stimulation in superior cervical ganglionectomized rats. The experimental support for this work is the appearance of a transitory post synaptic hyperactivity in the pineal gland, during the anterograde degenerating process of the conarii sympathetic nerve fibers after surgical removal of the cell body. In this situation the pineal gland is deafferented from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system keeping intact, however, the direct central connections to the deep pineal/lamina intercalaris region (DP). The results show a blockade of the pineal noradrenergic stimulatory process due to the retinal photostimulation. The inactivation of N-acetyltransferase led to a true metabolic shift to the oxidative pathway resulting in a decrease of the amount of N-acetylserotonin and an increase of the amount of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 5-hydroxytryptophan. This inhibitory process brought into action by retinal illumination is dependent on the direct central neural connections to the pineal gland, since rats that were lesioned in the DP, previously to ganglionectomy, did not show any alteration on the indolic content of the pineal gland when subjected to nocturnal retinal photostimulation.
BibTeX: @article{Bartol:1997, author = {Bartol, I. and Skorupa, A. L. and Scialfa, J. H. and Cipolla-Neto, J.}, title = {Pineal metabolic reaction to retinal photostimulation in ganglionectomized rats.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Sâo Paulo, Brazil.}, year = {1997}, volume = {744}, number = {1}, pages = {77--82}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01081-5} }
Bartol, I., Skorupa, A.L., Scialfa, J.H. and Cipolla-Neto, J.	Pineal metabolic reaction to retinal photostimulation in ganglionectomized rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Brain research Vol. 744, pp. 77-82	article
Abstract: The aim of the present work was to test the pineal gland metabolic reactivity to nocturnal retinal short term photic stimulation in superior cervical ganglionectomized rats. The experimental support for this work is the appearance of a transitory post synaptic hyperactivity in the pineal gland, during the anterograde degenerating process of the conarii sympathetic nerve fibers after surgical removal of the cell body. In this situation the pineal gland is deafferented from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system keeping intact, however, the direct central connections to the deep pineal/lamina intercalaris region (DP). The results show a blockade of the pineal noradrenergic stimulatory process due to the retinal photostimulation. The inactivation of N-acetyltransferase led to a true metabolic shift to the oxidative pathway resulting in a decrease of the amount of N-acetylserotonin and an increase of the amount of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 5-hydroxytryptophan. This inhibitory process brought into action by retinal illumination is dependent on the direct central neural connections to the pineal gland, since rats that were lesioned in the DP, previously to ganglionectomy, did not show any alteration on the indolic content of the pineal gland when subjected to nocturnal retinal photostimulation.
BibTeX: @article{Bartol:1997a, author = {Bartol, I. and Skorupa, A. L. and Scialfa, J. H. and Cipolla-Neto, J.}, title = {Pineal metabolic reaction to retinal photostimulation in ganglionectomized rats.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1997}, volume = {744}, pages = {77-82}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Bartoletti, A., Medini, P., Berardi, N. and Maffei, L.	Environmental enrichment prevents effects of dark-rearing in the rat visual cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Nat Neurosci Vol. 7(3), pp. 215-216School: Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, Pisa, Italy.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Environmental enrichment potentiates neural plasticity, enhancing acquisition and consolidation of memory traces. In the sensory cortices, after cortical circuit maturation and sensory function acquisition are completed, neural plasticity declines and the critical period 'closes'. In the visual cortex, this process can be prevented by dark-rearing, and here we show that environmental enrichment can promote physiological maturation and consolidation of visual cortical connections in dark-reared rats, leading to critical period closure.
BibTeX: @article{Bartoletti:2004, author = {Alessandro Bartoletti and Paolo Medini and Nicoletta Berardi and Lamberto Maffei}, title = {Environmental enrichment prevents effects of dark-rearing in the rat visual cortex.}, journal = {Nat Neurosci}, school = {Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, Pisa, Italy.}, year = {2004}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {215--216}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1201}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1201} }
Bartoletti, A., Medini, P., Berardi, N. and Maffei, L.	Environmental enrichment prevents effects of dark-rearing in the rat visual cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Nature neuroscience Vol. 7, pp. 215-6	article
Abstract: Environmental enrichment potentiates neural plasticity, enhancing acquisition and consolidation of memory traces. In the sensory cortices, after cortical circuit maturation and sensory function acquisition are completed, neural plasticity declines and the critical period 'closes'. In the visual cortex, this process can be prevented by dark-rearing, and here we show that environmental enrichment can promote physiological maturation and consolidation of visual cortical connections in dark-reared rats, leading to critical period closure.
BibTeX: @article{Bartoletti:2004a, author = {Bartoletti, Alessandro and Medini, Paolo and Berardi, Nicoletta and Maffei, Lamberto}, title = {Environmental enrichment prevents effects of dark-rearing in the rat visual cortex.}, journal = {Nature neuroscience}, year = {2004}, volume = {7}, pages = {215-6}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Bartolomé, M.V. and Gil-Loyzaga, P.	Serotonergic innervation of the inner ear: is it involved in the general physiological control of the auditory receptor? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Int Tinnitus J Vol. 11(2), pp. 119-125School: Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain.	article
Abstract: The auditory pathway of mammals is composed of two complementary ascending afferent and descending efferent independent systems. The brainstem nuclei and cochlear projections for these systems are now well-known. In addition, a highly conspicuous distribution for serotonergic fibers was recently reported. This study focused on these serotonergic fibers and their neurons of origin. We identified several different types of serotonergic brainstem neurons surrounding the superior olivary complex and around the periolivary nuclei. Even though the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) efferent cochlear innervation originates in the periolivary area of the superior olivary complex system projecting to the cochlea, it is not involved in the transduction of pure tones during auditory processing. However, recent findings, after cochlear blockade of serotonin transporters, strongly suggested that this neuroactive substance has an important turnover within the auditory receptor. The presence of a conspicuous peripheral nerve distribution together with a particular brainstem origin could define a complex role for this innervation. Therefore, 5-HT fibers projecting to the cochlea might be involved, as in other parts of the auditory pathway, in alertness, attention, control of sleep or wakefulness cycles, and state of urgency prior to the transduction processing at the auditory receptor. A lack, or reduction, of the function of these fibers could result in pathological alterations.
BibTeX: @article{Bartolome:2005, author = {Bartolomé, M Visitación and Gil-Loyzaga, Pablo}, title = {Serotonergic innervation of the inner ear: is it involved in the general physiological control of the auditory receptor?}, journal = {Int Tinnitus J}, school = {Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain.}, year = {2005}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {119--125}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
de Bartolomeis, A., Austin, M., Goodwin, G., Spear, L., Pickar, D. and Crawley, J.	Dopaminergic and peptidergic mRNA levels in juvenile rat brain after prenatal cocaine treatment [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Molecular Brain Research Vol. 21(3-4), pp. 321-332	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The effects of prenatal cocaine treatment on gene expression in dopaminergic pathways of juvenile rats were investigated by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Pregnant rats from gestational day 8 to 20 were administered one of the following treatments: (A) 40 mg/kg cocaine hydrochloride/3 ml/day s.c.; (B) 0.9% saline/3 ml/day s.c. and pair fed to cocaine-exposed dams; (C) 0.9% saline/3 ml/day s.c. and placement on cellulose-diluted diet to match the caloric intake of the cocaine-treated group without explicit food restriction; (D) no injection and lab chow diet. Levels of mRNA for the dopamine transporter, tyrosine hydroxylase, cholecystokinin, D1 and D2 dopamine receptors and enkephalin were quantitated in relevant dopaminergic regions of forebrain and midbrain of offspring that were sacrificed on postnatal day 21. Quantitative analysis revealed no significant changes in mRNA levels in any of the brain regions examined. In the present animal model, cocaine exposure in utero had no significant effect on mRNA levels of the dopamine transporter, D1 or D2 dopamine receptors, enkephalin, tyrosine hydroxylase, or cholecystokinin in juvenile rats. © 1994.
BibTeX: @article{Bartolomeis:1994, author = {de Bartolomeis, A. and Austin, M.C. and Goodwin, G.A. and Spear, L.P. and Pickar, D. and Crawley, J.N.}, title = {Dopaminergic and peptidergic mRNA levels in juvenile rat brain after prenatal cocaine treatment}, journal = {Molecular Brain Research}, year = {1994}, volume = {21}, number = {3-4}, pages = {321-332}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028078823&partnerID=40&md5=3ca702a0d919c33702ed1343956e3cc0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-328X(94)90263-1} }
Bartsch, T., Akerman, S. and Goadsby, P.J.	The ORL-1 (NOP1) receptor ligand nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) inhibits neurogenic dural vasodilatation in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Neuropharmacology Vol. 43(6), pp. 991-998School: Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.	article	DOI
Abstract: The effects of the ORL-1 (NOP(1)) receptor ligand nociceptin (N/OFQ) and the nociceptin antagonists [Nphe(1)]N/OFQ-(1-13)-NH(2) (Nphe) and nocistatin (NST) on neurogenic dural vasodilatation (NDV) in the rat dura mater evoked by electrical stimulation of a closed cranial window were studied. The middle meningeal artery was visualised using intravital microscopy, and the vessel diameter analysed using a video dimension analyser. N/OFQ (1, 10, 100 nmol kg(-1); i.v., n=10) significantly and dose-dependently suppressed NDV maximally by 65% (P<0.01). Neither Nphe (100 nmol kg(-1); n=5) nor NST (100 nmol kg(-1); n=4) alone had an effect on NDV (P>0.05). Baseline vessel diameter was not significantly affected by application of N/OFQ, NST or Nphe. Application of the selective N/OFQ antagonist Nphe (10, 100 nmol kg(-1) i.v., n=8) dose-dependently and significantly (P<0.01) reversed the inhibition of NDV induced by application of N/OFQ (10 nmol kg(-1)). NST (10, 100 nmol kg(-1); n=7) failed to reverse the effects elicited by N/OFQ. Application of N/OFQ elicited a dose-dependent transient decrease in arterial blood pressure (P<0.01). Nphe dose-dependently reversed the cardiovascular effects induced by application of N/OFQ (10 nmol kg(-1)) (P<0.01),while NST did not alter the blood pressure reaction elicited by N/OFQ. The results show that N/OFQ inhibits NDV, an effect which is antagonised by Nphe, but not by NST. ORL-1 (NOP(1)) receptors located on trigeminal sensory fibres may be involved in the regulation of dural vessel diameter and hence may play a role in migraine pathophysiology.
BibTeX: @article{Bartsch:2002, author = {Bartsch, T. and Akerman, S. and Goadsby, P. J.}, title = {The ORL-1 (NOP1) receptor ligand nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) inhibits neurogenic dural vasodilatation in the rat.}, journal = {Neuropharmacology}, school = {Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.}, year = {2002}, volume = {43}, number = {6}, pages = {991--998}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3908(02)00148-x} }
Bartsch, T. and Goadsby, P.J.	Stimulation of the greater occipital nerve induces increased central excitability of dural afferent input. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Brain Vol. 125(Pt 7), pp. 1496-1509School: Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, London, UK.	article	DOI
Abstract: Patients with primary headaches often report pain that involves not only the front of the head, innervated by the first (ophthalmic) division of the trigeminal nerve, but also the back of the head, innervated by the greater occipital nerve (GON) that is a branch of the C(2) spinal root. The aim of this work was to study the physiology of trigeminocervical input in a model of cranial nociception by describing a population of nociceptive neurones that receive convergent input from the supratentorial dura and the GON. Rats were anaesthetized with pentobarbital, paralysed and ventilated. The parietal dura above the middle meningeal artery was stimulated through a closed cranial window. The GON was exposed in the neck and stimulated. Recordings were made from 67 neurones (52 wide dynamic range neurones/15 nociceptive-specific-neurones) in the C(2) spinal dorsal horn, which responded to stimulation of the dura and the GON. Most neurones showed receptive fields corresponding to the first trigeminal division as well as input from C(2) skin and muscle. Neurones were recorded in superficial and deep layers of the dorsal horn. All neurones tested received input from the ipsilateral and contralateral GON (n = 5). The responses to dural stimulation were analysed before and after stimulation of the GON. Supramaximal electrical stimulation of the GON (20 s to 5 min) enhanced afferent dural input in 8/20 neurones. Application of the C-fibre activator mustard oil (MO) to the cutaneous receptive field or suboccipital muscles innervated by the GON induced an increased excitability of dural responses in 8/12 and 9/10 neurones, respectively. Stimulation of muscle afferents had a significant longer facilitatory effect than cutaneous stimulation (P < 0.05). These results show that a considerable population of neurones show convergent input from both dura as well as cervical cutaneous and muscle territories, which supports the view of a functional continuum between the caudal trigeminal nucleus and upper cervical segments involved in cranial nociception. The facilitatory effect of GON stimulation on dural stimulation suggests a central mechanism at the second order neurone level. This mechanism may be important in pain referral from cervical structures to the head and therefore have implications for most forms of primary headache.
BibTeX: @article{Bartsch:2002a, author = {Bartsch, Thorsten and Goadsby, Peter J.}, title = {Stimulation of the greater occipital nerve induces increased central excitability of dural afferent input.}, journal = {Brain}, school = {Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, London, UK.}, year = {2002}, volume = {125}, number = {Pt 7}, pages = {1496--1509}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awf166} }
Bartsch, T., Levy, M.J., Knight, Y.E. and Goadsby, P.J.	Differential modulation of nociceptive dural input to [hypocretin] orexin A and B receptor activation in the posterior hypothalamic area. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Pain Vol. 109(3), pp. 367-378School: Headache Group, Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The novel neuropeptides orexin A and B are selectively synthesised in the lateral and posterior hypothalamus and are involved in hypothalamic regulation of autonomic and neuroendocrine functions. Recent findings point also to a role in nociception. As the posterior hypothalamus is involved in the central modulation of nociception we studied the effects of hypocretin/orexin receptor activation in the posterior hypothalamic area (PH) of the rat on dural nociceptive input. Orexins were microinjected into the PH and the effects on responses of neurones in the caudal trigeminal nucleus studied. Injection of orexin A decreased the A- and C-fibre responses to dural electrical stimulation as well as spontaneous activity. Responses to noxious thermal stimulation of the facial skin were also decreased by orexin A. Injection of orexin B into the PH, however, elicited increased responses to dural stimulation in A- and C-fibre responses and resulted in increased spontaneous activity. Responses to facial thermal stimulation were also increased by orexin B. Control injection of saline into the PH had no significant effect. The results show a differential modulation of dural nociceptive input by orexin A and B receptor activation in the PH. The results support the role of the PH in the nociceptive processing of meningeal input. As both peptides are also involved in hypothalamic regulation of neuroendocrine and autonomic functions, orexinergic mechanisms in the PH may provide a link for endocrine and autonomic changes as well as nociceptive phenomena seen in primary headache disorders.
BibTeX: @article{Bartsch:2004, author = {Bartsch, T. and Levy, M. J. and Knight, Y. E. and Goadsby, P. J.}, title = {Differential modulation of nociceptive dural input to [hypocretin] orexin A and B receptor activation in the posterior hypothalamic area.}, journal = {Pain}, school = {Headache Group, Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.}, year = {2004}, volume = {109}, number = {3}, pages = {367--378}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2004.02.005}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2004.02.005} }
Basbaum, A. and Menetrey, D.	Wheat germ agglutinin‐apoHRP gold: A new retrograde tracer for light‐ and electron‐microscopic single‐ and double‐label studies [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Journal of Comparative Neurology Vol. 261(2), pp. 306-318	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In this report, we describe a new colloidal‐gold‐labelled retrograde tracer, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) conjugated to enzymatically inactive horseradish peroxidase (apoHRP). This protein gold complex (WGAapoHRP‐Au) is a sensitive marker for retrograde tracing of the projections of CNS neurons at the light‐microscopic (LM) level when a silver‐enhancement procedure is used to detect the gold in the tracer. For electron‐microscopic (EM) analysis, the silver‐enhanced sections undergo a further gold‐toning step. This protects against rapid oxidation and dissolution of the silver precipitate during the osmication procedure. A major advantage of WGAapoHRP‐Au is that it can be used in a variety of multiple‐labelling studies. When the retrograde transport of the new tracer is combined with that of the fluorescent dye, True Blue, neurons that have bifurcating axons can be readily demonstrated. Simultaneous immunofluorescent detection of the cytochemistry of the double‐retrogradely labelled neurons is also possible. In contrast to a WGA‐HRP gold complex, the new complex has no enzymatic activity. Thus HRP‐based techniques (e.g., anterograde transport of WGA‐HRP or peroxidase‐antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry) can be performed on tissue that contains retrogradely labelled neurons marked with WGAapoHRP‐Au without having to pretreat tissue so as to destroy endogenous HRP enzyme activity. At the EM level, the gold is readily distinguished from DAB immunoreaction product. This makes both LM and EM double‐labelling studies possible. The great sensitivity of the new tracer, its compatibility with a variety of aldehyde fixatives, its ease of detection, and the fact that it can be simultaneously used with several fluorescent and HRP‐based immunocytochemical and tracing techniques make WGAapoHRP‐Au a valuable tool for LM and EM characterization of CNS cytochemistry and connectivity. Copyright © 1987 Alan R. Liss, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Basbaum:1987a, author = {Basbaum, A.I. and Menetrey, D.}, title = {Wheat germ agglutinin‐apoHRP gold: A new retrograde tracer for light‐ and electron‐microscopic single‐ and double‐label studies}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, year = {1987}, volume = {261}, number = {2}, pages = {306-318}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023184940&partnerID=40&md5=b39ae78085950456f3259e01b4a79c4b}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902610211} }
Basbaum, A.I.	Descending control of pain transmission: possible serotonergic-enkephalinergic interactions [BibTeX]	1981	Serotonin, pp. 177-189	incollection	DOI
BibTeX: @incollection{Basbaum:1981, author = {Basbaum, Allan I}, title = {Descending control of pain transmission: possible serotonergic-enkephalinergic interactions}, booktitle = {Serotonin}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {1981}, pages = {177--189}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3860-4_9} }
Basbaum, A.I. and Fields, H.L.	Endogenous pain control mechanisms: review and hypothesis. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1978	Ann Neurol Vol. 4(5), pp. 451-462	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology of an intrinsic neural network that monitors and modulates the activity of pain-transmitting neurons is reviewed. This system can be activated by opiate administration or by electrical stimulation of discrete brainstem sites. Evidence is presented that its pain-suppressing action is mediated in part by endogenous opiatelike compounds (endorphins). This pain suppression system is organized at three levels of the neuraxis: midbrain, medulla, and spinal cord. Activation of neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter (by electrical stimulation, opiates, and possibly psychological factors) excites neurons of the rostral medulla, some of which contain serotonin. The medullary neurons, in turn, project to and specifically inhibit the firing of trigeminal and spinal pain-transmission neurons. As part of a negative feedback loop, the output of the pain transmission neurons, i.e., pain itself, is an important factor in activating the pain-suppression system. A neural model which incorporates the experimental findings is proposed, and the clinical implications of the model are discussed.
BibTeX: @article{Basbaum:1978, author = {Basbaum, A. I. and Fields, H. L.}, title = {Endogenous pain control mechanisms: review and hypothesis.}, journal = {Ann Neurol}, year = {1978}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {451--462}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410040511}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410040511} }
Basbaum, A.I. and Fields, H.L.	The origin of descending pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord of the cat and rat: further studies on the anatomy of pain modulation. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1979	J Comp Neurol Vol. 187(3), pp. 513-531	article	DOI URL
Abstract: There is considerable evidence that the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) of the spinal cord contains descending pathways critical for both opiate and brainstem stimulation-produced analgesia. To obtain a comprehensive map of brainstem neurons projecting to the spinal cord via the DLF, large injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made into the lumbosacral spinal cord of cat and rat. These injections were made caudal to midthoracic lesions which spared only a single DLF or ventral quadrant (VQ); thus only those neurons whose axons descended in the spared funiculus would be labelled. Cells with descending axons in the VQ were concentrated in the medullary nucleus raphe pallidus and obscurus, nucleus retroambiguus and in various subregions of the reticular formation including the nucleus reticularis ventralis, gigantocellularis, magnocellularis, pontis caudalis and pontis oralis. Significant numbers of neurons were also found in medial and lateral vestibular nuclei and in several presumed catecholamine-containing neurons of the dorsolateral pons. In the rat, but not in the cat, considerable numbers of cells are present in the mesencephalic reticular formation just lateral to the periaqueductal gray. In both species, some cells were found in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Brainstem cells projecting in the DLF were concentrated in the nucleus raphe magnus and in the adjacent nucleus reticularis magnocellularis, ipsilateral to the spared funiculus. Significant numbers of cells were found in the dorsolateral pons, differing somewhat in their distribution from those projecting in the VQ. DLF-projecting cells were also present in the ipsilateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus and periaqueductal grey contralateral red nucleus of the midbrain and in the ipsilateral hypothalamus. Smaller projections from other sites are described. These results are discussed in terms of the differential contribution of several brainstem neuronal groups, including the serotonergic nucleus, raphe magnus, the ventromedial reticular formation of the medulla, and various catecholamine-containing neurons of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to the analgesia produced by opiates and electrical brain stimulation.
BibTeX: @article{Basbaum:1979, author = {Basbaum, A. I. and Fields, H. L.}, title = {The origin of descending pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord of the cat and rat: further studies on the anatomy of pain modulation.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1979}, volume = {187}, number = {3}, pages = {513--531}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901870304}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901870304} }
Basbaum, A.I. and Fields, H.L.	Endogenous pain control systems: brainstem spinal pathways and endorphin circuitry. [BibTeX]	1984	Annu Rev Neurosci Vol. 7, pp. 309-338	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{Basbaum:1984, author = {Basbaum, A. I. and Fields, H. L.}, title = {Endogenous pain control systems: brainstem spinal pathways and endorphin circuitry.}, journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci}, year = {1984}, volume = {7}, pages = {309--338}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.07.030184.001521}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.07.030184.001521} }
Basbaum, A.I. and Glazer, E.J.	Immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is concentrated in the sacral spinal cord: a possible marker for pelvic visceral afferent fibers. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Somatosens Res Vol. 1(1), pp. 69-82	article	DOI
Abstract: Previous descriptions of immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in small-diameter dorsal root ganglion cells in the superficial dorsal horn implicated this 28 amino acid peptide in nociceptive transmission. In this study, we examined the distribution of immunoreactive VIP in the spinal cord and caudal medulla of cats and rats. The PAP method was used on paraffin and frozen sections of 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed tissue, using antibodies to VIP that were raised in rabbits. The distribution of immunoreactive VIP, while similar to that of substance P (SP), a putative primary afferent peptide neurotransmitter, is more restricted. VIP staining is found in sacral dorsal roots and densely in the Lissauer tract. Dorsal horn staining is concentrated in lamina I. In contrast to SP, lamina II is almost devoid of staining. Labeled VIP axons course along the lateral curvature of the dorsal horn and arborize across lamina V and around the central canal. A collateral branch of these fibers distributes to the sacral autonomic nucleus. A few fibers could be traced from the root entry zone to the contralateral central gray. VIP axons also terminate between ependymal cells of the central canal. Unlike SP, immunoreactive VIP was restricted, almost exclusively, to the sacral cord. The few fibers in the lumbar enlargement and in the coccygeal cord apparently derive from ascending and descending sacral primary afferents. In fact, the VIP pattern is almost identical to that reported for afferents from the pelvic viscera, including a discontinuous rostrocaudal distribution. Since the staining pattern is also very similar to that of A-delta high-threshold mechanoreceptors, the possibility is discussed that whereas VIP is not a general "somatic" primary afferent transmitter, it may transmit nociceptive input from the pelvic viscera.
BibTeX: @article{Basbaum:1983, author = {Basbaum, A. I. and Glazer, E. J.}, title = {Immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is concentrated in the sacral spinal cord: a possible marker for pelvic visceral afferent fibers.}, journal = {Somatosens Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {69--82}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3109/07367228309144541} }
Basbaum, A.I. and Menetrey, D.	Wheat germ agglutinin-apoHRP gold: a new retrograde tracer for light- and electron-microscopic single- and double-label studies. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	J Comp Neurol Vol. 261(2), pp. 306-318	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In this report, we describe a new colloidal-gold-labelled retrograde tracer, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) conjugated to enzymatically inactive horseradish peroxidase (apoHRP). This protein gold complex (WGAapoHRP-Au) is a sensitive marker for retrograde tracing of the projections of CNS neurons at the light-microscopic (LM) level when a silver-enhancement procedure is used to detect the gold in the tracer. For electron-microscopic (EM) analysis, the silver-enhanced sections undergo a further gold-toning step. This protects against rapid oxidation and dissolution of the silver precipitate during the osmication procedure. A major advantage of WGAapoHRP-Au is that it can be used in a variety of multiple-labelling studies. When the retrograde transport of the new tracer is combined with that of the fluorescent dye, True Blue, neurons that have bifurcating axons can be readily demonstrated. Simultaneous immunofluorescent detection of the cytochemistry of the double-retrogradely labelled neurons is also possible. In contrast to a WGA-HRP gold complex, the new complex has no enzymatic activity. Thus HRP-based techniques (e.g., anterograde transport of WGA-HRP or peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry) can be performed on tissue that contains retrogradely labelled neurons marked with WGAapoHRP-Au without having to pretreat tissue so as to destroy endogenous HRP enzyme activity. At the EM level, the gold is readily distinguished from DAB immunoreaction product. This makes both LM and EM double-labelling studies possible. The great sensitivity of the new tracer, its compatibility with a variety of aldehyde fixatives, its ease of detection, and the fact that it can be simultaneously used with several fluorescent and HRP-based immunocytochemical and tracing techniques make WGAapoHRP-Au a valuable tool for LM and EM characterization of CNS cytochemistry and connectivity.
BibTeX: @article{Basbaum:1987, author = {Basbaum, A. I. and Menetrey, D.}, title = {Wheat germ agglutinin-apoHRP gold: a new retrograde tracer for light- and electron-microscopic single- and double-label studies.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1987}, volume = {261}, number = {2}, pages = {306--318}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902610211}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902610211} }
Baseer, N., Al-Baloushi, A.S., Watanabe, M., Shehab, S.A.S. and Todd, A.J.	Selective innervation of NK1 receptor-lacking lamina I spinoparabrachial neurons by presumed nonpeptidergic Aδ nociceptors in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Pain Vol. 155(11), pp. 2291-2300School: Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Electronic address: andrew.todd@glasgow.ac.uk.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Fine myelinated (Aδ) nociceptors are responsible for fast, well-localised pain, but relatively little is known about their postsynaptic targets in the spinal cord, and therefore about their roles in the neuronal circuits that process nociceptive information. Here we show that transganglionically transported cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) labels a distinct set of afferents in lamina I that are likely to correspond to Aδ nociceptors, and that most of these lack neuropeptides. The vast majority of lamina I projection neurons can be retrogradely labelled from the lateral parabrachial area, and these can be divided into 2 major groups based on expression of the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r). We show that CTb-labelled afferents form contacts on 43% of the spinoparabrachial lamina I neurons that lack the NK1r, but on a significantly smaller proportion (26 of those that express the receptor. We also confirm with electron microscopy that these contacts are associated with synapses. Among the spinoparabrachial neurons that received contacts from CTb-labelled axons, contact density was considerably higher on NK1r-lacking cells than on those with the NK1r. By comparing the density of CTb contacts with those from other types of glutamatergic bouton, we estimate that nonpeptidergic Aδ nociceptors may provide over half of the excitatory synapses on some NK1r-lacking spinoparabrachial cells. These results provide further evidence that synaptic inputs to dorsal horn projection neurons are organised in a specific way. Taken together with previous studies, they suggest that both NK1r(+) and NK1r-lacking lamina I projection neurons are directly innervated by Aδ nociceptive afferents.
BibTeX: @article{Baseer:2014a, author = {Baseer, Najma and Al-Baloushi, Abdullah S. and Watanabe, Masahiko and Shehab, Safa A S. and Todd, Andrew J.}, title = {Selective innervation of NK1 receptor-lacking lamina I spinoparabrachial neurons by presumed nonpeptidergic Aδ nociceptors in the rat.}, journal = {Pain}, school = {Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Electronic address: andrew.todd@glasgow.ac.uk.}, year = {2014}, volume = {155}, number = {11}, pages = {2291--2300}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2014.08.023}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2014.08.023} }
Baseer, N., Polgár, E., Watanabe, M., Furuta, T., Kaneko, T. and Todd, A.J.	Projection neurons in lamina III of the rat spinal cord are selectively innervated by local dynorphin-containing excitatory neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	J Neurosci Vol. 32(34), pp. 11854-11863School: Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Large projection neurons in lamina III of the rat spinal cord that express the neurokinin 1 receptor are densely innervated by peptidergic primary afferent nociceptors and more sparsely by low-threshold myelinated afferents. However, we know little about their input from other glutamatergic neurons. Here we show that these cells receive numerous contacts from nonprimary boutons that express the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2), and form asymmetrical synapses on their dendrites and cell bodies. These synapses are significantly smaller than those formed by peptidergic afferents, but provide a substantial proportion of the glutamatergic synapses that the cells receive (over a third of those in laminae I-II and half of those in deeper laminae). Surprisingly, although the dynorphin precursor preprodynorphin (PPD) was only present in 4-7% of VGLUT2 boutons in laminae I-IV, it was found in 58% of the VGLUT2 boutons that contacted these cells. This indicates a highly selective targeting of the lamina III projection cells by glutamatergic neurons that express PPD, and these are likely to correspond to local neurons (interneurons and possibly projection cells). Since many PPD-expressing dorsal horn neurons respond to noxious stimulation, this suggests that the lamina III projection cells receive powerful monosynaptic and polysynaptic nociceptive input. Excitatory interneurons in the dorsal horn have been shown to possess I(A) currents, which limit their excitability and can underlie a form of activity-dependent intrinsic plasticity. It is therefore likely that polysynaptic inputs to the lamina III projection neurons are recruited during the development of chronic pain states.
BibTeX: @article{Baseer:2012, author = {Baseer, Najma and Polgár, Erika and Watanabe, Masahiko and Furuta, Takahiro and Kaneko, Takeshi and Todd, Andrew J.}, title = {Projection neurons in lamina III of the rat spinal cord are selectively innervated by local dynorphin-containing excitatory neurons.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.}, year = {2012}, volume = {32}, number = {34}, pages = {11854--11863}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2707-12.2012}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2707-12.2012} }
Basha, P.M. and Sujitha, N.S.	Combined impact of exercise and temperature in learning and memory performance of fluoride toxicated rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Biological trace element research Vol. 150, pp. 306-313	article	DOI
Abstract: In previous studies, we investigated a link between high fluoride exposure and functional IQ deficits in rats. This study is an extension conducted to explore the combined influence of physical exercise and temperature stress on the learning ability and memory in rats and to assess whether any positive modulation could be attenuated due to exercise regimen subjected to F-toxicated animals at different temperatures. Accumulation of ingested fluoride resulted significant inhibition in acetylcholinesterase activity (P < 0.05), plasma cortisol levels (P < 0.05), and impaired the acquisition, performance, latency time, and retention in fluoride-exposed animals. Fluoride-toxicated rats took more number of sessions during the learning phase [F (5, 35) = 19.065; P < 0.05] and post hoc analysis on the number of correct choices revealed that there was a significant effect of treatments [F (5, 30) = 15.763; P < 0.05]; sessions [F (8, 240) = 58.698; P < 0.05]; and also significant difference in the interactions [F (40, 240) = 1.583; P < 0.05]. The latency data also revealed a significant difference between groups [F (5, 30) = 28.085; P < 0.05]; time = [F (8, 240) = 136.314; P < 0.05]; and there was a significant difference in the interactions [F (40, 240) = 2.090; P < 0.05]. In order to ascertain if interdependence between fluoride concentrations and the foregoing free radical parameters, respective correlation coefficients were calculated and results clearly emphasize the positive role of exercise in the promotion of cognitive functions by decreasing fluoride levels in rat hippocampus. A significant recovery in cognitive function was noticed in all the exercised animals due to reduced burden of brain oxidative stress. In comparison to exercise regimens performed at different temperatures, high (35 °C) and low temperatures (20 °C) led to a slower acquisition and poor retention of the task when compared to thermo neutral temperatures (25 and 30 °C). Thus exercise up-regulate antioxidant defenses and promote learning abilities in fluorotic population.
BibTeX: @article{Basha:2012, author = {Basha, P Mahaboob and Sujitha, N S}, title = {Combined impact of exercise and temperature in learning and memory performance of fluoride toxicated rats.}, journal = {Biological trace element research}, year = {2012}, volume = {150}, pages = {306--313}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-012-9489-3} }
Bashir, Z. and Collingridge, G.	An investigation of depotentiation of long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Experimental Brain Research Vol. 79(2), pp. 437-443	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We have investigated long-term synaptic depression in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices. Prolonged low-frequency stimulation (LFS; 900 stimuli delivered at 2 Hz) of the Schaffer collateral-commissural pathway in naïve slices did not induce long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission. However, if long-term potentiation (LTP) was firstly induced in the pathway then LFS generated an LTD-like effect (i.e. depotentiation of LTP). Depotentiation could be induced 2 h (the longest time studied) after the induction of LTP and was stable for the duration of the experiment (followed for up to 40 min). The induction of depotentiation was not blocked by the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist d-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate, the L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel blocker nimodipine or the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine. However, the magnitude of depotentiation was reversibly reduced, in a stereoselective manner, by the specific metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist (+)-α-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine. These results show that prolonged low frequency stimulation can result in an mGluR-dependent depotentiation of LTP. © 1994 Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX: @article{Bashir:1994, author = {Bashir, Z.I. and Collingridge, G.L.}, title = {An investigation of depotentiation of long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus}, journal = {Experimental Brain Research}, year = {1994}, volume = {79}, number = {2}, pages = {437-443}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027991749&partnerID=40&md5=d2a166c2cd1ddf054e9d8bd756650678}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00229183} }
Basken, J.N., Connor, N.P. and Ciucci, M.R.	Effect of aging on ultrasonic vocalizations and laryngeal sensorimotor neurons in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Experimental brain research Vol. 219, pp. 351-61	article
Abstract: While decline in vocal quality is prevalent in an aging population, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms contributing to age-related dysphonia are unknown and difficult to study in humans. Development of an animal model appears critical for investigating this issue. Using an established aging rat model, we evaluated if 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in 10, 32-month-old (old) Fischer 344/Brown Norway rats differed from those in 10, 9-month-old (young adult) rats. The retrograde tracer, Cholera Toxin beta, was injected to the thyroarytenoid muscle to determine if motoneuron loss in the nucleus ambiguus was associated with age. Results indicated that older rats had vocalizations with diminished acoustic complexity as demonstrated by reduced bandwidth, intensity, and peak frequency, and these changes were dependent on the type of 50-kHz vocalization. Simple calls of old rats had reduced bandwidth, peak frequency, and intensity while frequency-modulated calls of old rats had reduced bandwidth and intensity. Surprisingly, one call type, step calls, had increased duration in the aged rats. These findings reflect phonatory changes observed in older humans. We also found significant motoneuron loss in the nucleus ambiguus of aged rats, which suggests that motoneuron loss may be a contributing factor to decreased complexity and quality of ultrasonic vocalizations. These findings suggest that a rat ultrasonic phonation model may be useful for studying age-related changes in vocalization observed in humans.
BibTeX: @article{Basken:2012, author = {Basken, Jaime N. and Connor, Nadine P. and Ciucci, Michelle R.}, title = {Effect of aging on ultrasonic vocalizations and laryngeal sensorimotor neurons in rats.}, journal = {Experimental brain research}, year = {2012}, volume = {219}, pages = {351-61}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Baskerville, K.A., Chang, H.T. and Herron, P.	Topography of cholinergic afferents from the nucleus basalis of Meynert to representational areas of sensorimotor cortices in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	J Comp Neurol Vol. 335(4), pp. 552-562School: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Medicine, Memphis 38163.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We investigated (1) the topography of projection neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) with efferents to restricted regions of the primary somatosensory (SI), the second somatosensory (SII), and the primary motor (MI) cortices in the rat; (2) the percentage of these NBM projection neurons that were cholinergic; and (3) the collateralization, if any, of single NBM neurons to different subdivisions within SI, to homotopic areas of SI and SII, and to homotopic areas of SI and MI. Retrograde single- and double-labeling techniques were used to study NBM projections to electrophysiologically identified subdivisions of SI and to homotopic representational areas of SI and SII, and of SI and MI. Choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry was done to identify cholinergic NBM neurons. Of the retrogradely labeled NBM neurons that projected to selective subdivisions of SI, SII, and MI, 89 87 and 88 respectively, were cholinergic. We found a rostral-to-caudal progression of retrogradely labeled NBM neurons following a medial-to-lateral sequence of injections into subdivisions of SI. Overlapping groups of single-labeled NBM neurons were observed after injections of different tracers into adjacent subdivisions within SI or homotopic areas of SI and SII, and of SI and MI. We conclude that NBM innervation to SI, SII, and MI is mostly cholinergic in the rat, that each cortical area receives cholinergic afferents from neurons widely distributed within the NBM, and that each NBM neuron projects to a restricted cortical area without significant collateralization to adjacent subdivisions within SI or to homotopic areas of SI and SII, or SI and MI.
BibTeX: @article{Baskerville:1993, author = {K. A. Baskerville and H. T. Chang and P. Herron}, title = {Topography of cholinergic afferents from the nucleus basalis of Meynert to representational areas of sensorimotor cortices in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Medicine, Memphis 38163.}, year = {1993}, volume = {335}, number = {4}, pages = {552--562}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350407}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350407} }
Baskerville, K.A., Chang, H.T. and Herron, P.	Topography of cholinergic afferents from the nucleus basalis of Meynert to representational areas of sensorimotor cortices in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 335, pp. 552-562	article	DOI
Abstract: We investigated (1) the topography of projection neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) with efferents to restricted regions of the primary somatosensory (SI), the second somatosensory (SII), and the primary motor (MI) cortices in the rat; (2) the percentage of these NBM projection neurons that were cholinergic; and (3) the collateralization, if any, of single NBM neurons to different subdivisions within SI, to homotopic areas of SI and SII, and to homotopic areas of SI and MI. Retrograde single- and double-labeling techniques were used to study NBM projections to electrophysiologically identified subdivisions of SI and to homotopic representational areas of SI and SII, and of SI and MI. Choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry was done to identify cholinergic NBM neurons. Of the retrogradely labeled NBM neurons that projected to selective subdivisions of SI, SII, and MI, 89%, 87%, and 88%, respectively, were cholinergic. We found a rostral-to-caudal progression of retrogradely labeled NBM neurons following a medial-to-lateral sequence of injections into subdivisions of SI. Overlapping groups of single-labeled NBM neurons were observed after injections of different tracers into adjacent subdivisions within SI or homotopic areas of SI and SII, and of SI and MI. We conclude that NBM innervation to SI, SII, and MI is mostly cholinergic in the rat, that each cortical area receives cholinergic afferents from neurons widely distributed within the NBM, and that each NBM neuron projects to a restricted cortical area without significant collateralization to adjacent subdivisions within SI or to homotopic areas of SI and SII, or SI and MI.
BibTeX: @article{Baskerville:1993a, author = {Baskerville, K A and Chang, H T and Herron, P}, title = {Topography of cholinergic afferents from the nucleus basalis of Meynert to representational areas of sensorimotor cortices in the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1993}, volume = {335}, pages = {552--562}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350407} }
Bassant, M., Dutar, P. and Lamour, Y.	Cholinergic pathways in the central nervous system: in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological studies [BibTeX]	1993	Acetylcholine, Sigma Receptors, CCK and Eicosanoids, Neurotoxins Vol. 2, pp. 19	article
BibTeX: @article{Bassant:1993, author = {Bassant, MH and Dutar, P and Lamour, Y}, title = {Cholinergic pathways in the central nervous system: in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological studies}, journal = {Acetylcholine, Sigma Receptors, CCK and Eicosanoids, Neurotoxins}, publisher = {Taylor & Francis}, year = {1993}, volume = {2}, pages = {19}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Basset, G., Bouchonnet, F., Crone, C. and Saumon, G.	Potassium transport across rat alveolar epithelium: evidence for an apical Na+-K+ pump. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	J Physiol Vol. 400, pp. 529-543School: INSERM U82, Faculté Xavier-Bichat, Paris, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: 1. Experiments were performed on rat lungs into which various solutions were instilled whilst the lungs were perfused with either whole blood or Ringer solution. Instillation of ion-free glucose solution led to a net flux of fluid and ions into the alveolar spaces. K+ ions entered faster than Na+ ions and reached a concentration about twice that in the perfusate. Ouabain in the perfusate (basolateral side) prevented the rise in alveolar K+ concentration above that in the perfusate, indicating a transcellular pathway. Ba2+ in the instillate (apical side) hindered the entry of K+ into alveoli, suggesting the presence of apical K+ channels. 2. When Ringer solution was instilled, K+ was continuously removed from the alveoli and the K+ concentration in the instillate remained constant or decreased slightly depending on the rate of fluid absorption. The net K+ efflux from alveoli to blood was 0.23 pmol/(cm2 s). When Ba2+ was added to the instillate the net K+ efflux increased to 0.36 pmol/(cm2 s). Apical ouabain reversed the K+ flux resulting in a net K+ flux of 0.19 pmol/(cm2 s) into the alveoli. This suggests the presence of an Na+-K+-ATPase located in the apical membrane of some alveolar cells. 3. The K+ transport from instillate (Ringer solution) to perfusate was traced by means of 86Rb which was added to the instillate. Ouabain in the instillate did not affect fluid absorption but reduced the apparent 86Rb permeability by 50% although the paracellular permeability (estimated with [3H]mannitol) was unaffected. This also indicates the presence of an apical Na+-K+-ATPase. When ouabain was added to the perfusate, the apparent 86Rb permeability doubled. These findings indicate that recirculation of 86Rb (and K+) occurs due to the activity of both apical and basolateral Na+-K+-ATPases. 4. When ouabain was placed on both sides of the epithelium, preventing transcellular transport, the passive 86Rb permeability was 10.3 x 10(-8) cm/s (assuming an alveolar surface area of 5000 cm2). This value agrees with the passive permeabilities for mannitol, Na+ and Cl- suggesting that the paracellular pathway acts as a water-filled neutral channel. 5. We conclude that K+ is 'secreted' into the alveoli and is also removed from the alveoli, both processes being energized by Na+-K+-ATPases placed on the basolateral and apical sides, respectively. It is likely that two functionally different cell types exist in the alveolar membrane. One type ('B cell') has a Na+-K+-ATPase located at the basolateral membrane and K+ channels situated luminally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Basset:1988, author = {Basset, G. and Bouchonnet, F. and Crone, C. and Saumon, G.}, title = {Potassium transport across rat alveolar epithelium: evidence for an apical Na+-K+ pump.}, journal = {J Physiol}, school = {INSERM U82, Faculté Xavier-Bichat, Paris, France.}, year = {1988}, volume = {400}, pages = {529--543}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017135} }
Basso, D.M., Beattie, M.S. and Bresnahan, J.C.	Descending systems contributing to locomotor recovery after mild or moderate spinal cord injury in rats: experimental evidence and a review of literature. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Restor Neurol Neurosci Vol. 20(5), pp. 189-218School: Division of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Medical Professions, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA. basso.2@osu.edu	article
Abstract: Locomotor recovery after spinal cord contusion injury (SCI) may be mediated by descending axons spared at the lesion epicenter. Greater axonal sparing is associated with more extensive recovery. Therefore, we identified the source and relative proportion of spared axons associated with extensive or limited locomotor recovery after SCI.Female Sprague Dawley rats underwent mild or moderate SCI using the OSU device.Locomotor recovery was greater for the mild than moderate group with the primary differences being restitution of limb coordination, very little toe dragging and minor paw rotation.The following brain nuclei with substantial neuronal labeling after mild but not moderate SCI may play an important role in locomotor recovery: raphe pallidus and magnus, ventral medullary and pontine reticular formation, lateral vestibular nucleus, red nucleus and locus coeruleus. We review the normal anatomical distribution of descending systems to the lumbar cord in rat and the role they play in motor control.
BibTeX: @article{Basso:2002, author = {Basso, D Michele and Beattie, Michael S and Bresnahan, Jacqueline C}, title = {Descending systems contributing to locomotor recovery after mild or moderate spinal cord injury in rats: experimental evidence and a review of literature.}, journal = {Restor Neurol Neurosci}, school = {Division of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Medical Professions, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA. basso.2@osu.edu}, year = {2002}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {189--218}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in normal adult rats.} }
Bast, T., Pezze, M. and Feldon, J.	Dopamine receptor blockade in the rat medial prefrontal cortex reduces spontaneous and amphetamine-induced activity and does not affect prepulse inhibition [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Behavioural Pharmacology Vol. 13(8), pp. 669-673	article	URL
Abstract: The functions and interactions of cortical and subcortical dopamine systems are of interest because alterations in these systems have been implicated in neuropsychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia. It has been proposed that prefrontal dopamine transmission may oppose dopamine transmission in subcortical sites, such as the nucleus accumbens. Accordingly, reduced prefrontal dopamine transmission would be expected to enhance or induce behavioral effects that have been associated with stimulation of accumbal dopamine receptors. In rats, spontaneous and amphetamine-induced activity is supported by dopamine receptor stimulation in the nucleus accumbens, while prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response, which is used to measure sensorimotor gating and is disrupted in schizophrenia, is reduced by increased accumbal dopamine receptor stimulation. In the present experiments, we found that bilateral infusion of the dopamine D1/D2 receptor antagonist cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride into the medial prefrontal cortex of Wistar rats (25 μg each side) reduced spontaneous activity and completely blocked induction of hyperactivity by systemic administration of D-amphetamine sulfate (1 mg/kg), while not affecting PPI. These findings do not support an antagonism between prefrontal and accumbal dopamine in the control of behavior. Rather, our data demonstrate that prefrontal dopamine transmission may modulate some behavioral processes in a similar way to accumbal dopamine. © 2002 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
BibTeX: @article{Bast:2002, author = {Bast, T. and Pezze, M.A. and Feldon, J.}, title = {Dopamine receptor blockade in the rat medial prefrontal cortex reduces spontaneous and amphetamine-induced activity and does not affect prepulse inhibition}, journal = {Behavioural Pharmacology}, year = {2002}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {669-673}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036971129&partnerID=40&md5=444fba6dc3936b6fc1fa5e49fa06a61e} }
Bast, T., Wilson, L., Witter, M. and Morris, R.	From rapid place learning to behavioral performance: A key role for the intermediate hippocampus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	PLoS Biology Vol. 7(4), pp. 0730-0746	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Rapid place encoding by hippocampal neurons, as reflected by place-related firing, has been intensely studied, whereas the substrates that translate hippocampal place codes into behavior have received little attention. A key point relevant to this translation is that hippocampal organization is characterized by functional-anatomical gradients along the septotemporal axis: Whereas the ability of hippocampal neurons to encode accurate place information declines from the septal to temporal end, hippocampal connectivity to prefrontal and subcortical sites that might relate such place information to behavioral-control processes shows an opposite gradient. We examined in rats the impact of selective lesions to relevant parts of the hippocampus on behavioral tests requiring place learning (watermaze procedures) and on in vivo electrophysiological models of hippocampal encoding (long-term potentiation [LTP], place cells). We found that the intermediate hippocampus is necessary and largely sufficient for behavioral performance based on rapid place learning. In contrast, a residual septal pole of the hippocampus, although displaying intact electrophysiological indices of rapid information encoding (LTP, precise place-related firing, and rapid remapping), failed to sustain watermaze performance based on rapid place learning. These data highlight the important distinction between hippocampal encoding and the behavioral performance based on such encoding, and suggest that the intermediate hippocampus, where substrates of rapid accurate place encoding converge with links to behavioral control, is critical to translate rapid (one-trial) place learning into navigational performance. Copyright:© 2009 Bast et al.
BibTeX: @article{Bast:2009, author = {Bast, T. and Wilson, L.A. and Witter, M.P. and Morris, R.G.M.}, title = {From rapid place learning to behavioral performance: A key role for the intermediate hippocampus}, journal = {PLoS Biology}, year = {2009}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {0730-0746}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-65949120422&partnerID=40&md5=c884e0d0447254df04771549bd53dff6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000089} }
Bast, T., Zhang, W.N. and Feldon, J.	The ventral hippocampus and fear conditioning in rats. Different anterograde amnesias of fear after tetrodotoxin inactivation and infusion of the GABA(A) agonist muscimol. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Exp Brain Res Vol. 139(1), pp. 39-52School: Behavioral Neurobiology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Schwerzenbach.	article
Abstract: Studies on the involvement of the rat hippocampus in classical fear conditioning have focused mainly on the dorsal hippocampus and conditioning to a context. However, the ventral hippocampus has intimate connections with the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens, which are involved in classical fear conditioning to explicit and contextual cues. Consistently, a few recent lesion studies have indicated a role for the ventral hippocampus in classical fear conditioning to explicit and contextual cues. The present study examined whether neuronal activity within the ventral hippocampus is important for the formation of fear memory to explicit and contextual cues by classical fear conditioning. Tetrodotoxin (TTX; 10 ng/side), which completely blocks neuronal activity, or muscimol (1 microg/side), which increases GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition, were bilaterally infused into the ventral hippocampus of Wistar rats before the conditioning session of a classical fear-conditioning experiment. Conditioning to a tone and the context were assessed using freezing as a measure of conditioned fear. TTX blocked fear conditioning to both tone and context. Muscimol only blocked fear conditioning to the context. The data of the present study indicate that activity of neurons in the ventral hippocampus is necessary for the formation of fear memory to both explicit and contextual cues and that neurons in the ventral hippocampus that bear the GABA(A) receptor are important for the formation of fear conditioning to a context. In addition, both bilateral muscimol (0.5 microg/side and 1 microg/side) and TTX (5 ng/side and 10 ng/side) infusion into the ventral hippocampus dose-dependently decreased locomotor activity in an open-field experiment.
BibTeX: @article{Bast:2001, author = {T. Bast and W. N. Zhang and J. Feldon}, title = {The ventral hippocampus and fear conditioning in rats. Different anterograde amnesias of fear after tetrodotoxin inactivation and infusion of the GABA(A) agonist muscimol.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, school = {Behavioral Neurobiology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Schwerzenbach.}, year = {2001}, volume = {139}, number = {1}, pages = {39--52}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Bast, T., Zhang, W.-N. and Feldon, J.	The ventral hippocampus and fear conditioning in rats: Different anterograde amnesias of fear after tetrodotoxin inactivation and infusion of the GABAA agonist muscimol [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Experimental Brain Research Vol. 139(1), pp. 39-52	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Studies on the involvement of the rat hippocampus in classical fear conditioning have focused mainly on the dorsal hippocampus and conditioning to a context. However, the ventral hippocampus has intimate connections with the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens, which are involved in classical fear conditioning to explicit and contextual cues. Consistently, a few recent lesion studies have indicated a role for the ventral hippocampus in classical fear conditioning to explicit and contextual cues. The present study examined whether neuronal activity within the ventral hippocampus is important for the formation of fear memory to explicit and contextual cues by classical fear conditioning. Tetrodotoxin (TTX; 10 ng/side), which completely blocks neuronal activity, or muscimol (1 μg/side), which increases GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition, were bilaterally infused into the ventral hippocampus of Wistar rats before the conditioning session of a classical fear-conditioning experiment. Conditioning to a tone and the context were assessed using freezing as a measure of conditioned fear. TTX blocked fear conditioning to both tone and context. Muscimol only blocked fear conditioning to the context. The data of the present study indicate that activity of neurons in the ventral hippocampus is necessary for the formation of fear memory to both explicit and contextual cues and that neurons in the ventral hippocampus that bear the GABAA receptor are important for the formation of fear conditioning to a context. In addition, both bilateral muscimol (0.5 μg/side and 1 μg/side) and TTX (5 ng/side and 10 ng/side) infusion into the ventral hippocampus dose-dependently decreased locomotor activity in an open-field experiment.
BibTeX: @article{Bast:2001a, author = {Bast, T. and Zhang, W.-N. and Feldon, J.}, title = {The ventral hippocampus and fear conditioning in rats: Different anterograde amnesias of fear after tetrodotoxin inactivation and infusion of the GABAA agonist muscimol}, journal = {Experimental Brain Research}, year = {2001}, volume = {139}, number = {1}, pages = {39-52}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034945581&partnerID=40&md5=efac1712db59696930ed6f3e0e632356}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s002210100746} }
Bastmeyer, M., Daston, M.M., Possel, H. and O'Leary, D.D.	Collateral branch formation related to cellular structures in the axon tract during corticopontine target recognition. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	J Comp Neurol Vol. 392(1), pp. 1-18School: Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: The corticopontine projection develops exclusively by collateral branches that form along the length of corticospinal axons days after they have passed their hindbrain target, the basilar pons. In vitro evidence suggests that the basilar pons releases a diffusible activity that initiates and directs the growth of collateral branches. This study investigates whether contact-dependent mechanisms may also influence the formation of collateral branches. By using immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, and neuronal tracing techniques, we examined the region of the axon tract, the cerebral peduncle, overlying the basilar pons for cellular structures that correlate spatially and temporally with collateral branch formation. We found that radial glia are excluded from the tract. Oligodendrocyte precursors are found only at low density. Although mature astrocytes are absent, immature astrocytes are present throughout the tract. However, our evidence does not suggest a direct role for glial cell types in collateral branch formation. In contrast, dendrites of basilar pontine neurons are transiently present in the tract during the time of collateral branch formation. Although collateral branches are observed in regions of the tract devoid of dendrites, the orientation and location of most collateral branches correlates at the light microscopic level with dendrites. Electron microscopy reveals sites of increased collateral branch formation near neuronal cell bodies or dendrites. However, cell processes, whether dendritic or otherwise, are rarely found in direct contact with collateral branch points. A common and unexpected feature is the bundles of corticopontine collateral branches, oriented transversely to their parent corticospinal axons and directed across the tract to the basilar pons. Dendrites were often apposed to or embedded within the transverse bundles. These findings suggest that dendrites are not essential for collateral branch formation but that they may enhance this process and define discrete preferred locations for collateral branch initiation and elongation within the cerebral peduncle.
BibTeX: @article{Bastmeyer:1998, author = {Bastmeyer, M. and Daston, M. M. and Possel, H. and O'Leary, D. D.}, title = {Collateral branch formation related to cellular structures in the axon tract during corticopontine target recognition.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.}, year = {1998}, volume = {392}, number = {1}, pages = {1--18}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980302)392:1%3C1::aid-cne1%3E3.0.co;2-6} }
Bastmeyer, M., Daston, M.M., Possel, H. and O'Leary, D.D.	Collateral branch formation related to cellular structures in the axon tract during corticopontine target recognition. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 392, pp. 1-18	article
Abstract: The corticopontine projection develops exclusively by collateral branches that form along the length of corticospinal axons days after they have passed their hindbrain target, the basilar pons. In vitro evidence suggests that the basilar pons releases a diffusible activity that initiates and directs the growth of collateral branches. This study investigates whether contact-dependent mechanisms may also influence the formation of collateral branches. By using immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, and neuronal tracing techniques, we examined the region of the axon tract, the cerebral peduncle, overlying the basilar pons for cellular structures that correlate spatially and temporally with collateral branch formation. We found that radial glia are excluded from the tract. Oligodendrocyte precursors are found only at low density. Although mature astrocytes are absent, immature astrocytes are present throughout the tract. However, our evidence does not suggest a direct role for glial cell types in collateral branch formation. In contrast, dendrites of basilar pontine neurons are transiently present in the tract during the time of collateral branch formation. Although collateral branches are observed in regions of the tract devoid of dendrites, the orientation and location of most collateral branches correlates at the light microscopic level with dendrites. Electron microscopy reveals sites of increased collateral branch formation near neuronal cell bodies or dendrites. However, cell processes, whether dendritic or otherwise, are rarely found in direct contact with collateral branch points. A common and unexpected feature is the bundles of corticopontine collateral branches, oriented transversely to their parent corticospinal axons and directed across the tract to the basilar pons. Dendrites were often apposed to or embedded within the transverse bundles. These findings suggest that dendrites are not essential for collateral branch formation but that they may enhance this process and define discrete preferred locations for collateral branch initiation and elongation within the cerebral peduncle.
BibTeX: @article{Bastmeyer:1998a, author = {Bastmeyer, M. and Daston, M. M. and Possel, H. and O'Leary, D. D.}, title = {Collateral branch formation related to cellular structures in the axon tract during corticopontine target recognition.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1998}, volume = {392}, pages = {1-18}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Bastos, E.F., Marcelino, J.L., Amaral, A.R. and Serfaty, C.A.	Fluoxetine-induced plasticity in the rodent visual system. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Brain Res Vol. 824(1), pp. 28-35School: Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Caixa Postal 100180, Niteroi, CEP 24001-970, RJ, Brazil.	article	DOI
Abstract: We studied the effect of fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in the development and lesion-induced plasticity of retinotectal axons in pigmented rats. Neonatal rats received a daily injection of either fluoxetine or vehicle from postnatal day 1 (PND 1) to PND 10 or from PND 14 to PND 28 (fluoxetine, 7.5 and 10.0 mg/kg, respectively). In the latter group, some animals received a single lesion at the temporal periphery of the left retina at PND 21. Unoperated animals were use as the control. At the end of the treatment, the animals received an intraocular injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the right (intact) eye to trace the uncrossed retinotectal pathway. Chronic fluoxetine treatment, induced, in unoperated rats, an expansion of the retinal terminal fields along the rostro-caudal axis of the tectum both in the PND 10 and PND 28 groups. Following a retinal lesion in the left eye at PND 21, the vehicle-treated group showed a small reorganization of the intact uncrossed projection. In this group only a few terminals were labeled invading the denervated tectal surface one-week after the lesion. Fluoxetine-treated animals on the other hand, showed a great amplification of plasticity with a conspicuous sprouting of the uncrossed retinal axons into denervated areas. The data suggest that fluoxetine induces extensive axonal rearrangements in neonatal and juvenile central nervous system and amplifies neuroplasticity following retinal lesions late in development.
BibTeX: @article{Bastos:1999, author = {Bastos, E. F. and Marcelino, J. L. and Amaral, A. R. and Serfaty, C. A.}, title = {Fluoxetine-induced plasticity in the rodent visual system.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Caixa Postal 100180, Niteroi, CEP 24001-970, RJ, Brazil.}, year = {1999}, volume = {824}, number = {1}, pages = {28--35}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01184-1} }
Bastos, E.F., Marcelino, J.L., Amaral, A.R. and Serfaty, C.A.	Fluoxetine-induced plasticity in the rodent visual system. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Brain research Vol. 824, pp. 28-35	article
Abstract: We studied the effect of fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in the development and lesion-induced plasticity of retinotectal axons in pigmented rats. Neonatal rats received a daily injection of either fluoxetine or vehicle from postnatal day 1 (PND 1) to PND 10 or from PND 14 to PND 28 (fluoxetine, 7.5 and 10.0 mg/kg, respectively). In the latter group, some animals received a single lesion at the temporal periphery of the left retina at PND 21. Unoperated animals were use as the control. At the end of the treatment, the animals received an intraocular injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the right (intact) eye to trace the uncrossed retinotectal pathway. Chronic fluoxetine treatment, induced, in unoperated rats, an expansion of the retinal terminal fields along the rostro-caudal axis of the tectum both in the PND 10 and PND 28 groups. Following a retinal lesion in the left eye at PND 21, the vehicle-treated group showed a small reorganization of the intact uncrossed projection. In this group only a few terminals were labeled invading the denervated tectal surface one-week after the lesion. Fluoxetine-treated animals on the other hand, showed a great amplification of plasticity with a conspicuous sprouting of the uncrossed retinal axons into denervated areas. The data suggest that fluoxetine induces extensive axonal rearrangements in neonatal and juvenile central nervous system and amplifies neuroplasticity following retinal lesions late in development.
BibTeX: @article{Bastos:1999a, author = {Bastos, E. F. and Marcelino, J. L. and Amaral, A. R. and Serfaty, C. A.}, title = {Fluoxetine-induced plasticity in the rodent visual system.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1999}, volume = {824}, pages = {28-35}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Basura, G. and Walker, P.	Suppression of serotonin hyperinnervation does not alter the dysregulatory influences of dopamine depletion on striatal neuropeptide gene expression in rodent neonates [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 274(1), pp. 9-12	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Sixty days following neonatal dopamine depletion (>98%) with 6-hydroxydopamine, preprotachykinin and preprodynorphin mRNA levels were significantly reduced (67 and 78% of vehicle controls, respectively) in the anterior striatum as determined by in situ hybridization while preproenkephalin mRNA expression was elevated (133% of vehicle controls). Suppression of the serotonin hyperinnervation phenomenon in the dopamine-depleted rat with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine yielded no significant alterations in reduced striatal preprotachykinin (66%) or preprodynorphin (64%) mRNA levels, while preproenkephalin mRNA expression remained significantly elevated (140%). These data suggest that striatal serotonin hyperinnervation does not contribute to the development of dysregulated striatal neuropeptide transmission in either direct or indirect striatal output pathways following neonatal dopamine depletion. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Basura:1999, author = {Basura, G.J. and Walker, P.D.}, title = {Suppression of serotonin hyperinnervation does not alter the dysregulatory influences of dopamine depletion on striatal neuropeptide gene expression in rodent neonates}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1999}, volume = {274}, number = {1}, pages = {9-12}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032887208&partnerID=40&md5=c856dd475b2ff2ad476b23b52554a78a}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00650-3} }
Bates, C.A. and Killackey, H.P.	The emergence of a discretely distributed pattern of corticospinal projection neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Brain Res Vol. 315(2), pp. 265-273	article	DOI
Abstract: The distribution of cortical neurons which project to the spinal cord was investigated in the developing and adult rat using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following injections of HRP into the cervical spinal cord of a postnatal day 4 rat, retrogradely labeled neurons are located in layer Vb throughout the neocortex. Gradually, over the first two postnatal weeks, labeled cells can no longer be found laterally or caudally in the neocortex. By the end of the second postnatal week, cortical neurons which project to the spinal cord are located in essentially their adult positions. These consist of: (1) a dorsomedial band of cells in layer V of frontal cortex, (2) a dorsomedial band in layer Vb of posterior frontal/anterior parietal cortex, and (3) a small group of cells located laterally in an area corresponding to SII. This change in the regional distribution of cortical neurons projecting to the spinal cord is interpreted as an economically adaptive way for the cortex to interconnect highly organized sensory and motor systems.
BibTeX: @article{Bates:1984, author = {Bates, C. A. and Killackey, H. P.}, title = {The emergence of a discretely distributed pattern of corticospinal projection neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1984}, volume = {315}, number = {2}, pages = {265--273}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(84)90161-5} }
Bates, C.A. and Killackey, H.P.	The organization of the neonatal rat's brainstem trigeminal complex and its role in the formation of central trigeminal patterns. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	J Comp Neurol Vol. 240(3), pp. 265-287	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The present study delimits the relationship of primary trigeminal afferents to their targets, the brainstem trigeminal nuclei of the neonatal rat. Previously, the brainstem trigeminal complex of the rat has been subdivided on the basis of either cytoarchitectonics or patterns of succinic dehydrogenase activity into the principal sensory nucleus and the three subnuclei of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, oralis, interpolaris, and caudalis. In this paper, we demonstrate that each of these subdivisions can also be identified by its pattern of primary trigeminal afferents. In addition, we demonstrate that the terminations of these afferents are distributed in a punctate fashion which correlates with vibrissae-related patterns of histochemical staining. Further, vibrissae removal in the neonatal rat at any age studied results in a corresponding deafferentation of both the principal sensory nucleus and all subnuclei of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. This same procedure has a graded, age-dependent effect on the vibrissae-related pattern of cytochrome oxidase staining in somatosensory cortex. On this basis, we conclude that vibrissae-related pattern formation in the central trigeminal system can be best understood in terms of a single "sensitive" period for the entire system. We hypothesize that this is the period during which an interaction normally occurs between primary trigeminal afferents and target neurons of the principal sensory nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Bates:1985, author = {Bates, C. A. and Killackey, H. P.}, title = {The organization of the neonatal rat's brainstem trigeminal complex and its role in the formation of central trigeminal patterns.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1985}, volume = {240}, number = {3}, pages = {265--287}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902400305}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902400305} }
Bates, C.A. and Stelzner, D.J.	Extension and regeneration of corticospinal axons after early spinal injury and the maintenance of corticospinal topography. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Exp Neurol Vol. 123(1), pp. 106-117School: California at Irvine 92717.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: It has been established that neonatal corticospinal (CS) axons are able to grow around lesions of the spinal cord early in neonacy (Bernstein and Stelzner, J. Comp. Neurol. 221:382-400; Firkins, Bates, and Stelzner, Exp. Neurol., 120:1-15). To determine if these corticospinal axons include regenerating as well as late developing axons a double-labeling paradigm is used in which CS neurons are retrogradely labeled from the cervical spinal cord by injections of fast blue (FB) on Postnatal Day (PND) 2, 4, or 10. Two days later, the FB is aspirated along with the left dorsal funiculus and the right hemicord (CHR). As adults, the animals receive an injection of diamidino yellow (DY) or rhodamine into the spinal cord caudal to the lesion site. Thus, FB neurons are those that originally projected to the spinal cord before the lesion and which survived axotomy, DY neurons are those whose axons reached the spinal cord after the lesion, and double-labeled neurons (FB/DY) are cells which projected to the spinal cord prior to the lesion and regenerated a spinal axon postlesion. Animals FB injected on PND 2 have a widespread distribution of FB-labeled neurons in cortex, including areas outside of sensorimotor cortex. These animals also had both DY- and FB/DY-labeled cells within sensorimotor cortex, indicating that the population of axons growing caudal to neonatal spinal lesions consists of both late growing and regenerating axons. In animals FB injected on PND 10, the FB neurons were all located in sensorimotor cortex. Very few DY and no FB/DY neurons were present. We have also looked at the topography of the CS neurons which project caudal to early spinal lesions. Rat pups received a CHR on PND 0, 3, 6, or 12. As adults, horseradish peroxidase was injected into the cervical or lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord and the distribution of labeled cells in the cerebral cortex was plotted and compared to normal and lesioned adult controls. In all experimental animals, the distribution of retrogradely labeled cells was restricted to the area containing CS projection neurons in the normal animal. This is despite the fact that the number of CS projection neurons is greatly reduced from normal and the normal pathway for CS axonal outgrowth has been completely disrupted by the neonatal lesion.
BibTeX: @article{Bates:1993, author = {C. A. Bates and D. J. Stelzner}, title = {Extension and regeneration of corticospinal axons after early spinal injury and the maintenance of corticospinal topography.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, school = {California at Irvine 92717.}, year = {1993}, volume = {123}, number = {1}, pages = {106--117}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1993.1144}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1993.1144} }
Bates, C. and Killackey, H.	The emergence of a discretely distributed pattern of corticospinal projection neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Brain Research Vol. 315(2), pp. 265-273	article	URL
Abstract: The distribution of cortical neurons which project to the spinal cord was investigated in the developing and adult rat using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following injections of HRP into the cervical spinal cord of a postnatal day 4 rat, retrogradely labeled neurons are located in layer Vb throughout the neocortex. Gradually, over the first two postnatal weeks, labeled cells can no longer be found laterally or caudally in the neocortex. By the end of the second postnatal week, cortical neurons which project to the spinal cord are located in essentially their adult positions. These consist of: (1) a dorsomedial band of cells in layer V of frontal cortex, (2) a dorsomedial band in layer Vb of posterior frontal/anterior parietal cortex, and (3) a small group of cells located laterally in an area corresponding to SII. This change in the regional distribution of cortical neurons projecting to the spinal cord is interpreted as an economically adaptive way for the cortex to interconnect highly organized sensory and motor systems.
BibTeX: @article{Bates:1984a, author = {Bates, C.A. and Killackey, H.P.}, title = {The emergence of a discretely distributed pattern of corticospinal projection neurons.}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1984}, volume = {315}, number = {2}, pages = {265-273}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021414931&partnerID=40&md5=e47d08126c1f0f1fc29dcfe666f45096} }
Bates, C. and Stelzner, D.	Extension and regeneration of corticospinal axons after early spinal injury and the maintenance of corticospinal topography [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Experimental Neurology Vol. 123(1), pp. 106-117	article	DOI URL
Abstract: It has been established that neonatal corticospinal (CS) axons are able to grow around lesions of the spinal cord early in neonacy (Bernstein and Stelzner, J. Comp. Neurol. 221:382-400; Firkins, Bates, and Stelzner, Exp. Neurol., 120:1-15). To determine if these corticospinal axons include regenerating as well as late developing axons a double-labeling paradigm is used in which CS neurons are retrogradely labeled from the cervical spinal cord by injections of fast blue (FB) on Postnatal Day (PND) 2, 4, or 10. Two days later, the FB is aspirated along with the left dorsal funiculus and the right hemicord (CHR). As adults, the animals receive an injection of diamidino yellow (DY) or rhodamine into the spinal cord caudal to the lesion site. Thus, FB neurons are those that originally projected to the spinal cord before the lesion and which survived axotomy, DY neurons are those whose axons reached the spinal cord after the lesion, and double-labeled neurons (FB/DY) are cells which projected to the spinal cord prior to the lesion and regenerated a spinal axon postlesion. Animals FB injected on PND 2 have a widespread distribution of FB-labeled neurons in cortex, including areas outside of sensorimotor cortex. These animals also had both DY- and FB/DY-labeled cells within sensorimotor cortex, indicating that the population of axons growing caudal to neonatal spinal lesions consists of both late growing and regenerating axons. In animals FB injected on PND 10, the FB neurons were all located in sensorimotor cortex. Very few DY and no FB/DY neurons were present. We have also looked at the topography of the CS neurons which project caudal to early spinal lesions. Rat pups received a CHR on PND 0, 3, 6, or 12. As adults, horseradish peroxidase was injected into the cervical or lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord and the distribution of labeled cells in the cerebral cortex was plotted and compared to normal and lesioned adult controls. In all experimental animals, the distribution of retrogradely labeled cells was restricted to the area containing CS projection neurons in the normal animal. This is despite the fact that the number of CS projection neurons is greatly reduced from normal and the normal pathway for CS axonal outgrowth has been completely disrupted by the neonatal lesion.
BibTeX: @article{Bates:1993a, author = {Bates, C.A. and Stelzner, D.J.}, title = {Extension and regeneration of corticospinal axons after early spinal injury and the maintenance of corticospinal topography}, journal = {Experimental Neurology}, year = {1993}, volume = {123}, number = {1}, pages = {106-117}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027488793&partnerID=40&md5=09729039a54870bbcb8a1f5efbf7e38a}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1993.1144} }
Batini, C., Billard, J. and Daniel, H.	Long term modification of cerebellar inhibition after inferior olive degeneration [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Experimental Brain Research Vol. 59(2), pp. 404-409	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The long term effects of inferior olive destruction on the activities of the Purkinje cells and their target neurones in the cerebellar nuclei were studied in the rat. Careful observations were also made of motor behaviour throughout the study. Albino rats were injected with 3-acetylpyridine to produce a neurotoxic destruction of the inferior olive and then were used for acute recording experiments at 1-2 days, 5-7 days, 12-18 days, 35-38 days, 75-97 days and 230-252 days. After degeneration of the inferior olive, there was an initial period lasting for a few days, characterized by a high firing frequency of Purkinje cells associated with a very low level of activity of the neurones in the cerebellar nuclei. During this period, there was a deep depression of motor activity. A period of adaptation follows during the first month, characterized by a slow recovery of the initial firing frequency of the cerebellar units and a gradual recovery of spontaneous locomotion; nevertheless the firing pattern and motor behaviour remain abnormal. From one month on the unit activities disturbances and the motor deficiencies stabilize. The hypothesis is advanced that Purkinje cell inhibition on their target neurones, which increases during the initial period, gradually diminishes during the adaptation time, and then stabilizes to a subnormal state. © 1985 Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX: @article{Batini:1985, author = {Batini, C. and Billard, J.M. and Daniel, H.}, title = {Long term modification of cerebellar inhibition after inferior olive degeneration}, journal = {Experimental Brain Research}, year = {1985}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, pages = {404-409}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021867864&partnerID=40&md5=e9dbc7418f3afb2d546bd6cc21a61aab}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00230921} }
Batini, C., Buisseret-Delmas, C., Compoint, C. and Daniel, H.	The GABAergic neurones of the cerebellar nuclei in the rat: projections to the cerebellar cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Neurosci Lett Vol. 99(3), pp. 251-256School: Laboratoire de Physiologie de la motricité, URA-CNRS 185, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: The presence of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the neurones of the cerebellar nucleocortical pathway is here reported. The pathway was identified by retrograde tracer and the GABA content was revealed immunohistochemically. It was found that most of the neurones giving rise to the reciprocal, non-reciprocal and symmetrical projections are indeed GABA-immunoreactive. They were observed in all the subdivisions of the nucleus medialis, of the nucleus interpositus and of the nucleus lateralis sending axons respectively to the sagittal zones A, C1-3 and D of the cerebellar cortex. The nucleus vestibularis lateralis and the related sagittal zone B were devoid of such projections.
BibTeX: @article{Batini:1989, author = {C. Batini and C. Buisseret-Delmas and C. Compoint and H. Daniel}, title = {The GABAergic neurones of the cerebellar nuclei in the rat: projections to the cerebellar cortex.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, school = {Laboratoire de Physiologie de la motricité, URA-CNRS 185, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.}, year = {1989}, volume = {99}, number = {3}, pages = {251-256}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(89)90455-2} }
Batini, C., Buisseret-Delmas, C., Compoint, C. and Daniel, H.	The GABAergic neurones of the cerebellar nuclei in the rat: Projections to the cerebellar cortex [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 99(3), pp. 251-256	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The presence of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the neurones of the cerebellar nucleocortical pathway is here reported. The pathway was identified by retrograde tracer and the GABA content was revealed immunohistochemically. It was found that most of the neurones giving rise to the reciprocal, non-reciprocal and symmetrical projections are indeed GABA-immunoreactive. They were observed in all the subdivisions of the nucleus medialis, of the nucleus interpositus and of the nucleus lateralis sending axons respectively to the sagittal zones A, Cl-3 and D of the cerebellar cortex. The nucleus vestibularis lateralis and the related sagittal zone B were devoid of such projections. © 1989.
BibTeX: @article{Batini:1989a, author = {Batini, C. and Buisseret-Delmas, C. and Compoint, C. and Daniel, H.}, title = {The GABAergic neurones of the cerebellar nuclei in the rat: Projections to the cerebellar cortex}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1989}, volume = {99}, number = {3}, pages = {251-256}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024554153&partnerID=40&md5=79125bf3df7112fee0561c0c945182d2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(89)90455-2} }
Batini, C., Buisseret-Delmas, C., Corvisier, J., Hardy, O. and Jassik-Gerschenfeld, D.	Brain stem nuclei giving fibers to lobules VI and VII of the cerebellar vermis. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1978	Brain Res Vol. 153(2), pp. 241-261	article	DOI
Abstract: The HRP method has been used to identify all the brain stem nuclei, which may project to lobule VI and/or VII of the posterior cerebellar vermis. Three tentative degrees of labeling of the different structures have been assigned: 'massive', 'clear' and 'discrete'. (1) Massive projections have been found to reach lobule VI and VII from the inferior olive and lobule VII only from the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. (2) Clear projections have been found to reach lobule VI only from the pontine nuclei, the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, the nucleus reticularis lateralis and the reticularis paramedianus; lobule VII only from the raphe nuclei, and both VI and VII from the perihypoglossal and vestibular nuclei. (3) Discrete projections have been found to reach lobule VI and VII from the deep cerebellar nuclei; lobule VI only from the nucleus tracti solitarii and nucleus cuneatus externus; lobule VII only from the nucleus lemnisci lateralis pars ventralis, the nuclei parabrachiales and the nucleus subcoeruleus.
BibTeX: @article{Batini:1978, author = {Batini, C. and Buisseret-Delmas, C. and Corvisier, J. and Hardy, O. and Jassik-Gerschenfeld, D.}, title = {Brain stem nuclei giving fibers to lobules VI and VII of the cerebellar vermis.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1978}, volume = {153}, number = {2}, pages = {241--261}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(78)90405-5} }
Batini, C., Compoint, C., Buisseret-Delmas, C., Daniel, H. and Guegan, M.	Cerebellar nuclei and the nucleocortical projections in the rat: retrograde tracing coupled to GABA and glutamate immunohistochemistry. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	J Comp Neurol Vol. 315(1), pp. 74-84School: CNRS URA 385, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CHU Pitié-Salpetrière, Paris, France.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The amino acids GABA and glutamate (Glu) are thought to be the principal substances in the central nervous system responsible for neuronal inhibition and excitation. Their distributions among the different neurons in a defined pathway may thus be indicative of the contributions of the cells to pathway function. Examples of such neurons are those of the cerebellar nuclei which, while regulating output from the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex, are also found to project back to the cerebellar cortex. Immunohistochemical experiments were done to identify GABA and glutamate (Glu) containing cells in the adult rat cerebellar nuclei. Consecutive semithin and serial vibratome sections were incubated with antisera raised in rabbit against GABA and Glu. In semithin sections, only small neurons were intensely GABA immunoreactive (GABA-IR) (31.7, and the majority (80.5 were Glu immunoreactive (Glu-IR) of different sizes. Consistent with Glu being a metabolic precursor for GABA, 75.4% of the GABA-IR population colocalized Glu. In vibratome sections GABA-IR neurons showed some local differences in number, whereas the Glu-IR were uniformly distributed in the three nuclei studied. Measured mean diameters for these neurons showed a distinct size difference for the GABA- and Glu-IR with little overlap. Cerebellar nuclei neurons projecting to the cortex (nucleocortical neurons, NCN) were identified by locally preinjecting the retrograde transported WGA-apoHRP-colloidal gold complex in the cerebellar cortex. Vibratome sections of these cerebellar were silver intensified for the retrograde tracer and double labeled for GABA and Glu. Of the total number of identified NCN, 8.7% were GABA-IR (10 animals) and 47.7% Glu-IR (5 animals). Many retrograde labeled NCN in the core of the thick sections were immunonegative for both amino acids due to poor antibody penetration, thus underestimating the proportions of cells containing GABA and Glu. The size distributions for the GABA-IR and Glu-IR NCN were similar to those measured in non-retrograde labeled nuclei in thick sections. The conclusions reached are that GABA-IR neurons of the cerebellar nuclei, including the NCN, use GABA as the presumed inhibitory neurotransmitter and that Glu-IR neurons may use Glu or another excitatory neurotransmitter.
BibTeX: @article{Batini:1992, author = {C. Batini and C. Compoint and C. Buisseret-Delmas and H. Daniel and M. Guegan}, title = {Cerebellar nuclei and the nucleocortical projections in the rat: retrograde tracing coupled to GABA and glutamate immunohistochemistry.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {CNRS URA 385, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CHU Pitié-Salpetrière, Paris, France.}, year = {1992}, volume = {315}, number = {1}, pages = {74-84}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903150106}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903150106} }
Batini, C., Compoint, C., Buisseret-Delmas, C., Daniel, H. and Guegan, M.	Cerebellar nuclei and the nucleocortical projections in the rat: retrograde tracing coupled to GABA and glutamate immunohistochemistry. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 315, pp. 74-84	article	DOI
Abstract: The amino acids GABA and glutamate (Glu) are thought to be the principal substances in the central nervous system responsible for neuronal inhibition and excitation. Their distributions among the different neurons in a defined pathway may thus be indicative of the contributions of the cells to pathway function. Examples of such neurons are those of the cerebellar nuclei which, while regulating output from the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex, are also found to project back to the cerebellar cortex. Immunohistochemical experiments were done to identify GABA and glutamate (Glu) containing cells in the adult rat cerebellar nuclei. Consecutive semithin and serial vibratome sections were incubated with antisera raised in rabbit against GABA and Glu. In semithin sections, only small neurons were intensely GABA immunoreactive (GABA-IR) (31.7%), and the majority (80.5%) were Glu immunoreactive (Glu-IR) of different sizes. Consistent with Glu being a metabolic precursor for GABA, 75.4% of the GABA-IR population colocalized Glu. In vibratome sections GABA-IR neurons showed some local differences in number, whereas the Glu-IR were uniformly distributed in the three nuclei studied. Measured mean diameters for these neurons showed a distinct size difference for the GABA- and Glu-IR with little overlap. Cerebellar nuclei neurons projecting to the cortex (nucleocortical neurons, NCN) were identified by locally preinjecting the retrograde transported WGA-apoHRP-colloidal gold complex in the cerebellar cortex. Vibratome sections of these cerebellar were silver intensified for the retrograde tracer and double labeled for GABA and Glu. Of the total number of identified NCN, 8.7% were GABA-IR (10 animals) and 47.7% Glu-IR (5 animals). Many retrograde labeled NCN in the core of the thick sections were immunonegative for both amino acids due to poor antibody penetration, thus underestimating the proportions of cells containing GABA and Glu. The size distributions for the GABA-IR and Glu-IR NCN were similar to those measured in non-retrograde labeled nuclei in thick sections. The conclusions reached are that GABA-IR neurons of the cerebellar nuclei, including the NCN, use GABA as the presumed inhibitory neurotransmitter and that Glu-IR neurons may use Glu or another excitatory neurotransmitter.
BibTeX: @article{Batini:1992a, author = {Batini, C and Compoint, C and Buisseret-Delmas, C and Daniel, H and Guegan, M}, title = {Cerebellar nuclei and the nucleocortical projections in the rat: retrograde tracing coupled to GABA and glutamate immunohistochemistry.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1992}, volume = {315}, pages = {74--84}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903150106} }
Batini, C., Guegan, M., Palestini, M., Thomasset, M. and Vigot, R.	Upregulation of calbindin-D-28k immunoreactivity by excitatory amino acids [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Archives Italiennes de Biologie Vol. 135(4), pp. 385-397	article	URL
Abstract: Excessive or prolonged exposure to excitatory aminoacids (EAA) are thought to be neurotoxic by altering calcium homeostasis. A protective role of Calbindin-D-28k (Calbindin) has been postulated due to its capacity to buffer calcium. Calbindin is highly expressed in the Purkinje cells (PCs), of the cerebellar cortex. Changes of the Calbindin immunoreactivity (IR) by the EAA has been here investigated in cerebellar slices maintained in vitro. It was found that at low temperature, PCs are very sligthly immunoreactive and therefore the experiments were done at 22°C. The results show that Calbindin-IR increases in PCs exposed to the neurotoxic agonists, Kainic acid (KA) and AMPA as well as to glutamate (Glu), the endogenous EAA. The increase is very rapid and slowly reversible; is induced by excitatory and excitotoxic concentrations of the agonists; is independent of the calcium influx. While KA- and AMPA-induced Calbindin-IR is blocked by CNQX, the KA/AMPA receptor antagonist, Glu- induced Calbindin-IR is only slightly decreased by CNQX and AP5, the NMDA receptor antagonist. It is concluded that Calbindin-containing neurons can increase their calcium buffering capacity in response to EAA binding to specific receptors, the response being independent of, but concomitant to calcium influx.
BibTeX: @article{Batini:1997, author = {Batini, C. and Guegan, M. and Palestini, M. and Thomasset, M. and Vigot, R.}, title = {Upregulation of calbindin-D-28k immunoreactivity by excitatory amino acids}, journal = {Archives Italiennes de Biologie}, year = {1997}, volume = {135}, number = {4}, pages = {385-397}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030854034&partnerID=40&md5=f316c49dd5e678d65029cb287f560acf} }
Batra, R. and Fitzpatrick, D.C.	Monaural and binaural processing in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus: a major source of inhibition to the inferior colliculus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Hear Res Vol. 168(1-2), pp. 90-97School: Department of Anatomy, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA. ranjan@neuron.uchc.edu	article	DOI
Abstract: The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) is a major source of input to the inferior colliculus. This paper reviews recent studies of neural responses in the VNLL of the unanesthetized rabbit. The VNLL has generally been viewed as a monaural nucleus, with its neurons responding primarily to stimulation of the contralateral ear. In the rabbit, the VNLL is divided into a medial division (VNLLm) comprising neurons intercalated in the medial limb of the lemniscus, a compact lateral division (VNLLl), and a dorsal division. The VNLLm contains an abundance of neurons sensitive to interaural temporal disparities (ITDs), one of the major binaural cues for sound localization. These neurons respond only at the onset of tones, and therefore appear to encode the ITDs of transients. Even in the VNLLl, many neurons are sensitive to binaural stimulation. The VNLLl contains a variety of neurons with different discharge patterns, the two most common of which are sustained and onset. The discharge patterns, frequency-tuning and dynamic ranges of VNLLl neurons indicate that this division is able to supply the inferior colliculus with a variety of inputs, each serving a different function in the analysis of sound.
BibTeX: @article{Batra:2002, author = {Batra, Ranjan and Fitzpatrick, Douglas C.}, title = {Monaural and binaural processing in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus: a major source of inhibition to the inferior colliculus.}, journal = {Hear Res}, school = {Department of Anatomy, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA. ranjan@neuron.uchc.edu}, year = {2002}, volume = {168}, number = {1-2}, pages = {90--97}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(02)00368-4} }
Battaglia, F.P., Sutherland, G.R. and McNaughton, B.L.	Hippocampal sharp wave bursts coincide with neocortical "up-state" transitions. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Learn Mem Vol. 11(6), pp. 697-704School: Arizona Research Laboratories--Division of Neural Systems, Memory, and Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The sleeping neocortex shows nested oscillatory activity in different frequency ranges, characterized by fluctuations between "up-states" and "down-states." High-density neuronal ensemble recordings in rats now reveal the interaction between synchronized activity in the hippocampus and neocortex: Electroencephalographic sharp waves in the hippocampus were more probable during down-states than during up-states, and tended to coincide with transitions from down-states to up-states. The form of cortical activity fluctuations and their interactions with sharp waves depend on sleep depth: In deeper sleep stages, characterized by strong neocortical oscillation in the delta range or slower (approximately 0.8-4 Hz), sharp-wave-triggered peri-event time histograms (PETH) are consistent with a longer duration for down-states than for up-states. In lighter sleep, the sharp-wave-triggered PETH suggested longer up-states than down-states. These results highlight the interplay in the hippocampal/ neocortical loop: Decreased neocortical input during down-states may be a factor in generation of sharp waves. In turn, sharp waves may facilitate down-to-up transitions. This interplay may reflect joint memory trace reactivation in the hippocampus and in the neocortex, possibly contributing to consolidation of long-term memory: Off-line reactivation of recent neural activity patterns in the hippocampus occurs during 50-100-msec electroencephalographic sharp waves, corresponding to pyramidal-cell population bursts. The neocortical up-states starting in correspondence with sharp waves may be influenced by the reactivated information carried by the hippocampal sharp wave.
BibTeX: @article{Battaglia:2004, author = {Battaglia, Francesco P. and Sutherland, Gary R. and McNaughton, Bruce L.}, title = {Hippocampal sharp wave bursts coincide with neocortical "up-state" transitions.}, journal = {Learn Mem}, school = {Arizona Research Laboratories--Division of Neural Systems, Memory, and Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.}, year = {2004}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {697--704}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.73504}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.73504} }
Battaglia, F.P., Sutherland, G.R. and McNaughton, B.L.	Hippocampal sharp wave bursts coincide with neocortical "up-state" transitions. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) Vol. 11, pp. 697-704	article
Abstract: The sleeping neocortex shows nested oscillatory activity in different frequency ranges, characterized by fluctuations between "up-states" and "down-states." High-density neuronal ensemble recordings in rats now reveal the interaction between synchronized activity in the hippocampus and neocortex: Electroencephalographic sharp waves in the hippocampus were more probable during down-states than during up-states, and tended to coincide with transitions from down-states to up-states. The form of cortical activity fluctuations and their interactions with sharp waves depend on sleep depth: In deeper sleep stages, characterized by strong neocortical oscillation in the delta range or slower (approximately 0.8-4 Hz), sharp-wave-triggered peri-event time histograms (PETH) are consistent with a longer duration for down-states than for up-states. In lighter sleep, the sharp-wave-triggered PETH suggested longer up-states than down-states. These results highlight the interplay in the hippocampal/neocortical loop: Decreased neocortical input during down-states may be a factor in generation of sharp waves. In turn, sharp waves may facilitate down-to-up transitions. This interplay may reflect joint memory trace reactivation in the hippocampus and in the neocortex, possibly contributing to consolidation of long-term memory: Off-line reactivation of recent neural activity patterns in the hippocampus occurs during 50-100-msec electroencephalographic sharp waves, corresponding to pyramidal-cell population bursts. The neocortical up-states starting in correspondence with sharp waves may be influenced by the reactivated information carried by the hippocampal sharp wave.
BibTeX: @article{Battaglia:2004a, author = {Battaglia, Francesco P. and Sutherland, Gary R. and McNaughton, Bruce L.}, title = {Hippocampal sharp wave bursts coincide with neocortical "up-state" transitions.}, journal = {Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)}, year = {2004}, volume = {11}, pages = {697-704}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Battaglia, G., Lizier, C., Colacitti, C., Princivalle, A. and Spreafico, R.	A reticuloreticular commissural pathway in the rat thalamus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	J Comp Neurol Vol. 347(1), pp. 127-138School: Department of Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: To further characterize the communication between the thalami of the two hemispheres, a connection linking the rostral reticular nuclei of the two thalamic sides was investigated in the rat by retrograde and anterograde tracing. The rostral reticular nucleus can be divided into a medial region, with densely packed fusiform neurons, and a lateral region, with less densely packed, polymorphic neurons. After injections of Fluorogold (FG) in the medial region, retrogradely labeled, small fusiform neurons were found in the corresponding contralateral region. The retrograde labeling data were confirmed by the anterograde-tracing experiments. Thin, beaded axons, anterogradely labeled after injection of biocytin or biotinylated dextranamine in the medial region, innervate the corresponding region in the contralateral reticular nucleus. The present data suggest the existence of a commissural pathway specifically devoted to the crosstalk between the rostral reticular nuclei of the two thalamic sides. The commissural gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic input on the GABAergic neurons of the rostral reticular nucleus could modulate the generation of sleep spindles. The reticuloreticular pathway may, moreover, synchronize the diffuse modulatory effect of the rostral reticular nucleus on nonprimary cortical areas through the bilateral projections of the nucleus to the ventromedial, intralaminar, and anterior thalamic nuclei.
BibTeX: @article{Battaglia:1994, author = {G. Battaglia and C. Lizier and C. Colacitti and A. Princivalle and R. Spreafico}, title = {A reticuloreticular commissural pathway in the rat thalamus.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy.}, year = {1994}, volume = {347}, number = {1}, pages = {127--138}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903470110}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903470110} }
Battaglia, G., Lizier, C., Colacitti, C., Princivalle, A. and Spreafico, R.	A reticuloreticular commissural pathway in the rat thalamus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Journal of Comparative Neurology Vol. 347(1), pp. 127-138	article	DOI URL
Abstract: To further characterize the communication between the thalami of the two hemispheres, a connection linking the rostral reticular nuclei of the two thalamic sides was investigated in the rat by retrograde and anterograde tracing. The rostral reticular nucleus can be divided into a medial region, with densely packed fusiform neurons, and a lateral region, with less densely packed, polymorphic neurons. After injections of Fluorogold (FG) in the medial region, retrogradely labeled, small fusiform neurons were found in the corresponding contralateral region. The retrograde labeling data were confirmed by the anterograde-tracing experiments. Thin, beaded axons, anterogradely labeled after injection of biocytin or biotinylated dextran- amine in the medial region, innervate the corresponding region in the contralateral reticular nucleus. The present data suggest the existence of a commissural pathway specifically devoted to the crosstalk between the rostral reticular nuclei of the two thalamic sides. The commissural gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic input on the GABAergic neurons of the rostral reticular nucleus could modulate the generation of sleep spindles. The reticuloreticular pathway may, moreover, synchronize the diffuse modulatory effect of the rostral reticular nucleus on nonprimary cortical areas through the bilateral projections of the nucleus to the ventromedial, intralaminar, and anterior thalamic nuclei.
BibTeX: @article{Battaglia:1994a, author = {Battaglia, G. and Lizier, C. and Colacitti, C. and Princivalle, A. and Spreafico, R.}, title = {A reticuloreticular commissural pathway in the rat thalamus}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, year = {1994}, volume = {347}, number = {1}, pages = {127-138}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028085534&partnerID=40&md5=9efb0cc5273d6f08b017cc8f5e215d1a}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903470110} }
Battaglia, G., Lizier, C., Colacitti, C., Princivalle, A. and Spreafico, R.	A reticuloreticular commissural pathway in the rat thalamus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 347, pp. 127-138	article	DOI
Abstract: To further characterize the communication between the thalami of the two hemispheres, a connection linking the rostral reticular nuclei of the two thalamic sides was investigated in the rat by retrograde and anterograde tracing. The rostral reticular nucleus can be divided into a medial region, with densely packed fusiform neurons, and a lateral region, with less densely packed, polymorphic neurons. After injections of Fluorogold (FG) in the medial region, retrogradely labeled, small fusiform neurons were found in the corresponding contralateral region. The retrograde labeling data were confirmed by the anterograde-tracing experiments. Thin, beaded axons, anterogradely labeled after injection of biocytin or biotinylated dextranamine in the medial region, innervate the corresponding region in the contralateral reticular nucleus. The present data suggest the existence of a commissural pathway specifically devoted to the crosstalk between the rostral reticular nuclei of the two thalamic sides. The commissural gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic input on the GABAergic neurons of the rostral reticular nucleus could modulate the generation of sleep spindles. The reticuloreticular pathway may, moreover, synchronize the diffuse modulatory effect of the rostral reticular nucleus on nonprimary cortical areas through the bilateral projections of the nucleus to the ventromedial, intralaminar, and anterior thalamic nuclei.
BibTeX: @article{Battaglia:1994b, author = {Battaglia, G and Lizier, C and Colacitti, C and Princivalle, A and Spreafico, R}, title = {A reticuloreticular commissural pathway in the rat thalamus.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1994}, volume = {347}, pages = {127--138}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903470110} }
Battaglia, G. and Rustioni, A.	Substance P innervation of the rat and cat thalamus. II. Cells of origin in the spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	J Comp Neurol Vol. 315(4), pp. 473-486School: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Evidence in the preceding paper suggests that fibers and terminals immunopositive for substance P (SP) in somatosensory thalamic nuclei are part of the spinothalamic tract (STT). In this paper, more direct evidence on this point is provided by immunocytochemistry for SP on the cervical spinal cord, alone or combined with the retrograde transport of colloidal gold-labeled wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to enzymatically inactive horseradish peroxidase (WGAapoHRP-Au). In cats and rats pretreated with colchicine and/or anterolateral chordotomy (to increase SP content in cell bodies), many small to large cell bodies are SP-immunopositive especially in laminae I and V, but also in more ventral laminae of the upper cervical cord. SP neurons are also present in the dorsolateral funiculus (in the lateral spinal nucleus, LSN, in rats) but not in the lateral cervical nucleus or in the internal basilar nucleus. In both species there is a considerable degree of overlap in the distribution of SP-positive neurons and that of STT neurons. SP immunocytochemistry in rats after WGAapoHRP-Au injection in the somatosensory thalamus reveals SP-positive STT neurons in LSN, in lamina I and in lamina V, and, to a lesser extent, in more ventral laminae. These results demonstrate that SP is a marker and/or neuromediator for some STT neurons. Together with the evidence discussed in the preceding paper, the results also suggest that SP-positive neurons may be involved in the transmission of nociceptive input.
BibTeX: @article{Battaglia:1992, author = {G. Battaglia and A. Rustioni}, title = {Substance P innervation of the rat and cat thalamus. II. Cells of origin in the spinal cord.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599.}, year = {1992}, volume = {315}, number = {4}, pages = {473--486}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903150409}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903150409} }
Battaglia, G. and Rustioni, A.	Substance P innervation of the rat and cat thalamus. II. Cells of origin in the spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 315, pp. 473-86	article
Abstract: Evidence in the preceding paper suggests that fibers and terminals immunopositive for substance P (SP) in somatosensory thalamic nuclei are part of the spinothalamic tract (STT). In this paper, more direct evidence on this point is provided by immunocytochemistry for SP on the cervical spinal cord, alone or combined with the retrograde transport of colloidal gold-labeled wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to enzymatically inactive horseradish peroxidase (WGAapoHRP-Au). In cats and rats pretreated with colchicine and/or anterolateral chordotomy (to increase SP content in cell bodies), many small to large cell bodies are SP-immunopositive especially in laminae I and V, but also in more ventral laminae of the upper cervical cord. SP neurons are also present in the dorsolateral funiculus (in the lateral spinal nucleus, LSN, in rats) but not in the lateral cervical nucleus or in the internal basilar nucleus. In both species there is a considerable degree of overlap in the distribution of SP-positive neurons and that of STT neurons. SP immunocytochemistry in rats after WGAapoHRP-Au injection in the somatosensory thalamus reveals SP-positive STT neurons in LSN, in lamina I and in lamina V, and, to a lesser extent, in more ventral laminae. These results demonstrate that SP is a marker and/or neuromediator for some STT neurons. Together with the evidence discussed in the preceding paper, the results also suggest that SP-positive neurons may be involved in the transmission of nociceptive input.
BibTeX: @article{Battaglia:1992b, author = {Battaglia, G. and Rustioni, A.}, title = {Substance P innervation of the rat and cat thalamus. II. Cells of origin in the spinal cord.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1992}, volume = {315}, pages = {473-86}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Battaglia, G., Spreafico, R. and Rustioni, A.	Substance P innervation of the rat and cat thalamus. I. Distribution and relation to ascending spinal pathways. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	J Comp Neurol Vol. 315(4), pp. 457-472School: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: An antiserum for substance P (SP) with minimal cross-reactivity for other tachykinins was employed to map the distribution of SP-positive nerve fibers and terminals in the thalamus of cats and rats with special emphasis on the innervation by these fibers of nuclei related to the somatosensory system. In both species SP innervation is predominantly along the midline, in medial and posterior thalamic regions, and sparser in sensory relays for specific modalities. Among the most densely innervated nuclei are the parafascicular, paraventricular, rhomboid, central medial and parts of mediodorsal, lateral posterior, and ventral lateral geniculate. SP innervation of somatosensory-related nuclei is also evident in central lateral nucleus, posterior complex (PO), and in ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus of both cats and rats. In VPL of cats SP fibers and terminals are present along its ventral and lateral border, a paralaminar area in which spinothalamic fibers have been shown to terminate and where neurons responsive to noxious stimuli have been reported. Also in rats the SP innervation of VPL is similar to that of spinothalamic tract fibers. The SP innervation of somatosensory thalamic nuclei may be supplied, at least in part, by spinothalamic afferent as suggested by the depletion of SP after anterolateral chordotomy but not after ablation of the dorsal column nuclei. The presence of SP-positive spinothalamic neurons in the spinal cord is reported in the following paper.
BibTeX: @article{Battaglia:1992a, author = {Battaglia, G. and Spreafico, R. and Rustioni, A.}, title = {Substance P innervation of the rat and cat thalamus. I. Distribution and relation to ascending spinal pathways.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599.}, year = {1992}, volume = {315}, number = {4}, pages = {457--472}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903150408}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903150408} }
Battaglia, R., Pianezzola, E., Salgarollo, G., Zini, G. and Strolin Benedetti, M.	Absorption, disposition and preliminary metabolic pathway of 14C-rifabutin in animals and man. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	J Antimicrob Chemother Vol. 26(6), pp. 813-822School: D-Erbamont Group, Milan, Italy.	article	DOI
Abstract: 14C-Rifabutin was given orally to rats, rabbits and monkeys at a dose of 25 mg/kg and to healthy volunteers at a dose of 270 mg. Radioactivity was eliminated by both the renal and faecal routes in all species, with a predominance of the renal route in man and monkeys (50.19% and 46.73% of the dose, respectively, in urine at 96 h), whereas in rats and rabbits a slight predominance of faecal excretion was observed (48.09% and 45.01% of the dose, respectively, at 96 h in faeces; 42.22% and 36.37% in urine). Radioactivity as expired 14CO2 was detected in the rat and accounted for less than 0.5% of the dose within 96 h. The drug was rapidly absorbed and peak plasma radioactivity levels were reached from 1 to 4 h after dosing. Rifabutin was the predominant compound circulating in plasma at the first sampling times, but significant levels of 31-OH rifabutin were detected up to 8-24 h in all species studied. 25-O-deacetyl rifabutin was detected only in rat and man. Polar metabolites were also present, particularly at the later sampling times. The urinary metabolism was studied by radio-HPLC. Rifabutin accounted for 8.5% and 4.6% of the dose in 0-24 h urine of rats and man respectively, whereas in rabbit and monkey urine only traces of this compound were detected. The main known metabolite in all animal species was 31-OH rifabutin; 25-O-deacetyl rifabutin was detected only in rat and man. The remaining urinary radioactivity was mainly due to polar compounds.
BibTeX: @article{Battaglia:1990, author = {Battaglia, R. and Pianezzola, E. and Salgarollo, G. and Zini, G. and Strolin Benedetti, M.}, title = {Absorption, disposition and preliminary metabolic pathway of 14C-rifabutin in animals and man.}, journal = {J Antimicrob Chemother}, school = {D-Erbamont Group, Milan, Italy.}, year = {1990}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {813--822}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/26.6.813} }
Batten, T.F.C., Gamboa-Esteves, F.O. and Saha, S.	Evidence for peptide co-transmission in retrograde- and anterograde-labelled central nucleus of amygdala neurones projecting to NTS. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Auton Neurosci Vol. 98(1-2), pp. 28-32School: Institute for Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK. cvstfcb@leeds.ac.uk	article	DOI
Abstract: Synaptic terminals in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) from axons originating in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) are known to contain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivity. Here, we have investigated whether such projections contain neuropeptides as putative co-transmitters. Somata in the medial and lateral CeA that were retrogradely labelled with cholera toxin B (CTb) injected into the commissural NTS were found to be immunoreactive for GABA, somatostatin (SOM), neurotensin (NT), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Subpopulations of fibres in the NTS that were anterogradely labelled with biotin dextran amine (BDA) injected into the CeA and examined using both fluorescence and electron microscopy appeared to colocalise somatostatin, but not other neuropeptides. Their varicosities were observed in proximity to NTS neurones that were immunoreactive for the somatostatin receptor sst2A subtype, substance P (SP) NK1 receptor, and the GABAA receptor alpha3, beta1 and gamma2 subunits. This morphological evidence is consistent with the possibility of GABA-somatostatin co-transmission at synapses of some of the CeA projection neurones to NTS that might inhibit cardiovascular reflex responses in response to fear or emotion-related stimuli.
BibTeX: @article{Batten:2002, author = {Batten, Trevor F C. and Gamboa-Esteves, Filomena O. and Saha, Sikha}, title = {Evidence for peptide co-transmission in retrograde- and anterograde-labelled central nucleus of amygdala neurones projecting to NTS.}, journal = {Auton Neurosci}, school = {Institute for Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK. cvstfcb@leeds.ac.uk}, year = {2002}, volume = {98}, number = {1-2}, pages = {28--32}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s1566-0702(02)00026-7} }
Batten, T.F.C., Gamboa-Esteves, F.O. and Saha, S.	Evidence for peptide co-transmission in retrograde- and anterograde-labelled central nucleus of amygdala neurones projecting to NTS. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical Vol. 98, pp. 28-32	article
Abstract: Synaptic terminals in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) from axons originating in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) are known to contain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivity. Here, we have investigated whether such projections contain neuropeptides as putative co-transmitters. Somata in the medial and lateral CeA that were retrogradely labelled with cholera toxin B (CTb) injected into the commissural NTS were found to be immunoreactive for GABA, somatostatin (SOM), neurotensin (NT), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Subpopulations of fibres in the NTS that were anterogradely labelled with biotin dextran amine (BDA) injected into the CeA and examined using both fluorescence and electron microscopy appeared to colocalise somatostatin, but not other neuropeptides. Their varicosities were observed in proximity to NTS neurones that were immunoreactive for the somatostatin receptor sst2A subtype, substance P (SP) NK1 receptor, and the GABAA receptor alpha3, beta1 and gamma2 subunits. This morphological evidence is consistent with the possibility of GABA-somatostatin co-transmission at synapses of some of the CeA projection neurones to NTS that might inhibit cardiovascular reflex responses in response to fear or emotion-related stimuli.
BibTeX: @article{Batten:2002a, author = {Batten, Trevor F C and Gamboa-Esteves, Filomena O and Saha, Sikha}, title = {Evidence for peptide co-transmission in retrograde- and anterograde-labelled central nucleus of amygdala neurones projecting to NTS.}, journal = {Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical}, year = {2002}, volume = {98}, pages = {28--32}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Battisti, W., Levin, B. and Murray, M.	Norepinephrine in the interpeduncular nucleus of the rat: normal distribution and the effects of deafferentation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Brain Research Vol. 418(2), pp. 287-300	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We used correlative biochemical and histochemical methods to examine (1) the norepinephrine (NE) projection from the paired locus coeruleus (LC) to the midline interpeduncular (IPN) of the adult rat and (2) the ability of the LC to respond to denervation of their target following removal of noradrenergic afferents (6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the LC) or non-noradrenergic afferents (lesion of the paired fasciculi retroflexi (FR)). Histofluorescence revealed that the NE innervation from the two LC to the IPN is symmetric and overlapping. This projection is confined to rostral, central, and intermediate subnuclei and is absent from lateral and dorsal subnuclei. We found no evidence for homotypic collateral sprouting of undamaged LC neurons into the IPN following unilateral LC lesion. Bilateral LC lesions also did not induce sprouting by NE-containing neurons from other systems (e.g. the superior cervical ganglion or the lateral tegmental group) or from those LC neurons that survived the 6- hydroxydopamine lesion. Histofluorescence following bilateral FR lesions confirmed an earlier observation that apparent hyperinnervation of the IPN by LC afferents is elicited following removal of non-noradrenergic afferents. Measurements of the turnover rate of NE in the IPN of control animals and those that received bilateral FR lesions indicate an increased NE content and increased turnover rate of NE in the IPN of lesioned animals. Taken together these results suggest an increased number of NE terminals and an increase in the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase. No change in NE content or turnover rate was seen in the frontal cortex from these same animals. This is consistent with a target-dependent regulation of heterotypic collateral sprouting. © 1987.
BibTeX: @article{Battisti:1987, author = {Battisti, W.P. and Levin, B.E. and Murray, M.}, title = {Norepinephrine in the interpeduncular nucleus of the rat: normal distribution and the effects of deafferentation}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1987}, volume = {418}, number = {2}, pages = {287-300}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023627796&partnerID=40&md5=273025c107f2c0a216d0ba0e4b6be38e}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(87)90096-5} }
Batulevicius, D., Pauziene, N. and Pauza, D.H.	Key anatomic data for the use of rat heart in electrophysiological studies of the intracardiac nervous system. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Medicina (Kaunas) Vol. 40(3), pp. 253-259School: Institute for Biomedical Research, Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania.	article
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to elucidate both the topography and architecture of the rat intrinsic cardiac nerve plexus, as this species becomes a frequent mammalian model for electrophysiological investigations of the intracardiac nervous system. Fifteen adult rats were examined employing histochemistry for acetylcholinesterase to visualize the intracardiac nerve plexus in hearts. Extracardiac nerves entering the rat heart were found amid aorta and pulmonary trunk as well as along both right and left cranial veins. The nerves from the arterial part of the heart hilum extended directly to the ventricles but the nerves from the venous part of the hilum interconnected among themselves forming a nerve plexus of the cardiac hilum on the heart base. Within the rat epicardium, intrinsic nerves clustered into six routes by which they selectively projected to different rat heart regions. Ventral wall of the ventricles was supplied by three neural subplexuses, dorsal ventricular wall--by one subplexus; each atrium received nerves from two distinct subplexuses. In conclusion, this morphological study demonstrates that rat intracardiac nerve plexus compounds to anatomical scheme of the same plexus in human, therefore rat is a usable model for electrophysiological experiments of the intracardiac nervous system.
BibTeX: @article{Batulevicius:2004, author = {Batulevicius, Darius and Pauziene, Neringa and Pauza, Dainius H.}, title = {Key anatomic data for the use of rat heart in electrophysiological studies of the intracardiac nervous system.}, journal = {Medicina (Kaunas)}, school = {Institute for Biomedical Research, Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania.}, year = {2004}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, pages = {253--259}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Bauchet, L., Mille-Hamard, L., Baillet-Derbin, C. and Horvat, J.C.	Transplantation of autologous dorsal root ganglia into the peroneal nerve of adult rats: uni- and bidirectional axonal regrowth from the grafted DRG neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Exp Neurol Vol. 167(2), pp. 312-320School: Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Université René Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270 Paris cedex 06, France.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that transplanted dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs) can survive and differentiate in a variety of orthotopic and heterotopic locations. In order to develop strategies aimed at restoring the sensory function following traumatic injury to the spinal cord and to its peripheral sensory connections, we have transplanted adult autologous dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) into the peroneal nerve of adult rats. Twelve female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. A segment of the peroneal nerve was isolated by double transection and ligature to prevent undesirable reinnervation. The left fifth cervical (C5) DRG was removed from its normal location and inserted into the midportion of the isolated nerve segment. One month after the grafting procedure, a morphological study included axonal retrograde labeling with True Blue (TB) and/or Diamidino Yellow (DY) applied on each cut end of the nerve segment, cell counting, and cell measurement after staining with cresyl violet. Compared to the C5 ganglion maintained in situ, the mean number of surviving DRGNs in the transplant was 1381, corresponding to a survival rate of 20%. Both singly (TB or DY) and doubly (TB + DY) stained DRGNs were encountered. The proportion of surviving neurons that appeared to be doubly labeled was 23%. These neurons were considered as having grown two opposite axonal projections, one into the "central" part of the nerve segment and a second one into its "peripheral" part. The present results give new insights and interesting prospects concerning the possibilities of reconstructing the sensory circuitry after central and/or peripheral injuries.
BibTeX: @article{Bauchet:2001, author = {Bauchet, L. and Mille-Hamard, L. and Baillet-Derbin, C. and Horvat, J. C.}, title = {Transplantation of autologous dorsal root ganglia into the peroneal nerve of adult rats: uni- and bidirectional axonal regrowth from the grafted DRG neurons.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, school = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Université René Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270 Paris cedex 06, France.}, year = {2001}, volume = {167}, number = {2}, pages = {312--320}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.2000.7579}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/exnr.2000.7579} }
Bauchet, L., Mille-Hamard, L., Baillet-Derbin, C. and Horvat, J.-C.	Transplantation of autologous dorsal root ganglia into the peroneal nerve of adult rats: Uni- and bidirectional axonal regrowth from the grafted DRG neurons [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Experimental Neurology Vol. 167(2), pp. 312-320	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that transplanted dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs) can survive and differentiate in a variety of orthotopic and heterotopic locations. In order to develop strategies aimed at restoring the sensory function following traumatic injury to the spinal cord and to its peripheral sensory connections, we have transplanted adult autologous dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) into the peroneal nerve of adult rats. Twelve female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. A segment of the peroneal nerve was isolated by double transection and ligature to prevent undesirable reinnervation. The left fifth cervical (C5) DRG was removed from its normal location and inserted into the midportion of the isolated nerve segment. One month after the grafting procedure, a morphological study included axonal retrograde labeling with True Blue (TB) and/or Diamidino Yellow (DY) applied on each cut end of the nerve segment, cell counting, and cell measurement after staining with cresyl violet. Compared to the C5 ganglion maintained in situ, the mean number of surviving DRGNs in the transplant was 1381, corresponding to a survival rate of 20%. Both singly (TB or DY) and doubly (TB + DY) stained DRGNs were encountered. The proportion of surviving neurons that appeared to be doubly labeled was 23%. These neurons were considered as having grown two opposite axonal projections, one into the "central" part of the nerve segment and a second one into its "peripheral" part. The present results give new insights and interesting prospects concerning the possibilities of reconstructing the sensory circuitry after central and/or peripheral injuries. © 2001 Academic Press.
BibTeX: @article{Bauchet:2001a, author = {Bauchet, L. and Mille-Hamard, L. and Baillet-Derbin, C. and Horvat, J.-C.}, title = {Transplantation of autologous dorsal root ganglia into the peroneal nerve of adult rats: Uni- and bidirectional axonal regrowth from the grafted DRG neurons}, journal = {Experimental Neurology}, year = {2001}, volume = {167}, number = {2}, pages = {312-320}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035136114&partnerID=40&md5=d7305ed09451b0e97b92a28ec36a6419}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/exnr.2000.7579} }
Baud, P., Mayo, W., Le Moal, M. and Simon, H.	Locomotor hyperactivity in the rat after infusion of muscimol and [d-Ala2]Met-enkephalin into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Possible interaction with cortical cholinergic projections [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Brain Research Vol. 452(1-2), pp. 203-211	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Locomotor activity in the rat was studied after infusion of GABAergic and enkephalinergic agonists into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) of the forebrain. The experiments were designed to find out whether pharmacological blockade of cholinergic neurons in the NBM had similar behavioral effects to those observed after lesion of the same structure. Three experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, infusion of the GABAergic agonist muscimol (50 ng) into the NBM led to a marked locomotor hyperactivity. In the second experiment, it was shown that muscimol-induced locomotor response was reduced by pretreatment with the GABAergic antagonist picrotoxin (3 mg/kg). Further, locomotor hyperactivity was also observed after injection of the indirect GABA agonist, ethanolamine-o-sulfate (50 μg) into the NBM. The third experiment was designed to investigate the relationship between the blockade of NBM cholinergic neurons and the development of locomotor hyperactivity. The locomotor hyperactivity produced by the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg) was increased two-fold after infusion of 10 ng muscimol into the NBM. This dose of muscimol on its own had no effect on locomotor behavior. Similar enhancement of the locomotor response to that found with GABAergic agonists was observed after infusion of [d-Ala2]Met-enkephalinamide (2.5 μg) into the NBM. This enkephalin mediated locomotor response was blocked by the opiate antagonist naloxone (2 mg/kg). Pharmacological manipulations of the afferent inputs to the NBM could therefore be of value in studies on the behavioral role of cholinergic neurons in the NBM. © 1988 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (Biomedical Division).
BibTeX: @article{Baud:1988, author = {Baud, P. and Mayo, W. and Le Moal, M. and Simon, H.}, title = {Locomotor hyperactivity in the rat after infusion of muscimol and [d-Ala2]Met-enkephalin into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Possible interaction with cortical cholinergic projections}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1988}, volume = {452}, number = {1-2}, pages = {203-211}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023939416&partnerID=40&md5=9305c74b3d9476220f1b7d50b80e7d3e}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)90024-8} }
Bauer, A., Nolden, T., Schröter, J., Römer-Oberdörfer, A., Gluska, S., Perlson, E. and Finke, S.	Anterograde glycoprotein-dependent transport of newly generated rabies virus in dorsal root ganglion neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	J Virol Vol. 88(24), pp. 14172-14183School: Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany stefan.finke@fli.bund.de.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Rabies virus (RABV) spread is widely accepted to occur only by retrograde axonal transport. However, examples of anterograde RABV spread in peripheral neurons such as dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons indicated a possible bidirectional transport by an uncharacterized mechanism. Here, we analyzed the axonal transport of fluorescence-labeled RABV in DRG neurons by live-cell microscopy. Both entry-related retrograde transport of RABV after infection at axon endings and postreplicative transport of newly formed virus were visualized in compartmentalized DRG neuron cultures. Whereas entry-related transport at 1.5 μm/s occurred only retrogradely, after 2 days of infection, multiple particles were observed in axons moving in both the anterograde and retrograde directions. The dynamics of postreplicative retrograde transport (1.6 μm/s) were similar to those of entry-related retrograde transport. In contrast, anterograde particle transport at 3.4 μm/s was faster, indicating active particle transport. Interestingly, RABV missing the glycoproteins did not move anterogradely within the axon. Thus, anterograde RABV particle transport depended on the RABV glycoprotein. Moreover, colocalization of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) and glycoprotein in distal axonal regions as well as cotransport of labeled RNPs with membrane-anchored mCherry reporter confirmed that either complete enveloped virus particles or vesicle associated RNPs were transported. Our data show that anterograde RABV movement in peripheral DRG neurons occurs by active motor protein-dependent transport. We propose two models for postreplicative long-distance transport in peripheral neurons: either transport of complete virus particles or cotransport of RNPs and G-containing vesicles through axons to release virus at distal sites of infected DRG neurons.Rabies virus retrograde axonal transport by dynein motors supports virus spread over long distances and lethal infection of the central nervous system. Though active rabies virus transport has been widely accepted to be unidirectional, evidence for anterograde spread in peripheral neurons supports the hypothesis that in some neurons RABV also enters the anterograde pathway by so-far unknown mechanisms. By live microscopy we visualized fast anterograde axonal transport of rabies virus. The velocities exceeded those of retrograde movements, suggesting that active, most likely kinesin-dependent transport machineries are involved. Dependency of anterograde transport on the expression of virus glycoprotein G and cotransport with vesicles further suggest that complete enveloped virus particles or cotransport of virus ribonucleoprotein and G-containing vesicles occurred. These data provide the first insight in the mechanism of anterograde rabies virus transport and substantially contribute to the understanding of RABV replication and spread of newly formed virus in peripheral neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Bauer:2014a, author = {Bauer, Anja and Nolden, Tobias and Schröter, Josephine and Römer-Oberdörfer, Angela and Gluska, Shani and Perlson, Eran and Finke, Stefan}, title = {Anterograde glycoprotein-dependent transport of newly generated rabies virus in dorsal root ganglion neurons.}, journal = {J Virol}, school = {Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany stefan.finke@fli.bund.de.}, year = {2014}, volume = {88}, number = {24}, pages = {14172--14183}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02254-14}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02254-14} }
Bauer, C., Davison, I., Kubasov, I., Schwarz, J. and Mason, W.	Different G proteins are involved in the biphasic response of clonal rat pituitary cells to thyrotropin-releasing hormone. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Pflugers Arch Vol. 428(1), pp. 17-25School: Physiologisches Institut, UKE, Hamburg, Germany.	article	DOI
Abstract: In rat anterior pituitary tumour cells (GH3/B6) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) elicits a biphasic response. First, a release of intracellularly stored Ca2+ induces a hyperpolarization of the cell. Second, a depolarization thought to be induced by a reduction of the inward-rectifying K+ current (KIR) causes an increase in action potential frequency and a plateau-like increase in [Ca2+]i. It has been proposed that the two phases are induced by the actions of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and protein kinase C (PKC), respectively, but we demonstrate here that PKC is not responsible for the second phase increase in [Ca2+]i and suggest that the pathways diverge at the level of receptor and G protein coupling. Both phases of the TRH response were insensitive to pertussis toxin, but cholera toxin (CTX) selectively affected the second phase. After CTX pretreatment cells had a high spontaneous spiking frequency and smaller KIR amplitude. In these cells TRH failed to increase the action potential frequency after the first phase hyperpolarization, elicited only a transient peak increase in [Ca2+]i with no plateau phase and could only slightly reduce KIR. These effects of CTX are not mediated by its ability to increase cAMP via activation of GS, as increased cAMP levels neither inhibit KIR nor prevent its reduction by TRH. In addition, inhibition of protein kinase A activation did not block the second phase increase in [Ca2+]i induced by TRH, suggesting that the CTX-sensitive G protein mediating the second phase of the TRH response is not GS.
BibTeX: @article{Bauer:1994, author = {Bauer, CK and Davison, I and Kubasov, I and Schwarz, JR and Mason, WT}, title = {Different G proteins are involved in the biphasic response of clonal rat pituitary cells to thyrotropin-releasing hormone.}, journal = {Pflugers Arch}, school = {Physiologisches Institut, UKE, Hamburg, Germany.}, year = {1994}, volume = {428}, number = {1}, pages = {17--25}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00374747} }
Bauer, D.J., Peterson, T.C. and Swain, R.A.	Cerebellar dentate nuclei lesions alter prefrontal cortex dendritic spine morphology. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Brain Res Vol. 1544, pp. 15-24School: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA. Electronic address: rswain@uwm.edu.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Anatomical tracing studies in primates have revealed neural tracts from the cerebellar dentate nuclei to prefrontal cortex, implicating a cerebellar role in nonmotor processes. Experiments in rats examining the functional role of this cerebellothalamocortical pathway have demonstrated the development of visuospatial and motivational deficits following lesions of the dentate nuclei, in the absence of motor impairment. These behavioral deficits possibly occur due to structural modifications of the cerebral cortex secondary to loss of cerebellar input. The current study characterized morphological alterations in prefrontal cortex important for visuospatial and motivational processes following bilateral cerebellar dentate nuclei lesions. Rats received either bilateral electrolytic cerebellar dentate nuclei lesions or sham surgery followed by a 30-day recovery. Randomly selected Golgi-impregnated neurons in prefrontal cortex were examined for analysis. Measures of branch length and spine density revealed no differences between lesioned and sham rats in either apical or basilar arbors; however, the proportion of immature to mature spines significantly decreased in lesioned rats as compared to sham controls, with reductions of 33% in the basilar arbor and 28% in the apical arbor. Although expected pruning of branches and spines did not occur, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that cerebellar lesions influence prefrontal morphology and support the possibility that functional deficits following cerebellar dentate nuclei lesions are related to prefrontal morphological alteration.
BibTeX: @article{Bauer:2014, author = {Bauer, David J. and Peterson, Todd C. and Swain, Rodney A.}, title = {Cerebellar dentate nuclei lesions alter prefrontal cortex dendritic spine morphology.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA. Electronic address: rswain@uwm.edu.}, year = {2014}, volume = {1544}, pages = {15--24}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.032}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.032} }
Bauer, D.J., Peterson, T.C. and Swain, R.A.	Cerebellar dentate nuclei lesions alter prefrontal cortex dendritic spine morphology. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Brain research Vol. 1544, pp. 15-24	article	DOI
Abstract: Anatomical tracing studies in primates have revealed neural tracts from the cerebellar dentate nuclei to prefrontal cortex, implicating a cerebellar role in nonmotor processes. Experiments in rats examining the functional role of this cerebellothalamocortical pathway have demonstrated the development of visuospatial and motivational deficits following lesions of the dentate nuclei, in the absence of motor impairment. These behavioral deficits possibly occur due to structural modifications of the cerebral cortex secondary to loss of cerebellar input. The current study characterized morphological alterations in prefrontal cortex important for visuospatial and motivational processes following bilateral cerebellar dentate nuclei lesions. Rats received either bilateral electrolytic cerebellar dentate nuclei lesions or sham surgery followed by a 30-day recovery. Randomly selected Golgi-impregnated neurons in prefrontal cortex were examined for analysis. Measures of branch length and spine density revealed no differences between lesioned and sham rats in either apical or basilar arbors; however, the proportion of immature to mature spines significantly decreased in lesioned rats as compared to sham controls, with reductions of 33% in the basilar arbor and 28% in the apical arbor. Although expected pruning of branches and spines did not occur, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that cerebellar lesions influence prefrontal morphology and support the possibility that functional deficits following cerebellar dentate nuclei lesions are related to prefrontal morphological alteration.
BibTeX: @article{Bauer:2014b, author = {Bauer, David J. and Peterson, Todd C. and Swain, Rodney A.}, title = {Cerebellar dentate nuclei lesions alter prefrontal cortex dendritic spine morphology.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {2014}, volume = {1544}, pages = {15-24}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.032} }
Baufreton, J., Kirkham, E., Atherton, J.F., Menard, A., Magill, P.J., Bolam, J.P. and Bevan, M.D.	Sparse but selective and potent synaptic transmission from the globus pallidus to the subthalamic nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	J Neurophysiol Vol. 102(1), pp. 532-545School: Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, Il 60611, USA. jerome.baufreton@u-bordeaux2.fr	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The reciprocally connected GABAergic globus pallidus (GP)-glutamatergic subthalamic nucleus (STN) network is critical for voluntary movement and an important site of dysfunction in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Although the GP is a key determinant of STN activity, correlated GP-STN activity is rare under normal conditions. Here we define fundamental features of the GP-STN connection that contribute to poorly correlated GP-STN activity. Juxtacellular labeling of single GP neurons in vivo and stereological estimation of the total number of GABAergic GP-STN synapses suggest that the GP-STN connection is surprisingly sparse: single GP neurons maximally contact only 2% of STN neurons and single STN neurons maximally receive input from 2% of GP neurons. However, GP-STN connectivity may be considerably more selective than even these estimates imply. Light and electron microscopic analyses revealed that single GP axons give rise to sparsely distributed terminal clusters, many of which correspond to multiple synapses with individual STN neurons. Application of the minimal stimulation technique in brain slices confirmed that STN neurons receive multisynaptic unitary inputs and that these inputs largely arise from different sets of GABAergic axons. Finally, the dynamic-clamp technique was applied to quantify the impact of GP-STN inputs on STN activity. Small fractions of GP-STN input were sufficiently powerful to inhibit and synchronize the autonomous activity of STN neurons. Together these data are consistent with the conclusion that the rarity of correlated GP-STN activity in vivo is due to the sparsity and selectivity, rather than the potency, of GP-STN synaptic connections.
BibTeX: @article{Baufreton:2009, author = {Baufreton, Jérôme and Kirkham, Erin and Atherton, Jeremy F. and Menard, Ariane and Magill, Peter J. and Bolam, J Paul and Bevan, Mark D.}, title = {Sparse but selective and potent synaptic transmission from the globus pallidus to the subthalamic nucleus.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, school = {Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, Il 60611, USA. jerome.baufreton@u-bordeaux2.fr}, year = {2009}, volume = {102}, number = {1}, pages = {532--545}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00305.2009}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00305.2009} }
Baughman, R. and Gilbert, C.	Aspartate and glutamate as possible neurotransmitters in the visual cortex [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 1(4), pp. 427-439	article	URL
Abstract: To identify possible neurotransmitters in the visual cortex, high pressure liquid chromatography was used to measure the release of endogenous compounds from a tissue slice preparation of the visual cortex of the rat. When synaptic release was induced, either by raising the K+ concentration in the medium or by adding veratridine, of the compounds measured, marked increases (6- to 35-fold) in release rate were observed for aspartate, glutamate, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This increased release was blocked either with a low Ca2+/high Mg2+ or a tetrodotoxin-containing medium. To label possible aspartate or glutamate pathways, D-[3H]aspartate and D-[3H]glutamate were injected in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), superior colliculus, and visual cortex. Following injections in the LGN, labeling was observed in the pyramidal cells in cortical layer 6 and in a diffuse band in layer 4, whereas no cortical cells were labeled after injections in the superior colliculus. When D-[3H]aspartate was injected in the cortex, the uptake again was concentrated in the layer 6 cells, but no labeled cell bodies were seen in the LGN, confirming the specificity of the uptake and retrograde filling process. Diffuse labeling was present in the LGN, however, presumably produced by anterograde transport from the layer 6 cells. These results suggest that layer 6 cells in the cortex, which are the source of the recurrent projection to the thalamus, may use aspartate or glutamate as their transmitter. Analysis of the function of the corticothalamic pathway may be facilitated by these findings.
BibTeX: @article{Baughman:1981a, author = {Baughman, R.W. and Gilbert, C.D.}, title = {Aspartate and glutamate as possible neurotransmitters in the visual cortex}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {1981}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {427-439}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0019828744&partnerID=40&md5=9c6caf2e926826ca504e2c544575de13} }
Baughman, R.W. and Gilbert, C.D.	Aspartate and glutamate as possible neurotransmitters in the visual cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	J Neurosci Vol. 1(4), pp. 427-439	article	URL
Abstract: To identify possible neurotransmitters in the visual cortex, high pressure liquid chromatography was used to measure the release of endogenous compounds from a tissue slice preparation of the visual cortex of the rat. When synaptic release was induced, either by raising the K+ concentration in the medium or by adding veratridine, of the compounds measured, marked increases (6- to 35- fold) in release rate were observed for aspartate, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This increased release was blocked either with a low Ca2+/high Mg2+ or a tetrodotoxin-containing medium. To label possible aspartate or glutamate pathways, D-[3H]aspartate and D-[3H]glutamate were injected in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), superior colliculus, and visual cortex. Following injections in the LGN, labeling was observed in the pyramidal cells in cortical layer 6 and in a diffuse band in layer 4, whereas no cortical cells were labeled after injections in the superior colliculus. When D-[3H] aspartate was injected in the cortex, the uptake again was concentrated in the layer 6 cells, but not labeled cell bodies were seen in the LGN, confirming the specificity of the uptake and retrograde filling process. Diffuse labeling was present in the LGN, however, presumably produced by anterograde filling process. Diffuse labeling was present in the LGN, however, presumably produced by anterograde transport from the layer 6 cells. These results suggest that layer 6 cells in the cortex, which are the source of the recurrent projection to the thalamus, may use aspartate or glutamate as their transmitter. Analysis of the function of the corticothalamic pathway may be facilitated by these findings.
BibTeX: @article{Baughman:1981, author = {R. W. Baughman and C. D. Gilbert}, title = {Aspartate and glutamate as possible neurotransmitters in the visual cortex.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1981}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {427--439}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/1/4/427.long} }
Baughman, R.W. and Gilbert, C.D.	Aspartate and glutamate as possible neurotransmitters in the visual cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Vol. 1, pp. 427-39	article
Abstract: To identify possible neurotransmitters in the visual cortex, high pressure liquid chromatography was used to measure the release of endogenous compounds from a tissue slice preparation of the visual cortex of the rat. When synaptic release was induced, either by raising the K+ concentration in the medium or by adding veratridine, of the compounds measured, marked increases (6- to 35- fold) in release rate were observed for aspartate, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This increased release was blocked either with a low Ca2+/high Mg2+ or a tetrodotoxin-containing medium. To label possible aspartate or glutamate pathways, D-[3H]aspartate and D-[3H]glutamate were injected in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), superior colliculus, and visual cortex. Following injections in the LGN, labeling was observed in the pyramidal cells in cortical layer 6 and in a diffuse band in layer 4, whereas no cortical cells were labeled after injections in the superior colliculus. When D-[3H]aspartate was injected in the cortex, the uptake again was concentrated in the layer 6 cells, but not labeled cell bodies were seen in the LGN, confirming the specificity of the uptake and retrograde filling process. Diffuse labeling was present in the LGN, however, presumably produced by anterograde filling process. Diffuse labeling was present in the LGN, however, presumably produced by anterograde transport from the layer 6 cells. These results suggest that layer 6 cells in the cortex, which are the source of the recurrent projection to the thalamus, may use aspartate or glutamate as their transmitter. Analysis of the function of the corticothalamic pathway may be facilitated by these findings.
BibTeX: @article{Baughman:1981b, author = {Baughman, R. W. and Gilbert, C. D.}, title = {Aspartate and glutamate as possible neurotransmitters in the visual cortex.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, year = {1981}, volume = {1}, pages = {427-39}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Baulmann, J., Spitznagel, H., Herdegen, T., Unger, T. and Culman, J.	Tachykinin receptor inhibition and c-Fos expression in the rat brain following formalin-induced pain [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Neuroscience Vol. 95(3), pp. 813-820	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Recent pharmacological evidence has implicated substance P and neurokinin A, natural ligands for neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-2 receptors, respectively, as neurotransmitters in brain neuronal circuits activated upon noxious stimulation. The expression of the inducible transcription factor, c- Fos, was used to identify areas in the brain activated by a noxious stimulus (the subcutaneous injection of formalin), and to investigate the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of selective, non-peptide antagonists for neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-2 tachykinin receptors on the neural activity in these areas and on the behavioural response to formalin-induced pain. Formalin (5%, 50 μl), injected subcutaneously through a chronically implanted catheter in the region of the lower hindlimb, increased c-Fos expression in a number of brain areas related to nociceptive transmission or the integration of stress responses. Grooming behaviour, licking and biting directed to the injected site, was the most frequent behavioural response. Intracerebroventricular pretreatment of rats with either RP 67580 (500 pmol), the active enantiomer of a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, or with SR 48968 (500 pmol), the active enantiomer of a neurokinin-2 receptor antagonist, reduced the formalin-induced c-Fos staining in the prefrontal cortex, dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus, the locus coeruleus and the periaqueductal gray. The neurokinin-1, but not the neurokinin-2, receptor antagonist attenuated the formalin-induced activation of c-Fos in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Simultaneous intracerebroventricular pretreatment with both neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-2 receptor antagonists did not produce any additional inhibitory effect on the post-formalin c-Fos expression. None of the tachykinin receptor antagonists had an effect on the formalin-induced c-Fos expression in the septohypothalamic nucleus, medial thalamus, parabrachial nucleus and central amygdaloid nucleus, indicating that neurotransmitters other than neurokinins are most probably responsible for the activation of these areas in respose to noxious stimulation. While both tachykinin receptor antagonists reduced the grooming behaviour to formalin, the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist was clearly more effective than the neurokinin-2 receptor antagonist. Intracerebroventricular pretreatment of rats with the inactive enantiomers of the tachykinin receptor antagonists, RP 68651 and SR 48965, was without effect. Our results show that (i) the modified formalin test elicited an intense grooming behaviour and expression of c-Fos in numerous forebrain and brainstem areas, (ii) both tachykinin receptor antagonists were able to attenuate the behavioural response to pain and to reduce the formalin-induced c-Fos expression in some, but not all, brain areas, and (iii) the neurokinin- 1 antagonist, RP 67580, was more effective in inhibiting the behavioural response to formalin and the pain-induced activation of c-Fos than the antagonist for neurokinin-2 receptors, SR 48968, indicating that neurokinin-1 receptors are preferentially activated in neurokinin-containing pathways responding to noxious stimuli. Our results demonstrate that blockade of brain tachykinin receptors, especially of the neurokinin-1 receptor, reduces the behavioural response to pain and the pain-induced c-Fos activation in distinct brain areas which are intimately linked with nociceptive neurotransmission and the initiation and integration of central stress responses. Together with the previous findings of the inhibition of hypertensive and tachycardic responses to pain, the present data indicate that tachykinin receptor antagonists can effectively inhibit the generation of an integrated cardiovascular and behavioural response pattern to noxious stimuli.
BibTeX: @article{Baulmann:1999, author = {Baulmann, J. and Spitznagel, H. and Herdegen, T. and Unger, T. and Culman, J.}, title = {Tachykinin receptor inhibition and c-Fos expression in the rat brain following formalin-induced pain}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1999}, volume = {95}, number = {3}, pages = {813-820}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032804099&partnerID=40&md5=1ab0e73dde6efe63aaafebb10decdc67}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00478-9} }
Baum, M.J. and Everitt, B.J.	Increased expression of c-fos in the medial preoptic area after mating in male rats: role of afferent inputs from the medial amygdala and midbrain central tegmental field. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Neuroscience Vol. 50(3), pp. 627-646School: Department of Biology, Boston University, MA 02215.	article	DOI
Abstract: Immunocytochemical methods were used to localize the protein product of the immediate-early gene, c-fos, in male rats after exposure to, or direct physical interaction with, oestrous females. Increasing amounts of physical contact with a female, with resultant olfactory-vomeronasal and/or genital-somatosensory inputs, caused corresponding increments in c-fos expression in the medial preoptic area, the caudal part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the medial amygdala, and the midbrain central tegmental field. Males bearing unilateral electrothermal lesions of the olfactory peduncle showed a significant reduction in c-fos expression in the ipsilateral medial amygdala, but not in other structures, provided their coital interaction with oestrous females was restricted to mount-thrust and occasional intromissive patterns due to repeated application of lidocaine anaesthetic to the penis. No such lateralization of c-fos expression occurred in other males with unilateral olfactory lesions which were allowed to intromit and ejaculate with a female. These results suggest that olfactory inputs, possibly of vomeronasal origin, contribute to the activation of c-fos in the medial amygdala. However, lesion-induced deficits in this type of afferent input to the nervous system appear to be readily compensated for by the genital somatosensory input derived from repeated intromissions. Unilateral excitotoxic lesions of the medial preoptic area, made by infusing quinolinic acid, failed to reduce c-fos expression in the ipsilateral or contralateral medial amygdala or central tegmental field following ejaculation. By contrast, combined, unilateral excitotoxic lesions of the medial amygdala and the central tegmental field significantly reduced c-fos expression in the ipsilateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial preoptic area after mating; no such asymmetry in c-fos expression occurred when lesions were restricted to either the medial amygdala or central tegmental field. This suggests that afferent inputs from the central tegmental field (probably of genital-somatosensory origin) and from the medial amygdala (probably of olfactory-vomeronasal origin) interact to promote cellular activity, and the resultant induction of c-fos, in the ipsilateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial preoptic area. The monitoring of neuronal c-fos expression provides an effective means of studying the role of sensory factors in governing the activity of integrated neural structures which control the expression of a complex social behaviour.
BibTeX: @article{Baum:1992, author = {Baum, M. J. and Everitt, B. J.}, title = {Increased expression of c-fos in the medial preoptic area after mating in male rats: role of afferent inputs from the medial amygdala and midbrain central tegmental field.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Biology, Boston University, MA 02215.}, year = {1992}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, pages = {627--646}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(92)90452-8} }
Baumann, A., Faust, A., Law, M.P., Kuhlmann, M.T., Kopka, K., Schäfers, M. and Karst, U.	Metabolite identification of a radiotracer by electrochemistry coupled to liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric and radioactivity detection. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2011	Anal Chem Vol. 83(13), pp. 5415-5421School: Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Radioligands, which specifically bind to a receptor or enzyme (target), enable molecular imaging of the target expression by positron emission tomography (PET). One very promising PET tracer is (S)-1-(4-(2-[(18)F]-fluoroethoxy)benzyl)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin (isatin), a caspase-3 inhibitor, which has been developed at the University Hospital of Münster to image cell death (apoptosis). The translation of this novel tracer from preclinical evaluation to clinical examinations requires biodistribution studies, which characterize the pharmakodynamics and metabolic fate of the compound. This information is used to further optimize the radioligands and to interpret radioactive signals from tissues upon injection of the radioligand in vivo with respect to their specificity. The analysis of the metabolism of radioligands is hampered by the low amount of the compound being typically injected (nano/picomolar amount per injection). In the present study, electrochemistry (EC) is applied to elucidate the oxidative metabolism pathway of the radiotracer. Previous studies have demonstrated that EC can be utilized as a complementary tool to conventional in vitro approaches in drug metabolism studies. Thereby, potential oxidative metabolites of the isatin are determined by EC coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EC/ESI-MS). Moreover, using EC/liquid chromatography (LC) and ESI-ion trap MS(n), structural elucidation of the oxidation products is performed. Comparatively to EC, in vitro metabolism studies with rat liver microsomes are conducted. Finally, the developed LC/ESI-MS method is applied to determine metabolites in body fluids and cell extracts from in vivo studies with the nonradioactive ((19)F) and radioactive isatin ((18)F). On the basis of the electrochemically generated oxidation products of the radioligand, the major radioactive metabolite occurring in vivo was successfully identified.
BibTeX: @article{Baumann:2011, author = {Baumann, Anne and Faust, Andreas and Law, Marylin P. and Kuhlmann, Michael T. and Kopka, Klaus and Schäfers, Michael and Karst, Uwe}, title = {Metabolite identification of a radiotracer by electrochemistry coupled to liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric and radioactivity detection.}, journal = {Anal Chem}, school = {Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany.}, year = {2011}, volume = {83}, number = {13}, pages = {5415--5421}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac2002092}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/ac2002092} }
Baumann, S., Pohlmann, T., Jungbluth, M., Brachmann, A. and Feldbrügge, M.	Kinesin-3 and dynein mediate microtubule-dependent co-transport of mrnps and endosomes [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2012	Journal of Cell Science Vol. 125(11), pp. 2740-2752	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Long-distance transport of mRNAs is important in determining polarity in eukaryotes. Molecular motors shuttle large ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNPs) containing RNA-binding proteins and associated factors along microtubules. However, precise mechanisms including the interplay of molecular motors and a potential connection to membrane trafficking remain elusive. Here, we solve the motor composition of transported mRNPs containing the RNA-binding protein Rrm4 of the pathogen Ustilago maydis. The underlying transport process determines the axis of polarity in infectious filaments. Plus-end-directed Kin3, a kinesin-3 type motor, mediates anterograde transport of mRNPs and is also present in transport units moving retrogradely. Split dynein Dyn1-Dyn2 functions in retrograde movement of mRNPs. Plus-end-directed conventional kinesin Kin1 is indirectly involved by transporting minus-end-directed dynein back to plus ends. Importantly, we additionally demonstrate that Rrm4-containing mRNPs colocalise with the t-SNARE Yup1 on shuttling endosomes and that functional endosomes are essential for mRNP movement. Either loss of Kin3 or removal of its lipidbinding pleckstrin-homology domain abolishes Rrm4-dependent movement without preventing colocalisation of Rrm4 and Yup1-positive endosomes. In summary, we uncovered the combination of motors required for mRNP shuttling along microtubules. Furthermore, intimately linked co-transport of endosomes and mRNPs suggests vesicle hitchhiking as mode of mRNP transport.
BibTeX: @article{Baumann:2012, author = {Baumann, S. and Pohlmann, T. and Jungbluth, M. and Brachmann, A. and Feldbrügge, M.}, title = {Kinesin-3 and dynein mediate microtubule-dependent co-transport of mrnps and endosomes}, journal = {Journal of Cell Science}, year = {2012}, volume = {125}, number = {11}, pages = {2740-2752}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84860716406&partnerID=40&md5=8677a7c0ef9bb8228a79004016f85642}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.101212} }
Baumgarten, H., Björklund, A., Lachenmayer, L., Rensch, A. and Rosengren, E.	De- and regeneration of the bulbospinal serotonin neurons in the rat following 5,6-or 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine treatment [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1974	Cell and Tissue Research Vol. 152(3), pp. 271-281	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In an attempt to determine the conditions which permit central 5-HT neurons to respond to a chemical injury of their axons by sprouting and regeneration, the pattern and time-course of recovery of 5-HT concentrations and regrowth of bulbospinal 5-HT axons were evaluated in rats subjected to intraventricular treatment with either 75 μg 5,6- or 150 μg 5,7-DHT. While 5,6-DHT treatment is followed by a significant recovery of 5-HT concentrations in the telodiencephalon, brainstem and upper part of the spinal cord within 3 months, there is no significant restoration of the severely depleted 5-HT levels in the telodiencephalon and spinal cord, and only limited recovery in 5-HT content of the brainstem preparation after 5,7-DHT. These differences conform to the observation of widespread and effective regrowth and regeneration of the bulbospinal 5-HT neurons in the 5,6-DHT treated lower brainstem and upper spinal cord but restricted and localized sprouting efforts in the 5,7-DHT treated lower medulla oblongata. This could be explained by a cell body near lesion of the non-terminal indoleamine axons by 5,7-DHT which results in a late retrograde, irreversible degeneration of most of the indoleamine pericarya from group B1 and many of group B3. It is concluded that the preservation of a critical length of the main axon and part of its collaterals is necessary for the neuron's survival, and that the individual pattern of the neuropil architecture of brain centres which are invaded by the axonal sprouts may significantly influence their growth characteristics and thus either favour or impede their chance to reestablish connections with their original effector. Aberrant, localized, intense sprouting of drug-damaged axons may in itself reflect the need of the neuron-deprived of most of its axonal tree-to reestablish its original total axonal length by multiple branching. © 1974 Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX: @article{Baumgarten:1974, author = {Baumgarten, H.G. and Björklund, A. and Lachenmayer, L. and Rensch, A. and Rosengren, E.}, title = {De- and regeneration of the bulbospinal serotonin neurons in the rat following 5,6-or 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine treatment}, journal = {Cell and Tissue Research}, year = {1974}, volume = {152}, number = {3}, pages = {271-281}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0016231996&partnerID=40&md5=8920fe5eed9be9342682a22b6423f39c}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00223949} }
Baumgarten, H. and Grozdanovic, Z.	Anatomy of central serotoninergic projection systems [BibTeX]	2000	Serotoninergic Neurons and 5-HT Receptors in the CNS, pp. 41-89	incollection	DOI
BibTeX: @incollection{Baumgarten:2000, author = {Baumgarten, HG and Grozdanovic, Z}, title = {Anatomy of central serotoninergic projection systems}, booktitle = {Serotoninergic Neurons and 5-HT Receptors in the CNS}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {2000}, pages = {41--89}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60921-3_2} }
Baumgartner, B.J. and Shine, H.D.	Targeted transduction of CNS neurons with adenoviral vectors carrying neurotrophic factor genes confers neuroprotection that exceeds the transduced population. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	J Neurosci Vol. 17(17), pp. 6504-6511School: Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.	article	URL
Abstract: Application of neurotrophic factors (NFs) to the cut stump of motor nerves of neonatal rats confers neuroprotection from trauma-induced neuronal death. To test whether motoneurons are capable of responding to endogenously produced NFs, facial motoneurons were genetically modified in vivo to express several NFs and then tested for their response to peripheral nerve damage. Replication-defective adenoviral vectors [Adv. Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-nf] representing three families of NFs were constructed that carried genes for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and nerve growth factor. Media from cultured cells transduced with Adv. RSV-nf contained NFs that supported the survival of cultured chick sensory neurons in the same manner as recombinant NF standards. When Adv.RSV-nf or an adenoviral vector containing the beta-galactosidase gene (Adv.RSV-beta-gal) were injected into the facial muscles of neonatal rats the vectors were retrogradely transported to the facial nucleus where the NFs or beta-gal were expressed. A fraction (approximately 10 of the neurons were transduced as demonstrated by reverse transcriptase-PCR, histochemistry, and immunocytochemistry. In the case of Adv.RSV-BDNF, Adv.RSV-CNTF, and Adv.RSV-GDNF, a significant portion of the facial nucleus neurons was protected, 16.5, 18.2, and 53.3 respectively, from death after axotomy, showing that neurons are capable of transporting the Adv. RSV-nf, expressing the recombinant NF genes, and responding to the NFs. In the case of Adv.RSV-GDNF, a greater number of facial nucleus motoneurons survived than were transduced, indicating that neighboring untransduced neurons were protected by the GDNF expressed by the transduced neurons by a paracrine mechanism.
BibTeX: @article{Baumgartner:1997, author = {Baumgartner, B. J. and Shine, H. D.}, title = {Targeted transduction of CNS neurons with adenoviral vectors carrying neurotrophic factor genes confers neuroprotection that exceeds the transduced population.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.}, year = {1997}, volume = {17}, number = {17}, pages = {6504--6511}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/17/17/6504.long} }
Baumgartner, U., Baier, P., Mappes, H.J. and Farthmann, E.H.	Pericentral hepatocytes translocate hydrophilic bile acids more rapidly than hydrophobic ones. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Dig Dis Sci Vol. 46(10), pp. 2098-2103School: Department of Surgery, University of Freiburg, Germany.	article
Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze whether velocity of periportal and pericentral translocation is different for bile acids differing in their physicochemical properties. Isolated livers of male Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused antegradely or retrogradely, in single pass arrangement with labeled taurodehydrocholate, cholate, taurocholate, glycocholate, or taurodeoxycholate (inflow rate: 32 nmol/min/g liver). Bile was collected at 2-min intervals; aliquots were counted in a liquid scintillation spectrophotometer to trace uptake rate and biliary excretion profile. Biliary excretion patterns of all bile acids tested were almost identical in periportal cells; in contrast, it differed greatly in pericentral cells. Pericentral cells excreted taurodehydrocholate as fast as periportal cells, while periportal cells eliminated taurodeoxycholate about four times as fast and cholate, taurocholate and cholate about two times as fast as pericentral cells. It is concluded that, in contrast to periportal translocation, the velocity of pericentral translocation depends upon the hydrophilicity of the respective bile acid. Therefore, different or additional translocation pathways for bile acids may be involved in periportal versus pericentral cells.
BibTeX: @article{Baumgartner:2001, author = {Baumgartner, U. and Baier, P. and Mappes, H. J. and Farthmann, E. H.}, title = {Pericentral hepatocytes translocate hydrophilic bile acids more rapidly than hydrophobic ones.}, journal = {Dig Dis Sci}, school = {Department of Surgery, University of Freiburg, Germany.}, year = {2001}, volume = {46}, number = {10}, pages = {2098--2103}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Baumgartner, U., Baier, P., Schöffel, U. and Farthmann, E.H.	Colchicine inhibits taurodeoxycholate transport in pericentral but not in periportal hepatocytes. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Biochim Biophys Acta Vol. 1539(3), pp. 218-224School: Department of Surgery, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. baumgart@ch11.ukl.uni-freiburg.de	article	DOI
Abstract: Indirect evidence for a microtubule-dependent vesicular hepatocellular transport of bile acids has accumulated. Since inhibition of this transport by colchicine can be achieved only at high but not at low bile acid infusion rates we were wondering whether this transport pathway shows a hepatic zonation or not. To answer this question we perfused isolated rat livers antegradely or retrogradely, respectively, with unlabeled and labeled taurocholate or taurodeoxycholate. Inhibition of microtubule-dependent bile acid transport was aimed at co-infusion of colchicine. Periportal cells eliminated the likewise hydrophobic taurodeoxycholate as fast as the more hydrophilic taurocholate. In contrast, pericentral cells excreted taurodeoxycholate much slower than taurocholate. Colchicine did not change the biliary taurocholate excretion profile in periportal and pericentral cells. However, colchicine reduced significantly taurodeoxycholate excretion in pericentral but not in periportal cells. It is concluded that a microtubule-dependent vesicular, colchicine-sensitive transport pathway seems to be involved in the translocation of taurodeoxycholate in pericentral but not in periportal cells. Since such a vesicular bile acid transport is regarded to be much slower than transcellular transport by diffusion, this observation may explain the much slower excretion of hydrophobic bile acids like taurodeoxycholate in pericentral than in periportal cells under physiological conditions.
BibTeX: @article{Baumgartner:2001a, author = {Baumgartner, U. and Baier, P. and Schöffel, U. and Farthmann, E. H.}, title = {Colchicine inhibits taurodeoxycholate transport in pericentral but not in periportal hepatocytes.}, journal = {Biochim Biophys Acta}, school = {Department of Surgery, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. baumgart@ch11.ukl.uni-freiburg.de}, year = {2001}, volume = {1539}, number = {3}, pages = {218--224}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4889(01)00108-2} }
Bauswein, E., Fromm, C. and Preuss, A.	Corticostriatal cells in comparison with pyramidal tract neurons: contrasting properties in the behaving monkey [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Brain Research Vol. 493(1), pp. 198-203	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Antidromically identified neurons projecting to the putamen (CPNs) and pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) were recorded from motor and premotor cortex of a monkey which performed a load-bearing task with the wrist. CPNs appeared as a uniform population with very slowly conducting axons and low spontaneous activity. In contrast to PTNs, they exhibited weak, mostly insignificant correlation with graded steady-state forces, responded to torque perturbations with remarkably long latency, and seemed to discharge much later with active movement. Collateral branching of PTNs to the putamen was found to be infrequent (1%). We suggest that the putamen receives a cortical message that is strikingly different from that sent down the pyramidal tract. © 1989.
BibTeX: @article{Bauswein:1989, author = {Bauswein, E. and Fromm, C. and Preuss, A.}, title = {Corticostriatal cells in comparison with pyramidal tract neurons: contrasting properties in the behaving monkey}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1989}, volume = {493}, number = {1}, pages = {198-203}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024379098&partnerID=40&md5=c37d2059cb9b622f23cf75e1ee18c782}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(89)91018-4} }
Baxter, M., Holland, P. and Gallagher, M.	Disruption of decrements in conditioned stimulus processing by selective removal of hippocampal cholinergic input [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 17(13), pp. 5230-5236	article	URL
Abstract: The attention directed to environmental stimuli can be modified by experience. For example, preexposure of a conditioned stimulus (CS) in the absence of reinforcement can retard subsequent conditioning of that stimulus when it is paired directly with an unconditioned stimulus, a phenomenon referred to as latent inhibition. Similarly, consistent pairings of a CS with another event can slow the acquisition of new information about that CS. Such phenomena suggest that reductions in the processing of CSs occur when they are made behaviorally irrelevant or consistent predictors of other events. On the basis of the observation that hippocampal lesions prevented such reductions in CS processing, we hypothesized that damage to basal forebrain cholinergic neurons that project to the hippocampus, using microinjections of the selective immonotoxin 192 IgG-saporin into the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band (MS/VDB), also would disrupt normal reductions in CS processing. Lesions of hippocampal cholinergic input disrupted decreases in CS processing, manifested in both an absence of latent inhibition and a lack of reduced processing of a CS that had been a consistent predictor of another CS. These results indicate that cholinergic neurons in the MS/VDB play a role in the regulation of CS processing. Furthermore, these findings (in conjunction with previous findings) implicate both rostral (hippocampal- projecting) and caudal (cortical-projecting) regions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in the modulation of attention.
BibTeX: @article{Baxter:1997, author = {Baxter, M.G. and Holland, P.C. and Gallagher, M.}, title = {Disruption of decrements in conditioned stimulus processing by selective removal of hippocampal cholinergic input}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {1997}, volume = {17}, number = {13}, pages = {5230-5236}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030963162&partnerID=40&md5=974450689485dd990bd0318502283498} }
Baxter, M.G., Bucci, D.J., Gorman, L.K., Wiley, R.G. and Gallagher, M.	Selective immunotoxic lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic cells: effects on learning and memory in rats. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Behav Neurosci Vol. 127(5), pp. 619-627School: Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Male Long-Evans rats were given injections of either 192 IgG-saporin, an apparently selective toxin for basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (LES), or vehicle (CON) into either the medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band (MS/VDB) or bilaterally into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis and substantia innominata (nBM/SI). Place discrimination in the Morris water maze assessed spatial learning, and a trial-unique matching-to-place task in the water maze assessed memory for place information over varying delays. MS/VDB-LES and nBM/SI-LES rats were not impaired relative to CON rats in acquisition of the place discrimination, but were mildly impaired relative to CON rats in performance of the memory task even at the shortest delay, suggesting a nonmnemonic deficit. These results contrast with effects of less selective lesions, which have been taken to support a role for basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in learning and memory.
BibTeX: @article{Baxter:2013, author = {Baxter, Mark G. and Bucci, David J. and Gorman, Linda K. and Wiley, Ronald G. and Gallagher, Michela}, title = {Selective immunotoxic lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic cells: effects on learning and memory in rats.}, journal = {Behav Neurosci}, school = {Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.}, year = {2013}, volume = {127}, number = {5}, pages = {619--627}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult brain.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0033939}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033939} }
Bay, H.H. and Cavdar, S.	Regional connections of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	J Integr Neurosci Vol. 12(2), pp. 201-219School: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Thalamic nuclei are classified as first- and higher-order relays. The first-order relays receive their driving afferents from ascending pathways and transmit messages to cortex that cortex has not seen before. The higher-order relays receive driver messages from layer-5 cortical cells for transmission from one cortical area to another. The present study used the retrograde tracer, fluoro-gold, to define the afferents to the three regions of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, to distinguish which parts contain first- or higher-order relays. The results show that the main inputs to the medial region of the nucleus come from olfactory and visceral structures, those to the central region come from limbic structures and those to the lateral region come from motor centers of the central nervous system. The medial and central regions receive both modulatory (layer 6) and driver (layer 5) afferent inputs from the orbitofrontal and medial frontal areas of the prefrontal cortex whereas the lateral region receives no layer-5 inputs from its cortical connections. Further, the inhibitory modulation of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus shows regional differences. The medial region receives inhibitory afferents from the striatum (globus pallidus, caudate-putamen), the lateral region from the substantia nigra pars reticulata and the zona incerta, and all segments of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus receive inhibitory afferents from the thalamic reticular nucleus. The results of the present study show that each region of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus has distinct afferent connections allowing each region of mediodorsal thalamic nucleus to be considered relatively independent subnuclei that may subserve independent functions.
BibTeX: @article{Bay:2013, author = {Bay, Hüsniye Hacıoğlu and Cavdar, Safiye}, title = {Regional connections of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {J Integr Neurosci}, school = {Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.}, year = {2013}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {201--219}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S021963521350012X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1142/S021963521350012X} }
Bay, H.H. and Cavdar, S.	Regional connections of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Journal of integrative neuroscience Vol. 12, pp. 201-19	article	DOI
Abstract: Thalamic nuclei are classified as first- and higher-order relays. The first-order relays receive their driving afferents from ascending pathways and transmit messages to cortex that cortex has not seen before. The higher-order relays receive driver messages from layer-5 cortical cells for transmission from one cortical area to another. The present study used the retrograde tracer, fluoro-gold, to define the afferents to the three regions of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, to distinguish which parts contain first- or higher-order relays. The results show that the main inputs to the medial region of the nucleus come from olfactory and visceral structures, those to the central region come from limbic structures and those to the lateral region come from motor centers of the central nervous system. The medial and central regions receive both modulatory (layer 6) and driver (layer 5) afferent inputs from the orbitofrontal and medial frontal areas of the prefrontal cortex whereas the lateral region receives no layer-5 inputs from its cortical connections. Further, the inhibitory modulation of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus shows regional differences. The medial region receives inhibitory afferents from the striatum (globus pallidus, caudate-putamen), the lateral region from the substantia nigra pars reticulata and the zona incerta, and all segments of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus receive inhibitory afferents from the thalamic reticular nucleus. The results of the present study show that each region of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus has distinct afferent connections allowing each region of mediodorsal thalamic nucleus to be considered relatively independent subnuclei that may subserve independent functions.
BibTeX: @article{Bay:2013a, author = {Bay, Husniye Hacioglu and Cavdar, Safiye}, title = {Regional connections of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat.}, journal = {Journal of integrative neuroscience}, year = {2013}, volume = {12}, pages = {201-19}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1142/s021963521350012x} }
Bayat, M., Hasanzadeh, G.R., BarzroodIpour, M. and Javadi, M.	The effect of low protein diet on thalamic projections of hippocampus in rat [BibTeX]	2005	Neuroanatomy Vol. 4, pp. 43-48	article	URL
BibTeX: @article{Bayat:2005, author = {Bayat, Mohammad and Hasanzadeh, Gholam Reza and BarzroodIpour, Mitra and Javadi, Maryam}, title = {The effect of low protein diet on thalamic projections of hippocampus in rat}, journal = {Neuroanatomy}, year = {2005}, volume = {4}, pages = {43--48}, url = {http://www.neuroanatomy.org/2005/043_048.pdf} }
Bayat, M., Hasanzaden, G., Barzroodipour, M. and Javadi, M.	The effect of low protein diet on thalamic projections of hippocampus in rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Neuroanatomy Vol. 4, pp. 43-48	article	URL
Abstract: Recent investigations show that protein malnutrition alters the structure and function of some areas of the hippocampal formation. We investigated therefore the effect of protein malnutrition on thalamic projections to the CA1 hippocampal area. In this study, the efferent projections from the thalamus to hippocampus in rat by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) neural tract tracing was investigated in two groups. The control group was fed with regular diet (18% protein) whereas the study group was fed with low protein diet (8% protein). In the control group we found that the whole anterior thalamic nuclei and nucleus reuniens send projections to the CA1 hippocampal region. Among these nuclei, the anteroventral nucleus (AV) had the highest amount of labelled neurons which sent projection to the CA1 hippocampal region. Anterior thalamus projected to both hippocampus. Number of HRP labelled neurons in the contralateral thalamus were less than the ipsilateral thalamus. As a result of the influence of low protein diet, efferent projection from the anterior thalamus and nucleus reuniens to the CA1 region of hippocampus had decreased (p<0.05) in the study group. The reason may be due to reduction of neuronal activity of thalamus and hippocampal formation under the influence of protein restriction or the affected progression of developmental programmes controlling synaptogenesis.
BibTeX: @article{Bayat:2005a, author = {Bayat, M. and Hasanzaden, G.R. and Barzroodipour, M. and Javadi, M.}, title = {The effect of low protein diet on thalamic projections of hippocampus in rat}, journal = {Neuroanatomy}, year = {2005}, volume = {4}, pages = {43-48}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-32044462466&partnerID=40&md5=e1d306efae590e721ca7382b2dea77a1} }
Bayazitov, I. and Kleschevnikov, A.	Afferent high strength tetanizations favour potentiation of the NMDA vs. AMPA receptor-mediated component of field EPSP in CA1 hippocampal slices of rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Brain Research Vol. 866(1-2), pp. 188-196	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Long-term potentiation (LTP) of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated components of 'dual-component' field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSP-A and fEPSP-N) was studied in the CA1 stratum radiatum in hippocampal slices of rats. Relative degrees of LTP of these fEPSP components were compared for tetanizations with low and high strengths. Magnitudes of fEPSP-A and fEPSP-N were estimated in parallel with a least-square fitting of a short-latent (0.1-8.8 ms) fragment of evoked responses by a weighted sum of 'basic' fEPSP-A and fEPSP-N, obtained during a short preliminary application of d-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV). We found that low-strength tetanizations selectively potentiated fEPSP-A, while high strength tetanizations potentiated both fEPSP components. These results demonstrate in the experiments with parallel measurements of fEPSP-A and fEPSP-N that LTP of these components differ depending on the strength of afferent tetanization. Unequal potentiation of the commissural-collateral and excitatory local-circuit synapses, which presumably contain different amounts of the AMPA and NMDA receptors, is discussed as the most probable explanation for these results. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Bayazitov:2000, author = {Bayazitov, I. and Kleschevnikov, A.}, title = {Afferent high strength tetanizations favour potentiation of the NMDA vs. AMPA receptor-mediated component of field EPSP in CA1 hippocampal slices of rats}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2000}, volume = {866}, number = {1-2}, pages = {188-196}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034595542&partnerID=40&md5=d85f0637e71026a63af66c3bcd90e6c1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02279-4} }
Bayazitov, I., Voronin, L., Kas'yanov, A., Kleshchevnikov, A., Kul'chitskii, S. and Sametskii, E.	Long-term potentiation of the AMPA and NMDA components of minimal postsynaptic currents in rat hippocampal field Ca1 [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology Vol. 32(5), pp. 533-540	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The aim of the present work was to study the potentiation of the AMPA and NMDA components of minimal excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC) evoked by activation of restricted numbers of synapses. EPSC of neurons in field CA1 in hippocampal slices were recorded in whole-call patch-clamp conditions selected such that both (AMPA and NMDA) components were present, and these were measured in parallel using computational methods in combination with pharmacological receptor blockade. There was a quite strong correlation between the amplitudes of the AMPA and NMDA components and this was regarded as evidence that they were generated by the same synapses. In cases producing this correlation, both components showed essentially equal long-term potentiation lasting from 5 min to 2 h after afferent tetanization. The data did not support the postsynaptic hypothesis and were in better agreement with the concept that the major mechanism for the persistence of the initial phase of long-term potentiation (up to 1-2 h) is based on increases in the quantity of transmitter released presynaptically.
BibTeX: @article{Bayazitov:2002, author = {Bayazitov, I.T. and Voronin, L.L. and Kas'yanov, A.M. and Kleshchevnikov, A.M. and Kul'chitskii, S.V. and Sametskii, E.A.}, title = {Long-term potentiation of the AMPA and NMDA components of minimal postsynaptic currents in rat hippocampal field Ca1}, journal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology}, year = {2002}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, pages = {533-540}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036709984&partnerID=40&md5=620c4bde62445786177e3b3543f44364}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019867808419} }
Bayer, L., Eggermann, E., Saint-Mleux, B., Machard, D., Jones, B.E., Mühlethaler, M. and Serafin, M.	Selective action of orexin (hypocretin) on nonspecific thalamocortical projection neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	J Neurosci Vol. 22(18), pp. 7835-7839School: Département de Physiologie, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.	article	URL
Abstract: As is evident from the pathological consequences of its absence in narcolepsy, orexin (hypocretin) appears to be critical for the maintenance of wakefulness. Via diffuse projections through the brain, orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may act on a number of wake-promoting systems. Among these are the intralaminar and midline thalamic nuclei, which project in turn in a widespread manner to the cerebral cortex within the nonspecific thalamocortical projection system. Testing the effect of orexin in rat brain slices, in two nuclei of this system, centromedial (CM) nuclei and rhomboid nuclei, we found that it depolarized and excited all neurons tested through a direct postsynaptic action. An additional analysis of this effect in CM neurons indicates that it results from the decrease of a potassium conductance. By a detailed comparison of the effects of orexin A and B, we established that orexin B was more potent than orexin A, indicating the probable mediation by orexin type 2 receptors. In contrast to its effect on the nonspecific thalamocortical projection neurons, orexin had no effect on the specific sensory relay neurons of the somatic, ventral posterolateral, and visual dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei. Orexin differs in this regard from norepinephrine and acetylcholine, to which neurons in the specific and nonspecific systems are sensitive. Orexin may thus act in the thalamus to promote wakefulness by exciting neurons of the nonspecific thalamocortical projection system, which, through widespread projections to the cerebral cortex, stimulate and maintain cortical activation.
BibTeX: @article{Bayer:2002, author = {Bayer, Laurence and Eggermann, Emmanuel and Saint-Mleux, Benoît and Machard, Danièle and Jones, Barbara E. and Mühlethaler, Michel and Serafin, Mauro}, title = {Selective action of orexin (hypocretin) on nonspecific thalamocortical projection neurons.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Département de Physiologie, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.}, year = {2002}, volume = {22}, number = {18}, pages = {7835--7839}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/22/18/7835.long} }
Bayer, L., Eggermann, E., Sera, M., Saint-Mieux, B., Machard, D., Jones, B. and Mühlethaler, M.	Orexins (hypocretins) directly excite tuberomammillary [BibTeX]	2001	Europ J Neurosci Vol. 14, pp. 1571-1575	article
BibTeX: @article{Bayer:2001, author = {Bayer,L. and Eggermann, E. and Sera, M. and Saint-Mieux, B. and Machard, D. and Jones, B. and Mühlethaler, M.}, title = {Orexins (hypocretins) directly excite tuberomammillary}, journal = {Europ J Neurosci}, year = {2001}, volume = {14}, pages = {1571-1575} }
Bayer, L., Risold, P.Y., Griffond, B. and Fellmann, D.	Rat diencephalic neurons producing melanin-concentrating hormone are influenced by ascending cholinergic projections. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Neuroscience Vol. 91(3), pp. 1087-1101School: CNRS ESA 6025, Laboratoire d'Histologie, Embryologie, Cytogénétique, CNRS FR 51 Institut d'Etude et de Transfert de Gènes, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Besançon, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: Innervation of diencephalic neurons producing melanin-concentrating hormone by choline acetyltransferase-containing axons was examined using double immunohistochemistry. In the rostromedial zona incerta and perifornical regions of the lateral hypothalamic area, many choline acetyltransferase-positive fibers were detected in the immediate vicinity of melanin-concentrating hormone perikarya and their proximal dendrites. Putative contact sites were less abundant in the far lateral hypothalamus, and only scattered close to the third ventricle. After injections of the retrograde tracer FluoroGold, most of these projections appeared to originate in the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei. Finally, to determine the putative effect of acetylcholine on the melanin-concentrating hormone neuron population, the cholinergic agonist carbachol was added to the medium of hypothalamic slices in culture. Using competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, carbachol was found to induce a rapid increase in the melanin-concentrating hormone messenger RNA expression. This response was abolished by both atropine, a muscarinic antagonist, and hexamethonium, a nicotinic antagonist. Thus, the bulk of these results indicates that the diencephalic melanin-concentrating hormone neurons are targeted by activating ascending cholinergic projections.
BibTeX: @article{Bayer:1999, author = {L. Bayer and P. Y. Risold and B. Griffond and D. Fellmann}, title = {Rat diencephalic neurons producing melanin-concentrating hormone are influenced by ascending cholinergic projections.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {CNRS ESA 6025, Laboratoire d'Histologie, Embryologie, Cytogénétique, CNRS FR 51 Institut d'Etude et de Transfert de Gènes, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Besançon, France.}, year = {1999}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, pages = {1087--1101}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00678-2} }
Bayer, L., Serafin, M., Eggermann, E., Saint-Mieux, B., Machard, D., Jones, B. and Mühlethaler, M.	Exclusive postsynaptic action of Hypocretin?Orexin on sublayer 6b cortical neurons [BibTeX]	2004	J Neurosci Vol. 24, pp. 6760-6764	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Bayer:2004, author = {Bayer, L. and Serafin, M. and Eggermann, E. and Saint-Mieux, B. and Machard, D. and Jones, B.E. and Mühlethaler, M.}, title = {Exclusive postsynaptic action of Hypocretin?Orexin on sublayer 6b cortical neurons}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {2004}, volume = {24}, pages = {6760-6764}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1783-04.2004} }
Bayer, S.A.	Quantitative 3H-thymidine radiographic analyses of neurogenesis in the rat amygdala. [BibTeX]	1980	J Comp Neurol Vol. 194(4), pp. 845-875	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{Bayer:1980, author = {Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Quantitative 3H-thymidine radiographic analyses of neurogenesis in the rat amygdala.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1980}, volume = {194}, number = {4}, pages = {845--875}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901940409}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901940409} }
Bayer, S.A.	Development of the hippocampal region in the rat. I. Neurogenesis examined with 3H-thymidine autoradiography. [BibTeX]	1980	J Comp Neurol Vol. 190(1), pp. 87-114	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{Bayer:1980a, author = {Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Development of the hippocampal region in the rat. I. Neurogenesis examined with 3H-thymidine autoradiography.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1980}, volume = {190}, number = {1}, pages = {87--114}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901900107}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901900107} }
Bayer, S.A.	Neurogenesis in the rat neostriatum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Int J Dev Neurosci Vol. 2(2), pp. 163-175School: Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, 1125 East 38th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46223, U.S.A.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Neurogenesis in the rat neostriatum was examined with [(3)H]thymidine autoradiography. For the animals in the prenatal groups, the initial [(3)H]thymidine exposures were separated by 24 h; they were the offspring of pregnant females given two injections on consecutive embryonic (E) days (E13-E14, E14-E15, … E21-E22). For the animals in the postnatal (P) groups, the initial [(3)H]thymidine exposures were separated by 48 h, each group receiving four consecutive injections (P0-P3, P2-P5, P4-P7). On P60, the percentage of labeled cells and the proportion of cells originating during either 24 or 48 h periods were quantified at several anatomical levels for both the large and medium-sized neurons. Neurogenesis of the large neurons occurs mainly between E13 and E16 in a strong caudal-to-rostral gradient. The medium-sized neurons throughout the neostriatum are generated in a prominent ventrolateral-to-dorsomedial gradient so that ventrolateral cells originate mainly between E14 and E18, dorsomedial cells between E18 and E21-22 (fewer than 10% originate between P0 and P4). Medium-sized neurons also show two other gradients. First, there is a superficial-to-deep gradient in the anterior part of the caudoputamen, while more posterior levels have a deep-to-superficial gradient. Second, anterior parts have a caudal-to-rostral gradient while posterior parts have a gradient in the opposite direction. This shift in neurogenetic gradients along both superficial-deep and rostrocaudal directions is developmental evidence that an anterior 'caudate' can be separated from a posterior 'putamen' in the rat. Finally, neurogenetic gradients in the medium-sized caudoputamen neurons can be linked to the patterns of their anatomical interconnections with the substantia nigra.
BibTeX: @article{Bayer:1984, author = {Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Neurogenesis in the rat neostriatum.}, journal = {Int J Dev Neurosci}, school = {Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, 1125 East 38th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46223, U.S.A.}, year = {1984}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {163--175}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0736-5748(84)90008-X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0736-5748(84)90008-X} }
Bayer, S.A.	Hippocampal region [BibTeX]	1985	The rat nervous system Vol. 1, pp. 335-352	article
BibTeX: @article{Bayer:1985, author = {Bayer, SHIRLEY A}, title = {Hippocampal region}, journal = {The rat nervous system}, publisher = {Academic Press: Australia}, year = {1985}, volume = {1}, pages = {335--352}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Bayer, S.A.	Neurogenesis in the rat primary olfactory cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Int J Dev Neurosci Vol. 4(3), pp. 251-271School: Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46223.	article	DOI
Abstract: Neurogenesis in the rat primary olfactory cortex was examined with [3H]thymidine autoradiography. The experimental animals were the offspring of pregnant females given an injection of [3H]thymidine on two consecutive gestation days. Nine groups of embryos were exposed to [3H]thymidine on E13-E14, E14-E15....E21-E22, respectively. On P60, the percentage of labeled cells and the proportion of cells originating during 24 hr periods were quantified at selected anatomical levels of the anterior and posterior piriform cortex, dorsal lateral peduncular cortex, and posterior two-thirds of the ventral agranular insular cortex. Throughout most of the primary olfactory cortex, deep cells are generated earlier than superficial cells: the 'inside-out' pattern. Neurons in the anterior (prepiriform) cortex are located lateral to the caudal anterior olfactory nucleus and olfactory tubercle, and are generated mainly between E14 and E18 in a caudal (older) to rostral (younger) neurogenetic gradient. Neurons in the posterior (periamygdaloid) cortex are located lateral to the caudal olfactory tubercle and amygdala, and are generated mainly between E14 and E17 simultaneously along the rostrocaudal plane. Superficial cells in the piriform cortex have some additional neurogenetic gradients; ventromedial cells forming transition zones with either the olfactory tubercle or amygdala originate earlier than cells located dorsally and laterally. In the posterior piriform cortex, younger neurons are located at middle dorsoventral levels while older neurons lie above and below. Neurons in the dorsolateral peduncular cortex originate between E14 and E20 in a caudal to rostral gradient of neurogenesis; caudal parts also have a lateral to medial neurogenetic gradient. The most lateral part of the dorsolateral peduncular cortex is unique and does not have the typical 'inside-out' cortical neurogenetic gradient. Neurons in the ventral agranular insular cortex (area 13) originate mainly between E15 and E17 in combined caudal to rostral and ventral to dorsal neurogenetic gradients. The neurogenetic gradients in the primary olfactory cortex, along with patterns of neurogenesis throughout the olfactory projection field are related to the termination patterns of afferents from the main olfactory bulb.
BibTeX: @article{Bayer:1986, author = {Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Neurogenesis in the rat primary olfactory cortex.}, journal = {Int J Dev Neurosci}, school = {Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46223.}, year = {1986}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {251--271}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0736-5748(86)90063-8} }
Bayer, S.A.	Neurogenesis in the anterior olfactory nucleus and its associated transition areas in the rat brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Int J Dev Neurosci Vol. 4(3), pp. 225-249School: Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46223.	article	DOI
Abstract: Neurogenesis in the rat olfactory peduncle was examined with [3H]thymidine autoradiography. Animals in the prenatal groups were the offspring of pregnant females given an injection of [3H]thymidine on two consecutive gestation days. Nine groups of embryos were exposed to [3H]thymidine on embryonic days (E) E13-E14, E14-E15,...E21-E22, respectively. One group of postnatal animals was given four consecutive injections of [3H]thymidine on postnatal days (P) P0-P3. On P60, the percentage of labeled cells and the proportion of cells originating during either 24 or 48 hr periods were quantified at seven anatomical levels through both the anterior olfactory nucleus and the transition areas. A caudal (older) to rostral (younger) neurogenetic gradient is found both within and between structures in the olfactory peduncle. Neurons in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral-lateral transition areas are generated mainly between E14 and E19, those in the anterior olfactory nucleus mainly between E15 and E21. Only 3-4% of the neurons in the most anterior pars lateralis and pars dorsalis originate after birth. All parts of the anterior olfactory nucleus show a strong superficial (older) to deep (younger) neurogenetic gradient (the 'outside-in' pattern). In contrast, neurons in the ventral-lateral transition area and in the dorsal transition area originate in a deep to superficial neurogenetic gradient (the 'inside-out' pattern), suggesting that these areas are, in reality, primary olfactory cortex. The lateral transition area is truly 'transitional', showing no neurogenetic gradient along the superficial-deep plane. The medial transition area originates between E15 and E19 in a center (older) to edge (younger) 'sandwich' neurogenetic gradient along the rostrocaudal plane, a pattern apparently unrelated to neurogenetic gradients in other olfactory peduncle structures. These data suggest that characteristic patterns of neurogenesis, namely the 'inside-out' vs the 'outside-in' gradients, permit the assignment of different structures to cortical vs ganglionic cytoarchitectonic components of the olfactory relay system.
BibTeX: @article{Bayer:1986a, author = {Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Neurogenesis in the anterior olfactory nucleus and its associated transition areas in the rat brain.}, journal = {Int J Dev Neurosci}, school = {Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46223.}, year = {1986}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {225--249}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0736-5748(86)90062-6} }
Bayer, S.A.	Neurogenetic and morphogenetic heterogeneity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	J Comp Neurol Vol. 265(1), pp. 47-64School: Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46223.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Neurogenesis and morphogenesis in the rat bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (strial bed nucleus) were examined with [3H]thymidine autoradiography. For neurogenesis, the experimental animals were the offspring of pregnant females given an injection of [3H]thymidine on 2 consecutive gestational days. Nine groups of embryos were exposed to [3H]thymidine on E13-E14, E14-E15,... E21-E22, respectively. On P60, the percentage of labeled cells and the proportion of cells originating during 24-hour periods were quantified at six anteroposterior levels in the strial bed nucleus. On the basis of neurogenetic gradients, the strial bed nucleus was divided into anterior and posterior parts. The anterior strial bed nucleus shows a caudal (older) to rostral (younger) neurogenetic gradient. Cells in the vicinity of the anterior commissural decussation are generated mainly between E13 and E16, cells just posterior to the nucleus accumbens mainly between E15 and E17. Within each rostrocaudal level, neurons originate in combined dorsal to ventral and medial to lateral neurogenetic gradients so that the oldest cells are located ventromedially and the youngest cells dorsolaterally. The most caudal level has some small neurons adjacent to the internal capsule that originate between E17 and E20. In the posterior strial bed nucleus, neurons extend ventromedially into the posterior preoptic area. Cells are generated simultaneously along the rostrocaudal plane in a modified lateral (older) to medial (younger) neurogenetic gradient. Ventrolateral neurons originate mainly between E13 and E16, dorsolateral neurons mainly between E15 and E16, and medial neurons mainly between E15 and E17. The youngest neurons are clumped into a medial "core" area just ventral to the fornix. For morphogenesis, pregnant females were given a single injection of [3H]thymidine during gestation, and their embryos were removed either 2 hours later (short survival) or in successive 24-hour periods (sequential survival). The embryonic brains were examined to locate areas of intensely labeled cells in the putative neuroepithelium of the strial bed nucleus, to trace migratory waves of young neurons, and to establish their final settling locations. Two different neuroepithelial sources produce neurons for the strial bed nucleus. The anterior strial bed nucleus is generated by a neuroepithelial zone at the base of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle from the anterior commissural decussation area forward to the primordium of the nucleus accumbens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Bayer:1987, author = {Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Neurogenetic and morphogenetic heterogeneity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46223.}, year = {1987}, volume = {265}, number = {1}, pages = {47--64}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902650105}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902650105} }
Bayer, S.A.	Neurogenetic patterns in the medial limbic cortex of the rat related to anatomical connections with the thalamus and striatum. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Exp Neurol Vol. 107(2), pp. 132-142School: Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46205.	article	DOI
Abstract: [3H]Thymidine autoradiography was used to investigate neurogenesis in all areas of the limbic cortex in the medial wall of the hemisphere. The experimental animals were the offspring of pregnant females injected with [3H]thymidine on 2 consecutive days: Embryonic Day (E)13-E14, E14-E15, ...E21-E22, respectively. On Postnatal Day (P)60, the proportion of neurons originating during 24-h periods were quantified at nine anteroposterior levels. Three types of neurogenetic gradients are found. (i) Deep cells are older than superficial cells: layer VI is generated mainly on E15-E16, layer V on E16-E18, and layers IV-II on E18-E20. (ii) There is a ventral/older to dorsal/younger gradient between the dorsal peduncular, infralimbic, and anterior cingulate areas rostral to the genu of the corpus callosum. A ventral/older to dorsal/younger gradient is also found between superficial cells (layers II-IV) in anterior cingulate (CG3/CG1), posterior cingulate (CG2/CG1), and retrosplenial areas (RSG/RSA). ( iii) An anterior/older to posterior/younger gradient is found between areas throughout the medial limbic cortex. Some of these neurogenetic patterns correlate with anatomical interconnections between the supracallosal medial limbic cortex (posterior cingulate and retrosplenial areas) and the anteroventral/anteromedial thalamic nuclei: older thalamic cells have longer axons that terminate in cortical areas containing younger cells, while younger thalamic cells have shorter axons that terminate in cortical areas containing older cells. Projections from the medial limbic cortex to the striatum also correlate with neurogenetic gradients: older cortical source cells in the infralimbic area project to the older striatal cells in the enkephalin-rich patches, while younger cortical source cells in the cingulate areas project to younger striatal cells in the surrounding matrix.
BibTeX: @article{Bayer:1990, author = {Bayer, S. A.}, title = {Neurogenetic patterns in the medial limbic cortex of the rat related to anatomical connections with the thalamus and striatum.}, journal = {Exp Neurol}, school = {Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46205.}, year = {1990}, volume = {107}, number = {2}, pages = {132--142}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(90)90151-h} }
Bayer, S.A. and Altman, J.	Directions in neurogenetic gradients and patterns of anatomical connections in the telencephalon. [BibTeX]	1987	Prog Neurobiol Vol. 29(1), pp. 57-106	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Bayer:1987a, author = {Bayer, S. A. and Altman, J.}, title = {Directions in neurogenetic gradients and patterns of anatomical connections in the telencephalon.}, journal = {Prog Neurobiol}, year = {1987}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {57--106}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0082(87)90015-3} }
Bayer, S.A. and Altman, J.	Development of the preoptic area: time and site of origin, migratory routes, and settling patterns of its neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	J Comp Neurol Vol. 265(1), pp. 65-95School: Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46223.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Neurogenesis and morphogenesis in the rat preoptic area were examined with [3H]thymidine autoradiography. For neurogenesis, the experimental animals were the offspring of pregnant females given an injection of [3H]thymidine on two consecutive gestational days. Nine groups were exposed to [3H]thymidine on embryonic days E13-E14, E14-E15, E21-E22, respectively. On postnatal day P5, the percentage of labeled cells and the proportion of cells originating during 24-hr periods were quantified at four anteroposterior levels in the preoptic area. Throughout most of the preoptic area there is a lateral to medial neurogenetic gradient. Neurons originate between E12-E15 in the lateral preoptic area, between E13-E16 in the medial preoptic area, between E14-E17 in the medial preoptic nucleus, and between E15-E18 in the periventricular nucleus. These structures also have intrinsic dorsal to ventral neurogenetic gradients. There are two atypical structures: (1) the sexually dimorphic nucleus originates exceptionally late (E15-E19) and is located more lateral to the ventricle than older neurons; (2) in the median preoptic nucleus, where older neurons (E13-E14) are located closer to the third ventricle than younger neurons (E14-E17). For an autoradiographic study of morphogenesis, pregnant females were given a single injection of [3H]thymidine during gestation, and their embryos were removed either two hrs later (short survival) or in successive 24-hr periods (sequential survival). Short-survival autoradiography was used to locate the putative neuroepithelial sources of preoptic nuclei, and sequential survival autoradiography was used to trace the migratory waves of young neurons and their final settling locations. The preoptic neuroepithelium is located anterior to and in the front wall of the optic recess. The neuroepithelium lining the third ventricle is postulated to contain a mosaic of spatiotemporally defined neuroepithelial zones, each containing precursor cells for a specific structure. The neuroepithelial zones and the migratory waves originating from them are illustrated. Throughout most of the preoptic area, neurons migrate predominantly laterally. The older neurons in the lateral preoptic area migrate earlier and settle adjacent to the telencephalon. Younger neurons migrate in successively later waves and accumulate medially. The sexually dimorphic neurons are exceptional since they migrate past older cells to settle in the core of the medial preoptic nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Bayer:1987b, author = {Bayer, S. A. and Altman, J.}, title = {Development of the preoptic area: time and site of origin, migratory routes, and settling patterns of its neurons.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46223.}, year = {1987}, volume = {265}, number = {1}, pages = {65--95}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902650106}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902650106} }
Bayer, S.A. and Altman, J.	Development of the endopiriform nucleus and the claustrum in the rat brain. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Neuroscience Vol. 45(2), pp. 391-412School: Department of Biology, Indian-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46202.	article	DOI
Abstract: Long-survival [3H]thymidine autoradiography was used to quantitatively determine the time of origin of neurons in the endopiriform nucleus and the claustrum in rats killed on postnatal day 60 after their dams received two consecutive daily injections of [3H]thymidine on embryonic day E13 and E14, E14 and E15, ... E21 and E22. The claustrum originates late, on E15 and E16, and has a strong gradient in the longitudinal direction, posterior (older) to anterior (younger). In contrast, the endopiriform nucleus originates early, on E14 and E15, and lacks a longitudinal gradient but has a strong one in the vertical direction, ventral (older) to dorsal (younger). Sequential-survival [3H]thymidine autoradiography was used to qualitatively determine the germinal sources and settling sites of endopiriform and claustral neurons in embryonic rats. The dams received a single injection of [3H]thymidine on either E14 (to heavily label older endopiriform neurons) or E16 (to heavily label younger claustral neurons) and were killed in sequential 24-h intervals. Neurons in the presumptive endopiriform nucleus settle within two to three days after their peak time of neurogenesis while those in the presumptive claustrum take approximately five days to settle after their peak. It is postulated that endopiriform neurons are generated in the palliostriatal ventricular angle, the neuroepithelium that forms a wedge between the primordia of the neocortex and the basal ganglia, and that claustral neurons are generated in the neocortical neuroepithelium. Divergent developmental patterns between the endopiriform nucleus and the claustrum support the anatomical evidence that these nuclei have different connections. Furthermore, neurogenetic gradients in the claustrum correlate with the pattern of anatomical connections between the claustrum and the neocortex.
BibTeX: @article{Bayer:1991b, author = {Bayer, S. A. and Altman, J.}, title = {Development of the endopiriform nucleus and the claustrum in the rat brain.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Biology, Indian-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46202.}, year = {1991}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {391--412}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(91)90236-h} }
Bayer, V., Towle, A. and Pickel, V.	Vesicular and cytoplasmic localization of neurotensin‐like immunoreactivity (NTLI) in neurons postsynaptic to terminals containing NTLI and/or tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Journal of Neuroscience Research Vol. 30(2), pp. 398-413	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Neurotensin and catecholamines in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) have both been implicated in the integration of autonomic responses to stress. We examined whether there might be a cellular substrate for interactions involving these putative neurotransmitters in the CNA. Sections of acrolein‐fixed rat brain were processed either (1) for the ultrastructural localization of a rat antiserum against neurotensin using the peroxidase–antiperoxidase (PAP) method, or (2) for the dual localization of rat neurotensin antiserum and rabbit antiserum against the catecholamine‐synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), using the PAP method and immunoautoradiography. The rat polyclonal antiserum against neurotensin was shown in immunoblots to recognize neuromedin N and Lys‐Arg‐neurotensin (LANT‐6) in addition to neurotensin. In single and dual labeling studies, the neurotensin‐like immuno reactivity (NTLI) was detected in perikarya and processes. The NTLI was localized predominantly to dense core vesicles in one group of perikarya and dendrites, while a second group had labeling both in dense core vesicles and more diffusely throughout the cytoplasm. Terminals also showed NTLI, particularly in association with dense core vesicles. The labeled terminals formed primarily symmetric junctions with both cell bodies and dendrites. In the dual labeling study, perikarya contained only NTLI while terminals contained TH and/or NTLI. Terminals containing TH or NTLI separately innervated cell bodies and dendrites displaying NTLI, and formed separate or convergent inputs onto unlabeled neuronal targets. Terminals colocalizing both TH and NTLI formed junctions only on unlabeled dendrites. These findings show that in the rat CNA two populations of neurons differ with respect to their distribution of NTLI, and that the output from neurons containing NTLI is modulated by direct synaptic input from terminals containing neurotensin and/or catecholamines. Release of neurotensin and catecholamines, most likely dopamine, from the same or separate terminals on common targets, in the CNA may account for certain similarities in their stress‐related functions. Copyright © 1991 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Bayer:1991c, author = {Bayer, V.E. and Towle, A.C. and Pickel, V.M.}, title = {Vesicular and cytoplasmic localization of neurotensin‐like immunoreactivity (NTLI) in neurons postsynaptic to terminals containing NTLI and/or tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Research}, year = {1991}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {398-413}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025936595&partnerID=40&md5=adfce010cea7830d41e904bf8e1d1a34}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490300216} }
Bayer, V.E., Towle, A.C. and Pickel, V.M.	Vesicular and cytoplasmic localization of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) in neurons postsynaptic to terminals containing NTLI and/or tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	J Neurosci Res Vol. 30(2), pp. 398-413School: Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Neurotensin and catecholamines in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) have both been implicated in the integration of autonomic responses to stress. We examined whether there might be a cellular substrate for interactions involving these putative neurotransmitters in the CNA. Sections of acrolein-fixed rat brain were processed either (1) for the ultrastructural localization of a rat antiserum against neurotensin using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method, or (2) for the dual localization of rat neurotensin antiserum and rabbit antiserum against the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), using the PAP method and immunoautoradiography. The rat polyclonal antiserum against neurotensin was shown in immunoblots to recognize neuromedin N and Lys-Arg-neurotensin (LANT-6) in addition to neurotensin. In single and dual labeling studies, the neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) was detected in perikarya and processes. The NTLI was localized predominantly to dense core vesicles in one group of perikarya and dendrites, while a second group had labeling both in dense core vesicles and more diffusely throughout the cytoplasm. Terminals also showed NTLI, particularly in association with dense core vesicles. The labeled terminals formed primarily symmetric junctions with both cell bodies and dendrites. In the dual labeling study, perikarya contained only NTLI while terminals contained TH and/or NTLI. Terminals containing TH or NTLI separately innervated cell bodies and dendrites displaying NTLI, and formed separate or convergent inputs onto unlabeled neuronal targets. Terminals colocalizing both TH and NTLI formed junctions only on unlabeled dendrites. These findings show that in the rat CNA two populations of neurons differ with respect to their distribution of NTLI, and that the output from neurons containing NTLI is modulated by direct synaptic input from terminals containing neurotensin and/or catecholamines. Release of neurotensin and catecholamines, most likely dopamine, from the same or separate terminals on common targets in the CNA may account for certain similarities in their stress-related functions.
BibTeX: @article{Bayer:1991, author = {Bayer, V. E. and Towle, A. C. and Pickel, V. M.}, title = {Vesicular and cytoplasmic localization of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) in neurons postsynaptic to terminals containing NTLI and/or tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala.}, journal = {J Neurosci Res}, school = {Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021.}, year = {1991}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {398--413}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490300216}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490300216} }
Bayer, V.E., Towle, A.C. and Pickel, V.M.	Ultrastructural localization of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity within dense core vesicles in perikarya, but not terminals, colocalizing tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat ventral tegmental area. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	J Comp Neurol Vol. 311(2), pp. 179-196School: Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Within the rat ventral tegmental area (VTA), the parabrachial pigmentosus and paranigral subdivisions are known to differ in their functional responses to injected neurotensin. These subdivisions also vary in their connections with other brain regions and in their number of neurotensin-containing perikarya as seen by light microscopy. In both subdivisions, there may be intracellular as well as synaptic relations between dopamine and neurotensin. Dopaminergic neurons are known to be physiologically activated by neurotensin (NT) and may also contain this peptide. To characterize further the cellular relationships in each subdivision, we examined the ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of a rat antiserum against NT and a rabbit antiserum against the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in single sections. The NT antiserum was raised against the entire peptide sequence. Immunoblots showed that the antiserum recognized the original antigen as well as the related peptides neuromedin N and lysine 8- arginine 9- neurotensin 10-13 (LANT-6). In both the parabrachial pigmentosus and paranigral subdivisions, neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) was localized predominantly in the large (80-100 nm) dense core vesicles using the peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) method. In tissue labeled for NT by the PAP method and for TH by immunoautoradiography, serial section analysis revealed that all perikarya containing NTLI (n = 19) were also TH-positive. Three times as many perikarya colocalized NTLI and TH in the parabrachial pigmentosus subdivision (n = 15) as in the paranigral subdivision (n = 4). Occasionally, a perikaryon containing TH and NTLI could be found in direct apposition to a TH-labeled perikaryon without glial separation. In contrast to perikarya and dendrites, terminals showing NTLI (38 in parabrachial pigmentosus, 29 in paranigral) lacked detectable TH labeling. Of the terminals containing NTLI whose synaptic junctions could be identified, 48% were symmetric and 10% were asymmetric. The targets of these terminals included perikarya and dendrites lacking detectable immunoreactivity (69% in parabrachial pigmentosus, 55% in paranigral), immunolabeled for TH (26% in parabrachial pigmentosus, 38% in paranigral) or containing both NTLI and TH (5% in parabrachial pigmentosus, 7% in paranigral). Single terminals containing NTLI sometimes contacted more than one neuronal target, some of which were apposed to each other without glial separation. TH-labeled terminals synapsed onto double-labeled perikarya in the paranigral subdivision, but were not observed to do so in the parabrachial pigmentosus subdivision.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
BibTeX: @article{Bayer:1991a, author = {Bayer, V. E. and Towle, A. C. and Pickel, V. M.}, title = {Ultrastructural localization of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity within dense core vesicles in perikarya, but not terminals, colocalizing tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat ventral tegmental area.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021.}, year = {1991}, volume = {311}, number = {2}, pages = {179--196}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903110202}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903110202} }
Bayless, D.W. and Daniel, J.M.	Sex differences in myelin-associated protein levels within and density of projections between the orbital frontal cortex and dorsal striatum of adult rats: implications for inhibitory control. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Neuroscience Vol. 300, pp. 286-296School: Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA. Electronic address: jmdaniel@tulane.edu.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Impulsive actions and decisions often lead to undesirable outcomes. Lesion and neuroimaging studies have revealed that the orbital frontal cortex (OFC) and dorsal striatum (dSTR) play key roles in inhibitory control. It has been proposed that greater OFC input into the dSTR reflects enhanced top-down cognitive control and less impulsive responding. We previously reported a sex difference in inhibitory control, such that female rats make fewer impulsive errors than do male rats. The goal of the present study was to investigate differences in the OFC and dSTR of young adult male and female rats. In Experiment 1, we measured levels of two myelin-associated proteins, myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), in the OFC and dSTR. Western blot data revealed that females had significantly higher levels of both MBP and PLP in the OFC but similar levels in the dSTR as compared to males. In Experiment 2, we infused the anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine ( BDA), into the OFC and measured the density of BDA in the dSTR. BDA was visualized using histochemistry followed by light microscopy imaging and densitometry analysis. Density of BDA in the dSTR was significantly greater in females as compared to males indicating that the projections from the OFC to dSTR may be greater in females as compared to males. Our results suggest a potential neuroanatomical sex difference that may contribute to the reported differences in inhibitory control levels of male and female rats.
BibTeX: @article{Bayless:2015, author = {Bayless, D. W. and Daniel, J. M.}, title = {Sex differences in myelin-associated protein levels within and density of projections between the orbital frontal cortex and dorsal striatum of adult rats: implications for inhibitory control.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA. Electronic address: jmdaniel@tulane.edu.}, year = {2015}, volume = {300}, pages = {286--296}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.029}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.029} }
Bayly, S.R., King, R.C., Honess, D.J., Barnard, P.J., Betts, H.M., Holland, J.P., Hueting, R., Bonnitcha, P.D., Dilworth, J.R., Aigbirhio, F.I. and Christlieb, M.	In vitro and in vivo evaluations of a hydrophilic 64Cu-bis(thiosemicarbazonato)-glucose conjugate for hypoxia imaging. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	J Nucl Med Vol. 49(11), pp. 1862-1868School: Siemens Oxford Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: A water-soluble glucose conjugate of the hypoxia tracer 64Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (64Cu-ATSM) was synthesized and radiolabeled (64Cu-ATSE/A-G). Here we report our initial biological experiments with 64Cu-ATSE/A-G and compare the results with those obtained for 64Cu-ATSM and 18F-FDG.The uptake of 64Cu-ATSE/A-G and 64Cu-ATSM into HeLa cells in vitro was investigated at a range of dissolved oxygen concentrations representing normoxia, hypoxia, and anoxia. Small-animal PET with 64Cu-ATSE/A-G was performed in male BDIX rats implanted with P22 syngeneic carcinosarcomas. Images of 64Cu-ATSM and 18F-FDG were obtained in the same model for comparison.64CuATSE/A-G showed oxygen concentration-dependent uptake in vitro and, under anoxic conditions, showed slightly lower levels of cellular uptake than 64Cu-ATSM; uptake levels under hypoxic conditions were also lower. Whereas the normoxic uptake of 64Cu-ATSM increased linearly over time, 64Cu-ATSE/A-G uptake remained at low levels over the entire time course. In the PET study, 64CuATSE/A-G showed good tumor uptake and a biodistribution pattern substantially different from that of each of the controls. In marked contrast to the findings for 64Cu-ATSM, renal clearance and accumulation in the bladder were observed. 64Cu-ATSE/A-G did not display the characteristic brain and heart uptake of 18F-FDG.The in vitro cell uptake studies demonstrated that 64Cu-ATSE/A-G retained hypoxia selectivity and had improved characteristics when compared with 64Cu-ATSM. The in vivo PET results indicated a difference in the excretion pathways, with a shift from primarily hepatointestinal for 64Cu-ATSM to partially renal with 64Cu-ATSE/A-G. This finding is consistent with the hydrophilic nature of the glucose conjugate. A comparison with 18F-FDG PET results revealed that 64Cu-ATSE/A-G was not a surrogate for glucose metabolism. We have demonstrated that our method for the modification of Cu-bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes allows their biodistribution to be modified without negating their hypoxia selectivity or tumor uptake properties.
BibTeX: @article{Bayly:2008, author = {Bayly, Simon R. and King, Robert C. and Honess, Davina J. and Barnard, Peter J. and Betts, Helen M. and Holland, Jason P. and Hueting, Rebekka and Bonnitcha, Paul D. and Dilworth, Jonathan R. and Aigbirhio, Franklin I. and Christlieb, Martin}, title = {In vitro and in vivo evaluations of a hydrophilic 64Cu-bis(thiosemicarbazonato)-glucose conjugate for hypoxia imaging.}, journal = {J Nucl Med}, school = {Siemens Oxford Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.}, year = {2008}, volume = {49}, number = {11}, pages = {1862--1868}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.108.054015}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.108.054015} }
Bayraktar, T., Welker, E., Freund, T.F., Zilles, K. and Staiger, J.F.	Neurons immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the rat primary somatosensory cortex: morphology and spatial relationship to barrel-related columns. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	J Comp Neurol Vol. 420(3), pp. 291-304School: O. Vogt-Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40001 Düsseldorf, Germany.	article	DOI
Abstract: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in neocortex affects neuronal excitability as well as cortical blood flow and metabolism. Interneurons immunoreactive for VIP (VIP-IR neurons) are characterized by their predominantly bipolar appearance and the radial orientation of their main dendrites. In order to determine whether the morphology of VIP-IR neurons is related to the functional organization of the cortex into vertical columns, we combined both immunostaining of neurons containing VIP and cytochrome oxidase histochemistry for visualizing barrels, morphological layer IV correlates of functional columns, in the primary somatosensory (barrel) cortex of rats. VIP-IR neurons were localized in supragranular (48, granular (16, and infragranular layers (36 as well as in the white matter. In the granular layer, a clear trend that more neurons were located in interbarrel septa rather than in barrels could be observed, resulting in a neuronal density which was about one-third higher in the septal area. VIP-IR neurons from the different cortical layers were three-dimensionally reconstructed from serial sections by using a computer microscope system. The neurons were mostly bipolar. Striking morphological differences in both axonal and dendritic trees were found between neurons whose cell bodies were located in supragranular, granular, and the upper part of infragranular layers, and those whose cell bodies were located in the area below. The former had dendrites which often reached layer I, where they bifurcated several times, and axonal trees which were particularly oriented vertically, with a tangential extent smaller than the width of barrels. Therefore, these neurons were mostly confined to either a barrel- or septum-related column. By contrast, the dendrites of neurons of the latter group did not reach the granular layer. Furthermore, these neurons had axons with sometimes very long horizontal collaterals, which often spanned two, in one case three, barrel columns. It is proposed that the differential morphology of neurons with different locations as stated above parallels to some extent the divergence of input streaming into the corresponding layer-defined areas. As a possible consequence of this, VIP-IR neurons may be capable of adapting the excitability and metabolism of cortical compartments either in a spatially limited or more extensive way.
BibTeX: @article{Bayraktar:2000, author = {Bayraktar, T. and Welker, E. and Freund, T. F. and Zilles, K. and Staiger, J. F.}, title = {Neurons immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the rat primary somatosensory cortex: morphology and spatial relationship to barrel-related columns.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {O. Vogt-Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40001 Düsseldorf, Germany.}, year = {2000}, volume = {420}, number = {3}, pages = {291--304}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000508)420:3%3C291::aid-cne2%3E3.3.co;2-8} }
Bazil, M. and Gordon, F.	Sympathoexcitation from the rostral ventrolateral medulla is mediated by spinal NMDA receptors. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Brain Res Bull Vol. 31(3-4), pp. 273-278School: Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.	article	DOI
Abstract: These studies examined the role of spinal N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors in mediating sympathoexcitation evoked by stimulation of neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). In urethane-anesthetized rats, blood pressure, heart rate, and splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) were recorded. The NMDA receptor antagonist D-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (D-AP7) was administered to the spinal cord via intrathecal (IT) catheter. Blockade of spinal NMDA receptors reduced arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and SNA. Spinal administration of D-AP7 markedly attenuated the pressor and sympathoexcitatory responses evoked by L-glutamate stimulation of the RVLM. The small increases in heart rate evoked by stimulation of the RVLM were not affected by IT administration of D-AP7. These results indicate that NMDA receptors in the spinal cord mediate the pressor and sympathoexcitatory responses evoked by activation of a bulbospinal pathway originating from the RVLM. Moreover, these data suggest that excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters and NMDA receptors in the spinal cord play an important role in the maintenance and regulation of SNA and cardiovascular function.
BibTeX: @article{Bazil:1993, author = {Bazil, MK and Gordon, FJ}, title = {Sympathoexcitation from the rostral ventrolateral medulla is mediated by spinal NMDA receptors.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.}, year = {1993}, volume = {31}, number = {3-4}, pages = {273--278}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(93)90217-y} }
Bé, J.-V.L., Silberberg, G., Wang, Y. and Markram, H.	Morphological, electrophysiological, and synaptic properties of corticocallosal pyramidal cells in the neonatal rat neocortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Cereb Cortex Vol. 17(9), pp. 2204-2213School: Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Neocortical pyramidal cells (PCs) project to various cortical and subcortical targets. In layer V, the population of thick tufted PCs (TTCs) projects to subcortical targets such as the tectum, brainstem, and spinal cord. Another population of layer V PCs projects via the corpus callosum to the contralateral neocortical hemisphere mediating information transfer between the hemispheres. This subpopulation (corticocallosally projecting cells [CCPs]) has been previously described in terms of their morphological properties, but less is known about their electrophysiological properties, and their synaptic connectivity is unknown. We studied the morphological, electrophysiological, and synaptic properties of CCPs by retrograde labeling with fluorescent microbeads in P13-P16 Wistar rats. CCPs were characterized by shorter, untufted apical dendrites, which reached only up to layers II/III, confirming previous reports. Synaptic connections between CCPs were different from those observed between TTCs, both in probability of occurrence and dynamic properties. We found that the CCP network is about 4 times less interconnected than the TTC network and the probability of release is 24% smaller, resulting in a more linear synaptic transmission. The study shows that layer V pyramidal neurons projecting to different targets form subnetworks with specialized connectivity profiles, in addition to the specialized morphological and electrophysiological intrinsic properties.
BibTeX: @article{Be:2007, author = {Jean-Vincent Le Bé and Gilad Silberberg and Yun Wang and Henry Markram}, title = {Morphological, electrophysiological, and synaptic properties of corticocallosal pyramidal cells in the neonatal rat neocortex.}, journal = {Cereb Cortex}, school = {Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.}, year = {2007}, volume = {17}, number = {9}, pages = {2204--2213}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl127}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl127} }
Beach, L. and Wade, J.	Masculinisation of the zebra finch song system: Roles of oestradiol and the z-chromosome gene tubulin-specific chaperone protein A [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Journal of Neuroendocrinology Vol. 27(5), pp. 324-334	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Robust sex differences in brain and behaviour exist in zebra finches. Only males sing, and forebrain song control regions are more developed in males. The factors driving these differences are not clear, although numerous experiments have shown that oestradiol (E2) administered to female hatchlings partially masculinises brain and behaviour. Recent studies suggest that an increased expression of Z-chromosome genes in males (ZZ; females: ZW) might also play a role. The Z-gene tubulin-specific chaperone A (TBCA) exhibits increased expression in the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium (LMAN) of juvenile males compared to females; TBCA+ cells project to the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA). In the present study, we investigated the role of TBCA and tested hypotheses with respect to the interactive or additive effects of E2 and TBCA. We first examined whether E2 in hatchling zebra finches modulates TBCA expression in the LMAN. It affected neither the mRNA, nor protein in either sex. We then unilaterally delivered TBCA small interfering (si)RNA to the LMAN of developing females treated with E2 or vehicle and males treated with the aromatase inhibitor, fadrozole, or its control. In both sexes, decreasing TBCA in LMAN reduced RA cell number, cell size and volume. It also decreased LMAN volume in females. Fadrozole in males increased LMAN volume and RA cell size. TBCA siRNA delivered to the LMAN also decreased the projection from this brain region to the RA, as indicated by anterograde tract tracing. The results suggest that TBCA is involved in masculinising the song system. However, because no interactions between the siRNA and hormone manipulations were detected, TBCA does not appear to modulate effects of E2 in the zebra finch song circuit. © 2015 British Society for Neuroendocrinology.
BibTeX: @article{Beach:2015, author = {Beach, L.Q. and Wade, J.}, title = {Masculinisation of the zebra finch song system: Roles of oestradiol and the z-chromosome gene tubulin-specific chaperone protein A}, journal = {Journal of Neuroendocrinology}, year = {2015}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {324-334}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84928007097&partnerID=40&md5=ffbb9000841b4c6767cd0b0f4d6d955b}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12267} }
Beach, T. and McGeer, E.	Retrograde filling of pyramidal neurons in postmortem human cerebral cortex using horseradish peroxidase [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Journal of Neuroscience Methods Vol. 23(3), pp. 187-193	article	DOI URL
Abstract: A method for retrograde filling of neurons in the postmortem human brain is described. Fresh human brains with minimal postmortem delay (3-11 h) were used. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) crystals were applied directly to white matter underlying the cerebral cortex. After 5 min, the HRP was washed off and the tissue incubated in the cold for 24-48 h prior to frozen sectioning and development with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine. Reaction product filled pyramidal neurons and fibers in laminae V and VI. The method appears to be useful for labelling cortical projection neurons and cortical afferent fibers and should be applicable to other brain areas. © 1988.
BibTeX: @article{Beach:1988, author = {Beach, T.G. and McGeer, E.G.}, title = {Retrograde filling of pyramidal neurons in postmortem human cerebral cortex using horseradish peroxidase}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods}, year = {1988}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {187-193}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023858386&partnerID=40&md5=90fe80e38fc86cb89369898570216ca4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(88)90002-7} }
Beak, S.K., Hong, E.Y. and Lee, H.S.	Collateral projection from the forebrain and mesopontine cholinergic neurons to whisker-related, sensory and motor regions of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Brain Res Vol. 1336, pp. 30-45School: Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The primary goal of this anatomical study was to examine in the rat whether cholinergic neurons provide axon collaterals to whisker-related, sensorimotor regions at cortical, thalamic, and brainstem levels, using a combined method of retrograde tracing and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostaining. First, when injections were made at primary sensory (S1) barrel field/primary whisker motor (M1) cortices, cholinergic neurons with dual projections were observed in the basal nucleus of Meynert (BM), mainly at middle level; the projection was almost exclusively ipsilateral (99/-0.7 n=6). Second, following unilateral injections of tracers into ventroposteromedial (VPM) barreloids/ventrolateral (VL) thalamic nucleus, dual-projecting cells were observed in the mesopontine tegmental complex including the pedunculopontine tegmental (PTg) and laterodorsal tegmental (LDTg) nuclei, mainly at rostral to middle levels; the projection exhibited ipsilateral dominance, i.e., 67/-1. 3% (n=6) for the PTg and 64/-1.2% (n=6) for the LDTg. Finally, when injections were made at whisker-related, principal sensory trigeminal (Pr5)/facial motor (Mo7) nuclei, a relatively small number of labeled neurons were observed in the PTg and the LDTg at middle to caudal levels; within LDTg, labeled cells occupied the ventral portion of the dorsal LDTg as well as the ventral LDTg (LDTgV). This projection exhibited contralateral preponderance, i.e., 67/-2.0% (n=6) for the PTg and 69/-3.2% (n=6) for the LDTg. Taken together, the present observations demonstrated that each division of the BM, PTg, and LDTg possessed a differential functional organization with respect to its collateral projection to whisker-related sensorimotor targets, suggesting that the cholinergic projection might play a modulatory role in vibrissal sensorimotor integration, which allows the guidance of behavioral action essential for the survival of the animal.
BibTeX: @article{Beak:2010, author = {Suk K Beak and Eun Y Hong and Hyun S Lee}, title = {Collateral projection from the forebrain and mesopontine cholinergic neurons to whisker-related, sensory and motor regions of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea.}, year = {2010}, volume = {1336}, pages = {30--45}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.100}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.100} }
Beak, S.K., Hong, E.Y. and Lee, H.S.	Collateral projection from the forebrain and mesopontine cholinergic neurons to whisker-related, sensory and motor regions of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Brain research Vol. 1336, pp. 30-45	article	DOI
Abstract: The primary goal of this anatomical study was to examine in the rat whether cholinergic neurons provide axon collaterals to whisker-related, sensorimotor regions at cortical, thalamic, and brainstem levels, using a combined method of retrograde tracing and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostaining. First, when injections were made at primary sensory (S1) barrel field/primary whisker motor (M1) cortices, cholinergic neurons with dual projections were observed in the basal nucleus of Meynert (BM), mainly at middle level; the projection was almost exclusively ipsilateral (99%+/-0.7%, n=6). Second, following unilateral injections of tracers into ventroposteromedial (VPM) barreloids/ventrolateral (VL) thalamic nucleus, dual-projecting cells were observed in the mesopontine tegmental complex including the pedunculopontine tegmental (PTg) and laterodorsal tegmental (LDTg) nuclei, mainly at rostral to middle levels; the projection exhibited ipsilateral dominance, i.e., 67%+/-1.3% (n=6) for the PTg and 64%+/-1.2% (n=6) for the LDTg. Finally, when injections were made at whisker-related, principal sensory trigeminal (Pr5)/facial motor (Mo7) nuclei, a relatively small number of labeled neurons were observed in the PTg and the LDTg at middle to caudal levels; within LDTg, labeled cells occupied the ventral portion of the dorsal LDTg as well as the ventral LDTg (LDTgV). This projection exhibited contralateral preponderance, i.e., 67%+/-2.0% (n=6) for the PTg and 69%+/-3.2% (n=6) for the LDTg. Taken together, the present observations demonstrated that each division of the BM, PTg, and LDTg possessed a differential functional organization with respect to its collateral projection to whisker-related sensorimotor targets, suggesting that the cholinergic projection might play a modulatory role in vibrissal sensorimotor integration, which allows the guidance of behavioral action essential for the survival of the animal.
BibTeX: @article{Beak:2010a, author = {Beak, Suk K. and Hong, Eun Y. and Lee, Hyun S.}, title = {Collateral projection from the forebrain and mesopontine cholinergic neurons to whisker-related, sensory and motor regions of the rat.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {2010}, volume = {1336}, pages = {30-45}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.100} }
Beal, J.A.	Identification of presumptive long axon neurons in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat lumbosacral spinal cord: a Golgi study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Neurosci Lett Vol. 41(1-2), pp. 9-14	article	DOI
Abstract: The present Golgi study identifies and describes 3 types of presumptive long axon neurons in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat lumbosacral spinal cord. These neurons were traced from prenatal stages to adulthood and were found to correspond to the 'limitrophe' and two variations of the 'centrale' cell originally described by Ramón y Cajal in fetal and newborn animals. These neurons can be distinguished from intrinsic, non-projection neurons of the substantia gelatinosa.
BibTeX: @article{Beal:1983, author = {Beal, J. A.}, title = {Identification of presumptive long axon neurons in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat lumbosacral spinal cord: a Golgi study.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1983}, volume = {41}, number = {1-2}, pages = {9--14}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(83)90215-x} }
Beal, J.A. and Bice, T.N.	Neurogenesis of spinothalamic and spinocerebellar tract neurons in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Brain Res Dev Brain Res Vol. 78(1), pp. 49-56School: Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport 71130-3932.	article	DOI
Abstract: The temporal and spatial neurogenic patterns of spinothalamic and spinocerebellar neurons were determined in spinal cord segment L1 of the rat. Neurogenic patterns were demonstrated with [3H]thymidine administered to fetal rats during the period when neurons with supraspinal projections are known to be generated, i.e. on one of embryonic (E) days E13, E14, or E15. The animals were allowed to survive 50 to 100 days postpartum, then neurons with spinothalamic and spinocerebellar projections were retrogradely filled with fluorescent axonal tracers, Fluoro-Gold or True blue, which were pressure injected into the dorsal thalamus and cerebellum in various combinations in the same and in separate animals. Neurons labeled with each retrograde tracer and [3H]thymidine and neurons labeled with retrograde tracers alone were counted in spinal cord segment L1 in each of the animals. Spinothalamic and spinocerebellar neurons were found to be separate and distinct populations. Statistical analysis of the data showed that spinothalamic and spinocerebellar neurons also have distinctly different patterns of neurogenesis which suggest early determination in each cell line. The temporal neurogenic pattern followed a projection-distance gradient, such that spinothalamic neurons, which have longer axons than spinocerebellar neurons, completed neurogenesis prior to spinocerebellar neurons in each region of the spinal gray.
BibTeX: @article{Beal:1994, author = {J. A. Beal and T. N. Bice}, title = {Neurogenesis of spinothalamic and spinocerebellar tract neurons in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res}, school = {Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport 71130-3932.}, year = {1994}, volume = {78}, number = {1}, pages = {49--56}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(94)90008-6} }
Beal, J.A. and Bice, T.N.	Neurogenesis of spinothalamic and spinocerebellar tract neurons in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Brain research. Developmental brain research Vol. 78, pp. 49-56	article
Abstract: The temporal and spatial neurogenic patterns of spinothalamic and spinocerebellar neurons were determined in spinal cord segment L1 of the rat. Neurogenic patterns were demonstrated with [3H]thymidine administered to fetal rats during the period when neurons with supraspinal projections are known to be generated, i.e. on one of embryonic (E) days E13, E14, or E15. The animals were allowed to survive 50 to 100 days postpartum, then neurons with spinothalamic and spinocerebellar projections were retrogradely filled with fluorescent axonal tracers, Fluoro-Gold or True blue, which were pressure injected into the dorsal thalamus and cerebellum in various combinations in the same and in separate animals. Neurons labeled with each retrograde tracer and [3H]thymidine and neurons labeled with retrograde tracers alone were counted in spinal cord segment L1 in each of the animals. Spinothalamic and spinocerebellar neurons were found to be separate and distinct populations. Statistical analysis of the data showed that spinothalamic and spinocerebellar neurons also have distinctly different patterns of neurogenesis which suggest early determination in each cell line. The temporal neurogenic pattern followed a projection-distance gradient, such that spinothalamic neurons, which have longer axons than spinocerebellar neurons, completed neurogenesis prior to spinocerebellar neurons in each region of the spinal gray.
BibTeX: @article{Beal:1994a, author = {Beal, J. A. and Bice, T. N.}, title = {Neurogenesis of spinothalamic and spinocerebellar tract neurons in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat.}, journal = {Brain research. Developmental brain research}, year = {1994}, volume = {78}, pages = {49-56}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Beal, J.A., Knight, D.S. and Nandi, K.N.	Nerve cell bodies in the dorsal funiculus of the rat spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Exp Brain Res Vol. 81(2), pp. 372-376School: Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport 71130-3932.	article	DOI
Abstract: Nerve cell bodies located within the white matter of the dorsal funiculus (DF neurons) have been previously observed but not described in detail. The present study examines the morphology, ontogeny, and projection of DF neurons utilizing Fluoro-Gold as a retrograde tracer, alone, and in combination with tritiated thymidine autoradiography in the spinal cord of the rat. DF neurons were consistently labelled in spinal segments T13 through L2 following injections of Fluoro-Gold into the cerebellum. The cell bodies of DF neurons were small to medium in size, fusiform to multipolar in shape, and were located on the side ipsilateral to the injection site. Cell counts revealed approximately five labelled cells per millimeter along the longitudinal axis. An examination of neurogenesis using tritiated thymidine combined with Fluoro-Gold showed that DF neurons have relatively late birthdates as do other spinocerebellar neurons of the dorsal horn. Retrograde axon tracing studies in the spinal cord using Fluoro-Gold showed that DF neurons project rostrally via the ipsilateral lateral funiculus. The significance of the presence of nerve cells in the dorsal funiculus is unclear, but judging from their location, ontogeny, and projection, DF neurons are probably derived from the same pool of neurons as those in the Nucleus dorsalis.
BibTeX: @article{Beal:1990, author = {J. A. Beal and D. S. Knight and K. N. Nandi}, title = {Nerve cell bodies in the dorsal funiculus of the rat spinal cord.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, school = {Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport 71130-3932.}, year = {1990}, volume = {81}, number = {2}, pages = {372-376}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00228128} }
Beal, J.A., Knight, D.S. and Nandi, K.N.	Nerve cell bodies in the dorsal funiculus of the rat spinal cord. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Experimental brain research Vol. 81, pp. 372-6	article
Abstract: Nerve cell bodies located within the white matter of the dorsal funiculus (DF neurons) have been previously observed but not described in detail. The present study examines the morphology, ontogeny, and projection of DF neurons utilizing Fluoro-Gold as a retrograde tracer, alone, and in combination with tritiated thymidine autoradiography in the spinal cord of the rat. DF neurons were consistently labelled in spinal segments T13 through L2 following injections of Fluoro-Gold into the cerebellum. The cell bodies of DF neurons were small to medium in size, fusiform to multipolar in shape, and were located on the side ipsilateral to the injection site. Cell counts revealed approximately five labelled cells per millimeter along the longitudinal axis. An examination of neurogenesis using tritiated thymidine combined with Fluoro-Gold showed that DF neurons have relatively late birthdates as do other spinocerebellar neurons of the dorsal horn. Retrograde axon tracing studies in the spinal cord using Fluoro-Gold showed that DF neurons project rostrally via the ipsilateral lateral funiculus. The significance of the presence of nerve cells in the dorsal funiculus is unclear, but judging from their location, ontogeny, and projection, DF neurons are probably derived from the same pool of neurons as those in the Nucleus dorsalis.
BibTeX: @article{Beal:1990a, author = {Beal, J. A. and Knight, D. S. and Nandi, K. N.}, title = {Nerve cell bodies in the dorsal funiculus of the rat spinal cord.}, journal = {Experimental brain research}, year = {1990}, volume = {81}, pages = {372-6}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Beal, J.A., Nandi, K.N. and Knight, D.S.	Characterization of long ascending tract projection neurons and non-tract neurons in the superficial dorsal horn (SDH) [BibTeX]	1989	Processing of Sensory Information in the Superficial Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord, pp. 181-197	incollection	DOI
BibTeX: @incollection{Beal:1989, author = {Beal, John A and Nandi, Kailas N and Knight, David S}, title = {Characterization of long ascending tract projection neurons and non-tract neurons in the superficial dorsal horn (SDH)}, booktitle = {Processing of Sensory Information in the Superficial Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {1989}, pages = {181--197}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0825-6_22} }
Bealer, S., Carithers, J. and Johnson, A.	Fluid regulation, body weight and drinking responses following hypothalamic knife cuts [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Brain Research Vol. 305(2), pp. 239-245	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Electrolytic ablation of the periventricular tissue surrounding the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) alters fluid and electrolyte regulation. In addition, these lesions produce neural degeneration in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and neural lobe, which suggests a neural pathway from the AV3V region to the SON. To determine if pathways in this brain area may mediate some of the effects which follow AV3V periventricular ablation, food and water ingestion, urine volume, and body weight, as well as drinking responses to a number of dipsogenic challenges were determined following placement of small knife cuts between the level of the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT) and the SON. Metabolism measurements were taken daily for 7 days following either knife cuts or control operations, and again 4 weeks after surgery. Drinking responses following subcutaneous injections of angiotensin II, water deprivation, and cellular dehydration were determined at least 2 weeks after surgery. Rats with knife cuts exhibited an increase in water ingestion and urine volume, an enhanced water consumption following water deprivation and acute cellular dehydration, and did not gain weight at the same rate as control operated rats. The hyperdipsia following cellular dehydration was abolished by bilateral nephrectomy. These data indicate that a neural pathway coursing through this brain region is critical for fluid regulation and maintenance of body weight. © 1984.
BibTeX: @article{Bealer:1984, author = {Bealer, S.A. and Carithers, J. and Johnson, A.K.}, title = {Fluid regulation, body weight and drinking responses following hypothalamic knife cuts}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1984}, volume = {305}, number = {2}, pages = {239-245}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021240708&partnerID=40&md5=25a827dc35f7b5f0e2e50a3bce4e1673}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(84)90430-X} }
Beart, P.M., Nicolopoulos, L.S., West, D.C. and Headley, P.M.	An excitatory amino acid projection from ventromedial hypothalamus to periaqueductal gray in the rat: autoradiographic and electrophysiological evidence. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Neurosci Lett Vol. 85(2), pp. 205-211School: University of Melbourne, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.	article	DOI
Abstract: The projection from ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) to periaqueductal gray (PAG) has been implicated in various physiological processes in the rat, but the neurotransmitter mediating the excitatory response in PAG has not been identified. This pathway has been studied using a combination of anatomical and electrophysiological techniques. The retrograde labelling by D-[3H]aspartate in VMH, following injections into PAG, was particularly dense, suggesting that an excitatory amino acid may be the transmitter. This postulate is strengthened since VMH-evoked synaptic responses in PAG were reduced by microelectrophoretically administered antagonists of excitatory amino acids. Receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate types appear to have a functional role in this projection.
BibTeX: @article{Beart:1988, author = {P. M. Beart and L. S. Nicolopoulos and D. C. West and P. M. Headley}, title = {An excitatory amino acid projection from ventromedial hypothalamus to periaqueductal gray in the rat: autoradiographic and electrophysiological evidence.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, school = {University of Melbourne, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.}, year = {1988}, volume = {85}, number = {2}, pages = {205--211}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(88)90352-7} }
Beart, P.M., Nicolopoulos, L.S., West, D.C. and Headley, P.M.	An excitatory amino acid projection from ventromedial hypothalamus to periaqueductal gray in the rat: autoradiographic and electrophysiological evidence. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	Neuroscience letters Vol. 85, pp. 205-11	article
Abstract: The projection from ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) to periaqueductal gray (PAG) has been implicated in various physiological processes in the rat, but the neurotransmitter mediating the excitatory response in PAG has not been identified. This pathway has been studied using a combination of anatomical and electrophysiological techniques. The retrograde labelling by D-[3H]aspartate in VMH, following injections into PAG, was particularly dense, suggesting that an excitatory amino acid may be the transmitter. This postulate is strengthened since VMH-evoked synaptic responses in PAG were reduced by microelectrophoretically administered antagonists of excitatory amino acids. Receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate types appear to have a functional role in this projection.
BibTeX: @article{Beart:1988a, author = {Beart, P. M. and Nicolopoulos, L. S. and West, D. C. and Headley, P. M.}, title = {An excitatory amino acid projection from ventromedial hypothalamus to periaqueductal gray in the rat: autoradiographic and electrophysiological evidence.}, journal = {Neuroscience letters}, year = {1988}, volume = {85}, pages = {205-11}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Beart, P.M., Summers, R.J., Stephenson, J.A. and Christie, M.J.	Excitatory amino acid projections to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the rat: a retrograde transport study utilizing D-[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	J Auton Nerv Syst Vol. 50(1), pp. 109-122School: University of Melbourne, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.	article	DOI
Abstract: Afferents to the nucleus tractus solitarius utilizing excitatory amino acid transmitters were described in rat brain by autoradiography following microinfusion and retrograde transport of D-[3H]aspartate. Parallel experiments with the injection of [3H]GABA were employed to establish the transmitter-selective nature of the retrograde labelling found with D-[3H]aspartate. Following infusion of D-[3H]aspartate, perikaryal labelling was heaviest in myencephalon, where at least 16 discrete nuclei were labelled. Heaviest labelling was localized bilaterally in the trigeminal nucleus with cells extending through its subdivisions and the entire rostrocaudal axis. Intense labelling was also obtained in the inferior olive, predominantly contralaterally, and non-perikaryal labelling noted. Vestibular, reticular and raphe nuclei contained heavily labelled perikarya. In cervical spinal cord, a moderate density of labelled cells was found in dorsal horn, adjoining the central canal (lamina X) and in the central cervical nucleus, along with appreciable labelling of processes and non-perikaryal labelling. The relative density of labelled perikarya in mesencephalic nuclei was much lower than found in myencephalon, although D-[3H]aspartate produced topographic and precise labelling of a small number of cells in the periaqueductal gray, medial parabrachial nucleus and Koelliker-Fuse nucleus. Only weak labelling was found in cortex and hypothalamus. Labelled cells were not consistently observed in other regions (stria terminalis, amygdala, fastigial nucleus, locus coeruleus and rostral ventrolateral medulla) known to innervate the nucleus tractus solitarius. Lower densities of labelled perikarya were found after the microinjection of [3H]GABA, and the only regions in which a small number of cells were labelled by both D-[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA were trigeminal nucleus, reticular nuclei and raphe obscurus. An exception was the ventrolateral medulla, where [3H]GABA produced precise labelling in the nucleus ambiguus and facial nucleus consistent with previous evidence for a GABAergic pathway from this area to the nucleus tractus solitarius. Our findings confirm the selectivity of the retrograde transport of D-[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA. Overall, the transport of D-[3H]aspartate revealed a complex topographic and convergent network of afferent pathways to the nucleus tractus solitarius likely to utilize an excitatory amino acid transmitter.
BibTeX: @article{Beart:1994, author = {P. M. Beart and R. J. Summers and J. A. Stephenson and M. J. Christie}, title = {Excitatory amino acid projections to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the rat: a retrograde transport study utilizing D-[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA.}, journal = {J Auton Nerv Syst}, school = {University of Melbourne, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.}, year = {1994}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {109--122}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1838(94)90128-7} }
Beart, P.M., Summers, R.J., Stephenson, J.A. and Christie, M.J.	Excitatory amino acid projections to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the rat: a retrograde transport study utilizing D-[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Journal of the autonomic nervous system Vol. 50, pp. 109-122	article	DOI
Abstract: Afferents to the nucleus tractus solitarius utilizing excitatory amino acid transmitters were described in rat brain by autoradiography following microinfusion and retrograde transport of D-[3H]aspartate. Parallel experiments with the injection of [3H]GABA were employed to establish the transmitter-selective nature of the retrograde labelling found with D-[3H]aspartate. Following infusion of D-[3H]aspartate, perikaryal labelling was heaviest in myencephalon, where at least 16 discrete nuclei were labelled. Heaviest labelling was localized bilaterally in the trigeminal nucleus with cells extending through its subdivisions and the entire rostrocaudal axis. Intense labelling was also obtained in the inferior olive, predominantly contralaterally, and non-perikaryal labelling noted. Vestibular, reticular and raphe nuclei contained heavily labelled perikarya. In cervical spinal cord, a moderate density of labelled cells was found in dorsal horn, adjoining the central canal (lamina X) and in the central cervical nucleus, along with appreciable labelling of processes and non-perikaryal labelling. The relative density of labelled perikarya in mesencephalic nuclei was much lower than found in myencephalon, although D-[3H]aspartate produced topographic and precise labelling of a small number of cells in the periaqueductal gray, medial parabrachial nucleus and Koelliker-Fuse nucleus. Only weak labelling was found in cortex and hypothalamus. Labelled cells were not consistently observed in other regions (stria terminalis, amygdala, fastigial nucleus, locus coeruleus and rostral ventrolateral medulla) known to innervate the nucleus tractus solitarius. Lower densities of labelled perikarya were found after the microinjection of [3H]GABA, and the only regions in which a small number of cells were labelled by both D-[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA were trigeminal nucleus, reticular nuclei and raphe obscurus. An exception was the ventrolateral medulla, where [3H]GABA produced precise labelling in the nucleus ambiguus and facial nucleus consistent with previous evidence for a GABAergic pathway from this area to the nucleus tractus solitarius. Our findings confirm the selectivity of the retrograde transport of D-[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA. Overall, the transport of D-[3H]aspartate revealed a complex topographic and convergent network of afferent pathways to the nucleus tractus solitarius likely to utilize an excitatory amino acid transmitter.
BibTeX: @article{Beart:1994a, author = {Beart, P M and Summers, R J and Stephenson, J A and Christie, M J}, title = {Excitatory amino acid projections to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the rat: a retrograde transport study utilizing D-[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA.}, journal = {Journal of the autonomic nervous system}, year = {1994}, volume = {50}, pages = {109--122}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1838(94)90128-7} }
Beart, P.M., Summers, R.J., Stephenson, J.A., Cook, C.J. and Christie, M.J.	Excitatory amino acid projections to the periaqueductal gray in the rat: a retrograde transport study utilizing D[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Neuroscience Vol. 34(1), pp. 163-176School: University of Melbourne, Australia.	article	DOI
Abstract: The afferents to the periaqueductal gray utilizing excitatory amino acid transmitters have been described in rat brain by autoradiography following microinfusion and retrograde transport of D[3H]aspartate. Parallel experiments employing injections of [3H]GABA established that the retrograde labelling found with D[3H]aspartate was transmitter-selective. Following infusion of D[3H]aspartate, perikaryal labelling was found in nine subcortical areas, particularly infralimbic and cingulate cortices, with a predominance of ipsilateral labelled perikarya. Heaviest cortical labelling was localized in perirhinal cortex, in an extensive band of cells adjoining the rhinal sulcus. The hypothalamus contained the heaviest perikaryal labelling within brain: D[3H]aspartate labelled cells in 11 hypothalamic and mammillary nuclei. Intense bilateral labelling was obtained in ventromedial hypothalamus, although the number of perikarya was lower contralaterally. D[3H]Aspartate also produced heavy ipsilateral labelling of perikarya in posterior hypothalamus. Labelling patterns in cortex and hypothalamus were precise and topographic, and [3H]GABA never labelled cells in these regions. Other telencephalic and diencephalic areas containing prominent, retrogradely labelled cells were the lateral septum, amygdala, zona incerta and lateral habenula. The relative density of labelled cells in mesencephalic areas was much lower than that found in cortex and hypothalamus, although D[3H]aspartate labelled a moderate number of perikarya in the inferior colliculus and cuneiform nucleus. A smaller number of heavily labelled cells was found in the parabrachial nuclei, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. Only occasional labelled perikarya were observed in the myencephalon. Low densities of labelled cells were found after the injection of [3H]GABA into the periaqueductal gray, and the only regions in which a small number of perikarya were labelled by both [3H]GABA and D[3H]aspartate were the dorsal raphe and parabrachial nuclei. Overall, the retrograde transport of D[3H]aspartate revealed a complex topographic and convergent network of afferent pathways to the periaqueductal gray likely to utilize an excitatory amino acid transmitter. Our findings confirm the selectivity of this neurochemical mapping technique and provide evidence that hypothalamic, habenular, subthalamic and cuneiform afferents to the periaqueductal gray utilize an acidic amino acid as their transmitter. They also confirm that corticofugal afferents to periaqueductal gray utilize an excitatory amino acid.
BibTeX: @article{Beart:1990, author = {P. M. Beart and R. J. Summers and J. A. Stephenson and C. J. Cook and M. J. Christie}, title = {Excitatory amino acid projections to the periaqueductal gray in the rat: a retrograde transport study utilizing D[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {University of Melbourne, Australia.}, year = {1990}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {163--176}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(90)90310-z} }
Beas‐Zarate, C., Sandoval, M. and Feria‐Velasco, A.	Serotonin uptake and release from rat cerebellum in vitro [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Journal of Neuroscience Research Vol. 12(1), pp. 129-136	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Serotonin (5‐HT) uptake and release were analyzed in cerebellar fractions. Cerebellar P2 fractions and molecular layer homogenates are able to accumulate exogenous 5‐HT through an Na‐dependent, high‐affinity transport system. Molecular layer 5‐HT uptake, however, was totally dependent upon Na+, whereas the accumulation of the amine by P2 fractions from whole cerebellum was also carried out by an Na‐independent transport system. Ca++‐dependent release of recently accumulated 5‐HT was observed in both P2 fractions and molecular layer homogenates when depolarizing conditions were used. This release was blocked by ruthenium red and Mg++, two inhibitors of the Ca++ entry to the nerve endings induced by depolarization. The molecular layer homogenates released twice as much 5‐HT as did cerebellar P2 fractions, indicating that serotoninergic boutons in the cerebellar cortex might be located in the molecular layer. Our results suggest that 5‐HT might play a transmitter role in the cerebellum. Copyright © 1984 Alan R. Liss, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Beas‐Zarate:1984, author = {Beas‐Zarate, C. and Sandoval, M.E. and Feria‐Velasco, A.}, title = {Serotonin uptake and release from rat cerebellum in vitro}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Research}, year = {1984}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {129-136}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021188280&partnerID=40&md5=4ed6da8015c4301d9d83af38b9cff693}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490120112} }
Beato, M.	The time course of transmitter at glycinergic synapses onto motoneurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	J Neurosci Vol. 28(29), pp. 7412-7425School: Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom. m.beato@ucl.ac.uk	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The concentration of transmitter in the synaptic cleft and its clearance time are one of the main determinants of synaptic strength. We estimated the time course of glycine at rat lumbar motoneurons synapses in spinal cord slices by recording synaptic currents in the presence of a low-affinity competitive antagonist at glycine receptors [2-(3-carboxypropyl)-3-amino-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridazinium (SR-95531)]. Data were analyzed by using the established activation mechanism for glycine receptors and our measurements of SR-95531 binding rates. We show that this technique alone is not sufficient to determine simultaneously the peak concentration of transmitter and its clearance time. However, we found that block of the glial glycine transporter prolongs the glycine transient. This observation puts additional constraints on the range of possible values of the time course of glycine, indicating that glycine reaches a peak concentration of 2.2-3.5 mM and is cleared from the cleft with a time constant of 0.6-0.9 ms.
BibTeX: @article{Beato:2008, author = {Beato, Marco}, title = {The time course of transmitter at glycinergic synapses onto motoneurons.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, school = {Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom. m.beato@ucl.ac.uk}, year = {2008}, volume = {28}, number = {29}, pages = {7412--7425}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0581-08.2008}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0581-08.2008} }
Beattie, J.H., Wood, A.M., Trayhurn, P., Jasani, B., Vincent, A., McCormack, G. and West, A.K.	Metallothionein is expressed in adipocytes of brown fat and is induced by catecholamines and zinc. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol Vol. 278(4), pp. R1082-R1089School: Trace Element and Gene Expression Group, United Kingdom. J.Beattie@rri.sari.ac.uk	article	URL
Abstract: Metallothionein (MT) is thought to have an antioxidant function and is strongly expressed during activation of thermogenesis and increased oxidative stress in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Localization and regulation of MT expression in BAT was therefore investigated in rats and mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of BAT from rats exposed to 4 degrees C for 24 h showed that MT and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) were coexpressed in differentiated adipocytes, and both cytoplasmic and nuclear localization of MT was observed. Cold induction of MT-1 expression in BAT was also observed in mice. Administration of norepinephrine to rats and isoproterenol to mice stimulated MT and UCP1 expression in BAT, implying a sympathetically mediated pathway for MT induction. In mice, zinc, and particularly dexamethasone, induced MT-2 expression in BAT and liver. Surprisingly, zinc also induced UCP1 in BAT, suggesting that elevated zinc may induce thermogenesis. We conclude that expression of MT in mature brown adipocytes upon beta-adrenoceptor activation is consistent with a role in protecting against physiological oxidative stress or in facilitating the mobilization or utilization of energy reserves.
BibTeX: @article{Beattie:2000, author = {Beattie, J. H. and Wood, A. M. and Trayhurn, P. and Jasani, B. and Vincent, A. and McCormack, G. and West, A. K.}, title = {Metallothionein is expressed in adipocytes of brown fat and is induced by catecholamines and zinc.}, journal = {Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol}, school = {Trace Element and Gene Expression Group, United Kingdom. J.Beattie@rri.sari.ac.uk}, year = {2000}, volume = {278}, number = {4}, pages = {R1082--R1089}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/278/4/R1082.long} }
Beatty, J.A., Sylwestrak, E.L. and Cox, C.L.	Two distinct populations of projection neurons in the rat lateral parafascicular thalamic nucleus and their cholinergic responsiveness. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Neuroscience Vol. 162(1), pp. 155-173School: Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The lateral parafascicular nucleus (lPf) is a member of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei, a collection of nuclei that characteristically provides widespread projections to the neocortex and basal ganglia and is associated with arousal, sensory, and motor functions. Recently, lPf neurons have been shown to possess different characteristics than other cortical-projecting thalamic relay neurons. We performed whole cell recordings from lPf neurons using an in vitro rat slice preparation and found two distinct neuronal subtypes that were differentiated by distinct morphological and physiological characteristics: diffuse and bushy. Diffuse neurons, which had been previously described, were the predominant neuronal subtype (66. These neurons had few, poorly-branching, extended dendrites, and rarely displayed burst-like action potential discharge, a ubiquitous feature of thalamocortical relay neurons. Interestingly, we discovered a smaller population of bushy neurons (34 that shared similar morphological and physiological characteristics with thalamocortical relay neurons of primary sensory thalamic nuclei. In contrast to other thalamocortical relay neurons, activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors produced a membrane hyperpolarization via activation of M(2) receptors in most lPf neurons (60. In a minority of lPf neurons (33, muscarinic agonists produced a membrane depolarization via activation of predominantly M(3) receptors. The muscarinic receptor-mediated actions were independent of lPf neuronal subtype (i.e. diffuse or bushy neurons); however the cholinergic actions were correlated with lPf neurons with different efferent targets. Retrogradely-labeled lPf neurons from frontal cortical fluorescent bead injections primarily consisted of bushy type lPf neurons (78, but more importantly, all of these neurons were depolarized by muscarinic agonists. On the other hand, lPf neurons labeled by striatal injections were predominantly hyperpolarized by muscarinic agonists (63. Our results indicate two distinct subpopulations of lPf projection neurons, and interestingly lPf neurons respond differentially to muscarinic receptor activation based on their axonal target.
BibTeX: @article{Beatty:2009, author = {J. A. Beatty and E. L. Sylwestrak and C. L. Cox}, title = {Two distinct populations of projection neurons in the rat lateral parafascicular thalamic nucleus and their cholinergic responsiveness.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.}, year = {2009}, volume = {162}, number = {1}, pages = {155--173}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.043}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.043} }
Beaudet, A. and Descarries, L.	Quantitative data on serotonin nerve terminals in adult rat neocortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1976	Brain Res Vol. 111(2), pp. 301-309	article	DOI
Abstract: Serotonin (5-HT) nerve terminals, specifically labeled with [3H]5-HT have been counted in light microscope radioautographs from the fronto-parietal neocortex of adult rats, following prolonged superfusions with relatively high concentrations of tracer (10(-5) M or 10(-4) M), and after 15 or 30 days of radioautographic exposure. Comparative analysis of the results indicated that all 5-HT varicosities did not possess the same capacity to accumulate the exogenous amine. Nevertheless, superfusions with 10(-4) M[3H]5-HT provided a sufficient loading of 5-HT boutons to allow their complete detection within any given layer of the neocortex. The labeled varicosities were found to be present within all cortical layers, except layer VI. Their total number was extrapolated to be approximately 1 X 10(6)/cu.mm of cortex. This figure represented a mean incidence of one 5-HT nerve terminal/850-1400 cortical synapses (0.07-0.12. The intralaminar density of 5-HT innervation increased progressively from layer V to layer I, in a distribution pattern suggestive of unspecific afferents. Based on endogenous 5-HT levels of 346 +/- 32 ng/g for the fronto-parietal neocortex, the mean 5-HT content per varicosity could be estimated to be 0.35 X 10(-3) pg, and the concentration 1900 ng/g wet weight of terminal or 0.2%. In view of their particular ultrastructural features7, ubiquitous repartition and endogenous amine content, 5-HT nerve endings may be considered as capable of exerting a rather widespread influence in the neocortex.
BibTeX: @article{Beaudet:1976, author = {A. Beaudet and L. Descarries}, title = {Quantitative data on serotonin nerve terminals in adult rat neocortex.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1976}, volume = {111}, number = {2}, pages = {301--309}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(76)90775-7} }
Beaudet, A. and Descarries, L.	Quantitative data on serotonin nerve terminals in adult rat neocortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1976	Brain research Vol. 111, pp. 301-309	article	DOI
Abstract: Serotonin (5-HT) nerve terminals, specifically labeled with [3H]5-HT have been counted in light microscope radioautographs from the fronto-parietal neocortex of adult rats, following prolonged superfusions with relatively high concentrations of tracer (10(-5) M or 10(-4) M), and after 15 or 30 days of radioautographic exposure. Comparative analysis of the results indicated that all 5-HT varicosities did not possess the same capacity to accumulate the exogenous amine. Nevertheless, superfusions with 10(-4) M[3H]5-HT provided a sufficient loading of 5-HT boutons to allow their complete detection within any given layer of the neocortex. The labeled varicosities were found to be present within all cortical layers, except layer VI. Their total number was extrapolated to be approximately 1 X 10(6)/cu.mm of cortex. This figure represented a mean incidence of one 5-HT nerve terminal/850-1400 cortical synapses (0.07-0.12%). The intralaminar density of 5-HT innervation increased progressively from layer V to layer I, in a distribution pattern suggestive of unspecific afferents. Based on endogenous 5-HT levels of 346 +/- 32 ng/g for the fronto-parietal neocortex, the mean 5-HT content per varicosity could be estimated to be 0.35 X 10(-3) pg, and the concentration 1900 ng/g wet weight of terminal or 0.2%. In view of their particular ultrastructural features7, ubiquitous repartition and endogenous amine content, 5-HT nerve endings may be considered as capable of exerting a rather widespread influence in the neocortex.
BibTeX: @article{Beaudet:1976a, author = {Beaudet, A and Descarries, L}, title = {Quantitative data on serotonin nerve terminals in adult rat neocortex.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1976}, volume = {111}, pages = {301--309}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(76)90775-7} }
Beaudet, M.M., Braas, K.M. and May, V.	Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) expression in sympathetic preganglionic projection neurons to the superior cervical ganglion. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	J Neurobiol Vol. 36(3), pp. 325-336School: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptides (PACAP27 and PACAP38) are members of the VIP/secretin/glucagon family of peptides and have diverse neuroregulatory effects in sympathoadrenal cell development and function. PACAP peptides regulate rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neuron catecholamine and neuropeptide Y content and secretion, and promote sympathoneuroblast survival through activation of specific PACAP1 receptor isoforms. In examining the potential sources of PACAP regulating the SCG, PACAP expression was identified in rat preganglionic neurons in the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the thoracic spinal cord which provide primary afferent projections to this sympathetic ganglion. Thoracic spinal cord segments (T1-4) contained approximately 17 pmol PACAP38 immunoreactivity/g tissue wet weight. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction of cDNA from microdissected thoracic spinal cord using primers specific for rat neuronal proPACAP identified proPACAP mRNA expression in the IML; the results correlated with neurons labeled for proPACAP mRNA by in situ hybridization histochemistry and implicated PACAP biosynthesis in IML neurons. To demonstrate directly proPACAP transcript expression in preganglionic projection neurons to the SCG, the ganglion was decentralized and the sympathetic trunk immersed in fluorogold to identify sympathetic preganglionic neurons by retrograde labeling. Cryosections of spinal cord segments containing preganglionic neuron fluorogold labeled neurons were processed subsequently for in situ hybridization histochemical localization of proPACAP mRNA using a digoxigenin-labeled riboprobe; IML neurons were examined for fluorogold and digoxigenin/alkaline phosphatase product dual labeling. More than half of the preganglionic projection neurons to the SCG expressed PACAP mRNA, consistent with the postulate that PACAP peptides released from a subpopulation of thoracic IML preganglionic neurons may be physiological anterograde modulators of sympathetic SCG function.
BibTeX: @article{Beaudet:1998, author = {Beaudet, M. M. and Braas, K. M. and May, V.}, title = {Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) expression in sympathetic preganglionic projection neurons to the superior cervical ganglion.}, journal = {J Neurobiol}, school = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, USA.}, year = {1998}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {325--336}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(19980905)36:3%3C325::aid-neu2%3E3.3.co;2-b} }
Beaulieu, J., Champagne, D. and Drolet, G.	Enkephalin innervation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: distribution of fibers and origins of input. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	J Chem Neuroanat Vol. 10(2), pp. 79-92School: Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Unité de Recherche sur l'Hypertension, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada.	article	DOI
Abstract: The opioid peptide enkephalin emerges as a major neuromodulator in the regulation and integration of the physiologic response in stressful conditions. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is a coordinating center of neuroendocrine and autonomic functions. However, the detailed distribution of the enkephalin fibers and terminals in the paraventricular nucleus and the sources of enkephalinergic innervation are not well defined. In the present study, we used immunocytochemistry for the proenkephalin-derived octapeptide met-arg6-gly7-leu8 enkephalin to determine the distribution of enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers and somata within paraventricular nucleus. Without colchicine pretreatment, enkephalinergic fibers were prominent mainly in the ventromedial part of the parvicellular subdivision of the paraventricular nucleus, appearing in coronal sections as a dense collection of short segments of enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers. In the periventricular portion of the paraventricular nucleus, enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers produced a moderate plexus of short enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers dorsoventrally oriented. With colchicine treatment, a dense cluster of enkephalin-immunoreactive cell bodies was located in the dorsomedial and the dorsal parts of the parvicellular subdivisions. These enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons were small (< 10 microns) to medium sized (10-15 microns), with round and elongated shapes. Retrograde transport of wheat germ-conjugated gold particles, WGA-apoHRP-Au, from the paraventricular nucleus, combined with immunocytochemistry for enkephalin revealed that the major sources of extrahypothalamic enkephalin afferents to the paraventricular nucleus are provided by enkephalin neurons in the lateral reticular nucleus and the paragigantocellularis reticular nucleus of the medulla (approximately 20% of retrogradely labeled neurons within this nucleus were double labeled) and in the nucleus solitary tract (approximately 10% of retrogradely labeled neurons within this nucleus were double labeled). Retrogradely labeled enkephalin neurons were also observed in the medial preoptic area, median preoptic nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, lateral septum and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. These enkephalinergic pathways from the medulla and the forebrain could represent an anatomical substrate underlying the opioid effects on paraventricular neurons during physiological processes, such as cardiovascular regulation, feeding or stress responses.
BibTeX: @article{Beaulieu:1996, author = {Beaulieu, J. and Champagne, D. and Drolet, G.}, title = {Enkephalin innervation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: distribution of fibers and origins of input.}, journal = {J Chem Neuroanat}, school = {Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Unité de Recherche sur l'Hypertension, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada.}, year = {1996}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {79--92}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-0618(95)00105-0} }
Beaulieu, J., Champagne, D. and Drolet, G.	Enkephalin innervation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: Distribution of fibers and origins of input [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy Vol. 10(2), pp. 79-92	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The opioid peptide enkephalin emerges as a major neuromodulator in the regulation and integration of the physiologic response in stressful conditions. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is a coordinating center of neuroendocrine and autonomic functions. However, the detailed distribution of the enkephalin fibers and terminals in the paraventricular nucleus and the sources of enkephalinergic innervation are not well defined. In the present study, we used immunocytochemistry for the proenkephalin-derived octapeptide met-arg6-gly7-leu8 enkephalin to determine the distribution of enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers and somata within paraventricular nucleus. Without colchicine pretreatment, enkephalinergic fibers were prominent mainly in the ventromedial part of the parvicellular subdivision of the paraventricular nucleus, appearing in coronal sections as a dense collection of short segments of enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers. In the periventricular portion of the paraventricular nucleus, enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers produced a moderate plexus of short enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers dorsoventrally oriented. With colchicine treatment, a dense cluster of enkephalin-immunoreactive cell bodies was located in the dorsomedial and the dorsal parts of the parvicellular subdivisions. These enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons were small (<10 pm) to medium sized (10-15 pm), with round and elongated shapes. Retrograde transport of wheat germ-conjugated gold particles, WGA-apoHRP-Au, from the paraventricular nucleus, combined with immunocytochemistry for enkephalin revealed that the major sources of extrahypothalamic enkephalin afferents to the paraventricular nucleus are provided by enkephalin neurons in the lateral reticular nucleus and the paragigantocellularis reticular nucleus of the medulla ( 20% of retrogradely labeled neurons within this nucleus were double labeled) and in the nucleus solitary tract (≃10% of retrogradely labeled neurons within this nucleus were double labeled). Retrogradely labeled enkephalin neurons were also observed in the medial preoptic area, median preoptic nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, lateral septum and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. These enkephalinergic pathways from the medulla and the forebrain could represent an anatomical substrate underlying the opioid effects on paraventricular neurons during physiological processes, such as cardiovascular regulation, feeding or stress responses.
BibTeX: @article{Beaulieu:1996a, author = {Beaulieu, J. and Champagne, D. and Drolet, G.}, title = {Enkephalin innervation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: Distribution of fibers and origins of input}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy}, year = {1996}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {79-92}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030005373&partnerID=40&md5=16aad90c06e30f107ec3b40bfdf3484c}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-0618(95)00105-0} }
Beauregard, C. and Smith, P.	Parasympathetic excitation of sympathetic innervation after cholinesterase inhibition [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	British Journal of Pharmacology Vol. 117(1), pp. 51-54	article	URL
Abstract: 1. Orbital parasympathetic innervation normally provides prejunctional muscarinic inhibition of sympathetic neurotransmission without activation of excitatory muscarinic receptors located on the innervated smooth muscle. The present study examines the role of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in limiting the effects of parasympathetically released acetycholine to prejunctional receptors. 2. Urethane anaesthetized rats were placed in a stereotaxic frame, and parasympathetic activation was achieved by electrical stimulation (20 Hz, < 2.0 V) of the ipsilateral superior salivatory nucleus. Drugs were administered through a femoral venous cannula. Superior tarsal smooth muscle responses were measured by recording eyelid tension. 3. Parasympathetic stimulation alone caused a small decrease in resting tension; previous studies have shown this to be attributable to attenuation of resting sympathetic tone. Parasympathetic activation following physostigmine administration, however, evoked a large contractile response. Contractions were resistant to atropine but were blocked by gallamine, guanethidine, and phentolamine. 4. We conclude that AChE inhibition results in conversion of orbital parasympathetic nerve function from inhibition of sympathetic neurotransmission to smooth muscle excitation. This occurs as a result of cholinergic activation of excitatory nicotinic receptors on sympathetic varicosities, which elicit the release of noradrenaline.
BibTeX: @article{Beauregard:1996, author = {Beauregard, C.L. and Smith, P.G.}, title = {Parasympathetic excitation of sympathetic innervation after cholinesterase inhibition}, journal = {British Journal of Pharmacology}, year = {1996}, volume = {117}, number = {1}, pages = {51-54}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030071231&partnerID=40&md5=bed68b9b3806df324810df517429c919} }
Beauvillain, J.C., Mitchell, V., Tramu, G. and Mazzuca, M.	GABA and enkephalin in the lateral septum of the guinea pig: light and electron microscopic evidence for interrelations. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	J Comp Neurol Vol. 308(1), pp. 103-114School: U 156 INSERM, Université de Lille II, France.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Tract tracing techniques combined with immunohistochemistry in rats and guinea pigs have demonstrated the existence of a hypothalamo-lateral septum enkephalinergic pathway. Numerous enkephalinergic nerve endings encompass cell bodies located in the lateral septum. The present immunocytochemical study, at light and electron microscopic levels, was undertaken in the guinea pig brain to determine whether the contacted perikarya contain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The antisera against GABA revealed the presence of immunoreactive cell bodies throughout the lateral septum. At the light microscopic level, most GABA neurons appeared round while others were oval with one or two emerging dendrites. Ultrastructurally, cell bodies displayed a moderate number of organelles and a pale nucleus with frequent indentations of the nuclear envelope. The precise relationship between GABA neurons and enkephalinergic terminals was examined by means of a double-immunostaining method showing that 60% of cell bodies receiving synaptic inputs from enkephalinergic afferents contained GABA. These results show that the hypothalamo-septal enkephalinergic pathway prominently innervates GABA-containing neurons and also provide anatomical basis suggesting a disinhibitory role for this enkephalinergic tract.
BibTeX: @article{Beauvillain:1991, author = {Beauvillain, J. C. and Mitchell, V. and Tramu, G. and Mazzuca, M.}, title = {GABA and enkephalin in the lateral septum of the guinea pig: light and electron microscopic evidence for interrelations.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {U 156 INSERM, Université de Lille II, France.}, year = {1991}, volume = {308}, number = {1}, pages = {103--114}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903080110}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903080110} }
Beauvillain, J.C., Mitchell, V., Tramu, G. and Mazzuca, M.	GABA and enkephalin in the lateral septum of the guinea pig: light and electron microscopic evidence for interrelations. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 308, pp. 103-14	article
Abstract: Tract tracing techniques combined with immunohistochemistry in rats and guinea pigs have demonstrated the existence of a hypothalamo-lateral septum enkephalinergic pathway. Numerous enkephalinergic nerve endings encompass cell bodies located in the lateral septum. The present immunocytochemical study, at light and electron microscopic levels, was undertaken in the guinea pig brain to determine whether the contacted perikarya contain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The antisera against GABA revealed the presence of immunoreactive cell bodies throughout the lateral septum. At the light microscopic level, most GABA neurons appeared round while others were oval with one or two emerging dendrites. Ultrastructurally, cell bodies displayed a moderate number of organelles and a pale nucleus with frequent indentations of the nuclear envelope. The precise relationship between GABA neurons and enkephalinergic terminals was examined by means of a double-immunostaining method showing that 60% of cell bodies receiving synaptic inputs from enkephalinergic afferents contained GABA. These results show that the hypothalamo-septal enkephalinergic pathway prominently innervates GABA-containing neurons and also provide anatomical basis suggesting a disinhibitory role for this enkephalinergic tract.
BibTeX: @article{Beauvillain:1991a, author = {Beauvillain, J. C. and Mitchell, V. and Tramu, G. and Mazzuca, M.}, title = {GABA and enkephalin in the lateral septum of the guinea pig: light and electron microscopic evidence for interrelations.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1991}, volume = {308}, pages = {103-14}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Beazley, L., Sheard, P., Tennant, M., Starac, D. and Dunlop, S.	Optic nerve regenerates but does not restore topographic projections in the lizard Ctenophorus ornatus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Journal of Comparative Neurology Vol. 377(1), pp. 105-120	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In adult fish and amphibians, the severed optic nerve regenerates and visual behaviour is restored. By contrast, optic axons do not regenerate in the more recently evolved birds and mammals. Here we have investigated optic nerve regeneration in a member of the class Reptilia, phylogenetically intermediate between the fish and amphibians and the birds and mammals. We assessed visual recovery anatomically and behaviourally one year after unilateral optic nerve crush in the adult ornate dragon lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus. Ganglion cell densities and numbers of axons in the optic nerve on either side of the crush site indicated that two-thirds of ganglion cells survived axotomy and regrew their axons. However, myelination fell from a mean of 21% in normals to 5.5% and 3%, proximal and distal to the crush, respectively. Anterograde labelling of the entire optic nerve showed that axons regenerated along essentially normal pathways and that the major projection, as in normals, was to the superficial one- third of the contralateral optic tectum. However, localised retinal injections indicated that regenerated projections lacked retinotopic order. Any one retinal region projected to the entire tectum. This feature presumably explains why the experimental lizards consistently appeared blind to stimuli via the regenerated nerve. Our findings indicate that although axons regenerate along essentially normal pathways in adult lizards, conditions within the visual centres do not allow regenerating optic axons to select appropriate central connections. In a wider context, the result suggests that the ability for regenerating central axons to form topographic maps may also have been lost in the more recently evolved vertebrate classes.
BibTeX: @article{Beazley:1997, author = {Beazley, L.D. and Sheard, P.W. and Tennant, M. and Starac, D. and Dunlop, S.A.}, title = {Optic nerve regenerates but does not restore topographic projections in the lizard Ctenophorus ornatus}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, year = {1997}, volume = {377}, number = {1}, pages = {105-120}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031021626&partnerID=40&md5=e1531d8c4207f65fda8b857a8b186738}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970106)377:1%3C105::AID-CNE10%3E3.0.CO;2-P} }
Beccavin, C., Malpaux, B. and Tillet, Y.	Effect of oestradiol and photoperiod on TH mRNA concentrations in A15 and A12 dopamine cell groups in the ewe [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Journal of Neuroendocrinology Vol. 10(1), pp. 59-66	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In the sheep, photoperiod, through melatonin, and oestradiol negative-feedback are two major regulators of seasonal changes in luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin secretion. Melatonin and oestradiol act on dopamine neurons of the hypothalamus to modify the enzymatic activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). To further understand how melatonin and oestradiol regulate TH activity, we have studied the level of TH mRNA by in situ hybridization with an homologous cDNA probe, in A12 and A15 dopamine neurons of four groups of ovariectomized ewes: long-day exposed ewes with or without subcutaneous oestradiol implants and short-day exposed ewes with or without oestradiol. Results were analysed in relation to the concentration of LH and prolactin in the peripheral circulation. In the A15 cell group, TH mRNA levels were elevated in the short-day, oestradiol-treated ewes compared to all other groups. In this group, the level of TH mRNA was elevated simultaneously with LH concentration. The low level of TH mRNA found in the long-day, oestradiol-treated ewes may indicate that the increase of TH enzymatic activity previously reported by this treatment is not caused by an increase of the level of enzyme. In the A12 cell group, the level of TH mRNA in both long-day and short-day oestradiol-treated ewes was significantly higher than in ewes without oestradiol replacement. Prolactin concentrations were not correlated with TH mRNA variations in the A12 cell group.
BibTeX: @article{Beccavin:1998, author = {Beccavin, C. and Malpaux, B. and Tillet, Y.}, title = {Effect of oestradiol and photoperiod on TH mRNA concentrations in A15 and A12 dopamine cell groups in the ewe}, journal = {Journal of Neuroendocrinology}, year = {1998}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {59-66}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031962140&partnerID=40&md5=415e7f205b510cb84d172ecd563362f3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2826.1998.00175.x} }
Bechara, A. and van der Kooy, D.	Lesions of the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus: Effects on the locomotor activity induced by morphine and amphetamine [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol. 42(1), pp. 9-18	article	DOI URL
Abstract: One of the important questions in the neurobiology of motivation asks how the incentive impact of stimuli acting on the limbic system of the forebrain are ultimately translated into action and approach behavior. Bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus (TPP) (a brainstem output of the limbic system that receives neuronal input from limbic forebrain and midbrain sites identified as primary sites for psychoactive drug reward) have been shown previously to block the acquisition, but not the retention, of morphine and amphetamine conditioned place preferences in formerly drug-naive rats. These results suggest a deficit in the processing of the unconditioned rewarding effects of these drugs. The TPP projects to widespread parts of the brain and spinal cord involved in various somatomotor responses. Thus, we investigated the role of the TPP in morphine- and amphetamine-induced locomotion as assessed in an open field. We report that TPP lesions blocked the locomotor excitation, as well as the conditioned hyperactivity, produced by amphetamine. TPP lesions also blocked the conditioned increase in locomotion, but not the catalepsy, produced by morphine. TPP lesions were behaviorally specific in that the analgesic properties of morphine in a tail-flick test were not attenuated, nor did the lesions affect the locomotion induced by naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in morphine-dependent animals. We suggest that the neural circuits mediating the acute rewarding effects of drug stimuli acting at forebrain sites exit the limbic system in the TPP region of the brainstem, where motivation gains access to (or is isomorphic with) motor systems that initiate approach and exploration. © 1992.
BibTeX: @article{Bechara:1992, author = {Bechara, A. and van der Kooy, D.}, title = {Lesions of the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus: Effects on the locomotor activity induced by morphine and amphetamine}, journal = {Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior}, year = {1992}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {9-18}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026560687&partnerID=40&md5=2f0172417b10943d8f3fa21006b2ad62}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(92)90438-L} }
Bechler, M. and Brown, W.	PAFAH Ib phospholipase A2 subunits have distinct roles in maintaining Golgi structure and function [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids Vol. 1831(3), pp. 595-601	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Recent studies showed that the phospholipase subunits of Platelet Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase (PAFAH) Ib, α1 and α2 partially localize to the Golgi complex and regulate its structure and function. Using siRNA knockdown of individual subunits, we find that α1 and α2 perform overlapping and unique roles in regulating Golgi morphology, assembly, and secretory cargo trafficking. Knockdown of either α1 or α2 reduced secretion of soluble proteins, but neither single knockdown reduced secretion to the same degree as knockdown of both. Knockdown of α1 or α2 inhibited reassembly of an intact Golgi complex to the same extent as knockdown of both. Transport of VSV-G was slowed but at different steps in the secretory pathway: reduction of α1 slowed trans Golgi network to plasma membrane transport, whereas α2 loss reduced endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi trafficking. Similarly, knockdown of either subunit alone disrupted the Golgi complex but with markedly different morphologies. Finally, knockdown of α1, or double knockdown of α1 and α2, resulted in a significant redistribution of kinase dead protein kinase D from the Golgi to the plasma membrane, whereas loss of α2 alone had no such effect. These studies reveal an unexpected complexity in the regulation of Golgi structure and function by PAFAH Ib. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phospholipids and Phospholipid Metabolism. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Bechler:2013, author = {Bechler, M.E. and Brown, W.J.}, title = {PAFAH Ib phospholipase A2 subunits have distinct roles in maintaining Golgi structure and function}, journal = {Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids}, year = {2013}, volume = {1831}, number = {3}, pages = {595-601}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84873102433&partnerID=40&md5=bab186ace1293a6d9c41e485f89e842c}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.12.004} }
Bechmann, I. and Nitsch, R.	Identification of phagocytic glial cells after lesion-induced anterograde degeneration using double-fluorescence labeling: combination of axonal tracing and lectin or immunostaining. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Histochem Cell Biol Vol. 107(5), pp. 391-397School: Humboldt University Clinic Charité, Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany.	article	DOI
Abstract: Retrograde and anterograde degeneration have been reported to be sufficient stimuli to activate glial cells, which, in turn, are involved in phagocytosis of degenerating material. Here we describe a double-fluorescence technique which allows for direct and simultaneous visualization of both labeled incorporated axonal debris and incorporating glial cells in the course of anterograde degeneration. Stereotaxic application of small crystals of biotinylated and tetramethylrhodamine (TRITC)-conjugated dextran amine Mini Ruby into the medial entorhinal cortex resulted in a stable rhodamine fluorescence confined to fibers and terminals in the middle molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, the stratum lacunosum-moleculare, and the crossed temporo-hippocampal pathway. Subsequent stereotaxic lesion of the entorhinal cortex induced transformation of rhodamine-fluorescent fibers and terminals into small granules. Incorporation of these granules by microglial cells [labeled by fluorescein isothiocyanate ( FITC)-coupled Bandeiraea simplicifolia isolectin B4] or astrocytes (labeled by FITC-coupled glial fibrillary acidic protein antibodies) resulted in phagocytosis-dependent labeling of these non-neuronal cells, which could be identified by double-fluorescence microscopy. Electron microscopical analysis revealed that, following lesion, the tracer remained confined to entorhinal axons which were found to be incorporated by glial cells. Our data show that TRITC- and biotin-conjugated dextran amines are versatile tracers leading to Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin-like axonal staining. Lesion-induced phagocytosis of anterogradely degenerating axons by immunocytochemically identified glial cells can be directly observed by this technique on the light and electron microscopical levels.
BibTeX: @article{Bechmann:1997, author = {Bechmann, I. and Nitsch, R.}, title = {Identification of phagocytic glial cells after lesion-induced anterograde degeneration using double-fluorescence labeling: combination of axonal tracing and lectin or immunostaining.}, journal = {Histochem Cell Biol}, school = {Humboldt University Clinic Charité, Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany.}, year = {1997}, volume = {107}, number = {5}, pages = {391--397}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s004180050125} }
Bechmann, I. and Nitsch, R.	Identification of phagocytic glial cells after lesion-induced anterograde degeneration using double-fluoescence labeling: Combination of axonal tracing and lectin or immunostaining [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Histochemistry and Cell Biology Vol. 107(5), pp. 391-397	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Retrograde and anterograde degeneration have been reported to be sufficient stimuli to activate glial cells, which, in turn, are involved in phagocytosis of degenerating material. Here we describe a double-fluorescence technique which allows for direct and simultaneous visualization of both labeled incorporated axonal debris and incorporating glial cells in the course of anterograde degeneration. Stereotaxic application of small crystals of biotinylated and tetramethylrhodamine (TRITC)-conjugated dextran amine Mini Ruby into the medial entorhinal cortex resulted in a stable rhodamine fluorescence confined to fibers and terminals in the middle molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, the stratum lacunosum-moleculare, and the crossed temporo-hippocampal pathway. Subsequent stereotaxic lesion of the entorhinal cortex induced transformation of rhodamine-fluorescent fibers and terminals into small granules. Incorporation of these granules by microglial cells [labeled by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)- coupled Bandeiraea simplicifolia isolectin B4] or astrocytes (labeled by FITC-coupled glial fibrillary acidic protein antibodies) resulted in phagocytosis-dependent labeling of these non-neuronal cells, which could be identified by double-fluorescence microscopy. Electron microscopical analysis revealed that, following lesion, the tracer remained confined to entorhinal axons which were found to be incorporated by glial cells. Our data show that TRITC- and biotin-conjugated dextran amines are versatile tracers leading to Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin-like axonal staining. Lesion-induced phagocytosis of anterogradely degenerating axons by immunocytochemically identified glial cells can be directly observed by this technique on the light and electron microscopical levels.
BibTeX: @article{Bechmann:1997a, author = {Bechmann, I. and Nitsch, R.}, title = {Identification of phagocytic glial cells after lesion-induced anterograde degeneration using double-fluoescence labeling: Combination of axonal tracing and lectin or immunostaining}, journal = {Histochemistry and Cell Biology}, year = {1997}, volume = {107}, number = {5}, pages = {391-397}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030927653&partnerID=40&md5=55505005723ff86130fe5565886af8b4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s004180050125} }
Bechmann, I. and Nitsch, R.	Plasticity following lesion: Help and harm from the immune system [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience Vol. 19(3-4), pp. 189-198	article	URL
Abstract: In contrast to other organs where the tissue is capable of replacing lost cells and thus regaining tissue function, immune cell recruitment and activation is suppressed in the CNS in order to minimize secondary damage after lesion. This state of immune privilege has its cost because the injured tissue cannot fully benefit from growth-promoting effects accompanying inflammatory responses. These responses include phagocytosis of growth-inhibiting myelin debris by cells of the innate immune system and the recently described protection of surviving fibers by myelin-specific T cells of the adaptive immune system. While the signals suppressing macrophage functions in the CNS are yet to be defined, it seems that help from T cells is diminished by apoptosis-induction via death-inducing ligands. Indeed, the death ligand CD95L (FasL, APO1L) is constitutively found on neurons, microglia and astrocytes. Its upregulation on astrocytes during axonal degeneration in the hippocampus after entorhinal lesion is accompanied by the appearance of apoptotic leukocytes. T cells also express CD95L and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), and the presence of CD95 (Fas, APO1) and TRAIL-receptors renders brain cells putative targets of T cell-induced apoptosis. Thus, blockade of death ligands could be helpful by simultaneously enhancing T cell survival and blocking T cell-mediated brain cell death. This is only one example of how boosting helpful immune cell functions and abrogating their destructive effects might help to overcome the brain's failure to regenerate after axonal lesions.
BibTeX: @article{Bechmann:2002, author = {Bechmann, I. and Nitsch, R.}, title = {Plasticity following lesion: Help and harm from the immune system}, journal = {Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience}, year = {2002}, volume = {19}, number = {3-4}, pages = {189-198}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036377135&partnerID=40&md5=c21c56aaf2034a46efd7a3e6865fe564} }
Beck, B., Burlet, A., Nicolas, J.-P. and Burlet, C.	Galanin in the hypothalamus of fed and fasted lean and obese Zucker rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Brain Research Vol. 623(1), pp. 124-130	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Galanin (GAL), a 29 aminoacid peptide, is widely distributed in the central nervous system and especially in the hypothalamus. It strongly stimulates food intake when it is injected in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of normal rats. The obese Zucker rat with a well-established hyperphagia is characterized by a general dysregulation of some important neuropeptides involved in the regulation of feeding behavior e.g. neurotensin, NPY or CCK and the aim of this study was to measure GAL in different microdissected brain areas in lean (Fa/Fa) and obese (fa/fa) male Zucker rats. As feeding status may modulate the central peptide concentrations, it was measured in ad libitum fed rats and in 48-h fasted rats of both genotypes. GAL was measured by a specific radioimmunoassay in the arcuate nuclei (ARC) and parvocellular (PVNp) and magnocellular (PVNm) parts of the PVN as well as in the median eminence (ME), median preoptic area (MPOA), supraoptic (SON) and dorsomedian (DMN) nuclei. Two- way analysis of variance revealed a very significant effect of genotype in the PVNp (P<0.001), SON (P<0.001) and in the ME (P<0.02). No significant variations at all were noted in the ARC, PVNm, MPOA and DMN. GAL concentrations were more than doubled in the PVNp and SON of ad lib obese rats when compared to the ad lib lean rats (P<0.005). On the other hand, in the ME where GAL concentration was about 4-fold greater than in the other areas, there was a 20 to 30% decrease in GAL concentrations in the obese rat (P<0.05). Fasting did not influence GAL concentrations in any areas. Site-specific and opposite variations of galanin were therefore observed between obese and lean rats. Increased PVN levels might be related to the hyperphagia of the obese rats whereas decrease in the median eminence might play a role in the regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and more precisely in growth hormone secretion. © 1993.
BibTeX: @article{Beck:1993, author = {Beck, B. and Burlet, A. and Nicolas, J.-P. and Burlet, C.}, title = {Galanin in the hypothalamus of fed and fasted lean and obese Zucker rats}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1993}, volume = {623}, number = {1}, pages = {124-130}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027197580&partnerID=40&md5=96d0282a527e7136309a12862d5c23d1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(93)90019-J} }
Beck, C.H.	Mapping of forelimb afferents to the cuneate nuclei of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	Brain Res Bull Vol. 6(6), pp. 503-516	article	DOI
Abstract: Stumps of rat forelimb peripheral nerves were soaked in horseradish peroxidase solution. Impregnation of the median, ulnar, radial, and musculocutaneous nerves revealed that each nerve had definite projection zones in the cuneate nuclei. The radial nerve projected quite heavily to the lateral cuneate nucleus and to a narrow band along the dorsal edge of the main cuneate nucleus. Staining of the deep radial and superficial radial nerves showed that they projected heavily to the lateral and main cuneate respectively. The ulnar and median nerves projected primarily to medial and lateral portions of the main cuneate nucleus, ventral to the terminal field of the radial nerve. The rostral and caudal portions of the main cuneate nucleus were discriminable by cytoarchitectural characteristics and by terminal fibre orientation.
BibTeX: @article{Beck:1981a, author = {Beck, C. H.}, title = {Mapping of forelimb afferents to the cuneate nuclei of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, year = {1981}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {503--516}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0361-9230(81)80025-1} }
Beck, K., Hefti, F. and Widmer, H.	Deafferentation removes calretinin immunopositive terminals, but does not induce degeneration of calbindin D‐28k and parvalbumin expressing neurons in the hippocampus of adult rats [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Journal of Neuroscience Research Vol. 39(3), pp. 298-304	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Unilateral combined transections of the fimbriafornix and angular bundle in adult Fischer 344 rats were used to study the effects of deafferentation on hippocampal expression of calretinin, calbindin D‐28k, and parvalbumin. Reflecting the widespread degeneration of synaptic contacts, immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein 6 days after the lesions was increased in lacunosum‐molecular and oriens layers of CA1, 2, and 3 in ipsi‐ and contralateral hippocampus and in the ipsilateral dentate gyrus outer molecular layer. At 21 days the immunoreactivity had decreased to control levels except for a still slightly increased signal in the oriens layer of CA1‐3. At 6 and 21 days after the combined lesions the numbers of hippocampal neurons containing calretinin, parvalbumin, and calbindin D‐28k was unaltered. The combined lesions abolished calretinin containing terminals in the dentate gyrus inner molecular layer on the deafferentated side. This could be reproduced by single unilateral fimbria‐ fornix transections, suggesting that the axons of these calretinin positive terminals project to the hippocampus through the fimbria‐fornix. The most likely origin of the calretinin positive terminals are neurons in the supramammillary hypothalamic nucleus. Our findings demonstrate that the extensive lesion‐induced synaptic rearrangements in the adult hippocampus do not induce degeneration of hippocampal neurons expressing calretinin, calbindin D‐28k, and parvalbumin, but do remove calretinin containing terminals which reach their targets in the hippocampus through the fimbria‐fornix. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Copyright © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Beck:1994, author = {Beck, K.D. and Hefti, F. and Widmer, H.R.}, title = {Deafferentation removes calretinin immunopositive terminals, but does not induce degeneration of calbindin D‐28k and parvalbumin expressing neurons in the hippocampus of adult rats}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Research}, year = {1994}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, pages = {298-304}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028153447&partnerID=40&md5=ce6d6a1c9a3c1709abe1a22948c47362}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490390307} }
Beck, O. and Jonsson, G.	In vivo formation of 5-methoxytryptamine from melatonin in rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	J Neurochem Vol. 36(6), pp. 2013-2018	article	DOI
Abstract: Deacetylation of melatonin to 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) in vitro and in vivo was investigated in rat liver and brain tissue, using a gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric 5-MT assay method. In vitro incubation of liver but not brain (hypothalamic, Mesencephalic) slices with melatonin led to a concentration-dependent formation of small amounts of 5-MT; the conversion being 0.3--0.8%. In vivo administration of melatonin resulted in a dose-dependent formation of 5-MT in small quantities in the liver. The time course showed a peak maximum within 0.5 h, with a rapid decline; the half-life being about 1 h. 5-MT could be detected in both the blood and the hypothalamus after in vivo injection of melatonin. The time course of 5-MT in the blood was similar to that in the liver, but 5-MT could only be detected in the hypothalamus after large doses shortly after the melatonin injection. MAO had to be inhibited both in the in vitro and in vivo experiments in order to recover 5-MT, indicating that formed 5-MT is normally rapidly metabolised by MAO. It is concluded that a small fraction of melatonin can be converted to 5-MT by deacetylation (by aryl acylamidase) in the liver in vivo, constituting a minor pathway. Such a pathway could not be demonstrated in the brain. Trace amounts of 5-MT previously reported to be present in various tissues could originate from deacetylation of melatonin in the liver and possibly some other peripheral organs known to contain the deacetylating enzyme. The present results indicate that peripherally formed 5-MT, a psychoactive compound, is unlikely to have any effect on brain function under normal circumstances.
BibTeX: @article{Beck:1981, author = {O. Beck and G. Jonsson}, title = {In vivo formation of 5-methoxytryptamine from melatonin in rat.}, journal = {J Neurochem}, year = {1981}, volume = {36}, number = {6}, pages = {2013--2018}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb10827.x} }
Beck, O. and Jonsson, G.	In vivo formation of 5-methoxytryptamine from melatonin in rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	Journal of neurochemistry Vol. 36, pp. 2013-8	article	DOI
Abstract: Deacetylation of melatonin to 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) in vitro and in vivo was investigated in rat liver and brain tissue, using a gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric 5-MT assay method. In vitro incubation of liver but not brain (hypothalamic, Mesencephalic) slices with melatonin led to a concentration-dependent formation of small amounts of 5-MT; the conversion being 0.3--0.8%. In vivo administration of melatonin resulted in a dose-dependent formation of 5-MT in small quantities in the liver. The time course showed a peak maximum within 0.5 h, with a rapid decline; the half-life being about 1 h. 5-MT could be detected in both the blood and the hypothalamus after in vivo injection of melatonin. The time course of 5-MT in the blood was similar to that in the liver, but 5-MT could only be detected in the hypothalamus after large doses shortly after the melatonin injection. MAO had to be inhibited both in the in vitro and in vivo experiments in order to recover 5-MT, indicating that formed 5-MT is normally rapidly metabolised by MAO. It is concluded that a small fraction of melatonin can be converted to 5-MT by deacetylation (by aryl acylamidase) in the liver in vivo, constituting a minor pathway. Such a pathway could not be demonstrated in the brain. Trace amounts of 5-MT previously reported to be present in various tissues could originate from deacetylation of melatonin in the liver and possibly some other peripheral organs known to contain the deacetylating enzyme. The present results indicate that peripherally formed 5-MT, a psychoactive compound, is unlikely to have any effect on brain function under normal circumstances.
BibTeX: @article{Beck:1981b, author = {Beck, O. and Jonsson, G.}, title = {In vivo formation of 5-methoxytryptamine from melatonin in rat.}, journal = {Journal of neurochemistry}, year = {1981}, volume = {36}, pages = {2013-8}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb10827.x} }
Beck, S., Pan, Y.-Z., Akanwa, A. and Kirby, L.	Median and Dorsal Raphe Neurons Are Not Electrophysiologically Identical [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 91(2), pp. 994-1005	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The dorsal (DR) and median raphe (MR) nuclei contain 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) cell bodies that give rise to the majority of the ascending 5-HT projections to the forebrain limbic areas that control emotional behavior. In the past, the electrophysiological identification of neurochemically identified 5-HT neurons has been limited. Recent technical developments have made it possible to re-examine the electrophysiological characteristics of identified 5-HT- and non-5-HT-containing neurons. Visualized whole cell electrophysiological techniques in combination with fluorescence immunohistochemistry for 5-HT were used. In the DR, both 5-HT- and non-5-HT-containing neurons exhibited similar characteristics that have historically been attributed to putative 5-HT neurons. In contrast, in the MR, the 5-HT- and non-5-HT-containing neurons had very different characteristics. Interestingly, the MR 5-HT-containing neurons had a shorter time constant and larger afterhyperpolarization (AHP) amplitude than DR 5-HT-containing neurons. The 5-HT 1A receptor-mediated response was also measured. The efficacy of the response elicited by 5-HT 1A receptor activation was greater in 5-HT-containing neurons in the DR than the MR, whereas the potency was similar, implicating greater autoinhibition in the DR. Non-5-HT-containing neurons in the DR were responsive to 5-HT 1A receptor activation, whereas the non-5-HT-containing neurons in the MR were not. These differences in the cellular characteristics and 5-HT 1A receptor-mediated responses between the MR and DR neurons may be extremely important in understanding the role of these two 5-HT circuits in normal physiological processes and in the etiology and treatment of pathophysiological states.
BibTeX: @article{Beck:2004, author = {Beck, S.G. and Pan, Y.-Z. and Akanwa, A.C. and Kirby, L.G.}, title = {Median and Dorsal Raphe Neurons Are Not Electrophysiologically Identical}, journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology}, year = {2004}, volume = {91}, number = {2}, pages = {994-1005}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0842327827&partnerID=40&md5=bf84e773b2a3cd9a696205a13ae86326}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00744.2003} }
Beck, T., Wree, A. and Sauer, D.	Chronic infusion of nerve growth factor does not rescue pyramidal cells after transient forebrain ischemia in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 135(2), pp. 252-254	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Male Wistar rats received chronic intracerebroventricular infusions of nerve growth factor (NGF) starting immediately before induction of a transient forebrain ischemia and continuing until 7 days after the infarct. Ischemia was induced by carotid occlusion and simultaneous hypotension. Seven days after the infarct the brains were examined histologically and the number of necrotic cells in the hippocampus were counted. The results did not reveal any difference in treated vs. untreated animals. The data suggest that application of exogenous NGF does not prevent ischemic cell death in the hippocampus. © 1992.
BibTeX: @article{Beck:1992, author = {Beck, T. and Wree, A. and Sauer, D.D.}, title = {Chronic infusion of nerve growth factor does not rescue pyramidal cells after transient forebrain ischemia in the rat}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1992}, volume = {135}, number = {2}, pages = {252-254}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026501676&partnerID=40&md5=3c09ccec318e068805c6d1521734c4be}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(92)90448-G} }
Becker, S.	A computational principle for hippocampal learning and neurogenesis. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Hippocampus Vol. 15(6), pp. 722-738School: Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behavior, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada. becker@mcmaster.ca	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In the three decades since Marr put forward his computational theory of hippocampal coding, many computational models have been built on the same key principles proposed by Marr: sparse representations, rapid Hebbian storage, associative recall and consolidation. Most of these models have focused on either the CA3 or CA1 fields, using "off-the-shelf" learning algorithms such as competitive learning or Hebbian pattern association. Here, we propose a novel coding principle that is common to all hippocampal regions, and from this one principal, we derive learning rules for each of the major pathways within the hippocampus. The learning rules turn out to have much in common with several models of CA3 and CA1 in the literature, and provide a unifying framework in which to view these models. Simulations of the complete circuit confirm that both recognition memory and recall are superior relative to a hippocampally lesioned model, consistent with human data. Further, we propose a functional role for neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG), namely, to create distinct memory traces for highly similar items. Our simulation results support our prediction that memory capacity increases with the number of dentate granule cells, while neuronal turnover with a fixed dentate layer size improves recall, by minimizing interference between highly similar items.
BibTeX: @article{Becker:2005, author = {Becker, Suzanna}, title = {A computational principle for hippocampal learning and neurogenesis.}, journal = {Hippocampus}, school = {Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behavior, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada. becker@mcmaster.ca}, year = {2005}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {722--738}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20095}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20095} }
Beckers, H., Klooster, J., Vrensen, G. and Lamers, W.	Sympathetic innervation of the rat's eye and peripheral ganglia: an electron microscopic autoradiographic tracing study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Vol. 232(1), pp. 57-65School: Department of Morphology, The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam.	article	DOI
Abstract: The sympathetic innervation of the rat anterior eye segment and related peripheral ganglia was studied using light and electron microscopic autoradiography after anterograde tracing with 3H-leucine from the superior cervical ganglion. In the trigeminal and pterygopalatine ganglia, unmyelinated nerve fibers were labeled. Some fibers contained accumulations of small vesicles. Close apposition of these labeled sympathetic fibers with other unmyelinated fibers was common, and was also observed at sites where accumulations of vesicles were found. In the iris, ciliary body and trabeculum, numerous fibers and vesicle-containing varicosities were labeled, which all had a similar morphology. No labeling was found in the cornea. Sympathetic fibers traversing the trigeminal and pterygopalatine ganglion closely appose other unmyelinated fibers and contain clusters of vesicles without forming classical synaptic contacts. However, non-synaptic information transfer needs further investigation. The anterior eye segment, except for the cornea, is densely innervated by sympathetic nerve terminals.
BibTeX: @article{Beckers:1994, author = {Beckers, H. and Klooster, J. and Vrensen, G. and Lamers, W.}, title = {Sympathetic innervation of the rat's eye and peripheral ganglia: an electron microscopic autoradiographic tracing study.}, journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol}, school = {Department of Morphology, The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam.}, year = {1994}, volume = {232}, number = {1}, pages = {57--65}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00176438} }
Beckers, H.J., Klooster, J., Vrensen, G.F. and Lamers, W.P.	Ultrastructural identification of trigeminal nerve terminals in the pterygopalatine ganglion of rats: an anterograde tracing and immunohistochemical study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Brain Res Vol. 557(1-2), pp. 22-30School: The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Department of Morphology, Amsterdam.	article	DOI
Abstract: Trigeminal nerve terminals in the rat pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) were ultrastructurally identified using anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry was used to demonstrate the presence of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in nerve terminals of the PPG. Adjacent to the rostral part of the PPG an additional minor area was described. Perikarya in this minor rostral part were more spherical and had irregular outlines. Ultrastructurally, the glial enwrapment of the nerve terminals seemed to be more loosely arranged in comparison to that in the major rostral part of the PPG. With PHA-L, numerous labelled nerve fibres and terminals were found in all parts of the PPG. The ultrastructure of these terminals was uniform, many of them showing synaptic contacts. Numerous terminals in the PPG were SP-positive, whereas only a few were CGRP-positive. Fibres stained positive for both neuropeptides. The PPG is shown to be synaptically innervated by sensory fibres arising in the trigeminal ganglion, with the strong suggestion of SP and CGRP acting as neurotransmitters. A modulatory interaction between the autonomic and sensory system, resembling an axon reflex mechanism in the peripheral nervous system is endorsed.
BibTeX: @article{Beckers:1991, author = {Beckers, H. J. and Klooster, J. and Vrensen, G. F. and Lamers, W. P.}, title = {Ultrastructural identification of trigeminal nerve terminals in the pterygopalatine ganglion of rats: an anterograde tracing and immunohistochemical study.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Department of Morphology, Amsterdam.}, year = {1991}, volume = {557}, number = {1-2}, pages = {22--30}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(91)90111-8} }
Beckers, H.J., Klooster, J., Vrensen, G.F. and Lamers, W.P.	Ultrastructural identification of trigeminal nerve terminals in the pterygopalatine ganglion of rats: an anterograde tracing and immunohistochemical study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Brain research Vol. 557, pp. 22-30	article	DOI
Abstract: Trigeminal nerve terminals in the rat pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) were ultrastructurally identified using anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry was used to demonstrate the presence of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in nerve terminals of the PPG. Adjacent to the rostral part of the PPG an additional minor area was described. Perikarya in this minor rostral part were more spherical and had irregular outlines. Ultrastructurally, the glial enwrapment of the nerve terminals seemed to be more loosely arranged in comparison to that in the major rostral part of the PPG. With PHA-L, numerous labelled nerve fibres and terminals were found in all parts of the PPG. The ultrastructure of these terminals was uniform, many of them showing synaptic contacts. Numerous terminals in the PPG were SP-positive, whereas only a few were CGRP-positive. Fibres stained positive for both neuropeptides. The PPG is shown to be synaptically innervated by sensory fibres arising in the trigeminal ganglion, with the strong suggestion of SP and CGRP acting as neurotransmitters. A modulatory interaction between the autonomic and sensory system, resembling an axon reflex mechanism in the peripheral nervous system is endorsed.
BibTeX: @article{Beckers:1991a, author = {Beckers, H. J. and Klooster, J. and Vrensen, G. F. and Lamers, W. P.}, title = {Ultrastructural identification of trigeminal nerve terminals in the pterygopalatine ganglion of rats: an anterograde tracing and immunohistochemical study.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1991}, volume = {557}, pages = {22-30}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(91)90111-8} }
Beckers, H.J., Klooster, J., Vrensen, G.F. and Lamers, W.P.	Ultrastructural identification of trigeminal nerve endings in the rat cornea and iris. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Vol. 33(6), pp. 1979-1986School: Department of Morphology, The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam.	article
Abstract: Trigeminal nerve terminals in the rat cornea and iris were ultrastructurally identified using anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leukoagglutinin (PHA-L). Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry was used to demonstrate the presence and localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in cornea and iris. In the cornea and iris, nerve fibers were labelled with PHA-L throughout the stroma. Labelling was most obvious within varicosities, densely packed with mainly clear and a few granular vesicles and containing dark mitochondria. Numerous fibers in the stroma of cornea and iris were CGRP-positive. CGRP-positive staining was most intense within varicosities, containing mainly clear and incidentally granular vesicles and dark mitochondria, similar to the structures labelled with PHA-L. CGRP-positive varicosities packed with mainly clear and few granular vesicles also were demonstrated in fibers adjacent to the sphincter and dilator muscles of the iris. In the corneal epithelium, small terminals containing vesicles were CGRP-positive. Trigeminal nerve fibers innervating the rat cornea and iris contained numerous varicosities packed with vesicles. These areas are CGRP-positive, so it can be implied that CGRP is released from these varicosities as a response to triggering impulses. This agrees with the hypothesis that in addition to their afferent function, sensory fibers also exert an efferent modulating function.
BibTeX: @article{Beckers:1992, author = {Beckers, H. J. and Klooster, J. and Vrensen, G. F. and Lamers, W. P.}, title = {Ultrastructural identification of trigeminal nerve endings in the rat cornea and iris.}, journal = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci}, school = {Department of Morphology, The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam.}, year = {1992}, volume = {33}, number = {6}, pages = {1979--1986} }
Beckers, H.J., Klooster, J., Vrensen, G.F. and Lamers, W.P.	Facial parasympathetic innervation of the rat choroid, lacrimal glands and ciliary ganglion. An ultrastructural pterygopalatine tracing and immunohistochemical study. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Ophthalmic Res Vol. 25(5), pp. 319-330School: Department of Morphology, The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam.	article
Abstract: The pterygopalatine parasympathetic innervation of the rat choroid, lacrimal glands and ciliary ganglion was ultrastructurally studied by anterograde 3H-leucine tracing. Numerous unmyelinated fibers and vesicle-containing terminals were labeled in these structures. No direct synaptic contacts were found. In the choroid, similar terminals were immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). A regulatory feedback loop within the eye-related peripheral nervous system is endorsed by the present results. The finding of fibers and terminals of pterygopalatine origin in the lacrimal glands agrees with earlier studies in cats and monkeys. In the ciliary ganglion, pterygopalatine terminals most likely influence the ganglion cells by nonsynaptic release of neurotransmitters or neuromodulators including VIP.
BibTeX: @article{Beckers:1993, author = {Beckers, H. J. and Klooster, J. and Vrensen, G. F. and Lamers, W. P.}, title = {Facial parasympathetic innervation of the rat choroid, lacrimal glands and ciliary ganglion. An ultrastructural pterygopalatine tracing and immunohistochemical study.}, journal = {Ophthalmic Res}, school = {Department of Morphology, The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam.}, year = {1993}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {319--330} }
Beckley, J.T., Evins, C.E., Fedarovich, H., Gilstrap, M.J. and Woodward, J.J.	Medial prefrontal cortex inversely regulates toluene-induced changes in markers of synaptic plasticity of mesolimbic dopamine neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Vol. 33, pp. 804-813	article	DOI
Abstract: Toluene is a volatile solvent that is intentionally inhaled by children, adolescents, and adults for its intoxicating effects. Although voluntary use of toluene suggests that it possesses rewarding properties and abuse potential, it is unknown whether toluene alters excitatory synaptic transmission in reward-sensitive dopamine neurons like other drugs of abuse. Here, using a combination of retrograde labeling and slice electrophysiology, we show that a brief in vivo exposure of rats to a behaviorally relevant concentration of toluene vapor enhances glutamatergic synaptic strength of dopamine (DA) neurons projecting to nucleus accumbens core and medial shell neurons. This effect persisted for up to 3 d in mesoaccumbens core DA neurons and for at least 21 d in those projecting to the medial shell. In contrast, toluene vapor exposure had no effect on synaptic strength of DA neurons that project to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Furthermore, infusion of GABAergic modulators into the mPFC before vapor exposure to pharmacologically manipulate output, inhibited, or potentiated toluene's action on mesoaccumbens DA neurons. Together, the results of these studies indicate that toluene induces a target-selective increase in mesolimbic DA neuron synaptic transmission and strongly implicates the mPFC as an important regulator of drug-induced plasticity of mesolimbic dopamine neurons.
BibTeX: @article{Beckley:2013, author = {Beckley, Jacob T and Evins, Caitlin E and Fedarovich, Hleb and Gilstrap, Meghin J and Woodward, John J}, title = {Medial prefrontal cortex inversely regulates toluene-induced changes in markers of synaptic plasticity of mesolimbic dopamine neurons.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, year = {2013}, volume = {33}, pages = {804--813}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3729-12.2013} }
Beckstead, R.	An autoradiographic examination of corticocortical and subcortical projections of the mediodorsal-projection (prefrontal) cortex in the rat [BibTeX]	1979	J Comp Neurol Vol. 184(1), pp. 43-62	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Beckstead:1979, author = {Beckstead, R.M.}, title = {An autoradiographic examination of corticocortical and subcortical projections of the mediodorsal-projection (prefrontal) cortex in the rat}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1979}, volume = {184(1)}, pages = {43-62}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901840104} }
Beckstead, R., Domesick, V. and Nauta, W.	Efferent connections of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the rat. [BibTeX]	1979	Brain Res Vol. 175, pp. 191-217	article	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Beckstead:1979a, author = {Beckstead, R.M. and Domesick, V.B. and Nauta, W.J.}, title = {Efferent connections of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1979}, volume = {175}, pages = {191-217}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7920-1_22} }
Beckstead, R.M.	Convergent thalamic and mesencephalic projections to the anterior medial cortex in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1976	J Comp Neurol Vol. 166(4), pp. 403-416	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Small microelectrophoretic deposits of horseradish-peroxidase (HRP) were placed at various loci within the gray matter of the rat's anterior medial cortex. A comparison of the patterns of retrograde cell-labeling charted in 26 such cases confirmed earlier findings in fiber-degeneration studies according to which the respective thalamocortical projections of the mediodorsal (MD) and anteromedial nucleus (AM) overlap each other over a wide region of the anterior medial cortex. This region of thalamocortical convergence, extending from pregenual levels caudalward as far as the anterior border of the retrosplenial cortex, corresponds almost exactly to the cortical region from which locally deposited HRP was found to be transported so as to label cells in one or both of two mesencephalic cell groups: the ventral tegmental area (AVT) dorsal and lateral to the interpeduncular nucleus, and the medial one-quarter of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra (SNC).
BibTeX: @article{Beckstead:1976, author = {R. M. Beckstead}, title = {Convergent thalamic and mesencephalic projections to the anterior medial cortex in the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1976}, volume = {166}, number = {4}, pages = {403--416}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901660403}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901660403} }
Beckstead, R.M.	Convergent thalamic and mesencephalic projections to the anterior medial cortex in the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1976	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 166, pp. 403-416	article	DOI
Abstract: Small microelectrophoretic deposits of horseradish-peroxidase (HRP) were placed at various loci within the gray matter of the rat's anterior medial cortex. A comparison of the patterns of retrograde cell-labeling charted in 26 such cases confirmed earlier findings in fiber-degeneration studies according to which the respective thalamocortical projections of the mediodorsal (MD) and anteromedial nucleus (AM) overlap each other over a wide region of the anterior medial cortex. This region of thalamocortical convergence, extending from pregenual levels caudalward as far as the anterior border of the retrosplenial cortex, corresponds almost exactly to the cortical region from which locally deposited HRP was found to be transported so as to label cells in one or both of two mesencephalic cell groups: the ventral tegmental area (AVT) dorsal and lateral to the interpeduncular nucleus, and the medial one-quarter of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra (SNC).
BibTeX: @article{Beckstead:1976a, author = {Beckstead, R M}, title = {Convergent thalamic and mesencephalic projections to the anterior medial cortex in the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1976}, volume = {166}, pages = {403--416}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901660403} }
Beckstead, R.M.	Afferent connections of the entorhinal area in the rat as demonstrated by retrograde cell-labeling with horseradish peroxidase. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1978	Brain Res Vol. 152(2), pp. 249-264	article	DOI
Abstract: The entorhinal cortex (EC) of the rat has been divided into medial (MEA) and lateral (LEA) subdivisions. In order to analyze its afferent connections, small deposits of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were placed at various loci within EC. The patterns of retrograde cell-labeling charted in 18 such cases suggested that EC is projected upon by several allocortical and subcortical structures and that there are differences in the afferent connections of the two subdivisions. Thus, although HRP injection of either division of EC led to cell-labeling in the hippocampal formation, most in ammonic field CA1 and the subiculum, several cells of the presubiculum were preferentially labeled by injection of MEA. Injections of LEA, but not those in MEA, resulted in substantial cell-labeling in the anterior piriform cortex of both hemispheres. Regardless of the location of its injection site within EC, the enzyme labeled cells in the diagonal band nucleus of Broca, amygdala and claustrum. The pattern of cell- labeling in the diagonal band nucleus extended into the ventrolaterally contiguous nucleus basalis after injection of LEA and into the dorsally contiguous medial septal nucleus after injection of MEA Whereas HRP deposits in either division of EC resulted in cell-labeling in the cortical and medial nuclei of the amygdala, only those deposits which involved LEA led to cell-labeling in the posterior part of the lateral nucleus. In the thalamus, labeled cells were found in the rostral part of the paratenial, periventricular and reuniens nuclei. Finally, at midbrain levels, numerous labeled cells appeared in the dorsal raphe nucleus, a few in the median raphe and locus coeruleus, and, only after rostral EC injection, in the ventral tegmental area.
BibTeX: @article{Beckstead:1978, author = {R. M. Beckstead}, title = {Afferent connections of the entorhinal area in the rat as demonstrated by retrograde cell-labeling with horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1978}, volume = {152}, number = {2}, pages = {249--264}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(78)90254-8} }
Beckstead, R.M.	Afferent connections of the entorhinal area in the rat as demonstrated by retrograde cell-labeling with horseradish peroxidase. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1978	Brain research Vol. 152, pp. 249-264	article	DOI
Abstract: The entorhinal cortex (EC) of the rat has been divided into medial (MEA) and lateral (LEA) subdivisions. In order to analyze its afferent connections, small deposits of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were placed at various loci within EC. The patterns of retrograde cell-labeling charted in 18 such cases suggested that EC is projected upon by several allocortical and subcortical structures and that there are differences in the afferent connections of the two subdivisions. Thus, although HRP injection of either division of EC led to cell-labeling in the hippocampal formation, most in ammonic field CA1 and the subiculum, several cells of the presubiculum were preferentially labeled by injection of MEA. Injections of LEA, but not those in MEA, resulted in substantial cell-labeling in the anterior piriform cortex of both hemispheres. Regardless of the location of its injection site within EC, the enzyme labeled cells in the diagonal band nucleus of Broca, amygdala and claustrum. The pattern of cell-labeling in the diagonal band nucleus extended into the ventrolaterally contiguous nucleus basalis after injection of LEA and into the dorsally contiguous medial septal nucleus after injection of MEA Whereas HRP deposits in either division of EC resulted in cell-labeling in the cortical and medial nuclei of the amygdala, only those deposits which involved LEA led to cell-labeling in the posterior part of the lateral nucleus. In the thalamus, labeled cells were found in the rostral part of the paratenial, periventricular and reuniens nuclei. Finally, at midbrain levels, numerous labeled cells appeared in the dorsal raphe nucleus, a few in the median raphe and locus coeruleus, and, only after rostral EC injection, in the ventral tegmental area.
BibTeX: @article{Beckstead:1978a, author = {Beckstead, R M}, title = {Afferent connections of the entorhinal area in the rat as demonstrated by retrograde cell-labeling with horseradish peroxidase.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1978}, volume = {152}, pages = {249--264}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(78)90254-8} }
Beckstead, R.M.	A reciprocal axonal connection between the subthalamic nucleus and the neostriatum in the cat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Brain Res Vol. 275(1), pp. 137-142	article	DOI
Abstract: Injections of wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into several small regions of the head and body of the caudate nucleus and the putamen of the cat result in retrograde cell-labeling of neurons in the ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus. A mediolateral but no rostrocaudal or dorsoventral topography is apparent in the subthalamostriatal projection. Anterograde transport of WGA-HRP and autoradiography after [3H]amino acid injection of the caudate suggest also a reciprocal striatosubthalamic projection.
BibTeX: @article{Beckstead:1983a, author = {Beckstead, R. M.}, title = {A reciprocal axonal connection between the subthalamic nucleus and the neostriatum in the cat.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {275}, number = {1}, pages = {137--142}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(83)90425-0} }
Beckstead, R.M.	A reciprocal axonal connection between the subthalamic nucleus and the neostriatum in the cat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Brain research Vol. 275, pp. 137-42	article
Abstract: Injections of wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into several small regions of the head and body of the caudate nucleus and the putamen of the cat result in retrograde cell-labeling of neurons in the ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus. A mediolateral but no rostrocaudal or dorsoventral topography is apparent in the subthalamostriatal projection. Anterograde transport of WGA-HRP and autoradiography after [3H]amino acid injection of the caudate suggest also a reciprocal striatosubthalamic projection.
BibTeX: @article{Beckstead:1983c, author = {Beckstead, R. M.}, title = {A reciprocal axonal connection between the subthalamic nucleus and the neostriatum in the cat.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1983}, volume = {275}, pages = {137-42}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Beckstead, R.M., Domesick, V.B. and Nauta, W.J.	Efferent connections of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the rat [BibTeX]	1993	Neuroanatomy, pp. 449-475	incollection	DOI
BibTeX: @incollection{Beckstead:1993b, author = {Beckstead, Robert M and Domesick, Valerie B and Nauta, Walle JH}, title = {Efferent connections of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the rat}, booktitle = {Neuroanatomy}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {1993}, pages = {449--475}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7920-1_22} }
Beckstead, R.M., Edwards, S.B. and Frankfurter, A.	A comparison of the intranigral distribution of nigrotectal neurons labeled with horseradish peroxidase in the monkey, cat, and rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1981	J Neurosci Vol. 1(2), pp. 121-125	article	URL
Abstract: The location of neurons in the substantia nigra's pars reticulata (SNR) that send their axons to the superior colliculus was compared in the monkey, cat, and rat using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde cell-labeling method. Although several cases of large, unilateral HRP deposits in the superior colliculus show that in all three species, the nigrotectal cells are confined, for the most part, to the rostral one-half of SNR, the following differences were noted in the precise location of the nigrotectal neurons and in the degree of bilaterality of the nigrotectal projection. In the monkey, labeled nigrotectal cells were particularly numerous in the extreme rostrolateral portion of SNR. From this region of high concentration, a progressively decreasing number of cells spreads medially in a ventral stratum immediately dorsal to the pes pedunculi. No labeled cells were found in the extreme medial part of SNR. A substantial number of HRP-positive cells were present in the contralateral SNR in a similar distribution. In the cat, labeled cells were less selectively localized in SNR's mediolateral expanse, being distributed more or less randomly in its middle portion with a scattering of cells in both medial and lateral parts of SNR. Although some cell labeling occurred in the contralateral SNR, it was less substantial than in the monkey. In the rat, the HRP-positive cells were especially concentrated throughout the mediolateral extent of a ventral stratum of SNR immediately dorsal to the pes pedunculi. Although some cells were located more dorsally, they were far fewer in number and consistently less heavily labeled. Only one or two labeled cells could be detected in the contralateral SNR of the rat. These anatomical differences suggest that the influence of the corpus striatum on the tectal control of orienting responses may vary considerably from one mammalian species to the next.
BibTeX: @article{Beckstead:1981, author = {R. M. Beckstead and S. B. Edwards and A. Frankfurter}, title = {A comparison of the intranigral distribution of nigrotectal neurons labeled with horseradish peroxidase in the monkey, cat, and rat.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1981}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, pages = {121--125}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/1/2/121.long} }
Beckstead, R.M. and Frankfurter, A.	A direct projection from the retina to the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus demonstrated by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in monkey, cat and rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Exp Brain Res Vol. 52(2), pp. 261-268	article	DOI
Abstract: The anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to re-examine the retinal projection to the superior colliculus in the monkey, cat and rat. By a somewhat novel application of the HRP in which the enzyme is deposited intravitreally in two or three sequential installments at 24 h intervals and by modifications that increase the sensitivity of the tetramethylbenzidine reaction procedure, we have successfully mapped the distribution of a significant number of retinal ganglion cell axons below the stratum opticum in the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus. Although the deep retinotectal axons project to the contralateral colliculus in all animals used, such axons can be followed as well, but in lesser numbers, to the ipsilateral intermediate gray layer in the cat and even more so in the monkey. The deep retinotectal axons here demonstrated may mediate the short latency responses of deep tectal neurons observed in earlier physiological studies and can no longer be considered as inconsequential to the visuo-oculomotor functions of the deep collicular layers.
BibTeX: @article{Beckstead:1983, author = {R. M. Beckstead and A. Frankfurter}, title = {A direct projection from the retina to the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus demonstrated by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in monkey, cat and rat.}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, pages = {261--268}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00236635} }
Beckstead, R.M. and Frankfurter, A.	A direct projection from the retina to the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus demonstrated by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in monkey, cat and rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Experimental brain research Vol. 52, pp. 261-268	article	DOI
Abstract: The anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to re-examine the retinal projection to the superior colliculus in the monkey, cat and rat. By a somewhat novel application of the HRP in which the enzyme is deposited intravitreally in two or three sequential installments at 24 h intervals and by modifications that increase the sensitivity of the tetramethylbenzidine reaction procedure, we have successfully mapped the distribution of a significant number of retinal ganglion cell axons below the stratum opticum in the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus. Although the deep retinotectal axons project to the contralateral colliculus in all animals used, such axons can be followed as well, but in lesser numbers, to the ipsilateral intermediate gray layer in the cat and even more so in the monkey. The deep retinotectal axons here demonstrated may mediate the short latency responses of deep tectal neurons observed in earlier physiological studies and can no longer be considered as inconsequential to the visuo-oculomotor functions of the deep collicular layers.
BibTeX: @article{Beckstead:1983b, author = {Beckstead, R M and Frankfurter, A}, title = {A direct projection from the retina to the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus demonstrated by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in monkey, cat and rat.}, journal = {Experimental brain research}, year = {1983}, volume = {52}, pages = {261--268}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00236635} }
Beckwith, S., Roghi, C., Liu, B. and Morris, N.	The '8-kD' cytoplasmic dynein light chain is required for nuclear migration and for dynein heavy chain localization in Aspergillus nidulans [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Journal of Cell Biology Vol. 143(5), pp. 1239-1247	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The heavy chain of cytoplasmic dynein is required for nuclear migration in Aspergillus nidulans and other fungi. Here we report on a new gene required for nuclear migration, nudG, which encodes a homologue of the '8- kD' cytoplasmic dynein light chain (CDLC). We demonstrate that the temperature sensitive nudG8 mutation inhibits nuclear migration and growth at restrictive temperature. This mutation also inhibits asexual and sexual sporulation, decreases the intracellular concentration of the nudG CDLC protein and causes the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain to be absent from the mycelial tip, where it is normally located in wild-type mycelia. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments with antibodies against the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain (CDHC) and the nudG CDLC demonstrated that some fraction of the cytoplasmic dynein light chain is in a protein complex with the CDHC. Sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis, however, showed that not all of the NUDG protein is complexed with the heavy chain. A double mutant carrying a cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain deletion plus a temperature-sensitive nudG mutation grew no more slowly at restrictive temperature than a strain with only the CDHC deletion. This result demonstrates that the effect of the nudG mutation on nuclear migration and growth is mediated through an interaction with the CDHC rather than with some other molecule (e.g., myosin-V) with which the 8-kD CDLC might theoretically interact.
BibTeX: @article{Beckwith:1998, author = {Beckwith, S.M. and Roghi, C.H. and Liu, B. and Morris, N.R.}, title = {The '8-kD' cytoplasmic dynein light chain is required for nuclear migration and for dynein heavy chain localization in Aspergillus nidulans}, journal = {Journal of Cell Biology}, year = {1998}, volume = {143}, number = {5}, pages = {1239-1247}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032583170&partnerID=40&md5=4906a2db1922779b7a5e291c158a06ef}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.143.5.1239} }
Beconi, M.G., Mao, A., Liu, D.Q., Kochansky, C., Pereira, T., Raab, C., Pearson, P. and Lee Chiu, S.-H.	Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor in rats, dogs, and monkeys with selective carbamoyl glucuronidation of the primary amine in dogs. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Drug Metab Dispos Vol. 31(10), pp. 1269-1277School: Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, .USA maria_beconi@merck.com	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the l-threo isoleucine thiazolidide dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, di-[2S,3S]-2-amino-3-methyl-pentanoic-1,3-thiazolidine fumarate (ILT-threo) and its allo stereoisomer (ILT-allo) were evaluated in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Both compounds were well absorbed (>80 in all species, and most of the dose (>60 was recovered in urine. Metabolites identified in all species included a sulfoxide (M1), a sulfone (M2), and a carbamoyl glucuronide (M3). For both compounds, parent drug had moderate systemic clearance in rats and dogs ( approximately 20-35 ml/min/kg in both species) and lower clearance in monkeys ( approximately 6-9 ml/min/kg). In rats, M1 was present in systemic circulation in concentrations similar to that of parent drug, whereas in dogs and monkeys, exposures to M1 were higher than for parent drug. In dogs, exposures to the sulfoxide metabolite were approximately 2 to 3 times higher after administration of ILT-allo than after administration of ILT-threo. Carbamoyl glucuronidation was an important biotransformation pathway in dogs. Circulating levels of M3 were significant in the dog, and present only in trace levels in rats and monkeys. M3 could be produced in in vitro systems in a NaHCO3 buffer under a CO2-saturated atmosphere and in the presence of UDP-glucuronic acid and alamethicin.
BibTeX: @article{Beconi:2003, author = {Beconi, Maria G. and Mao, Ann and Liu, David Q. and Kochansky, Christopher and Pereira, Tony and Raab, Conrad and Pearson, Paul and Lee Chiu, Shuet-Hing}, title = {Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor in rats, dogs, and monkeys with selective carbamoyl glucuronidation of the primary amine in dogs.}, journal = {Drug Metab Dispos}, school = {Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, .USA maria_beconi@merck.com}, year = {2003}, volume = {31}, number = {10}, pages = {1269--1277}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.31.10.1269}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.31.10.1269} }
Becskei, C., Grabler, V., Edwards, G., Riediger, T. and Lutz, T.	Lesion of the lateral parabrachial nucleus attenuates the anorectic effect of peripheral amylin and CCK [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Brain Research Vol. 1162(1), pp. 76-84	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Amylin and CCK activate the area postrema (AP)/nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) - lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) - central amygdala (CeA) pathway. However, except for the brainstem structures the role of these nuclei for the anorectic effect of these peptides is not yet well characterized. The current study investigated the role of the LPBN in mediating the inhibitory effect of peripheral amylin and CCK on feeding behavior. Rats with electrolytic lesions in the LPBN (LPBN-X) were used in behavioral as well as in immunohistological c-Fos studies. LPBN-X significantly reduced the anorectic effect of amylin (5 μg/kg, i.p.). The effect of a higher amylin dose (10 μg/kg, i.p.) was only slightly attenuated in the LPBN-X rats. In agreement with previous studies, LPBN lesions also reduced the inhibitory effect of CCK on food intake. In the immunohistological experiments, amylin and CCK induced c-Fos expression in the AP, NTS, LPBN and CeA in the SHAM rats. Both the amylin- and CCK-induced activation of the CeA was completely abolished in the animals with a LPBN lesion. These results clearly suggest that the signal transduction pathway between the AP/NTS and CeA has been disrupted by the LPBN ablation. We conclude that the LPBN is a crucial brain site mediating the anorectic effect of amylin and CCK. Furthermore, an intact LPBN seems to be essential for the c-Fos response in the CeA induced by these peptides. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX: @article{Becskei:2007, author = {Becskei, C. and Grabler, V. and Edwards, G.L. and Riediger, T. and Lutz, T.A.}, title = {Lesion of the lateral parabrachial nucleus attenuates the anorectic effect of peripheral amylin and CCK}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2007}, volume = {1162}, number = {1}, pages = {76-84}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34447618969&partnerID=40&md5=acefa752b1989aab02344e82cf00a356}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.016} }
Bedussi, B., van der Wel, N.N., de Vos, J., van Veen, H., Siebes, M., VanBavel, E. and Bakker, E.N.	Paravascular channels, cisterns, and the subarachnoid space in the rat brain: A single compartment with preferential pathways. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2016	J Cereb Blood Flow MetabSchool: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands n.t.bakker@amc.uva.nl.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Recent evidence suggests an extensive exchange of fluid and solutes between the subarachnoid space and the brain interstitium, involving preferential pathways along blood vessels. We studied the anatomical relations between brain vasculature, cerebrospinal fluid compartments, and paravascular spaces in male Wistar rats. A fluorescent tracer was infused into the cisterna magna, without affecting intracranial pressure. Tracer distribution was analyzed using a 3D imaging cryomicrotome, confocal microscopy, and correlative light and electron microscopy. We found a strong 3D colocalization of tracer with major arteries and veins in the subarachnoid space and large cisterns, attributed to relatively large subarachnoid space volumes around the vessels. Confocal imaging confirmed this colocalization and also revealed novel cisternal connections between the subarachnoid space and ventricles. Unlike the vessels in the subarachnoid space, penetrating arteries but not veins were surrounded by tracer. Correlative light and electron microscopy images indicated that this paravascular space was located outside of the endothelial layer in capillaries and just outside of the smooth muscle cells in arteries. In conclusion, the cerebrospinal fluid compartment, consisting of the subarachnoid space, cisterns, ventricles, and para-arteriolar spaces, forms a continuous and extensive network that surrounds and penetrates the rat brain, in which mixing may facilitate exchange between interstitial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid.
BibTeX: @article{Bedussi:2016, author = {Bedussi, Beatrice and van der Wel, Nicole N and de Vos, Judith and van Veen, Henk and Siebes, Maria and VanBavel, Ed and Bakker, Erik Ntp}, title = {Paravascular channels, cisterns, and the subarachnoid space in the rat brain: A single compartment with preferential pathways.}, journal = {J Cereb Blood Flow Metab}, school = {Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands n.t.bakker@amc.uva.nl.}, year = {2016}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678X16655550}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X16655550} }
Bedussi, B., van der Wel, N.N., de Vos, J., van Veen, H., Siebes, M., VanBavel, E. and Bakker, E.N.	Paravascular channels, cisterns, and the subarachnoid space in the rat brain: A single compartment with preferential pathways. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2017	Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Vol. 37, pp. 1374-1385	article	DOI
Abstract: Recent evidence suggests an extensive exchange of fluid and solutes between the subarachnoid space and the brain interstitium, involving preferential pathways along blood vessels. We studied the anatomical relations between brain vasculature, cerebrospinal fluid compartments, and paravascular spaces in male Wistar rats. A fluorescent tracer was infused into the cisterna magna, without affecting intracranial pressure. Tracer distribution was analyzed using a 3D imaging cryomicrotome, confocal microscopy, and correlative light and electron microscopy. We found a strong 3D colocalization of tracer with major arteries and veins in the subarachnoid space and large cisterns, attributed to relatively large subarachnoid space volumes around the vessels. Confocal imaging confirmed this colocalization and also revealed novel cisternal connections between the subarachnoid space and ventricles. Unlike the vessels in the subarachnoid space, penetrating arteries but not veins were surrounded by tracer. Correlative light and electron microscopy images indicated that this paravascular space was located outside of the endothelial layer in capillaries and just outside of the smooth muscle cells in arteries. In conclusion, the cerebrospinal fluid compartment, consisting of the subarachnoid space, cisterns, ventricles, and para-arteriolar spaces, forms a continuous and extensive network that surrounds and penetrates the rat brain, in which mixing may facilitate exchange between interstitial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid.
BibTeX: @article{Bedussi:2017, author = {Bedussi, Beatrice and van der Wel, Nicole N and de Vos, Judith and van Veen, Henk and Siebes, Maria and VanBavel, Ed and Bakker, Erik Ntp}, title = {Paravascular channels, cisterns, and the subarachnoid space in the rat brain: A single compartment with preferential pathways.}, journal = {Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism}, year = {2017}, volume = {37}, pages = {1374--1385}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X16655550} }
Bedwell, S.A., Billett, E.E., Crofts, J.J., MacDonald, D.M. and Tinsley, C.J.	The topology of connections between rat prefrontal and temporal cortices. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Front Syst Neurosci Vol. 9, pp. 80School: Division of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Understanding the structural organization of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is an important step toward determining its functional organization. Here we investigated the organization of PFC using different neuronal tracers. We injected retrograde (Fluoro-Gold, 100 nl) and anterograde [Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) or Fluoro-Ruby, 100 nl] tracers into sites within PFC subdivisions (prelimbic, ventral orbital, ventrolateral orbital, dorsolateral orbital) along a coronal axis within PFC. At each injection site one injection was made of the anterograde tracer and one injection was made of the retrograde tracer. The projection locations of retrogradely labeled neurons and anterogradely labeled axon terminals were then analyzed in the temporal cortex: area Te, entorhinal and perirhinal cortex. We found evidence for an ordering of both the anterograde (anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medial-lateral axes: p < 0.001) and retrograde (anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medial- lateral axes: p < 0.001) connections of PFC. We observed that anterograde and retrograde labeling in ipsilateral temporal cortex (i.e., PFC inputs and outputs) often occurred reciprocally (i.e., the same brain region, such as area 35d in perirhinal cortex, contained anterograde and retrograde labeling). However, often the same specific columnar temporal cortex regions contained only either labeling of retrograde or anterograde tracer, indicating that PFC inputs and outputs are frequently non-matched.
BibTeX: @article{Bedwell:2015, author = {Bedwell, Stacey A. and Billett, E Ellen and Crofts, Jonathan J. and MacDonald, Danielle M. and Tinsley, Chris J.}, title = {The topology of connections between rat prefrontal and temporal cortices.}, journal = {Front Syst Neurosci}, school = {Division of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK.}, year = {2015}, volume = {9}, pages = {80}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2015.00080}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2015.00080} }
Bedwell, S.A., Billett, E.E., Crofts, J.J., MacDonald, D.M. and Tinsley, C.J.	The topology of connections between rat prefrontal and temporal cortices. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Frontiers in systems neuroscience Vol. 9, pp. 80	article	DOI
Abstract: Understanding the structural organization of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is an important step toward determining its functional organization. Here we investigated the organization of PFC using different neuronal tracers. We injected retrograde (Fluoro-Gold, 100 nl) and anterograde [Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) or Fluoro-Ruby, 100 nl] tracers into sites within PFC subdivisions (prelimbic, ventral orbital, ventrolateral orbital, dorsolateral orbital) along a coronal axis within PFC. At each injection site one injection was made of the anterograde tracer and one injection was made of the retrograde tracer. The projection locations of retrogradely labeled neurons and anterogradely labeled axon terminals were then analyzed in the temporal cortex: area Te, entorhinal and perirhinal cortex. We found evidence for an ordering of both the anterograde (anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medial-lateral axes: p < 0.001) and retrograde (anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medial-lateral axes: p < 0.001) connections of PFC. We observed that anterograde and retrograde labeling in ipsilateral temporal cortex (i.e., PFC inputs and outputs) often occurred reciprocally (i.e., the same brain region, such as area 35d in perirhinal cortex, contained anterograde and retrograde labeling). However, often the same specific columnar temporal cortex regions contained only either labeling of retrograde or anterograde tracer, indicating that PFC inputs and outputs are frequently non-matched.
BibTeX: @article{Bedwell:2015a, author = {Bedwell, Stacey A and Billett, E Ellen and Crofts, Jonathan J and MacDonald, Danielle M and Tinsley, Chris J}, title = {The topology of connections between rat prefrontal and temporal cortices.}, journal = {Frontiers in systems neuroscience}, year = {2015}, volume = {9}, pages = {80}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2015.00080} }
Bedwell, S.A., Billett, E.E., Crofts, J.J. and Tinsley, C.J.	The topology of connections between rat prefrontal, motor and sensory cortices. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Front Syst Neurosci Vol. 8, pp. 177School: School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The connections of prefrontal cortex (PFC) were investigated in the rat brain to determine the order and location of input and output connections to motor and somatosensory cortex. Retrograde (100 nl Fluoro-Gold) and anterograde (100 nl Biotinylated Dextran Amines, BDA; Fluorescein and Texas Red) neuronanatomical tracers were injected into the subdivisions of the PFC (prelimbic, ventral orbital, ventrolateral orbital, dorsolateral orbital) and their projections studied. We found clear evidence for organized input projections from the motor and somatosensory cortices to the PFC, with distinct areas of motor and cingulate cortex projecting in an ordered arrangement to the subdivisions of PFC. As injection location of retrograde tracer was moved from medial to lateral in PFC, we observed an ordered arrangement of projections occurring in sensory-motor cortex. There was a significant effect of retrograde injection location on the position of labelled cells occurring in sensory-motor cortex (dorsoventral, anterior-posterior and mediolateral axes p < 0.001). The arrangement of output projections from PFC also displayed a significant ordered projection to sensory-motor cortex (dorsoventral p < 0.001, anterior-posterior p = 0.002 and mediolateral axes p < 0.001). Statistical analysis also showed that the locations of input and output labels vary with respect to one another (in the dorsal-ventral and medial-lateral axes, p < 0.001). Taken together, the findings show that regions of PFC display an ordered arrangement of connections with sensory-motor cortex, with clear laminar organization of input connections. These results also show that input and output connections to PFC are not located in exactly the same sites and reveal a circuit between sensory-motor and PFC.
BibTeX: @article{Bedwell:2014, author = {Bedwell, Stacey A. and Billett, E Ellen and Crofts, Jonathan J. and Tinsley, Chris J.}, title = {The topology of connections between rat prefrontal, motor and sensory cortices.}, journal = {Front Syst Neurosci}, school = {School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK.}, year = {2014}, volume = {8}, pages = {177}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00177}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00177} }
Bedwell, S.A., Billett, E.E., Crofts, J.J. and Tinsley, C.J.	The topology of connections between rat prefrontal, motor and sensory cortices. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2014	Frontiers in systems neuroscience Vol. 8, pp. 177	article	DOI
Abstract: The connections of prefrontal cortex (PFC) were investigated in the rat brain to determine the order and location of input and output connections to motor and somatosensory cortex. Retrograde (100 nl Fluoro-Gold) and anterograde (100 nl Biotinylated Dextran Amines, BDA; Fluorescein and Texas Red) neuronanatomical tracers were injected into the subdivisions of the PFC (prelimbic, ventral orbital, ventrolateral orbital, dorsolateral orbital) and their projections studied. We found clear evidence for organized input projections from the motor and somatosensory cortices to the PFC, with distinct areas of motor and cingulate cortex projecting in an ordered arrangement to the subdivisions of PFC. As injection location of retrograde tracer was moved from medial to lateral in PFC, we observed an ordered arrangement of projections occurring in sensory-motor cortex. There was a significant effect of retrograde injection location on the position of labelled cells occurring in sensory-motor cortex (dorsoventral, anterior-posterior and mediolateral axes p < 0.001). The arrangement of output projections from PFC also displayed a significant ordered projection to sensory-motor cortex (dorsoventral p < 0.001, anterior-posterior p = 0.002 and mediolateral axes p < 0.001). Statistical analysis also showed that the locations of input and output labels vary with respect to one another (in the dorsal-ventral and medial-lateral axes, p < 0.001). Taken together, the findings show that regions of PFC display an ordered arrangement of connections with sensory-motor cortex, with clear laminar organization of input connections. These results also show that input and output connections to PFC are not located in exactly the same sites and reveal a circuit between sensory-motor and PFC.
BibTeX: @article{Bedwell:2014a, author = {Bedwell, Stacey A. and Billett, E. Ellen and Crofts, Jonathan J. and Tinsley, Chris J.}, title = {The topology of connections between rat prefrontal, motor and sensory cortices.}, journal = {Frontiers in systems neuroscience}, year = {2014}, volume = {8}, pages = {177}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00177} }
Bedwell, S.A., Billett, E.E., Crofts, J.J. and Tinsley, C.J.	Differences in anatomical connections across distinct areas in the rodent prefrontal cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2017	The European journal of neuroscience Vol. 45, pp. 859-873	article	DOI
Abstract: Prefrontal cortex (PFC) network structure is implicated in a number of complex higher-order functions and with a range of neurological disorders. It is therefore vital to our understanding of PFC function to gain an understanding of its underlying anatomical connectivity. Here, we injected Fluoro-Gold and Fluoro-Ruby into the same sites throughout rat PFC. Tracer injections were applied to two coronal levels within the PFC (anterior +4.7 mm to bregma and posterior +3.7 mm to bregma). Within each coronal level, tracers were deposited at sites separated by approximately 1 mm and located parallel to the medial and orbital surface of the cortex. We found that both Fluoro-Gold and Fluoro-Ruby injections produced prominent labelling in temporal and sensory-motor cortex. Fluoro-Gold produced retrograde labelling and Fluoro-Ruby largely produced anterograde labelling. Analysis of the location of these connections within temporal and sensory-motor cortex revealed a consistent topology (as the sequence of injections was followed mediolaterally along the orbital surface of each coronal level). At the anterior coronal level, injections produced a similar topology to that seen in central PFC in earlier studies from our laboratory (i.e. comparing equivalently located injections employing the same tracer), this was particularly prominent within temporal cortex. However, at the posterior coronal level this pattern of connections differed significantly, revealing higher levels of reciprocity, in both temporal cortex and sensory-motor cortex. Our findings indicate changes in the relative organization of connections arising from posterior in comparison to anterior regions of PFC, which may provide a basis to determine how complex processes are organized.
BibTeX: @article{Bedwell:2017, author = {Bedwell, Stacey A and Billett, E Ellen and Crofts, Jonathan J and Tinsley, Chris J}, title = {Differences in anatomical connections across distinct areas in the rodent prefrontal cortex.}, journal = {The European journal of neuroscience}, year = {2017}, volume = {45}, pages = {859--873}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13521} }
Beebe, D., Latker, C., Jebens, H., Johnson, M., Feagans, D. and Feinberg, R.	Transport and steady-state concentration of plasma proteins in the vitreous humor of the chicken embryo: Implications for the mechanism of eye growth during early development [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Developmental Biology Vol. 114(2), pp. 361-368	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The nature and origin of the proteins of the vitreous humor were examined in chickens during embryonic and early posthatching stages. The major proteins of the vitreous humor were similar in electrophoretic mobility to plasma proteins at all ages examined. Earlier studies from our laboratory and experiments described below showed that plasma proteins continuously entered and left the eye throughout its development. From these data it was concluded that the majority of vitreous-humor proteins were derived from the blood. The protein concentration of the vitreous humor was 13% of that of the plasma from embryonic Days 6 through 15 (E6 through E15). After E15, the relative protein concentration in the vitreous humor declined with respect to the plasma and reached 4% of the plasma protein concentration at hatching. Several possibilities were considered to account for how proteins can rapidly enter and leave the eye, yet maintain a steady-state concentration in the vitreous humor that is less than one- seventh of that in the blood. © 1986.
BibTeX: @article{Beebe:1986, author = {Beebe, D.C. and Latker, C.H. and Jebens, H.A.H. and Johnson, M.C. and Feagans, D.E. and Feinberg, R.N.}, title = {Transport and steady-state concentration of plasma proteins in the vitreous humor of the chicken embryo: Implications for the mechanism of eye growth during early development}, journal = {Developmental Biology}, year = {1986}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, pages = {361-368}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022572499&partnerID=40&md5=82e44838164671fb9360e9ce3002916b}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(86)90200-9} }
Beech, P., Pagh-Roehl, K., Noda, Y., Hirokawa, N., Burnside, B. and Rosenbaum, J.	Localization of kinesin superfamily proteins to the connecting cilium of fish photoreceptors [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Journal of Cell Science Vol. 109(4), pp. 889-897	article	URL
Abstract: Kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) are probable motors in vesicular and non-vesicular transport along microtubular tracks. Since a variety of KIFs have been recently identified in the motile flagella of Chlamydomonas, we sought to ascertain whether KIFs are also associated with the connecting cilia of vertebrate rod photoreceptors. As the only structural link between the rod inner segment and the photosensitive rod outer segment, the connecting cilium is thought to be the channel through which all material passes into and out of the outer segment from the rod cell body. We have performed immunological tests on isolated sunfish rod inner-outer segments (RIS-ROS) using two antibodies that recognize the conserved motor domain of numerous KIFs (anti-LAGSE, a peptide antibody, and anti-Klp1 head, generated against the N terminus of Chlamydomonas Klp1) as well as an antibody specific to a neuronal KIF, KIF3A. On immunoblots of RIS-ROS, LAGSE antibody detected a prominent band at 117 kDa, which is likely to be kinesin heavy chain, and Klp1 head antibody detected a single band at 170 kDa; KIF3A antibody detected a polypeptide at 85 kDa which co-migrated with mammalian KIF3A and displayed ATP-dependent release from rod cytoskeletons. Immunofluorescence localizations with anti-LAGSE and anti-Klp1 head antibodies detected epitopes in the axoneme and ellipsoid, and immunoelectron microscopy with the LAGSE antibody showed that the connecting cilium region was particularly antigenic. Immunofluorescence with anti-KIF3A showed prominent labelling of the connecting cilium and the area surrounding its basal body; the outer segment axoneme and parts of the inner segment coincident with microtubules were also labelled. We propose that these putative kinesin superfamily proteins may be involved in the translocation of material between the rod inner and outer segments.
BibTeX: @article{Beech:1996, author = {Beech, P.L. and Pagh-Roehl, K. and Noda, Y. and Hirokawa, N. and Burnside, B. and Rosenbaum, J.L.}, title = {Localization of kinesin superfamily proteins to the connecting cilium of fish photoreceptors}, journal = {Journal of Cell Science}, year = {1996}, volume = {109}, number = {4}, pages = {889-897}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029935169&partnerID=40&md5=bee9f17d57e650792296739a56afbd1f} }
Beed, P., Gundlfinger, A., Schneiderbauer, S., Song, J., Böhm, C., Burgalossi, A., Brecht, M., Vida, I. and Schmitz, D.	Inhibitory gradient along the dorsoventral axis in the medial entorhinal cortex. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Neuron Vol. 79(6), pp. 1197-1207School: Neurowissenschaftliches Forschungszentrum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Local inhibitory microcircuits in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) and their role in network activity are little investigated. Using a combination of electrophysiological, optical, and morphological circuit analysis tools, we find that layer II stellate cells are embedded in a dense local inhibitory microcircuit. Specifically, we report a gradient of inhibitory inputs along the dorsoventral axis of the MEC, with the majority of this local inhibition arising from parvalbumin positive (PV+) interneurons. Finally, the gradient of PV+ fibers is accompanied by a gradient in the power of extracellular network oscillations in the gamma range, measured both in vitro and in vivo. The reported differences in the inhibitory microcircuitry in layer II of the MEC may therefore have a profound functional impact on the computational working principles at different locations of the entorhinal network and influence the input pathways to the hippocampus.
BibTeX: @article{Beed:2013, author = {Beed, Prateep and Gundlfinger, Anja and Schneiderbauer, Sophie and Song, Jie and Böhm, Claudia and Burgalossi, Andrea and Brecht, Michael and Vida, Imre and Schmitz, Dietmar}, title = {Inhibitory gradient along the dorsoventral axis in the medial entorhinal cortex.}, journal = {Neuron}, school = {Neurowissenschaftliches Forschungszentrum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.}, year = {2013}, volume = {79}, number = {6}, pages = {1197--1207}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.038}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.038} }
van Beek, A., Glover, J. and Zook, E.	Primary versus delayed-primary neurorrhaphy in rat sciatic nerve [BibTeX]	1975	Journal of Surgical Research Vol. 18(3), pp. 335-339	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{Beek:1975, author = {van Beek, A. and Glover, J.L. and Zook, E.}, title = {Primary versus delayed-primary neurorrhaphy in rat sciatic nerve}, journal = {Journal of Surgical Research}, year = {1975}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {335-339}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0016749610&partnerID=40&md5=36bbd9035a3d8ce7a6251b22b4e59289}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4804(75)90161-4} }
der Beek, E.M.V., Horvath, T.L., Wiegant, V.M., den Hurk, R.V. and Buijs, R.M.	Evidence for a direct neuronal pathway from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone system: combined tracing and light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical studies. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	J Comp Neurol Vol. 384(4), pp. 569-579School: Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. eline.vanderbeek@alg.fmd.wau.nl	article	DOI
Abstract: The timing and occurrence of the preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in the female rodent are critically dependent on the integrity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Destruction of the SCN leads to a cessation of the ovarian cycle, whereas implantation of estrogen in ovariectomized rats results in daily LH surges. The anatomical substrate for these effects is not known. Previous studies involving lesions of the SCN have suggested the presence of a direct vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-containing pathway to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. To further investigate the direct connection between the SCN and the GnRH system, we have used tract-tracing with the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PhaL) in combination with an immunocytochemical staining for GnRH in light and electron microscopic studies. Small, unilateral PhaL deposits, especially when they were placed in the rostral ventrolateral portion of the SCN, revealed a bilateral projection to the preoptic area, where PhaL-immunoreactive fibers were regularly found in close apposition to GnRH neurons. Ultrastructural studies showed synaptic interaction of PhaL-containing fibers with GnRH-immunoreactive (IR) cell bodies, thus demonstrating a direct SCN-GnRH connection. Taken together, these data provide evidence for the existence of a monosynaptic pathway from the SCN to the GnRH system in the hypothalamus of the female rat. We suggest that this pathway may contain at least VIP as a putative transmitter and may play a role in the circadian regulation of the estrous cycle in the female rat.
BibTeX: @article{Beek:1997, author = {E. M. Van der Beek and T. L. Horvath and V. M. Wiegant and R. Van den Hurk and R. M. Buijs}, title = {Evidence for a direct neuronal pathway from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone system: combined tracing and light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical studies.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. eline.vanderbeek@alg.fmd.wau.nl}, year = {1997}, volume = {384}, number = {4}, pages = {569--579}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970811)384:4%3C569::aid-cne6%3E3.0.co;2-0} }
Begbie, J., Doherty, P. and Graham, A.	Cannabinoid receptor, CB1, expression follows neuronal differentiation in the early chick embryo [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Journal of Anatomy Vol. 205(3), pp. 213-218	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The role of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor and endocannabinoid signalling has been widely studied in the adult nervous system. However, an emerging body of evidence suggests that the CB1 receptor may also play a role during development. Here we have scrutinized the expression profile of the CB1 receptor from the onset of neurogenesis in the chick embryo. We find that this gene exhibits a dynamic expression pattern that spatially and temporally follows neuronal differentiation in the early embryo. © Anatomical Society of Great Briatain and Ireland 2004.
BibTeX: @article{Begbie:2004, author = {Begbie, J. and Doherty, P. and Graham, A.}, title = {Cannabinoid receptor, CB1, expression follows neuronal differentiation in the early chick embryo}, journal = {Journal of Anatomy}, year = {2004}, volume = {205}, number = {3}, pages = {213-218}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-5044248423&partnerID=40&md5=561eaff479c2bd1cc033ecbab68c7f30}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00325.x} }
Beggs, J.M., Moyer Jr, J., McGann, J.P. and Brown, T.H.	Prolonged synaptic integration in perirhinal cortical neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	J Neurophysiol Vol. 83(6), pp. 3294-3298School: Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.	article
Abstract: Layer II/III of rat perirhinal cortex (PR) contains numerous late-spiking (LS) pyramidal neurons. When injected with a depolarizing current step, these LS cells typically delay spiking for one or more seconds from the onset of the current step and then sustain firing for the duration of the step. This pattern of delayed and sustained firing suggested a specific computational role for LS cells in temporal learning. This hypothesis predicts and requires that some layer II/III neurons should also exhibit delayed and sustained spiking in response to a train of excitatory synaptic inputs. Here we tested this prediction using visually guided, whole cell recordings from rat PR brain slices. Most LS cells (19 of 26) exhibited delayed spiking to synaptic stimulation (>1 s latency from the train onset), and the majority of these cells (13 of 19) also showed sustained firing that persisted for the duration of the synaptic train (5-10 s duration). Delayed and sustained firing in response to long synaptic trains has not been previously reported in vertebrate neurons. The data are consistent with our model that a circuit containing late spiking neurons can be used for encoding long time intervals during associative learning.
BibTeX: @article{Beggs:2000, author = {Beggs, J. M. and Moyer, Jr, JR and McGann, J. P. and Brown, T. H.}, title = {Prolonged synaptic integration in perirhinal cortical neurons.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, school = {Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.}, year = {2000}, volume = {83}, number = {6}, pages = {3294--3298}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.} }
Beggs, S., Liu, X.J., Kwan, C. and Salter, M.W.	Peripheral nerve injury and TRPV1-expressing primary afferent C-fibers cause opening of the blood-brain barrier. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Mol Pain Vol. 6, pp. 74School: Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, and University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, Toronto, ON, Canada.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays the crucial role of limiting exposure of the central nervous system (CNS) to damaging molecules and cells. Dysfunction of the BBB is critical in a broad range of CNS disorders including neurodegeneration, inflammatory or traumatic injury to the CNS, and stroke. In peripheral tissues, the vascular-tissue permeability is normally greater than BBB permeability, but vascular leakage can be induced by efferent discharge activity in primary sensory neurons leading to plasma extravasation into the extravascular space. Whether discharge activity of sensory afferents entering the CNS may open the BBB or blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) remains an open question.Here we show that peripheral nerve injury (PNI) produced by either sciatic nerve constriction or transecting two of its main branches causes an increase in BSCB permeability, as assessed by using Evans Blue dye or horseradish peroxidase. The increase in BSCB permeability was not observed 6 hours after the PNI but was apparent 24 hours after the injury. The increase in BSCB permeability was transient, peaking about 24-48 hrs after PNI with BSCB integrity returning to normal levels by 7 days. The increase in BSCB permeability was prevented by administering the local anaesthetic lidocaine at the site of the nerve injury. BSCB permeability was also increased 24 hours after electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve at intensity sufficient to activate C-fibers, but not when A-fibers only were activated. Likewise, BSCB permeability increased following application of capsaicin to the nerve. The increase in permeability caused by C-fiber stimulation or by PNI was not anatomically limited to the site of central termination of primary afferents from the sciatic nerve in the lumbar cord, but rather extended throughout the spinal cord and into the brain.We have discovered that injury to a peripheral nerve and electrical stimulation of C-fibers each cause an increase in the permeability of the BSCB and the BBB. The increase in permeability is delayed in onset, peaks at about 24 hours and is dependent upon action potential propagation. As the increase is mimicked by applying capsaicin to the nerve, the most parsimonious explanation for our findings is that the increase in permeability is mediated by activation of TRPV1-expressing primary sensory neurons. Our findings may be relevant to the development of pain and neuroplastic changes in the CNS following nerve injury. In addition, our findings may provide the basis for developing methods to purposefully open the BBB when needed to increase brain penetration of therapeutic agents that might normally be excluded by an intact BBB.
BibTeX: @article{Beggs:2010, author = {Beggs, Simon and Liu, Xue Jun and Kwan, Chun and Salter, Michael W}, title = {Peripheral nerve injury and TRPV1-expressing primary afferent C-fibers cause opening of the blood-brain barrier.}, journal = {Mol Pain}, school = {Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, and University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, Toronto, ON, Canada.}, year = {2010}, volume = {6}, pages = {74}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-8069-6-74}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8069-6-74} }
Behan, M. and Haberly, L.B.	Intrinsic and efferent connections of the endopiriform nucleus in rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	J Comp Neurol Vol. 408(4), pp. 532-548School: Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA. behanm@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu	article	DOI
Abstract: The endopiriform nucleus is a large group of multipolar cells located deep to the piriform cortex. The function of this nucleus is unknown, but studies with animal models suggest that it plays an important role in temporal lobe epileptogenesis. To address questions concerning mechanisms of epileptogenesis and to gain insights into its normal function, efferent axons from the endopiriform nucleus were labeled by anterograde transport from small extracellular injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. Several principles of organization were derived: (1) heavy local and long intrinsic connections are present throughout the endopiriform nucleus; (2) endopiriform efferents target cortical rather than nuclear structures; (3) extensive projections from the endopiriform nucleus extend to most basal forebrain areas including the piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, insular cortex, orbital cortex, and all cortical amygdaloid areas. The perirhinal cortex, olfactory tubercle, and most subdivisions of the hippocampal formation receive light projections; (4) projections are highly distributed spatially within all target areas; (5) efferent axons from the endopiriform nucleus are unmyelinated and give rise to boutons along their entire course rather than arborizing locally; and (6) the endopiriform nucleus and piriform cortex share target areas, but efferents from the endopiriform nucleus lack the precise laminar order of those from the piriform cortex, and provide a heavy caudal to rostral pathway that is lacking in the cortex. The significance of these findings for the triggering of generalized seizures from the deep piriform region are discussed. An hypothesis for a role of the endopiriform nucleus in memory storage is presented.
BibTeX: @article{Behan:1999, author = {M. Behan and L. B. Haberly}, title = {Intrinsic and efferent connections of the endopiriform nucleus in rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA. behanm@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu}, year = {1999}, volume = {408}, number = {4}, pages = {532--548}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990614)408:4%3C532::aid-cne7%3E3.0.co;2-s} }
Behan, M. and Haberly, L.B.	Intrinsic and efferent connections of the endopiriform nucleus in rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 408, pp. 532-548	article	DOI
Abstract: The endopiriform nucleus is a large group of multipolar cells located deep to the piriform cortex. The function of this nucleus is unknown, but studies with animal models suggest that it plays an important role in temporal lobe epileptogenesis. To address questions concerning mechanisms of epileptogenesis and to gain insights into its normal function, efferent axons from the endopiriform nucleus were labeled by anterograde transport from small extracellular injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. Several principles of organization were derived: (1) heavy local and long intrinsic connections are present throughout the endopiriform nucleus; (2) endopiriform efferents target cortical rather than nuclear structures; (3) extensive projections from the endopiriform nucleus extend to most basal forebrain areas including the piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, insular cortex, orbital cortex, and all cortical amygdaloid areas. The perirhinal cortex, olfactory tubercle, and most subdivisions of the hippocampal formation receive light projections; (4) projections are highly distributed spatially within all target areas; (5) efferent axons from the endopiriform nucleus are unmyelinated and give rise to boutons along their entire course rather than arborizing locally; and (6) the endopiriform nucleus and piriform cortex share target areas, but efferents from the endopiriform nucleus lack the precise laminar order of those from the piriform cortex, and provide a heavy caudal to rostral pathway that is lacking in the cortex. The significance of these findings for the triggering of generalized seizures from the deep piriform region are discussed. An hypothesis for a role of the endopiriform nucleus in memory storage is presented.
BibTeX: @article{Behan:1999a, author = {Behan, M and Haberly, L B}, title = {Intrinsic and efferent connections of the endopiriform nucleus in rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1999}, volume = {408}, pages = {532--548}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990614)408:4%3C532::aid-cne7%3E3.3.co;2-j} }
Behbehani, M., Park, M. and Clement, M.	Interactions between the lateral hypothalamus and the periaqueductal gray [BibTeX]	1988	J Neurosci Vol. 8, pp. 2780-2787	article	URL
BibTeX: @article{Behbehani:1988, author = {Behbehani, M.M. and Park, M.R. and Clement, M.E.}, title = {Interactions between the lateral hypothalamus and the periaqueductal gray}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1988}, volume = {8}, pages = {2780-2787}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/8/8/2780.long} }
Behbehani, M.M. and Da Costa Gomez, T.M.	Properties of a projection pathway from the medial preoptic nucleus to the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat and its role in the regulation of cardiovascular function. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Brain Res Vol. 740(1-2), pp. 141-150School: Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA.	article	DOI
Abstract: In this study we examined (1) the effect of stimulation of the MPO on the firing activity of neurons in the PAG, (2) the role of glutamic acid in this interaction and, (3) whether reversible blockade of neuronal activity in the PAG by lidocaine can alter the effect of stimulation of the MPO on arterial blood pressure. Single pulse stimulation of the MPO produced a biphasic response in 2/32 cells and inhibited 3/32 cells. Train electrical stimulation excited 21/54 cells and inhibited 12/54 cells. The latencies to the onset of the excitatory and the inhibitory effects were not different, but the duration of the excitatory effect was slightly longer than that of the inhibitory effect. Chemical stimulation of the MPO excited 17/97 cells and inhibited 16/97 cells. The latency to onset of the excitatory response to stimulation of the MPO was longer but the duration was shorter than that of the inhibitory response. In 83% of the animals (29/35), stimulation of the MPO produced a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP). The duration of the response was 196.9 +/- 20.9 s and the average decrease in the MAP was 18.2 +/- 1.4 mmHg. Application of KYN blocked the excitatory response to stimulation of the MPO in 8/16 cells and the inhibitory response of 3/10 cells. Injection of lidocaine into the PAG by itself had no effect on the arterial blood pressure. However, in all animals (n = 10) lidocaine totally or significantly reduced the magnitude of the blood pressure change produced by stimulation of the MPO in a reversible manner. These studies electrophysiologically confirm a pathway between the MPO and the PAG that is, in part, under glutamatergic control. In addition, our results demonstrate that stimulation of the MPO produces a distinctive depressor effect that is mediated through the PAG.
BibTeX: @article{Behbehani:1996, author = {Behbehani, M. M. and Da Costa Gomez, T. M.}, title = {Properties of a projection pathway from the medial preoptic nucleus to the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat and its role in the regulation of cardiovascular function.}, journal = {Brain Res}, school = {Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA.}, year = {1996}, volume = {740}, number = {1-2}, pages = {141--150}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(96)00858-x} }
Beher, D., Fricker, M., Nadin, A., Clarke E., E., Wrigley, J., Li, Y.-M., Culvenor, J., Masters, C., Harrison, T. and Shearman, M.	In vitro characterization of the presenilin-dependent γ-secretase complex using a novel affinity ligand [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Biochemistry Vol. 42(27), pp. 8133-8142	article	DOI URL
Abstract: γ-Secretase is the enzyme activity releasing the amyloid-β peptide from membrane-bound processing intermediates derived from the β-amyloid precursor protein. Cellular release and subsequent aggregation of the amyloid-β peptide is thought to be causative for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. γ-Secretase performs an unusual intramembranous cleavage and has been closely linked to a macromolecular complex containing presenilins. To generate a molecular probe for γ-secretase, we have developed a novel biotinylated affinity ligand which is based on a specific inhibitor containing a hydroxyethylene dipeptide isostere, known to serve as a transition state analogue for aspartic proteinases. Using this probe we confirmed the presence of the presenilin heterodimer and mature nicastrin in the active enzyme complex and, furthermore, that substrate binding site(s) and active center(s) are spatially separated. Affinity precipitations suggest that only a discrete fraction of cellular presenilin is present in the active γ-secretase complex and that both γ(40)- and γ(42)-activities are mediated by the same molecular entity. This was also reflected by a co-distribution of both enzyme activities in subcellular fractions enriched for trans-Golgi network membranes.
BibTeX: @article{Beher:2003, author = {Beher, D. and Fricker, M. and Nadin, A. and Clarke E., E.E. and Wrigley, J.D.J. and Li, Y.-M. and Culvenor, J.G. and Masters, C.L. and Harrison, T. and Shearman, M.S.}, title = {In vitro characterization of the presenilin-dependent γ-secretase complex using a novel affinity ligand}, journal = {Biochemistry}, year = {2003}, volume = {42}, number = {27}, pages = {8133-8142}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0038503396&partnerID=40&md5=c6d3a1c8990b571c3355a2725c5b1d22}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/bi034045z} }
Behn, C.G.D. and Booth, V.	Simulating microinjection experiments in a novel model of the rat sleep-wake regulatory network [BibTeX]	2010	J Neurophysiol Vol. 103(4), pp. 1937-1953	article	URL
BibTeX: @article{Behn:2010, author = {Behn, Cecilia G Diniz and Booth, Victoria}, title = {Simulating microinjection experiments in a novel model of the rat sleep-wake regulatory network}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, publisher = {Am Physiological Soc}, year = {2010}, volume = {103}, number = {4}, pages = {1937--1953}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://jn.physiology.org/content/103/4/1937.full-text.pdf+html} }
Behnia, A., Zhang, L., Charles, M. and Gold, M.	Changes in TrkB-like immunoreactivity in rat trigeminal ganglion after tooth injury [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Journal of Endodontics Vol. 29(2), pp. 135-140	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to characterize the impact of tooth injury on the distribution of tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) among trigeminal ganglion neurons and assess the time course for tooth injury-induced TrkB distribution changes. In addition, we sought to further characterize the subpopulation of the afferents expressing TrkB receptors. Fifteen adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Pulpal inflammation was induced and ganglia were subsequently harvested and processed at different time points. Standard immunohistochemical fluorescence techniques were used to visualize TrkB-like immunoreactivity and isolectin B 4 binding. Results indicate that full-length TrkB receptors are present in 36.6% of trigeminal ganglion neurons. This percentage decreases for the first 48 h and then increases to 41% by 7 days after tooth injury. Finally, TrkB appears to be present in a large percentage (54%) of isolectin B 4 + neurons, suggesting that it is present in nociceptive afferents. These data highlight the fact that even mild injury results in sustained changes in nociceptive circuitry and raise the possibility that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB system may contribute to persistent pain after tooth repair. Copyright © 2003 by The American Association of Endodontists.
BibTeX: @article{Behnia:2003, author = {Behnia, A. and Zhang, L. and Charles, M. and Gold, M.S.}, title = {Changes in TrkB-like immunoreactivity in rat trigeminal ganglion after tooth injury}, journal = {Journal of Endodontics}, year = {2003}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {135-140}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0038147279&partnerID=40&md5=6ad1808560226605d7e1dfa71aedbc36}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200302000-00012} }
Behr, J., Empson, R., Schmitz, D., Gloveli, T. and Heinemann, U.	Electrophysiological properties of rat subicular neurons in vitro [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 220(1), pp. 41-44	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The electrophysiological properties of 46 bursting cells and 39 regular firing cells were studied in the subiculum of rat combined hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slices. In bursting cells we found a significantly higher resting membrane potential than in regular firing cells. Upon hyperpolarization both cell types expressed a delayed inward rectification with a subsequent afterdepolarization. While in regular firing cells longer lasting depolarizing current injection caused a train of action potentials with a rather marked decline of discharge frequency, bursting cells displayed only little frequency accommodation. Regular firing cells usually displayed a fast and a slow afterhyperpolarization following a train of action potentials, while bursting neurons present only a slow afterhyperpolarization.
BibTeX: @article{Behr:1996, author = {Behr, J. and Empson, R.M. and Schmitz, D. and Gloveli, T. and Heinemann, U.}, title = {Electrophysiological properties of rat subicular neurons in vitro}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1996}, volume = {220}, number = {1}, pages = {41-44}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030573014&partnerID=40&md5=086c77753adc495e466f5ff120835600}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(96)13242-0} }
Behr, J., Empson, R., Schmitz, D., Gloveli, T. and Heinemann, U.	Effects of serotonin on synaptic and intrinsic properties of rat subicular neurons in vitro [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Brain Research Vol. 773(1-2), pp. 217-222	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Intracellular recordings were performed to study the effects of 5-HT on membrane properties and EPSP/IPSP responses of subicular neurons in rat combined hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slices. Application of 5-HT induced in 76% of the investigated subicular cells a hyperpolarization and a reduction of membrane resistance. In bursting neurons, 5-HT caused a reduction of the depolarizing envelope underlying burst discharges and attenuated the subsequent afterhyperpolarization. While 5-HT decreased isolated AMPA/kainate and NMDA receptor-mediated responses as well as slow IPSPs, we could not find a consistent effect on isolated fast IPSPs. Since in ≃ 25% of subicular neurons EPSPs and slow IPSPs were reduced without any increase of membrane conductance, we conclude that 5-HT has in addition to membrane effects also effects on synaptic currents.
BibTeX: @article{Behr:1997, author = {Behr, J. and Empson, R.M. and Schmitz, D. and Gloveli, T. and Heinemann, U.}, title = {Effects of serotonin on synaptic and intrinsic properties of rat subicular neurons in vitro}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {1997}, volume = {773}, number = {1-2}, pages = {217-222}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030722686&partnerID=40&md5=d435ae1f387598f1fe7c2604dbd3ebbf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00939-6} }
Behr, J., Gloveli, T. and Heinemann, U.	Kindling induces a transient suppression of afterhyperpolarization in rat subicular neurons [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Brain Research Vol. 867(1-2), pp. 259-264	article	DOI URL
Abstract: To determine whether chronic epilepsy induces persistent cellular changes in subicular neurons intracellular recordings were used to compare membrane properties of control and kindled rats. In both, control and kindled preparations the subiculum contained regular firing cells and an extensive sub-population of bursting cells expressing amplifying membrane characteristics. Subicular cells showed a transient depression of the fast and slow AHP in the course of kindling that may contribute to the induction but not permanence of the kindled state. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Behr:2000, author = {Behr, J. and Gloveli, T. and Heinemann, U.}, title = {Kindling induces a transient suppression of afterhyperpolarization in rat subicular neurons}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2000}, volume = {867}, number = {1-2}, pages = {259-264}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034625479&partnerID=40&md5=6ca526022d3882d72b3456daa68be554}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02324-6} }
Behr, J., Gloveli, T., Schmitz, D. and Heinemann, U.	Dopamine depresses polysynaptic inhibition in rat subicular neurons [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Brain Research Vol. 861(1), pp. 160-164	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Schizophrenia is considered to be associated with a hyperfunction of the dopaminergic system and with abnormalities in hippocampal information processing. To clarify whether an enhanced dopaminergic activity alters the hippocampal output, the effect of dopamine (DA) on inhibitory postsynaptic responses (IPSPs) in subicular neurons was examined. DA (200 μM) induced a small and inconsistent hyperpolarization that was accompanied by a reduction of membrane resistance. DA decreased polysynaptic IPSPs which was paralleled by a depression of isolated AMPA/kainate and NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic responses (EPSPs). In contrast, DA had no effect on isolated monosynaptic GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptor-mediated IPSP/Cs. We conclude that in addition to membrane effects, DA decreases polysynaptic IPSPs by attenuating the glutamatergic drive onto subicular interneurons. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
BibTeX: @article{Behr:2000a, author = {Behr, J. and Gloveli, T. and Schmitz, D. and Heinemann, U.}, title = {Dopamine depresses polysynaptic inhibition in rat subicular neurons}, journal = {Brain Research}, year = {2000}, volume = {861}, number = {1}, pages = {160-164}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034615873&partnerID=40&md5=08734e9b9286d22ecc69351838339f14}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02003-5} }
Behrends, S., Kempfert, J., Mietens, A., Koglin, M., Scholz, H. and Middendorff, R.	Developmental changes of nitric oxide-sensitive guanylyl cyclase expression in pulmonary arteries [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications Vol. 283(4), pp. 883-887	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) is known to influence the contractile state of pulmonary arteries most likely by activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) in smooth muscle cells. However, the cellular distribution of sGC has not been determined empirically, due to a lack of specific antibodies. Here, we describe a novel antibody directed against the β1 subunit of sGC to study the cellular distribution of sGC in lung during development. Using the novel antibody, the enzyme was demonstrated in fetal, neonatal, and adult lungs by Western blot, showing maximum expression in neonatal lung. These data were confirmed by measurements of sGC activity. In pulmonary arteries of fetal lung sGC-β1 immunoreactivity was present in smooth muscle cells and absent in endothelial cells. With postnatal development an increase in immunoreactivity in endothelial cells and a reciprocal decrease in smooth muscle cells was apparent. The reported changes in sGC expression likely contribute to the known age- dependent differences in response to inhaled NO. © 2001 Academic Press.
BibTeX: @article{Behrends:2001, author = {Behrends, S. and Kempfert, J. and Mietens, A. and Koglin, M. and Scholz, H. and Middendorff, R.}, title = {Developmental changes of nitric oxide-sensitive guanylyl cyclase expression in pulmonary arteries}, journal = {Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications}, year = {2001}, volume = {283}, number = {4}, pages = {883-887}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034811075&partnerID=40&md5=32e6ec7af22d29c147332e3afa370a62}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2001.4869} }
Behzadi, G., Kalén, P., Parvopassu, F. and Wiklund, L.	Afferents to the median raphe nucleus of the rat: retrograde cholera toxin and wheat germ conjugated horseradish peroxidase tracing, and selective D-[3H]aspartate labelling of possible excitatory amino acid inputs. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Neuroscience Vol. 37(1), pp. 77-100School: Equipe de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle, Laboratoire de Physiologie Nerveuse, C.N.R.S., Gif-sur-Yvette, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: Afferents to the median-paramedian raphe nuclear complex, which contains the B8 serotonergic cell group, were investigated in the rat with neuroanatomical and transmitter-selective retrograde labelling techniques. Injection of sensitive retrograde tracers, cholera toxin genoid or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase into the median raphe resulted in labelling of neurons in a large number of brain regions. Projections from 26 of these regions are supported by available orthograde tracing data; the cingulate cortex, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, medial septum and diagonal band of Broca, ventral pallidum, medial and lateral preoptic areas, lateral hypothalamus, dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus, lateral habenula, interpeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, central (periaqueductal) gray, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus seem to represent major sources of afferents to the median-paramedian raphe complex. Retrogradely labelled cells were also observed in a number of regions for which anterograde tracing data are not available, including the perifornical hypothalamic nucleus, ventral premammillary nucleus, supramammillary and submammillothalamic nuclei and the B9 area. Possible excitatory amino acid afferents were identified with retrograde D-[3H]aspartate labelling. Microinjection of D-[3H]aspartate at a low concentration, 10(-4) M in 50 nl, resulted in retrograde labelling of a limited number of median raphe afferents. The most prominent labelling was observed in the lateral habenula and the interpeduncular nucleus, but retrogradely labelled cells were also noted in the medial and lateral preoptic areas, lateral and dorsal hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, medial parabrachial nucleus, and the pontine tegmentum. After injections of 10(-3) M D-[3H]aspartate selective labelling also appeared in more distant afferent regions, including cells in cingulate cortex, and in some regions located at shorter distances, such as the supramammillary nucleus. Injections of D-[3H]aspartate at high concentration, 10(-2) M, resulted in the appearance of weakly to moderately labelled cells in most afferent areas which were devoid of labelled cells after injections of lower concentrations, suggesting that this labelling may be non-specific. It was concluded that the median-paramedian raphe receives afferents from a large number of forebrain and hypothalamic regions, while relatively few brain stem regions project to this nuclear complex. The selectivity of retrograde labelling with D-[3H]aspartate was found to be concentration dependent, and it is suggested that the connections showing high affinity for D-[3H]aspartate may use excitatory amino acids as transmitters. Excitatory amino acid inputs from lateral habenula and interpeduncular nucleus may play predominant roles in the control of ascending serotonergic and non-serotonergic projections originating in the median and paramedian raphe nuclei.
BibTeX: @article{Behzadi:1990, author = {G. Behzadi and P. Kalén and F. Parvopassu and L. Wiklund}, title = {Afferents to the median raphe nucleus of the rat: retrograde cholera toxin and wheat germ conjugated horseradish peroxidase tracing, and selective D-[3H]aspartate labelling of possible excitatory amino acid inputs.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Equipe de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle, Laboratoire de Physiologie Nerveuse, C.N.R.S., Gif-sur-Yvette, France.}, year = {1990}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {77--100}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(90)90194-9} }
Behzadi, G., Kalén, P., Parvopassu, F. and Wiklund, L.	Afferents to the median raphe nucleus of the rat: retrograde cholera toxin and wheat germ conjugated horseradish peroxidase tracing, and selective D-[3H]aspartate labelling of possible excitatory amino acid inputs. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	Neuroscience Vol. 37(1), pp. 77-100School: Equipe de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle, Laboratoire de Physiologie Nerveuse, C.N.R.S., Gif-sur-Yvette, France.	article	DOI
Abstract: Afferents to the median-paramedian raphe nuclear complex, which contains the B8 serotonergic cell group, were investigated in the rat with neuroanatomical and transmitter-selective retrograde labelling techniques. Injection of sensitive retrograde tracers, cholera toxin genoid or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase into the median raphe resulted in labelling of neurons in a large number of brain regions. Projections from 26 of these regions are supported by available orthograde tracing data; the cingulate cortex, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, medial septum and diagonal band of Broca, ventral pallidum, medial and lateral preoptic areas, lateral hypothalamus, dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus, lateral habenula, interpeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, central (periaqueductal) gray, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus seem to represent major sources of afferents to the median-paramedian raphe complex. Retrogradely labelled cells were also observed in a number of regions for which anterograde tracing data are not available, including the perifornical hypothalamic nucleus, ventral premammillary nucleus, supramammillary and submammillothalamic nuclei and the B9 area. Possible excitatory amino acid afferents were identified with retrograde D-[3H]aspartate labelling. Microinjection of D-[3H]aspartate at a low concentration, 10(-4) M in 50 nl, resulted in retrograde labelling of a limited number of median raphe afferents. The most prominent labelling was observed in the lateral habenula and the interpeduncular nucleus, but retrogradely labelled cells were also noted in the medial and lateral preoptic areas, lateral and dorsal hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, medial parabrachial nucleus, and the pontine tegmentum. After injections of 10(-3) M D-[3H]aspartate selective labelling also appeared in more distant afferent regions, including cells in cingulate cortex, and in some regions located at shorter distances, such as the supramammillary nucleus. Injections of D-[3H]aspartate at high concentration, 10(-2) M, resulted in the appearance of weakly to moderately labelled cells in most afferent areas which were devoid of labelled cells after injections of lower concentrations, suggesting that this labelling may be non-specific. It was concluded that the median-paramedian raphe receives afferents from a large number of forebrain and hypothalamic regions, while relatively few brain stem regions project to this nuclear complex. The selectivity of retrograde labelling with D-[3H]aspartate was found to be concentration dependent, and it is suggested that the connections showing high affinity for D-[3H]aspartate may use excitatory amino acids as transmitters. Excitatory amino acid inputs from lateral habenula and interpeduncular nucleus may play predominant roles in the control of ascending serotonergic and non-serotonergic projections originating in the median and paramedian raphe nuclei.
BibTeX: @article{Behzadi:1990a, author = {Behzadi, G. and Kalén, P. and Parvopassu, F. and Wiklund, L.}, title = {Afferents to the median raphe nucleus of the rat: retrograde cholera toxin and wheat germ conjugated horseradish peroxidase tracing, and selective D-[3H]aspartate labelling of possible excitatory amino acid inputs.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Equipe de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle, Laboratoire de Physiologie Nerveuse, C.N.R.S., Gif-sur-Yvette, France.}, year = {1990}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {77--100}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(90)90194-9} }
Beier, K.T., Mundell, N.A., Pan, Y.A. and Cepko, C.L.	Anterograde or Retrograde Transsynaptic Circuit Tracing in Vertebrates with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vectors. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2016	Curr Protoc Neurosci Vol. 74, pp. 1.26.1-1.26.27School: Department of Genetics, Department of Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Viruses have been used as transsynaptic tracers, allowing one to map the inputs and outputs of neuronal populations, due to their ability to replicate in neurons and transmit in vivo only across synaptically connected cells. To date, their use has been largely restricted to mammals. In order to explore the use of such viruses in an expanded host range, we tested the transsynaptic tracing ability of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vectors in a variety of organisms. Successful infection and gene expression were achieved in a wide range of organisms, including vertebrate and invertebrate model organisms. Moreover, rVSV enabled transsynaptic tracing of neural circuitry in predictable directions dictated by the viral envelope glycoprotein (G), derived from either VSV or rabies virus (RABV). Anterograde and retrograde labeling, from initial infection and/or viral replication and transmission, was observed in Old and New World monkeys, seahorses, jellyfish, zebrafish, chickens, and mice. These vectors are widely applicable for gene delivery, afferent tract tracing, and/or directional connectivity mapping. Here, we detail the use of these vectors and provide protocols for propagating virus, changing the surface glycoprotein, and infecting multiple organisms using several injection strategies. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Beier:2016, author = {Beier, Kevin T. and Mundell, Nathan A. and Pan, Y Albert and Cepko, Constance L.}, title = {Anterograde or Retrograde Transsynaptic Circuit Tracing in Vertebrates with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vectors.}, journal = {Curr Protoc Neurosci}, school = {Department of Genetics, Department of Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.}, year = {2016}, volume = {74}, pages = {1.26.1--1.26.27}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471142301.ns0126s74}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142301.ns0126s74} }
Beier, K.T., Saunders, A.B., Oldenburg, I.A., Sabatini, B.L. and Cepko, C.L.	Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2013	Front Neural Circuits Vol. 7, pp. 11School: Department of Genetics and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Boston, MA, USA.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Defining the connections among neurons is critical to our understanding of the structure and function of the nervous system. Recombinant viruses engineered to transmit across synapses provide a powerful approach for the dissection of neuronal circuitry in vivo. We recently demonstrated that recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) can be endowed with anterograde or retrograde transsynaptic tracing ability by providing the virus with different glycoproteins. Here we extend the characterization of the transmission and gene expression of recombinant VSV (rVSV) with the rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV-G), and provide examples of its activity relative to the anterograde transsynaptic tracer form of rVSV. rVSV with RABV-G was found to drive strong expression of transgenes and to spread rapidly from neuron to neuron in only a retrograde manner. Depending upon how the RABV-G was delivered, VSV served as a polysynaptic or monosynaptic tracer, or was able to define projections through axonal uptake and retrograde transport. In animals co-infected with rVSV in its anterograde form, rVSV with RABV-G could be used to begin to characterize the similarities and differences in connections to different areas. rVSV with RABV-G provides a flexible, rapid, and versatile tracing tool that complements the previously described VSV-based anterograde transsynaptic tracer.
BibTeX: @article{Beier:2013, author = {Beier, Kevin T. and Saunders, Arpiar B. and Oldenburg, Ian A. and Sabatini, Bernardo L. and Cepko, Constance L.}, title = {Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo.}, journal = {Front Neural Circuits}, school = {Department of Genetics and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Boston, MA, USA.}, year = {2013}, volume = {7}, pages = {11}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2013.00011}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2013.00011} }
Beier, K.T., Steinberg, E.E., DeLoach, K.E., Xie, S., Miyamichi, K., Schwarz, L., Gao, X.J., Kremer, E.J., Malenka, R.C. and Luo, L.	Circuit Architecture of VTA Dopamine Neurons Revealed by Systematic Input-Output Mapping. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2015	Cell Vol. 162(3), pp. 622-634School: Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: lluo@stanford.edu.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Dopamine (DA) neurons in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) integrate complex inputs to encode multiple signals that influence motivated behaviors via diverse projections. Here, we combine axon-initiated viral transduction with rabies-mediated trans-synaptic tracing and Cre-based cell-type-specific targeting to systematically map input-output relationships of VTA-DA neurons. We found that VTA-DA (and VTA-GABA) neurons receive excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory input from diverse sources. VTA-DA neurons projecting to different forebrain regions exhibit specific biases in their input selection. VTA-DA neurons projecting to lateral and medial nucleus accumbens innervate largely non-overlapping striatal targets, with the latter also sending extensive extra-striatal axon collaterals. Using electrophysiology and behavior, we validated new circuits identified in our tracing studies, including a previously unappreciated top-down reinforcing circuit from anterior cortex to lateral nucleus accumbens via VTA-DA neurons. This study highlights the utility of our viral-genetic tracing strategies to elucidate the complex neural substrates that underlie motivated behaviors.
BibTeX: @article{Beier:2015, author = {Beier, Kevin T. and Steinberg, Elizabeth E. and DeLoach, Katherine E. and Xie, Stanley and Miyamichi, Kazunari and Schwarz, Lindsay and Gao, Xiaojing J. and Kremer, Eric J. and Malenka, Robert C. and Luo, Liqun}, title = {Circuit Architecture of VTA Dopamine Neurons Revealed by Systematic Input-Output Mapping.}, journal = {Cell}, school = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: lluo@stanford.edu.}, year = {2015}, volume = {162}, number = {3}, pages = {622--634}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.015}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.015} }
Beirowski, B., Babetto, E., Coleman, M.P. and Martin, K.R.	The WldS gene delays axonal but not somatic degeneration in a rat glaucoma model. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Eur J Neurosci Vol. 28(6), pp. 1166-1179School: The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness caused by progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. The pathogenesis of glaucoma remains incompletely understood, but optic nerve (ON) axonal injury appears to be an important trigger of RGC axonal and cell body degeneration. Rat models are widely used in glaucoma research to explore pathogenic mechanisms and to test novel neuroprotective approaches. Here we investigated the mechanism of axon loss in glaucoma, studying axon degeneration in slow Wallerian degeneration (Wld(S)) rats after increasing intraocular pressure. Wld(S) delays degeneration of experimentally transected axons for several weeks, so it can provide genetic evidence for Wallerian-like degeneration in disease. As apoptosis is unaffected, Wld(S) also provides information on whether cell death results from axon degeneration or arises independently, an important question yet to be resolved in glaucoma. Having confirmed expression of Wld(S) protein, we found that Wld(S) delayed ON axonal degeneration in experimental rat glaucoma for at least 2 weeks, especially in proximal ON where wild-type axons are most severely affected. The duration of axonal protection is similar to that after ON transection and crush, suggesting that axonal degeneration in glaucoma follows a Wallerian-like mechanism. Axonal degeneration must be prevented for RGCs to remain functional, so pharmacologically mimicking and enhancing the protective mechanism of Wld(S) could offer an important route towards therapy. However, Wld(S) did not protect RGC bodies in glaucoma or after ON lesion, suggesting that combination treatments protecting both axons and cell bodies offer the best therapeutic prospects.
BibTeX: @article{Beirowski:2008, author = {Beirowski, Bogdan and Babetto, Elisabetta and Coleman, Michael P. and Martin, Keith R.}, title = {The WldS gene delays axonal but not somatic degeneration in a rat glaucoma model.}, journal = {Eur J Neurosci}, school = {The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.}, year = {2008}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, pages = {1166--1179}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06426.x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06426.x} }
Beirowski, B., Nógrádi, A., Babetto, E., Garcia-Alias, G. and Coleman, M.P.	Mechanisms of axonal spheroid formation in central nervous system Wallerian degeneration. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	J Neuropathol Exp Neurol Vol. 69(5), pp. 455-472School: Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom. bbeirowski@wustl.edu	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Wallerian degeneration of the CNS is accompanied by axonal dystrophy or swelling. To understand the mechanisms by which swellings arise, we studied their spatiotemporal dynamics, ultrastructure, composition, and the conditions that affect their formation in vivo and ex vivo. In contrast to peripheral nerve axons, lesioned optic nerve (ON) axons in vivo developed focal swellings asynchronously within 6 hours, long before there is any axon fragmentation. Axons in ON, spinal cord dorsal column, and corpus callosum all showed marked gradients with more swellings in proximal regions of their distal stumps early after lesion. Time-lapse imaging of a validated ex vivo system showed that multiple focal swellings arise after around 1 hour close to the injury site, followed by anterograde wave-like progression on continuous ON axon stumps. Swellings were largely stable but occasionally seemed to fuse with neighboring swellings. Their ultrastructural appearances resembled disease-associated spheroids. Although accumulation of axonal markers suggested transport deficits, large accumulations of mitochondria were not observed. Early swelling formation was decreased in Wld gene-expressing rodents and by removing extracellular calcium. Several pharmacologic agents that inhibit axon loss in vitro and/or in vivo also prevented early formation of axonal spheroids in acute ON explants. Because axonal swellings are hallmarks of many neurodegenerative conditions, these data suggest that they are a manifestation of Wallerian-like degeneration in some cases. Thus, Wallerian-like degeneration may be a more common component mechanism in CNS diseases than previously thought.
BibTeX: @article{Beirowski:2010, author = {Beirowski, Bogdan and Nógrádi, Antal and Babetto, Elisabetta and Garcia-Alias, Guillermo and Coleman, Michael P.}, title = {Mechanisms of axonal spheroid formation in central nervous system Wallerian degeneration.}, journal = {J Neuropathol Exp Neurol}, school = {Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom. bbeirowski@wustl.edu}, year = {2010}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, pages = {455--472}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181da84db}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181da84db} }
Beitner-Johnson, D. and Nestler, E.	Chronic morphine impairs axoplasmic transport in the rat mesolimbic dopamine system [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	NeuroReport Vol. 5(1), pp. 57-60	article	URL
Abstract: CHRONIC morphine has been shown to decrease levels of neurofilaments (NFs) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which plays a critical role in the rewarding properties of morphine and other drugs of abuse. Since decreased levels of NFs are closely associated with a decrease in slow axonal transport, we studied the effect of chronic morphine on axonal transport in the VTA-nucleus accumbens (NAc) pathway. Chronic morphine decreased axonal transport from the VTA to the NAc by 50%. Chronic morphine did not alter axonal transport from the locus coeruleus to several of its projection areas, consistent with the lack of effect of chronic morphine on NFs in this brain region. © Rapid Communications of Oxford Ltd.
BibTeX: @article{Beitner-Johnson:1993, author = {Beitner-Johnson, D. and Nestler, E.J.}, title = {Chronic morphine impairs axoplasmic transport in the rat mesolimbic dopamine system}, journal = {NeuroReport}, year = {1993}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {57-60}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027375232&partnerID=40&md5=5e060a6e8434484a31dd602599d0bd4b} }
Beitz, A.	The sites of origin of brain stem neurotensin and serotonin projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 2(7), pp. 829-842	article	URL
Abstract: The combined horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport-peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical procedure was utilized in the present study to ascertain the sites of origin of serotonin and neurotensin projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus. The major serotonin inputs to the raphe magnus arise from the B-8 and B-9 groups of Dahlstrom and Fuxe, the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, and the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars α. Neurotensinergic projections to the raphe magnus originate predominantly from the periaqueductal gray, the nucleus solitarius, the dorsal and ventral parabrachial nuclei, and the nucleus cuneiformis. The periaqueductal gray and the nucleus paragigantocellularis were found to provide both a neurotensin and a serotonin projection to this raphe nucleus. The present results indicate that several brain stem nuclei, which have been implicated previously in endogenous analgesia mechanisms, provide serotonergic and neurotensinergic input to the nucleus raphe magnus.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1982b, author = {Beitz, A.J.}, title = {The sites of origin of brain stem neurotensin and serotonin projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {1982}, volume = {2}, number = {7}, pages = {829-842}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020326395&partnerID=40&md5=e4478588a9928a0ac40a8c4eaa20e155} }
Beitz, A.	The nuclei of origin of brainstem serotonergic projections to the rodent spinal trigeminal nucleus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Neuroscience Letters Vol. 32(3), pp. 223-228	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The origins of the serotonergic projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the rat were determined utilizing the combined HRP retrograde transport-immunohistochemical technique. The areas providing the greatest number of serotonergic afferent projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus are the raphe magnus, raphe obscurus, nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars α, and the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis. A smaller serotonergic input to the spinal trigeminal nucleus was found to arise from the raphe pallidus, periaqueductal gray, raphe dorsalis, raphe pontis and mesencephalic reticular formation. These results indicate that the spinal trigeminal nucleus receives serotonergic input from all levels of the brainstem including the midbrain cell group B7. © 1982.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1982d, author = {Beitz, A.J.}, title = {The nuclei of origin of brainstem serotonergic projections to the rodent spinal trigeminal nucleus}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, year = {1982}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, pages = {223-228}, note = {Duplicate from Scopus!}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020362053&partnerID=40&md5=474368546a3d5e9e3435e419dd18aeff}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(82)90297-X} }
Beitz, A.J.	The organization of afferent projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Neuroscience Vol. 7(1), pp. 133-159	article	DOI
Abstract: The retrograde transport technique was utilized in the present study to investigate the afferent projections to the periaqueductal gray of the rat. Iontophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase were made into the periaqueductal gray of 22 experimental animals and into regions adjacent to the periaqueductal gray in 6 control animal. Utilization of the retrograde transport method permitted a quantitative analysis of the afferent projections not only to the entire periaqueductal gray, but also to each of its four intrinsic subdivisions. The largest cortical input to this midbrain region arises from areas 24 and 32 in the medial prefrontal cortex. The basal forebrain provides a significant input to the periaqueductal gray and this arises predominantly from the ipsilateral lateral and medial preoptic areas and from the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca. The hypothalamus was found to provide the largest descending input to the central gray. Numerous labeled cells occurred in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area, the posterior hypothalamic area, the anterior hypothalamic area, the perifornical nucleus and the area of the tuber cinereum. The largest mesencephalic input to the periaqueductal gray arises from the nucleus cuneiformis and the substantia nigra. The periaqueductal gray was found to have numerous intrinsic connections and contained a significant number of labeled cells both above and below the injection site in each case. Other structures containing significant label in the midbrain and isthmus region included the nucleus subcuneiformis, the ventral tegmental area, the locus coeruleus and the parabrachial nuclei. The medullary and pontine reticular reticular formation provide the largest input to the periaqueductal gray from the lower brain stem. The midline raphe magnus and superior central nucleus also supply a significant fiber projection to the central gray. Both the trigeminal complex and the spinal cord provide a minor input to this region of the midbrain. The sources of afferent projections to the periaqueductal gray are extensive and allow this midbrain region to be influenced by motor, sensory and limbic structures. In addition, evidence is provided which indicates that the four subdivisions of the central gray receive differential projections from the brain stem as well as from higher brain structures.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1982, author = {A. J. Beitz}, title = {The organization of afferent projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1982}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {133--159}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(82)90157-9} }
Beitz, A.J.	The nuclei of origin of brainstem serotonergic projections to the rodent spinal trigeminal nucleus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Neurosci Lett Vol. 32(3), pp. 223-228	article	DOI
Abstract: The origins of the serotonergic projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the rat were determined utilizing the combined HRP retrograde transport-immunohistochemical technique. The areas providing the greatest number of serotonergic afferent projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus are the raphe magnus, raphe obscurus, nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha, and the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis. A smaller serotonergic input to the spinal trigeminal nucleus was found to arise from the raphe pallidus, periaqueductal gray, raphe dorsalis, raphe pontis and mesencephalic reticular formation. These results indicate that the spinal trigeminal nucleus receives serotonergic input from all levels of the brainstem including the midbrain cell group B7.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1982a, author = {A. J. Beitz}, title = {The nuclei of origin of brainstem serotonergic projections to the rodent spinal trigeminal nucleus.}, journal = {Neurosci Lett}, year = {1982}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, pages = {223--228}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(82)90297-x} }
Beitz, A.J.	The sites of origin brain stem neurotensin and serotonin projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	J Neurosci Vol. 2(7), pp. 829-842	article	URL
Abstract: The combined horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport-peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical procedure was utilized in the present study to ascertain the sites of origin of serotonin and neurotensin projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus. The major serotonin inputs to the raphe magnus arise from the B-8 and B-9 groups of Dahlstrom and Fuxe (Dahlstrom, A., and K. Fuxe (1964) Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 232 62: 1-55), the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, and the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha. Neurotensinergic projections to the raphe magnus originate predominantly from the periaqueductal gray, the nucleus solitarius, the dorsal and ventral parabrachial nuclei, and the nucleus cuneiformis. The periaqueductal gray and the nucleus paragigantocellularis were found to provide both a neurotensin and a serotonin projection to this raphe nucleus. The present results indicate that several brain stem nuclei, which have been implicated previously in endogenous analgesia mechanisms, provide serotonergic and neurotensinergic input to the nucleus raphe magnus.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1982c, author = {Beitz, A. J.}, title = {The sites of origin brain stem neurotensin and serotonin projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, year = {1982}, volume = {2}, number = {7}, pages = {829--842}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/2/7/829.long} }
Beitz, A.J.	The nuclei of origin of brain stem enkephalin and substance P projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Neuroscience Vol. 7(11), pp. 2753-2768	article	DOI
Abstract: The sites of origin of brain stem enkephalin and substance P projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus were studied utilizing the combined horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport-peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical technique. Several brain stem areas were found to contain both enkephalin- and substance P-like immunoreactive double labeled neurons following injection of horseradish peroxidase into the raphe magnus. Nuclei providing both enkephalin and substance P inputs to the raphe magnus include the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, the nucleus cuneiformis, the nucleus solitarius and the trigeminal subdivision of the lateral reticular nucleus. Enkephalin projections to the raphe magnus were also found to originate from the dorsal parabrachial nucleus, the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha and from an area which corresponds to the A5 group of Dahlström & Fuxe. Additional neurons containing substance P-like immunoreactivity and horseradish peroxidase reaction product were identified in the superior central raphe nucleus and the nucleus pontis oralis. The midbrain periaqueductal gray contributes very few enkephalin and substance P fibers to the raphe magnus. The nucleus raphe magnus is a key structure in the intrinsic analgesia system and it has also been implicated in other diverse and non-nociceptive functions. The present study identifies several brain stem sites which provide enkephalin and substance P input to this raphe nucleus. Several of these nuclei have been implicated in central analgesic mechanisms or in non-nociceptive autonomic functions. The present investigation raises the possibility that these brain stem regions may modulate neuronal activity in the raphe magnus via enkephalin or substance P projections and thus influence the involvement of the raphe magnus in both opiate related mechanisms of pain control and non-nociceptive functions.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1982e, author = {Beitz, A. J.}, title = {The nuclei of origin of brain stem enkephalin and substance P projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1982}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, pages = {2753--2768}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(82)90098-7} }
Beitz, A.J.	The sites of origin brain stem neurotensin and serotonin projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Vol. 2, pp. 829-42	article
Abstract: The combined horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport-peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical procedure was utilized in the present study to ascertain the sites of origin of serotonin and neurotensin projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus. The major serotonin inputs to the raphe magnus arise from the B-8 and B-9 groups of Dahlstrom and Fuxe (Dahlstrom, A., and K. Fuxe (1964) Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 232 62: 1-55), the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, and the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha. Neurotensinergic projections to the raphe magnus originate predominantly from the periaqueductal gray, the nucleus solitarius, the dorsal and ventral parabrachial nuclei, and the nucleus cuneiformis. The periaqueductal gray and the nucleus paragigantocellularis were found to provide both a neurotensin and a serotonin projection to this raphe nucleus. The present results indicate that several brain stem nuclei, which have been implicated previously in endogenous analgesia mechanisms, provide serotonergic and neurotensinergic input to the nucleus raphe magnus.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1982f, author = {Beitz, A. J.}, title = {The sites of origin brain stem neurotensin and serotonin projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, year = {1982}, volume = {2}, pages = {829-42}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Beitz, A.J.	The midbrain periaqueductal gray in the rat. I. Nuclear volume, cell number, density, orientation, and regional subdivisions. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	J Comp Neurol Vol. 237(4), pp. 445-459	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The midbrain periaqueductal gray is a functionally heterogeneous region which plays an important role in pain modulation. Despite the heterogeneity considerable controversy exists regarding the presence or absence of morphological subdivisions within the region. The present study was designed to evaluate the possibility of morphological subdivisions within the rat periaqueductal gray by using a statistical cluster analysis system. In addition both qualitative and quantitative data concerning neuronal size, shape, and density were obtained. On the basis of measurements of over 12,000 neurons in two planes of section, the mean neuronal length of cell bodies in this region was 14.82 microns and the mean neuronal area was 95.59 microns squared . The mean neuronal density was found to be 16,284 cells per mm3. Neuronal density decreased from rostral to caudal in the periaqueductal gray. The data obtained from cluster maps suggest the presence of four subdivisions within this midbrain region. The medial subdivision contains the smallest neurons and exhibits the lowest cell density. The dorsolateral and ventrolateral divisions contain the largest neurons while the dorsal division displays the highest packing density. These results are discussed in light of recent receptor binding and immunohistochemical studies of this region.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1985, author = {Beitz, A. J.}, title = {The midbrain periaqueductal gray in the rat. I. Nuclear volume, cell number, density, orientation, and regional subdivisions.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1985}, volume = {237}, number = {4}, pages = {445--459}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902370403}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902370403} }
Beitz, A.J.	Possible origin of glutamatergic projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray and deep layer of the superior colliculus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Brain Res Bull Vol. 23(1-2), pp. 25-35School: Department of Veterinary Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.	article	DOI
Abstract: The possible origin of glutamatergic input to the rodent periaqueductal gray (PAG) was analyzed utilizing a combined retrograde transport-immunocytochemical technique. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were made into the PAG of 12 adult rats and into the deep layer of the superior colliculus in 2 rats. The brain tissue was first reacted histochemically to demonstrate the retrograde tracer and subsequently processed with immunohistochemical techniques using a recently developed monoclonal glutamate antibody. Following PAG injections, several brain areas were found to contain double-labeled neurons. The greatest number of double-labeled glutamate-like immunoreactive neurons were observed in the zona incerta, spinal trigeminal nucleus, cuneiform nucleus, cingulate cortex, cerebellar interpositus nucleus, deep mesencephalic nucleus and the PAG itself. Double-labeled neurons were also observed in several other nuclei including the pretectal nuclei, the frontal and occipital cortex, several reticular nuclei, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, and the substantia nigra. Many of the same nuclei contained double-labeled neurons following collicular injections, but in addition, double-stained cells were found in the primary visual cortex, lateral dorsal and lateral posterior thalamic nuclei, nucleus of the posterior commissure, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, dorsal column nuclei and several additional pretectal nuclei. The results of this double-labeling study raise the possibility that these nuclei may provide glutamatergic inputs to the midbrain PAG and/or superior colliculus. These putative glutamatergic afferent projections may ultimately influence the PAG's role in several important functions including antinociception, defensive mechanisms or vocalization and may also play a role in the superior collicular involvement in defensive mechanisms, in visuo-motor integration in the orienting reflex and in facilitating shifts in gaze.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1989, author = {A. J. Beitz}, title = {Possible origin of glutamatergic projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray and deep layer of the superior colliculus of the rat.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Department of Veterinary Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.}, year = {1989}, volume = {23}, number = {1-2}, pages = {25--35}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(89)90159-7} }
Beitz, A.J.	Possible origin of glutamatergic projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray and deep layer of the superior colliculus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1989	Brain research bulletin Vol. 23, pp. 25-35	article
Abstract: The possible origin of glutamatergic input to the rodent periaqueductal gray (PAG) was analyzed utilizing a combined retrograde transport-immunocytochemical technique. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were made into the PAG of 12 adult rats and into the deep layer of the superior colliculus in 2 rats. The brain tissue was first reacted histochemically to demonstrate the retrograde tracer and subsequently processed with immunohistochemical techniques using a recently developed monoclonal glutamate antibody. Following PAG injections, several brain areas were found to contain double-labeled neurons. The greatest number of double-labeled glutamate-like immunoreactive neurons were observed in the zona incerta, spinal trigeminal nucleus, cuneiform nucleus, cingulate cortex, cerebellar interpositus nucleus, deep mesencephalic nucleus and the PAG itself. Double-labeled neurons were also observed in several other nuclei including the pretectal nuclei, the frontal and occipital cortex, several reticular nuclei, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, and the substantia nigra. Many of the same nuclei contained double-labeled neurons following collicular injections, but in addition, double-stained cells were found in the primary visual cortex, lateral dorsal and lateral posterior thalamic nuclei, nucleus of the posterior commissure, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, dorsal column nuclei and several additional pretectal nuclei. The results of this double-labeling study raise the possibility that these nuclei may provide glutamatergic inputs to the midbrain PAG and/or superior colliculus. These putative glutamatergic afferent projections may ultimately influence the PAG's role in several important functions including antinociception, defensive mechanisms or vocalization and may also play a role in the superior collicular involvement in defensive mechanisms, in visuo-motor integration in the orienting reflex and in facilitating shifts in gaze.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1989a, author = {Beitz, A. J.}, title = {Possible origin of glutamatergic projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray and deep layer of the superior colliculus of the rat.}, journal = {Brain research bulletin}, year = {1989}, volume = {23}, pages = {25-35}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Beitz, A.J.	Relationship of glutamate and aspartate to the periaqueductal gray-raphe magnus projection: analysis using immunocytochemistry and microdialysis. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	J Histochem Cytochem Vol. 38(12), pp. 1755-1765School: Department of Veterinary Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.	article	DOI
Abstract: This study tested the hypothesis that the excitatory amino acid transmitters glutamate and/or aspartate are associated with the periaqueductal gray (PAG)-raphe magnus (NRM) projection. Retrograde neuroanatomical tracing procedures utilizing the tracers WGA-HRP or D-[3H]-aspartate were combined with immunocytochemical localization of glutamate or aspartate to determine if glutamate and/or aspartate immunostained neurons projected to the NRM. Both glutamate- and aspartate-immunoreactive cells in the PAG were found to project to the NRM. Double labeling immunocytochemichemical procedures indicated that glutamate and aspartate are co-localized in many PAG neurons, suggesting the following possibilities: (a) one of these two amino acids may serve as a precursor to the other; (b) both amino acids may be co-released from the same PAG neuron; or (c) both amino acids are present in high levels in the perikarya for metabolic purposes. At the EM level, both glutamate- and aspartate-immunoreactive terminals were identified in the NRM, strengthening the concept that both amino acids participate in synaptic transmission in this medullary nucleus. To determine if glutamate and aspartate are in fact released from PAG-NRM axons, the PAG was stimulated chemically with homocysteic acid (HCA) and amino acids were collected from the NRM using a microdialysis probe. Microinjection of HCA, but not vehicle, into the PAG resulted in the release of both glutamate and aspartate in the nucleus raphe magnus. These data suggest that both glutamate and aspartate are released from PAG fibers terminating in the NRM and provide strong support for the hypothesis that excitatory amino acids play a neurotransmitter role in the PAG-NRM pathway.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1990, author = {Beitz, A. J.}, title = {Relationship of glutamate and aspartate to the periaqueductal gray-raphe magnus projection: analysis using immunocytochemistry and microdialysis.}, journal = {J Histochem Cytochem}, school = {Department of Veterinary Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.}, year = {1990}, volume = {38}, number = {12}, pages = {1755--1765}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/38.12.1701457} }
Beitz, A.J.	Relationship of glutamate and aspartate to the periaqueductal gray-raphe magnus projection: analysis using immunocytochemistry and microdialysis. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1990	The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society Vol. 38, pp. 1755-65	article
Abstract: This study tested the hypothesis that the excitatory amino acid transmitters glutamate and/or aspartate are associated with the periaqueductal gray (PAG)-raphe magnus (NRM) projection. Retrograde neuroanatomical tracing procedures utilizing the tracers WGA-HRP or D-[3H]-aspartate were combined with immunocytochemical localization of glutamate or aspartate to determine if glutamate and/or aspartate immunostained neurons projected to the NRM. Both glutamate- and aspartate-immunoreactive cells in the PAG were found to project to the NRM. Double labeling immunocytochemichemical procedures indicated that glutamate and aspartate are co-localized in many PAG neurons, suggesting the following possibilities: (a) one of these two amino acids may serve as a precursor to the other; (b) both amino acids may be co-released from the same PAG neuron; or (c) both amino acids are present in high levels in the perikarya for metabolic purposes. At the EM level, both glutamate- and aspartate-immunoreactive terminals were identified in the NRM, strengthening the concept that both amino acids participate in synaptic transmission in this medullary nucleus. To determine if glutamate and aspartate are in fact released from PAG-NRM axons, the PAG was stimulated chemically with homocysteic acid (HCA) and amino acids were collected from the NRM using a microdialysis probe. Microinjection of HCA, but not vehicle, into the PAG resulted in the release of both glutamate and aspartate in the nucleus raphe magnus. These data suggest that both glutamate and aspartate are released from PAG fibers terminating in the NRM and provide strong support for the hypothesis that excitatory amino acids play a neurotransmitter role in the PAG-NRM pathway.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1990a, author = {Beitz, A. J.}, title = {Relationship of glutamate and aspartate to the periaqueductal gray-raphe magnus projection: analysis using immunocytochemistry and microdialysis.}, journal = {The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society}, year = {1990}, volume = {38}, pages = {1755-65}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Beitz, A.J., Clements, J.R., Ecklund, L.J. and Mullett, M.M.	The nuclei of origin of brainstem enkephalin and cholecystokinin projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Neuroscience Vol. 20(2), pp. 409-425	article	DOI
Abstract: The sites of origin of brain stem enkephalin and cholecystokinin projections to the rodent spinal trigeminal nucleus were studied utilizing the combined retrograde transport-peroxidase antiperoxidase immunohistochemical technique. Several brain stem areas were found to contain enkephalin-like immunoreactive double-labeled neurons following injection of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase or horseradish peroxidase into the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The largest numbers of enkephalin double-labeled neurons were identified in the nucleus pontis oralis, nucleus raphe medianis, medial vestibular nucleus and the midbrain periaqueductal gray. Enkephalin projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus were also found to originate from the nucleus solitarius, nucleus raphe pallidus, nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus raphe dorsalis, nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha and the deep mesencephalic nucleus. In contrast to the numerous sources of enkephalin input to the spinal trigeminal nucleus, cholecystokinin projections to this region were limited to four brain stem nuclei. These included the nucleus solitarius, raphe obscurus, nucleus paragigantocellularis and the ventral reticular nucleus of the medulla. The finding that only a small number of brain stem cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive neurons project to the spinal trigeminal nucleus supports the hypothesis that most of the cholecystokinin input to the spinal trigeminal nucleus arises from primary afferent trigeminal fibers. The spinal trigeminal nucleus is known to play a role in processing sensory information and in the transmission of orofacial nociception. The present study identifies several brain stem sites which provide enkephalin and/or cholecystokinin input to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Several of these nuclei have been implicated as components of the endogenous pain control system and the present results raise the possibility that they may modulate incoming orofacial nociception by releasing the endogenous opioid, enkephalin. Cholecystokinin, on the other hand, has been demonstrated in other studies to attenuate the action of opiates and thus may play an opposing role in the spinal trigeminal nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1987, author = {A. J. Beitz and J. R. Clements and L. J. Ecklund and M. M. Mullett}, title = {The nuclei of origin of brainstem enkephalin and cholecystokinin projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1987}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {409--425}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(87)90101-1} }
Beitz, A.J., Clements, J.R., Mullett, M.A. and Ecklund, L.J.	Differential origin of brainstem serotoninergic projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray and superior colliculus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	J Comp Neurol Vol. 250(4), pp. 498-509	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Previous studies have shown that both the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the superior colliculus receive a significant serotoninergic (5-HT) innervation. In the present study the origins of these 5-HT projections to the rodent PAG and superior colliculus were analyzed by using a combined immunohistochemical-retrograde transport technique. Thirteen brainstem regions were found to contain double-labelled 5-HT-like immunoreactive neurons following HRP injections into the PAG while only four brainstem nuclei contained double-labelled neurons following superior collicular injections. After HRP deposits into the ventral PAG, the largest percentage of double-labelled neurons was identified in nucleus raphe magnus, pars alpha of the nucleus gigantocellularis, and the paragigantocellular nucleus. The dorsal PAG, on the other hand, received the largest percentage of its 5-HT projections from nuclei raphe dorsalis, raphe obscurus, raphe pontis, and raphe medianis. The 5-HT input to the superior colliculus was found to arise exclusively from nuclei raphe dorsalis, raphe medianis, and raphe pontis and from the contralateral periaqueductal gray. Raphe nuclei were found to contribute serotoninergic projections to both the PAG and the superior colliculus while reticular nuclei contributed 5-HT projections only to the PAG. Injections of the fluorescent retrograde tracers true blue and nuclear yellow were then made into the PAG and superior colliculus to ascertain if neurons located in raphe nuclei that projected to both structures provided axon collaterals to both areas. Generally, less than 10% of raphe neurons projecting to the superior colliculus were identified as providing axon collaterals to the PAG. The present results demonstrate major quantitative and qualitative differences in the origin of 5-HT projections to the ventral PAG and superior colliculus. The origin of 5-HT input to the dorsal PAG, on the other hand, showed many similarities to the origin of 5-HT innervation of the superior colliculus. These data also indicate that approximately 35% of raphe neurons provide nonserotoninergic projections to the PAG and superior colliculus.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1986a, author = {A. J. Beitz and J. R. Clements and M. A. Mullett and L. J. Ecklund}, title = {Differential origin of brainstem serotoninergic projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray and superior colliculus of the rat.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, year = {1986}, volume = {250}, number = {4}, pages = {498--509}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902500408}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902500408} }
Beitz, A.J., Clements, J.R., Mullett, M.A. and Ecklund, L.J.	Differential origin of brainstem serotoninergic projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray and superior colliculus of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 250, pp. 498-509	article	DOI
Abstract: Previous studies have shown that both the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the superior colliculus receive a significant serotoninergic (5-HT) innervation. In the present study the origins of these 5-HT projections to the rodent PAG and superior colliculus were analyzed by using a combined immunohistochemical-retrograde transport technique. Thirteen brainstem regions were found to contain double-labelled 5-HT-like immunoreactive neurons following HRP injections into the PAG while only four brainstem nuclei contained double-labelled neurons following superior collicular injections. After HRP deposits into the ventral PAG, the largest percentage of double-labelled neurons was identified in nucleus raphe magnus, pars alpha of the nucleus gigantocellularis, and the paragigantocellular nucleus. The dorsal PAG, on the other hand, received the largest percentage of its 5-HT projections from nuclei raphe dorsalis, raphe obscurus, raphe pontis, and raphe medianis. The 5-HT input to the superior colliculus was found to arise exclusively from nuclei raphe dorsalis, raphe medianis, and raphe pontis and from the contralateral periaqueductal gray. Raphe nuclei were found to contribute serotoninergic projections to both the PAG and the superior colliculus while reticular nuclei contributed 5-HT projections only to the PAG. Injections of the fluorescent retrograde tracers true blue and nuclear yellow were then made into the PAG and superior colliculus to ascertain if neurons located in raphe nuclei that projected to both structures provided axon collaterals to both areas. Generally, less than 10% of raphe neurons projecting to the superior colliculus were identified as providing axon collaterals to the PAG. The present results demonstrate major quantitative and qualitative differences in the origin of 5-HT projections to the ventral PAG and superior colliculus. The origin of 5-HT input to the dorsal PAG, on the other hand, showed many similarities to the origin of 5-HT innervation of the superior colliculus. These data also indicate that approximately 35% of raphe neurons provide nonserotoninergic projections to the PAG and superior colliculus.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1986b, author = {Beitz, A J and Clements, J R and Mullett, M A and Ecklund, L J}, title = {Differential origin of brainstem serotoninergic projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray and superior colliculus of the rat.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1986}, volume = {250}, pages = {498--509}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902500408} }
Beitz, A.J. and Ecklund, L.J.	Colocalization of fixative-modified glutamate and glutaminase but not GAD in rubrospinal neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	J Comp Neurol Vol. 274(2), pp. 265-279School: Department of Veterinary Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.	article	DOI URL
Abstract: In an attempt to identify putative neurotransmitters of rubrospinal neurons, immunocytochemical procedures were utilized in combination with retrograde tracing techniques in 15 adult male rats. Following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to HRP (WGA-HRP) into the spinal cord, midbrain sections were processed with a combined procedure that allowed visualization of both the retrograde tracer and one or more antigens including glutamate, glutaminase, and glutamatic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Initial colocalization studies demonstrated that glutamatelike and glutaminaselike immunoreactivities were cocontained within the same neurons. Following injections of HRP or WGA-HRP into the spinal cord approximately 53% of retrogradely labeled neurons contained glutamate immunoreactivity. Triple-labeling experiments indicated that glutamatelike immunoreactivity was colocalized with glutaminase immunoreactivity in retrogradely labeled rubrospinal neurons. Retrogradely labeled neurons did not contain GAD immunoreactivity. Moreover, triple labeling experiments verified that glutamatelike immunoreactive retrogradely labeled cells did not cocontain GAD immunoreactivity. These studies demonstrate that glutamate and its synthesizing enzyme, glutaminase, are present in some rubrospinal neurons and raise the possibility that a component of the rubrospinal projection may be glutamatergic. GAD, on the other hand, is not present in rubrospinal neurons. This finding supports the hypothesis that GABAergic neurons play a role as interneurons in the red nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1988, author = {Beitz, A. J. and Ecklund, L. J.}, title = {Colocalization of fixative-modified glutamate and glutaminase but not GAD in rubrospinal neurons.}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, school = {Department of Veterinary Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.}, year = {1988}, volume = {274}, number = {2}, pages = {265--279}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902740210}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902740210} }
Beitz, A.J. and Ecklund, L.J.	Colocalization of fixative-modified glutamate and glutaminase but not GAD in rubrospinal neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1988	The Journal of comparative neurology Vol. 274, pp. 265-79	article
Abstract: In an attempt to identify putative neurotransmitters of rubrospinal neurons, immunocytochemical procedures were utilized in combination with retrograde tracing techniques in 15 adult male rats. Following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to HRP (WGA-HRP) into the spinal cord, midbrain sections were processed with a combined procedure that allowed visualization of both the retrograde tracer and one or more antigens including glutamate, glutaminase, and glutamatic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Initial colocalization studies demonstrated that glutamatelike and glutaminaselike immunoreactivities were cocontained within the same neurons. Following injections of HRP or WGA-HRP into the spinal cord approximately 53% of retrogradely labeled neurons contained glutamate immunoreactivity. Triple-labeling experiments indicated that glutamatelike immunoreactivity was colocalized with glutaminase immunoreactivity in retrogradely labeled rubrospinal neurons. Retrogradely labeled neurons did not contain GAD immunoreactivity. Moreover, triple labeling experiments verified that glutamatelike immunoreactive retrogradely labeled cells did not cocontain GAD immunoreactivity. These studies demonstrate that glutamate and its synthesizing enzyme, glutaminase, are present in some rubrospinal neurons and raise the possibility that a component of the rubrospinal projection may be glutamatergic. GAD, on the other hand, is not present in rubrospinal neurons. This finding supports the hypothesis that GABAergic neurons play a role as interneurons in the red nucleus.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1988a, author = {Beitz, A. J. and Ecklund, L. J.}, title = {Colocalization of fixative-modified glutamate and glutaminase but not GAD in rubrospinal neurons.}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, year = {1988}, volume = {274}, pages = {265-79}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Beitz, A.J., Larson, A.A., Monaghan, P., Altschuler, R.A., Mullett, M.M. and Madl, J.E.	Immunohistochemical localization of glutamate, glutaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in neurons of the pontine nuclei of the rat. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Neuroscience Vol. 17(3), pp. 741-753	article	DOI
Abstract: The pontine nuclei form the key relay nuclei in the cerebropontocerebellar pathway. Although a great deal of information is available regarding the anatomy of this region, the identity of the neurotransmitter(s) contained in the neurons of the pontine gray are not known. The aim of the present investigation is to utilize immunohistochemical techniques to determine whether glutamate, a putative excitatory transmitter, and the enzymes responsible for its metabolism, are found in pontine neurons. Both glutaminase, an enzyme which converts glutamine to glutamate, and aspartate aminotransferase, an enzyme which is involved in the interconversion between glutamate and aspartate, have been proposed to be markers of neurons which use excitatory amino acids as neurotransmitters. The present study utilizes a monoclonal antibody against carbodiimide-fixed glutamate and polyclonal antisera against glutaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in conjunction with the indirect peroxidase technique or the peroxidase-labeled biotin-avidin procedure to localize glutamatergic neurons in the pontine nuclei of the rat. Numerous neurons in all subdivisions of the pontine nuclei were found to contain carbodiimide-fixed glutamate-like immunoreactivity, glutaminase-like immunoreactivity or aspartate aminotransferase-like immunoreactivity. Horseradish peroxidase was injected into the cerebellum of four rats for use with a combined retrograde transport-immunohistochemical procedure. Double-labeled neurons were observed in all subdivisions of the pontine nuclei, indicating that pontine neurons which contain glutamate-like immunoreactivity project to the cerebellum. Based on the hypothesis that increased levels of glutamate, glutaminase and aspartate aminotransferase reflect a transmitter role for glutamate, the present data raise the possibility that glutamate may be a major neurotransmitter of pontocerebellar fibers.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1986, author = {A. J. Beitz and A. A. Larson and P. Monaghan and R. A. Altschuler and M. M. Mullett and J. E. Madl}, title = {Immunohistochemical localization of glutamate, glutaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in neurons of the pontine nuclei of the rat.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, year = {1986}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {741-753}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(86)90042-4} }
Beitz, A.J., Mullett, M.A. and Weiner, L.L.	The periaqueductal gray projections to the rat spinal trigeminal, raphe magnus, gigantocellular pars alpha and paragigantocellular nuclei arise from separate neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Brain Res Vol. 288(1-2), pp. 307-314	article	DOI
Abstract: Possible collateral branches of periaqueductal gray axons which distribute to the nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha and the spinal trigeminal nucleus were analyzed with the double fluorescent retrograde tracer technique. With the exception of a small number of double-labeled neurons observed in the periaqueductal gray following injections of fluorescent dyes into the nuclei reticularis paragigantocellularis and gigantocellularis pars alpha, no double-labeled cells were found in this midbrain region following injections of tracers into various combinations of the above 4 nuclear groups. The results of this investigation indicate that these 4 brainstem nuclei are innervated predominantly by separate neuronal populations within the periaqueductal gray.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1983, author = {A. J. Beitz and M. A. Mullett and L. L. Weiner}, title = {The periaqueductal gray projections to the rat spinal trigeminal, raphe magnus, gigantocellular pars alpha and paragigantocellular nuclei arise from separate neurons.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {288}, number = {1-2}, pages = {307--314}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(83)90108-7} }
Beitz, A.J., Mullett, M.A. and Weiner, L.L.	The periaqueductal gray projections to the rat spinal trigeminal, raphe magnus, gigantocellular pars alpha and paragigantocellular nuclei arise from separate neurons. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Brain research Vol. 288, pp. 307-14	article
Abstract: Possible collateral branches of periaqueductal gray axons which distribute to the nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha and the spinal trigeminal nucleus were analyzed with the double fluorescent retrograde tracer technique. With the exception of a small number of double-labeled neurons observed in the periaqueductal gray following injections of fluorescent dyes into the nuclei reticularis paragigantocellularis and gigantocellularis pars alpha, no double-labeled cells were found in this midbrain region following injections of tracers into various combinations of the above 4 nuclear groups. The results of this investigation indicate that these 4 brainstem nuclei are innervated predominantly by separate neuronal populations within the periaqueductal gray.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1983d, author = {Beitz, A. J. and Mullett, M. A. and Weiner, L. L.}, title = {The periaqueductal gray projections to the rat spinal trigeminal, raphe magnus, gigantocellular pars alpha and paragigantocellular nuclei arise from separate neurons.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1983}, volume = {288}, pages = {307-14}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Beitz, A.J. and Shepard, R.D.	The midbrain periaqueductal gray in the rat. II. A Golgi analysis [BibTeX]	1985	J Comp Neurol Vol. 237(4), pp. 460-475	article	URL
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1985a, author = {Beitz, Alvin J and Shepard, R David}, title = {The midbrain periaqueductal gray in the rat. II. A Golgi analysis}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, year = {1985}, volume = {237}, number = {4}, pages = {460--475}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.902370404/pdf} }
Beitz, A.J., Shepard, R.D. and Wells, W.E.	The periaqueductal gray-raphe magnus projection contains somatostatin, neurotensin and serotonin but not cholecystokinin. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Brain Res Vol. 261(1), pp. 132-137	article	DOI
Abstract: The retrograde transport-HRP-immunocytochemical technique was employed to ascertain if the periaqueductal gray-raphe magnus projection arises from neurons containing somatostatin, neurotensin, serotonin or cholecystokinin. Following HRP injections into the raphe magnus (NRM) double-labeled cells containing HRP reaction product and somatostatin-, neurotensin- or serotonin-like immunoreactivity were identified in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). No cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive double-labeled neurons were found in the PAG. These results indicate that the PAG-NRM pathway contains somatostatin, neurotensin and serotonin but not cholecystokinin.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1983c, author = {Beitz, A. J. and Shepard, R. D. and Wells, W. E.}, title = {The periaqueductal gray-raphe magnus projection contains somatostatin, neurotensin and serotonin but not cholecystokinin.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {261}, number = {1}, pages = {132--137}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(83)91292-1} }
Beitz, A.J., Shepard, R.D. and Wells, W.E.	The periaqueductal gray-raphe magnus projection contains somatostatin, neurotensin and serotonin but not cholecystokinin. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Brain research Vol. 261, pp. 132-7	article
Abstract: The retrograde transport-HRP-immunocytochemical technique was employed to ascertain if the periaqueductal gray-raphe magnus projection arises from neurons containing somatostatin, neurotensin, serotonin or cholecystokinin. Following HRP injections into the raphe magnus (NRM) double-labeled cells containing HRP reaction product and somatostatin-, neurotensin- or serotonin-like immunoreactivity were identified in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). No cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive double-labeled neurons were found in the PAG. These results indicate that the PAG-NRM pathway contains somatostatin, neurotensin and serotonin but not cholecystokinin.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1983e, author = {Beitz, A. J. and Shepard, R. D. and Wells, W. E.}, title = {The periaqueductal gray-raphe magnus projection contains somatostatin, neurotensin and serotonin but not cholecystokinin.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1983}, volume = {261}, pages = {132-7}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Beitz, A.J., Wells, W.E. and Shepard, R.D.	The location of brainstem neurons which project bilaterally to the spinal trigeminal nuclei as demonstrated by the double fluorescent retrograde tracer technique. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Brain Res Vol. 258(2), pp. 305-312	article	DOI
Abstract: Cells with possible dual projections to both spinal trigeminal nuclei were identified in the rat brainstem following separate injections of different retrogradely transported markers into the right and left spinal trigeminal nucleus. The greatest number of double-labeled cells was located in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. Several double-marked cells were also observed in the nucleus raphe magnus, the nucleus paragigantocellularis and the periaqueductal gray. These results suggest that some cells in the above brainstem nuclei may have a bilateral modulating effect on the spinal trigeminal nuclei.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1983a, author = {A. J. Beitz and W. E. Wells and R. D. Shepard}, title = {The location of brainstem neurons which project bilaterally to the spinal trigeminal nuclei as demonstrated by the double fluorescent retrograde tracer technique.}, journal = {Brain Res}, year = {1983}, volume = {258}, number = {2}, pages = {305--312}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(83)91156-3} }
Beitz, A.J., Wells, W.E. and Shepard, R.D.	The location of brainstem neurons which project bilaterally to the spinal trigeminal nuclei as demonstrated by the double fluorescent retrograde tracer technique. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Brain research Vol. 258, pp. 305-312	article	DOI
Abstract: Cells with possible dual projections to both spinal trigeminal nuclei were identified in the rat brainstem following separate injections of different retrogradely transported markers into the right and left spinal trigeminal nucleus. The greatest number of double-labeled cells was located in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. Several double-marked cells were also observed in the nucleus raphe magnus, the nucleus paragigantocellularis and the periaqueductal gray. These results suggest that some cells in the above brainstem nuclei may have a bilateral modulating effect on the spinal trigeminal nuclei.
BibTeX: @article{Beitz:1983b, author = {Beitz, A J and Wells, W E and Shepard, R D}, title = {The location of brainstem neurons which project bilaterally to the spinal trigeminal nuclei as demonstrated by the double fluorescent retrograde tracer technique.}, journal = {Brain research}, year = {1983}, volume = {258}, pages = {305--312}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(83)91156-3} }
Beitz, A.J. and Williams, F.G.	Localization of putative amino acid transmitters in the PAG and their relationship to the PAG-raphe magnus pathway [BibTeX]	1991	The Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Matter, pp. 305-327	incollection	DOI
BibTeX: @incollection{Beitz:1991, author = {Beitz, Alvin J and Williams, Frank G}, title = {Localization of putative amino acid transmitters in the PAG and their relationship to the PAG-raphe magnus pathway}, booktitle = {The Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Matter}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {1991}, pages = {305--327}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3302-3_17} }
Bekenstein, J. and Lothman, E.	The role of the perforant pathway as a trophic factor for neurotransmission in the rat dentate gyrus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Hippocampus Vol. 1(4), pp. 405-413	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Changes in electrophysiological function in the hilar associational pathway terminating on dentate granule cells in the rat hippocampal formation were studied following unilateral entorhinal cortex lesions. In rats lesioned as pups (postnatal day 4 [PN 4]) or as adults (PN 60) there was a profound loss of paired‐pulse inhibition at 30 days postlesion. Inhibition was unaffected at 10 days postlesion. Entorhinal cortex lesions did not affect population spike amplitude, population excitatory postsynaptic potentials slopes, or long‐term potentiation compared to the unlesioned hemisphere. The presence of a complete hippocampal commissurotomy had no effect on excitatory or inhibitory parameters. Laminar analyses of extracellular field potentials from animals lesioned as adults revealed an expansion of functional synapses outward into the dentate molecular layer. This expansion was complete by 10 postlesion days. The changes observed with laminar analyses were not contemporaneous with the changes in paired‐pulse inhibition. The loss of inhibition in the hilar associational pathway of entorhinal cortex‐lesioned animals thus implies a change in local circuit function rather than an effect from sprouted associational fibers directly onto granule cells. The lack of inhibition in the associational pathway in lesioned animals was not due to a failure of local circuit inhibitory function to develop, since the same findings were obtained when lesions were made neonatally or as adults. Rather, the authors suggest that the present findings arise because of the formation of functional, recurrent, excitatory mossy fiber collateral synapses following entorhinal cortex lesions. Copyright © 1991 Churchill Livingstone Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Bekenstein:1991, author = {Bekenstein, J.W. and Lothman, E.W.}, title = {The role of the perforant pathway as a trophic factor for neurotransmission in the rat dentate gyrus}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {1991}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {405-413}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026231031&partnerID=40&md5=d99f4cbca2f1993e9e3146f12f109c15}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450010409} }
Bekenstein, J. and Lothman, E.	Electrophysiological characterization of associational pathway terminating on dentate gyrus granule cells in the rat [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Hippocampus Vol. 1(4), pp. 399-404	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The functional topography and parameters of excitation and inhibition were determined in the in situ associational pathway of the rat dentate gyrus. The functional topography was found to be consistent with previous anatomical studies. The greatest amplitude population spikes and the strongest paired‐pulse inhibition were generated with the stimulating electrode placed in the hilus at least 1.5 mm caudal to the ipsilateral dentate gyrus recording electrode. With this standard electrode configuration, neither long‐term potentiation of the population spike nor of the population excitatory postsynaptic potential occurred. Hilar associational pathway activation of dentate gyrus granule cells elicited paired‐pulse responses similar to those produced in granule cells by perforant path stimulation. Thus, the associational pathway provides another way to assess dentate granule cell function electrophysiologically. Copyright © 1991 Churchill Livingstone Inc.
BibTeX: @article{Bekenstein:1991a, author = {Bekenstein, J.W. and Lothman, E.W.}, title = {Electrophysiological characterization of associational pathway terminating on dentate gyrus granule cells in the rat}, journal = {Hippocampus}, year = {1991}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {399-404}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026231006&partnerID=40&md5=502974e2e1fccc379560276812c4bcbb}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450010408} }
Belanger, M.C., Auclair, F., Bertrand, L. and Marchand, R.	The disposition of early-generated neurons in the rat embryo predicts the pattern of major axonal tracts. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Brain research bulletin Vol. 30, pp. 273-9	article
Abstract: During embryogenesis, the fiber tracts grow in a highly stereotyped pattern. A very small number of predetermined paths, preceding the growth of fasciculi, are present in the young neural tube (10-12, 15). What is the origin of these substrate pathways defined by Katz et al. (16) as "... a set of similar guidance cues which are aligned in a continuous discrete pathway..."? Could the first neurons play a role in the guidance of early nerve fibers? Observations in the brain stem revealed the presence of two longitudinal columns of early-generated neurons. These longitudinal columns were associated with well-differentiated marginal zones, characterized by cell-free spaces and representing the prospective site of the medial longitudinal (mlf) and lateral longitudinal (llt) tracts. Nerve fibers were also traced in the brain stem of young embryos. Axons were seen to travel in the early mlf and llt, in close proximity to the regions of early-generated neuronal columns. The data suggest that the precocious neurons that are organized in a definite pattern could somehow be involved in the guidance of some longitudinal axonal tracts, either by directly promoting the formation of an adequate terrain in the marginal layer, or by inducing other cells to do so.
BibTeX: @article{Belanger:1993b, author = {Belanger, M. C. and Auclair, F. and Bertrand, L. and Marchand, R.}, title = {The disposition of early-generated neurons in the rat embryo predicts the pattern of major axonal tracts.}, journal = {Brain research bulletin}, year = {1993}, volume = {30}, pages = {273-9}, note = {Duplicate!} }
Bélanger, M.C., Auclair, F., Bertrand, L. and Marchand, R.	The disposition of early-generated neurons in the rat embryo predicts the pattern of major axonal tracts. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Brain Res Bull Vol. 30(3-4), pp. 273-279School: Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.	article	DOI
Abstract: During embryogenesis, the fiber tracts grow in a highly stereotyped pattern. A very small number of predetermined paths, preceding the growth of fasciculi, are present in the young neural tube (10-12, 15). What is the origin of these substrate pathways defined by Katz et al. (16) as "... a set of similar guidance cues which are aligned in a continuous discrete pathway..."? Could the first neurons play a role in the guidance of early nerve fibers? Observations in the brain stem revealed the presence of two longitudinal columns of early-generated neurons. These longitudinal columns were associated with well-differentiated marginal zones, characterized by cell-free spaces and representing the prospective site of the medial longitudinal (mlf) and lateral longitudinal (llt) tracts. Nerve fibers were also traced in the brain stem of young embryos. Axons were seen to travel in the early mlf and llt, in close proximity to the regions of early-generated neuronal columns. The data suggest that the precocious neurons that are organized in a definite pattern could somehow be involved in the guidance of some longitudinal axonal tracts, either by directly promoting the formation of an adequate terrain in the marginal layer, or by inducing other cells to do so.
BibTeX: @article{Belanger:1993, author = {M. C. Bélanger and F. Auclair and L. Bertrand and R. Marchand}, title = {The disposition of early-generated neurons in the rat embryo predicts the pattern of major axonal tracts.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.}, year = {1993}, volume = {30}, number = {3-4}, pages = {273--279}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(93)90255-a} }
Bélanger, M.C., Auclair, F., Bertrand, L. and Marchand, R.	The disposition of early-generated neurons in the rat embryo predicts the pattern of major axonal tracts. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Brain Res Bull Vol. 30(3-4), pp. 273-279School: Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.	article	DOI
Abstract: During embryogenesis, the fiber tracts grow in a highly stereotyped pattern. A very small number of predetermined paths, preceding the growth of fasciculi, are present in the young neural tube (10-12, 15). What is the origin of these substrate pathways defined by Katz et al. (16) as "... a set of similar guidance cues which are aligned in a continuous discrete pathway..."? Could the first neurons play a role in the guidance of early nerve fibers? Observations in the brain stem revealed the presence of two longitudinal columns of early-generated neurons. These longitudinal columns were associated with well-differentiated marginal zones, characterized by cell-free spaces and representing the prospective site of the medial longitudinal (mlf) and lateral longitudinal (llt) tracts. Nerve fibers were also traced in the brain stem of young embryos. Axons were seen to travel in the early mlf and llt, in close proximity to the regions of early-generated neuronal columns. The data suggest that the precocious neurons that are organized in a definite pattern could somehow be involved in the guidance of some longitudinal axonal tracts, either by directly promoting the formation of an adequate terrain in the marginal layer, or by inducing other cells to do so.
BibTeX: @article{Belanger:1993a, author = {Bélanger, M. C. and Auclair, F. and Bertrand, L. and Marchand, R.}, title = {The disposition of early-generated neurons in the rat embryo predicts the pattern of major axonal tracts.}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, school = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.}, year = {1993}, volume = {30}, number = {3-4}, pages = {273--279}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(93)90255-a} }
Bélanger, M.C., Auclair, F., Bertrand, L. and Marchand, R.	The early neuronal organization predicts the path followed by some major axonal bundles in the embryonic brainstem. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Neuroscience Vol. 78(1), pp. 259-270School: Université Laval and Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital del'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.	article	DOI
Abstract: In the embryonic CNS, preformed pathways precede the growth of axonal fasciculi [Katz M. J. and Lasek R. J. (1980) Cell Motil. 1, 141-157; Katz M. J. et al. (1980) Neuroscience 5, 821-833]. What are the developmental events that lead to the elaboration of these preformed pathways? To answer this question, we investigated the organization of the primitive neural tube and more particularly the arrangement of the early-generated cells using [3H]thymidine autoradiography or bromodeoxyuridine. Our data suggest that the position of early-generated cells might be involved in the setting of such pathways. In the brain stem of E12(0) (12 days and 0 h) and E12(15) rat embryos, the first-generated cells were organized into three longitudinal columns associated with glycoconjugate-rich extracellular spaces in the adjacent primitive marginal layer. Also, axons traced with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) were contiguous to the early-generated cellular columns and represented the primordium of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, the lateral longitudinal tract and the mesencephalic trigeminal tract. Our results show a correlation between the organization of early-generated cells, likely neurons, and the pattern of extracellular spaces in the marginal layer where axons grow. It has been reported in the literature that neurons produce elements of the extracellular matrix such as growth-modulating molecules or space-creating molecules. We therefore suggest that the position of early-generated neurons could be involved in the elaboration of a template for the setting of some major longitudinal tracts during embryonic development of the brainstem.
BibTeX: @article{Belanger:1997, author = {M. C. Bélanger and F. Auclair and L. Bertrand and R. Marchand}, title = {The early neuronal organization predicts the path followed by some major axonal bundles in the embryonic brainstem.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Université Laval and Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital del'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.}, year = {1997}, volume = {78}, number = {1}, pages = {259--270}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00484-8} }
Bélanger, M.C., Auclair, F., Bertrand, L. and Marchand, R.	The early neuronal organization predicts the path followed by some major axonal bundles in the embryonic brainstem. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	Neuroscience Vol. 78(1), pp. 259-270School: Université Laval and Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital del'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.	article	DOI
Abstract: In the embryonic CNS, preformed pathways precede the growth of axonal fasciculi [Katz M. J. and Lasek R. J. (1980) Cell Motil. 1, 141-157; Katz M. J. et al. (1980) Neuroscience 5, 821-833]. What are the developmental events that lead to the elaboration of these preformed pathways? To answer this question, we investigated the organization of the primitive neural tube and more particularly the arrangement of the early-generated cells using [3H]thymidine autoradiography or bromodeoxyuridine. Our data suggest that the position of early-generated cells might be involved in the setting of such pathways. In the brain stem of E12(0) (12 days and 0 h) and E12(15) rat embryos, the first-generated cells were organized into three longitudinal columns associated with glycoconjugate-rich extracellular spaces in the adjacent primitive marginal layer. Also, axons traced with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) were contiguous to the early-generated cellular columns and represented the primordium of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, the lateral longitudinal tract and the mesencephalic trigeminal tract. Our results show a correlation between the organization of early-generated cells, likely neurons, and the pattern of extracellular spaces in the marginal layer where axons grow. It has been reported in the literature that neurons produce elements of the extracellular matrix such as growth-modulating molecules or space-creating molecules. We therefore suggest that the position of early-generated neurons could be involved in the elaboration of a template for the setting of some major longitudinal tracts during embryonic development of the brainstem.
BibTeX: @article{Belanger:1997a, author = {Bélanger, M. C. and Auclair, F. and Bertrand, L. and Marchand, R.}, title = {The early neuronal organization predicts the path followed by some major axonal bundles in the embryonic brainstem.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, school = {Université Laval and Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital del'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.}, year = {1997}, volume = {78}, number = {1}, pages = {259--270}, note = {Duplicate!}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00484-8} }
Belekhova, M. and Gaidaenko, G.	Investigating cerebellar connections in the turtle using the horseradish peroxidase technique of axonal transport [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1986	Neurophysiology Vol. 17(6), pp. 567-574	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Cerebellar connections were investigated in the turtle using a technique of unilateral application of horseradish peroxidase to the body and the nuclei of the cerebellum as well as the structures of the mesencephalic tegmentum. Findings showed that the origins of projections to the cerebellum in the caudal sections of the brain (vestibular nuclei, perihypoglossal complex, inferior reticular formation with the inferior olive, the spinal chord, etc.) were more numerous than in the rostral mesodiencephalic regions, such as the tegmentum and the pretectum. Extensive efferent cerebellar projections were detected both in the medulla, including the vestibular nuclei and nuclei of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, and in the mesencephalic tegmentum, but were rare in the hypothalamus and the ventral somatic section of the thalamus. The conclusion was reached that the closest similarity between reptiles and mammals is seen in the afferent and efferent connections linking the cerebellum with the spinal cord, the caudal sections of the brain stem, and the mesencephalic brain structures, which have a common involvement in the regulation of muscle tonus and the coordination of locomotor activity. © 1986 Plenum Publishing Corporation.
BibTeX: @article{Belekhova:1986, author = {Belekhova, M.G. and Gaidaenko, G.V.}, title = {Investigating cerebellar connections in the turtle using the horseradish peroxidase technique of axonal transport}, journal = {Neurophysiology}, year = {1986}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {567-574}, note = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34250123491&partnerID=40&md5=1dcb365ae373ceabdac0cf58112ad494}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01053392} }
Belekhova, M. and Ivazov, N.	Analysis of conduction of visual, somatic, and audiovibratory sensory information to the hippocamapal cortex in lizards [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1983	Neurophysiology Vol. 15(2), pp. 117-123	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Acute electrophysiological experiments on lizards (Ophisaurus apodus) showed that electrical stimulation of the anterior dorsolateral thalamic nucleus and medial forebrain bundle evokes short-latency responses in the hippocampal (mediodorsal) cortex which coincides in distribution and configuration with responses in the same cortical area to sensory stimulation. Extensive destruction of these structures inhibits, or even completely blocks, the conduction of sensory (visual, somatic, audiovibratory) and tactile impulses to the hippocampal cortex. It is concluded that the anterior dorso